Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 563 698457 689204 2026-08-11T07:54:23Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} '''Communicationssprache''' es un proposition pro un lingua construite per Joseph Schipfer. Le lingua, create in [[1839]], es un del plus antique linguas artificial documentate. Le base de Communicationssprache es le [[Lingua francese|francese]]. Le substantivos es declinate. == Historia == [[Joseph Schipfer]] (nate le {{Data|8|4|1761}} in [[Ransbach (Ransbach-Baumbach)|Ransbach]], morte le {{Data|27|1|1843}} in [[Niederwalluf]]) esseva un proprietario de terra del village de Niederwalluf in le [[Rheingau]] presso [[Wiesbaden]]. Datate le {{Data|20|2|1840}}, un littera de ille es conservate, que porta le titulo "Appello general al humanitate misericorde". In illo, Schipfer describe le suffrentia del habitantes francese del areas circum le [[Rhone]] e le [[Saône]]. In iste littera, le autor etiam presenta un brochure super su "Communication general o lingua mundial". Altere brochures, pro le quales ille tamben sollicita supporto del [[Duc]], tracta un [[grammatica]] de iste lingua e con materiales de inseniamento pro adultos e infantes de 12 a 14 annos de etate. Mesmo un description de como un inhumation vive pote esser evitate face parte de su offerta. Con le ganio del vendita de su brochures, Schipfer propone supportar le indigentes francese mentionate supra. Forsan isto es un del motivos pro le decision negative del duc. Le correspondentia de Joseph Schipfer con le [[Ducato de Nassau]] del annos [[1835]] a [[1841]] es disponibile in le Archivo Principal del Stato de Hesse in Wiesbaden e pote esser consultate sub le signo 210/7907.<ref>https://arcinsys.hessen.de/arcinsys/detailAction?detailid=v2153832 HHStAW File 210 No. 7907] In: {{Lingua|de|Archivinformationssystem Hessen}} (Arcinsys Hessen).</ref> == Grammatica == Characteristicas notabile del grammatica include: * Nulle [[articulo (grammatica)]])|articulo]]s. * [[Adjectivo]]s invariabile. * [[Comparativo]]s se forma con -ior e -iost. * [[Adverbio]]s se forma per suffixar -ly a adjectivos. * Le [[pronomine possessive]] es -a. * Le [[infinitivo]] es marcate per -er. * [[Substantivo]]s es declinate. * Substantivos comencia per un [[majuscula]] como in [[Lingua german|germano]]. Le [[Declination (grammatica)|declination]] de [[substantivo]]s functiona como seque, per exemplo, pro Masona ([[casa]]): {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Nominativo]] | no|Masona || un casa |- | no|Masonas || casas |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Genitivo]] | no|Masone || del casa |- | no|Masones || del casas |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Dativo]] | no|Masoni || al casa |- | no|Masonis || al casas |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Accusativo]] | no|Masono || un casa |- | no|Masonos || casas |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Vocativo]] | no|o Masona || o, casa |- | o Masonos || o, casas |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Ablativo]] | no|Masonu || in un casa |- | no|Masonus || in casas |} == Specimen == No Pera, wia ete Cielu ta Noma sanctiferii; ta Royoma Ais arrivii; ta volonta färerii com Cielu änsi Terru. Donne Ais noa Päno quotidien; pardonne Ais noa offansos, com pardonnas Aos offanding; non permette que succombias tantationi; mä delivre Aos malu. {{Referentias}} {{Linguas artificial}} {{Traduction|de|Communicationssprache|260348041|incomplete=si}} [[Categoria:Linguas auxiliar]] 5seu78zflmpu2qblv4834xnc0maheg7 0 1240 698434 698088 2026-08-10T23:24:00Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 698434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Le '''Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Sanctos del Ultime Dies''' o '''Ecclesia SUD''' es un communitate [[Christianismo|christian]] con 12.300.000 de membros in tote le mundo e un crescite medie annue de 300.000 (estimation de 2005). Le termino ''mormon'', generalmente usate pro referer se al membros de iste ecclesia, deriva del nomine del [[propheta Mormon]] un del autores del [[Libro de Mormon]]. == Historia == {{AP|Historia del Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Sanctos del Ultime Dies}} [[File:Joseph Smith, Jr. portrait owned by Joseph Smith III.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Joseph Smith, le prime presidente del Ecclesia de Christo.]] === Initio === {{AP|Historia del movimento del Sanctos del Ultime Dies}} [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] formalmente organisava le ecclesia como le Ecclesia de Christo le 6 april 1830 in le west de New York; le nomine del ecclesia esseva plus tarde cambiate a Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Sanctos del Ultime Dies. Le prime convertitos esseva attrahite in parte per le nove libro [[Libro de Mormon]], que se describeva como un chronica de prophetas indigene american que Smith diceva haber traducite ex tabulas de auro. Smith intendeva establir le Nove Jerusalem in [[America del Nord]], appellate Sion. In 1831, le ecclesia se moveva a Kirtland, Ohio, e comenciava a establir un colonia in le comitate de Jackson, Missouri, ubi Smith planava eventualmente transferer le sede del ecclesia. Totevia, in 1833, habitantes de [[Missouri]] expelleva violentemente le Sanctos del Ultime Dies de Jackson County. Le ecclesia essayava recuperar le terra per un expedition quasi-militar, ma sin successo. Malgrado isto, le ecclesia prosperava in Kirtland durante que Smith publicava nove revelationes e le ecclesia construeva le Templo de Kirtland, le qual esseva dedicate con un ceremonia comparabile al Die de Pentecoste. Le era de Kirtland terminava in 1838 post un scandalo fiscal que causava multe disertiones. Smith se reuniva con le restos del ecclesia in Far West, Missouri, ma tensiones con le habitantes de Missouri tosto escalava in conflictos violent. Credente que le Sanctos del Ultime Dies preparava un insurrection, le governator de Missouri ordinava que illes essera "exterminate o expulsate del Stato." In 1839, le Sanctos del Ultime Dies transformava un regione de palude juxta le fluvio Mississippi in Nauvoo, Illinois, que deveniva le nove sede del ecclesia. [[File:Carthage Jail from southwest.jpg|thumb|left|Prision de Carthage, ubi Joseph Smith esseva occidite in 1844.]] Nauvoo cresceva rapidemente, durante que missionarios in [[Europa]] e altere locos portava nove convertitos a Nauvoo. Durante iste tempore, Smith introduceva le polygamia a su plus proxime socios. Ille etiam establiva ceremonias revelate, secundo ille, per le Senior, pro permitir que le justos deveniva deos in le vita post mortem, e un institution secular pro governar le Regno Millennari. Smith tamben divulgava su Prime Vision, in le qual ille diceva que duo “personas celeste” appareva a ille quando ille habeva 14 annos. Iste vision deveniva, pro le ecclesia SUD, le evento le plus importante in le historia human post le resurrection de Jesus. Le 27 de junio 1844, Smith e su fratre Hyrum esseva occidite per un turba in Carthage, Illinois, durante que illes esseva detenite per accusationes de tradimento. Como Hyrum esseva designate successor de Joseph, lor mortes causava un crise de succession. [[Brigham Young]] prendeva le direction del majoritate del membros del ecclesia. Altere gruppos dissidente se univa a altere chefes. Iste gruppos non ha affiliation con le Ecclesia SUD, ma illes participa in commun le hereditage del prime historia ecclesiastic. In insimul, illes es appellate le Movimento del Sanctos del Ultime Dies. Le plus grande de iste gruppos minoritari es le [[Communitate de Christo]], con sede in Independence, Missouri, sequite per le Ecclesia de Jesus Christo, con sede in Monongahela, Pennsylvania. Como le Ecclesia SUD, iste fides crede in Joseph Smith como propheta e fundador, accepta le Libro de Mormon, e generalmente accepta alicun forma del Doctrina e Pactos. Totevia, illes ha differentias doctrinal e de governo ecclesiastic in comparation con le Ecclesia SUD. === Era pioniere === [[File:BrighamYoung1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Brigham Young dirigeva le Ecclesia SUD de 1844 usque su morte in 1877.]] Durante duo annos post le morte de Smith, conflictos cresceva inter Mormones e altere habitantes de Illinois. Brigham Young conduceva su sequitores — plus tarde appellate pionieros mormones — verso Nebraska e in 1847 a lo que postea deveniva le Territorio de Utah, qui alora esseva parte del terras del nationes Ute, Goshute e Shoshone, e clamate per [[Mexico]] usque 1848. Circa 80,000 colonos arrivava inter 1847 e 1869, e illes se disveloppava in un large region appellate hodie le Corridor Mormon. Missionarios esseva inviate a insulas Sandwich (hodie Hawaii), India, Chile, Australia, China, Sud Africa, e tote Europa. Young legalmente incorporava le Ecclesia SUD e governava ecclesia e stato como leader theocratic. In 1852, ille publicava le practica del matrimonio plural. Recerca moderne suggere que circa 20% del familias Mormon participava in iste practica. [[File:Pioneers Crossing the Plains of Nebraska by C.C.A. Christensen.png|thumb|left|Pintura del 19e seculo: pionieros mormon traversante le planas de Nebraska.]] Per 1857, tensiones de novo cresceva inter Mormon e altere Americanos, in parte a causa del polygamia e le dominio theocratic de Utah per Young. Le Guerra Mormon de Utah occurreva inter 1857 e 1858, resultante in le invasion relativemente pacific de Utah per le Exercito del Statos Unite. Le plus notabile acto de violentia Mormon durante iste periodo esseva le Massacre de Mountain Meadows, in le qual le militia local Mormon occideva un gruppo de emigrantes civil. Post le revelation del massacre, le ecclesia esseva fortemente criticate in le medios. Post que le armea se retrahava, Young concordava a ceder le poter e esser replaciate per un governator non-Mormon, Alfred Cumming. Tamen, le Ecclesia SUD retineva grande potentia politic in Utah. Simultanemente, tensiones con tribos indigene cresceva como le colonos Mormon expandiva lor territorio. Malgrado tentativas de coexistencia pacific, conflictos armate occurreva inter 1849 e 1873, culminante in le Guerra de Wakara, le Massacre del Fluvio Urso, e le Guerra de Black Hawk. Post le morte de Young in 1877, John Taylor e Wilford Woodruff le succedeva, resistente le effortios del Congresso pro prohibir le matrimonios polygamic. In 1878, le Corte Supreme declarava in Reynolds v. United States que "deber religiose" pro practicar le polygamia non esseva un justification legal. Le tensiones culminava in 1890, quando le Congresso disincorporava le Ecclesia SUD e confiscava su proprietates. Woodruff tunc emiteva un manifesto suspendente le nove matrimonios plural in le Statos Unite. Le relationes con le governo american meliorava post 1890, e Utah esseva admitite como stato in 1896. In 1904, presidente Joseph F. Smith reaffirmava le rejection del polygamia con un Secunde Manifesto. Le ecclesia comenciava a excommunicar membros practicante polygamia. Gruppos fundamentalista se separava e continuava le practica, ma le ecclesia se distanzia de illes. === Tempore moderne === [[File:Washington_D.C._Temple_At_Dusk.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Completate in 1974, le Templo de Washington D.C. esseva le prime construite in le est del Statos Unite desde 1846.]] Durante le seculo 20, le ecclesia cresceva considerabilemente e deveniva un organisation international. In 2000, le ecclesia reportava plus de 60,000 missionarios e un total de membros global lige super 11 milliones. Le membros mundialmente superava 16 milliones in 2018, quasi le medietate vive in le [[Statos Unite de America|Statos Unite]]. Studiosos ha appellate le denomination un ecclesia restaurational, un movimento religiose nove, e un religion mundial in potentia. Le ecclesia ha promovite fortemente le familia nuclear e ha prendite positiones politic prominente, opponente pro exemplo le missiles MX in [[Utah]] e [[Nevada]], le Equal Rights Amendment, le joco legal, le matrimonio inter personas del mesme sexo, e le morte assistite. In le era moderne, multe cambios ha essite implementate: * In 1978, le politica que prohibeva homines nigre de origine african de obtener le sacerdotio esseva revocate. * Le Programma de Correlation del Sacerdotio esseva instituite pro centralisar operationes. * Durante le Grande Depressione, le ecclesia initiava su systema de benesser ecclesiastic. * Le ecclesia ha cooperato in actiones humanitari con organisationes religiose e secular. * De 1913 a 2020, le ecclesia esseva sponsor major del Boy Scouts of America, ma cessava su relation in 2020, substituente lo con un programma religiose pro juventute. * Durante le ultime decennios, le ecclesia ha affrontate criticas e desafios, includente secularisation, dubitas super le Libro de Abraham, e documentos false producite per Mark Hofmann que contradiceva elementos del historia ecclesiastic official. == Credentias == {{AP|Credentias e practicas del Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Sanctos del Ultime Dies}} {{Vide anque|Articulos de Fide (Sanctos del Ultime Dies)|Lista de proclamationes del Prime Presidentia}} Le Sanctos del Ultime Dies crede in le resurrection de Jesus, como es representate in iste replica del statua Christus de Bertel Thorvaldsen, situate in le Centro del Visitantes del Nord in Temple Square in Salt Lake City. === Natura de Deo === {{Vide anque|Deo in le mormonismo|Matre Celestial (Mormonismo)}} Le theologia del Ecclesia SUD include le credentia in un Deitate composte per Deo le Patre, su Filio Jesus Christo, e le Spirito Sancte como tres personas separate qui comparte un unitate de scopo o voluntate; tamen, illes es considerate tres esseres distincte. Isto es in contrasto con le opinion predominante christian, que considera Deo como un Trinitate de tres personas in un sol essentia. Le conception del Deitate del Sanctos del Ultime Dies es similar al que le theologos christian moderne nomina trinitarismo social. Le ecclesia crede etiam que Deo le Patre e su Filio, Jesus Christo, es esseres con corpos de carne e osso, durante que le Spirito Sancte non ha un tal corporeitate. Secundo le declarationes del dirigentes ecclesiastic, Deo es al capite del familia human e es maritate con un Matre Celeste, qui es le matre del spiritos human. Tamen, le dirigentes ecclesiastic ha etiam fortemente discouragiate orationes a illa e consiliate contra speculation super illa. === Jesus Christo === Le membros del ecclesia crede in [[Jesus Christo]] como le Filio literal de [[Deo]] e le [[Messia]], su crucifixion como completion de un offerta pro peccatos, e su resurrection subsequente. Tamen, le Sanctos del Ultime Dies rejecta le credos ecumenic e le definition del [[Trinitate]]. Jesus es etiam considerate como le fratre major de tote qui vive in iste mundo. Le ecclesia ensenia que Jesus realisava un expiation vicari. In contrasto con altere denominationes christian, le ecclesia ensenia que iste expiation comenciava in le jardin de Getsemani e continuava usque su crucifixion (in vice del opinion orthodoxe que solo le crucifixion esseva le expiation physic). Le ecclesia etiam ensenia que Jesus appareva a altere populos post su morte, includente spiritos del defunctos in le mundo spiritual e le Americanos indigene. Le ecclesia etiam ensenia que Jesus es le ver fundator e dirigente del ecclesia. Le fundation physic del ecclesia per Smith in 1830 es considerate como le re-establimento del mesme ecclesia primitive que existeva sub Jesus e su apostolos. Similarmente, le ecclesia ensenia que Jesus dirige actualmente le ecclesia per medio de su apostolos e prophetas, specialmente su presidente actual. ==== Comparation con Christianismo Nicean ==== {{AP|Mormonismo e Christianismo Nicean}} Le Ecclesia SUD comparte multe doctrinas con altere ramos del [[christianismo]]. Isto include le credentia in le [[Biblia]], le divinitate de [[Jesus]], su expiation e resurrection, e un forma de succession apostolic. Totevia, le Ecclesia SUD differe in multe aspectos ab le [[christianismo]] traditional. Le differentias include opiniones distincte super le natura de [[Deo]], credentia in tres celos, un doctrina de exaltation que permitte que le humanos deveni deos in le vita post morte, credentia in revelation continue e un canon scriptural aperte, e ceremonias unic in templos, tal como le dotation e le sigillation. Multe denominationes christian major considera le Ecclesia SUD como distincte del christianismo credal. Tamen, le membros del ecclesia se identifica como christianos. Le fide mesme considera le altere fides christian moderne como habente deviato del ver christianismo per medio de un apostasia general, e mantiene que illo es un restauration del christianismo del prime seculo e le sol ver ecclesia christian autorisate. Le dirigentes ecclesiastic affirma que es le sol ecclesia ver e que le altere ecclesias non ha le autoritate de actuar in nomine de Jesus. === Cosmologia e plano de salvation === {{AP|Cosmologia mormon|Plano de Salvation in mormonismo}} {{Vide anque|Grados de Gloria|Exaltation|Vita premortal}} Le cosmologia e plano de salvation del ecclesia include le doctrina de un existentia pre-terrenal, un vita mortal sur le terra, tres grados de gloria, e exaltation. Secundo iste doctrinas, cata spirito human es un filio spiritual de un Patre Celeste, e ha le potential de continuar apprender, crescer e progreder in le eternitate, finalmente attingente le vita eternal—lo que significa devenir un con Deo in le mesme maniera que Jesus es un con le Patre—permittente assi que le filios de Deo deveni esseres divin, o deos, mesme. Iste doctrina de theosis es etiam appellate devenir un “herede con Christo.” Le processo pro attinger isto es appellate exaltation, que include le reunification del familia mortal post le resurrection, le habilitate de generar filios spiritual in le vita post morte, e heredar un portion del regno de Deo. Secundo le theologia SUD, homines e feminas pote esser sigillate le un al altere pro que lor union marital continua in le eternitate. Filios pote etiam esser sigillate a lor parentes biologic o adoptive, formando ligamines familiar permanente que dura post le morte. Le ordinantias plus significative del ecclesia pote esser facite per procura in behalf de illes que ha morite, como le baptismo pro le mortos. Le ecclesia ensenia que tote personas habera le opportunitate de audir e acceptar (o rejectar) le evangelio de [[Jesus Christo]], in iste vita o in le vita ulterior. In le cosmologia ecclesiastic, le casata de Adam e Eva es considerate positive. Le ecclesia ensenia que isto esseva essential pro permitter al humanitate experimentar separation de Deo e exercitar plen libertate in prendrer le decision pro su proprie felicitate. === Restaurationismo === [[File:Joseph Smith first vision stained glass.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|Le aderentes crede que Joseph Smith esseva appellate como propheta moderne per un visitation de Deo le Patre e Jesus Christo.]] Le Ecclesia SUD ensenia que, post le morte de Jesus e su apostolos original, su ecclesia—juntemente con le autoritate de agir in su nomine e le dones spiritual associate—esseva perdite, a causa de persecution externe e heresias interne. Le "Restaurar", como initiate per Joseph Smith, representa un retorno al potentia authentic del sacerdotio, dones spiritual, ordinantias, prophetas vivente e revelation del Ecclesia primitive de Christo. Iste restauration es associate con plure eventos considerate necessari pro re-establir le ecclesia christian del Nove Testamento e preparar le mundo pro le Secunde Advento de Jesus. === Direction ecclesiastic === Le ecclesia es dirigite per un presidente, appellate “le Propheta”. Ille es considerate como propheta, vidente e revelator, e es le sol persona autorizate a reciper revelation in nomine del ecclesia integre. Il se considera que ille es essentialmente infallibile quando parla in nomine de Deo—ben que le circumstantias exacte es discurrite intra le ecclesia. Declarations moderne con implicationes doctrinal large es sovente emittite per declarationes commun del Prime Presidium e le Quorum del Dotze Apostolos. Le membros del ecclesia crede que Joseph Smith esseva le prime prophet moderne. Post le morte del presidente Thomas S. Monson (2 de januario 2018), Russell M. Nelson esseva annunciate como presidente (16 de januario). Le presidente generalmente selige duo altere apostolos como consiliarios, e ensemble illes forma le Prime Presidium. Doce altere apostolos forma le Quorum del Dotze Apostolos. Quando un presidente mori, su successor es seligite ab le apostolos remanente—normalmente le apostolo con le plus longe tenure. Nove apostolos es seligite per le presidente post le morte de un apostolo existente. Le Prime Presidium, le Quorum del Dotze, le prime duo Quorums del Setanta, e le Episcopato Presidente forma le autoritate general del ecclesia. Le presidentias general del Societate de Soccorso, Schola Dominical, Juvenes Feminas, Juvenes Homines e Primaria forma le officiarios general. Feminas servi como presidentes e consiliarias in le Societate de Soccorso, Juvenes Feminas e Primaria, durante que homines servi in Schola Dominical e Juvenes Homines. === Casa e familia === Le ecclesia e su membros considera le matrimonio e familia como altamente importante, con emphase in grande familias nuclear. In 1995, le Prime Presidium e le Quorum del Dece-Duo emitteva ''Le Familia: Un Proclamation al Mundo'', que declara le importantia del familia heterosexual nuclear. Le proclamation defini le matrimonio como union inter un homine e un femina, e dice que le unitate familiar es "central al plano del Creator pro le destino eternal de Su filios". Le documento etiam affirma que "le genere es un characteristic essential del identitate e scopo individual pre-mortal, mortal e eternal", e que le patre e matre ha rolos differente como “partnarios equal” in educar le filios. Le proclamation invita a promover medidas pro mantener e fortificar le familia como unitate fundamental del societate. Le dirigentes ecclesiastic ha continuate a reemphasar un postura conservative super matrimonio e genere. Le membros es incoragiate a reservar un vespere cata septimana—normalmente le lune—pro Vespere Familiar in le Domo (FHE), que consiste in studio del evangelio e activitates familiar. Le oration familiar quotidian es etiam incoragiate. === Fontes del doctrina === [[File:Latter-day Saint Scripture Quadruple Combination.jpg|upright=0.6|thumb|Le canon scribite del ecclesia es appellate su ''operas standard''.]] Le theologia del ecclesia consiste in un combination de doctrinas biblic, revelationes moderne e commentarios de dirigentes SUD, specialmente Joseph Smith. Le fontes plus autoritose es le quatro textos sacre appellate opere standard: le [[Biblia]], le [[Libro de Mormon]], le Doctrina e Pactos, e le Perla de Gran Pretio. Le Libro de Mormon es un libro sacre fundamental; le terminos mormon e mormonismo proveni de illo. Le ecclesia ensenia que un angelo appellate Moroni monstrava a Smith tabulas auree con un registro sacre, le guidava a trovar los e le dava le medios pro traducer los del egyptian reformat. Illo contine le historia de un populo antique in le continente american con doctrina judeo-christian. Le libro es considerate per le SUD como le libro plus correcte del mundo. Le Biblia, etiam parte del canon, es considerate como le parola de Deo, con le cognoscentia que traductiones pote esser incorrecte o partes perdite. Le ecclesia usa typicamente le Version Autorisate King James. Excerptos del traduction de Joseph Smith del Biblia es canonisate. Altere revelationes de Smith es in Doctrina e Pactos e in Perla de Gran Pretio. Un altere fonte de doctrina es le declarationes del apostolos e del Prime Presidentia. Illes es considerate prophetas e professores autoritate del parola de Deo. Le ecclesia etiam ensenia que cata persona pote reciper revelation personal de Deo, specialmente super questiones spiritual, per medio del Spirito Sancte e oration. == Practicas == {{AP|Credentias e practicas del Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Ultime Dies}} === Rituales === Baptismo per immersion es considerate altamente importante in le Ecclesia SUD. Iste representation circa 1850 monstra le vestimentas totalmente blanc usate in le ordinantia. In le ecclesia, un ordinantia es un rite sacre o ceremonie que ha significatos spiritual e symbolic, e es executate sub autoritate del sacerdotio.[153] Pro alcun ordinantias, le acto es connectite con un pacte inter le recipiente del ordinantia e Deo.[154] Le ordinantia de baptismo es credite vincular su participatores a [[Jesus Christo]], qui los salva in lor imperfection si illes continua mantener lor promissas a ille.[155] Le baptismo es executate per immersion, e usualmente es date a infantes a partir del octavo anno de edad.[111] Le membros del ecclesia crede que per le ordinantias de sigillation e dotation del templo, alcuno pote attinger le plus alte nivello de salvation in le regno celestial e viver eternamente in le praesentia de Deo, continuar como familias, devenir deos, crear mundos, e facer infantes spiritual sub lor governation.[113][98][99] Altre ordinantias in le ecclesia include confirmation, le sacramento (analog al [[Eucharistia]] o communione sancte[156]), ordination del sacerdotio, benediction patriarcal, unction del infirme, e benedictiones del sacerdotio.[157][158] === Dieta e sanitate === {{AP|Parola del Sapientia (Ultime Dies)}} Le Ecclesia SUD demanda a su membros adherer a un codice dietetic appellate le Parola del Sapientia, in le qual illes abstine se del consumo de [[alcohol]], [[caffe]], te, tabacco, e substancias illicite o nocive.[159] Le Parola del Sapientia tamben encourage le consumo de herbas e cereales con un consumo moderate de carne.[3] Quando Joseph Smith publicava le Parola del Sapientia in 1833, illo esseva considerate solmente un consilio; violation non restringeva le appartenentia al ecclesia. Durante le annos 1890, tamen, le dirigentes ecclesial comenciava a emphasisar plus le Parola del Sapientia. In 1921, le presidente ecclesial Heber J. Grant faceva le obediantia al Parola del Sapientia un requisito pro participar in le cultos dentro del templos del fide. Desde illo tempore, le dirigeantia ecclesial ha emphasiso le prohibition de caffe, te, tabacco, e alcohol, ma non le altere regulas concernente carne, cereales, e herbas.[3] In 2019, le ecclesia clarificava ulterioremente que le uso de marijuana e opioides es prohibit, salvo si prescrite per un medico competente pro scopo medical.[160] === Sexualitate === Le membros del ecclesia es expectate a se adherer a un codice moral appellate le lege del chastitate, que prohibe adulterio, comportamento homosexual, e relationes sexual ante o extra matrimonio.[94]: 1  Como parte del lege del chastitate, le ecclesia se oppone fortemente al pornografia, e considera masturbation un acto immorale.[161] Violationes del lege del chastitate pote esser causa de disciplina ecclesial; le sanctiones pote includer revocation del accesso al templo e al sacramento, assi como excommunication.[162] Le ecclesia dissuade le dates romantic usque circa le etate de 16 annos.[163][164] === Decime e altere donationes === Le membros del ecclesia es expectate donar un decime de lor ingreso pro supportar le operationes del ecclesia. Post initialmente usar un stile communal appellate le lege del consecration durante le major parte del annos 1830, le ecclesia creava le lege del decime in julio 1838, quando le membros esseva concentrate in [[Missouri]].[165] Le membros frequentemente dava decime per donar decem percento de lor bestiame e productos; ora donationes generalemente es facite con moneta.[165] Le donationes annual era estimate a totalisar de 7 millardos[166][167] a 33 millardos[168] de dollares US donate in 2012 (equivalente a 9.6 millardos a 45.2 millardos in 2024[169]). Pro qualificar pro participar in le ordinantias del templo (que le Ultime Dies crede esserea necessario pro lor salvation), pagar le decime complet es un requisito, independentemente del condition temporal de alcuno.[173] Membros es etiam encourage a jejuar (abstener se de cibo e bevanda) le prime domingo de cata mense per duo pastos consecutive. Illes dona al minus le costo del duo pastos saltate como "offerita de jejuno", que le ecclesia usa pro assister personas in necessitate e expandir su effortos humanitari.[174] Le dirigeantia local non es remunerate, e es expectate tamben pagar decime. Missionarios a tempore complet, tamen, non es expectate pagar decime, proque illes usualmente paga pro esser missionarios.[175] === Servicio missionari === [[File:MISSIONNAIRES MORMONS.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Missionarios generalmente compromitte se a un servicio a tempore complet de 18 a 24 meses.]] Tote le joves mormon in bon stato de salute es expectate servir un mission de proselitismo a tempore complet de duo annos.[176][177][178] Missionarios non selige ubi illes servira o le lingua in le qual illes proselytisa, e es expectate financiar lor missiones mesme o con adjuta de lor familias.[3] Missionarios prospective debe esser inter 18 e 25 annos e haber completate le studio secundari.[179] Tote le missionarios proselitizantes es organisate geograficamente in areas administrative appellate missiones. Le effortios in cata mission es dirigi per un mission-presidente adulto de sexo masculo. A julio 2024, il ha 450 missiones del ecclesia SUD.[180] Tamen, le servicio missionari es expectate pro homines, ma non es compulsorie e non es un requisito pro mantener le appartenentia ecclesial.[181][182][183] Feminas non maritate inter 19 e 29 annos pote tamben servir como missionarios,[176][184] generalmente pro un termino de 18 meses. Copias jubilate es encourage servir missiones, con terminos que varia de 6 a 23 meses.[185] Altere homines e feminas que vole servir un mission ma non pote prestar servicio a tempore complet pro causas de sanitate pote servir in missiones non proselytizante. Illes pote assister in Temple Square in Salt Lake City o adjutar in le systema de seminario in scholas.[186] === Observantia del die Sabbate === Le membros del ecclesia es expectate reservar le dies dominical como un die de reposo e culto. Usualmente, le reunion de cultos hebdomadari occurre solmente le dies dominical. Comprar e recreation es dissuadite le dies dominical. == Culto e reunion == {{AP|Servitios de culto del Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Ultime Dies}} === Reuniones hebdomadari === [[File:LDS Church services (33407609075).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Vista interior de un typic reunion hebdomadari del sacramento le die de dominica in Provo, Utah.]] Le reuniones pro culto e studio ha lugar in casas de reunion, que generalmente ha un caracter utilitari.[3] Le foco principal del culto le die de dominica es le reunion del sacramento, ubi le sacramento es distribuite al membros del ecclesia; le reuniones del sacramento include tamben preces, le canto de hymnos per le congregation o coro, e sermones spontaneos o preparate per membros del ecclesia.[187] In le reuniones hebdomadari, il ha tamben tempore pro le scola dominical o reuniones instructional separate basate super etate e sexo, includente le Societate de Relief pro feminas.[188] Le congregations ecclesial es organisate geograficamente.[5]: 150  Le membros generalmente es expectate a assister al congregation in lor area geographic assignate; tamen, alcun areas geographic offere tamben congregations separate pro joves solteros, adultos solteros plus vetule, o pro parlatores de altere linguas.[5]: 151  Pro le servitios del die de dominica, le ecclesia es dividite in congregations plus grande appellate wards, o in congregations plus parve appellate branches.[5]: 152  Le organisationes regional del ecclesia, que comprende multe congregations, include stakes,[5]: 175  missiones, districtos e areas.[189] === Culto in le templo === [[File:Salt Lake Temple, Utah - Sept 2004-2.jpg|thumb|Le Templo de Salt Lake.]] {{AP|Templo (Ecclesia SUD)}} In le theologia SUD, un templo es considerate un edificio sancte, dedicate como un "Casa del Senior" e tenite plus sacre que un casa de reunion o capella typical. In le templos, le membros del ecclesia participa in ceremonias considerate le plus sacre del ecclesia, includente matrimonios e un ceremonia de dotation que include lavation e unction, recipir un vestimento de templo, e facer pactos con Deo. Baptismos pro le mortos — assi como altere ordinantias de templo in nomine del mortos — es executate in le templos.[3] Le templos es considerate per le membros del ecclesia como le structuras plus sacre in terra, e pro isto, le templos operative non es aperite al publico.[190] Post que le templo es dedicate, le permission de intrar es reservate solmente a membros del ecclesia que passa entrevistas periodical con dirigentes ecclesial e recipi un carta special de recommendation, appellate recommendacion de templo, que illes presenta al entrar.[3] Le membros del ecclesia es instruite a non compartir detalios super le ordinantias del templo con non-membros, ni mesmo parlar de illes extra del templo mesme.[3] A maio 2023, il ha plus de 200 templos dedicate mundialmente.[191] Le Ecclesia SUD ha 382 templos in variate fases, que include 207 templos dedicate (199 operative, 8 in renovation[192]), 4 con dedication programmate, 52 in construction, 4 con commencement programmate,[193] e 115 altere annunciate (ancora non in construction).[194] Pro executar ordinantias in templos pro parentes decedite, le ecclesia enfatisa le recerca genealogic e encourage su membros laicos a participar in genealogia.[195] Illa opera FamilySearch, le plus grande organisation genealogic del mundo.[196] === Conferentias === {{AP|Conferentia General (Ecclesia LDS)}} Duo vices per anno (le prime fin de septimana de april e ottobre), le autoridades general e officiarios general se adressa al ecclesia mundial per medio del conferentia general. Le sessiones del conferentia general es traducte in usque a 80 linguas e es transmittite ab le Centro de Conferentia con 21,000 sedes[197] in Salt Lake City. Durante iste conferentia, le membros del ecclesia formalmente recognosce, o “sustene”, le Prime Presidencia e le Quorum del Doze Apostolos como prophetas, videntes, e revelatores.[198] [[File:LDS Conference Center interior panoramic.jpg|center|thumb|upright=2.5|Interior del Centro de Conferentia ubi le ecclesia tene su Conferentias General duo vices per anno.]] Stake individual tamben tene conferentias formalmente intra lor limites duo vices per anno; wards tene conferentias annualmente.[199] == Organisation e structura == === Nomine e entitates legal === {{AP|Nomine del Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Ultime Dies}} Le ecclesia insenia que illo es un continuation del Ecclesia de Christo restaurate in 1830 per Joseph Smith. Iste ecclesia original passava per plure cambiamentos de nomine durante le annos 1830, essente renominate "The Church of the Latter Day Saints",<ref name=Name>{{cite encyclopedia |contribution-url= https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Name_of_the_Church |contribution= Name of the Church |first= Susan Easton |last= Black |page= 979 |editor1-last= Ludlow |editor1-first= Daniel H |editor1-link= Daniel H. Ludlow |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia de Mormonismo]] |location= New York |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers]] |year= 1992 |isbn= 0-02-879602-0 |oclc= 24502140 |access-date= September 23, 2014}}</ref> "The Church of Jesus Christ",<ref name=Drop>{{cite news|last=Fletcher Stack|first=Peggy |author-link=Peggy Fletcher Stack|title=LDS Church wants everyone to stop calling it the LDS Church and drop the word 'Mormons' – but some members doubt it will happen|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2018/08/16/lds-church-wants-everyone/|newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date=August 16, 2018|access-date=June 23, 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420203816/https://www.sltrib.com/news/2018/08/16/lds-church-wants-everyone/ |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> "The Church of God",<ref name=HotC/> "The Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints"<ref name=Name/> e "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" (per un revelation de 1838).<ref name=Name/><ref name=Inventing>{{Cite book| year=1994|title=Inventing Mormonism: Tradition and the Historical Record| location=Salt Lake City| publisher=[[Signature Books]]| editor1-last=Marquardt|editor1-first=H. Michael| editor2-last=Walters| editor2-first=Wesley P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXRAAAAACAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]| isbn=978-1-56085-108-0}}</ref>{{rp|160}} Finalmente, post le morte de Smith, Brigham Young e le plus grande gruppo de sequitores de Smith incorporava le ecclesia in 1851 per legislation del [[Territorio de Utah]]{{efn|Le legislation initial esseva promulgate per le non-existente [[Stato de Deseret]], e dunque non esseva legalmente valide,<ref name=Incorporating/> ma illo esseva tosto ratificate per le Territorio de Utah in 1851<ref>{{cite book |url=https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=716954 |title=Acts Resolutions and Memorials Passed by the First Annual and Special Sessions of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, 1851 |date=1851 |publisher=[[Assemblea Legislative Territorial de Utah]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522165624/http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Futhisstat&CISOPTR=448&REC=3&CISOBOX=church+of+jesus+christ+of+latter-day+saints |archive-date=May 22, 2008 |url-status=live |via=[[Universitate de Utah]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522165624/http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Futhisstat&CISOPTR=448&REC=3&CISOBOX=church+of+jesus+christ+of+latter-day+saints |date=May 22, 2008 }}</ref> e in 1855.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=[[Corporation Tarde del Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Sanctos del Ultime Dies v. Statos Unite|Late Corporation of the [LDS Church] v. US]] |court=[[Corte Supreme del Statos Unite]] |date=1890 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep136/usrep136001/usrep136001.pdf}}</ref>}} sub le nomine "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", le qual includeva un tracto de union in "Latter-day" e un ''d'' minuscule de [[Anglese britannic|stilo britannic]].<ref name=Incorporating>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=718227 |page=66 |chapter=State of Deseret: An Ordinance, incorporating the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |date=February 4, 1851 |access-date=June 22, 2023 |title=Laws and Ordinances of the State of Deseret: Compilation 1851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623010831/https://collections.lib.utah.edu/file?id=718262 |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=Shepard Book Company |location=Salt Lake City |via=[[Universitate de Utah]]}}</ref> Nomines commun informal del ecclesia include le Ecclesia LDS, le Ecclesia Mormon e le Ecclesia del Sanctos del Ultime Dies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Noyce |first=David |date=March 8, 2019 |title=AP changes its style on The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, but 'Mormon' is not entirely out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325173628/https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/03/08/ap-changes-its-style/ |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |url-access=limited |via=[[Internet Archive]] |newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/03/08/ap-changes-its-style/ |access-date=June 25, 2023}}</ref> Le ecclesia solicita que le nomine official sia usate quando possibile o, si necessari, abbreviate a "le Ecclesia" o "le Ecclesia de Jesus Christo".<ref name=Drop/> In augusto 2018, le presidente del ecclesia Russell M. Nelson demandava al membros del ecclesia e al alteres de cessar usar le terminos "LDS", "Mormon" e "Mormonismo" pro referer se al ecclesia, su membrosia o su systema de credentias, e in vice appellar le ecclesia per su nomine complete e official.<ref name=nbc_dont_say_mormon>{{cite news | title=Don't use 'Mormon' or 'LDS' as church name, president says | newspaper=[[NBC News]] | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/don-t-use-mormon-or-lds-church-name-president-says-n901491 | date=August 16, 2018 | access-date=July 27, 2020 | archive-date=September 15, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915210811/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/don-t-use-mormon-or-lds-church-name-president-says-n901491 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=washpost_dont_say_mormon>{{cite news | title=Stop calling the Mormon Church 'Mormon,' says church leader. 'LDS' is out, too |last=Chiu |first=Allyson |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/17/stop-calling-the-mormon-church-mormon-says-church-leader-lds-is-out-too/ | date=August 17, 2018 | access-date=July 27, 2020 | archive-date=July 28, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728135750/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/17/stop-calling-the-mormon-church-mormon-says-church-leader-lds-is-out-too/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Durante le Conferentia General de octobre 2018 del Ecclesia, Nelson declarava que le uso de sobriquetos como ''Mormon'' representava "un grande victoria pro Satan".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fletcher Stack |first1=Peggy |last2=Pierce| first2=Scott D. |author1-link=Peggy Fletcher Stack |first3=David |last3= Noyce |title=Members 'offend' Jesus and please the devil when they use the term 'Mormon,' President Nelson says |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2018/10/07/members-offend-jesus/ |publisher=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |access-date=October 9, 2018 |date=October 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Drop/>}} Post iste annuncio, le principal ensemble vocal del ecclesia, le [[Choro del Tabernaculo Mormon]], esseva renominate officialmente e deveniva le "Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square".<ref name=pbs_motab_rename>{{cite news | title=Mormon Tabernacle Choir renamed in church shift | url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/mormon-tabernacle-choir-renamed-in-church-shift | publisher=[[PBS]] | date=October 5, 2018 | access-date=July 28, 2020 | archive-date=July 28, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025252/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/mormon-tabernacle-choir-renamed-in-church-shift | url-status=live }}</ref> Le reaction al politica de cambio de nomine ha essite mixte.<ref name=sltrib_a_year_later>{{cite news | title=A year later, how successful is the war on the word 'Mormon'? | url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/08/20/jana-riess-year-later-how/ | last=Riess | first=Jana |author-link=Jana Riess |newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] | date=August 20, 2019 | access-date=July 28, 2020 | archive-date=July 28, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728015841/https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/08/20/jana-riess-year-later-how/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Legalmente, le ecclesia functiona actualmente como un corporation sole, incorporate in Utah.<ref name=SECfiling/> [[Intellectual Reserve]] es un corporation sin scopo lucrative integralmente possedite per le ecclesia, que detene le proprietate intellectual del ecclesia, como derectos de autor, marcas commercial e altere medios de communication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/02/not-mormonr-still-mormon|title=Not Mormon®, But Still Mormon|first=Vera|last=Ranieri|date=February 9, 2016|publisher=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]}}</ref> [[Utah Property Management Associates]] (UPMA), anteriormente Zions Securities Corporation (ZSC), es un filiala de Property Reserve Inc.,<ref>{{Cite news |title=DMC announces division merger|date=October 23, 2009 |url=https://www.ksl.com/article/8421389/dmc-announces-division-merger |publisher=[[KSL-FM]]}}</ref> que administra proprietates possedite per le Corporation del Presidente de The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, principalmente in Salt Lake City, Utah.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winter |first1=Caroline |last2=Burton |first2=Katherine |title=The money behind the Mormon message |url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=54478720&itype=cmsid |access-date=31 May 2026 |work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |date=5 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Riddle |first1=Isaac |title=Church wants to add history-inspired signs on Regent Street |url=https://www.buildingsaltlake.com/church-wants-add-history-inspired-signs-regent-street/ |website=Building Salt Lake |access-date=31 May 2026 |date=14 July 2016}}</ref> Illes administra importante spatio corporative, residential e commercial, assi como areas de stationamento e placias.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lockhart |first1=Ben |title=One tap can pay for parking in some downtown lots |url=https://www.deseret.com/2013/5/1/20518917/one-tap-can-pay-for-parking-in-some-downtown-lots#shoppers-walk-to-their-cars-in-a-city-creek-center-parking-lot-in-salt-lake-city-march-22-2012-four-downtown-lots-near-city-creek-now-offer-the-option-of-paying-for-parking-with-one-tap-of-a-cellphone |access-date=31 May 2026 |work=[[Deseret News]] |date=1 May 2013}}</ref> === Hierarchia del sacerdotio e servitio ecclesial === {{AP|Sacerdotio (Ecclesia SUD)}} Le Ecclesia SUD es organisate in un structura hierarchical del sacerdotio administrate per su membros masculinos. Le membros del direction ecclesial mundial es appellate autoridades general. Illes exerce tanto le direction ecclesial como administrative super le ecclesia e dirige le effortios del dirigentes regional usque al nivello local. Autoritates general, officiarios general e presidentes de missiones laborava a tempore plen pro le ecclesia, e generalmente recipi stipendios ex fondos ecclesial o investimentos.[217] Preter parlar in conferentia general, autoridades general e officiarios general parla al membros del ecclesia in congregations local per tote le mundo; illes parla tamben al juvene[218] e jvenes adultos[219] in transmissiones e in le scholas del Systema Educational del Ecclesia (CES), tal como Brigham Young University (BYU).[220] Le congregations local es generalmente dirigite per episcopos, que face functiones similari a pastores in le tradition protestante, o sacerdotes parroquial in le Ecclesia Catholice Roman.[221] Tote le masculinos que vive le normas del ecclesia es generalmente considerate pro le sacerdotio e ordinat al sacerdotio a partir del etate de 11 annos.[222] Le ordination occurre per un ceremonia ubi manus es posite super le capite del person ordinat. Le sacerdotio es divide in un ordine pro juvenes de 11 annos e plus (appellate le sacerdotio Aaronic) e un ordine pro homines de 18 annos e plus (appellate le sacerdotio Melchizedek).[3][5]: 26  Alcunos dirigentes ecclesial e studiosos ha parlato super feminas que detene o exerce potentia del sacerdotio.[223] Tamen, feminas non es formalmente ordinate al sacerdotio, e illes non participa in functiones public administrate per le sacerdotio — tal como passar le Sacramento, dar benedictiones sacerdotale, o tener positiones de direction super congregations de genere mixte. Desde 2013, le organisation Ordain Women cerca ordination formal del sacerdotio pro feminas.[224] In 2019, le direction del ecclesia autorisava feminas SUD a servir como testigos pro baptismos, un rolo ceremonial que antea era reservate al tenitores masculinos del sacerdotio.[225] Cata membro active del ecclesia es expectate de recipir un vocation, o position de responsabilitate assignate in le ecclesia. Le membros del ecclesia es expectate de non solicitar vocationes specific, e non declinar vocationes que illes recive ab lor dirigentes.[verification fallite] Le positiones de direction in le varie congregations del ecclesia es plenite per medio del systema de vocation, e le major parte del vocationes es plenite voluntariemente.[v][w] Le membros voluntaria labores general de cura pro installationes ecclesial local.[229] === Programmas e organisationes === Le campus de Brigham Young University, in Provo, Utah, un del multe institutiones educational supportate per le ecclesia Le ecclesia opera multe programmas e organisationes in le campos de proselytismo, education, e benesser ecclesial tal como LDS Humanitarian Services. Multi de iste organisationes e programmas es coordinate per le Programma de Correlation del Sacerdotio, que es designate pro prover un approccio systematic pro mantener consistentia mundial, orthodoxia, e control del ordinantias, doctrinas, organisationes, reuniones, materiales, e altere programmas e activitates del ecclesia.[230][6]: 184–215  Le ecclesia tamben opera le CES, que include BYU, BYU–Idaho, BYU–Hawaii, e Ensign College. Le ecclesia opera tamben Institutes of Religion proxime al campus de multe collegios e universidades. Pro juvenes de etate de scola superior, le ecclesia opera un programma de Seminary de quatro annos, que provee classes religiose pro studentes a supplementar lor education secular.[3] Le ecclesia tamben sponsorisa un programma de prestito educational a basso interesse appellate Fundo de Education Perpetue, que provide opportunitates educational a studentes de nationes in via de disveloppamento.[231][232] Le Bibliotheca de Historia Familiare del ecclesia es le bibliotheca plus grande del mundo dedicate a recerca genealogic. Le systema de benesser del ecclesia, initiate in 1930 durante le Grande Depressione, provide adjuta al pauperes. Le dirigentes requesta que le membros magne un vice per mes e done le moneta que illes haberia depensate pro iste pastos pro adjutar le necessitante, in un offerta de jejuno.[3] Le moneta del programma es usate pro operar magazinos del episcopo, que package e conserva cibos a bas custo. Le distribution de fondos e cibo es administrate per episcopos local. Le ecclesia tamben distribue moneta per su division de Philanthropias pro victimas de disastras mundialmente.[233] Altere programmas e departamentos del ecclesia include Family Services, que provide referrales pro adoption, consilio marital e familial, psychotherapia, e consilio pro addiction;[234] le Departamento de Historia del Ecclesia SUD, que collige historia ecclesial e registros; e le Departamento de Historia Familiare, que administra le grande effortios genealogic del ecclesia, includente FamilySearch, le plus grande organisation e bibliotheca genealogic del mundo.[196][235] Altere installationes possedite e operate per le ecclesia include Temple Square, le Edificio de Officio del Ecclesia,[236] le Edificio de Administration del Ecclesia,[237] le Bibliotheca de Historia del Ecclesia[238] e le Vault del Registros de Granite Mountain.[239] === Finantias === {{AP|Finantias del Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Ultime Dies}} Desde 1941, le ecclesia es classificate per le IRS como un organisation 501(c)(3) e per consequente exemptate de taxes. Donationes es deductibile de tax in le Statos Unite.[240] Le ecclesia non ha publicate statementes finanziari ecclesial desde 1959.[241] In absencia de statementes official, personas interessate a saper le stato finanziari e comportamenti del ecclesia, includente tanto membros del ecclesia como personas externe, ha cercate estimar o coniecturar.[242] In 1997, le revista Time appellava le Ecclesia SUD un del ecclesias plus ric per capita del mundo.[243] Le ecclesia ha affermate que tote su entitates subsidiari a scopo de lucro, non lucro, e educational es auditate per professionales independent del altere entitates ecclesial.[244] == Cultura == {{AP|Cultura del Ecclesia de Jesu Christo del Ultime Dies}} A causa del differentias in stile de vita promovite per le doctrina e le historia del ecclesia, le membros del ecclesia ha disveloppate un cultura distincte. Illa es principalmente concentrate in le corredor Mormon del Intermontane West.[251] Multes del practicas plus distincte del ecclesia deriva de lor adhesion al Parola del Sapientia — que include abstinentia ab tabacco, alcohol, caffe, e te — e lor observantia del restrictiones del die Sabbat in recreation e compras. Cuisine commun e distincte include patatas pro funerales e insalata de Jello.[252] Tabu cultural existe super piercings[x] e tattoos[111], e le ecclesia consilia contra l'uso de crucifixes como symbolos de cultu.[253] === Media e artes === [[File:Mtchoirandorchestra ConferenceCenter (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Le Tabernaculo Choir patrocinante per le ecclesia in Temple Square ha recipite varie premios e ha viagiato extensivemente desde su inception.]] Media de thema SUD include cinema, fiction, sitios web, e arte graphic tal como photographia e picturas. Le ecclesia posse un catena de librerias appellate Deseret Book.[254] Le ecclesia etiam produce plure pageantias annualmente que representa diversos eventos del ecclesia primitiv e moderne. Su pageantia de Pascha, Jesus le Christo, ha essite identificate como le "plus grande pageantia de Pascha in le mundo facite foras".[255] Le ecclesia encourage divertimento sin violentia, contento sexual o linguage vulgar; multe membros specificamente evita filmes con rating-R.[256] Le choir official del ecclesia, le Tabernaculo Choir in Temple Square, esseva formate in le medie del 19eme seculo e performa in le Salt Lake Tabernaculo. Illes ha viagiato in plus de 28 paises,[257] e es considerate un del choires plus famose del mundo.[258] Le choir ha recipite un Premio Grammy, quatro Premios Emmy,[259] duo Premios Peabody,[260] e le Medalia National de Artes.[261] === Implicamento politic in le U.S. === [[File:Dallin Oaks.jpg|thumb|Le president del ecclesia Thomas S. Monson (sinistra) e le apostolo Dallin H. Oaks (dextra) presentante al president U.S. Barack Obama su genealogia in le Oval Office in julio 2009.]] Le ecclesia SUD declara que generalmente non prende un rolle partisan in politica,[262] ma encourage su membros a participar activemente como citatanos responsabile in lor communitates, includente informar se super le questiones e votar.[263] Le ecclesia mantiene que le valores del fide pote esser trovate inter multe partidos politic.[263][262] Illa generalmente non prende partes in conflictes global.[264] Un studio del Pew Center on Religion and Public Life in 2012 indicava que 74 percento del membros U.S. inclina verso le Partido Republican.[265] Alcun membros liberal dice que illes senti que debe defender lor valor pro causa de differentias politice.[266] Democratos e illes que inclina democrat formava 18 percento del membros interrogate in le studio del 2014 del Pew Research Center.[267][268] Le ecclesia se involve a vices in politica quando crede que le questiones ha implicationes moral o que "directemente affecta [su] mission, doctrinas o operationes."[262] Le ecclesia habeva un rolle importante in le opposition al legalization del matrimonio inter personas del mesme sexos in Hawaii, Alaska, Nebraska, Nevada, California, e Utah.[269][270] Illa supportava un lege de derectos gay in Salt Lake City que prohibiva discrimination contra personas homosexual in habitation e laboro,[271][272] opposeva le gambling,[68] opposeva le deposito de residuos nucleari in Utah,[273] e supportava un approccio a politica de immigration in U.S. conforme al Utah Compact.[274] Illa opposeva un initiative de votation que legalisava marijuana medicinal in Utah,[275] ma supportava un possible alternative.[276] In 2019 e 2021, le ecclesia declarava su opposition al Equality Act, que prohiberea discrimination in le Statos Unite basate sur orientation sexual e identitate de genere, ma supportava legislation alternativo que diceva protegeria tanto le derectos LGBTQ como le libertate religiose.[277] In 2022, le ecclesia declarava su supporto al Respect for Marriage Act — que codificava legalmente le matrimonio inter personas del mesme sexos in le Statos Unite — pro le "protectiones pro libertate religiose" que includeva.[278] In le 117me Congresso del Statos Unite, il ha nove membros del SUD, includente tote le sex membros del delegation congressional del Utah, tote Republican.[279] Le governator actual del Utah, Spencer Cox, es un membro del ecclesia,[280] assi como majoritate super in ambe camaras del Legislature del Utah.[281] === Demographia === Le ecclesia reporta un membro mundial de 17 milliones,[283][4] de qui plus de 6.8 milliones reside in le U.S.[284] Le definition del ecclesia de "membro" include tote personas que jam esseva baptisate, o cujos parentes esseva membros durante le persona esseva sub 8 annos (appellate "membros de registro"),[285]: 145–146  qui non ha essite excommunicate o qui non ha demandate que lor nomines essera removite del registros del ecclesia.[285]: 116, 148–149  A partire de settembre 2019, approximativemente 9.6 milliones de membros reside extra le Statos Unite. Secundo lor statisticas, le ecclesia es le quarte plus grande corpo religiose in le Statos Unite.[289][290] Benque le ecclesia non publica statisticas de frequentia, investigadores estima que le frequentia a servitios de adoramento SUD semanalmente in le mundo es circa 4 milliones.[291] Membros que vive in U.S. e Canada constituite 46% del membro, America Latina 38%, e membros in le resto del mundo 16%.[4] Le studio Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life in 2012, realisate per Princeton Survey Research Associates International, trovava que circa 2% del population adulte del U.S. se identifica como Mormon.[282] Le membro es concentrate geograficamente in le Intermontane West, in un regione specific que a vices es cognoscite como le corredor Mormon.[292] Membros del ecclesia e alcun altere del U.S. colonisava iste regione in le medie a fin del 1800, dispossessante alcun tribus indigene.[293] [[File:LDS Church Membership 1830-2021.png|thumb|left|Le ecclesia habeva un accrescimento numerose prodigiose in le secunde medietate del 20me seculo, ma le accrescimento ha ora stabilisate.]] Le ecclesia experimentava un rapide crescita numerose in le 20me seculo, specialmente in le 1980s e 1990s.[294]: 1  In le 21me seculo, tamen, le crescita del membro del ecclesia ha retardate.[295][296] In 2022, octo del top die nationes con le plus alte rata de crescita del SUD esseva in Africa,[297] e personas Latino es un del grupos ethnic con le plus rapide crescita con milliones de adherentes SUD in paises latino-americani.[298] In le Statos Unite, membros del ecclesia tende a esser plus educate que le population general.[299] Le composition ethnic e racial del membro in le U.S. es un del menos diverse in le pais.[300] Le membro negro es significativemente plus basse que le population general del U.S.[287] Le ecclesia SUD non publica statisticas official super le activitate ecclesial, ma es probabile que solmente circa 40% del membro registrate in le U.S. e 30% mundialmente frequenta regularimente servitios de adoramento dominical semanal.[301][z] Un studio de 2016 trovava que majoritate (54%) del millennials allegateva esser crescite in le ecclesia disaffiliate.[303] Le rate de activitate varia con le etate, e le disengagement occurre le plus frequentemente inter 16 e 25 annos. Iuvenes adult solitarie ha plus probabilitate de devenir inactive que lor pares maritate,[304] e feminas tende a esser plus active que masculinos.[112]: 55 == Servitios humanitari == [[File:USN sailors at Beirut pier with aid cargo Aug 4 2006.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Marinarios del Marina del U.S. transportante subsidios humanitari donate per le Ecclesia SUD a Beirut, Libano, in 2006.]] Le Ecclesia SUD es largemente cognoscite pro provider servitio humanitari mondial.[305][306][233] Le esfuerzos de benessere e humanitari del ecclesia es coordinate per Philanthropias, un departamento del ecclesia sub le direction del Episcopato Presidente.[233] Le esfuerzos de benessere, iniziate originalmente durante le Grande Depressione, provide adjuta pro le pauperes, finanziate per donationes de membros del ecclesia. Le donationes es usate etiam pro operar magazinos del episcopo, que empaqueta e conserva alimentos pro personas de basso ingresos a bass costo.[307][308] In 2016, le ecclesia reportava que haberea expendite un total de $1.2 milliardos in adjuta humanitari in le ultime 30 annos.[233] Le adjuta humanitari del ecclesia include organisation de projectos pro securitate alimentaire, aqua pulite, mobilitate, e sanitate, operation de magasins de Deseret Industries, e financement de altere organisationes. Le ecclesia reporta que le valor total de tote le donationes charitable in 2021 esseva $906 milliones.[309] Reportages independent ha trovate que le organisation charitable del ecclesia, LDS Charities, donava un total de $177 milliones de 2008 a 2020.[310] Le ecclesia distribute etiam moneta e adjuta a victimas de desastre mundialmente.[311] In 2017, le ecclesia collaborateva con Catholic Relief Services e altere organisationes pro provider adjuta a plure nationes in Africa e Medio Oriente.[72] In 2010, illes collaborateva con Islamic Relief pro adjutar victimas de inundationes in Pakistan.[312] Latter-day Saint Charities augmentava le conversion de alimentos bruto stocate in productos alimentari finite durante le pandemia COVID-19 e donava materiales sanitarie a 16 paises affectate per le crisi.[313][314][315] Le ecclesia donava $4 milliones pro adjutar refugiate fugiente del invasion russe del 2022 in Ucraina.[316] In 2022, le ecclesia donava $32 milliones al Programme Mundial de Alimentos del Nationes Unite, que esseva su donation unificate plus grande cognoscite a un organisation humanitari usque a ora.[317] == Critica e controversias == Le critica moderne del ecclesia include affirmations disputate, allegationes de revisionismo historic per le ecclesia,[318] abuso sexual de infantes, sexismo,[319][320] racismo,[321][322][323] e doctrinas anti-LGBTQ+.[325] Criticos notabile del 20me seculo includeva Jerald e Sandra Tanner[326] e le historicista Fawn Brodie.[327] === Abuso sexual de infantes === Le ecclesia ha essite criticata pro un numero de abusos que on affirma haber essite perpetrate o celate per le direction local del ecclesia; plure casos ha essite resolvite extra le corte.[328][329][330] In altere casos, le dirigentes ecclesial ha essite criticati pro: suppositemente non reportar abuso a le autoritates legal;[331] impropermente invocar le privilegio clerical-penitente in isto;[329] e non conservar registros de affirmations de abuso sexual reportate via le numero de telephono Helpline del ecclesia.[329] === Scripturas === Vide etiam: Critica del Libro de Mormon, Historicitate del Libro de Mormon, Origine del Libro de Mormon, Archaeologia e le Libro de Mormon, Genetic e le Libro de Mormon, Anachronismos del Libro de Mormon, e Critica del Libro de Abraham In le fin del annos 1820, le critica se centrova in le affirmation de Joseph Smith de haber essite conducite a un serie de tabulas de oro ab le qual le Libro de Mormon esseva reputate traducite.[332] Le communitates archaeological, historic e scientific principal ha trovate paucitate de evidentas que supporta le existentia del civitates describite in le Libro de Mormon, e non considera lo un registro ver del eventos historic.[17]: xv  Scholaros ha indicate multe anachronismos in le texto. Illes arguia que non existe evidenta de un lingua egiptian reformate;[333]: 91 [aa] le Libro de Mormon dice explicitemente que illo esseva scribite in un texto egiptian reformate.[335] Insimul, le evidentas archaeological e genetic non supporta le declarationes del libro sur alcun populos indigenous cognoscite del Americas.[336][337] Desde su publication in 1842, le Libro de Abraham (actualmente publicate como parte del canonico Perla de Grande Precio) ha essite un fonte major de controversia. Multos egiptologos non-Mormon, comenciate in le fin del 19me seculo,[338]: 61  discordeva con le explanationes de Joseph Smith del facsimiles del libro. Le traductiones del papyri originale — per egiptologos Mormon e non-Mormon — non coincide con le texto del Libro de Abraham como esseva traducite per Joseph Smith.[339]: 61  De facto, le texto translitterate del papyri recuperate e le facsimiles publicate in le Libro de Abraham non contine referencia directe a Abraham.[342] Scholaros ha etiam affermate que partes damageate del papyri esseva incorrectemente reconstructite per Smith o su socios.[339]: 25  === Polygamia === Le polygamia (appelate matrimonio plural intra le ecclesia) esseva practicate per le dirigentes ecclesial pro plus de meso seculo XIX,[343] e practicate publicamente de 1852 a 1890 per inter 20 e 30 porcento del familias Ultime Die.[344][59] Illo esseva instituite privatemente in le annos 1830 per le fundator Joseph Smith e publicate in 1852 sub le direction de Brigham Young.[59] Durante plus de 60 annos, le ecclesia e le Statos Unite se trovava in conflicte super iste question: a un puncto, le platforma Republican refereva a "le duo reliquias de barbarie — polygamia e schiavitude."[345] Le ecclesia defendiva iste practica como un question de libertate religiose, durante que le governo federal le combatteva vigouremente; in 1862, le Congress de Statos Unite approbava le Legge Anti-Bigamia Morrill, que prohibiva matrimonios plural in le territorios.[59] In 1890, le presidente ecclesial Wilford Woodruff publishava un manifesto que terminava officialmente le practica in le U.S.,[58] mesmo si illo non dissolveva matrimonios polygamous existente.[343] Alcun membros ecclesial continuava a entrar in matrimonios polygamous in Canada e Mexico, ma illes cessava finalmente in 1904 quando le presidente ecclesial Joseph F. Smith repudiava polygamia ante le Congress e publishava un "Secunde Manifesto", vocante que tote matrimonios plural in le ecclesia cessava. Alcun grupos fundamentalista minore, que voleva continuar le practica, se separava del Ecclesia SUD, ma le ecclesia principal agora excommunica membros trovate practicante polygamia e se distantia de illes grupos fundamentalista.[112]: 91 [346] Le ecclesia permisse tamen que homines divorciate o vidue esse selate con altere feminas sin cancelar selationes existente.[347] === Minoritate === ==== Personas nigre ==== [[Image:Green Flake Colorized.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.75|Green Flake, un homine nigre in schiavitute, esseva rapportate haber tractate le prime carruage del pioneros SUD al Valle de Salt Lake in 1847.<ref name=Flake>{{cite web |title=Century of Black Mormons: Flake, Green |url=https://exhibits.lib.utah.edu/s/century-of-black-mormons/page/flake-green |website=[[J. Willard Marriott Library]] |publisher=[[University of Utah]]}}</ref>]] Le doctrinas, attitudines e practicas del altos dirigentes del Ecclesia SUD verso personas nigre ha cambiate significativemente ab le annos de fundation usque al tempore moderne, e le ecclesia ha affrontate critica e controversia super iste temas.[352] Joseph Smith permitteva que plure hombres nigre esseva ordinati sacerdotes durante su presidencia, ma etiam insegnava que le pelle scure del personas de ascendentia africane nigre esseva un signo de malediction de Deo.[353]: 213 [354]: 27  Tanto Smith como Brigham Young insegnava que le personas nigre esseva subjecte al malediction biblic de Ham,[355]: 126 [356] e al malediction de Cain.[354][355]: 256  Ambe faceva declarationes in supporto del schiavitude nigre,[349]: 22  e Young legalisava le schiavitude nigre durante su gubernation in le territorio de Utah.[360] Ab 1844 a 1978, le ecclesia prohibiva personas nigre de participar in ordinantias de templo necessari pro le plus alto nivello de salvation;[361][362][363] impediva le major parte del hombres de descendencia africane nigre de esser ordinati al sacerdotio laico, omine in toto;[364]: 64  supportava segregation racial in su comunidades e scholas;[349]: 67, 78 [365] insegnava que personas nigre justo deveniva blanc post morte;[321][366][367]: 148  e opponiva matrimonio interracial.[368][71]: 89  Durante iste tempore, dirigentes insegnava multe vices que personas nigre esseva minus just in le pre-existencia.[370] Le restrictiones racial del templo e sacerdotio esseva abolite per altos dirigentes in 1978[372] a causa del pression public durante le movimento pro derechos civil in le Statos Unite.[ab] In 2013, le ecclesia repudiava direttamente su precedente doctrinas sur le race pro le prime vice.[321][375] In 2018, le Ecclesia formava un alliance con le NAACP pro meliorar relationes racial.[376] ==== Personas native american ==== [[File:Joseph Smith Preaching to the Indians by William Armitage.png|thumb|Representation artistic de Joseph Smith predicante a Native American in Illinois.]] Durante le ultime duo seculos, le relation inter personas native american e le Ecclesia SUD ha includite relationes amical, displacemento, battalias, massacre, schiavitude, programas de placement educative, discrimination official e non-official, e critica.[377][378] Le dirigentes ecclesial e publicamentos insegnava que Native American es descendentes de Lamanites, un populo de pelle scure e maledite del Libro de Mormon.[379]: 196 [378] Plus recentemente, investigadores SUD e publicamentos generalmente preferi un plus parve territorie geographic pro descendentes de Lamanites.[ac][381] Non existe supporto directe inter historicistas e archaeologos principal pro le historicitate del Libro de Mormon o pro origine medio-oriental del personas native american.[383] Tosto post le colonisation Mormon del Valle Salt Lake in 1847, infantes native american in schiavitute deveniva un fonte vital de labor.[384]: 273–274  Le colonos initialmente habeva relationes pacific, ma proque le resursos esseva scarce in le desert, hostilitate explodiva inter le native american local.[385] Secundo le historicista ecclesial SUD Marlin K. Jensen, con le arrivata de plus immigrantes SUD e le appropriation del territorios del nationes native, "Le resursos que le Indios usava per generationes diminuiva, e in tempore illes se trovava forzate a resistir e luctar pro lor proprie supervivencia... le territorios e le hereditage cultural que le Indios habeva in le Grande Bacino esseva largemente perdit".[385] In 50 annos post le colonisation Mormon, le population de Native American in Utah esseva reducite quasi 90 percento.[384]: 273  Le ecclesia conduceva un Programme de Placement Indian inter le annos 1950 e 1990, durante le qual infantes indigenous viveva in casas de membros ecclesial durante uno o plus annos scolari. Critica se resultava durante e post le programma, includente accusationes de assimilation improper e mesmo abuso.[386][321] Tamen, multe studentes e familias involveva laudava le programma.[387]: 194–195  Le dirigentes ecclesial insegnava pro decennios que le pelle plus scure del native american deveniva plus clare per lor righteousness.[388][365][353]: 64  ==== Individuos LGBTQ ==== [[File:Prop8templeProtest.jpg|thumb|Protestatores in fronte del Templo Newport Beach California manifestante lor opposition al supporto del ecclesia pro Proposito 8.]] Le politicas e trato del ecclesia verso minoritates sexual e de genere ha longemente essite subjecto de critica externe,[389][390][391] insimul con controversia interne e disaffection inter membros.[392][393][394] Proque le prohibtion del act sexual inter personas del mesme sexos e matrimonio del mesme sexo, le ecclesia SUD insegnava per decennios que adherentes attrahite al mesme sexo poteva e debeva cambiar isto per efforces pro cambiar orientation sexual e strenue virtute.[395] Le ecclesia provideva therapias e programas pro tentar cambiar le orientation sexual.[396] Le doctrina e politicas actual lassa membros homosexual con le optiones de intrar in matrimonio hetero de orientation mixte, o celibato vitalic.[400] Alcunos ha arguite que le doctrina ecclesial contra homosexualitate e le trato verso membros LGBTQ ha contribuite a lor plus alte taux de PTSD, depression,[401][402][403] suicide e juvene sine casa.[406] Le involvement politic de decades del ecclesia contra le leges US pro matrimonio del mesme sexo ha generate plus critica e protestas.[408] Personas considerate pro cirurgia de affirmation de genere non pote esser battisate, e illes qui ja habeva uno debe reciper clearance special del Prime Presidenza ante battesimo.[409][410]: 145  Submeter a un "operation trans-sexual",[sic] includente cirurgia feminisante o masculinisante como reconstruction del pectore (top surgery),[411] pote minacar lor appartenentia como membro currente.[412][413] Ordinantias post battesimo como recipir le sacerdotio e donas de templo es facite solmente secundo le sex assignate a lor nascentia.[414] Membros que exprime genere per vestimentos o pronomines differente del sex assignate a lor nascentia recipira restrictiones de appartenentia e annotation in lor registros de membro.[415][416][417] === Critica de Joseph Smith === In le annos 1830, le ecclesia esseva fortemente criticata pro le modo in le qual Smith tractava un fallimento bancari in Kirtland, Ohio.[415] Post le migration del Mormones verso le occident, habeva timor e suspicion super le potentia politic e militar del Ecclesia SUD in Missouri,[ad] culminante in le Guerra Mormon de 1838 e le Ordine de Extermination Mormon per le Governator Lilburn Boggs. In le annos 1840, le critica del ecclesia includeva su aspirationes theocratic in Nauvoo, Illinois. Critica del practica del matrimonio plural e altere doctrinas que Smith insegnava esseva publicate in le Nauvoo Expositor in 1844.[12]: 539 [ae] Post que Smith prendeva un rolo principal in facer destruir le typographia del gazetta, ille esseva accusate de treason e incarcerate. Durante que ille expectava le processo, un turba irate invadiava le carcere e lo tuava mortalmente.[416] In le opinion popular moderne, le non-Mormones in le U.S. generalmente considera Smith como un "charlatano, scoundre e heretic."[417] Le musical Book of Mormon se burla de su relato del tabulas de oro.[418] In 2007, Christopher Hitchens, scribente in Slate, denuntiava Smith como un impostor, charlatano e fraude (e le ecclesia ipse como un "culto ridicul" e un "trafico" que deveniva un religion).[419] === Controversia financiari === Le ecclesia ha litigate pro mantener su information interne finanziari foras del registro public.[420][421] Le fallimento del ecclesia a render public su finantias ha attracte critica.[425] In decembre 2019, un denunciante affirmava que le ecclesia teneva plus de 100 milliardos de dollares in fondos de investimento per medio de su compania de gestion de investimento, Ensign Peak Advisors (EP); que illes usava iste fondos in empresas pro lucro al loco de charitate; e que illes decepiava contributores e le publico super le uso e extentente de iste fondos.[426][427] Le Prime Presidenza del ecclesia declarava que "le Ecclesia conforma a tote le leges applicabile que reguarda nostre donationes, investimentos, taxas e reservas," e que "un portion" del fondos recipite per le ecclesia es "methodicamente protegite per medio de sapiente gestion finanziari e le construction de un reserva prudente".[428] Le ecclesia non addressava directemente al publico le dimension del fondos, ma tertie partes considerava le disclosure como legitime.[246][247] Iste revelation ha conduce a critica que le ricchessa del ecclesia pote esser excessive.[429] Le ecclesia ha transferite plus de un milliard de dollares del decima collectate in Canada, sin taxation, a universitates ecclesial durante un periodo de 15 annos.[430] In octubre 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald annuntiava que durante que le ecclesia publicamente affirmava haber donate US$1.35 milliardos a charitate inter 2008 e 2020, su rapportos finanziari private monstrava que illes donateva solmente US$0.177 milliardos.[431][af] In februario 2023, le Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) del U.S. infligeva un multa de $5 milliones al ecclesia e a su compania de investimento, EP. Le SEC accusava que le ecclesia occultava su investimentos e lor gestion in plure companias fantasma ab 1997 a 2019; le SEC credeva que iste companias fantasma esseva approbate per le alto dirigentes del ecclesia pro evitar le transparentia public.[421] Le ecclesia publicava un declaration que in 2000 EP "recipiveva e se basava super consilio legal super como conformar a su obligationes de rapportar durante que tenta mantener le private del portfolio." Post le initial preoccupation del SEC in junio 2019, le ecclesia declarava que EP "modificava su approccio e comenciava a presentar un rapporto aggregate unico."[433] == Ligamines externe == * http://www.lds.org — Le sito official del Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Sanctos del Ultime Dies (in multilingue) * http://www.mormon.org — sito official multilingue {{Referentias}}} [[Categoria:Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Sanctos del Ultime Dies| ]] 6emzqi2tvhrd86jnma4ty72tja33ltv 0 13150 698462 684314 2026-08-11T07:56:52Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} '''Wenedyk''' (Venedic) es un [[lingua artificial]], create in 2002 per le traductor [[Paises Basse|nederlandese]] [[Jan van Steenbergen]]. Illo es un lingua multo naturalistic, in que le autor prova demonstrar qual lingua emergerea sur le territorio del [[Polonia]] contemporanee si in le antiquitate iste region esserea incorporate in le [[Imperio Roman]]. Le resultato es un [[lingua romanic]], qui se disveloppava ex le [[latino vulgar]] in le mesme modo como le [[lingua polonese|polonese]] se disveloppava ex le [[lingua protoslave|protoslavo]]. Dunque le vocabulario e le morphologia es principalmente romanic, mais le phonologia, orthographia e syntaxe es basate sur le polonese. In le projecto de historia alternative [[Ill Bethisad]] Wenedyk es usate como un del linguas official del ''Republica del Duo Coronas'', un equivalente contemporanee del [[Republica del Ambe Nationes]], le stato polac-lituan qui in realitate cessava exister al [[seculo XVIII]]. Le idea pro le realisation de Wenedyk esseva inspirate per linguas simile, como le [[Brithenig]], un lingua romanic basate in le mesme modo sur le [[lingua gallese|gallese]]. In contrasto a multe altere linguas artificial, le venedico non esseva create por meliorar le communication international. Illo servi solmente como un illustration del concepto de un lingua extrapolate ex le latino e le polonese. Le vocabulario del Wenedyk contine plus que 3000 parolas. == Specimen == Le [[Patrenostre]]: <blockquote> Potrze nostry, kwały jesz en czałór, sąciewkaty si twej numię. <br /> Owień twej rzeń. <br /> Foca si twa włątać, komód en czału szyk i sur cierze. <br /> Da nów odzej nostry pań kocidzany. <br /> I dziemieć nów nostrze dziewta, komód i nu dziemiećmy swór dziewtorzór. <br /> I nie endycz nosz en ciętaceń, uta liwra nosz dzie mału. <br /> Nąk twie są rzeń i pociestać i głurza, o siąprz. Amen. </blockquote> == Ligamines externe == * [http://steen.free.fr/wenedyk/ Lęgwa wenedka] (le pagina official del Wenedyk, in anglese) * [http://szkolazklasa.gazeta.pl/szkolazklasa/1,58420,1905232.html Dorota Gut: ''Now@ Mow@''] ("Un Nove Lingua"), ''Wiedza i Życie'', februario 2004 (in polonese). * [http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/tilman.berger/Publikationen/BergerPlansprachen.pdf Tilman Berger: ''Vom Erfinden Slavischer Sprachen''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031141934/http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/tilman.berger/Publikationen/BergerPlansprachen.pdf |date=2013-10-31 }} ("Re le invention de linguas slave", in germano) [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] c3dmgdm08fzs8hzw1guent2vwrgdclw 698464 698462 2026-08-11T07:58:56Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} '''Wenedyk''' (Venedic) es un [[lingua artificial]], create in 2002 per le traductor [[Paises Basse|nederlandese]] [[Jan van Steenbergen]]. Illo es un lingua multo naturalistic, in que le autor prova demonstrar qual lingua emergerea sur le territorio del [[Polonia]] contemporanee si in le antiquitate iste region esserea incorporate in le [[Imperio Roman]]. Le resultato es un [[lingua romanic]], qui se disveloppava ex le [[latino vulgar]] in le mesme modo como le [[lingua polonese|polonese]] se disveloppava ex le [[lingua protoslave|protoslavo]]. Dunque le vocabulario e le morphologia es principalmente romanic, mais le phonologia, orthographia e syntaxe es basate sur le polonese. In le projecto de historia alternative [[Ill Bethisad]] Wenedyk es usate como un del linguas official del ''Republica del Duo Coronas'', un equivalente contemporanee del [[Republica del Ambe Nationes]], le stato polac-lituan qui in realitate cessava exister al [[seculo XVIII]]. Le idea pro le realisation de Wenedyk esseva inspirate per linguas simile, como le [[Brithenig]], un lingua romanic basate in le mesme modo sur le [[lingua gallese|gallese]]. In contrasto a multe altere linguas artificial, le venedico non esseva create por meliorar le communication international. Illo servi solmente como un illustration del concepto de un lingua extrapolate ex le latino e le polonese. Le vocabulario del Wenedyk contine plus que 3000 parolas. == Specimen == Le [[Patrenostre]]: <blockquote> Potrze nostry, kwały jesz en czałór, sąciewkaty si twej numię. <br /> Owień twej rzeń. <br /> Foca si twa włątać, komód en czału szyk i sur cierze. <br /> Da nów odzej nostry pań kocidzany. <br /> I dziemieć nów nostrze dziewta, komód i nu dziemiećmy swór dziewtorzór. <br /> I nie endycz nosz en ciętaceń, uta liwra nosz dzie mału. <br /> Nąk twie są rzeń i pociestać i głurza, o siąprz. Amen. </blockquote> == Ligamines externe == * [http://steen.free.fr/wenedyk/ Lęgwa wenedka] (le pagina official del Wenedyk, in anglese) * [http://szkolazklasa.gazeta.pl/szkolazklasa/1,58420,1905232.html Dorota Gut: ''Now@ Mow@''] ("Un Nove Lingua"), ''Wiedza i Życie'', februario 2004 (in polonese). * [http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/tilman.berger/Publikationen/BergerPlansprachen.pdf Tilman Berger: ''Vom Erfinden Slavischer Sprachen''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031141934/http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/tilman.berger/Publikationen/BergerPlansprachen.pdf |date=2013-10-31 }} ("Re le invention de linguas slave", in germano) {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] im27oa0l62jrrf6q30o4rhrtew2hd5j 0 30410 698431 696623 2026-08-10T22:37:09Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 698431 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''abuso sexual de infantes''' es un sorta de [[abuso]] in que un [[adulto]] o altere persona in controlo induce un [[infante]] a exequer qualcunque activitate sexual,<ref name="APA Guidelines">{{cite journal | author = Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS), Board of Professional Affairs (BPA), [[American Psychological Association]] (APA) | coauthors = Catherine Acuff, Ph.D.; Steven Bisbing, Ph.D.; Michael Gottlieb, Ph.D.; Lisa Grossman, Ph.D.; Jody Porter, Ph.D.; Richard Reichbart, Ph.D.; Steven Sparta, Ph.D.; and C. Eugene Walker, Ph.D | year = 1999 | month = August | title = Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters | volume = 54 | issue = 8 | pages = 586 — 593 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586 | journal = American Psychologist | url = http://www.apa.org/practice/childprotection.html | accessdate = 2008-05-07 | laysummary = http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1999-03403-007 | laysource = APA PsycNET | laydate = 2008-05-07 | quote = '''Abuse, sexual (child)''': generalmente definite como contactos inter un infante e un adulto o altere persona significantemente plus vetule o in un position de dominantia o controlo sur le infante, ubi le [[infante]] es usate pro stimulation sexual del adulto o altere persona.}}</ref> con inclusion de basiar e imbraciar.<ref>Martin, J., Anderson, J., Romans, S., ''et al.'' (1993). "Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey," ''Child Abuse and Neglect'', 17, 383-392.</ref> Le abuso sexual causa damnos emotional al infantes. Alicunes del effectos non se monstra immediatemente ma appare quando le infante ha adolescite. Iste effectos include le [[depression (psychiatria)|depression]],<ref name="Roosa">Roosa M.W., Reinholtz C., Angelini P.J. (1999). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0902/is_1_27/ai_54422556/print "The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214115501/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0902/is_1_27/ai_54422556/print |date=2004-12-14 }} ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'' 27(1):65-76.</ref> le [[disordine de stress post-traumatic]],<ref name=Widom2007>{{cite journal | author = Widom, S. | coauthors = Dumont K., Czaja, S. | year = 2007 | title = A Prospective Investigation of Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbidity in Abused and Neglected Children Grown Up | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 49 | doi = 10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.49 }}; [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070102092229.htm lay summary]</ref> [[anxietate]],<ref name="levitan">Levitan, R. D., N. A. Rector, Sheldon, T., & Goering, P. (2003). "[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/102529637/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Childhood adversities associated with major depression and/or anxiety disorders in a community sample of Ontario: Issues of co-morbidity and specificity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305223622/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/102529637/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |date=2020-03-05 }}," Depression & Anxiety; 17, 34-42.</ref> un risco elevate de victimisation posterior,<ref name="Messman-Moore">Terri L. Messman-Moore & Patricia J. Long, "[http://jiv.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/5/489 Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment]," ''15 Journal of Interpersonal Violence'' 489 (2000).</ref> e [[vulnere]]s physic.<ref name="dinw">Dinwiddie S, Heath AC, Dunne MP, ''et al.'' (2000). "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=26191 Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin-control study.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924144239/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=26191 |date=2010-09-24 }}" ''Psychological Medicine'', 30:41–52</ref> Le [[suicidio]] es un del effectos, victimas essente sex vices plus susceptibile a committer suicidio e octo vices plus susceptibile a tentar suicidio de plus in plus durante lor vita. Quando un infante es sexualmente abusate per un membro de familia, se tracta de "[[incesto]]," e causa trauma psychologic mesmo plus seriose e de longe termino, particularmente si le incesto es committite per un parente. <ref name= Courtois>{{cite book|title=Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy|last= Courtois|first=Christine A.|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|pages=p208|year=1988|isbn= 0393313565}}</ref> Le major parte ma non tote abuso sexual de infantes es committite per [[pedophilia|pedophilo]]s, adultos qui es sexualmente attrahite a infantes plus que a adultos.<ref name=mayoclinic>{{cite journal |url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/pdf%2F8204%2F8204sa.pdf |title=A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues |coauthors=RYAN C. W. HALL, MD, AND RICHARD C. W. HALL, MD, PA. |journal=MAYO CLIN PROC |volume=82:457-471 2007 |publisher=MAYO FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH}}</ref> Le abuso sexual de infantes non es rar. Circa un quarte parte de tote feminas e un decime parte de tote homines esseva sexualmente abusate durante lor infantia.<ref name=Whealin>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_child_sexual_abuse.html |title=Child Sexual Abuse |author=Julia Whealin, Ph.D. |publisher=National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs |date=May 22, 2007 |accessdate=August 24, 2012 |archivedate=September 8, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908101754/http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_child_sexual_abuse.html }}</ref><ref name="Finkelhor1994">{{cite journal |author=David Finkelhor |title=Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse |journal=The Future of Children |date=summer/fall 1994 |volume=(1994) 4(2): 31-53 |url=http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/VS75.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013192224/http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/VS75.pdf |date=2008-10-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crimes against Children Research Center |url=http://www.unh.edu/ccrc |accessdate=2012-08-24 |archivedate=2012-07-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182830/http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Research Laboratory |url=http://www.unh.edu/frl |accessdate=2012-08-24 |archivedate=2012-09-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903053021/http://www.unh.edu/frl/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The prevalence of child sexual abuse: Integrative review adjustment for potential response and measurement biases |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume=Volume 21, Issue 4, April 1997 |pages=pp391-398 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00180-9 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V7N-3SWVJJ8-6&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3bf4125ab05f663f306a1ca792f43398 |publisher=Elsevier Science Ltd. |authors=Kevin M. Gorey and Donald R. Leslie}}</ref> Le majoritate del victimas juvenil cognosce lor abusator. Circa un tertie parte del abuso sexual de infantes es committite per un membro de familia, super toto patres, oncles o cosinos. Solmente circa un decime parte de casos de abuso sexual de infantes esseva committite per estranieros, e le resto es altere personas que le infante cognosce como amicos del familia, babysitters, o vicinos. Le homines perpetra le major parte del abuso sexual de infantes; le feminas es le culpabiles in circa 10% del casos.<ref name=Whealin/> == Referentias == {{reflist|2}} == Ligamines externe == * {{cite book | last = Waterman | first = Jill | coauthors = Kelly, Robert J.; Oliveri, Mary Kay; and McCord, Jane | title = Behind the Playground Walls - Sexual Abuse in Preschools | publisher = The Guilford Press |date=1993 | location = New York, London | isbn = 0-89862-523-8}} * {{cite book |author=Davis, Laura; Bass, Ellen |title=The courage to heal: a guide for women survivors of child sexual abuse: featuring "Honoring the truth, a response to the backlash" |publisher=HarperPerennial |location=New York |year=1994 |pages= |isbn=0060950668 |oclc= |doi=}} * {{cite book |author=Lew, Mike |title=Victims No Longer (Second Edition) : The Classic Guide for Men Recovering from Sexual Child Abuse |publisher=Perennial Currents |location= |year= |pages= |isbn=006053026X |oclc= |doi=}} === Articulos publicate === * U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, [http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/statsinfo/nis3.cfm Executive Summary of the Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616110316/http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/statsinfo/nis3.cfm |date=2008-06-16 }} 1996. * Vigil, J. et al., [http://web.missouri.edu/~gearyd/Vigiletal%5BDP2005%5D.pdf A Life History Assessment of Early Childhood Sexual Abuse in Women,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530120119/http://web.missouri.edu/~gearyd/Vigiletal%5BDP2005%5D.pdf |date=2008-05-30 }} ''Developmental Psychology,'' 2005. {{Traduction|simple|Child sexual abuse|3809857}} [[Categoria:Abuso sexual de infantes| ]] roobamm53ihsn2opeshuczrei6k3elq 0 30612 698436 664050 2026-08-11T00:35:09Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 698436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Al fin del [[guerra]] [[Espania|hispan]]-[[cuba|cuban]]-[[America del Nord|nordamerican]] in 1898, le territorios de Ultramar cedite per Espania in le [[Caribe]] e le [[Pacifico]] restava sub le influentia del Statos Unite. Le Tractato de [[Paris]],<ref>http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/lexotras/lextratadoparis.htm</ref> firmate le 10 decembre de ille anno, fixava le modalitates per le que se rigera le soveranitate de ille territorios. Le articulo I expressa clarmente le renuntia sur le proprietate del insula Cuba, simul que specifica que le Statos Unite “interim durara su ocupation, tomara sur se e cumplira le obligationes que per le facto de occupar la, les impone le Derecto International”.<br /> Nonobstante, le Statos Unite, non solo non observava le pacto, sed que al fin del occupation in [[1902]], imponeva illegalmente al insula un appendice in le Constitution apellate le Emendation Platt,<ref>http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Enmienda_Platt</ref> que compromitteva directemente le independentia del insula in su articulo III: “le Governamento de Cuba consente que le Statos Unite potera exercitar le derecto de intervenir per le conservation del Independentia cuban, le mantenimento de un Governamento adequate per le protection de vitas, proprietate e libertate individual e per observar le obligationes que super Cuba ha essite imponite al Statos Unite per le Tratacto de Paris”.<br /> Durante tote le seculo XIX numerose tractatistas de derecto international in Hispanoamerica, super toto in [[Puerto Rico]], denunciava le illegalitate de ille tractato jam que Espania se videva obligate a ratificar lo sub le menacia de repressalias ancora major como lo explica le historica Rosario de la Torre del Río, professor universitari de Historia Contemporanee del Universitate Complutense de [[Madrid]] in su ''Communication Le crise del 98''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Ministerio/EscuelaDiplomatica/MasterenDiplomaciayRelacionesInternacionales/Documents/LACRISISDEL98.pdf |accessdate=2014-07-26 |archivedate=2014-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726215322/http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Ministerio/EscuelaDiplomatica/MasterenDiplomaciayRelacionesInternacionales/Documents/LACRISISDEL98.pdf }}</ref> “''Le timor a un action combinate de nordamericanos et [[Britannia|britannicos]] in le region del Strecto, con le duple objectivo de imponer le dur conditiones de [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] in le Caribe e in le Pacifico ampliando los a le Canarias e de extender la soveranitate de London sur la region que circumfere Gibraltar, influeva forteemente in le perception del governamento espaniol de un crise international de contornos imprecise e de consecuentias ancora plus disastrose''” Le historico Alejandro Torres Rivera, explica in su libro ''Perspectivas hostosianas in le themas de libertate politica, soberanitate y libre determination''<ref>http://fr.calameo.com/read/0003475956c5e9b17a63f</ref> le these del independentistas puertorican denunciante le illegal annexion de iste territorios per le Statos Unite “indica que no poteva obligar a Puerto Rico un tractato de pace facto in Paris sin cognoscimento nec aquiescentia del populo de Puerto Rico”<br /> Iste eventos historic que haveva loco 115 annos il face, ancora repercute in le actualitate, post que le situation legal del territorios cedite per Espania se incontra ancora in litigio, como lo proba le recentemente concludite referendum<ref> http://hilodirecto.com.mx/puerto-rico-vota-a-favor-de-estatidad/</ref> que teneva loco le 6 de novembre de [[2012]] in Puerto Rico.<br /> Le feritas del “desastre” de 1898 ancora non se ha claudite in Cuba. Per le investigator Germán Rueda "Un sector del politicos nordamerican usava habilemente diverse ingredientes como le dispersion e distantia del restos del vetere Imperio espaniol, le pauc attention militar e administrative del metropole, le contraposition de interesses inter le partitos e gruppos peninsulares super le diverse territorios, le falta de un projecto colonial coherente per parte de Espania, le debilitate espaniola como pais e in le concerto international, le conflictos independentistas e guerras civiles in Cuba e Philipinas, le disinteresse del potentias europee centrate in Africa e Asia continental a partir de un momento determinate e le inertia expansive de le Statos Unite desde le seculo XVIII, un vice "consumite" le territorio continental asignate in su "destino manifeste". Le resultato final esseva le occupation efective in 1898 de quasi tote le territorios espanioles in America, Asia e Oceania."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/7168/1/El%20desastre%20del%2098%20y%20la%20actitud%20norteamericana.pdf |accessdate=2012-11-24 |archivedate=2016-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312235604/https://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/7168/1/El%20desastre%20del%2098%20y%20la%20actitud%20norteamericana.pdf }}</ref> <br /> == Argumentation Juridic == Secundo le lege e le Constitution Espaniola vigente in [[1876]], Espania non habeva derectos de proprietate sur su antique colonia un vice concedite le Autonomia, ni le Statos Unite le posibilitate de obtener le, pro le simple ration de que le cubanos constitueva un nationalitate definite e recognoscite per le mesme Espania. Postea adoptate le cambio de regime, signate per le Rege, approbate per le Cortes del Regno e publicate in le ''Gaceta Oficial de Madrid'',<ref> http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1897/331/A00639-00643.pdf</ref> qualcunque modification del statuto deberea haber essito approbato in le parlamento e per le naturales de Cuba, lo qual jammais ocurreva.<br /> * Per quanto, postea le declaration del Autonomia le 25 novembre [[1897]], publicate in le ''Gaceta de Madrid'' le sabbato 27 del mesme anno, accordante personalitate juridic; Cuba, in le exercitio del derecto al Autonomia recognocite constitutionalmente, accedeva a su autogobernamento de conformitate con le Constitution Espaniol e le citate Decreto, que es su norma institutional basic. * Per quanto, secundo le Constitution vigente in 1876<ref>http://www.congreso.es/constitucion/ficheros/historicas/cons_1876.pdf</ref> in le Regno de Espania, stabliente claremente in le Titulo 6, Del Rege e sus Ministros, artículo 55, que le Rege necessita esser autorizate<ref>http://e-spacio.uned.es:8080/fedora/get/bibliuned:Derechopolitico-1981-11-FB9517C8/PDF</ref> per una lege special per: alienar, ceder o permutar qualcunque parte del territorio espaniol. * Per quanto, ante convenir un tractato de iste natura il ha de solicitar se le voto de le Curtes del Regno e que, si bien dicha solicitud de ley fue presentada por le Reina Regente el martes 6 de septiembre de 1898,<ref>http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1898/249/A01043-01043.pdf</ref> esta nunca fue aprobada por los señores diputados. * Per quanto, le Tractato de Paris ratificato per su Majestate le Regina Regente de Espania le 19 marte 1899, renunciante in su articulo I a tote derecto de soveranitate e propietate super Cuba, non poteva esser ratificate sin le consulta del naturales de ille territorios, pois le recognocimento de personalitate juridic es irrevocabile un vice recognocite. * Per quanto, le Statos Unite non habeva derecto a obtener le titulos de proprietate de Cuba, que Espania mesme non era in conditiones de accordar, post que su proprietate jam non le perteneceva de pleno derecto, un vice acceptate le systema de autogovernamento per le Rege de Espania. * Per quanto, le nationalitate (e per tanto, le derecto del citatano), se obtine per Derecto Natural o Derecto de Gentes, que es anterior a tote altre systema de Derecto International. In consequentia, le nationalitate espaniola, secundo dicto criterio, jammais poteva haber essite removite sin clar consulta del naturales del territorios cedite per Espania. * Per quanto, le articulo IX del Tractato de Paris priva del nationalitate espaniol al naturales del territorios perdite per Espania al conclusion del conflicto belic, stabiliente in clar violation del derecto natural del personas que “''le derectos civiles e le condition politic de le habitantes naturales del territorios (…) essera determinate per le Congresso''”. * Per quanto, le naturales del provincias autonomas de Ultramar (Cuba e Puerto Rico) esseva disnationalizate per le nordamericanos de su derecto de citatanos espaniol sin istos haber adquirite “naturaleza en país extranjero” como causa per perder le, secundo stabiliva le Constitution Espaniol del 1876.<ref> http://www.congreso.es/constitucion/ficheros/historicas/cons_1876.pdf</ref> * Per quanto, le Regina Regente Doña María Cristina jammais esseva autorizate per ceder citatanos espanioles, e assi iste poter constitutionalmente le correspondeva exclusivemente al Tribunales del Regno, secundo lo stabilite in le Codice Civil del 1889. * Per quanto, necun tractato inter Espania o altro Poter o nation, havereva essite obligatorio pro Cuba sin le expresse consentimento del habitantes natural, sia originarios del Península o del territorio insular. * Per quanto, le Tractato de Paris, esseva avellite a Espania sub intimidation. Super illo, le Convention International super Derecto de Tractatos,<ref>http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/ley/viena.html</ref> celebrate in 1969 in Viena, Austria, inter cuje statos signatarie se incontra Statos Unite e Espania, categoriza como nulle (artículo 52) tote accordo cuje consentimento se attigera con le menacia o uso del fortia. ===== Per consequente: ===== * Prime, que le Tratato de Paris es nulle de nullitate absolute e insanabile.<ref>http://www.ellibrepensador.com/2012/11/08/cuba-podria-entrar-en-una-federacion-espanola/</ref> * Secunde, que per le rationes ante exposite le derecto al nationalitate espaniol es inalienabile pro tote le cubanos post que “jammais ha adquirite natura in un pais extranier” desde le 25 novembre 1897.<br /> <references/> [[Categoria:Politica]] ggg406p6zlcye9podzrdnmgv7m8yykt 0 33860 698432 671860 2026-08-10T22:54:16Z Gmillernd 20128 Biographia addite 698432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Andrew Jackson''' esseva [[presidente del Statos Unite de America]]. ===Biographia=== Jackson nasceva proxime al bordo de Carolinas del Nord e Sud in 1767. Su genitores esseva irlandese e scotic miscite. Su patre moriva pauc septimanas ante su nascentia. Su fratre Hugh moriva in le [[Revolution American]] in 1779. Andrew se univa con le Armea Continental quando ille habeva 13 annos. Ille e fratre Robert esseva capturate de soldatos britannic. Quando un officiero ordinava Andrew polir scarpas, ille refusava, e le officiero le colpava al facie con un spada. Post lor liberation Robert e su matre moriva al causa de maladia, quando Andrew habeva 14 annos. Iste eventos lassava Andrew con un odio de toto anglese. Postea Jackson studiava le lege. Ille veniva al local de [[Nashville]] presente 1788. Ille profitava del practica de lege e de un plantation. Ille adjutava a scriber le constituition del Stato de [[Tennessee]]. Pro un tempore ille esseva seligite como representante e senator a [[Washington]], mais ille prefereva travaliar super su affaires in casa. Ille deveniva anque un general de militia de Tennessee. Durante le [[Guerra American de 1812]] ille combatteva principalmente contra [[Indiano american|nativos american]], le quales se alliava con [[Anglaterra]]. In 1815 ille vinceva soldatos britannic al Citate de [[New Orleans|Nove Orleans]] e recipeva un medalia auree del congresso. In 1817 ille esseva appellate de novo pro attaccar le nativos. Ille attaccava anque [[Florida]], e [[Espania]] cedeva Florida al [[Statos Unite]] in 1819. Ille comenciava un campania pro devenir le presidente in 1824, mais falleva. Postea ille establiva le [[Partito Democratic del Statos Unite|Partito Democratic]], e vinceva in le campania de 1828. Ille esseva selegite de novo in 1832. In 1830 Jackson promoveva le Acto del Remotion de Indianos, le quales expelleva nativos american ex le sud del Statos Unite. Le acto ora es considerate controversial, mais Jackson alora deveniva multo popular pro illo. Jackson non arrestava le remotion del tribo [[Cherokee (gente)|Cherokee]] per le Stato de [[Georgia]], ben que le Corte Supreme lo declarava illegal. Milles de nativos moriva in le remotion. Jackson possedeva sclavos. Jackson moriva in 1845. Le causa del morte esseva le veneno de plumbo de duo bolletas, que ille recipeva in duelos. ==Referentias== https://www.biography.com/political-figures/a71701157/andrew-jackson-president https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrew-Jackson https://thehermitage.com/andrew-jackson https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/andrew-jackson {{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Andrew}} {{Presidentes del Statos Unite de America}} [[Categoria:Presidentes del Statos Unite]] 94cc0l7j22jac82tec9uv9hngr6muvs 102 38466 698429 698326 2026-08-10T20:16:59Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 698429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?sl { ?item wdt:P171* wd:Q25306 . OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?sl } . FILTER (?sl >= 1) } ORDER BY DESC(?sl) |section= |sort= |columns=number:#,item,label:Article,P225,?sl,description,P18,P31,P279,P171,P361 |thumb=48 |min_section= |links=red_only |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! item ! Article ! nomine del taxon ! ?sl ! description ! imagine ! instantia de ! subclasse de ! taxon superior immediate ! parte de |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q33602|Q33602]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca | 146 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q42046|Q42046]] | [[Hyaenidae]] | Hyaenidae | 142 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Aeluroidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q36341|Q36341]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | Ursus arctos | 138 | | [[File:202309 Ezo brown bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[bear]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q30197|Q30197]] | [[Panthera uncia]] | Panthera uncia | 132 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[apex predator]]<br/>[[flagship species]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q27066|Q27066]] | [[Meles meles]] | Meles meles | 123 | | [[File:European badger (Meles meles taxus) Drenthe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q25311|Q25311]] | [[Mustela nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis | 122 | | [[File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q29995|Q29995]] | [[Lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra | 121 | | [[File:Otter.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q41960|Q41960]] | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens | 112 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q80479|Q80479]] | [[Herpestidae]] | Herpestidae | 111 | | [[File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Herpestoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q25345|Q25345]] | [[Mustela erminea]] | Mustela erminea | 109 | | [[File:Røyskatt (Mustela erminea erminea), Lista, Norway.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q30847|Q30847]] | [[Caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal | 109 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[big cat]] | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q30263|Q30263]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | Pinnipedia | 107 | | [[File:Common seal (Phoca vitulina) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q14334|Q14334]] | [[glutton]] | Gulo gulo | 106 | mammifero carnivore | [[File:Gulo gulo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q82738|Q82738]] | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus | 105 | | [[File:Vulpes lagopus in Iceland (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q25437|Q25437]] | [[Mustelidae]] | Mustelidae | 101 | | [[File:Marten with Flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q200184|Q200184]] | [[Lutrinae]] | Lutrinae | 101 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q128098|Q128098]] | [[Canis aureus]] | Canis aureus | 101 | | [[File:033 Golden jackal in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q125525|Q125525]] | [[jackal]] | | 100 | | [[File:Golden jackal (Canis aureus indicus) male head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[Canina]] | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q122783|Q122783]] | [[Ursus americanus]] | Ursus americanus | 99 | | [[File:American black bear (19647087094).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q26046|Q26046]] | [[Martes martes]] | Martes martes | 96 | | [[File:Pine Marten (48173751702).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q80952|Q80952]] | [[Panthera tigris tigris]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 93 | | [[File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 05.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[tigre]] | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q134015|Q134015]] | [[Suricata suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta | 92 | | [[File:Meerkat (Suricata suricatta).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q173128|Q173128]] | [[Mellivora capensis]] | Mellivora capensis | 91 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q173651|Q173651]] | [[Lycaon pictus]] | Lycaon pictus | 90 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q166794|Q166794]] | [[Otocolobus manul]] | Otocolobus manul | 90 | | [[File:Otocolobus manul -Zurich Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q124410|Q124410]] | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus | 90 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus 3 (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]]<br/>[[Selenarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q28521|Q28521]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 88 | | [[File:Mustela species mosaic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q38584|Q38584]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis familiaris dingo | 88 | | [[File:Dingo Side.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[racia can]]<br/>[[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[feral dog]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q132585|Q132585]] | [[Cuon alpinus]] | Cuon alpinus | 87 | | [[File:Dhole (Asiatic wild dog) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q26533|Q26533]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 86 | | [[File:Martes martes crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q26423|Q26423]] | [[Martes zibellina]] | Martes zibellina | 86 | | [[File:Sobol bur.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q185194|Q185194]] | [[Vulpes]] | Vulpes | 86 | | [[File:Genus vulpes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]]<br/>[[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q131564|Q131564]] | [[Vulpes zerda]] | Vulpes zerda | 86 | | [[File:Fennec Fox (9163009503).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q26582|Q26582]] | [[Mustela putorius]] | Mustela putorius | 84 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q69581|Q69581]] | [[Panthera tigris altaica]] | Panthera tigris altaica | 84 | | [[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q42627|Q42627]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis | 83 | | [[File:Close-up of a Leopard Cat in Sundarban.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q36135|Q36135]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa | 83 | | [[File:Clouded Leopard (205918213).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q27366|Q27366]] | [[Martes foina]] | Martes foina | 82 | | [[File:Beech Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q133189|Q133189]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides | 82 | | [[File:Енотовидная собака Гродно (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q129727|Q129727]] | [[Lynx pardinus]] | Lynx pardinus | 81 | | [[File:Lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), Almuradiel, Ciudad Real, España, 2021-12-19, DD 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q144923|Q144923]] | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus | 81 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q182347|Q182347]] | [[leon asiatic]] | Panthera leo persica | 80 | | [[File:Asiatic Lioness in Gir Forest.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q147114|Q147114]] | [[Procyonidae]] | Procyonidae | 79 | | [[File:Procyonidae-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q41407|Q41407]] | [[Enhydra lutris]] | Enhydra lutris | 79 | | [[File:Otter in Seward, Alaska, April 2017.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q185864|Q185864]] | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | 77 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q178089|Q178089]] | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | Crocuta crocuta | 77 | | [[File:Hiena manchada (Crocuta crocuta), parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q171004|Q171004]] | [[Ursus arctos horribilis]] | Ursus arctos horribilis | 77 | | [[File:Grizzly Denali edit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q185231|Q185231]] | [[Mirounga]] | Mirounga | 76 | | [[File:Mirounga leonina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q42602|Q42602]] | [[felinos]] | Felinae | 76 | | [[File:Felinae diversity 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q146457|Q146457]] | [[Lynx canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis | 76 | | [[File:Canada lynx by Michael Zahra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q190674|Q190674]] | [[Prionailurus viverrinus]] | Prionailurus viverrinus | 75 | | [[File:Prionailurus viverrinus 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q192231|Q192231]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Profelis aurata | 75 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q26559|Q26559]] | [[Mustela lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola | 73 | | [[File:Europäischer Nerz.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q188657|Q188657]] | [[Hyaena hyaena]] | Hyaena hyaena | 73 | | [[File:Museo della Specola (Florence) - Hyaena hyaena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q27179|Q27179]] | [[Neovison vison]] | Neogale vison | 73 | | [[File:American Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison]]<br/>[[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q182304|Q182304]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi | 73 | | [[File:Puma yagouaroundi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q26913|Q26913]] | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | 71 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q185295|Q185295]] | [[Proteles cristata]] | Proteles cristata | 71 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q145016|Q145016]] | [[Melursus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus | 71 | | [[File:SlothBear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q230177|Q230177]] | [[Pantherinae]] | Pantherinae | 69 | | [[File:Jaguar head shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q188717|Q188717]] | [[Smilodon]] | Smilodon | 69 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus mount.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q243359|Q243359]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 69 | | [[File:Black bear large.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q18764|Q18764]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | 68 | | [[File:Asian palm civet in Rabindra Sarobar October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q213141|Q213141]] | [[Arctictis binturong]] | Arctictis binturong | 68 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q187024|Q187024]] | [[Vulpes corsac]] | Vulpes corsac | 68 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q214835|Q214835]] | [[Vulpes bengalensis]] | Vulpes bengalensis | 68 | | [[File:Bengal Fox - Shreeram M V - Rajasthan, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q182573|Q182573]] | [[liger]] | Panthera leo × Panthera tigris | 68 | | [[File:Liger couple.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q183330|Q183330]] | [[Cryptoprocta ferox]] | Cryptoprocta ferox | 67 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q178973|Q178973]] | [[Mustela putorius furo]] | Mustela furo | 66 | | [[File:202305 Mustela putorius furo.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q80191|Q80191]] | [[catto marmorate]] | Pardofelis marmorata | 66 | | [[File:Marbled cat borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q186663|Q186663]] | [[Hydrurga leptonyx]] | Hydrurga leptonyx | 64 | | [[File:Hydrurga leptonyx edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrurga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q191129|Q191129]] | [[Panthera tigris sumatrae]] | Panthera tigris sumatrae | 64 | | [[File:Sumatran Tiger Berlin Tierpark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q27370|Q27370]] | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus | 63 | | [[File:Halichoerus grypus male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q241256|Q241256]] | [[Civettictis civetta]] | Civettictis civetta | 63 | | [[File:African civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q184389|Q184389]] | [[Chrysocyon brachyurus]] | Chrysocyon brachyurus | 63 | | [[File:Chrysocyon brachyurus no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra por Celso Ferrarezi Jr (07).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q204322|Q204322]] | [[Felis bieti]] | Felis bieti | 62 | | [[File:Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis Bieti) in XiNing Wild Zoo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q200400|Q200400]] | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis | 62 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q3887135|Q3887135]] | [[Otariinae]] | Otariinae | 61 | | [[File:California sea lion in La Jolla (70568).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Otariidae]] | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q208549|Q208549]] | [[Monachus monachus]] | Monachus monachus | 61 | | [[File:Billy monk seal 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q192742|Q192742]] | [[Panthera tigris corbetti]] | Panthera tigris corbetti | 61 | | [[File:Indochinese tiger in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q149405|Q149405]] | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus | 60 | | [[File:Bartrobbe 3-2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | [[Erignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q28157482|Q28157482]] | [[Parahyaena brunnea]] | Parahyaena brunnea | 60 | | [[File:Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) (6472940707).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q254630|Q254630]] | [[Potos flavus]] | Potos flavus | 60 | | [[File:Potos flavus (8973438737).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q185401|Q185401]] | [[Panthera tigris balica]] | Panthera tigris balica | 60 | | [[File:BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q43221|Q43221]] | [[Genetta]] | Genetta | 59 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q191737|Q191737]] | [[Speothos venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus | 59 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q192967|Q192967]] | [[Panthera pardus orientalis]] | Panthera pardus orientalis | 59 | | [[File:Amur Leopard Panthera pardus orientalis Facing Forward 1761px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q188957|Q188957]] | [[Canis simensis]] | Canis simensis | 59 | | [[File:Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q237260|Q237260]] | [[Ursus arctos middendorffi]] | Ursus arctos middendorffi | 59 | | [[File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q271459|Q271459]] | [[Mustela sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica | 58 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica Russia5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q70529|Q70529]] | [[Vormela peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna | 58 | | [[File:Marbled Polecat, Suzakskiy, Kazakhstan 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q215250|Q215250]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus | 58 | | [[File:Gray fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q309274|Q309274]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus | 58 | | [[File:Rostkatze.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q14592562|Q14592562]] | [[Bassaricyon neblina]] | Bassaricyon neblina | 58 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q188535|Q188535]] | [[Panthera tigris virgata]] | Panthera tigris virgata | 58 | | [[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q203208|Q203208]] | [[Phoca hispida]] | Pusa hispida | 57 | | [[File:Phoca hispida.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q83774|Q83774]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis | 57 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q232129|Q232129]] | [[Taxidea taxus]] | Taxidea taxus | 57 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q200848|Q200848]] | [[Panthera tigris amoyensis]] | Panthera tigris amoyensis | 57 | | [[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q272933|Q272933]] | [[Vulpes chama]] | Vulpes chama | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes chama (Etosha).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q319070|Q319070]] | [[Vulpes ferrilata]] | Vulpes ferrilata | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes ferrilata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q200442|Q200442]] | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | Canis lupus rufus | 56 | | [[File:07-03-23RedWolfAlbanyGAChehaw.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q4535|Q4535]] | [[Pusa sibirica]] | Pusa sibirica | 55 | | [[File:Из жизни байкальской нерпы близ Ушканьих островов 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q244277|Q244277]] | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea | 55 | | [[File:Small-clawed otter from Western Ghats.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q373558|Q373558]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus | 55 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q200381|Q200381]] | [[Panthera tigris sondaica]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 55 | | [[File:Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q649306|Q649306]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon | 54 | | [[File:Herpestes ichneumon Египетский мангуст, или фараонова крыса, или ихневмо́н.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q215343|Q215343]] | [[Mirounga leonina]] | Mirounga leonina | 54 | | [[File:0046 Tiere der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q217291|Q217291]] | [[Vulpes cana]] | Vulpes cana | 54 | | [[File:Blandford's fox 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q269871|Q269871]] | [[Neofelis]] | Neofelis | 54 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q205935|Q205935]] | [[Dusicyon australis]] | Dusicyon australis | 54 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q321376|Q321376]] | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | Cerdocyon thous | 54 | | [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q274177|Q274177]] | [[Prionailurus planiceps]] | Prionailurus planiceps | 54 | | [[File:Flat-headed cat 1 Jim Sanderson 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q215836|Q215836]] | [[Panthera tigris jacksoni]] | Panthera tigris jacksoni | 54 | | [[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]]<br/>[[Mainland Asian tiger]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[:d:Q209324|Q209324]] | [[Pagophilus groenlandicus]] | Pagophilus groenlandicus | 53 | | [[File:Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), Greenland Sea IMG 5006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pagophilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[:d:Q220248|Q220248]] | [[Martes flavigula]] | Martes flavigula | 53 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]]<br/>[[Charronia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[:d:Q584064|Q584064]] | [[Martes pennanti]] | Martes pennanti | 53 | | [[File:Fisher (animal).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[:d:Q295994|Q295994]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii | 53 | | [[File:Rüppell's fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[:d:Q496689|Q496689]] | [[Aenocyon dirus]] | Aenocyon dirus | 53 | | [[File:Canis dirus Skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[:d:Q446882|Q446882]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 52 | | [[File:Fischotter Lutra lutra1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[:d:Q513081|Q513081]] | [[civetta de palma african]] | Nandinia binotata | 52 | specie de mammifero carnivore | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nandinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[:d:Q626023|Q626023]] | [[Mirounga angustirostris]] | Mirounga angustirostris | 52 | | [[File:Elephant seals fighting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[:d:Q42592|Q42592]] | [[Prionailurus]] | Prionailurus | 52 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[:d:Q270748|Q270748]] | [[Puma]] | Puma | 52 | | [[File:Puma - 49044464307.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[:d:Q275163|Q275163]] | [[Neofelis diardi]] | Neofelis diardi | 52 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[:d:Q1383362|Q1383362]] | [[tigon]] | Panthera tigris × Panthera leo | 52 | | [[File:Tigon4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[:d:Q221094|Q221094]] | [[leon berbere]] | Panthera leo leo | 52 | | [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[population]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[:d:Q613760|Q613760]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsi | 51 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[:d:Q322145|Q322145]] | [[Martes americana]] | Martes americana | 51 | | [[File:Marten bounding through the snow (512488bd-68e6-4b67-8e14-95657c022029).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[:d:Q734351|Q734351]] | [[Viverricula indica]] | Viverricula indica | 51 | | [[File:Small Indian Civet (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[:d:Q216441|Q216441]] | [[Canis lupus arctos]] | Canis lupus arctos | 51 | | [[File:Arctic Wolf in Aulavik National Park 04 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[:d:Q214287|Q214287]] | [[Cystophora cristata]] | Cystophora cristata | 50 | | [[File:2016-klappmützemuseumkoenig.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cystophora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[:d:Q434197|Q434197]] | [[Mustela altaica]] | Mustela altaica | 50 | | [[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[:d:Q757265|Q757265]] | [[Viverra zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha | 50 | | [[File:Large Indian Civet, Viverra zibetha in Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[:d:Q626049|Q626049]] | [[Paguma larvata]] | Paguma larvata | 50 | | [[File:202309 Masked palm civet.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[:d:Q745751|Q745751]] | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis | 50 | | [[File:San Joaquin kit fox male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[:d:Q148462|Q148462]] | [[Nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua | 50 | | [[File:Coati roux Amiens 4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[:d:Q832036|Q832036]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus | 50 | specie de mammal | [[File:Leão baio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[:d:Q626027|Q626027]] | [[Crabeater seal]] | Lobodon carcinophaga | 49 | | [[File:Lobodon carcinophagus on sea ice (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lobodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[:d:Q732127|Q732127]] | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | Mustela eversmanii | 49 | | [[File:Mustela putorius (Turkestan polecat) fur skins.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[:d:Q695199|Q695199]] | [[Monachus schauinslandi]] | Monachus schauinslandi | 49 | | [[File:Monachus schauinslandi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[:d:Q263706|Q263706]] | [[Vulpes velox]] | Vulpes velox | 49 | | [[File:Swift Fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[:d:Q257432|Q257432]] | [[Lycalopex vetulus]] | Lycalopex vetulus | 49 | | [[File:Hoaryfox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[:d:Q722180|Q722180]] | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | Urocyon littoralis | 49 | | [[File:Urocyon littoralis pair.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[:d:Q331850|Q331850]] | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | Atelocynus microtis | 49 | | [[File:Atelocynus microtis en Amazonie péruvienne.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[:d:Q466597|Q466597]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus | 48 | | [[File:Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape fur seals).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[:d:Q379732|Q379732]] | [[Zalophus californianus]] | Zalophus californianus | 48 | | [[File:Kalifornischer Seelöwe (Zalophus californianus), Territorialverhalten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[:d:Q600530|Q600530]] | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | Herpestes javanicus | 48 | | [[File:Herpestes javanicus01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[:d:Q742727|Q742727]] | [[Pusa caspica]] | Pusa caspica | 48 | | [[File:Caspian seal 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[:d:Q368495|Q368495]] | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | Mephitis mephitis | 48 | | [[File:Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) DSC 0030.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Mephitis (taxon)|Mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[:d:Q402885|Q402885]] | [[Mustela nigripes]] | Mustela nigripes | 48 | | [[File:Mustela nigripes 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[carnivoro]] | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[:d:Q744382|Q744382]] | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | Arctonyx collaris | 48 | | [[File:Arctonyx collaris - Sterndale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[:d:Q631167|Q631167]] | [[Lycalopex fulvipes]] | Lycalopex fulvipes | 48 | | [[File:Zorro de Darwin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[:d:Q1419858|Q1419858]] | [[Catopuma]] | Catopuma | 48 | | [[File:Catopuma temminckii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[:d:Q242358|Q242358]] | [[Panthera atrox]] | Panthera atrox | 48 | | [[File:Panthera Atrox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[:d:Q278912|Q278912]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus venaticus]] | Acinonyx jubatus venaticus | 48 | | [[File:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus 350833012.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[:d:Q23121|Q23121]] | [[Mungos mungo]] | Mungos mungo | 47 | | [[File:171 Banded mongoose standing at sunset in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[:d:Q247774|Q247774]] | [[Eira barbara]] | Eira barbara | 47 | | [[File:Tayra - Male, Brazil.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[:d:Q601913|Q601913]] | [[Lycalopex griseus]] | Lycalopex griseus | 47 | | [[File:South american grey fox (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[:d:Q754992|Q754992]] | [[Nasua narica]] | Nasua narica | 47 | | [[File:Coati Nasua narica Climbing Down 2048px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[:d:Q842467|Q842467]] | [[Lycalopex sechurae]] | Lycalopex sechurae | 47 | | [[File:Zorro costero (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[:d:Q261574|Q261574]] | [[Genetta genetta]] | Genetta genetta | 46 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[:d:Q333649|Q333649]] | [[Otaria flavescens]] | Otaria flavescens | 46 | | [[File:Leon marino.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[:d:Q431981|Q431981]] | [[Eumetopias jubatus]] | Eumetopias jubatus | 46 | | [[File:Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) on rocks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eumetopias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[:d:Q847194|Q847194]] | [[Prionodon]] | Prionodon | 46 | | [[File:Prionodon pardicolor - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02486.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[:d:Q313166|Q313166]] | [[Weddell seal]] | Leptonychotes weddellii | 46 | | [[File:Mikkelsen Harbour-2016-Trinity Island (D'Hainaut Island)–Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leptonychotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[:d:Q751763|Q751763]] | [[Lutra sumatrana]] | Lutra sumatrana | 46 | | [[File:Lutra sumatrana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[:d:Q729553|Q729553]] | [[Panthera pardus fusca]] | Panthera pardus fusca | 46 | | [[File:Indian leopard in Jawai Bandh April 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[:d:Q624310|Q624310]] | [[Canis lupus arabs]] | Canis lupus arabs | 46 | | [[File:Arabian wolf in Jordan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[:d:Q571449|Q571449]] | [[Arctocephalus gazella]] | Arctocephalus gazella | 45 | | [[File:Antarcticfurseal kinggeorgeisland.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[:d:Q1762710|Q1762710]] | [[Viverra]] | Viverra | 45 | | [[File:Viverra zibetha ras.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[:d:Q7966|Q7966]] | [[Callorhinus ursinus]] | Callorhinus ursinus | 45 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[:d:Q327028|Q327028]] | [[Lontra canadensis]] | Lontra canadensis | 45 | | [[File:Quidi Vidi Lake (14802227372).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[:d:Q729713|Q729713]] | [[Panthera pardus saxicolor]] | Panthera pardus saxicolor | 45 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[:d:Q641742|Q641742]] | [[Eupleridae]] | Eupleridae | 44 | | [[File:Eupleridae.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[:d:Q1345042|Q1345042]] | [[Meles]] | Meles | 44 | | [[File:Meles (Genus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[:d:Q644224|Q644224]] | [[Lontra felina]] | Lontra felina | 44 | | [[File:Lfelina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[:d:Q855921|Q855921]] | [[Canis lupus pallipes]] | Canis lupus pallipes | 44 | | [[File:Genome Sequencing of a Gray Wolf from Peninsular India (2022) fig. 1A.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[:d:Q494968|Q494968]] | [[Phoca largha]] | Phoca largha | 43 | | [[File:Spotted seal mother and pup in the Bering Sea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[:d:Q938494|Q938494]] | [[Herpestes urva]] | Herpestes urva | 43 | | [[File:Herpestes urva - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02477.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[:d:Q732544|Q732544]] | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | Cynictis penicillata | 43 | | [[File:082 Yellow mongoose in Khomas Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[:d:Q432513|Q432513]] | [[Phocarctos hookeri]] | Phocarctos hookeri | 43 | | [[File:Big male New Zealand Sea Lion walking on the beach.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[:d:Q738191|Q738191]] | [[Urocyon]] | Urocyon | 43 | | [[File:Urocyon cinereoargenteus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]]<br/>[[Urocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[:d:Q600654|Q600654]] | [[Monachus tropicalis]] | Monachus tropicalis | 43 | | [[File:Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[:d:Q46148|Q46148]] | [[Aonyx capensis]] | Aonyx capensis | 43 | | [[File:Cape Clawless Otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[:d:Q525088|Q525088]] | [[Fossa fossana]] | Fossa fossana | 43 | | [[File:Spotted fanaloka (Fossa fossana).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fossa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[:d:Q39153|Q39153]] | [[Panthera pardus pardus]] | Panthera pardus pardus | 43 | | [[File:Leopard africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[:d:Q475046|Q475046]] | [[Panthera pardus kotiya]] | Panthera pardus kotiya | 43 | | [[File:Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) female 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[:d:Q839769|Q839769]] | [[Ursus arctos arctos]] | Ursus arctos arctos | 43 | | [[File:Майже воля.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[:d:Q1043473|Q1043473]] | [[Arctocephalinae]] | Arctocephalinae | 42 | | [[File:Adult male Northern Fur Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[:d:Q837610|Q837610]] | [[Ommatophoca rossii]] | Ommatophoca rossii | 42 | | [[File:Ommatophoca rossii (Ross Seal), off Wilkes Land, Antarctica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ommatophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[:d:Q1366503|Q1366503]] | [[Melogale]] | Melogale | 42 | | [[File:Burmese ferret badger.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helictidinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[:d:Q756008|Q756008]] | [[Galictis]] | Galictis | 42 | | [[File:Galictis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[:d:Q602823|Q602823]] | [[Martes gwatkinsii]] | Martes gwatkinsii | 42 | | [[File:Nilgiri marten by N A Nazeer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[:d:Q148628|Q148628]] | [[Nasua]] | Nasua | 42 | | [[File:CoatiNosara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[:d:Q839828|Q839828]] | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | Lontra longicaudis | 42 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis 2.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[:d:Q405403|Q405403]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | Procyon cancrivorus | 42 | | [[File:Procyon cancrivorus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[:d:Q2937805|Q2937805]] | [[Caracal]] | Caracal | 42 | | [[File:Caracal in South Africa - by Shaun MItchem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[:d:Q311417|Q311417]] | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | Leopardus pajeros | 42 | | [[File:Catpampaspajeros.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[:d:Q376135|Q376135]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis | 42 | | [[File:Iriomote cat 1 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[:d:Q312207|Q312207]] | [[Herpestes]] | Herpestes | 41 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[:d:Q649127|Q649127]] | [[Arctocephalus australis]] | Arctocephalus australis | 41 | | [[File:Furseals1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[:d:Q1777275|Q1777275]] | [[Lontra]] | Lontra | 41 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[:d:Q744392|Q744392]] | [[Neophoca cinerea]] | Neophoca cinerea | 41 | | [[File:Neophoca cinerea-1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[:d:Q132687|Q132687]] | [[Lycalopex]] | Lycalopex | 41 | | [[File:Genus pseudalopex.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[:d:Q226735|Q226735]] | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | Ictonyx striatus | 41 | | [[File:Ictonyx striatus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02633.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[:d:Q148833|Q148833]] | [[catto salvage europee]] | Felis silvestris silvestris | 41 | | [[File:Felis silvestris silvestris Luc Viatour.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[:d:Q20744349|Q20744349]] | [[Canis anthus]] | Canis anthus | 41 | | [[File:Golden wolf small.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[:d:Q944893|Q944893]] | [[Ursus arctos isabellinus]] | Ursus arctos isabellinus | 41 | | [[File:Medvěd plavý (Ursus arctos isabellinus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[:d:Q27888|Q27888]] | [[Mustelinae]] | Mustelinae | 40 | | [[File:DirkvdM tayra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[:d:Q844643|Q844643]] | [[Arctocephalus tropicalis]] | Arctocephalus tropicalis | 40 | | [[File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[:d:Q754895|Q754895]] | [[Histriophoca fasciata]] | Histriophoca fasciata | 40 | | [[File:Male Ribbon Sea Ozernoy Gulf Russia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Histriophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[:d:Q676454|Q676454]] | [[Monachus]] | Monachus | 40 | | [[File:Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[:d:Q855597|Q855597]] | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | Atilax paludinosus | 40 | | [[File:Marsh mongoose or water mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (22548192738).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[:d:Q1052830|Q1052830]] | [[Martes melampus]] | Martes melampus | 40 | | [[File:202310 Japanese marten.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[:d:Q842799|Q842799]] | [[Prionodon linsang]] | Prionodon linsang | 40 | | [[File:Prionodon linsang - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02704.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[:d:Q1414665|Q1414665]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni | 40 | | [[File:Brown palm civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[:d:Q389266|Q389266]] | [[Viverra civettina]] | Viverra civettina | 40 | | [[File:Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina) DSCN2359.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[:d:Q541053|Q541053]] | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | Cynogale bennettii | 40 | | [[File:Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[:d:Q577677|Q577677]] | [[Hydrictis maculicollis]] | Hydrictis maculicollis | 40 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[:d:Q719949|Q719949]] | [[Panthera pardus nimr]] | Panthera pardus nimr | 40 | | [[File:Arabian Leopard Panthera pardus nimr in Sharjah Photo Prof Dr Norman Ali Khalaf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[:d:Q695431|Q695431]] | [[Ursus arctos crowtheri]] | Ursus arctos crowtheri | 40 | | [[File:Atlasbear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[:d:Q2670845|Q2670845]] | [[Musteloidea]] | Musteloidea | 39 | | [[File:Mustela frenata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[:d:Q832379|Q832379]] | [[Arctocephalus forsteri]] | Arctocephalus forsteri | 39 | | [[File:Seal 0906.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[:d:Q332414|Q332414]] | [[Melogale moschata]] | Melogale moschata | 39 | | [[File:Melogale moschata (Ferret badger) fur skin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[:d:Q840714|Q840714]] | [[Lontra provocax]] | Lontra provocax | 39 | | [[File:Lontra provocax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[:d:Q754393|Q754393]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | Hemigalus derbyanus | 39 | | [[File:Banded Palm Civet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[:d:Q842805|Q842805]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata | 39 | | [[File:Small-toothed Palm Civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmatica) (8076736823) (cut).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[:d:Q839509|Q839509]] | [[Ursus arctos syriacus]] | Ursus arctos syriacus | 39 | | [[File:Ursus arctos syriacus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[:d:Q531300|Q531300]] | [[Canis lupus baileyi]] | Canis lupus baileyi | 39 | | [[File:Mexican Wolf 2 yfb-edit 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[:d:Q571618|Q571618]] | [[Arctocephalus galapagoensis]] | Arctocephalus galapagoensis | 38 | | [[File:Galapagos Fur Seal, Santiago Island.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[:d:Q43230|Q43230]] | [[Genetta tigrina]] | Genetta tigrina | 38 | | [[File:Large-spotted Genet (Genetta tigrina) (17356502041) (crop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[:d:Q673700|Q673700]] | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | Galerella sanguinea | 38 | | [[File:Galerella sanguinea Zoo Praha 2011-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[:d:Q947395|Q947395]] | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | Herpestes brachyurus | 38 | | [[File:Herpestes brachyurus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[:d:Q46144|Q46144]] | [[Mustela kathiah]] | Mustela kathiah | 38 | | [[File:Mustela kathiah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[:d:Q743563|Q743563]] | [[Helogale parvula]] | Helogale parvula | 38 | | [[File:Helogale parvula 4 (Piotr Kuczynski).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[:d:Q1344102|Q1344102]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | Prionodon pardicolor | 38 | | [[File:Prionodon pardicolor - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02486.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[:d:Q922292|Q922292]] | [[Viverra megaspila]] | Viverra megaspila | 38 | | [[File:Viverra megaspila ras.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[:d:Q966901|Q966901]] | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | Viverra tangalunga | 38 | | [[File:Malay civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[:d:Q1576038|Q1576038]] | [[Meles anakuma]] | Meles anakuma | 38 | | [[File:202309 Japanese badger.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[:d:Q838840|Q838840]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti | 38 | | [[File:Bassariscus sumichrasti geo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[:d:Q133763|Q133763]] | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | Leopardus braccatus | 38 | | [[File:Novos mamíferos são as atrações do mês no Jardim Zoológico.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[:d:Q841950|Q841950]] | [[Panthera pardus melas]] | Panthera pardus melas | 38 | | [[File:Panthera pardus close up.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[:d:Q848780|Q848780]] | [[Arctocephalus philippii]] | Arctocephalus philippii | 37 | | [[File:Arctocephalus philippii 368442243 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[:d:Q887918|Q887918]] | [[Paradoxurus]] | Paradoxurus | 37 | | [[File:Marapatti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[:d:Q840036|Q840036]] | [[Zalophus japonicus]] | Zalophus japonicus | 37 | | [[File:Zalophus japonicus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[:d:Q1417638|Q1417638]] | [[Hyaena]] | Hyaena | 37 | | [[File:Striped Hyena 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[:d:Q283426|Q283426]] | [[Galictis vittata]] | Galictis vittata | 37 | | [[File:Greater grison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[:d:Q852756|Q852756]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | Poecilogale albinucha | 37 | | [[File:Whitenapedweasellg2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[:d:Q932176|Q932176]] | [[Canis lupus albus]] | Canis lupus albus | 37 | | [[File:Волк 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[:d:Q17700|Q17700]] | [[Lutreola]] | Lutreola | 36 | | [[File:Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[:d:Q221088|Q221088]] | [[Arctocephalus townsendi]] | Arctocephalus townsendi | 36 | | [[File:Arctocephalus townsendi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[:d:Q998769|Q998769]] | [[Zalophus wollebaeki]] | Zalophus wollebaeki | 36 | | [[File:Galapagos, sea-lion, female (by Casey Klebba).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[:d:Q1142024|Q1142024]] | [[Mustela strigidorsa]] | Mustela strigidorsa | 36 | | [[File:Mustela strigidorsa.gif|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[:d:Q728454|Q728454]] | [[Meles leucurus]] | Meles leucurus | 36 | | [[File:Азиатский барсук (Meles leucurus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[:d:Q559050|Q559050]] | [[Diplogale hosei]] | Diplogale hosei | 36 | | [[File:HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Diplogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[:d:Q612589|Q612589]] | [[Macrogalidia musschenbroekii]] | Macrogalidia musschenbroekii | 36 | | [[File:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macrogalidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[:d:Q651814|Q651814]] | [[Procyon pygmaeus]] | Procyon pygmaeus | 36 | | [[File:Cozumel Raccoon2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[:d:Q1425180|Q1425180]] | [[Bassaricyon]] | Bassaricyon | 36 | | [[File:Bassaricyon gabbii's skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[:d:Q918089|Q918089]] | [[Bassaricyon gabbii]] | Bassaricyon gabbii | 36 | | [[File:Bassaricyon gabbii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[:d:Q208079|Q208079]] | [[Canis adustus]] | Canis adustus | 36 | | [[File:Side-striped Jackal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[:d:Q898061|Q898061]] | [[Canis lupus lupus]] | Canis lupus lupus | 36 | | [[File:Loup 13 copie.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[:d:Q776652|Q776652]] | [[Arctocephalus]] | Arctocephalus | 35 | | [[File:Arctocephalus forsteri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[:d:Q43226|Q43226]] | [[Genetta abyssinica]] | Genetta abyssinica | 35 | | [[File:Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig (1835) Genetta abyssinica.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[:d:Q735968|Q735968]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | Herpestes vitticollis | 35 | | [[File:2007-stripe-necked-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[:d:Q1535110|Q1535110]] | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | Herpestes fuscus | 35 | | [[File:Indian Brown Mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[:d:Q902901|Q902901]] | [[Ailuridae]] | Ailuridae | 35 | | [[File:Red Panda.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[:d:Q906945|Q906945]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | Ichneumia albicauda | 35 | | [[File:White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[:d:Q240167|Q240167]] | [[Mustela lutreolina]] | Mustela lutreolina | 35 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[:d:Q238561|Q238561]] | [[Galictis cuja]] | Galictis cuja | 35 | | [[File:Galictis cuja 365111146.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[:d:Q518580|Q518580]] | [[Galidia elegans]] | Galidia elegans | 35 | | [[File:Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[:d:Q181565|Q181565]] | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | Eupleres goudotii | 35 | | [[File:EupleresGoudotiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[:d:Q301014|Q301014]] | [[Chrotogale owstoni]] | Chrotogale owstoni | 35 | | [[File:Chrotogale owstoni PWP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Chrotogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[:d:Q375750|Q375750]] | [[Canis lupus hodophilax]] | Canis lupus hodophilax | 35 | | [[File:Japanese Wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[:d:Q688635|Q688635]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | Conepatus semistriatus | 34 | | [[File:Conepatus semistriatus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02689.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[:d:Q747238|Q747238]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | Conepatus humboldtii | 34 | | [[File:Brehms Het Leven der Dieren Zoogdieren Orde 4 Surilho (Mephitis suffocans).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[:d:Q570548|Q570548]] | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | Mydaus javanensis | 34 | | [[File:Mydaus javanensis lucifer 236799987.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[:d:Q971191|Q971191]] | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | Spilogale gracilis | 34 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis amphiala.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[:d:Q921373|Q921373]] | [[Ictonyx]] | Ictonyx | 34 | | [[File:Striped polecat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[:d:Q909694|Q909694]] | [[Mustela nudipes]] | Mustela nudipes | 34 | | [[File:Mustela nudipes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[:d:Q844662|Q844662]] | [[Melogale personata]] | Melogale personata | 34 | | [[File:Burmese ferret badger.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[:d:Q583627|Q583627]] | [[Neovison macrodon]] | Neovison macrodon | 34 | | [[File:Neovison macrodon.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Neovison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[:d:Q853294|Q853294]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | Lyncodon patagonicus | 34 | | [[File:Lyncodon patagonicus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[:d:Q2900104|Q2900104]] | [[Nyctereutes]] | Nyctereutes | 34 | | [[File:Nyctereutes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[:d:Q188944|Q188944]] | [[Canis mesomelas]] | Canis mesomelas | 34 | | [[File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[:d:Q525781|Q525781]] | [[Ursus americanus kermodei]] | Ursus americanus kermodei | 34 | | [[File:Spiritbear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[:d:Q11846972|Q11846972]] | [[Poiana]] | Poiana | 33 | genere de mammiferos | [[File:African linsang 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]]<br/>[[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[:d:Q490248|Q490248]] | [[Conepatus chinga]] | Conepatus chinga | 33 | | [[File:Chingue (Conepatus chinga) Inao Vásquez 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[:d:Q1291566|Q1291566]] | [[Aonyx]] | Aonyx | 33 | | [[File:Zagreb Zoo small-clawed otter 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[:d:Q1293310|Q1293310]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | Galerella pulverulenta | 33 | | [[File:Cape Gray Mongoose on Lion's Head (29813836777).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[:d:Q1968383|Q1968383]] | [[Herpestes smithii]] | Herpestes smithii | 33 | | [[File:Ruddy-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[:d:Q307105|Q307105]] | [[Spilogale putorius]] | Spilogale putorius | 33 | | [[File:Spilogale putorius (2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[:d:Q922103|Q922103]] | [[Mydaus marchei]] | Mydaus marchei | 33 | | [[File:Mydaus marchei Palawan stink badger Huet 1887.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[:d:Q1017414|Q1017414]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | Bdeogale crassicauda | 33 | | [[File:Bushy-tailed mongoose - Snapshot Safari Ruaha1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[:d:Q1482221|Q1482221]] | [[Bdeogale nigripes]] | Bdeogale nigripes | 33 | | [[File:Bdeogale nigripes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[:d:Q628006|Q628006]] | [[Mustela itatsi]] | Mustela itatsi | 33 | | [[File:202310 Japanese weasel.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[:d:Q778615|Q778615]] | [[Machairodontinae]] | Machairodontinae | 33 | | [[File:Smilodon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[:d:Q2474088|Q2474088]] | [[Caninae]] | Caninae | 33 | | [[File:Caninae (Canini, Vulpini, Urocyon).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[:d:Q790653|Q790653]] | [[Salanoia concolor]] | Salanoia concolor | 33 | | [[File:Galidia olivacea Geoffroy.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Salanoia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[:d:Q912020|Q912020]] | [[Melogale orientalis]] | Melogale orientalis | 33 | | [[File:Melogale orientalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[:d:Q947671|Q947671]] | [[Crossarchus obscurus]] | Crossarchus obscurus | 33 | | [[File:Crossarchus obscurus Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[:d:Q1537751|Q1537751]] | [[Dologale dybowskii]] | Dologale dybowskii | 33 | | [[File:Dologale Dybowskii - Chinko Project Area - 20120516.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dologale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[:d:Q185677|Q185677]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | Mungotictis decemlineata | 33 | | [[File:Schmalstreifenmungo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[:d:Q535979|Q535979]] | [[Ailuropoda]] | Ailuropoda | 33 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]]<br/>[[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[:d:Q153061|Q153061]] | [[Panthera pardus delacouri]] | Panthera pardus delacouri | 33 | | [[File:Indochinese leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[:d:Q932079|Q932079]] | [[Ursus arctos beringianus]] | Ursus arctos beringianus | 33 | | [[File:Brown-bear-in-spring.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[:d:Q1997493|Q1997493]] | [[Ursus arctos pruinosus]] | Ursus arctos pruinosus | 33 | | [[File:Oji zoo, Kobe, Japan (6631356045).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[:d:Q677746|Q677746]] | [[Canis lupus lycaon]] | Canis lupus lycaon | 33 | | [[File:Eastern wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[:d:Q837741|Q837741]] | [[Canis lupus hattai]] | Canis lupus hattai | 33 | | [[File:エゾオオカミ剥製・開拓記念館１９８４０９１４.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[:d:Q1188023|Q1188023]] | [[Canis lupus italicus]] | Canis lupus italicus | 33 | | [[File:C. l. italicus in MNP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[:d:Q1154492|Q1154492]] | [[Spilogale]] | Spilogale | 32 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[:d:Q43214|Q43214]] | [[Genetta maculata]] | Genetta maculata | 32 | | [[File:Rusty-spotted Genet (Genetta maculata) (32484079077).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[:d:Q43215|Q43215]] | [[Genetta johnstoni]] | Genetta johnstoni | 32 | | [[File:PZSL1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | [[:d:Q43217|Q43217]] | [[Genetta angolensis]] | Genetta angolensis | 32 | | [[File:Genetta angolensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | [[:d:Q43222|Q43222]] | [[Genetta piscivora]] | Genetta piscivora | 32 | | [[File:Genetta piscivora.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | [[:d:Q267305|Q267305]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | Herpestes semitorquatus | 32 | | [[File:Herpestes semitorquatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[:d:Q135437653|Q135437653]] | [[Pusa saimensis]] | Pusa saimensis | 32 | | [[File:Pusa hispida saimensis 304551354.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | [[:d:Q1068616|Q1068616]] | [[Mephitis macroura]] | Mephitis macroura | 32 | | [[File:Hooded Skunk side (Gelsenkirchen).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis (taxon)|Mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | [[:d:Q981308|Q981308]] | [[Crossarchus]] | Crossarchus | 32 | | [[File:Cusimanse.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | [[:d:Q307068|Q307068]] | [[Helogale hirtula]] | Helogale hirtula | 32 | | [[File:Helogale hirtula 230649079.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 321 | [[:d:Q690765|Q690765]] | [[Melogale everetti]] | Melogale everetti | 32 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 322 | [[:d:Q688655|Q688655]] | [[Bassaricyon alleni]] | Bassaricyon alleni | 32 | | [[File:Bassaricyon alleni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 323 | [[:d:Q716620|Q716620]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa brachyura]] | Neofelis nebulosa brachyura | 32 | | [[File:LeopardusBrachyurusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 324 | [[:d:Q135911|Q135911]] | [[Zalophus]] | Zalophus | 31 | | [[File:Lion de mer Amnéville 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 325 | [[:d:Q1507049|Q1507049]] | [[Mydaus]] | Mydaus | 31 | | [[File:Mydaus javanensis lucifer 236799987.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]]<br/>[[Mydainae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 326 | [[:d:Q1516758|Q1516758]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | Spilogale angustifrons | 31 | | [[File:Southern spotted skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 327 | [[:d:Q189978|Q189978]] | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | Poiana richardsonii | 31 | | [[File:Em - Poiana richardsonii 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poiana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 328 | [[:d:Q254223|Q254223]] | [[Mustela subpalmata]] | Mustela subpalmata | 31 | | [[File:The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai) (1980) Fig. 124.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 329 | [[:d:Q244233|Q244233]] | [[Helogale]] | Helogale | 31 | | [[File:Bristol.zoo.dwarf.mongoose.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 330 | [[:d:Q1139935|Q1139935]] | [[Crocuta crocuta spelaea]] | Crocuta crocuta spelaea | 31 | | [[File:Crocuta crocuta spelea Cueva de los Moros.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 331 | [[:d:Q1464840|Q1464840]] | [[Mungos gambianus]] | Mungos gambianus | 31 | | [[File:The carnivores of West Africa BHL8726423, Mungos gambianus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 332 | [[:d:Q906970|Q906970]] | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | Galidictis fasciata | 31 | | [[File:Galidictis fasciata.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 333 | [[:d:Q30223|Q30223]] | [[Vulpini]] | Vulpini | 31 | | [[File:Vulpini.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 334 | [[:d:Q1164873|Q1164873]] | [[Panthera gombaszoegensis]] | Panthera gombaszoegensis | 31 | | [[File:Panthera toscana.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 335 | [[:d:Q7395585|Q7395585]] | [[Panthera spelaea]] | Panthera spelaea | 31 | | [[File:Panthera leo spelaea in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 336 | [[:d:Q132606|Q132606]] | [[Homotherium]] | Homotherium | 31 | | [[File:Homotherium latidens cub mummy fig2 (cropped).webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 337 | [[:d:Q844216|Q844216]] | [[Ursus arctos nelsoni]] | Ursus arctos nelsoni | 31 | | [[File:Mexico grizzlies.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 338 | [[:d:Q266883|Q266883]] | [[Canis lupus chanco]] | Canis lupus chanco | 31 | | [[File:Canis lupus chanco1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 339 | [[:d:Q1068694|Q1068694]] | [[Canis lupus signatus]] | lobo de punta de nabo | 31 | | [[File:Iberian Wolf AdF 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 340 | [[:d:Q934487|Q934487]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | Conepatus leuconotus | 30 | | [[File:Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus 843835.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 341 | [[:d:Q43207|Q43207]] | [[Genetta thierryi]] | Genetta thierryi | 30 | | [[File:Genetta thierryi Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 342 | [[:d:Q43213|Q43213]] | [[Genetta pardina]] | Genetta pardina | 30 | | [[File:Genetta pardina.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 343 | [[:d:Q1583150|Q1583150]] | [[Bdeogale jacksoni]] | Bdeogale jacksoni | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]]<br/>[[Galeriscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 344 | [[:d:Q1757286|Q1757286]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | Rhynchogale melleri | 30 | | [[File:Smit.m.rhinogale.melleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 345 | [[:d:Q791240|Q791240]] | [[Bassariscus]] | Bassariscus | 30 | | [[File:Bassariscus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 346 | [[:d:Q30772|Q30772]] | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | Ictonyx libyca | 30 | | [[File:Ictonyx libyca multivittata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 347 | [[:d:Q559044|Q559044]] | [[Paradoxurus zeylonensis]] | Paradoxurus zeylonensis | 30 | | [[File:Golden palm civet, a mammal endemic to Sri Lanka at Peak Wilderness Sanctuary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 348 | [[:d:Q541756|Q541756]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | Crossarchus ansorgei | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 349 | [[:d:Q1542671|Q1542671]] | [[Crossarchus alexandri]] | Crossarchus alexandri | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 350 | [[:d:Q1421926|Q1421926]] | [[Liberiictis kuhni]] | Liberiictis kuhni | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Liberiictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 351 | [[:d:Q125814326|Q125814326]] | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | Lupulella mesomelas | 30 | | [[File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 352 | [[:d:Q125815593|Q125815593]] | [[Lupulella adusta]] | Lupulella adusta | 30 | | [[File:Side-striped Jackal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 353 | [[:d:Q838517|Q838517]] | [[Panthera pardus japonensis]] | Panthera pardus japonensis | 30 | | [[File:Panthera pardus japonensis JdP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 354 | [[:d:Q776670|Q776670]] | [[Puma concolor coryi]] | Puma concolor coryi | 30 | | [[File:Everglades National Park Florida Panther.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 355 | [[:d:Q716455|Q716455]] | [[Ursus thibetanus formosanus]] | Ursus thibetanus formosanus | 30 | | [[File:Formosan Black Bear.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 356 | [[:d:Q3278878|Q3278878]] | [[Ursus arctos lasiotus]] | Ursus arctos lasiotus | 30 | | [[File:Ussuri Brown Bear Noboribetsu 2019.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 357 | [[:d:Q3116028|Q3116028]] | [[Canis lupus occidentalis]] | Canis lupus occidentalis | 30 | | [[File:Wolf in Yellowstone National Park NPS15047.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 358 | [[:d:Q1095105|Q1095105]] | [[Paradoxurinae]] | Paradoxurinae | 29 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 359 | [[:d:Q1145450|Q1145450]] | [[Conepatus]] | Conepatus | 29 | | [[File:Hog-nosed-skunk.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 360 | [[:d:Q43223|Q43223]] | [[Genetta cristata]] | Genetta cristata | 29 | | [[File:Genetta-cristata-rose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 361 | [[:d:Q764948|Q764948]] | [[Herpestes naso]] | Herpestes naso | 29 | | [[File:Long-nosed mongoose (without bg).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 362 | [[:d:Q243939|Q243939]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | Spilogale pygmaea | 29 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 363 | [[:d:Q944417|Q944417]] | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | Paracynictis selousi | 29 | | [[File:Paracynictis selousi Smit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 364 | [[:d:Q1968390|Q1968390]] | [[Poiana leightoni]] | Poiana leightoni | 29 | | [[File:1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria) Poiana leightoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[recombination]] | | [[Poiana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 365 | [[:d:Q135914|Q135914]] | [[Mungos]] | Mungos | 29 | | [[File:Mongoosecotswoldwildlifepark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 366 | [[:d:Q131697|Q131697]] | [[Salanoia durrelli]] | Salanoia durrelli | 29 | | [[File:Alaotra carnivore credit Fidimalala Bruno Ralainasolo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Salanoia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 367 | [[:d:Q2626037|Q2626037]] | [[Arctodus]] | Arctodus | 29 | | [[File:Arctodus simus Page.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 368 | [[:d:Q221247|Q221247]] | [[Panthera leo melanochaitus]] | Panthera leo melanochaitus | 29 | | [[File:Cape Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 369 | [[:d:Q2089056|Q2089056]] | [[Ursus maritimus × Ursus arctos]] | Ursus maritimus × Ursus arctos / Ursus arctos × maritimus | 29 | | [[File:Grolar.JPG|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 370 | [[:d:Q1533533|Q1533533]] | [[Ursus arctos gobiensis]] | Ursus arctos gobiensis | 29 | | [[File:Ursus arctos gobiensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 371 | [[:d:Q131889|Q131889]] | [[Nimravidae]] | Nimravidae | 28 | | [[File:Hoplophoneus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 372 | [[:d:Q2292156|Q2292156]] | [[Odobenidae]] | Odobenidae | 28 | | [[File:Noaa-walrus22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]]<br/>[[Pinnipedia]]<br/>[[Otarioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 373 | [[:d:Q43211|Q43211]] | [[Genetta servalina]] | Genetta servalina | 28 | | [[File:Servaline Genet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 374 | [[:d:Q2122042|Q2122042]] | [[Lutra nippon]] | Lutra nippon | 28 | | [[File:Lutra nippon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 375 | [[:d:Q912339|Q912339]] | [[Galidictis grandidieri]] | Galidictis grandidieri | 28 | | [[File:Mungo1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 376 | [[:d:Q134690|Q134690]] | [[Pardofelis]] | Pardofelis | 28 | | [[File:Lydekker - Marbled Cat.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 377 | [[:d:Q132036|Q132036]] | [[Proailurus]] | Proailurus | 28 | | [[File:Proailurus lemanensis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 378 | [[:d:Q149398|Q149398]] | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | Nasuella olivacea | 28 | | [[File:Nasua olivacea 112082177.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 379 | [[:d:Q956107|Q956107]] | [[leopon]] | Panthera pardus × Panthera leo | 28 | | [[File:Leopon04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 380 | [[:d:Q280189|Q280189]] | [[leopardo de Zanzibar]] | Panthera pardus adersi | 28 | | [[File:Zanzibar Leopard 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 381 | [[:d:Q1061290|Q1061290]] | [[Canis lupus campestris]] | Canis lupus campestris | 28 | | [[File:Wolf on alert.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 382 | [[:d:Q198350|Q198350]] | [[Viverrinae]] | Viverrinae | 27 | | [[File:AfricanCivet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 383 | [[:d:Q1546563|Q1546563]] | [[Bdeogale]] | Bdeogale | 27 | | [[File:Bdeogale crassicauda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 384 | [[:d:Q41133|Q41133]] | [[Genetta victoriae]] | Genetta victoriae | 27 | | [[File:GenettaVictoriaeSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 385 | [[:d:Q43208|Q43208]] | [[Genetta bourloni]] | Genetta bourloni | 27 | | [[File:Genetta bourloni.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 386 | [[:d:Q43209|Q43209]] | [[Genetta poensis]] | Genetta poensis | 27 | | [[File:PZSL1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 387 | [[:d:Q1426206|Q1426206]] | [[Crossarchus platycephalus]] | Crossarchus platycephalus | 27 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 388 | [[:d:Q133364|Q133364]] | [[Dinofelis]] | Dinofelis | 27 | | [[File:Dinofelis barlowi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 389 | [[:d:Q683207|Q683207]] | [[Arctodus simus]] | Arctodus simus | 27 | | [[File:ArctodusSimusSkeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 390 | [[:d:Q2468673|Q2468673]] | [[Canis himalayensis]] | Canis himalayensis | 27 | | [[File:Wolf.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 391 | [[:d:Q118979|Q118979]] | [[Galerella]] | Galerella | 26 | | [[File:Slender Mongoose (Galerella sanguinea) (6026100674).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 392 | [[:d:Q2299553|Q2299553]] | [[Galerella ochracea]] | Galerella ochracea | 26 | | [[File:HerpestesOchraceusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 393 | [[:d:Q16590235|Q16590235]] | [[Leopardus guttulus]] | Leopardus guttulus | 26 | | [[File:Leopardus tigrinus - Parc des Félins.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]]<br/>[[Oncifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 394 | [[:d:Q1274400|Q1274400]] | [[Machairodus]] | Machairodus | 26 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 395 | [[:d:Q670959|Q670959]] | [[Panthera pardus panthera]] | Panthera pardus panthera | 26 | | [[File:The last barbary leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 396 | [[:d:Q754336|Q754336]] | [[Panthera pardus tulliana]] | Panthera pardus tulliana | 26 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 397 | [[:d:Q1541406|Q1541406]] | [[Panthera tigris trinilensis]] | Panthera tigris trinilensis | 26 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 398 | [[:d:Q122835073|Q122835073]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus | 26 | | [[File:Tanuki in Higashiyama Zoo - 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 399 | [[:d:Q258485|Q258485]] | [[Salanoia]] | Salanoia | 25 | | [[File:Galidia olivacea Geoffroy.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 400 | [[:d:Q690677|Q690677]] | [[Galidictis]] | Galidictis | 25 | | [[File:Mungo1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 401 | [[:d:Q1137422|Q1137422]] | [[Mustela africana]] | Mustela africana | 25 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 402 | [[:d:Q337197|Q337197]] | [[Tremarctinae]] | Tremarctinae | 25 | | [[File:Spectacled Bear Tennoji 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 403 | [[:d:Q7901176|Q7901176]] | [[Ursinae]] | Ursinae | 25 | | [[File:Bär Züri.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 404 | [[:d:Q468586|Q468586]] | [[Miracinonyx]] | Miracinonyx | 25 | | [[File:Miracinonyx (american cheetah).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 405 | [[:d:Q511072|Q511072]] | [[Panthera leo fossilis]] | Panthera fossilis | 25 | | [[File:Panthera fossilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 406 | [[:d:Q2164570|Q2164570]] | [[Lynx lynx balcanicus]] | Lynx lynx balcanicus | 25 | | [[File:Balkan Lynx (Lynx lynx martinoi).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 407 | [[:d:Q2089426|Q2089426]] | [[Ursus arctos collaris]] | Ursus arctos collaris | 25 | | [[File:Ucollaris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 408 | [[:d:Q2360936|Q2360936]] | [[Ursus arctos marsicanus]] | Ursus arctos marsicanus | 25 | | [[File:Passeggiando semplicemente.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 409 | [[:d:Q3235669|Q3235669]] | [[Arctoidea]] | Arctoidea | 24 | | [[File:Procyon lotor 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 410 | [[:d:Q46605397|Q46605397]] | [[Aonyx congicus]] | Aonyx congicus | 24 | | [[File:Mazu from Congo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]]<br/>[[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 411 | [[:d:Q2164369|Q2164369]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus hecki]] | Acinonyx jubatus hecki | 24 | | [[File:Northeast African Cheetah (14846381095) 2013.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 412 | [[:d:Q2562912|Q2562912]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis | 24 | | [[File:Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 413 | [[:d:Q11954112|Q11954112]] | [[Ursus thibetanus laniger]] | Ursus thibetanus laniger | 24 | | [[File:Himalayan bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 414 | [[:d:Q576039|Q576039]] | [[Canis lupus tundrarum]] | Canis lupus tundrarum | 24 | | [[File:Canis lupus tundrarum Lobo Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 415 | [[:d:Q718688|Q718688]] | [[Canis lupus nubilus]] | Canis lupus nubilus | 24 | | [[File:Lobo wolf 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 416 | [[:d:Q10328397|Q10328397]] | [[Melinae]] | Melinae | 23 | | [[File:Badger 25-07-09 closer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 417 | [[:d:Q1088569|Q1088569]] | [[Galidiinae]] | Galidiinae | 23 | | [[File:Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 418 | [[:d:Q139110|Q139110]] | [[Amphicyon]] | Amphicyon | 23 | | [[File:Amphicyon ingens White Background.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 419 | [[:d:Q133084|Q133084]] | [[Barbourofelis]] | Barbourofelis | 23 | | [[File:Barbourofelis fricki.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 420 | [[:d:Q133945|Q133945]] | [[Megantereon]] | Megantereon | 23 | | [[File:Megantereon cultridens model.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 421 | [[:d:Q2272925|Q2272925]] | [[Acinonyx pardinensis]] | Acinonyx pardinensis | 23 | | [[File:Acinonyx pardinensis 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 422 | [[:d:Q2118614|Q2118614]] | [[Leon sudafrican]] | Panthera leo krugeri | 23 | | [[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004 edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 423 | [[:d:Q2262382|Q2262382]] | [[leon massai]] | Panthera leo massaica | 23 | | [[File:Lion in masai mara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 424 | [[:d:Q2620076|Q2620076]] | [[Felis silvestris caucasica]] | Felis silvestris caucasica | 23 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 425 | [[:d:Q2565286|Q2565286]] | [[Ursus arctos californicus]] | Ursus arctos californicus | 23 | | [[File:Monarch the bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 426 | [[:d:Q728631|Q728631]] | [[Canis aureus lupaster]] | Canis aureus lupaster | 23 | | [[File:Canis anthus - Cécile Bloch 5.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 427 | [[:d:Q132657|Q132657]] | [[Barbourofelidae]] | Barbourofelidae | 22 | | [[File:Barbourofelis loveorum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 428 | [[:d:Q135094|Q135094]] | [[Pachycrocuta]] | Pachycrocuta | 22 | | [[File:Zhoukoudian Pachycrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 429 | [[:d:Q1018988|Q1018988]] | [[Hemigalinae]] | Hemigalinae | 22 | | [[File:Banded Palm Civet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 430 | [[:d:Q1508910|Q1508910]] | [[Mustela felipei]] | Mustela felipei | 22 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 431 | [[:d:Q221268|Q221268]] | [[Panthera leo sinhaleyus]] | Panthera leo sinhaleyus | 22 | | [[File:Panthera Leo Sinhayeus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 432 | [[:d:Q950590|Q950590]] | [[Leon senegalese]] | Panthera leo senegalensis | 22 | | [[File:West African male lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 433 | [[:d:Q3893464|Q3893464]] | [[Panthera leo azandica]] | Panthera leo azandica | 22 | | [[File:Lion in Murchison Falls National Park.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 434 | [[:d:Q11954115|Q11954115]] | [[Ursus thibetanus japonicus]] | Ursus thibetanus japonicus | 22 | | [[File:202308 Japanese black bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 435 | [[:d:Q2089432|Q2089432]] | [[Ursus americanus cinnamomum]] | Ursus americanus cinnamomum | 22 | | [[File:Cinnamon bear by J T Bowen after John James Audubon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 436 | [[:d:Q1576480|Q1576480]] | [[Galerella flavescens]] | Galerella flavescens | 21 | | [[File:Galerella flavescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 437 | [[:d:Q21223141|Q21223141]] | [[Lupulella]] | Lupulella | 21 | | [[File:Lupulella.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 438 | [[:d:Q1716674|Q1716674]] | [[Cryptoprocta spelea]] | Cryptoprocta spelea | 21 | | [[File:Fossa de les cavernes.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 439 | [[:d:Q853117|Q853117]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | Lynx issiodorensis | 21 | | [[File:Lynx issiodorensis 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 440 | [[:d:Q14617469|Q14617469]] | [[Bassaricyon medius]] | Bassaricyon medius | 21 | | [[File:Western Lowland Olingo (Bassaricyon medius orinomus) in life - ZooKeys-324-001-g023 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 441 | [[:d:Q192492|Q192492]] | [[Panthera leo spelaea]] | Panthera leo spelaea | 21 | | [[File:Hoehlenloewe CaveLion hharder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 442 | [[:d:Q33140849|Q33140849]] | [[Guloninae]] | Guloninae | 20 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 443 | [[:d:Q1352915|Q1352915]] | [[Eusmilus]] | Eusmilus | 20 | | [[File:Eusmilus adelosDB24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 444 | [[:d:Q745389|Q745389]] | [[Euplerinae]] | Euplerinae | 20 | | [[File:Fossa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 445 | [[:d:Q2600180|Q2600180]] | [[Neovison]] | Neovison | 20 | | [[File:American mink geograph.co.uk 2083077.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 446 | [[:d:Q141424|Q141424]] | [[Cryptoprocta]] | Cryptoprocta | 20 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 447 | [[:d:Q11906411|Q11906411]] | [[Arctonyx]] | Arctonyx | 20 | | [[File:Arctonyx collaris - Sterndale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 448 | [[:d:Q2729984|Q2729984]] | [[Borophaginae]] | Borophaginae | 20 | | [[File:Aelurodon stirtoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 449 | [[:d:Q3768986|Q3768986]] | [[Tremarctos]] | Tremarctos | 20 | | [[File:Urso de óculos.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 450 | [[:d:Q2076664|Q2076664]] | [[Arctotherium]] | Arctotherium | 20 | | [[File:Arctotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 451 | [[:d:Q3893470|Q3893470]] | [[Panthera leo bleyenberghi]] | Panthera leo bleyenberghi | 20 | | [[File:Die pure Kraft - Löwe im Etosha-Nationalpark.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 452 | [[:d:Q42576|Q42576]] | [[Felis silvestris lybica]] | Felis silvestris lybica | 20 | | [[File:Felis silvestris lybica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[homotypic synonym]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 453 | [[:d:Q4853062|Q4853062]] | [[Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus]] | Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus | 20 | | [[File:خرس سیاه - رودان.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 454 | [[:d:Q2985924|Q2985924]] | [[Ursus maritimus tyrannus]] | Ursus maritimus tyrannus | 20 | | [[File:Ursus maritimus tyrannus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso polar|Ursus maritimus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 455 | [[:d:Q524436|Q524436]] | [[Dinictis]] | Dinictis | 19 | | [[File:Dinictis (37599002081).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 456 | [[:d:Q895480|Q895480]] | [[Puijila darwini]] | Puijila darwini | 19 | | [[File:Puijila BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puijila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 457 | [[:d:Q2898113|Q2898113]] | [[Speothos]] | Speothos | 19 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 458 | [[:d:Q12061410|Q12061410]] | [[Lycaon]] | Lycaon | 19 | | [[File:African wild dog (24273710124).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 459 | [[:d:Q20907997|Q20907997]] | [[Nasua narica nelsoni]] | Nasua narica nelsoni | 19 | | [[File:Cozumel Island Coati .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 460 | [[:d:Q122782184|Q122782184]] | [[Felis lybica cafra]] | Felis lybica cafra | 19 | | [[File:Felis silvestris cafra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 461 | [[:d:Q615621|Q615621]] | [[Canis lupus hudsonicus]] | Canis lupus hudsonicus | 19 | | [[File:Canis lupus hudsonicus Olomouc 2022.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 462 | [[:d:Q1197437|Q1197437]] | [[Fissipedia]] | Fissipedia | 18 | | [[File:Fissipedia portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 463 | [[:d:Q55333185|Q55333185]] | [[Ictonychinae]] | Ictonychinae | 18 | | [[File:Greater grison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 464 | [[:d:Q20721832|Q20721832]] | [[Neomonachus]] | Neomonachus | 18 | | [[File:Monachus schauinslandi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 465 | [[:d:Q2896244|Q2896244]] | [[Dusicyon]] | Dusicyon | 18 | | [[File:FalklandIslandFox2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 466 | [[:d:Q123900653|Q123900653]] | [[Urva auropunctata]] | Urva auropunctata | 18 | | [[File:Astonished.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 467 | [[:d:Q1194753|Q1194753]] | [[Panthera palaeosinensis]] | Panthera palaeosinensis | 18 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 468 | [[:d:Q150641|Q150641]] | [[Bassaricyon beddardi]] | Bassaricyon beddardi | 18 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 469 | [[:d:Q524040|Q524040]] | [[Canis lupus beothucus]] | Canis lupus beothucus | 18 | | [[File:NewfoundlandWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 470 | [[:d:Q1471138|Q1471138]] | [[Canis lupus irremotus]] | Canis lupus irremotus | 18 | | [[File:Canis lupus standing in snow.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 471 | [[:d:Q135088|Q135088]] | [[Hoplophoneus]] | Hoplophoneus | 17 | | [[File:Hoplophoneus primevus IMG 4443.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 472 | [[:d:Q2899249|Q2899249]] | [[Lutrogale]] | Lutrogale | 17 | | [[File:2006-kabini-otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 473 | [[:d:Q2500116|Q2500116]] | [[Kolponomos]] | Kolponomos | 17 | | [[File:Kolponomos clallamensis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 474 | [[:d:Q10748756|Q10748756]] | [[Melogale cucphuongensis]] | Melogale cucphuongensis | 17 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 475 | [[:d:Q107473331|Q107473331]] | [[Meles canescens]] | Meles canescens | 17 | | [[File:Badger Crete.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 476 | [[:d:Q930386|Q930386]] | [[Martes americana atrata]] | Martes americana atrata | 17 | | [[File:Newfoundland Pine Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 477 | [[:d:Q141533|Q141533]] | [[Xenosmilus]] | Xenosmilus | 17 | | [[File:Xenosmilus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 478 | [[:d:Q148240|Q148240]] | [[Puma pardoides]] | Puma pardoides | 17 | | [[File:Puma schaubi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 479 | [[:d:Q150587|Q150587]] | [[Bassaricyon pauli]] | Bassaricyon pauli | 17 | | [[File:Bushy tailed olingo-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 480 | [[:d:Q150602|Q150602]] | [[Bassaricyon lasius]] | Bassaricyon lasius | 17 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 481 | [[:d:Q2118534|Q2118534]] | [[Cynotherium sardous]] | Cynotherium sardous | 17 | | [[File:Cynotherium sardous restoration.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 482 | [[:d:Q2672197|Q2672197]] | [[Ursus etruscus]] | Ursus etruscus | 17 | | [[File:Ursusetrusc.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 483 | [[:d:Q137418|Q137418]] | [[Borophagus]] | Borophagus | 17 | | [[File:Borophagus cropped.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 484 | [[:d:Q1028402|Q1028402]] | [[Canis lupus orion]] | Canis lupus orion | 17 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) Greenland draught wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 485 | [[:d:Q135599|Q135599]] | [[Ictitherium]] | Ictitherium | 16 | | [[File:Ictitherium viverrinum.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 486 | [[:d:Q137581|Q137581]] | [[Chasmaporthetes]] | Chasmaporthetes | 16 | | [[File:Chasmaportethes lunensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 487 | [[:d:Q107548263|Q107548263]] | [[Neogale]] | Neogale | 16 | | [[File:I Am Weasel (15483000477).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 488 | [[:d:Q17509689|Q17509689]] | [[Eupleres]] | Eupleres | 16 | | [[File:EupleresGoudotiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 489 | [[:d:Q134562|Q134562]] | [[Nimravus]] | Nimravus | 16 | | [[File:Nimravus - Roger Witter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 490 | [[:d:Q2342656|Q2342656]] | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | Hesperocyoninae | 16 | | [[File:Mesocyon skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 491 | [[:d:Q2333795|Q2333795]] | [[Agriotherium]] | Agriotherium | 16 | | [[File:Agriotherium maraghanus mandible.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 492 | [[:d:Q3308205|Q3308205]] | [[Ursavus]] | Ursavus | 16 | | [[File:Ursavus tedforti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 493 | [[:d:Q1002390|Q1002390]] | [[Metailurus]] | Metailurus | 16 | | [[File:Metailurus (Metailurus sp) Asenovgrad2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 494 | [[:d:Q20907096|Q20907096]] | [[Northern lynx]] | Lynx lynx lynx | 16 | | [[File:Lynx Posing (132356837) (cropped).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 495 | [[:d:Q2415423|Q2415423]] | [[Epicyon]] | Epicyon | 16 | | [[File:Epicyon haydeni skeleton (white background).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 496 | [[:d:Q428078|Q428078]] | [[Canis lupus alces]] | Canis lupus alces | 16 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. alces ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 497 | [[:d:Q430115|Q430115]] | [[Canis lupus pambasileus]] | Canis lupus pambasileus | 16 | | [[File:Wolf on the move.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 498 | [[:d:Q719570|Q719570]] | [[Canis lupus columbianus]] | Canis lupus columbianus | 16 | | [[File:Black Canis lupus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 499 | [[:d:Q134908|Q134908]] | [[Percrocutidae]] | Percrocutidae | 15 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta gigantea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 500 | [[:d:Q1303308|Q1303308]] | [[Hyaeninae]] | Hyaeninae | 15 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 501 | [[:d:Q3605074|Q3605074]] | [[Adcrocuta]] | Adcrocuta | 15 | | [[File:Adcrocuta eximia, Asenovgrad.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 502 | [[:d:Q10750855|Q10750855]] | [[Crocuta]] | Crocuta | 15 | | [[File:2011-Spotted Hyena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]]<br/>[[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 503 | [[:d:Q9776562|Q9776562]] | [[Viverroidea]] | Viverroidea | 15 | | [[File:Viverroidea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 504 | [[:d:Q747851|Q747851]] | [[Enaliarctos]] | Enaliarctos | 15 | | [[File:Enaliarctos mealsi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enaliarctidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 505 | [[:d:Q1000261|Q1000261]] | [[Cynodictis]] | Cynodictis | 15 | | [[File:Cynodictis Natural History Museum Vienna.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 506 | [[:d:Q99217654|Q99217654]] | [[Urva]] | Urva | 15 | | [[File:Urva urva 77938111.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 507 | [[:d:Q132747|Q132747]] | [[Pseudaelurus]] | Pseudaelurus | 15 | | [[File:Pseudaelurus teeth.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 508 | [[:d:Q2566925|Q2566925]] | [[Chapalmalania]] | Chapalmalania | 15 | | [[File:Chapalmalania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 509 | [[:d:Q4119064|Q4119064]] | [[Ailurarctos]] | Ailurarctos | 15 | | [[File:Ailurarctos paleoart.webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 510 | [[:d:Q135227|Q135227]] | [[Metailurini]] | Metailurini | 15 | | [[File:Dinofelis15DB.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 511 | [[:d:Q2262856|Q2262856]] | [[Smilodontini]] | Smilodontini | 15 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 512 | [[:d:Q1947861|Q1947861]] | [[Hesperocyon]] | Hesperocyon | 15 | | [[File:Hesperocyon skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 513 | [[:d:Q30693726|Q30693726]] | [[Prionailurus javanensis]] | Prionailurus javanensis | 15 | | [[File:Lydekker - Leopard Cat (Javan variety).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 514 | [[:d:Q292596|Q292596]] | [[Panthera zdanskyi]] | Panthera zdanskyi | 15 | | [[File:Panthera zdanskyi.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 515 | [[:d:Q5442094|Q5442094]] | [[Felis lunensis]] | Felis lunensis | 15 | e un felino estinto della sottofamiglia dei felinae | [[File:Felis lunensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 516 | [[:d:Q310780|Q310780]] | [[Tremarctos floridanus]] | Tremarctos floridanus | 15 | | [[File:Florida Spectacled Bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 517 | [[:d:Q20721337|Q20721337]] | [[Gepardo african del sud]] | Acinonyx jubatus jubatus | 15 | | [[File:Cheetah Umfolozi SouthAfrica MWegmann.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 518 | [[:d:Q26284377|Q26284377]] | [[Siberian lynx]] | Lynx lynx wrangeli | 15 | | [[File:Lynx de Sibérie à Saint Martin la Plaine.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 519 | [[:d:Q27627877|Q27627877]] | [[Caucasian lynx]] | Lynx lynx dinniki | 15 | | [[File:Lynx lynx dinniki 115107752.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 520 | [[:d:Q27627917|Q27627917]] | [[Turkestan lynx]] | Lynx lynx isabellinus | 15 | | [[File:Parc des felins Felin 06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 521 | [[:d:Q255441|Q255441]] | [[Ursus deningeri]] | Ursus deningeri | 15 | | [[File:Atapuerca carnivore skull 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 522 | [[:d:Q311939|Q311939]] | [[Ursus minimus]] | Ursus minimus | 15 | | [[File:Ursus minimus 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 523 | [[:d:Q2840949|Q2840949]] | [[Ursus thibetanus ussuricus]] | Ursus thibetanus ussuricus | 15 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus ussuricus Kaliningrad Zoo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 524 | [[:d:Q3696387|Q3696387]] | [[coywolf]] | Canis latrans var. | 15 | | [[File:Captivecoywolfhybrid.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[canid hybrid]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 525 | [[:d:Q793475|Q793475]] | [[Ursus arctos piscator]] | Ursus arctos piscator | 15 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 526 | [[:d:Q11704938|Q11704938]] | [[Ursus arctos gyas]] | Ursus arctos gyas | 15 | | [[File:Brown bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 527 | [[:d:Q1127210|Q1127210]] | [[Canis lupus labradorius]] | Canis lupus labradorius | 15 | | [[File:Face à face (28711329178).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 528 | [[:d:Q1164673|Q1164673]] | [[Canis lupus griseoalbus]] | Canis lupus griseoalbus | 15 | | [[File:Commissioners' report (1892) (14569119587).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 529 | [[:d:Q9776204|Q9776204]] | [[Herpestoidea]] | Herpestoidea | 14 | | [[File:Herpestoidea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Viverroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 530 | [[:d:Q1636008|Q1636008]] | [[Potamotherium miocenicum]] | Potamotherium | 14 | | [[File:Potamotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 531 | [[:d:Q11905313|Q11905313]] | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | Amphicynodontidae | 14 | | [[File:Kolponomos NT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 532 | [[:d:Q13564654|Q13564654]] | [[Mellivora]] | Mellivora | 14 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 533 | [[:d:Q16894566|Q16894566]] | [[Gulo]] | Gulo | 14 | genere de mammifero | [[File:Gulo gulo 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 534 | [[:d:Q138900|Q138900]] | [[Leptocyon]] | Leptocyon | 14 | | [[File:Leptocyon gregorii holotype AMNH 12879.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 535 | [[:d:Q932165|Q932165]] | [[pumapard]] | Puma concolor × Panthera pardus | 14 | | [[File:Pumapard-1904.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Panthera hybrid]] | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 536 | [[:d:Q2895094|Q2895094]] | [[Nasuella]] | Nasuella | 14 | | [[File:Ulisse Aldrovandi - Mountain Coati.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 537 | [[:d:Q116894337|Q116894337]] | [[Neogale africana]] | Neogale africana | 14 | | [[File:Neogale africana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 538 | [[:d:Q2720989|Q2720989]] | [[Cozumel fox]] | No/unknown value | 14 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 539 | [[:d:Q2117758|Q2117758]] | [[Vulpes vulpes arabica]] | Vulpes vulpes arabica | 14 | | [[File:Arabian Red Fox spotted in Qatar - Al Karaana Lagoon (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 540 | [[:d:Q13410550|Q13410550]] | [[Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica]] | Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica | 14 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes Kurdistanica (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 541 | [[:d:Q2576461|Q2576461]] | [[Ailuropoda microta]] | Ailuropoda microta | 14 | | [[File:Ailuropoda microta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 542 | [[:d:Q1035243|Q1035243]] | [[Hemicyon]] | Hemicyon | 14 | | [[File:(MHNT) Hemicyon stehlini Hürzeler, 1944 - crâne.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 543 | [[:d:Q16615647|Q16615647]] | [[Panthera tigris soloensis]] | Panthera tigris soloensis | 14 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 544 | [[:d:Q20907143|Q20907143]] | [[Panthera leo melanochaita]] | Panthera leo melanochaita | 14 | | [[File:South Africa (8).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 545 | [[:d:Q57818409|Q57818409]] | [[Felis silvestris catus]] | Felis silvestris catus | 14 | | [[File:Cat November 2010-1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 546 | [[:d:Q2892917|Q2892917]] | [[Indarctos]] | Indarctos | 14 | | [[File:Indarctos atticus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotheriini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 547 | [[:d:Q11704940|Q11704940]] | [[Ursus arctos sitkensis]] | Ursus arctos sitkensis | 14 | | [[File:Sitka brown bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 548 | [[:d:Q790069|Q790069]] | [[Canis lupus bernardi]] | Canis lupus bernardi | 14 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 549 | [[:d:Q18604635|Q18604635]] | [[Acrophoca]] | Acrophoca | 13 | | [[File:Acrophoca longirostris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 550 | [[:d:Q1635565|Q1635565]] | [[Percrocuta]] | Percrocuta | 13 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta101 flipped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Percrocutidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 551 | [[:d:Q2056160|Q2056160]] | [[Sansanosmilus]] | Sansanosmilus | 13 | | [[File:Comparison Sansanosmilus palmidens - Necromanis franconica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 552 | [[:d:Q5278579|Q5278579]] | [[Dinocrocuta]] | Dinocrocuta | 13 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Percrocutidae]]<br/>[[Percrocutinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 553 | [[:d:Q5832825|Q5832825]] | [[Enhydra]] | Enhydra | 13 | | [[File:Sea otter cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 554 | [[:d:Q25427460|Q25427460]] | [[Martes caurina]] | Martes caurina | 13 | | [[File:Pacific marten Martes caurina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 555 | [[:d:Q1791493|Q1791493]] | [[Eucyon]] | Eucyon | 13 | | [[File:Eucyon davisi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 556 | [[:d:Q19817113|Q19817113]] | [[Suricata]] | Suricata | 13 | | [[File:Meerkat feb 09.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 557 | [[:d:Q1607239|Q1607239]] | [[Simocyon]] | Simocyon | 13 | | [[File:Simocyon primigenius.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 558 | [[:d:Q19817309|Q19817309]] | [[Ailurus]] | Ailurus | 13 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens Cerza.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 559 | [[:d:Q19717139|Q19717139]] | [[Arctonyx albogularis]] | Arctonyx albogularis | 13 | | [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 62) (7093196697).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 560 | [[:d:Q17560554|Q17560554]] | [[Ailuropodinae]] | Ailuropodinae | 13 | | [[File:Panda ChiangMaiZoo humarkus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 561 | [[:d:Q16974134|Q16974134]] | [[Amphimachairodus]] | Amphimachairodus | 13 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 562 | [[:d:Q848814|Q848814]] | [[Vulpes vulpes schrenckii]] | Vulpes vulpes schrenckii | 13 | | [[File:Ezo red fox, Japan; February 2021 (03).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 563 | [[:d:Q33229472|Q33229472]] | [[Canina]] | Canina | 13 | | [[File:Canina portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 564 | [[:d:Q2260339|Q2260339]] | [[Panthera youngi]] | Panthera youngi | 13 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 565 | [[:d:Q3768880|Q3768880]] | [[Panthera onca arizonensis]] | Panthera onca arizonensis | 13 | | [[File:El-jefe-jaguar-fws1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 566 | [[:d:Q2333391|Q2333391]] | [[Melursus ursinus inornatus]] | Melursus ursinus inornatus | 13 | | [[File:Sri Lankan sloth bear (Melursus ursinus inornatus) male 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus ursinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 567 | [[:d:Q3622157|Q3622157]] | [[coydog]] | Canis latrans × Canis lupus familiaris | 13 | | [[File:The Clever Coyote (1951) Coydogs.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[dog hybrid]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 568 | [[:d:Q948186|Q948186]] | [[Ursus americanus carlottae]] | Ursus americanus carlottae | 13 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 569 | [[:d:Q621631|Q621631]] | [[Canis lupus ligoni]] | Canis lupus ligoni | 13 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. ligoni ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 570 | [[:d:Q736878|Q736878]] | [[Canis lupus manningi]] | Canis lupus manningi | 13 | | [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. manningi mod.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 571 | [[:d:Q912965|Q912965]] | [[Canis lupus youngi]] | Canis lupus youngi | 13 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. youngi ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 572 | [[:d:Q2887172|Q2887172]] | [[Desmatophocidae]] | Desmatophocidae | 12 | | [[File:Skeleton of Allodesmus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 573 | [[:d:Q5361186|Q5361186]] | [[Odobenus]] | Odobenus | 12 | | [[File:Walrus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 574 | [[:d:Q28157277|Q28157277]] | [[Herpestes flavescens]] | Herpestes flavescens | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 575 | [[:d:Q856432|Q856432]] | [[Pogonodon]] | Pogonodon | 12 | | [[File:Pogonodon platycopis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 576 | [[:d:Q20672084|Q20672084]] | [[Dinaelurus crassus]] | Dinaelurus | 12 | | [[File:Dinaelurus crassus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 577 | [[:d:Q107657638|Q107657638]] | [[Mustela haidarum]] | Mustela haidarum | 12 | | [[File:Haida Ermine (Mustela haidarum).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 578 | [[:d:Q142407|Q142407]] | [[Protocyon]] | Protocyon | 12 | | [[File:MPCN Villa Escolar. Perro prehistórico. Fotografía 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 579 | [[:d:Q979764|Q979764]] | [[Archaeocyon]] | Archaeocyon | 12 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 580 | [[:d:Q2558790|Q2558790]] | [[Pusa hispida ladogensis]] | Pusa hispida ladogensis | 12 | | [[File:Lake Ladoga Seal iNaturalist.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 581 | [[:d:Q19717143|Q19717143]] | [[Arctonyx hoevenii]] | Arctonyx hoevenii | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 582 | [[:d:Q27962593|Q27962593]] | [[Enhydriodon]] | Enhydriodon | 12 | | [[File:Enhydriodon Omoensis Femur Views.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydriodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 583 | [[:d:Q2051668|Q2051668]] | [[Paramachairodus]] | Paramachaerodus | 12 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 584 | [[:d:Q2060602|Q2060602]] | [[Aelurodon]] | Aelurodon | 12 | | [[File:Aelurodon taxoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 585 | [[:d:Q3122095|Q3122095]] | [[Speothos pacivorus]] | Speothos pacivorus | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 586 | [[:d:Q6707157|Q6707157]] | [[Lycaon sekowei]] | Lycaon sekowei | 12 | | [[File:Postcranial skeleton of a wild dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 587 | [[:d:Q6967764|Q6967764]] | [[Nasuella meridensis]] | Nasuella meridensis | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 588 | [[:d:Q3768566|Q3768566]] | [[Vulpes vulpes peculiosa]] | Vulpes vulpes peculiosa | 12 | | [[File:Korean fox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 589 | [[:d:Q19692941|Q19692941]] | [[Xenocyon]] | Xenocyon | 12 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 590 | [[:d:Q15149619|Q15149619]] | [[Panthera blytheae]] | Panthera blytheae | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 591 | [[:d:Q646185|Q646185]] | [[Nimravides]] | Nimravides | 12 | | [[File:Nimravides catacopis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotheriini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 592 | [[:d:Q3241792|Q3241792]] | [[Panthera leo nubica]] | Panthera leo nubica | 12 | | [[File:Annual report - New York Zoological Society (1903) (18243500220).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 593 | [[:d:Q6059906|Q6059906]] | [[Panthera tigris acutidens]] | Panthera tigris acutidens | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 594 | [[:d:Q20720735|Q20720735]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii]] | Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii | 12 | | [[File:Gepard soemmeringii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 595 | [[:d:Q1988192|Q1988192]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus]] | Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus | 12 | | [[File:Tsushima Cat 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 596 | [[:d:Q29467104|Q29467104]] | [[Scottish wildcat]] | Felis silvestris grampia | 12 | | [[File:Scottish wildcat & kitten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 597 | [[:d:Q3445718|Q3445718]] | [[Plionarctos]] | Plionarctos | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 598 | [[:d:Q5032444|Q5032444]] | [[Canis lepophagus]] | Canis lepophagus | 12 | | [[File:Canis lepophagus Fossil.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 599 | [[:d:Q521594|Q521594]] | [[Felis silvestris gordoni]] | Felis silvestris gordoni | 12 | | [[File:Felis silvestris gordoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 600 | [[:d:Q9092013|Q9092013]] | [[Ursus americanus emmonsii]] | Ursus americanus emmonsii | 12 | | [[File:Glacier Bear with cubs.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 601 | [[:d:Q718137|Q718137]] | [[Canis lupus monstrabilis]] | Canis lupus monstrabilis | 12 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. monstrabilis ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 602 | [[:d:Q719577|Q719577]] | [[Canis lupus mackenzii]] | Canis lupus mackenzii | 12 | | [[File:Lobo en el Zoo de Madrid 01 cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 603 | [[:d:Q846261|Q846261]] | [[Canis rufus floridanus]] | Canis rufus floridanus | 12 | | [[File:FloridaBlackWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 604 | [[:d:Q142046|Q142046]] | [[Protictitherium]] | Protictitherium | 11 | | [[File:Protictitherium crassum - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 605 | [[:d:Q17355875|Q17355875]] | [[Civettictis]] | Civettictis | 11 | | [[File:Civettictis civetta 11.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 606 | [[:d:Q1884323|Q1884323]] | [[Bdeogale omnivora]] | Bdeogale omnivora | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 607 | [[:d:Q4733042|Q4733042]] | [[Allodesmus]] | Allodesmus | 11 | | [[File:Allodesmus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 608 | [[:d:Q18510844|Q18510844]] | [[Proteles]] | Proteles | 11 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Protelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 609 | [[:d:Q2946611|Q2946611]] | [[Cerdocyon]] | Cerdocyon | 11 | | [[File:Maikong in Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 610 | [[:d:Q4412222|Q4412222]] | [[Callorhinus]] | Callorhinus | 11 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callorhinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 611 | [[:d:Q612435|Q612435]] | [[Hemicyonidae]] | Hemicyonidae | 11 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 612 | [[:d:Q116894434|Q116894434]] | [[Neogale felipei]] | Neogale felipei | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 613 | [[:d:Q732045|Q732045]] | [[Cynodesmus]] | Cynodesmus | 11 | | [[File:A Lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota (1907) fig. 4.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 614 | [[:d:Q2193177|Q2193177]] | [[Tomarctus]] | Tomarctus | 11 | | [[File:Tomarctus temerarius.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 615 | [[:d:Q5815268|Q5815268]] | [[Dusicyon avus]] | Dusicyon avus | 11 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 616 | [[:d:Q431726|Q431726]] | [[Vulpes vulpes fulvus]] | Vulpes vulpes fulvus | 11 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes ssp fulvus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 617 | [[:d:Q790279|Q790279]] | [[Procyon lotor gloveralleni]] | Procyon lotor gloveralleni | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 618 | [[:d:Q12004829|Q12004829]] | [[South American canids]] | Cerdocyonina | 11 | | [[File:Cerdocyonina portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 619 | [[:d:Q146558|Q146558]] | [[Adelphailurus]] | Adelphailurus | 11 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 620 | [[:d:Q3836495|Q3836495]] | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | Lokotunjailurus | 11 | | [[File:Lokotunjailurus emageritus M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 8).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 621 | [[:d:Q18609695|Q18609695]] | [[Cephalogale]] | Cephalogale | 11 | | [[File:Phoberogale shareri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 622 | [[:d:Q2635292|Q2635292]] | [[Panthera pardus jarvisi]] | Panthera pardus jarvisi | 11 | | [[File:PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert leopard cropped.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 623 | [[:d:Q16981890|Q16981890]] | [[European Ice Age leopard]] | Panthera pardus spelaea | 11 | | [[File:Museo di storia naturale (Florence) - Panthera pardus spelaea 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 624 | [[:d:Q1759039|Q1759039]] | [[catto salvage cretese]] | Felis silvestris cretensis | 11 | | [[File:Felis silvestris cretensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 625 | [[:d:Q12642957|Q12642957]] | [[Neofelis diardi diardi]] | Neofelis diardi diardi | 11 | | [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een geschoten nevelpanter Deli TMnr 10017949.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis diardi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 626 | [[:d:Q9092022|Q9092022]] | [[Ursus arctos stikeenensis]] | Ursus arctos stikeenensis | 11 | | [[File:GrizzlyMussel1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 627 | [[:d:Q858849|Q858849]] | [[Canis lupus fuscus]] | Canis lupus fuscus | 11 | | [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. fuscus mod.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 628 | [[:d:Q2044684|Q2044684]] | [[Canis aureus indicus]] | Canis aureus indicus | 11 | | [[File:Golden Jackal - Corbett National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 629 | [[:d:Q5413529|Q5413529]] | [[European jackal]] | Canis aureus moreoticus | 11 | | [[File:Davutoğlan kuş cennetinde, Çakal gezintide (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 630 | [[:d:Q1791637|Q1791637]] | [[Stenoplesictidae]] | Stenoplesictidae | 10 | | [[File:Stenoplesictis cayluxi mandibles.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 631 | [[:d:Q4687717|Q4687717]] | [[Aeluroidea]] | Aeluroidea | 10 | | [[File:Panthera tigris corbetti 090901.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 632 | [[:d:Q19605886|Q19605886]] | [[Monachinae]] | Monachinae | 10 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 633 | [[:d:Q19715939|Q19715939]] | [[Neophoca]] | Neophoca | 10 | | [[File:Neophoca cinerea.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 634 | [[:d:Q2621026|Q2621026]] | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | Prosansanosmilus | 10 | | [[File:Prosansanosmilus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 635 | [[:d:Q10736022|Q10736022]] | [[Atilax]] | Atilax | 10 | | [[File:Marsh mongoose or water mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (22548192738).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 636 | [[:d:Q28432755|Q28432755]] | [[Maofelis]] | Maofelis | 10 | | [[File:Maofelis cantonensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 637 | [[:d:Q10281053|Q10281053]] | [[Feloidea]] | Feloidea | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 638 | [[:d:Q4779771|Q4779771]] | [[Ysengrinia]] | Ysengrinia | 10 | | [[File:Ysengrinia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 639 | [[:d:Q3702459|Q3702459]] | [[Daphoenus]] | Daphoenus | 10 | | [[File:Daphoenus vetus head.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 640 | [[:d:Q2258308|Q2258308]] | [[Ekorus ekakeran]] | Ekorus ekakeran | 10 | | [[File:Ekorus ekakeran.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ekorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 641 | [[:d:Q30097|Q30097]] | [[Putorius]] | Putorius | 10 | | [[File:Polecat in denmark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 642 | [[:d:Q41085321|Q41085321]] | [[Mustela richardsonii]] | Mustela richardsonii | 10 | | [[File:Ermine- Bacon Fiend (14083889879).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 643 | [[:d:Q40529359|Q40529359]] | [[Nasua olivacea]] | Nasua olivacea | 10 | | [[File:Nasua olivacea 112082177.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 644 | [[:d:Q7994332|Q7994332]] | [[white-footed fox]] | Vulpes vulpes pusilla | 10 | | [[File:White Footed Fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 645 | [[:d:Q20908043|Q20908043]] | [[Procyon lotor maynardi]] | Procyon lotor maynardi | 10 | | [[File:Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. l. insularis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 646 | [[:d:Q22286047|Q22286047]] | [[Sumatran dhole]] | Cuon alpinus sumatrensis | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 647 | [[:d:Q2330531|Q2330531]] | [[Phlaocyon]] | Phlaocyon | 10 | | [[File:Phlaocyon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 648 | [[:d:Q16350420|Q16350420]] | [[Ailuropoda baconi]] | Ailuropoda baconi | 10 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 649 | [[:d:Q2164563|Q2164563]] | [[Felis silvestris reyi]] | Felis silvestris reyi | 10 | | [[File:Felis silvestris reyi 05 MWNH 453.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 650 | [[:d:Q30593711|Q30593711]] | [[Carpathian lynx]] | Lynx lynx carpathicus | 10 | | [[File:Lynx lynx carpathicus Germany (standing).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 651 | [[:d:Q827183|Q827183]] | [[Lynx rufus escuinapae]] | Lynx rufus escuinapae | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 652 | [[:d:Q3661310|Q3661310]] | [[Lupo de Edward]] | Canis edwardii | 10 | | [[File:Canis edwardii 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 653 | [[:d:Q30682478|Q30682478]] | [[Canis etruscus]] | Canis etruscus | 10 | | [[File:Canisetr.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 654 | [[:d:Q2164302|Q2164302]] | [[Andean wolf]] | Dasycyon hagenbecki | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Dasycyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 655 | [[:d:Q276979|Q276979]] | [[Kretzoiarctos beatrix]] | Kretzoiarctos beatrix | 10 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kretzoiarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 656 | [[:d:Q6707383|Q6707383]] | [[Lycophocyon]] | Lycophocyon | 9 | | [[File:Lycophocyon skull lateral.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 657 | [[:d:Q6808432|Q6808432]] | [[Megalictis]] | Megalictis | 9 | | [[File:Megalictis skull.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 658 | [[:d:Q7086805|Q7086805]] | [[Oligobuninae]] | Oligobuninae | 9 | | [[File:Megalictis.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 659 | [[:d:Q18577902|Q18577902]] | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | Pinnipedimorpha | 9 | | [[File:Puijila darwini (fossil).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]]<br/>[[Pan-Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 660 | [[:d:Q61159913|Q61159913]] | [[Lophocyonidae]] | Lophocyonidae | 9 | | [[File:Lophocyon-paraskevaidisi-maxilla-LGPUT-THB-12-and-mandible-LGPUT-THB-1-HOLOTYPE-Chios.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 661 | [[:d:Q20721907|Q20721907]] | [[Otarioidea]] | Otarioidea | 9 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 662 | [[:d:Q4709265|Q4709265]] | [[Albanosmilus]] | Albanosmilus | 9 | | [[File:Albanosmilus jourdani - crani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 663 | [[:d:Q5381662|Q5381662]] | [[Eofelis]] | Eofelis | 9 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 664 | [[:d:Q3285787|Q3285787]] | [[Galerella nigrata]] | Galerella nigrata | 9 | | [[File:Black mongoose waterberg.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 665 | [[:d:Q3699888|Q3699888]] | [[Cynelos]] | Cynelos | 9 | | [[File:Cynelos lemanensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 666 | [[:d:Q13644959|Q13644959]] | [[Lobodontini]] | Lobodontini | 9 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 667 | [[:d:Q10747776|Q10747776]] | [[Chrysocyon]] | Chrysocyon | 9 | | [[File:Maned Wolf 11, Beardsley Zoo, 2009-11-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 668 | [[:d:Q16535326|Q16535326]] | [[Pusa hispida botnica]] | Pusa hispida botnica | 9 | | [[File:Baltische ringelrob.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 669 | [[:d:Q18419730|Q18419730]] | [[Parailurus]] | Parailurus | 9 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 670 | [[:d:Q16916505|Q16916505]] | [[Hemicyoninae]] | Hemicyoninae | 9 | | [[File:Plithocyon armagnacensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]]<br/>[[Hemicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 671 | [[:d:Q20817937|Q20817937]] | [[Pontolis]] | Pontolis | 9 | | [[File:Pontolis magnus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Imagotariinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 672 | [[:d:Q24514438|Q24514438]] | [[Afrosmilus]] | Afrosmilus | 9 | | [[File:Afrosmilus africanus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 673 | [[:d:Q2623898|Q2623898]] | [[caraval]] | Caracal caracal × Leptailurus serval | 9 | | [[File:Caraval (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 674 | [[:d:Q12278450|Q12278450]] | [[Rhizosmilodon]] | Rhizosmilodon | 9 | | [[File:Rhizosmilodon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 675 | [[:d:Q15890081|Q15890081]] | [[Homotherini]] | Homotherini | 9 | | [[File:Homotheriumtex1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 676 | [[:d:Q2164279|Q2164279]] | [[Procyon lotor insularis]] | Procyon lotor insularis | 9 | | [[File:Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. l. insularis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 677 | [[:d:Q2118325|Q2118325]] | [[Panthera toscana]] | Panthera toscana | 9 | | [[File:Panthera toscana 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 678 | [[:d:Q20907534|Q20907534]] | [[Ussuri dhole]] | Cuon alpinus alpinus | 9 | | [[File:Cuon alpinus alpinus.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 679 | [[:d:Q20679564|Q20679564]] | [[Pristinailurus]] | Pristinailurus | 9 | | [[File:Skull of Pristinailurus bristoli.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 680 | [[:d:Q7901157|Q7901157]] | [[Ursavini]] | Ursavini | 9 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 681 | [[:d:Q56289810|Q56289810]] | [[Panthera leo leo]] | Panthera leo leo | 9 | | [[File:Adult Asiatic Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 682 | [[:d:Q10943942|Q10943942]] | [[Neofelis diardi borneensis]] | Neofelis diardi borneensis | 9 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis diardi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 683 | [[:d:Q13228332|Q13228332]] | [[Ursus rossicus]] | Ursus rossicus | 9 | | [[File:Ursus rossicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 684 | [[:d:Q3884275|Q3884275]] | [[Lupo de Armbruster]] | Canis armbrusteri | 9 | | [[File:Canis ambrusteri skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 685 | [[:d:Q5033519|Q5033519]] | [[Cantabrian brown bear]] | Ursus arctos pyrenaicus | 9 | | [[File:Ursus arctos 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 686 | [[:d:Q2936376|Q2936376]] | [[Lupo russe]] | Canis lupus communis | 9 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 687 | [[:d:Q4378383|Q4378383]] | [[Lupo del Caspio]] | Canis lupus cubanensis | 9 | | [[File:Tierpark Sababurg Wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 688 | [[:d:Q21357325|Q21357325]] | [[Tibetan wolf]] | Canis lupus filchneri | 9 | | [[File:Tibetan Wolf By Stanzin (Stakpa) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 689 | [[:d:Q7586107|Q7586107]] | [[Sri Lankan jackal]] | Canis aureus naria | 9 | | [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Golden Jackal Female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 690 | [[:d:Q1955091|Q1955091]] | [[Cyrnaonyx]] | Cyrnaonyx | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 691 | [[:d:Q2177148|Q2177148]] | [[Plesictis]] | Plesictis | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 692 | [[:d:Q3704481|Q3704481]] | [[Deccanolestes]] | Deccanolestes | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 693 | [[:d:Q3775516|Q3775516]] | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | Adapisoriculidae | 8 | | [[File:Bustylus marandati lower jaw fragment.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 694 | [[:d:Q27203130|Q27203130]] | [[Pekania]] | Pekania | 8 | | [[File:Fishers (14584727897).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]]<br/>[[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 695 | [[:d:Q33138060|Q33138060]] | [[Semantoridae]] | Semantoridae | 8 | | [[File:Puijila darwini (fossil).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 696 | [[:d:Q593613|Q593613]] | [[Thalassoleon]] | Thalassoleon | 8 | | [[File:Thalassoleon mexicanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 697 | [[:d:Q3785908|Q3785908]] | [[Histriophoca]] | Histriophoca | 8 | | [[File:Bandrobbe2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 698 | [[:d:Q24000491|Q24000491]] | [[Phocinae]] | Phocinae | 8 | | [[File:Seal, Isle of Skye (2792634170).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 699 | [[:d:Q5563265|Q5563265]] | [[Ginsburgsmilus]] | Ginsburgsmilus | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 700 | [[:d:Q11884539|Q11884539]] | [[Nimravinae]] | Nimravinae | 8 | | [[File:Dinictis felina, South Dakota, USA, Early Oligocene - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00117.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 701 | [[:d:Q87582940|Q87582940]] | [[Genettinae]] | Genettinae | 8 | | [[File:Large-spotted Genet (Genetta tigrina) (17356502041) (crop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 702 | [[:d:Q3702458|Q3702458]] | [[Daphoenodon]] | Daphoenodon | 8 | | [[File:Large osborn daphaenus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 703 | [[:d:Q4748243|Q4748243]] | [[Amphicyoninae]] | Amphicyoninae | 8 | | [[File:Ysengrinia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 704 | [[:d:Q5581272|Q5581272]] | [[Gomphotaria]] | Gomphotaria | 8 | | [[File:Gomphotaria pugnax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 705 | [[:d:Q41083655|Q41083655]] | [[Genetta felina]] | Genetta felina | 8 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo) (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 706 | [[:d:Q1635102|Q1635102]] | [[Desmatophoca]] | Desmatophoca | 8 | | [[File:Desmatophoca oregonensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 707 | [[:d:Q4779756|Q4779756]] | [[Pseudocyon]] | Pseudocyon | 8 | | [[File:Pseudocyon sansaniensis.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 708 | [[:d:Q28065031|Q28065031]] | [[Guangxicyon]] | Guangxicyon | 8 | | [[File:Guangxicyon sinoamericanus lower jaw 01.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 709 | [[:d:Q16863893|Q16863893]] | [[Quercylurus]] | Quercylurus | 8 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 710 | [[:d:Q12139554|Q12139554]] | [[Vormela]] | Vormela | 8 | | [[File:Marbled polecat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 711 | [[:d:Q3693628|Q3693628]] | [[Cormocyon]] | Cormocyon | 8 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 712 | [[:d:Q3976409|Q3976409]] | [[Styriofelis]] | Styriofelis | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 713 | [[:d:Q19817116|Q19817116]] | [[Cuon]] | Cuon | 8 | | [[File:Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 714 | [[:d:Q28432831|Q28432831]] | [[Yoshi]] | Yoshi | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 715 | [[:d:Q56328043|Q56328043]] | [[Stenogale]] | Stenogale | 8 | | [[File:Stenogale intermedia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 716 | [[:d:Q11905381|Q11905381]] | [[Amphictis]] | Amphictis | 8 | | [[File:Amphictis antiqua.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 717 | [[:d:Q1647846|Q1647846]] | [[Viverra leakeyi]] | Viverra leakeyi | 8 | | [[File:Viverra leakeyi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 718 | [[:d:Q28529641|Q28529641]] | [[Siamogale melilutra]] | Siamogale melilutra | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Siamogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 719 | [[:d:Q3295059|Q3295059]] | [[Vulpes riffautae]] | Vulpes riffautae | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 720 | [[:d:Q17343027|Q17343027]] | [[Vulpes qiuzhudingi]] | Vulpes qiuzhudingi | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 721 | [[:d:Q9029652|Q9029652]] | [[Martes zibellina brachyura]] | Martes zibellina brachyura | 8 | | [[File:Wiki-ezokuroten1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 722 | [[:d:Q6723386|Q6723386]] | [[Machairodontini]] | Machairodontini | 8 | | [[File:Homotheriumtex1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 723 | [[:d:Q2486786|Q2486786]] | [[Phlaocyonini]] | Phlaocyonini | 8 | | [[File:Phlaocyon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 724 | [[:d:Q2712794|Q2712794]] | [[Cerdocyon avius]] | Cerdocyon avius | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 725 | [[:d:Q519097|Q519097]] | [[Vulpes vulpes ichnusae]] | Vulpes vulpes ichnusae | 8 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes ichnusae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 726 | [[:d:Q1039294|Q1039294]] | [[Vulpes vulpes japonica]] | Vulpes vulpes japonica | 8 | | [[File:202309 Japanese red fox.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 727 | [[:d:Q7855432|Q7855432]] | [[Turkmenian fox]] | Vulpes vulpes flavescens | 8 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes flavescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 728 | [[:d:Q2569639|Q2569639]] | [[Oncifelis]] | Oncifelis | 8 | | [[File:Salzkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 729 | [[:d:Q96575311|Q96575311]] | [[Leopardus garleppi]] | Leopardus garleppi | 8 | | [[File:Leopardus garleppi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 730 | [[:d:Q120514490|Q120514490]] | [[Leopardus narinensis]] | Leopardus narinensis | 8 | | [[File:Leopardus narinensis and tigrina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 731 | [[:d:Q123039002|Q123039002]] | [[Leopardus fasciatus]] | Leopardus fasciatus | 8 | | [[File:Uruguayan Pantanal Cat imported from iNaturalist photo 117171659 on 2 August 2024.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 732 | [[:d:Q9293762|Q9293762]] | [[jaglion]] | Panthera onca × Panthera leo | 8 | | [[File:Jaglion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 733 | [[:d:Q19840927|Q19840927]] | [[Tien Shan dhole]] | Cuon alpinus hesperius | 8 | | [[File:Siberian wild dog.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 734 | [[:d:Q20720148|Q20720148]] | [[Somali wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus somalicus | 8 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02650.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 735 | [[:d:Q20907545|Q20907545]] | [[West African wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus manguensis | 8 | | [[File:West African Wild Dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 736 | [[:d:Q6808419|Q6808419]] | [[Megalenhydris barbaricina]] | Megalenhydris barbaricina | 8 | | [[File:D2627 Megalenhydris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megalenhydris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 737 | [[:d:Q89502501|Q89502501]] | [[Ailurus styani]] | Ailurus styani | 8 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens styani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 738 | [[:d:Q7205035|Q7205035]] | [[Plithocyon]] | Plithocyon | 8 | | [[File:Plithocyon armagnacensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 739 | [[:d:Q18202820|Q18202820]] | [[Ballusia]] | Ballusia | 8 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 740 | [[:d:Q3241788|Q3241788]] | [[Panthera leo vereshchagini]] | Panthera leo vereshchagini | 8 | | [[File:Panthera leo spelaea in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 741 | [[:d:Q3768957|Q3768957]] | [[Panthera onca palustris]] | Panthera onca palustris | 8 | | [[File:Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) female Piquiri River 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 742 | [[:d:Q20644616|Q20644616]] | [[Canis mosbachensis]] | Canis mosbachensis | 8 | | [[File:Canis lupus mosbachensis Würzburg-Schalksberg 1 (mod).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 743 | [[:d:Q20907605|Q20907605]] | [[Ursus americanus luteolus]] | Ursus americanus luteolus | 8 | | [[File:BlackBear2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 744 | [[:d:Q618005|Q618005]] | [[Canis lupus mogollonensis]] | Canis lupus mogollonensis | 8 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. mogollonensis ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 745 | [[:d:Q2118426|Q2118426]] | [[Canis lupus gregoryi]] | Canis lupus gregoryi | 8 | | [[File:Red Wolf LO5S5245 original.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 746 | [[:d:Q5402505|Q5402505]] | [[Lupo del planas]] | Canis latrans latrans | 8 | | [[File:Canis latrans latrans Pennington County SD.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 747 | [[:d:Q3516403|Q3516403]] | [[Taxidiinae]] | Taxidiinae | 7 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 748 | [[:d:Q3973471|Q3973471]] | [[Sthenictis]] | Sthenictis | 7 | | [[File:Sthenictis1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 749 | [[:d:Q3785314|Q3785314]] | [[Herpestinae]] | Herpestinae | 7 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 750 | [[:d:Q15039839|Q15039839]] | [[Lycyaena]] | Lycyaena | 7 | | [[File:Lycyaena gr choerotis macrostoma.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 751 | [[:d:Q5221764|Q5221764]] | [[Daphoeninae]] | Daphoeninae | 7 | | [[File:Large osborn daphaenus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 752 | [[:d:Q7095037|Q7095037]] | [[Ontocetus]] | Ontocetus | 7 | | [[File:Ontocetus emmonsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 753 | [[:d:Q7205024|Q7205024]] | [[Pliopedia]] | Pliopedia | 7 | | [[File:Pliopedia pacifica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 754 | [[:d:Q7698158|Q7698158]] | [[Temnocyon]] | Temnocyon | 7 | | [[File:Temnocyon ferox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 755 | [[:d:Q7910699|Q7910699]] | [[Valenictus]] | Valenictus | 7 | | [[File:Valenictus chulavistensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 756 | [[:d:Q27486944|Q27486944]] | [[Angelarctocyon]] | Angelarctocyon | 7 | | [[File:Angelarctocyon australis dentary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 757 | [[:d:Q18325178|Q18325178]] | [[Chrotogale]] | Chrotogale | 7 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 758 | [[:d:Q19817059|Q19817059]] | [[Arctictis]] | Arctictis | 7 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 759 | [[:d:Q19817068|Q19817068]] | [[Arctogalidia]] | Arctogalidia | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 760 | [[:d:Q4693297|Q4693297]] | [[Agnotherium]] | Agnotherium | 7 | | [[File:Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz- (8)-Bärenhund-Agnotherium antiquum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 761 | [[:d:Q11950979|Q11950979]] | [[Taxidea]] | Taxidea | 7 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Taxidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 762 | [[:d:Q115867490|Q115867490]] | [[Spilogale yucatanensis]] | Spilogale yucatanensis | 7 | | [[File:Southern spotted skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 763 | [[:d:Q2307664|Q2307664]] | [[Acrophoca longirostris]] | Acrophoca longirostris | 7 | | [[File:Acrophoca BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acrophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 764 | [[:d:Q4682833|Q4682833]] | [[Adilophontes]] | Adilophontes | 7 | | [[File:Adilophontes brachycolos.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 765 | [[:d:Q104528100|Q104528100]] | [[Mustela aistoodonnivalis]] | Mustela aistoodonnivalis | 7 | | [[File:Mustela aistoodonnivalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 766 | [[:d:Q583006|Q583006]] | [[Otarocyon]] | Otarocyon | 7 | | [[File:Otarocyon cooki.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 767 | [[:d:Q3909942|Q3909942]] | [[Pratifelis]] | Pratifelis | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 768 | [[:d:Q7782990|Q7782990]] | [[Theriodictis]] | Theriodictis | 7 | | [[File:Museo Malvinas - Cráneo fósil de Theriodictis platensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 769 | [[:d:Q21002394|Q21002394]] | [[Suphalak]] | Feline catus | 7 | | [[File:Suphalak Female in Thailand named AumDaengManee.jpg|center|48px]] | [[cat breed]] | [[catto domestic]] | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 770 | [[:d:Q30894451|Q30894451]] | [[Miopanthera]] | Miopanthera | 7 | | [[File:(MHNT) Miopanthera lorteti (Gaillard, 1899) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 771 | [[:d:Q20679566|Q20679566]] | [[Ailurinae]] | Ailurinae | 7 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens - Karlsruhe Zoo 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 772 | [[:d:Q107473188|Q107473188]] | [[Melogale subaurantiaca]] | Melogale subaurantiaca | 7 | | [[File:Melogale subaurantiaca 151917951.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 773 | [[:d:Q7423823|Q7423823]] | [[Sardolutra]] | Sardolutra | 7 | | [[File:D2740 Sardolutra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 774 | [[:d:Q2164552|Q2164552]] | [[Arctictis binturong whitei]] | Arctictis binturong whitei | 7 | | [[File:Palawan bearcat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 775 | [[:d:Q21968197|Q21968197]] | [[Procyon minor]] | Procyon minor | 7 | | [[File:Procyon minor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 776 | [[:d:Q3441656|Q3441656]] | [[Parictis]] | Parictis | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 777 | [[:d:Q11996479|Q11996479]] | [[Acinonychini]] | Acinonychini | 7 | | [[File:8th Place - Mountain Lion (7487178290).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 778 | [[:d:Q19817049|Q19817049]] | [[Profelis]] | Profelis | 7 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 779 | [[:d:Q3395884|Q3395884]] | [[Urocyon progressus]] | Urocyon progressus | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 780 | [[:d:Q3855276|Q3855276]] | [[Mesocyon]] | Mesocyon | 7 | | [[File:Mesocyon (white background).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 781 | [[:d:Q5045846|Q5045846]] | [[Carpocyon]] | Carpocyon | 7 | | [[File:Carpocyon webbi.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 782 | [[:d:Q16956581|Q16956581]] | [[Rhizocyon]] | Rhizocyon | 7 | | | [[taxon monotypic]]<br/>[[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 783 | [[:d:Q7511533|Q7511533]] | [[Sierra Nevada red fox]] | Vulpes vulpes necator | 7 | | [[File:Sierra Nevada Red Fox, Lassen Volcanic National Park- Keith Slausen USFS 2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 784 | [[:d:Q9095072|Q9095072]] | [[Vulpes vulpes crucigera]] | Vulpes vulpes crucigera | 7 | | [[File:Red Fox drinking from a lake in Gennevilliers, France.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 785 | [[:d:Q16623301|Q16623301]] | [[Puma pumoides]] | Puma pumoides | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 786 | [[:d:Q112245916|Q112245916]] | [[Puma lacustris]] | Puma lacustris | 7 | | [[File:Puma lacustris holotype.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 787 | [[:d:Q124399735|Q124399735]] | [[Leopardus pardinoides]] | Leopardus pardinoides | 7 | | [[File:Leopardus pardinoides 338585769.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]]<br/>[[Oncifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 788 | [[:d:Q18926249|Q18926249]] | [[Cuon alpinus europaeus]] | Cuon alpinus europaeus | 7 | | [[File:Cuon alpinus Cova Negra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 789 | [[:d:Q20686185|Q20686185]] | [[Chadian wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus sharicus | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 790 | [[:d:Q20907543|Q20907543]] | [[Cape wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus pictus | 7 | | [[File:African wild dog lycaon pictus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 791 | [[:d:Q20907544|Q20907544]] | [[East African wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus lupinus | 7 | | [[File:Laika ac African Wild Dog (9882202246) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 792 | [[:d:Q20980826|Q20980826]] | [[Felis catus]] | Felis catus | 7 | | [[File:Cat November 2010-1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]]<br/>[[invasive species]]<br/>[[species aggregate]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 793 | [[:d:Q56605486|Q56605486]] | [[Panthera shawi]] | Panthera shawi | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 794 | [[:d:Q3699883|Q3699883]] | [[Cynarctoides]] | Cynarctoides | 7 | | [[File:Cynarctoides.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 795 | [[:d:Q4033270|Q4033270]] | [[Acinonyx aicha]] | Acinonyx aicha | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 796 | [[:d:Q7640416|Q7640416]] | [[Sunkahetanka geringensis]] | Sunkahetanka geringensis | 7 | | [[File:Sunkahetanka geringensis.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sunkahetanka]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 797 | [[:d:Q17024721|Q17024721]] | [[Dinocyon]] | Dinocyon | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 798 | [[:d:Q19817117|Q19817117]] | [[Helarctos]] | Helarctos | 7 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 799 | [[:d:Q3893467|Q3893467]] | [[Panthera leo verneyi]] | Panthera leo verneyi | 7 | | [[File:Lion at krugerpark.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 800 | [[:d:Q55435725|Q55435725]] | [[Sunda Island tiger]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 7 | | [[File:Sumatratiger-004.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 801 | [[:d:Q2710439|Q2710439]] | [[Panthera onca mesembrina]] | Panthera onca mesembrina | 7 | | [[File:Panthera onca mesembrina JF.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 802 | [[:d:Q3768960|Q3768960]] | [[Panthera onca hernandesii]] | Panthera onca hernandesii | 7 | | [[File:Panthera onca hernandesii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 803 | [[:d:Q5442079|Q5442079]] | [[Felis chaus affinis]] | Felis chaus affinis | 7 | | [[File:Felis chaus affinis (walk).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 804 | [[:d:Q9055126|Q9055126]] | [[Panthera onca veraecruscis]] | Panthera onca veraecruscis | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 805 | [[:d:Q1388482|Q1388482]] | [[Ursus inopinatus]] | Ursus inopinatus | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 806 | [[:d:Q30693320|Q30693320]] | [[Ursus ingressus]] | Ursus ingressus | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 807 | [[:d:Q3621833|Q3621833]] | [[Arctodus pristinus]] | Arctodus pristinus | 7 | | [[File:Arctodus pristinus mandible ANSP 98.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 808 | [[:d:Q61622321|Q61622321]] | [[Ursus arctos priscus]] | Ursus arctos priscus | 7 | | [[File:Fossil theriofauna from the Sudety Mts (SW Poland) (fig. 2).png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 809 | [[:d:Q5032447|Q5032447]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis lupus dingo | 7 | | [[File:Dingo on the road.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 810 | [[:d:Q20720561|Q20720561]] | [[Megafaunal wolf]] | Canis cf. lupus | 7 | | [[File:Canis lupus spelaeus holotype.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[prehistoric mammal]] | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 811 | [[:d:Q3655368|Q3655368]] | [[Canis aureus aureus]] | Canis aureus aureus | 7 | | [[File:Golden jackal in Otyrar District 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 812 | [[:d:Q7663269|Q7663269]] | [[Syrian jackal]] | Canis aureus syriacus | 7 | | [[File:Canis aureus syriacus 114837596.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 813 | [[:d:Q59507318|Q59507318]] | [[Sicilian wolf]] | Canis lupus cristaldii | 7 | | [[File:Canis lupus cristaldii distribution.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 814 | [[:d:Q3906722|Q3906722]] | [[Pliophoca]] | Pliophoca | 6 | | [[File:Phocidae - Pliophoca etrusca-001.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 815 | [[:d:Q309741|Q309741]] | [[Kanuites]] | Kanuites | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 816 | [[:d:Q5277916|Q5277916]] | [[Dinailurictis]] | Dinailurictis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 817 | [[:d:Q10772632|Q10772632]] | [[Ichneumia]] | Ichneumia | 6 | | [[File:White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 818 | [[:d:Q1113347|Q1113347]] | [[Stenoplesictis]] | Stenoplesictis | 6 | | [[File:Stenoplesictis cayluxi mandibles.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 819 | [[:d:Q4699376|Q4699376]] | [[Aivukus]] | Aivukus | 6 | | [[File:Aivukus cedrosensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 820 | [[:d:Q7698159|Q7698159]] | [[Temnocyoninae]] | Temnocyoninae | 6 | | [[File:Temnocyon ferox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 821 | [[:d:Q108462981|Q108462981]] | [[Gustafsonia]] | Gustafsonia | 6 | | [[File:Miacisreconstructedskull2.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 822 | [[:d:Q19817073|Q19817073]] | [[Macrogalidia]] | Macrogalidia | 6 | | [[File:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 823 | [[:d:Q19817078|Q19817078]] | [[Cynogale]] | Cynogale | 6 | | [[File:Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 824 | [[:d:Q19817081|Q19817081]] | [[Hemigalus]] | Hemigalus | 6 | | [[File:Hemigalus derbyanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 825 | [[:d:Q4723954|Q4723954]] | [[Algarolutra]] | Algarolutra | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 826 | [[:d:Q19817086|Q19817086]] | [[Viverricula]] | Viverricula | 6 | | [[File:Viverricula indica schlegelii 1868.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 827 | [[:d:Q27997794|Q27997794]] | [[Herpestes ochraceus]] | Herpestes ochraceus | 6 | | [[File:HerpestesOchraceusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 828 | [[:d:Q28533150|Q28533150]] | [[Siamogale]] | Siamogale | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 829 | [[:d:Q65120443|Q65120443]] | [[Semigenetta]] | Semigenetta | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 830 | [[:d:Q3363458|Q3363458]] | [[Parahyaena]] | Parahyaena | 6 | | [[File:Parahyaena brunnea 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 831 | [[:d:Q7254250|Q7254250]] | [[Pseudarctos]] | Pseudarctos | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 832 | [[:d:Q11683729|Q11683729]] | [[Ischyrocyon]] | Ischyrocyon | 6 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 833 | [[:d:Q25400575|Q25400575]] | [[Magericyon]] | Magericyon | 6 | | [[File:Magericyon anceps - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 834 | [[:d:Q31507|Q31507]] | [[Neotherium mirum]] | Neotherium mirum | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Neotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 835 | [[:d:Q7134070|Q7134070]] | [[Paradaphoenus]] | Paradaphoenus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 836 | [[:d:Q8073240|Q8073240]] | [[Zodiolestes]] | Zodiolestes | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 837 | [[:d:Q14943214|Q14943214]] | [[Ursoidea]] | Ursoidea | 6 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 838 | [[:d:Q17113931|Q17113931]] | [[Monotherium]] | Monotherium | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 839 | [[:d:Q3906719|Q3906719]] | [[Pliocrocuta perrieri]] | Pliocrocuta perrieri | 6 | | [[File:Pliocrocuta perrieri - skull.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pliocrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 840 | [[:d:Q1793106|Q1793106]] | [[Phoca vitulina stejnegeri]] | Phoca vitulina stejnegeri | 6 | | [[File:Antur 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 841 | [[:d:Q3886374|Q3886374]] | [[Osbornodon]] | Osbornodon | 6 | | [[File:Osbornodon iamonensis FLMNH.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 842 | [[:d:Q137294965|Q137294965]] | [[Mustela mopbie]] | Mustela mopbie | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 843 | [[:d:Q7134476|Q7134476]] | [[Paradoxurus aureus]] | Paradoxurus aureus | 6 | | [[File:Smit.Paradoxurus aureus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 844 | [[:d:Q18923190|Q18923190]] | [[Paradoxurus philippinensis]] | Paradoxurus philippinensis | 6 | | [[File:Paradoxurus philippinensis 166221506.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 845 | [[:d:Q19298222|Q19298222]] | [[Paradoxurus musanga]] | Paradoxurus musanga | 6 | | [[File:Paradoxurus musanga (side).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 846 | [[:d:Q1607831|Q1607831]] | [[Herpestes javanicus palustris]] | Herpestes javanicus palustris | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 847 | [[:d:Q22285838|Q22285838]] | [[Eupleres major]] | Eupleres major | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 848 | [[:d:Q5102561|Q5102561]] | [[Vulpes skinneri]] | Vulpes skinneri | 6 | | [[File:Vulpes skinneri mandible.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 849 | [[:d:Q11691227|Q11691227]] | [[Martes flavigula indochinensis]] | Martes flavigula indochinensis | 6 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 850 | [[:d:Q9001446|Q9001446]] | [[Gulo gulo luscus]] | Gulo gulo luscus | 6 | | [[File:Wolverine on rock.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 851 | [[:d:Q9047282|Q9047282]] | [[Mustela erminea nippon]] | Mustela erminea nippon | 6 | | [[File:Mustela erminea nippon on backpack.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 852 | [[:d:Q25095338|Q25095338]] | [[Plesiogulo]] | Plesiogulo | 6 | | [[File:Plesiogulo brachygnathus - snhm191.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ischyrictini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 853 | [[:d:Q124254177|Q124254177]] | [[Magerifelis]] | Magerifelis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 854 | [[:d:Q21368828|Q21368828]] | [[Promegantereon]] | Promegantereon | 6 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 855 | [[:d:Q55391043|Q55391043]] | [[Tchadailurus]] | Tchadailurus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 856 | [[:d:Q3699884|Q3699884]] | [[Cynarctus]] | Cynarctus | 6 | | [[File:Cynarctus.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 857 | [[:d:Q3718788|Q3718788]] | [[Ectopocynus]] | Ectopocynus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 858 | [[:d:Q4946288|Q4946288]] | [[Borophagini]] | Borophagini | 6 | | [[File:Aelurodon taxoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 859 | [[:d:Q5016794|Q5016794]] | [[Caedocyon]] | Caedocyon | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 860 | [[:d:Q5815270|Q5815270]] | [[Dusicyon cultridens]] | Dusicyon cultridens | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 861 | [[:d:Q16952940|Q16952940]] | [[Oxetocyon]] | Oxetocyon | 6 | | [[File:Oxetocyon range.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 862 | [[:d:Q773688|Q773688]] | [[Vulpes vulpes vulpes]] | Vulpes vulpes vulpes | 6 | | [[File:Portrait of a red fox in Rautas fjällurskog (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 863 | [[:d:Q4117770|Q4117770]] | [[Vulpes vulpes barbara]] | Vulpes vulpes barbara | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 864 | [[:d:Q9095066|Q9095066]] | [[Vulpes vulpes cascadensis]] | Vulpes vulpes cascadensis | 6 | | [[File:Collared (7030763293).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 865 | [[:d:Q9095106|Q9095106]] | [[Vulpes vulpes montana]] | Vulpes vulpes montana | 6 | | [[File:Keulemans hill fox.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 866 | [[:d:Q10803425|Q10803425]] | [[Otocyon]] | Otocyon | 6 | | [[File:Otocyon megalotis (Namibia).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | [[Vulpe]] | [[Vulpini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 867 | [[:d:Q3021005|Q3021005]] | [[Panthera crassidens]] | Panthera crassidens | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 868 | [[:d:Q5230606|Q5230606]] | [[Felis attica]] | Felis attica | 6 | | [[File:Felis attica skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 869 | [[:d:Q15294488|Q15294488]] | [[Felis leo]] | Felis leo | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 870 | [[:d:Q21220510|Q21220510]] | [[Stenailurus]] | Stenailurus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 871 | [[:d:Q20907578|Q20907578]] | [[Urocyon littoralis santacruzae]] | Urocyon littoralis santacruzae | 6 | | [[File:Urocyon littoralis santacruzae (Santa Cruz island fox) FWS 007.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 872 | [[:d:Q30693238|Q30693238]] | [[Lynx spelaea]] | Lynx spelaea | 6 | | [[File:Lynx spelaea Cueva de los Moros.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 873 | [[:d:Q4946287|Q4946287]] | [[Borophagina]] | Borophagina | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 874 | [[:d:Q7186298|Q7186298]] | [[Philotrox condoni]] | Philotrox condoni | 6 | | [[File:Philotrox condoni.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Philotrox]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 875 | [[:d:Q8262837|Q8262837]] | [[Caracal caracal schmitzi]] | Caracal caracal schmitzi | 6 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 876 | [[:d:Q55621783|Q55621783]] | [[Mainland Asian tiger]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 6 | | [[File:Panthera tigris7.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 877 | [[:d:Q2882076|Q2882076]] | [[Panthera onca goldmani]] | Panthera onca goldmani | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 878 | [[:d:Q3655943|Q3655943]] | [[Sardinian lynx]] | Lynx lynx sardiniae | 6 | | | [[extinct taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 879 | [[:d:Q3768893|Q3768893]] | [[Panthera onca paraguensis]] | Panthera onca paraguensis | 6 | | [[File:Panthera onca palustris (2).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 880 | [[:d:Q3768898|Q3768898]] | [[Panthera onca onca]] | Panthera onca onca | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 881 | [[:d:Q3768922|Q3768922]] | [[Panthera onca centralis]] | Panthera onca centralis | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 882 | [[:d:Q5035205|Q5035205]] | [[Leptailurus serval serval]] | Leptailurus serval serval | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 883 | [[:d:Q5471368|Q5471368]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi cacomitli]] | Puma yagouaroundi cacomitli | 6 | | [[File:Herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 884 | [[:d:Q7071001|Q7071001]] | [[Nyctereutes abdeslami]] | Nyctereutes abdeslami | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 885 | [[:d:Q21356805|Q21356805]] | [[Agriarctos]] | Agriarctos | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 886 | [[:d:Q20717272|Q20717272]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | Canis familiaris | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 887 | [[:d:Q30682080|Q30682080]] | [[Canis arnensis]] | Canis arnensis | 6 | | [[File:Canis arnensis 4.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 888 | [[:d:Q3752453|Q3752453]] | [[Ursus arctos alascensis]] | Ursus arctos alascensis | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 889 | [[:d:Q48995852|Q48995852]] | [[Cave wolf]] | Canis lupus spelaeus | 6 | | [[File:Biochronology of Polish canids (late Pliocene to Holocene) - C. l. spelaeus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 890 | [[:d:Q6804141|Q6804141]] | [[Canis latrans mearnsi]] | Canis latrans mearnsi | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Canis latrans mearnsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 891 | [[:d:Q11911981|Q11911981]] | [[Canis latrans ochropus]] | Canis latrans ochropus | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Beverley Hills CA.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 892 | [[:d:Q18128816|Q18128816]] | [[Canis latrans thamnos]] | Canis latrans thamnos | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Union Station.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 893 | [[:d:Q20907491|Q20907491]] | [[Canis aureus cruesemanni]] | Canis aureus cruesemanni | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 894 | [[:d:Q3305190|Q3305190]] | [[Mellivorinae]] | Mellivorinae | 5 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 895 | [[:d:Q3605635|Q3605635]] | [[Asiavorator]] | Asiavorator | 5 | | [[File:Asiavorator gracilis limbs.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 896 | [[:d:Q3762001|Q3762001]] | [[Eosictis]] | Eosictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 897 | [[:d:Q9708646|Q9708646]] | [[Nandiniidae]] | Nandiniidae | 5 | | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 898 | [[:d:Q15115406|Q15115406]] | [[Hadrokirus]] | Hadrokirus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 899 | [[:d:Q16919139|Q16919139]] | [[Piscophoca]] | Piscophoca | 5 | | [[File:Piscophoca pacifica.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 900 | [[:d:Q19817140|Q19817140]] | [[Otaria]] | Otaria | 5 | | [[File:Mähnenrobben (auch Südamerikanischer Seelöwe - Otaria flavescens) (Peninsula de Valdes, Jan 1984).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 901 | [[:d:Q1328566|Q1328566]] | [[Promephitis]] | Promephitis | 5 | | [[File:Promephitis sp. skull - Batallones 3 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 902 | [[:d:Q3906723|Q3906723]] | [[Plioviverrops]] | Plioviverrops | 5 | | [[File:Plioviverrops faventinus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 903 | [[:d:Q16183098|Q16183098]] | [[Nanosmilus]] | Nanosmilus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 904 | [[:d:Q85989880|Q85989880]] | [[Oriensmilus]] | Oriensmilus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 905 | [[:d:Q114701730|Q114701730]] | [[Pangurban]] | Pangurban | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 906 | [[:d:Q137299275|Q137299275]] | [[Taotienimravus]] | Taotienimravus | 5 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 907 | [[:d:Q4690064|Q4690064]] | [[Africanictis]] | Africanictis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 908 | [[:d:Q7161149|Q7161149]] | [[Pelagiarctos]] | Pelagiarctos | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 909 | [[:d:Q29381283|Q29381283]] | [[Imagotaria]] | Imagotaria | 5 | | [[File:Imagotaria downsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 910 | [[:d:Q48557894|Q48557894]] | [[Archaeodobenus]] | Archaeodobenus | 5 | | [[File:Archaeodobenus restoration.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 911 | [[:d:Q67153819|Q67153819]] | [[Nanodobenus]] | Nanodobenus | 5 | | [[File:Nanodobenus arandai mandible.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 912 | [[:d:Q110266169|Q110266169]] | [[Dusignathus]] | Dusignathus | 5 | | [[File:Dusignathus santacruzensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 913 | [[:d:Q10760579|Q10760579]] | [[Galidia]] | Galidia | 5 | | [[File:Stavenn Galidia elegans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 914 | [[:d:Q19817074|Q19817074]] | [[Paguma]] | Paguma | 5 | | [[File:Palm civet on tree (detail).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 915 | [[:d:Q19817094|Q19817094]] | [[Mungotictis]] | Mungotictis | 5 | | [[File:Schmalstreifenmungo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 916 | [[:d:Q19758218|Q19758218]] | [[Satherium]] | Satherium | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 917 | [[:d:Q30892873|Q30892873]] | [[Herpestes auropunctatus]] | Herpestes auropunctatus | 5 | | [[File:Huirimongoose2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 918 | [[:d:Q4781890|Q4781890]] | [[Pliocyon]] | Pliocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 919 | [[:d:Q4953387|Q4953387]] | [[Brachycyon]] | Brachycyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 920 | [[:d:Q30592526|Q30592526]] | [[Eomellivora]] | Eomellivora | 5 | | [[File:Eomellivora species.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 921 | [[:d:Q55341828|Q55341828]] | [[Pliotaxidea]] | Pliotaxidea | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taxidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 922 | [[:d:Q6745736|Q6745736]] | [[Mammacyon]] | Mammacyon | 5 | | [[File:Mammacyon obtusidens.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Temnocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 923 | [[:d:Q7062942|Q7062942]] | [[Nothocyon geismarianus]] | Nothocyon geismarianus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nothocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 924 | [[:d:Q7086806|Q7086806]] | [[Oligobunis]] | Oligobunis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 925 | [[:d:Q16964564|Q16964564]] | [[Brachyrhynchocyon]] | Brachyrhynchocyon | 5 | | [[File:Brachyrhynchocyon cropped 2.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 926 | [[:d:Q41152037|Q41152037]] | [[Callophoca]] | Callophoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 927 | [[:d:Q15631638|Q15631638]] | [[Eira]] | Eira | 5 | | [[File:Eira barbara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 928 | [[:d:Q16948102|Q16948102]] | [[Leptophoca]] | Leptophoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 929 | [[:d:Q30693570|Q30693570]] | [[Platyphoca]] | Platyphoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 930 | [[:d:Q104530185|Q104530185]] | [[Jinomrefu]] | Jinomrefu | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 931 | [[:d:Q3893367|Q3893367]] | [[Pannonictis]] | Pannonictis | 5 | | [[File:Pannonictis nestii.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 932 | [[:d:Q3725386|Q3725386]] | [[Enhydrocyon]] | Enhydrocyon | 5 | | [[File:A Lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota (1907) fig. 6.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 933 | [[:d:Q3756923|Q3756923]] | [[Chailicyon]] | Chailicyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 934 | [[:d:Q12047050|Q12047050]] | [[Proailurinae]] | Proailurinae | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 935 | [[:d:Q48773165|Q48773165]] | [[Hyperailurictis]] | Hyperailurictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 936 | [[:d:Q1502692|Q1502692]] | [[Pusa hispida saimensis]] | Pusa hispida saimensis | 5 | | [[File:Pusa hispida saimensis 304551354.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 937 | [[:d:Q6048872|Q6048872]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus divergens]] | Odobenus rosmarus divergens | 5 | | [[File:Walrus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 938 | [[:d:Q6048875|Q6048875]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus]] | Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus | 5 | | [[File:'Thor' the Walrus at Blyth Harbour, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 939 | [[:d:Q5907226|Q5907226]] | [[Hose's mongoose]] | Herpestes brachyurus hosei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 940 | [[:d:Q18578655|Q18578655]] | [[Alopecocyon]] | Alopecocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 941 | [[:d:Q127599093|Q127599093]] | [[Lontra annectens]] | Lontra annectens | 5 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis 236215952.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 942 | [[:d:Q108422513|Q108422513]] | [[Mellivora benfieldi]] | Mellivora benfieldi | 5 | | [[File:Mellivora benfieldi mandible.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 943 | [[:d:Q9029584|Q9029584]] | [[Martes flavigula borealis]] | Martes flavigula borealis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 944 | [[:d:Q9029588|Q9029588]] | [[Martes flavigula chrysospila]] | Martes flavigula chrysospila | 5 | | [[File:台灣黃喉貂Formosan yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 945 | [[:d:Q9029590|Q9029590]] | [[Martes flavigula flavigula]] | Martes flavigula flavigula | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 946 | [[:d:Q9029607|Q9029607]] | [[Martes flavigula saba]] | Martes flavigula saba | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 947 | [[:d:Q511973|Q511973]] | [[Meles meles meles]] | Meles meles meles | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 948 | [[:d:Q950379|Q950379]] | [[Martes zibellina princeps]] | Martes zibellina princeps | 5 | | [[File:Zibellino del Barguzin (2) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 949 | [[:d:Q3767894|Q3767894]] | [[Mustela lutreola turovi]] | Mustela lutreola turovi | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 950 | [[:d:Q9047257|Q9047257]] | [[Mustela erminea hibernica]] | Mustela erminea hibernica | 5 | | [[File:Mustela erminea hibernica - Shawn O'Donnell - 42129165.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 951 | [[:d:Q9047305|Q9047305]] | [[Mustela erminea stabilis]] | Mustela erminea stabilis | 5 | | [[File:A pair of curious stoats (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 952 | [[:d:Q9047340|Q9047340]] | [[Mustela nivalis namiyei]] | Mustela nivalis namiyei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 953 | [[:d:Q9047344|Q9047344]] | [[Mustela nivalis nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis nivalis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 954 | [[:d:Q9047345|Q9047345]] | [[Mustela nivalis numidica]] | Mustela nivalis numidica | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 955 | [[:d:Q9047216|Q9047216]] | [[Mustela altaica raddei]] | Mustela altaica raddei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 956 | [[:d:Q122092338|Q122092338]] | [[Pachypanthera]] | Pachypanthera | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 957 | [[:d:Q3264046|Q3264046]] | [[Aonyx capensis capensis]] | Aonyx capensis capensis | 5 | | [[File:Aonyx capensis ssp. capensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 958 | [[:d:Q30594557|Q30594557]] | [[Sivapanthera]] | Sivapanthera | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 959 | [[:d:Q48965927|Q48965927]] | [[Leptofelis]] | Leptofelis | 5 | | [[File:Leptofelis vallesiensis skull - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 960 | [[:d:Q19818516|Q19818516]] | [[Hemimachairodus]] | Hemimachairodus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 961 | [[:d:Q4787629|Q4787629]] | [[Arctonasua]] | Arctonasua | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 962 | [[:d:Q6823285|Q6823285]] | [[Metatomarctus]] | Metatomarctus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 963 | [[:d:Q11681078|Q11681078]] | [[Desmocyon]] | Desmocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 964 | [[:d:Q2836818|Q2836818]] | [[Vulpes vulpes deletrix]] | Vulpes vulpes deletrix | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes deletrix (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 965 | [[:d:Q9095048|Q9095048]] | [[Vulpes vulpes alascensis]] | Vulpes vulpes alascensis | 5 | | [[File:Red Fox in Denali (43175455902).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 966 | [[:d:Q9095051|Q9095051]] | [[Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi]] | Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi | 5 | | [[File:Лиса в Актау-Бузачинском природном заказнике. 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 967 | [[:d:Q9095061|Q9095061]] | [[Vulpes vulpes beringiana]] | Vulpes vulpes beringiana | 5 | | [[File:Лиса-огневка в Южно-Камчатском природном парке.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 968 | [[:d:Q9095075|Q9095075]] | [[Vulpes vulpes daurica]] | Vulpes vulpes daurica | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes daurica in Olkhonsky (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 969 | [[:d:Q9095093|Q9095093]] | [[Vulpes vulpes indutus]] | Vulpes vulpes indutus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 970 | [[:d:Q9095123|Q9095123]] | [[Vulpes vulpes rubricosa]] | Vulpes vulpes rubricosa | 5 | | [[File:PEI-002 - Red Fox (2015).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 971 | [[:d:Q9095125|Q9095125]] | [[Vulpes vulpes silacea]] | Vulpes vulpes silacea | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes 4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 972 | [[:d:Q11705191|Q11705191]] | [[Vulpes vulpes bangsi]] | Vulpes vulpes bangsi | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes bangsi in Quebec (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 973 | [[:d:Q11705195|Q11705195]] | [[Vulpes vulpes palaestina]] | Vulpes vulpes palaestina | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes at Eshel HaNasi3, israel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 974 | [[:d:Q65119065|Q65119065]] | [[Panthera balamoides]] | Panthera balamoides | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 975 | [[:d:Q65141542|Q65141542]] | [[Magerictis]] | Magerictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 976 | [[:d:Q111144936|Q111144936]] | [[Felis wenzensis]] | Felis wenzensis | 5 | | [[File:Felis wenzensis holotype 1961.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 977 | [[:d:Q4930837|Q4930837]] | [[Blynx]] | Lynx rufus × Lynx canadensis | 5 | | [[File:Ernest Ingersoll - lynx rufus & lynx canadensis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[hybrid]] | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 978 | [[:d:Q21366809|Q21366809]] | [[Ailuropoda wulingshanensis]] | Ailuropoda wulingshanensis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 979 | [[:d:Q56316534|Q56316534]] | [[Miracinonyx trumani]] | Miracinonyx trumani | 5 | | [[File:Miracinonyx (american cheetah).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miracinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 980 | [[:d:Q3762044|Q3762044]] | [[Prohesperocyon wilsoni]] | Prohesperocyon wilsoni | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prohesperocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 981 | [[:d:Q3922877|Q3922877]] | [[Promegantereon ogygia]] | Promegantereon ogygia | 5 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Promegantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 982 | [[:d:Q6871399|Q6871399]] | [[Miomachairodus]] | Miomachairodus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 983 | [[:d:Q7186602|Q7186602]] | [[Phoberogale]] | Phoberogale | 5 | | [[File:Phoberogale shareri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phoberocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 984 | [[:d:Q7251553|Q7251553]] | [[Protepicyon raki]] | Protepicyon raki | 5 | | [[File:Protepicyon raki.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protepicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 985 | [[:d:Q17484766|Q17484766]] | [[Melursus]] | Melursus | 5 | | [[File:Sloth Bear Washington DC.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 986 | [[:d:Q56326812|Q56326812]] | [[Protarctos]] | Protarctos | 5 | | [[File:Protarctos abstrusus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 987 | [[:d:Q3207725|Q3207725]] | [[Panthera leo hollisteri]] | Panthera leo hollisteri | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 988 | [[:d:Q3658126|Q3658126]] | [[Caracal caracal michaelis]] | Caracal caracal michaelis | 5 | | [[File:Caracal caracal michaelis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 989 | [[:d:Q8262825|Q8262825]] | [[Caracal caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal caracal | 5 | | [[File:Caracal caracal ssp. caracal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 990 | [[:d:Q4038688|Q4038688]] | [[Felis chaus kutas]] | Felis chaus kutas | 5 | | [[File:Jungle Cat Felis Chaus Sundarbans India 30.12.2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 991 | [[:d:Q5442078|Q5442078]] | [[Felis chaus chaus]] | Felis chaus chaus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 992 | [[:d:Q5442088|Q5442088]] | [[Felis chaus nilotica]] | Felis chaus nilotica | 5 | | [[File:Jungle cat at Giza Zoo by Hatem Moushir 81.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 993 | [[:d:Q8961145|Q8961145]] | [[Felis silvestris caudata]] | Felis silvestris caudata | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 994 | [[:d:Q9021709|Q9021709]] | [[Leptailurus serval constantinus]] | Leptailurus serval constantinus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 995 | [[:d:Q9021721|Q9021721]] | [[Leptailurus serval lipostictus]] | Leptailurus serval lipostictus | 5 | | [[File:Leptailurus serval lipostictus 451988107.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 996 | [[:d:Q9055122|Q9055122]] | [[Panthera onca peruviana]] | Panthera onca peruviana | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 997 | [[:d:Q2641484|Q2641484]] | [[Arctotherium angustidens]] | Arctotherium angustidens | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 998 | [[:d:Q7071002|Q7071002]] | [[Nyctereutes donnezani]] | Nyctereutes donnezani | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 999 | [[:d:Q18644716|Q18644716]] | [[Kretzoiarctos]] | Kretzoiarctos | 5 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix lower jaws.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1000 | [[:d:Q4246186|Q4246186]] | [[Canis apolloniensis]] | Canis apolloniensis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1001 | [[:d:Q5032440|Q5032440]] | [[Canis ferox]] | Canis ferox | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1002 | [[:d:Q5893611|Q5893611]] | [[Helarctos malayanus malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus malayanus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1003 | [[:d:Q9092015|Q9092015]] | [[Ursus americanus pugnax]] | Ursus americanus pugnax | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1004 | [[:d:Q9092017|Q9092017]] | [[Ursus arctos dalli]] | Ursus arctos dalli | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1005 | [[:d:Q39198|Q39198]] | [[Canis lupus palustris]] | Canis lupus palustris | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1006 | [[:d:Q1290602|Q1290602]] | [[Canis lupus deitanus]] | Canis lupus deitanus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1007 | [[:d:Q2365956|Q2365956]] | [[Canis lupus indica]] | Canis lupus indica | 5 | | [[File:Wolf Islamabad Pakistan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1008 | [[:d:Q26972265|Q26972265]] | [[Canis lupus familiaris]] | Canis lupus familiaris | 5 | | [[File:Karakatschan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1009 | [[:d:Q3655369|Q3655369]] | [[Canis aureus algirensis]] | Canis aureus algirensis | 5 | | [[File:Canis anthus algirensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1010 | [[:d:Q20720501|Q20720501]] | [[Canis latrans orcutti]] | Canis latrans orcutti | 5 | | [[File:Canis latrans orcutti.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1011 | [[:d:Q3530085|Q3530085]] | [[Afrodon]] | Afrodon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1012 | [[:d:Q3534841|Q3534841]] | [[Bustylus]] | Bustylus | 4 | | [[File:Bustylus marandati lower jaw fragment.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1013 | [[:d:Q10262706|Q10262706]] | [[Cynoidea]] | Cynoidea | 4 | | [[File:Asian red dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1014 | [[:d:Q30693680|Q30693680]] | [[Pteronarctos]] | Pteronarctos | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1015 | [[:d:Q18520866|Q18520866]] | [[Eumetopias]] | Eumetopias | 4 | | [[File:Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) on rocks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1016 | [[:d:Q19817146|Q19817146]] | [[Phocarctos]] | Phocarctos | 4 | | [[File:New Zealand Sea Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1017 | [[:d:Q19817175|Q19817175]] | [[Erignathus]] | Erignathus | 4 | | [[File:Bearded Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1018 | [[:d:Q19817211|Q19817211]] | [[Leptonychotes]] | Leptonychotes | 4 | | [[File:Phoque de Weddell - Weddell Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1019 | [[:d:Q19817237|Q19817237]] | [[Lobodon]] | Lobodon | 4 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1020 | [[:d:Q19817251|Q19817251]] | [[Ommatophoca]] | Ommatophoca | 4 | | [[File:Rossrobbe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1021 | [[:d:Q21344958|Q21344958]] | [[Afrophoca]] | Afrophoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1022 | [[:d:Q53014899|Q53014899]] | [[Noriphoca]] | Noriphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1023 | [[:d:Q108635322|Q108635322]] | [[Oriensarctos]] | Oriensarctos | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1024 | [[:d:Q1687644|Q1687644]] | [[Martinogale]] | Martinogale | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1025 | [[:d:Q3985453|Q3985453]] | [[Thalassictis]] | Thalassictis | 4 | | [[File:鼬鬣狗 Thalassictis sp..jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1026 | [[:d:Q10751356|Q10751356]] | [[Cynictis]] | Cynictis | 4 | | [[File:Vosmangoesten zoo Lille.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1027 | [[:d:Q15057297|Q15057297]] | [[Hyaenictis]] | Hyaenictis | 4 | | [[File:Hyaenictis graeca.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1028 | [[:d:Q17635404|Q17635404]] | [[Leptoplesictis]] | Leptoplesictis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1029 | [[:d:Q21446722|Q21446722]] | [[Protelinae]] | Protelinae | 4 | | [[File:Aardwolf ProtelesCristatus56.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1030 | [[:d:Q85990246|Q85990246]] | [[Syrtosmilus]] | Syrtosmilus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1031 | [[:d:Q85990324|Q85990324]] | [[Vampyrictis]] | Vampyrictis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1032 | [[:d:Q10388280|Q10388280]] | [[Ursida]] | Ursida | 4 | | [[File:Braunbär, Bärenrefugium von Kuterevo, Kroatien.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1033 | [[:d:Q21230720|Q21230720]] | [[Pseudotaria]] | Pseudotaria | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1034 | [[:d:Q33120866|Q33120866]] | [[Protodobenus]] | Protodobenus | 4 | | [[File:Protodobenus japonicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1035 | [[:d:Q64605261|Q64605261]] | [[Prototaria]] | Prototaria | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1036 | [[:d:Q64623706|Q64623706]] | [[Proneotherium]] | Proneotherium | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1037 | [[:d:Q19817088|Q19817088]] | [[Fossa]] | Fossa | 4 | | [[File:Fossa fossana (JoRoRe 2004-08-17 18h15m26s).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1038 | [[:d:Q10809475|Q10809475]] | [[Pteronura]] | Pteronura | 4 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1039 | [[:d:Q10960505|Q10960505]] | [[Herpestes lemanensis]] | Herpestes lemanensis | 4 | | [[File:Herpestes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1040 | [[:d:Q11802093|Q11802093]] | [[Pachycrocuta brevirostris]] | Pachycrocuta brevirostris | 4 | | [[File:Pachycrocuta brevirostris Orce pic1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pachycrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1041 | [[:d:Q7254717|Q7254717]] | [[Pseudocyonopsis]] | Pseudocyonopsis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1042 | [[:d:Q4953543|Q4953543]] | [[Brachypsalis]] | Brachypsalis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1043 | [[:d:Q5221762|Q5221762]] | [[Daphoenictis]] | Daphoenictis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1044 | [[:d:Q7249679|Q7249679]] | [[Promartes]] | Promartes | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1045 | [[:d:Q30693599|Q30693599]] | [[Homiphoca]] | Homiphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1046 | [[:d:Q25001246|Q25001246]] | [[Brachyprotoma obtusata]] | Brachyprotoma obtusata | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Brachyprotoma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1047 | [[:d:Q30693586|Q30693586]] | [[Praepusa]] | Praepusa | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1048 | [[:d:Q52987100|Q52987100]] | [[Frisiphoca]] | Frisiphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1049 | [[:d:Q19817304|Q19817304]] | [[Lyncodon]] | Lyncodon | 4 | | [[File:Lyncodon patagonicus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1050 | [[:d:Q4499913|Q4499913]] | [[Polecat-ferret hybrid]] | Mustela putorius × Mustela putorius furo | 4 | | [[File:F1-Ferret-Hybrids.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1051 | [[:d:Q20907619|Q20907619]] | [[Halichoerus grypus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus grypus | 4 | | [[File:Two seals in the water.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1052 | [[:d:Q4184819|Q4184819]] | [[Atelocynus]] | Atelocynus | 4 | | [[File:Short-eared Dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1053 | [[:d:Q7252154|Q7252154]] | [[Prototocyon]] | Prototocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1054 | [[:d:Q10786017|Q10786017]] | [[Liberiictis]] | Liberiictis | 4 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1055 | [[:d:Q59828609|Q59828609]] | [[Sivaelurus]] | Sivaelurus | 4 | | [[File:GSI-D 150.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1056 | [[:d:Q3267918|Q3267918]] | [[Lutra euxena]] | Lutra euxena | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1057 | [[:d:Q2165789|Q2165789]] | [[Genetta servalina archeri]] | Genetta servalina archeri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1058 | [[:d:Q12146924|Q12146924]] | [[Procyoninae]] | Procyoninae | 4 | | [[File:Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1059 | [[:d:Q16987391|Q16987391]] | [[Paradoxurus stenocephalus]] | Paradoxurus stenocephalus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1060 | [[:d:Q63464071|Q63464071]] | [[Simocyoninae]] | Simocyoninae | 4 | | [[File:Simocyon batalleri head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1061 | [[:d:Q7426144|Q7426144]] | [[Satherium piscinarium]] | Satherium piscinarium | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Satherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1062 | [[:d:Q108422392|Q108422392]] | [[Proteles amplidentus]] | Proteles amplidentus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1063 | [[:d:Q108486660|Q108486660]] | [[Suricata major]] | Suricata major | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1064 | [[:d:Q9029591|Q9029591]] | [[Martes flavigula hainana]] | Martes flavigula hainana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1065 | [[:d:Q9029592|Q9029592]] | [[Martes flavigula henrici]] | Martes flavigula henrici | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1066 | [[:d:Q9029599|Q9029599]] | [[Martes flavigula peninsularis]] | Martes flavigula peninsularis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1067 | [[:d:Q9029601|Q9029601]] | [[Martes flavigula robinsoni]] | Martes flavigula robinsoni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1068 | [[:d:Q20907775|Q20907775]] | [[Mellivora capensis cottoni]] | Mellivora capensis cottoni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1069 | [[:d:Q2879318|Q2879318]] | [[Martes zibellina zibellina]] | Martes zibellina zibellina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1070 | [[:d:Q2890761|Q2890761]] | [[Martes zibellina yeniseensis]] | Martes zibellina yeniseensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1071 | [[:d:Q5479287|Q5479287]] | [[Martes foina bunites]] | Martes foina bunites | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1072 | [[:d:Q5552433|Q5552433]] | [[Martes martes notialis]] | Martes martes notialis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1073 | [[:d:Q5555448|Q5555448]] | [[Martes foina syriaca]] | Martes foina syriaca | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1074 | [[:d:Q5798528|Q5798528]] | [[Martes zibellina ilimpiensis]] | Martes zibellina ilimpiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1075 | [[:d:Q5847312|Q5847312]] | [[Martes zibellina jakutensis]] | Martes zibellina jakutensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1076 | [[:d:Q9029611|Q9029611]] | [[Martes foina foina]] | Martes foina foina | 4 | | [[File:Martes foina 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1077 | [[:d:Q9029617|Q9029617]] | [[Martes foina kozlovi]] | Martes foina kozlovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1078 | [[:d:Q9029619|Q9029619]] | [[Martes foina mediterranea]] | Martes foina mediterranea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1079 | [[:d:Q9029623|Q9029623]] | [[Martes foina nehringi]] | Martes foina nehringi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1080 | [[:d:Q9029627|Q9029627]] | [[Martes foina toufoeus]] | Martes foina toufoeus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1081 | [[:d:Q9029630|Q9029630]] | [[Martes martes latinorum]] | Martes martes latinorum | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1082 | [[:d:Q9029633|Q9029633]] | [[Martes martes lorenzi]] | Martes martes lorenzi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1083 | [[:d:Q9029636|Q9029636]] | [[Martes martes martes]] | Martes martes martes | 4 | | [[File:Pine Marten BWC.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1084 | [[:d:Q9029642|Q9029642]] | [[Martes martes ruthena]] | Martes martes ruthena | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1085 | [[:d:Q9029645|Q9029645]] | [[Martes zibellina angarensis]] | Martes zibellina angarensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1086 | [[:d:Q9029647|Q9029647]] | [[Martes zibellina arsenjevi]] | Martes zibellina arsenjevi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1087 | [[:d:Q9029653|Q9029653]] | [[Martes zibellina kamtschadalica]] | Martes zibellina kamtschadalica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1088 | [[:d:Q9029655|Q9029655]] | [[Martes zibellina obscura]] | Martes zibellina obscura | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1089 | [[:d:Q9029659|Q9029659]] | [[Martes zibellina sahalinensis]] | Martes zibellina sahalinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1090 | [[:d:Q9029666|Q9029666]] | [[Martes zibellina tomensis]] | Martes zibellina tomensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1091 | [[:d:Q9031320|Q9031320]] | [[Meles meles arcalus]] | Meles meles arcalus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1092 | [[:d:Q9031324|Q9031324]] | [[Meles meles heptneri]] | Meles meles heptneri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1093 | [[:d:Q9031328|Q9031328]] | [[Meles meles milleri]] | Meles meles milleri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1094 | [[:d:Q9031329|Q9031329]] | [[Meles meles rhodius]] | Meles meles rhodius | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1095 | [[:d:Q9031330|Q9031330]] | [[Meles meles severzovi]] | Meles meles severzovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1096 | [[:d:Q9047309|Q9047309]] | [[Mustela erminea teberdina]] | Mustela erminea teberdina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1097 | [[:d:Q9047311|Q9047311]] | [[Mustela lutreola biedermanni]] | Mustela lutreola biedermanni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1098 | [[:d:Q9047312|Q9047312]] | [[Mustela lutreola binominata]] | Mustela lutreola binominata | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1099 | [[:d:Q9047316|Q9047316]] | [[Mustela lutreola cylipena]] | Mustela lutreola cylipena | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1100 | [[:d:Q9047318|Q9047318]] | [[Mustela lutreola lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola lutreola | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1101 | [[:d:Q9047319|Q9047319]] | [[Mustela lutreola novikovi]] | Mustela lutreola novikovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1102 | [[:d:Q9047322|Q9047322]] | [[Mustela lutreola transsylvanica]] | Mustela lutreola transsylvanica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1103 | [[:d:Q11691232|Q11691232]] | [[Martes foina bosniaca]] | Martes foina bosniaca | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1104 | [[:d:Q11691237|Q11691237]] | [[Martes foina intermedia]] | Martes foina intermedia | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1105 | [[:d:Q11691241|Q11691241]] | [[Martes foina milleri]] | Martes foina milleri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1106 | [[:d:Q11691246|Q11691246]] | [[Martes foina rosanowi]] | Martes foina rosanowi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1107 | [[:d:Q11691251|Q11691251]] | [[Martes martes borealis]] | Martes martes borealis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1108 | [[:d:Q11691256|Q11691256]] | [[Martes martes minoricensis]] | Martes martes minoricensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1109 | [[:d:Q11691261|Q11691261]] | [[Martes martes uralensis]] | Martes martes uralensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1110 | [[:d:Q11691266|Q11691266]] | [[Martes zibellina averini]] | Martes zibellina averini | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1111 | [[:d:Q11691271|Q11691271]] | [[Martes zibellina sajanensis]] | Martes zibellina sajanensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1112 | [[:d:Q11691276|Q11691276]] | [[Martes zibellina schantaricus]] | Martes zibellina schantaricus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1113 | [[:d:Q11691282|Q11691282]] | [[Martes zibellina tungussensis]] | Martes zibellina tungussensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1114 | [[:d:Q11691947|Q11691947]] | [[Meles meles marianensis]] | Meles meles marianensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1115 | [[:d:Q11694606|Q11694606]] | [[Mustela erminea arctica]] | Mustela erminea arctica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1116 | [[:d:Q11694611|Q11694611]] | [[Mustela erminea bangsi]] | Mustela erminea bangsi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1117 | [[:d:Q11694614|Q11694614]] | [[Mustela erminea erminea]] | Mustela erminea erminea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1118 | [[:d:Q11694618|Q11694618]] | [[Mustela erminea ferghanae]] | Mustela erminea ferghanae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1119 | [[:d:Q11694623|Q11694623]] | [[Mustela erminea haidarum]] | Mustela erminea haidarum | 4 | | [[File:Haida Ermine (Mustela haidarum).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1120 | [[:d:Q11694628|Q11694628]] | [[Mustela erminea initis]] | Mustela erminea initis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1121 | [[:d:Q11694635|Q11694635]] | [[Mustela erminea martinoi]] | Mustela erminea martinoi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1122 | [[:d:Q11694638|Q11694638]] | [[Mustela erminea streatori]] | Mustela erminea streatori | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1123 | [[:d:Q11694639|Q11694639]] | [[Mustela erminea tobolica]] | Mustela erminea tobolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1124 | [[:d:Q12185009|Q12185009]] | [[Mustela putorius caledoniae]] | Mustela putorius caledoniae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1125 | [[:d:Q20907659|Q20907659]] | [[Lutra lutra seistanica]] | Lutra lutra seistanica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1126 | [[:d:Q427373|Q427373]] | [[Mustela erminea minima]] | Mustela erminea minima | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1127 | [[:d:Q951014|Q951014]] | [[Mustela nivalis tonkinensis]] | Mustela nivalis tonkinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1128 | [[:d:Q5657825|Q5657825]] | [[Mustela erminea ricinae]] | Mustela erminea ricinae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1129 | [[:d:Q5796505|Q5796505]] | [[Mustela nivalis campestris]] | Mustela nivalis campestris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1130 | [[:d:Q5852088|Q5852088]] | [[Mustela erminea invicta]] | Mustela erminea invicta | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1131 | [[:d:Q9001440|Q9001440]] | [[Gulo gulo albus]] | Gulo gulo albus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1132 | [[:d:Q9001442|Q9001442]] | [[Gulo gulo katschemakensis]] | Gulo gulo katschemakensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1133 | [[:d:Q9001448|Q9001448]] | [[Gulo gulo vancouverensis]] | Gulo gulo vancouverensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1134 | [[:d:Q9047231|Q9047231]] | [[Mustela erminea aestiva]] | Mustela erminea aestiva | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1135 | [[:d:Q9047235|Q9047235]] | [[Mustela erminea alascensis]] | Mustela erminea alascensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1136 | [[:d:Q9047241|Q9047241]] | [[Mustela erminea anguinae]] | Mustela erminea anguinae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1137 | [[:d:Q9047246|Q9047246]] | [[Mustela erminea celenda]] | Mustela erminea celenda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1138 | [[:d:Q9047247|Q9047247]] | [[Mustela erminea cigognanii]] | Mustela erminea cigognanii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1139 | [[:d:Q9047252|Q9047252]] | [[Mustela erminea fallenda]] | Mustela erminea fallenda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1140 | [[:d:Q9047255|Q9047255]] | [[Mustela erminea gulosa]] | Mustela erminea gulosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1141 | [[:d:Q9047260|Q9047260]] | [[Mustela erminea kadiacensis]] | Mustela erminea kadiacensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1142 | [[:d:Q9047265|Q9047265]] | [[Mustela erminea kaneii]] | Mustela erminea kaneii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1143 | [[:d:Q9047267|Q9047267]] | [[Mustela erminea karaginensis]] | Mustela erminea karaginensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1144 | [[:d:Q9047272|Q9047272]] | [[Mustela erminea lymani]] | Mustela erminea lymani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1145 | [[:d:Q9047275|Q9047275]] | [[Mustela erminea mongolica]] | Mustela erminea mongolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1146 | [[:d:Q9047277|Q9047277]] | [[Mustela erminea muricus]] | Mustela erminea muricus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1147 | [[:d:Q9047286|Q9047286]] | [[Mustela erminea ognevi]] | Mustela erminea ognevi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1148 | [[:d:Q9047288|Q9047288]] | [[Mustela erminea olympica]] | Mustela erminea olympica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1149 | [[:d:Q9047290|Q9047290]] | [[Mustela erminea polaris]] | Mustela erminea polaris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1150 | [[:d:Q9047291|Q9047291]] | [[Mustela erminea richardsonii]] | Mustela erminea richardsonii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1151 | [[:d:Q9047295|Q9047295]] | [[Mustela erminea salva]] | Mustela erminea salva | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1152 | [[:d:Q9047298|Q9047298]] | [[Mustela erminea seclusa]] | Mustela erminea seclusa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1153 | [[:d:Q9047302|Q9047302]] | [[Mustela erminea semplei]] | Mustela erminea semplei | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1154 | [[:d:Q9047328|Q9047328]] | [[Mustela nivalis allegheniensis]] | Mustela nivalis allegheniensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1155 | [[:d:Q9047333|Q9047333]] | [[Mustela nivalis boccamela]] | Mustela nivalis boccamela | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1156 | [[:d:Q9047334|Q9047334]] | [[Mustela nivalis eskimo]] | Mustela nivalis eskimo | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1157 | [[:d:Q9047335|Q9047335]] | [[Mustela nivalis heptneri]] | Mustela nivalis heptneri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1158 | [[:d:Q9047349|Q9047349]] | [[Mustela nivalis pygmaea]] | Mustela nivalis pygmaea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1159 | [[:d:Q9047352|Q9047352]] | [[Mustela nivalis pallida]] | Mustela nivalis pallida | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1160 | [[:d:Q9047357|Q9047357]] | [[Mustela nivalis russelliana]] | Mustela nivalis russelliana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1161 | [[:d:Q9047360|Q9047360]] | [[Mustela nivalis stoliczkana]] | Mustela nivalis stoliczkana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1162 | [[:d:Q9047361|Q9047361]] | [[Mustela nivalis vulgaris]] | Mustela nivalis vulgaris | 4 | | [[File:Brehms Het Leven der Dieren Zoogdieren Orde 4 Wezel (Putorius vulgaris).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1163 | [[:d:Q11682279|Q11682279]] | [[Gulo gulo luteus]] | Gulo gulo luteus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1164 | [[:d:Q14531833|Q14531833]] | [[Mustela nivalis rixosa]] | Mustela nivalis rixosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1165 | [[:d:Q9001438|Q9001438]] | [[Gulo gulo gulo]] | Gulo gulo gulo | 4 | | [[File:Wolverine (10597551303).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1166 | [[:d:Q122058803|Q122058803]] | [[Atopotarus]] | Atopotarus | 4 | | [[File:Atopotarus courseni LACM 1376.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesminae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1167 | [[:d:Q5549250|Q5549250]] | [[Martes americana vulpina]] | Martes americana vulpina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1168 | [[:d:Q9029564|Q9029564]] | [[Martes americana americana]] | Martes americana americana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1169 | [[:d:Q9029566|Q9029566]] | [[Martes americana humboldtensis]] | Martes americana humboldtensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1170 | [[:d:Q9029569|Q9029569]] | [[Martes americana kenaiensis]] | Martes americana kenaiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1171 | [[:d:Q9029570|Q9029570]] | [[Martes americana nesophila]] | Martes americana nesophila | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1172 | [[:d:Q9029571|Q9029571]] | [[Martes americana origensis]] | Martes americana origensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1173 | [[:d:Q9029573|Q9029573]] | [[Martes americana sierrae]] | Martes americana sierrae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1174 | [[:d:Q9047211|Q9047211]] | [[Mustela altaica altaica]] | Mustela altaica altaica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1175 | [[:d:Q9047219|Q9047219]] | [[Mustela altaica temon]] | Mustela altaica temon | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1176 | [[:d:Q11691204|Q11691204]] | [[Martes americana abieticola]] | Martes americana abieticola | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1177 | [[:d:Q11691209|Q11691209]] | [[Martes americana actuosa]] | Martes americana actuosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1178 | [[:d:Q11691215|Q11691215]] | [[Martes americana vancourverensis]] | Martes americana vancourverensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1179 | [[:d:Q11694601|Q11694601]] | [[Mustela altaica birulai]] | Mustela altaica birulai | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1180 | [[:d:Q115800580|Q115800580]] | [[Leontoceryx]] | Leontoceryx | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1181 | [[:d:Q19819898|Q19819898]] | [[Otocolobus]] | Otocolobus | 4 | | [[File:Manoel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1182 | [[:d:Q21368827|Q21368827]] | [[Pristifelis]] | Pristifelis | 4 | | [[File:Pristifelis attica - mandible and left metacarpus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1183 | [[:d:Q96405791|Q96405791]] | [[Sivapardus]] | Sivapardus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1184 | [[:d:Q7186603|Q7186603]] | [[Phoberocyon]] | Phoberocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1185 | [[:d:Q20907645|Q20907645]] | [[Lontra longicaudis annectens]] | Lontra longicaudis annectens | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1186 | [[:d:Q3612250|Q3612250]] | [[Psalidocyon]] | Psalidocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1187 | [[:d:Q3729451|Q3729451]] | [[Paracynarctus]] | Paracynarctus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1188 | [[:d:Q5409872|Q5409872]] | [[Euoplocyon]] | Euoplocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1189 | [[:d:Q7252035|Q7252035]] | [[Protomarctus]] | Protomarctus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1190 | [[:d:Q7701327|Q7701327]] | [[Tephrocyon]] | Tephrocyon | 4 | | [[File:Tephrocyon (white background).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1191 | [[:d:Q10808340|Q10808340]] | [[Potos]] | Potos | 4 | | [[File:Kinkajou2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1192 | [[:d:Q11694596|Q11694596]] | [[Mustela africana stolzmanni]] | Mustela africana stolzmanni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela africana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1193 | [[:d:Q1028475|Q1028475]] | [[Procyon lotor minor]] | Procyon lotor minor | 4 | | [[File:Procyon minor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1194 | [[:d:Q5800406|Q5800406]] | [[Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis]] | Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1195 | [[:d:Q9095047|Q9095047]] | [[Vulpes vulpes abietorum]] | Vulpes vulpes abietorum | 4 | | [[File:Red fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1196 | [[:d:Q9095054|Q9095054]] | [[Vulpes vulpes atlantica]] | Vulpes vulpes atlantica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1197 | [[:d:Q9095067|Q9095067]] | [[Vulpes vulpes caucasica]] | Vulpes vulpes caucasica | 4 | | [[File:Steppe Family by Mashin Rostislav.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1198 | [[:d:Q9095078|Q9095078]] | [[Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania]] | Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1199 | [[:d:Q9095084|Q9095084]] | [[Vulpes vulpes harrimani]] | Vulpes vulpes harrimani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1200 | [[:d:Q9095088|Q9095088]] | [[Vulpes vulpes hoole]] | Vulpes vulpes hoole | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1201 | [[:d:Q9095098|Q9095098]] | [[Vulpes vulpes jakutensis]] | Vulpes vulpes jakutensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1202 | [[:d:Q9095099|Q9095099]] | [[Vulpes vulpes karagan]] | Vulpes vulpes karagan | 4 | | [[File:Лисица.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1203 | [[:d:Q9095103|Q9095103]] | [[Vulpes vulpes macroura]] | Vulpes vulpes macroura | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1204 | [[:d:Q9095115|Q9095115]] | [[Vulpes vulpes ochroxantha]] | Vulpes vulpes ochroxantha | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1205 | [[:d:Q9095118|Q9095118]] | [[Vulpes vulpes regalis]] | Vulpes vulpes regalis | 4 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes regalis (2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1206 | [[:d:Q9095135|Q9095135]] | [[Vulpes vulpes tobolica]] | Vulpes vulpes tobolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1207 | [[:d:Q11705189|Q11705189]] | [[Vulpes vulpes anatolica]] | Vulpes vulpes anatolica | 4 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes anatolica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1208 | [[:d:Q11705192|Q11705192]] | [[Vulpes vulpes griffithi]] | Vulpes vulpes griffithi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1209 | [[:d:Q11705193|Q11705193]] | [[Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis]] | Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1210 | [[:d:Q11705194|Q11705194]] | [[Vulpes vulpes niloticus]] | Vulpes vulpes niloticus | 4 | | [[File:Nile Fox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1211 | [[:d:Q11705196|Q11705196]] | [[Vulpes vulpes splendidissima]] | Vulpes vulpes splendidissima | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1212 | [[:d:Q11705198|Q11705198]] | [[Vulpes vulpes stepensis]] | Vulpes vulpes stepensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1213 | [[:d:Q11955017|Q11955017]] | [[Vulpes vulpes dorsalis]] | Vulpes vulpes dorsalis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1214 | [[:d:Q5985095|Q5985095]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus magellanicus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus magellanicus | 4 | | [[File:Fox -Puerto Natales, Patagonia, Chile-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1215 | [[:d:Q5985097|Q5985097]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus reissii]] | Lycalopex culpaeus reissii | 4 | | [[File:Pes horský.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1216 | [[:d:Q39080924|Q39080924]] | [[Leopardus emiliae]] | Leopardus emiliae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1217 | [[:d:Q3362472|Q3362472]] | [[Panthera schreuderi]] | Panthera schreuderi | 4 | | [[File:Panthera schreuderi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1218 | [[:d:Q7228360|Q7228360]] | [[Pontosmilus]] | Pontosmilus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1219 | [[:d:Q9087635|Q9087635]] | [[tigard]] | Panthera pardus × Panthera tigris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1220 | [[:d:Q118612732|Q118612732]] | [[Panthera principialis]] | Panthera principialis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1221 | [[:d:Q65141603|Q65141603]] | [[Protursus]] | Protursus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Simocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1222 | [[:d:Q56316454|Q56316454]] | [[Miracinonyx inexpectatus]] | Miracinonyx inexpectatus | 4 | | [[File:Miracinonyx inexpectatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miracinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1223 | [[:d:Q123260114|Q123260114]] | [[Acinonyx intermedius]] | Acinonyx intermedius | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1224 | [[:d:Q3879909|Q3879909]] | [[Nurocyon chonokhariensis]] | Nurocyon chonokhariensis | 4 | | [[File:Nurocyon.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nurocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1225 | [[:d:Q3922171|Q3922171]] | [[Pristifelis attica]] | Pristifelis attica | 4 | | [[File:Pristifelis attica - mandible and left metacarpus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pristifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1226 | [[:d:Q5199889|Q5199889]] | [[Cynarctina]] | Cynarctina | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1227 | [[:d:Q4173311|Q4173311]] | [[Panthera pardus sickenbergi]] | Panthera pardus sickenbergi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1228 | [[:d:Q8262823|Q8262823]] | [[Caracal caracal algira]] | Caracal caracal algira | 4 | | [[File:Caracal caracal algira - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02737.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1229 | [[:d:Q8262827|Q8262827]] | [[Caracal caracal damarensis]] | Caracal caracal damarensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1230 | [[:d:Q8262829|Q8262829]] | [[Caracal caracal limpopoensis]] | Caracal caracal limpopoensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1231 | [[:d:Q8262831|Q8262831]] | [[Caracal caracal lucani]] | Caracal caracal lucani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1232 | [[:d:Q8262833|Q8262833]] | [[Caracal caracal nubica]] | Caracal caracal nubica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1233 | [[:d:Q8262836|Q8262836]] | [[Caracal caracal poecilotis]] | Caracal caracal poecilotis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1234 | [[:d:Q2202668|Q2202668]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi]] | Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi | 4 | | [[File:Kočka palawanská Zoo Praha 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1235 | [[:d:Q2632995|Q2632995]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis rabori]] | Prionailurus bengalensis rabori | 4 | | [[File:Visayan Leopard Cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1236 | [[:d:Q5442081|Q5442081]] | [[Felis chaus fulvidina]] | Felis chaus fulvidina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1237 | [[:d:Q5442087|Q5442087]] | [[Felis chaus prateri]] | Felis chaus prateri | 4 | | [[File:Melanistic Jungle Cat Asani Bhaduri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1238 | [[:d:Q5814436|Q5814436]] | [[Felis silvestris jordansi]] | Felis silvestris jordansi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1239 | [[:d:Q6092774|Q6092774]] | [[Puma concolor anthonyi]] | Puma concolor anthonyi | 4 | | [[File:Puma en reserva Guaycolec, Formosa, Argentina 06g.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1240 | [[:d:Q9064709|Q9064709]] | [[Puma concolor puma]] | Puma concolor puma | 4 | | [[File:Puma concolor puma 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1241 | [[:d:Q5442092|Q5442092]] | [[Felis margarita harrisoni]] | Felis margarita harrisoni | 4 | | [[File:Felis margarita harrisoni - Sandkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1242 | [[:d:Q5442095|Q5442095]] | [[Felis margarita thinobia]] | Felis margarita thinobia | 4 | | [[File:Persian sand CAT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1243 | [[:d:Q5901456|Q5901456]] | [[Homotherium latidens]] | Homotherium latidens | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium latidens cub mummy fig2 (cropped).webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1244 | [[:d:Q5901460|Q5901460]] | [[Homotherium serum]] | Homotherium serum | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium serum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1245 | [[:d:Q5901463|Q5901463]] | [[Homotherium venezuelensis]] | Homotherium venezuelensis | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium venezuelensis7.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1246 | [[:d:Q8961147|Q8961147]] | [[Felis silvestris foxi]] | Felis silvestris foxi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1247 | [[:d:Q8961157|Q8961157]] | [[Felis silvestris ocreata]] | Felis silvestris ocreata | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1248 | [[:d:Q6158080|Q6158080]] | [[Ursus dolinensis]] | Ursus dolinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1249 | [[:d:Q16352096|Q16352096]] | [[Ursus savini]] | Ursus savini | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1250 | [[:d:Q4021771|Q4021771]] | [[Xenocyon lycaonoides]] | Xenocyon lycaonoides | 4 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1251 | [[:d:Q5032439|Q5032439]] | [[Canis cedazoensis]] | Canis cedazoensis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1252 | [[:d:Q5032445|Q5032445]] | [[Canis nehringi]] | Canis nehringi | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1253 | [[:d:Q9092036|Q9092036]] | [[Ursus thibetanus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus thibetanus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1254 | [[:d:Q11704936|Q11704936]] | [[Ursus americanus amblyceps]] | Ursus americanus amblyceps | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1255 | [[:d:Q20907548|Q20907548]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1256 | [[:d:Q20907612|Q20907612]] | [[Ursus thibetanus mupinensis]] | Ursus thibetanus mupinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1257 | [[:d:Q105272263|Q105272263]] | [[Canis lupaster]] | Canis lupaster | 4 | | [[File:Grey jackal from Haizer Algeria 4.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1258 | [[:d:Q3742297|Q3742297]] | [[Felis lybica sarda]] | Felis lybica sarda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1259 | [[:d:Q5477997|Q5477997]] | [[Ursus americanus californiensis]] | Ursus americanus californiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1260 | [[:d:Q5674669|Q5674669]] | [[Ursus americanus vancouveri]] | Ursus americanus vancouveri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1261 | [[:d:Q9092007|Q9092007]] | [[Ursus americanus altifrontalis]] | Ursus americanus altifrontalis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1262 | [[:d:Q9092009|Q9092009]] | [[Ursus americanus americanus]] | Ursus americanus americanus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1263 | [[:d:Q9092014|Q9092014]] | [[Ursus americanus eremicus]] | Ursus americanus eremicus | 4 | | [[File:Ursus americanus eremicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1264 | [[:d:Q111519517|Q111519517]] | [[Aenocyon]] | Aenocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1265 | [[:d:Q122839865|Q122839865]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus | 4 | | [[File:Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus - Timur Kalininsky - 114239829.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1266 | [[:d:Q18148124|Q18148124]] | [[Canis latrans lestes]] | Canis latrans lestes | 4 | | [[File:Coyote Yellowstone (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1267 | [[:d:Q18158082|Q18158082]] | [[Canis latrans incolatus]] | Canis latrans incolatus | 4 | | [[File:Coyote in Alaska.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1268 | [[:d:Q126678468|Q126678468]] | [[Canis lupaster soudanicus]] | Canis lupaster soudanicus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupaster]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1269 | [[:d:Q20721864|Q20721864]] | [[Helictidinae]] | Helictidinae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1270 | [[:d:Q21358817|Q21358817]] | [[Ferinestrix]] | Ferinestrix | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1271 | [[:d:Q56328384|Q56328384]] | [[Amphicticeps]] | Amphicticeps | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1272 | [[:d:Q85989123|Q85989123]] | [[Alagtsavbaatar]] | Alagtsavbaatar | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1273 | [[:d:Q119015399|Q119015399]] | [[Subparictidae]] | Subparictidae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1274 | [[:d:Q132170502|Q132170502]] | [[Peignictis]] | Peignictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1275 | [[:d:Q3724927|Q3724927]] | [[Enaliarctidae]] | Enaliarctidae | 3 | | [[File:Enaliarctos mealsi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1276 | [[:d:Q16975912|Q16975912]] | [[Hydrurga]] | Hydrurga | 3 | | [[File:Seeleopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1277 | [[:d:Q18001682|Q18001682]] | [[Halichoerus]] | Halichoerus | 3 | | [[File:Foka szara mateusz wlodarczyk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1278 | [[:d:Q19817156|Q19817156]] | [[Cystophora]] | Cystophora | 3 | | [[File:Klappmuetze MK.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1279 | [[:d:Q19817285|Q19817285]] | [[Pagophilus]] | Pagophilus | 3 | | [[File:Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1280 | [[:d:Q30693564|Q30693564]] | [[Pontophoca]] | Pontophoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1281 | [[:d:Q105722413|Q105722413]] | [[Eotaria]] | Eotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1282 | [[:d:Q106209973|Q106209973]] | [[Oaxacagale]] | Oaxacagale | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1283 | [[:d:Q108146761|Q108146761]] | [[Corumictis]] | Corumictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1284 | [[:d:Q112959105|Q112959105]] | [[Vishnuonyx]] | Vishnuonyx | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1285 | [[:d:Q121397638|Q121397638]] | [[Pithanotaria]] | Pithanotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1286 | [[:d:Q123015506|Q123015506]] | [[Sivaonyx]] | Sivaonyx | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1287 | [[:d:Q131851334|Q131851334]] | [[Trochictis]] | Trochictis | 3 | | [[File:(MHNT) Trochictis artenensis (Ginsburg, 1968) Hémimandibule droite.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1288 | [[:d:Q10803995|Q10803995]] | [[Paracynictis]] | Paracynictis | 3 | | [[File:Paracynictis selousi Smit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1289 | [[:d:Q21446410|Q21446410]] | [[Hoplophoninae]] | Hoplophoninae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1290 | [[:d:Q97372855|Q97372855]] | [[Mungotinae]] | Mungotinae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1291 | [[:d:Q4690268|Q4690268]] | [[Afrocyon]] | Afrocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1292 | [[:d:Q4748237|Q4748237]] | [[Amphicyanis]] | Amphicyanis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1293 | [[:d:Q4764524|Q4764524]] | [[Anictis]] | Anictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1294 | [[:d:Q5305892|Q5305892]] | [[Drassonax]] | Drassonax | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1295 | [[:d:Q6890585|Q6890585]] | [[Moghradictis]] | Moghradictis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1296 | [[:d:Q19817095|Q19817095]] | [[Nandinia]] | Nandinia | 3 | | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Nandiniidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1297 | [[:d:Q21446607|Q21446607]] | [[Canoidea]] | Canoidea | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1298 | [[:d:Q56328139|Q56328139]] | [[Necromites]] | Necromites | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1299 | [[:d:Q85989435|Q85989435]] | [[Haplogale]] | Haplogale | 3 | | [[File:Haplogale media.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1300 | [[:d:Q85989541|Q85989541]] | [[Izmirictis]] | Izmirictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1301 | [[:d:Q85990177|Q85990177]] | [[Shandgolictis]] | Shandgolictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1302 | [[:d:Q85990185|Q85990185]] | [[Sivanasua]] | Sivanasua | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1303 | [[:d:Q111620850|Q111620850]] | [[Osodobenus]] | Osodobenus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1304 | [[:d:Q111802261|Q111802261]] | [[Titanotaria]] | Titanotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1305 | [[:d:Q121409576|Q121409576]] | [[Palaeoprionodon]] | Palaeoprionodon | 3 | | [[File:Palaeoprionodon lamandini.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1306 | [[:d:Q123015318|Q123015318]] | [[Pinnarctidion]] | Pinnarctidion | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1307 | [[:d:Q2166001|Q2166001]] | [[Conepatus mesoleucus]] | Conepatus mesoleucus | 3 | | [[File:Hog-nosed-skunk.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1308 | [[:d:Q19817079|Q19817079]] | [[Diplogale]] | Diplogale | 3 | | [[File:HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1309 | [[:d:Q18272206|Q18272206]] | [[Hydrictis]] | Hydrictis | 3 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1310 | [[:d:Q60978099|Q60978099]] | [[Paralutra]] | Paralutra | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1311 | [[:d:Q108030101|Q108030101]] | [[Genetta plesictoides]] | Genetta plesictoides | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1312 | [[:d:Q122070113|Q122070113]] | [[Vishnuictis]] | Vishnuictis | 3 | | [[File:Vishnuictis reconstruction.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1313 | [[:d:Q3181107|Q3181107]] | [[Haplocyonopsis]] | Haplocyonopsis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1314 | [[:d:Q5411680|Q5411680]] | [[Euroamphicyon]] | Euroamphicyon | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1315 | [[:d:Q5651728|Q5651728]] | [[Haplocyon]] | Haplocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1316 | [[:d:Q5651730|Q5651730]] | [[Haplocyonoides]] | Haplocyonoides | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1317 | [[:d:Q55370786|Q55370786]] | [[Goupilictis]] | Goupilictis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1318 | [[:d:Q98456157|Q98456157]] | [[Conepatus amazonicus]] | Conepatus amazonicus | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus amazonicus - ....Christopher Borges.... - 533154117.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1319 | [[:d:Q107882731|Q107882731]] | [[Spilogale leucoparia]] | Spilogale leucoparia | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1320 | [[:d:Q108800477|Q108800477]] | [[Spilogale interrupta]] | Spilogale interrupta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1321 | [[:d:Q111280772|Q111280772]] | [[Namibiocyon]] | Namibiocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1322 | [[:d:Q123015110|Q123015110]] | [[Eodesmus]] | Eodesmus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1323 | [[:d:Q28182554|Q28182554]] | [[Pleistocene New Zealand sea lion]] | Neophoca palatina | 3 | | [[File:Neophoca palatina (AM LM76-8).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Neophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1324 | [[:d:Q55221346|Q55221346]] | [[Auroraphoca]] | Auroraphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1325 | [[:d:Q108422375|Q108422375]] | [[Atilax mesotes]] | Atilax mesotes | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Atilax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1326 | [[:d:Q765132|Q765132]] | [[Thaumastocyon]] | Thaumastocyon | 3 | | [[File:Thaumastocyon bourgeoisi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1327 | [[:d:Q2477712|Q2477712]] | [[Imagotaria downsi]] | Imagotaria downsi | 3 | | [[File:Imagotaria downsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Imagotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1328 | [[:d:Q4138182|Q4138182]] | [[Hyaenictitherium]] | Hyaenictitherium | 3 | | [[File:Hyaenictitherium DB24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictitheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1329 | [[:d:Q16929812|Q16929812]] | [[Hyaenotherium]] | Hyaenotherium | 3 | | [[File:似鬣狗鼬鬣狗 Hyaenotherium hyaeneides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictitheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1330 | [[:d:Q30693544|Q30693544]] | [[Nanophoca]] | Nanophoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1331 | [[:d:Q30693561|Q30693561]] | [[Phocanella]] | Phocanella | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1332 | [[:d:Q30693573|Q30693573]] | [[Gryphoca]] | Gryphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1333 | [[:d:Q135102360|Q135102360]] | [[Circamustela]] | Circamustela | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1334 | [[:d:Q10808040|Q10808040]] | [[Poecilogale]] | Poecilogale | 3 | | [[File:Whitenapedweasellg2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1335 | [[:d:Q16696649|Q16696649]] | [[Semantor macrurus]] | Semantor macrurus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1336 | [[:d:Q18002457|Q18002457]] | [[Palaeomephitis steinheimensis]] | Palaeomephitis steinheimensis | 3 | | [[File:Palaeomephitis steinheimensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Palaeomephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1337 | [[:d:Q25436860|Q25436860]] | [[Archaeodobenus akamatsui]] | Archaeodobenus akamatsui | 3 | | [[File:Archaeodobenus.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeodobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1338 | [[:d:Q33177251|Q33177251]] | [[Ictonychini]] | Ictonychini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1339 | [[:d:Q97370757|Q97370757]] | [[Pithanotaria starri]] | Pithanotaria starri | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pithanotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1340 | [[:d:Q108030483|Q108030483]] | [[Enhydrictis]] | Enhydrictis | 3 | | [[File:Enhydrictis galictoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1341 | [[:d:Q135257780|Q135257780]] | [[Lyncodontini]] | Lyncodontini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1342 | [[:d:Q1571102|Q1571102]] | [[Grammogale]] | Grammogale | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1343 | [[:d:Q20907620|Q20907620]] | [[Halichoerus grypus macrorhynchus]] | Halichoerus grypus macrorhynchus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1344 | [[:d:Q20907621|Q20907621]] | [[Phoca vitulina vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina vitulina | 3 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1345 | [[:d:Q20907622|Q20907622]] | [[Phoca vitulina concolor]] | Phoca vitulina concolor | 3 | | [[File:Harbor seal in Holyoke, MA. Connecticut River. 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1346 | [[:d:Q20907624|Q20907624]] | [[Phoca vitulina richardii]] | Phoca vitulina richardii | 3 | | [[File:Phoca vitulina richardii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1347 | [[:d:Q5575498|Q5575498]] | [[Gobicyon]] | Gobicyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1348 | [[:d:Q11840392|Q11840392]] | [[Dologale]] | Dologale | 3 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1349 | [[:d:Q21368149|Q21368149]] | [[Asilifelis]] | Asilifelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1350 | [[:d:Q21368361|Q21368361]] | [[Diamantofelis]] | Diamantofelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1351 | [[:d:Q21368812|Q21368812]] | [[Namafelis]] | Namafelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1352 | [[:d:Q110967286|Q110967286]] | [[Katifelis]] | Katifelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1353 | [[:d:Q117815835|Q117815835]] | [[Vinayakia]] | Vinayakia | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1354 | [[:d:Q5782651|Q5782651]] | [[Conepatus chinga chinga]] | Conepatus chinga chinga | 3 | | [[File:Chingue (Conepatus chinga) Inao Vásquez 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1355 | [[:d:Q5782653|Q5782653]] | [[Conepatus chinga rex]] | Conepatus chinga rex | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus chinga rex (8392210869).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1356 | [[:d:Q20907246|Q20907246]] | [[Genetta genetta felina]] | Genetta genetta felina | 3 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1357 | [[:d:Q20907613|Q20907613]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus | 3 | | [[File:Arctocephalus pusillus 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1358 | [[:d:Q20907614|Q20907614]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1359 | [[:d:Q20907920|Q20907920]] | [[Conepatus chinga suffocans]] | Conepatus chinga suffocans | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1360 | [[:d:Q20907943|Q20907943]] | [[Mephitis mephitis hudsonica]] | Mephitis mephitis hudsonica | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1361 | [[:d:Q20907945|Q20907945]] | [[Mephitis mephitis mesomelas]] | Mephitis mephitis mesomelas | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1362 | [[:d:Q20907946|Q20907946]] | [[Mephitis mephitis nigra]] | Mephitis mephitis nigra | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1363 | [[:d:Q20907970|Q20907970]] | [[Spilogale putorius interrupta]] | Spilogale putorius interrupta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1364 | [[:d:Q12116479|Q12116479]] | [[Potosinae]] | Potosinae | 3 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1365 | [[:d:Q20907625|Q20907625]] | [[Pusa hispida hispida]] | Pusa hispida hispida | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1366 | [[:d:Q16987383|Q16987383]] | [[Paradoxurus montanus]] | Paradoxurus montanus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1367 | [[:d:Q20907925|Q20907925]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus]] | Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1368 | [[:d:Q20907962|Q20907962]] | [[Spilogale gracilis amphialus]] | Spilogale gracilis amphialus | 3 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis amphiala.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1369 | [[:d:Q135249380|Q135249380]] | [[Ictonyx harrisoni]] | Ictonyx harrisoni | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1370 | [[:d:Q13563535|Q13563535]] | [[Namaqua slender mongoose]] | Galerella sanguinea swalius | 3 | | [[File:2009-slender-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1371 | [[:d:Q20907922|Q20907922]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii castaneus]] | Conepatus humboldtii castaneus | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus humboldtii 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1372 | [[:d:Q92891178|Q92891178]] | [[Enhydra macrodonta]] | Enhydra macrodonta | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1373 | [[:d:Q107994795|Q107994795]] | [[Cretan otter]] | Lutrogale cretensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1374 | [[:d:Q108422524|Q108422524]] | [[Callorhinus gilmorei]] | Callorhinus gilmorei | 3 | | [[File:Callorhinus gilmorei.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Callorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1375 | [[:d:Q3497608|Q3497608]] | [[Chamitataxus avitus]] | Chamitataxus avitus | 3 | | [[File:Chamitataxus BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Chamitataxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1376 | [[:d:Q108422505|Q108422505]] | [[Mellivora sivalensis]] | Mellivora sivalensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1377 | [[:d:Q9047364|Q9047364]] | [[Mustela putorius anglia]] | Mustela putorius anglia | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1378 | [[:d:Q9047369|Q9047369]] | [[Mustela putorius mosquensis]] | Mustela putorius mosquensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1379 | [[:d:Q12185005|Q12185005]] | [[Mustela putorius rothschildi]] | Mustela putorius rothschildi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1380 | [[:d:Q20907655|Q20907655]] | [[Lutra lutra meridionalis]] | Lutra lutra meridionalis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1381 | [[:d:Q20907870|Q20907870]] | [[Mustela putorius putorius]] | Mustela putorius putorius | 3 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1382 | [[:d:Q30693567|Q30693567]] | [[Pachyphoca]] | Pachyphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cystophorini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1383 | [[:d:Q121348857|Q121348857]] | [[Paludocyon]] | Paludocyon | 3 | | [[File:Paludocyon moyasolai skull - Morales et al 2026.webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1384 | [[:d:Q125749307|Q125749307]] | [[Neogale frenata]] | Neogale frenata | 3 | | [[File:Mustela frenata new.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1385 | [[:d:Q920221|Q920221]] | [[Martes americana caurina]] | Martes americana caurina | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1386 | [[:d:Q9029559|Q9029559]] | [[Martes americana abietinoides]] | Martes americana abietinoides | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1387 | [[:d:Q869465|Q869465]] | [[Nasua nelsoni]] | Nasua nelsoni | 3 | | [[File:Cozumel Island Coati .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1388 | [[:d:Q2857972|Q2857972]] | [[Aonyx capensis hindei]] | Aonyx capensis hindei | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1389 | [[:d:Q2857973|Q2857973]] | [[Aonyx capensis meneleki]] | Aonyx capensis meneleki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1390 | [[:d:Q11908163|Q11908163]] | [[Barbourofelis fricki]] | Barbourofelis fricki | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1391 | [[:d:Q16595094|Q16595094]] | [[Lycalopex ensenadensis]] | Lycalopex ensenadensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1392 | [[:d:Q20907635|Q20907635]] | [[Enhydra lutris nereis]] | Enhydra lutris nereis | 3 | | [[File:California Sea Otters - Enhydra lutris nereis, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, California.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1393 | [[:d:Q28432836|Q28432836]] | [[Felini]] | Felini | 3 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1394 | [[:d:Q121339769|Q121339769]] | [[Vishnufelis]] | Vishnufelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1395 | [[:d:Q4064599|Q4064599]] | [[Mustela eversmanii amurensis]] | Mustela eversmanii amurensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1396 | [[:d:Q118469371|Q118469371]] | [[Sivasmilus]] | Sivasmilus | 3 | | [[File:Sivasmilus holotype Pilgrim1915.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1397 | [[:d:Q2303349|Q2303349]] | [[Cyonasua argentina]] | Cyonasua argentina | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cyonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1398 | [[:d:Q6840433|Q6840433]] | [[Microtomarctus]] | Microtomarctus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1399 | [[:d:Q7105820|Q7105820]] | [[Osbornodon iamonensis]] | Osbornodon iamonensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Osbornodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1400 | [[:d:Q7134499|Q7134499]] | [[Paraenhydrocyon]] | Paraenhydrocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1401 | [[:d:Q11318742|Q11318742]] | [[Martes melampus tsuensis]] | Martes melampus tsuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1402 | [[:d:Q11338316|Q11338316]] | [[Martes melampus melampus]] | Martes melampus melampus | 3 | | [[File:Japanese Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1403 | [[:d:Q20908036|Q20908036]] | [[Procyon lotor hernandezii]] | Procyon lotor hernandezii | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1404 | [[:d:Q20908051|Q20908051]] | [[Ailurus fulgens fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens fulgens | 3 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1405 | [[:d:Q131304188|Q131304188]] | [[Prionailurus kurteni]] | Prionailurus kurteni | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1406 | [[:d:Q5985089|Q5985089]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus andinus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus andinus | 3 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1407 | [[:d:Q5985091|Q5985091]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus | 3 | | [[File:Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus, Pseudalopex culpaeus culpaeus zorro culpeo (Chile central) 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1408 | [[:d:Q5985093|Q5985093]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides]] | Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides | 3 | | [[File:Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides in Ushuaia, Argentina..jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1409 | [[:d:Q5985099|Q5985099]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus smithersi]] | Lycalopex culpaeus smithersi | 3 | | [[File:Keulemans Culpeo.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1410 | [[:d:Q7838042|Q7838042]] | [[Tremarctini]] | Tremarctini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1411 | [[:d:Q16590238|Q16590238]] | [[Leopardus vorohuensis]] | Leopardus vorohuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1412 | [[:d:Q118612748|Q118612748]] | [[Puma incurva]] | Puma incurva | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1413 | [[:d:Q3853467|Q3853467]] | [[Mececyon trinilensis]] | Mececyon trinilensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mececyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1414 | [[:d:Q3853916|Q3853916]] | [[Megacyon merriami]] | Megacyon merriami | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Megacyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1415 | [[:d:Q5378828|Q5378828]] | [[Enhydritherium terraenovae]] | Enhydritherium terraenovae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydritherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1416 | [[:d:Q60741848|Q60741848]] | [[Enhydriodon dikikae]] | Enhydriodon dikikae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydriodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1417 | [[:d:Q65141617|Q65141617]] | [[Actiocyon]] | Actiocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Simocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1418 | [[:d:Q2322950|Q2322950]] | [[Vulpes macrotis mutica]] | Vulpes macrotis mutica | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes macrotis mutica with pups.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1419 | [[:d:Q20907574|Q20907574]] | [[Urocyon littoralis littoralis]] | Urocyon littoralis littoralis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1420 | [[:d:Q20907575|Q20907575]] | [[Urocyon littoralis catalinae]] | Urocyon littoralis catalinae | 3 | | [[File:CatalinaIslandFox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1421 | [[:d:Q20907576|Q20907576]] | [[Urocyon littoralis clementae]] | Urocyon littoralis clementae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1422 | [[:d:Q20907577|Q20907577]] | [[Urocyon littoralis dickeyi]] | Urocyon littoralis dickeyi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1423 | [[:d:Q20907579|Q20907579]] | [[Urocyon littoralis santarosae]] | Urocyon littoralis santarosae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1424 | [[:d:Q4287837|Q4287837]] | [[Alopex lagopus semenovi]] | Alopex lagopus semenovi | 3 | | [[File:ArcticFoxSummer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alopex lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1425 | [[:d:Q8066568|Q8066568]] | [[Zaragocyon daamsi]] | Zaragocyon daamsi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Zaragocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1426 | [[:d:Q21369112|Q21369112]] | [[Adelpharctos]] | Adelpharctos | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1427 | [[:d:Q106199641|Q106199641]] | [[Miomaci]] | Miomaci | 3 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1428 | [[:d:Q110448412|Q110448412]] | [[Aurorarctos]] | Aurorarctos | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1429 | [[:d:Q112147455|Q112147455]] | [[Taowu]] | Taowu | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1430 | [[:d:Q120024195|Q120024195]] | [[Huracan]] | Huracan | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1431 | [[:d:Q16615644|Q16615644]] | [[Panthera tigris oxygnatha]] | Panthera tigris oxygnatha | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1432 | [[:d:Q22285672|Q22285672]] | [[Ethiopian lion]] | Panthera leo roosevelti | 3 | | [[File:Lion zoo Addis Ababa 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[leon]] | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1433 | [[:d:Q582960|Q582960]] | [[Leptailurus serval phillipsi]] | Leptailurus serval phillipsi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1434 | [[:d:Q966549|Q966549]] | [[Leptailurus serval kivuensis]] | Leptailurus serval kivuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1435 | [[:d:Q5392035|Q5392035]] | [[Leptailurus serval pococki]] | Leptailurus serval pococki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1436 | [[:d:Q5442082|Q5442082]] | [[Felis chaus furax]] | Felis chaus furax | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1437 | [[:d:Q5442083|Q5442083]] | [[Felis chaus kelaarti]] | Felis chaus kelaarti | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1438 | [[:d:Q5442084|Q5442084]] | [[Felis chaus maimanah]] | Felis chaus maimanah | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1439 | [[:d:Q5442085|Q5442085]] | [[Felis chaus oxiana]] | Felis chaus oxiana | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1440 | [[:d:Q5477080|Q5477080]] | [[Leptailurus serval lonnbergi]] | Leptailurus serval lonnbergi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1441 | [[:d:Q9021703|Q9021703]] | [[Leptailurus serval beirae]] | Leptailurus serval beirae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1442 | [[:d:Q9021710|Q9021710]] | [[Leptailurus serval faradjius]] | Leptailurus serval faradjius | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1443 | [[:d:Q9021712|Q9021712]] | [[Leptailurus serval ferrarii]] | Leptailurus serval ferrarii | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1444 | [[:d:Q9021713|Q9021713]] | [[Leptailurus serval hamiltoni]] | Leptailurus serval hamiltoni | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1445 | [[:d:Q9021716|Q9021716]] | [[Leptailurus serval hindei]] | Leptailurus serval hindei | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1446 | [[:d:Q9021724|Q9021724]] | [[Leptailurus serval pantastictus]] | Leptailurus serval pantastictus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1447 | [[:d:Q9021728|Q9021728]] | [[Leptailurus serval robertsi]] | Leptailurus serval robertsi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1448 | [[:d:Q9021732|Q9021732]] | [[Leptailurus serval togoensis]] | Leptailurus serval togoensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1449 | [[:d:Q11688829|Q11688829]] | [[Leptailurus serval brachyurus]] | Leptailurus serval brachyurus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1450 | [[:d:Q11688832|Q11688832]] | [[Leptailurus serval kempi]] | Leptailurus serval kempi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1451 | [[:d:Q11688834|Q11688834]] | [[Leptailurus serval mababiensis]] | Leptailurus serval mababiensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1452 | [[:d:Q20907115|Q20907115]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis | 3 | | [[File:Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis 2-Découpe.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1453 | [[:d:Q20907141|Q20907141]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides]] | Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides | 3 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1454 | [[:d:Q5985179|Q5985179]] | [[Lynx rufus gigas]] | Lynx rufus gigas | 3 | | [[File:Bobcat2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1455 | [[:d:Q8961149|Q8961149]] | [[Felis silvestris griselda]] | Felis silvestris griselda | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1456 | [[:d:Q8961150|Q8961150]] | [[Felis silvestris haussa]] | Felis silvestris haussa | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1457 | [[:d:Q8961152|Q8961152]] | [[Felis silvestris iraki]] | Felis silvestris iraki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1458 | [[:d:Q8961153|Q8961153]] | [[Felis silvestris mellandi]] | Felis silvestris mellandi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1459 | [[:d:Q8961155|Q8961155]] | [[Felis silvestris nesterovi]] | Felis silvestris nesterovi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1460 | [[:d:Q8961158|Q8961158]] | [[Felis silvestris tristrami]] | Felis silvestris tristrami | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1461 | [[:d:Q8961159|Q8961159]] | [[Felis silvestris rubida]] | Felis silvestris rubida | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1462 | [[:d:Q8961160|Q8961160]] | [[Felis silvestris ugandae]] | Felis silvestris ugandae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1463 | [[:d:Q11681812|Q11681812]] | [[Felis silvestris chutuchta]] | Felis silvestris chutuchta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1464 | [[:d:Q4006547|Q4006547]] | [[Ursus ladinicus]] | Ursus ladinicus | 3 | | [[File:Ursus ladinicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1465 | [[:d:Q9367140|Q9367140]] | [[Ursus wenzensis]] | Ursus wenzensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1466 | [[:d:Q4043537|Q4043537]] | [[Machairodus aphanistus]] | Machairodus aphanistus | 3 | | [[File:Machairodus aphanistus female skull - Batallones fossil sites, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1467 | [[:d:Q15695549|Q15695549]] | [[Nyctereutes tingi]] | Nyctereutes tingi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1468 | [[:d:Q122936769|Q122936769]] | [[Stenailurus teilhardi]] | Stenailurus teilhardi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Stenailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1469 | [[:d:Q5893608|Q5893608]] | [[Helarctos malayanus euryspilus]] | Helarctos malayanus euryspilus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1470 | [[:d:Q6741612|Q6741612]] | [[Borophagus parvus]] | Borophagus parvus | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus cyonoides 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1471 | [[:d:Q16975227|Q16975227]] | [[Borophagus diversidens]] | Borophagus diversidens | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus diversidens.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1472 | [[:d:Q16975242|Q16975242]] | [[Borophagus littoralis]] | Borophagus littoralis | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus littoralis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1473 | [[:d:Q16975253|Q16975253]] | [[Borophagus pugnator]] | Borophagus pugnator | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1474 | [[:d:Q16975257|Q16975257]] | [[Borophagus secundus]] | Borophagus secundus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1475 | [[:d:Q20907551|Q20907551]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1476 | [[:d:Q20907603|Q20907603]] | [[Melursus ursinus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus ursinus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus ursinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1477 | [[:d:Q20907606|Q20907606]] | [[Ursus americanus machetes]] | Ursus americanus machetes | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1478 | [[:d:Q20907607|Q20907607]] | [[Ursus americanus perniger]] | Ursus americanus perniger | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1479 | [[:d:Q55693842|Q55693842]] | [[Canis lycaon]] | Canis lycaon | 3 | | [[File:Eastern wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1480 | [[:d:Q110266161|Q110266161]] | [[Canis borjgali]] | Canis borjgali | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1481 | [[:d:Q120765693|Q120765693]] | [[Taowu liui]] | Taowu liui | 3 | | [[File:Taowu liui skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taowu]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1482 | [[:d:Q128263021|Q128263021]] | [[North African wildcat]] | Felis lybica lybica | 3 | | [[File:Felis silvestris lybica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1483 | [[:d:Q20907552|Q20907552]] | [[Otocyon megalotis megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis megalotis | 3 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1484 | [[:d:Q122840720|Q122840720]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus albus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus albus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1485 | [[:d:Q20720126|Q20720126]] | [[Canis lupus variabilis]] | Canis mosbachensis variabilis | 3 | | [[File:Canis variabilis mandible.tif|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis mosbachensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1486 | [[:d:Q20907492|Q20907492]] | [[Canis aureus ecsedensis]] | Canis aureus ecsedensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1487 | [[:d:Q20907500|Q20907500]] | [[Canis latrans clepticus]] | Canis latrans clepticus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1488 | [[:d:Q20907513|Q20907513]] | [[Canis latrans texensis]] | Canis latrans texensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1489 | [[:d:Q20907515|Q20907515]] | [[Canis latrans umpquensis]] | Canis latrans umpquensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1490 | [[:d:Q20907516|Q20907516]] | [[Canis latrans vigilis]] | Canis latrans vigilis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1491 | [[:d:Q20907522|Q20907522]] | [[Canis mesomelas mesomelas]] | Canis mesomelas mesomelas | 3 | | [[File:L. m. mesomelas, Sunday's River Valley Local Municipality 1.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1492 | [[:d:Q20907523|Q20907523]] | [[Canis mesomelas schmidti]] | Canis mesomelas schmidti | 3 | | [[File:Lupulella mesomelas schmidti Kenya 2020 1.jpg (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1493 | [[:d:Q16993011|Q16993011]] | [[Teruelictis]] | Teruelictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1494 | [[:d:Q17465087|Q17465087]] | [[Prionodontidae]] | Prionodontidae | 2 | | [[File:Prionodon maculosus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1495 | [[:d:Q21661407|Q21661407]] | [[Parataxidea]] | Parataxidea | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1496 | [[:d:Q28031449|Q28031449]] | [[Ekorus]] | Ekorus | 2 | | [[File:Ekorus and Viverra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1497 | [[:d:Q33139904|Q33139904]] | [[Leptarctinae]] | Leptarctinae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1498 | [[:d:Q59780239|Q59780239]] | [[Plesiogale]] | Plesiogale | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1499 | [[:d:Q61474546|Q61474546]] | [[Leptarctus]] | Leptarctus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1500 | [[:d:Q85989920|Q85989920]] | [[Palaeogalidae]] | Palaeogalidae | 2 | | [[File:Palaeogale skull lateral Matthew 1902.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1501 | [[:d:Q105658688|Q105658688]] | [[Zanclonychopus]] | Zanclonychopus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1502 | [[:d:Q108475852|Q108475852]] | [[Kawas]] | Kawas | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1503 | [[:d:Q110448466|Q110448466]] | [[Baranogale]] | Baranogale | 2 | | [[File:Baranogale helbingi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1504 | [[:d:Q112959022|Q112959022]] | [[Aragonictis]] | Aragonictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1505 | [[:d:Q121345006|Q121345006]] | [[Plionictis]] | Plionictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1506 | [[:d:Q123015011|Q123015011]] | [[Miophoca]] | Miophoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1507 | [[:d:Q123015038|Q123015038]] | [[Virginiaphoca]] | Virginiaphoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1508 | [[:d:Q123015074|Q123015074]] | [[Properiptychus]] | Properiptychus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1509 | [[:d:Q123015092|Q123015092]] | [[Messiphoca]] | Messiphoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1510 | [[:d:Q131160761|Q131160761]] | [[Hoplictis]] | Hoplictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1511 | [[:d:Q10811693|Q10811693]] | [[Rhynchogale]] | Rhynchogale | 2 | | [[File:Smit.m.rhinogale.melleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1512 | [[:d:Q16983083|Q16983083]] | [[Herpestides]] | Herpestides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1513 | [[:d:Q21446239|Q21446239]] | [[Barbourofelinae]] | Barbourofelinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1514 | [[:d:Q28309613|Q28309613]] | [[Xenogale]] | Xenogale | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1515 | [[:d:Q85989669|Q85989669]] | [[Legetetia]] | Legetetia | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1516 | [[:d:Q85989765|Q85989765]] | [[Mioprionodon]] | Mioprionodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1517 | [[:d:Q106918005|Q106918005]] | [[Dunictis]] | Dunictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1518 | [[:d:Q125902653|Q125902653]] | [[Buisnictis]] | Buisnictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1519 | [[:d:Q126888234|Q126888234]] | [[Mephitinae]] | Mephitinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1520 | [[:d:Q136655510|Q136655510]] | [[Kichechia]] | Kichechia | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1521 | [[:d:Q136680096|Q136680096]] | [[Mungosinae]] | Mungosinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1522 | [[:d:Q5663088|Q5663088]] | [[Harpagophagus]] | Harpagophagus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1523 | [[:d:Q7254211|Q7254211]] | [[Pseudamphicyon]] | Pseudamphicyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1524 | [[:d:Q10334025|Q10334025]] | [[Mustelida]] | Mustelida | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1525 | [[:d:Q18001804|Q18001804]] | [[Neotherium]] | Neotherium | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1526 | [[:d:Q19758225|Q19758225]] | [[Trigonictis]] | Trigonictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1527 | [[:d:Q21344937|Q21344937]] | [[Arctomeles]] | Arctomeles | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1528 | [[:d:Q33147923|Q33147923]] | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | Thaumastocyoninae | 2 | | [[File:Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz- (8)-Bärenhund-Agnotherium antiquum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1529 | [[:d:Q48465840|Q48465840]] | [[Kamtschatarctos]] | Kamtschatarctos | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1530 | [[:d:Q48528770|Q48528770]] | [[Semantor]] | Semantor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1531 | [[:d:Q85989695|Q85989695]] | [[Lophocyon]] | Lophocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1532 | [[:d:Q119320064|Q119320064]] | [[Subparictis]] | Subparictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1533 | [[:d:Q119332064|Q119332064]] | [[Eoarctos]] | Eoarctos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1534 | [[:d:Q122216409|Q122216409]] | [[Lonchocyon]] | Lonchocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1535 | [[:d:Q123015160|Q123015160]] | [[Pacificotaria]] | Pacificotaria | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1536 | [[:d:Q3757593|Q3757593]] | [[Galerella swalius]] | Galerella swalius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1537 | [[:d:Q21445893|Q21445893]] | [[Osbornictis]] | Osbornictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1538 | [[:d:Q135973229|Q135973229]] | [[Megencephalon]] | Megencephalon | 2 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1539 | [[:d:Q16988557|Q16988557]] | [[Prosansanosmilus peregrinus]] | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1540 | [[:d:Q33176727|Q33176727]] | [[Monachini]] | Monachini | 2 | | [[File:Hawaiian monk seal at French Frigate Shoals 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1541 | [[:d:Q33177856|Q33177856]] | [[Miroungini]] | Miroungini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1542 | [[:d:Q56328001|Q56328001]] | [[Melodon]] | Melodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1543 | [[:d:Q85989383|Q85989383]] | [[Euboictis]] | Euboictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1544 | [[:d:Q131905160|Q131905160]] | [[Saketoteron]] | Saketoteron | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1545 | [[:d:Q135095196|Q135095196]] | [[Pachycynodon]] | Pachycynodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1546 | [[:d:Q3999197|Q3999197]] | [[Trocharion albanense]] | Trocharion albanense | 2 | | [[File:Trocharion.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Trocharion]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1547 | [[:d:Q30893535|Q30893535]] | [[Protodobenus japonicus]] | Protodobenus japonicus | 2 | | [[File:Protodobenus japonicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protodobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1548 | [[:d:Q33176599|Q33176599]] | [[Phocini]] | Phocini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1549 | [[:d:Q33177423|Q33177423]] | [[Cystophorini]] | Cystophorini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1550 | [[:d:Q33177565|Q33177565]] | [[Erignathini]] | Erignathini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1551 | [[:d:Q115382200|Q115382200]] | [[Ammitocyon]] | Ammitocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1552 | [[:d:Q123015101|Q123015101]] | [[Devinophoca]] | Devinophoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1553 | [[:d:Q25436875|Q25436875]] | [[Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae]] | Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kamtschatarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1554 | [[:d:Q28936311|Q28936311]] | [[Eotaria citrica]] | Eotaria citrica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1555 | [[:d:Q108635403|Q108635403]] | [[Oriensarctos watasei]] | Oriensarctos watasei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oriensarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1556 | [[:d:Q111034276|Q111034276]] | [[Oriensmilus liupanensis]] | Oriensmilus liupanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oriensmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1557 | [[:d:Q4499772|Q4499772]] | [[Polecat-mink hybrid]] | Mustela putorius × Mustela lutreola | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1558 | [[:d:Q20907623|Q20907623]] | [[Phoca vitulina mellonae]] | Phoca vitulina mellonae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1559 | [[:d:Q24694602|Q24694602]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 2 | | [[File:American Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1560 | [[:d:Q27898163|Q27898163]] | [[Kolonokus]] | Kolonokus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1561 | [[:d:Q27898177|Q27898177]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1562 | [[:d:Q59420993|Q59420993]] | [[Halichoerus grypus atlantica]] | Halichoerus grypus atlantica | 2 | | [[File:Grey Seals, Rathlin Island.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1563 | [[:d:Q104841186|Q104841186]] | [[Phoca vitulina mellonae]] | Phoca vitulina mellonae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1564 | [[:d:Q131451883|Q131451883]] | [[Martes crassidens]] | Martes crassidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1565 | [[:d:Q138664073|Q138664073]] | [[Charronia]] | Charronia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1566 | [[:d:Q223410|Q223410]] | [[Alopex]] | Alopex | 2 | | [[File:Eisfuchscele4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1567 | [[:d:Q6992706|Q6992706]] | [[Neocynodesmus]] | Neocynodesmus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1568 | [[:d:Q16963604|Q16963604]] | [[Metalopex]] | Metalopex | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1569 | [[:d:Q21368804|Q21368804]] | [[Mececyon]] | Mececyon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1570 | [[:d:Q21368805|Q21368805]] | [[Megacyon]] | Megacyon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1571 | [[:d:Q21445604|Q21445604]] | [[Acinonychinae]] | Acinonychinae | 2 | | [[File:Cheetah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1572 | [[:d:Q55374881|Q55374881]] | [[Protemnocyon]] | Protemnocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1573 | [[:d:Q85989052|Q85989052]] | [[Aeluropsis]] | Aeluropsis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1574 | [[:d:Q20907243|Q20907243]] | [[Genetta genetta genetta]] | Genetta genetta genetta | 2 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1575 | [[:d:Q20907915|Q20907915]] | [[Conepatus chinga budini]] | Conepatus chinga budini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1576 | [[:d:Q20907916|Q20907916]] | [[Conepatus chinga gibsoni]] | Conepatus chinga gibsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1577 | [[:d:Q20907917|Q20907917]] | [[Conepatus chinga inca]] | Conepatus chinga inca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1578 | [[:d:Q20907918|Q20907918]] | [[Conepatus chinga mendosus]] | Conepatus chinga mendosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1579 | [[:d:Q20907938|Q20907938]] | [[Mephitis mephitis mephitis]] | Mephitis mephitis mephitis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1580 | [[:d:Q20907939|Q20907939]] | [[Mephitis mephitis avia]] | Mephitis mephitis avia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1581 | [[:d:Q20907940|Q20907940]] | [[Mephitis mephitis elongata]] | Mephitis mephitis elongata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1582 | [[:d:Q20907941|Q20907941]] | [[Mephitis mephitis estor]] | Mephitis mephitis estor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1583 | [[:d:Q20907942|Q20907942]] | [[Mephitis mephitis holzneri]] | Mephitis mephitis holzneri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1584 | [[:d:Q20907944|Q20907944]] | [[Mephitis mephitis major]] | Mephitis mephitis major | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1585 | [[:d:Q20907947|Q20907947]] | [[Mephitis mephitis notata]] | Mephitis mephitis notata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1586 | [[:d:Q20907948|Q20907948]] | [[Mephitis mephitis occidentalis]] | Mephitis mephitis occidentalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1587 | [[:d:Q20907949|Q20907949]] | [[Mephitis mephitis spissigrada]] | Mephitis mephitis spissigrada | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1588 | [[:d:Q20907950|Q20907950]] | [[Mephitis mephitis varians]] | Mephitis mephitis varians | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1589 | [[:d:Q20907951|Q20907951]] | [[Mydaus javanensis javanensis]] | Mydaus javanensis javanensis | 2 | | [[File:Zoological researches in Java, and the neighbouring islands BHL47293032.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1590 | [[:d:Q20907968|Q20907968]] | [[Spilogale putorius putorius]] | Spilogale putorius putorius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1591 | [[:d:Q20907969|Q20907969]] | [[Spilogale putorius ambarvalis]] | Spilogale putorius ambarvalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1592 | [[:d:Q41084394|Q41084394]] | [[Lutra simplicidens]] | Lutra simplicidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1593 | [[:d:Q107987062|Q107987062]] | [[Lutra castiglionis]] | Lutra castiglionis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1594 | [[:d:Q124036891|Q124036891]] | [[Lutra franconica]] | Lutra franconica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1595 | [[:d:Q17620514|Q17620514]] | [[Amphicyon ingens]] | Amphicyon ingens | 2 | | [[File:Amphicyon ingens White Background.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1596 | [[:d:Q20907615|Q20907615]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus laptevi]] | Odobenus rosmarus laptevi | 2 | | [[File:RR5109-0037R Лаптевский морж.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1597 | [[:d:Q20907616|Q20907616]] | [[Erignathus barbatus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus barbatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1598 | [[:d:Q20907618|Q20907618]] | [[Erignathus barbatus nautica]] | Erignathus barbatus nautica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1599 | [[:d:Q20907626|Q20907626]] | [[Pusa hispida ochotensis]] | Pusa hispida ochotensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1600 | [[:d:Q20907971|Q20907971]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea pygmaea]] | Spilogale pygmaea pygmaea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1601 | [[:d:Q20907972|Q20907972]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea australis]] | Spilogale pygmaea australis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1602 | [[:d:Q20907973|Q20907973]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea intermedia]] | Spilogale pygmaea intermedia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1603 | [[:d:Q63525119|Q63525119]] | [[Crocuta crocuta ultima]] | Crocuta crocuta ultima | 2 | | [[File:最后的鬣狗 大庆.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1604 | [[:d:Q138497596|Q138497596]] | [[Pocockictis]] | Pocockictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1605 | [[:d:Q14136913|Q14136913]] | [[Pogonodon pseudocanaricus]] | Pogonodon pseudocanaricus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pogonodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1606 | [[:d:Q20907926|Q20907926]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus figginsi]] | Conepatus leuconotus figginsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1607 | [[:d:Q20907927|Q20907927]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus telmalestes]] | Conepatus leuconotus telmalestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1608 | [[:d:Q20907960|Q20907960]] | [[Spilogale gracilis gracilis]] | Spilogale gracilis gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1609 | [[:d:Q20907963|Q20907963]] | [[Spilogale gracilis latifrons]] | Spilogale gracilis latifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1610 | [[:d:Q20907321|Q20907321]] | [[Cynictis penicillata bradfieldi]] | Cynictis penicillata bradfieldi | 2 | | [[File:082 Yellow mongoose in Khomas Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1611 | [[:d:Q20907921|Q20907921]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii humboldtii]] | Conepatus humboldtii humboldtii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1612 | [[:d:Q20907924|Q20907924]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii proteus]] | Conepatus humboldtii proteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1613 | [[:d:Q20907928|Q20907928]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus]] | Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1614 | [[:d:Q20907930|Q20907930]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus taxinus]] | Conepatus semistriatus taxinus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1615 | [[:d:Q20907931|Q20907931]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus trichurus]] | Conepatus semistriatus trichurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1616 | [[:d:Q20907932|Q20907932]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus yucatanicus]] | Conepatus semistriatus yucatanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1617 | [[:d:Q20907933|Q20907933]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus zorrino]] | Conepatus semistriatus zorrino | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1618 | [[:d:Q20907952|Q20907952]] | [[Mydaus javanensis lucifer]] | Mydaus javanensis lucifer | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1619 | [[:d:Q20907953|Q20907953]] | [[Mydaus javanensis ollula]] | Mydaus javanensis ollula | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1620 | [[:d:Q6009542|Q6009542]] | [[Meles iberica]] | Meles iberica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1621 | [[:d:Q20907934|Q20907934]] | [[Mephitis macroura macroura]] | Mephitis macroura macroura | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1622 | [[:d:Q20907935|Q20907935]] | [[Mephitis macroura eximius]] | Mephitis macroura eximius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1623 | [[:d:Q20907936|Q20907936]] | [[Mephitis macroura milleri]] | Mephitis macroura milleri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1624 | [[:d:Q20907937|Q20907937]] | [[Mephitis macroura richardsoni]] | Mephitis macroura richardsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1625 | [[:d:Q20907954|Q20907954]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons]] | Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1626 | [[:d:Q20907955|Q20907955]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons celeris]] | Spilogale angustifrons celeris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1627 | [[:d:Q20907956|Q20907956]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons elata]] | Spilogale angustifrons elata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1628 | [[:d:Q20907957|Q20907957]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons tropicalis]] | Spilogale angustifrons tropicalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1629 | [[:d:Q20907958|Q20907958]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons yucatanensis]] | Spilogale angustifrons yucatanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1630 | [[:d:Q20907964|Q20907964]] | [[Spilogale gracilis leucoparia]] | Spilogale gracilis leucoparia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1631 | [[:d:Q20907965|Q20907965]] | [[Spilogale gracilis lucasana]] | Spilogale gracilis lucasana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1632 | [[:d:Q20907966|Q20907966]] | [[Spilogale gracilis martirensis]] | Spilogale gracilis martirensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1633 | [[:d:Q20907967|Q20907967]] | [[Spilogale gracilis phenax]] | Spilogale gracilis phenax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1634 | [[:d:Q135914448|Q135914448]] | [[Meles amurensis]] | Meles amurensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1635 | [[:d:Q6427869|Q6427869]] | [[Kolponomos clallamensis]] | Kolponomos clallamensis | 2 | | [[File:Kolponomos clallamensis mandible.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kolponomos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1636 | [[:d:Q108872331|Q108872331]] | [[Allodesmus uraiporensis]] | Allodesmus uraiporensis | 2 | | [[File:Allodesmus uraiporensis — skull of holotype AMP 25 (Royal Society Open Science).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1637 | [[:d:Q7271357|Q7271357]] | [[Quercylurus major]] | Quercylurus major | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Quercylurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1638 | [[:d:Q108422364|Q108422364]] | [[Civettictis braini]] | Civettictis braini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1639 | [[:d:Q124282736|Q124282736]] | [[Gulo sudorus]] | Gulo sudorus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1640 | [[:d:Q125026543|Q125026543]] | [[Gulo minor]] | Gulo minor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1641 | [[:d:Q135942454|Q135942454]] | [[Mionictis]] | Mionictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1642 | [[:d:Q9029580|Q9029580]] | [[Martes flavigula aterrima]] | Martes flavigula aterrima | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1643 | [[:d:Q20907706|Q20907706]] | [[Ictonyx striatus striatus]] | Ictonyx striatus striatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1644 | [[:d:Q20907708|Q20907708]] | [[Ictonyx striatus albescens]] | Ictonyx striatus albescens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1645 | [[:d:Q20907710|Q20907710]] | [[Ictonyx striatus arenarius]] | Ictonyx striatus arenarius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1646 | [[:d:Q20907711|Q20907711]] | [[Ictonyx striatus elgonis]] | Ictonyx striatus elgonis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1647 | [[:d:Q20907713|Q20907713]] | [[Ictonyx striatus erythreae]] | Ictonyx striatus erythreae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1648 | [[:d:Q20907715|Q20907715]] | [[Ictonyx striatus ghansiensis]] | Ictonyx striatus ghansiensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1649 | [[:d:Q20907719|Q20907719]] | [[Ictonyx striatus giganteus]] | Ictonyx striatus giganteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1650 | [[:d:Q20907721|Q20907721]] | [[Ictonyx striatus intermedius]] | Ictonyx striatus intermedius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1651 | [[:d:Q20907723|Q20907723]] | [[Ictonyx striatus kalaharicus]] | Ictonyx striatus kalaharicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1652 | [[:d:Q20907724|Q20907724]] | [[Ictonyx striatus lancasteri]] | Ictonyx striatus lancasteri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1653 | [[:d:Q20907770|Q20907770]] | [[Mellivora capensis capensis]] | Mellivora capensis capensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1654 | [[:d:Q20907771|Q20907771]] | [[Mellivora capensis abyssinica]] | Mellivora capensis abyssinica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1655 | [[:d:Q20907772|Q20907772]] | [[Mellivora capensis buechneri]] | Mellivora capensis buechneri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1656 | [[:d:Q20907774|Q20907774]] | [[Mellivora capensis concisa]] | Mellivora capensis concisa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1657 | [[:d:Q20907776|Q20907776]] | [[Mellivora capensis inaurita]] | Mellivora capensis inaurita | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1658 | [[:d:Q20907777|Q20907777]] | [[Mellivora capensis indica]] | Mellivora capensis indica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1659 | [[:d:Q20907778|Q20907778]] | [[Mellivora capensis leuconota]] | Mellivora capensis leuconota | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1660 | [[:d:Q20907779|Q20907779]] | [[Mellivora capensis maxwelli]] | Mellivora capensis maxwelli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1661 | [[:d:Q20907780|Q20907780]] | [[Mellivora capensis pumilio]] | Mellivora capensis pumilio | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1662 | [[:d:Q20907781|Q20907781]] | [[Mellivora capensis signata]] | Mellivora capensis signata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1663 | [[:d:Q20907782|Q20907782]] | [[Mellivora capensis wilsoni]] | Mellivora capensis wilsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1664 | [[:d:Q21349881|Q21349881]] | [[Vulpes hassani]] | Vulpes hassani | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1665 | [[:d:Q121910826|Q121910826]] | [[Vulpes alopecoides]] | Vulpes alopecoides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1666 | [[:d:Q126858050|Q126858050]] | [[Vulpes mathisoni]] | Vulpes mathisoni | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1667 | [[:d:Q11691942|Q11691942]] | [[Meles meles canescens]] | Meles meles canescens | 2 | | [[File:MelesCanescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1668 | [[:d:Q20907648|Q20907648]] | [[Lutra lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra lutra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1669 | [[:d:Q20907649|Q20907649]] | [[Lutra lutra angustifrons]] | Lutra lutra angustifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1670 | [[:d:Q20907650|Q20907650]] | [[Lutra lutra aurobrunneus]] | Lutra lutra aurobrunneus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1671 | [[:d:Q20907651|Q20907651]] | [[Lutra lutra barang]] | Lutra lutra barang | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1672 | [[:d:Q20907652|Q20907652]] | [[Lutra lutra chinensis]] | Lutra lutra chinensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1673 | [[:d:Q20907653|Q20907653]] | [[Lutra lutra hainana]] | Lutra lutra hainana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1674 | [[:d:Q20907654|Q20907654]] | [[Lutra lutra kutab]] | Lutra lutra kutab | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1675 | [[:d:Q20907656|Q20907656]] | [[Lutra lutra monticolus]] | Lutra lutra monticolus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1676 | [[:d:Q20907657|Q20907657]] | [[Lutra lutra nair]] | Lutra lutra nair | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1677 | [[:d:Q20907801|Q20907801]] | [[Mustela erminea augustidens]] | Mustela erminea augustidens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1678 | [[:d:Q20907871|Q20907871]] | [[Mustela putorius aureola]] | Mustela putorius aureola | 2 | | [[File:Mustelaputoriusaureola.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1679 | [[:d:Q20907885|Q20907885]] | [[Neovison vison vison]] | Neovison vison vison | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1680 | [[:d:Q20907886|Q20907886]] | [[Neovison vison aestuarina]] | Neovison vison aestuarina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1681 | [[:d:Q20907887|Q20907887]] | [[Neovison vison aniakensis]] | Neovison vison aniakensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1682 | [[:d:Q20907888|Q20907888]] | [[Neovison vison energumenos]] | Neovison vison energumenos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1683 | [[:d:Q20907889|Q20907889]] | [[Neovison vison evagor]] | Neovison vison evagor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1684 | [[:d:Q20907890|Q20907890]] | [[Neovison vison evergladensis]] | Neovison vison evergladensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1685 | [[:d:Q20907891|Q20907891]] | [[Neovison vison ingens]] | Neovison vison ingens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1686 | [[:d:Q20907892|Q20907892]] | [[Neovison vison lacustris]] | Neovison vison lacustris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1687 | [[:d:Q20907893|Q20907893]] | [[Neovison vison letifera]] | Neovison vison letifera | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1688 | [[:d:Q20907894|Q20907894]] | [[Neovison vison lowii]] | Neovison vison lowii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1689 | [[:d:Q20907895|Q20907895]] | [[Neovison vison lutensis]] | Neovison vison lutensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1690 | [[:d:Q20907896|Q20907896]] | [[Neovison vison melampeplus]] | Neovison vison melampeplus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1691 | [[:d:Q20907897|Q20907897]] | [[Neovison vison mink]] | Neovison vison mink | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1692 | [[:d:Q20907898|Q20907898]] | [[Neovison vison nesolestes]] | Neovison vison nesolestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1693 | [[:d:Q20907899|Q20907899]] | [[Neovison vison vulgivaga]] | Neovison vison vulgivaga | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1694 | [[:d:Q11694640|Q11694640]] | [[Mustela nivalis aistoodonnivalis]] | Mustela nivalis aistoodonnivalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1695 | [[:d:Q20907861|Q20907861]] | [[Mustela nivalis caucasica]] | Mustela nivalis caucasica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1696 | [[:d:Q20907862|Q20907862]] | [[Mustela nivalis mosanensis]] | Mustela nivalis mosanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1697 | [[:d:Q20907865|Q20907865]] | [[Mustela nivalis rossica]] | Mustela nivalis rossica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1698 | [[:d:Q109264590|Q109264590]] | [[Ammitocyon kainos]] | Ammitocyon kainos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ammitocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1699 | [[:d:Q123014947|Q123014947]] | [[Proterozetes]] | Proterozetes | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Zalophini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1700 | [[:d:Q123862361|Q123862361]] | [[Urva edwardsii]] | Urva edwardsii | 2 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1701 | [[:d:Q9047225|Q9047225]] | [[Mustela altaica tsaidamensis]] | Mustela altaica tsaidamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1702 | [[:d:Q20907630|Q20907630]] | [[Aonyx cinerea cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea cinerea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1703 | [[:d:Q20907631|Q20907631]] | [[Aonyx cinerea concolor]] | Aonyx cinerea concolor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1704 | [[:d:Q20907632|Q20907632]] | [[Aonyx cinerea nirnai]] | Aonyx cinerea nirnai | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1705 | [[:d:Q20907636|Q20907636]] | [[Lontra canadensis canadensis]] | Lontra canadensis canadensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1706 | [[:d:Q20907637|Q20907637]] | [[Lontra canadensis kodiacensis]] | Lontra canadensis kodiacensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1707 | [[:d:Q20907638|Q20907638]] | [[Lontra canadensis lataxina]] | Lontra canadensis lataxina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1708 | [[:d:Q20907639|Q20907639]] | [[Lontra canadensis mira]] | Lontra canadensis mira | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1709 | [[:d:Q20907640|Q20907640]] | [[Lontra canadensis pacifica]] | Lontra canadensis pacifica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1710 | [[:d:Q20907641|Q20907641]] | [[Lontra canadensis periclyzomae]] | Lontra canadensis periclyzomae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1711 | [[:d:Q20907643|Q20907643]] | [[Lontra canadensis sonora]] | Lontra canadensis sonora | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1712 | [[:d:Q20907671|Q20907671]] | [[Eira barbara barbara]] | Eira barbara barbara | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1713 | [[:d:Q20907672|Q20907672]] | [[Eira barbara biologiae]] | Eira barbara biologiae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1714 | [[:d:Q20907673|Q20907673]] | [[Eira barbara inserta]] | Eira barbara inserta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1715 | [[:d:Q20907674|Q20907674]] | [[Eira barbara madeirensis]] | Eira barbara madeirensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1716 | [[:d:Q20907675|Q20907675]] | [[Eira barbara peruana]] | Eira barbara peruana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1717 | [[:d:Q20907676|Q20907676]] | [[Eira barbara poliocephala]] | Eira barbara poliocephala | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1718 | [[:d:Q20907677|Q20907677]] | [[Eira barbara senex]] | Eira barbara senex | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1719 | [[:d:Q20907678|Q20907678]] | [[Eira barbara senilis]] | Eira barbara senilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1720 | [[:d:Q20907679|Q20907679]] | [[Eira barbara sinuensis]] | Eira barbara sinuensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1721 | [[:d:Q20907681|Q20907681]] | [[Galictis cuja cuja]] | Galictis cuja cuja | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1722 | [[:d:Q20907683|Q20907683]] | [[Galictis cuja furax]] | Galictis cuja furax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1723 | [[:d:Q20907685|Q20907685]] | [[Galictis cuja huronax]] | Galictis cuja huronax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1724 | [[:d:Q20907687|Q20907687]] | [[Galictis cuja luteola]] | Galictis cuja luteola | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1725 | [[:d:Q20907689|Q20907689]] | [[Galictis vittata vittata]] | Galictis vittata vittata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1726 | [[:d:Q20907691|Q20907691]] | [[Galictis vittata andina]] | Galictis vittata andina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1727 | [[:d:Q20907692|Q20907692]] | [[Galictis vittata brasiliensis]] | Galictis vittata brasiliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1728 | [[:d:Q20907694|Q20907694]] | [[Galictis vittata canaster]] | Galictis vittata canaster | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1729 | [[:d:Q20907726|Q20907726]] | [[Ictonyx striatus limpopoensis]] | Ictonyx striatus limpopoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1730 | [[:d:Q20907728|Q20907728]] | [[Ictonyx striatus maximus]] | Ictonyx striatus maximus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1731 | [[:d:Q20907730|Q20907730]] | [[Ictonyx striatus obscuratus]] | Ictonyx striatus obscuratus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1732 | [[:d:Q20907732|Q20907732]] | [[Ictonyx striatus orangiae]] | Ictonyx striatus orangiae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1733 | [[:d:Q20907734|Q20907734]] | [[Ictonyx striatus ovamboensis]] | Ictonyx striatus ovamboensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1734 | [[:d:Q20907736|Q20907736]] | [[Ictonyx striatus pretoriae]] | Ictonyx striatus pretoriae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1735 | [[:d:Q20907737|Q20907737]] | [[Ictonyx striatus senegalensis]] | Ictonyx striatus senegalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1736 | [[:d:Q20907739|Q20907739]] | [[Ictonyx striatus shoae]] | Ictonyx striatus shoae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1737 | [[:d:Q20907741|Q20907741]] | [[Ictonyx striatus shortridgei]] | Ictonyx striatus shortridgei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1738 | [[:d:Q20907783|Q20907783]] | [[Melogale moschata moschata]] | Melogale moschata moschata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1739 | [[:d:Q20907784|Q20907784]] | [[Melogale moschata ferreogrisea]] | Melogale moschata ferreogrisea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1740 | [[:d:Q20907785|Q20907785]] | [[Melogale moschata hainanensis]] | Melogale moschata hainanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1741 | [[:d:Q20907786|Q20907786]] | [[Melogale moschata millsi]] | Melogale moschata millsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1742 | [[:d:Q20907788|Q20907788]] | [[Melogale moschata sorella]] | Melogale moschata sorella | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1743 | [[:d:Q20907789|Q20907789]] | [[Melogale moschata subaurantiaca]] | Melogale moschata subaurantiaca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1744 | [[:d:Q20907790|Q20907790]] | [[Melogale moschata taxilla]] | Melogale moschata taxilla | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1745 | [[:d:Q20907873|Q20907873]] | [[Mustela sibirica sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica sibirica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1746 | [[:d:Q20907874|Q20907874]] | [[Mustela sibirica canigula]] | Mustela sibirica canigula | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1747 | [[:d:Q20907875|Q20907875]] | [[Mustela sibirica charbinensis]] | Mustela sibirica charbinensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1748 | [[:d:Q20907877|Q20907877]] | [[Mustela sibirica coreanus]] | Mustela sibirica coreana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1749 | [[:d:Q20907878|Q20907878]] | [[Mustela sibirica davidiana]] | Mustela sibirica davidiana | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica davidiana.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1750 | [[:d:Q20907879|Q20907879]] | [[Mustela sibirica fontanierii]] | Mustela sibirica fontanierii | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica fontanierii.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1751 | [[:d:Q20907880|Q20907880]] | [[Mustela sibirica hodgsoni]] | Mustela sibirica hodgsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1752 | [[:d:Q20907881|Q20907881]] | [[Mustela sibirica manchurica]] | Mustela sibirica manchurica | 2 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica 230828854.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1753 | [[:d:Q20907882|Q20907882]] | [[Mustela sibirica moupinensis]] | Mustela sibirica moupinensis | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica moupinensis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1754 | [[:d:Q20907883|Q20907883]] | [[Mustela sibirica quelpartis]] | Mustela sibirica quelpartis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1755 | [[:d:Q20907884|Q20907884]] | [[Mustela sibirica subhemachalana]] | Mustela sibirica subhemachalana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1756 | [[:d:Q20907905|Q20907905]] | [[Taxidea taxus taxus]] | Taxidea taxus taxus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1757 | [[:d:Q20907907|Q20907907]] | [[Taxidea taxus jacksoni]] | Taxidea taxus jacksoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1758 | [[:d:Q20907908|Q20907908]] | [[Taxidea taxus jeffersonii]] | Taxidea taxus jeffersonii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1759 | [[:d:Q20907909|Q20907909]] | [[Taxidea taxus marylandica]] | Taxidea taxus marylandica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1760 | [[:d:Q122095502|Q122095502]] | [[Palaeopanthera]] | Palaeopanthera | 2 | | [[File:Panthera blytheae NT.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1761 | [[:d:Q20907479|Q20907479]] | [[Suricata suricatta suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta suricatta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1762 | [[:d:Q20907628|Q20907628]] | [[Aonyx capensis microdon]] | Aonyx capensis microdon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1763 | [[:d:Q20907629|Q20907629]] | [[Aonyx capensis philippsi]] | Aonyx capensis philippsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1764 | [[:d:Q20907633|Q20907633]] | [[Enhydra lutris lutris]] | Enhydra lutris lutris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1765 | [[:d:Q20907634|Q20907634]] | [[Enhydra lutris kenyoni]] | Enhydra lutris kenyoni | 2 | | [[File:Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) - Flickr - Gregory "Slobirdr" Smith.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1766 | [[:d:Q20907662|Q20907662]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1767 | [[:d:Q20907663|Q20907663]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1768 | [[:d:Q20907698|Q20907698]] | [[Ictonyx libyca libyca]] | Ictonyx libyca libyca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1769 | [[:d:Q20907700|Q20907700]] | [[Ictonyx libyca multivittata]] | Ictonyx libyca multivittata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1770 | [[:d:Q20907703|Q20907703]] | [[Ictonyx libyca oralis]] | Ictonyx libyca oralis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1771 | [[:d:Q20907705|Q20907705]] | [[Ictonyx libyca rothschildi]] | Ictonyx libyca rothschildi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1772 | [[:d:Q20907857|Q20907857]] | [[Mustela kathiah kathiah]] | Mustela kathiah kathiah | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela kathiah]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1773 | [[:d:Q20907858|Q20907858]] | [[Mustela kathiah caporiaccoi]] | Mustela kathiah caporiaccoi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela kathiah]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1774 | [[:d:Q20907910|Q20907910]] | [[Vormela peregusna peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna peregusna | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1775 | [[:d:Q20907911|Q20907911]] | [[Vormela peregusna koshewnikowi]] | Vormela peregusna koshewnikowi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1776 | [[:d:Q20907912|Q20907912]] | [[Vormela peregusna negans]] | Vormela peregusna negans | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1777 | [[:d:Q20907913|Q20907913]] | [[Vormela peregusna pallidior]] | Vormela peregusna pallidior | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1778 | [[:d:Q20907914|Q20907914]] | [[Vormela peregusna syriaca]] | Vormela peregusna syriaca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1779 | [[:d:Q27450850|Q27450850]] | [[Herpailurus]] | Herpailurus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1780 | [[:d:Q20907184|Q20907184]] | [[Paguma larvata taivana]] | Paguma larvata taivana | 2 | | [[File:Formosan Masked Palm Civet in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1781 | [[:d:Q20907186|Q20907186]] | [[Paguma larvata tytlerii]] | Paguma larvata tytlerii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1782 | [[:d:Q20907758|Q20907758]] | [[Martes pennanti pennanti]] | Martes pennanti pennanti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1783 | [[:d:Q20907759|Q20907759]] | [[Martes pennanti columbiana]] | Martes pennanti columbiana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1784 | [[:d:Q20907760|Q20907760]] | [[Martes pennanti pacifica]] | Martes pennanti pacifica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1785 | [[:d:Q20907765|Q20907765]] | [[Meles leucurus leucurus]] | Meles leucurus leucurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1786 | [[:d:Q20907767|Q20907767]] | [[Meles leucurus arenarius]] | Meles leucurus arenarius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1787 | [[:d:Q20907768|Q20907768]] | [[Meles leucurus sibiricus]] | Meles leucurus sibiricus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1788 | [[:d:Q20907769|Q20907769]] | [[Meles leucurus tianschanensis]] | Meles leucurus tianschanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1789 | [[:d:Q20907805|Q20907805]] | [[Mustela eversmanii eversmanii]] | Mustela eversmanii eversmanii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1790 | [[:d:Q20907806|Q20907806]] | [[Mustela eversmanii admirata]] | Mustela eversmanii admirata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1791 | [[:d:Q20907808|Q20907808]] | [[Mustela eversmanii hungarica]] | Mustela eversmanii hungarica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1792 | [[:d:Q20907809|Q20907809]] | [[Mustela eversmanii larvatus]] | Mustela eversmanii larvatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1793 | [[:d:Q20907810|Q20907810]] | [[Mustela eversmanii michnoi]] | Mustela eversmanii michnoi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1794 | [[:d:Q20907811|Q20907811]] | [[Mustela eversmanii talassicus]] | Mustela eversmanii talassicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1795 | [[:d:Q20907812|Q20907812]] | [[Mustela frenata frenata]] | Mustela frenata frenata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1796 | [[:d:Q20907814|Q20907814]] | [[Mustela frenata affinis]] | Mustela frenata affinis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1797 | [[:d:Q20907815|Q20907815]] | [[Mustela frenata agilis]] | Mustela frenata agilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1798 | [[:d:Q20907816|Q20907816]] | [[Mustela frenata alleni]] | Mustela frenata alleni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1799 | [[:d:Q20907817|Q20907817]] | [[Mustela frenata altifrontalis]] | Mustela frenata altifrontalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1800 | [[:d:Q20907818|Q20907818]] | [[Mustela frenata arizonensis]] | Mustela frenata arizonensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1801 | [[:d:Q20907819|Q20907819]] | [[Mustela frenata arthuri]] | Mustela frenata arthuri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1802 | [[:d:Q20907820|Q20907820]] | [[Mustela frenata aureoventris]] | Mustela frenata aureoventris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1803 | [[:d:Q20907821|Q20907821]] | [[Mustela frenata boliviensis]] | Mustela frenata boliviensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1804 | [[:d:Q20907822|Q20907822]] | [[Mustela frenata costaricensis]] | Mustela frenata costaricensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1805 | [[:d:Q20907823|Q20907823]] | [[Mustela frenata effera]] | Mustela frenata effera | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1806 | [[:d:Q20907824|Q20907824]] | [[Mustela frenata goldmani]] | Mustela frenata goldmani | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1807 | [[:d:Q20907825|Q20907825]] | [[Mustela frenata gracilis]] | Mustela frenata gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1808 | [[:d:Q20907826|Q20907826]] | [[Mustela frenata helleri]] | Mustela frenata helleri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1809 | [[:d:Q20907827|Q20907827]] | [[Mustela frenata inyoensis]] | Mustela frenata inyoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1810 | [[:d:Q20907828|Q20907828]] | [[Mustela frenata latirostra]] | Mustela frenata latirostra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1811 | [[:d:Q20907829|Q20907829]] | [[Mustela frenata leucoparia]] | Mustela frenata leucoparia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1812 | [[:d:Q20907830|Q20907830]] | [[Mustela frenata longicauda]] | Mustela frenata longicauda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1813 | [[:d:Q20907831|Q20907831]] | [[Mustela frenata macrophonius]] | Mustela frenata macrophonius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1814 | [[:d:Q20907832|Q20907832]] | [[Mustela frenata munda]] | Mustela frenata munda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1815 | [[:d:Q20907833|Q20907833]] | [[Mustela frenata neomexicanus]] | Mustela frenata neomexicanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1816 | [[:d:Q20907834|Q20907834]] | [[Mustela frenata nevadensis]] | Mustela frenata nevadensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1817 | [[:d:Q20907836|Q20907836]] | [[Mustela frenata nigriauris]] | Mustela frenata nigriauris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1818 | [[:d:Q20907837|Q20907837]] | [[Mustela frenata notius]] | Mustela frenata notius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1819 | [[:d:Q20907838|Q20907838]] | [[Mustela frenata noveboracensis]] | Mustela frenata noveboracensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1820 | [[:d:Q20907839|Q20907839]] | [[Mustela frenata occisor]] | Mustela frenata occisor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1821 | [[:d:Q20907840|Q20907840]] | [[Mustela frenata olivacea]] | Mustela frenata olivacea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1822 | [[:d:Q20907841|Q20907841]] | [[Mustela frenata oregonensis]] | Mustela frenata oregonensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1823 | [[:d:Q20907842|Q20907842]] | [[Mustela frenata oribasus]] | Mustela frenata oribasus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1824 | [[:d:Q20907843|Q20907843]] | [[Mustela frenata panamensis]] | Mustela frenata panamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1825 | [[:d:Q20907844|Q20907844]] | [[Mustela frenata peninsulae]] | Mustela frenata peninsulae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1826 | [[:d:Q20907845|Q20907845]] | [[Mustela frenata perda]] | Mustela frenata perda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1827 | [[:d:Q20907846|Q20907846]] | [[Mustela frenata perotae]] | Mustela frenata perotae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1828 | [[:d:Q20907847|Q20907847]] | [[Mustela frenata primulina]] | Mustela frenata primulina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1829 | [[:d:Q20907849|Q20907849]] | [[Mustela frenata pulchra]] | Mustela frenata pulchra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1830 | [[:d:Q20907850|Q20907850]] | [[Mustela frenata saturata]] | Mustela frenata saturata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1831 | [[:d:Q20907851|Q20907851]] | [[Mustela frenata spadix]] | Mustela frenata spadix | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1832 | [[:d:Q20907852|Q20907852]] | [[Mustela frenata texensis]] | Mustela frenata texensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1833 | [[:d:Q20907854|Q20907854]] | [[Mustela frenata tropicalis]] | Mustela frenata tropicalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1834 | [[:d:Q20907855|Q20907855]] | [[Mustela frenata washingtoni]] | Mustela frenata washingtoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1835 | [[:d:Q20907856|Q20907856]] | [[Mustela frenata xanthogenys]] | Mustela frenata xanthogenys | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1836 | [[:d:Q3786481|Q3786481]] | [[Homotheriini]] | Homotheriini | 2 | | [[File:Homotherium serum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1837 | [[:d:Q20907263|Q20907263]] | [[Viverra zibetha ashtoni]] | Viverra zibetha ashtoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1838 | [[:d:Q20907264|Q20907264]] | [[Viverra zibetha hainana]] | Viverra zibetha hainana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1839 | [[:d:Q20907266|Q20907266]] | [[Viverra zibetha picta]] | Viverra zibetha picta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1840 | [[:d:Q20907267|Q20907267]] | [[Viverra zibetha pruinosus]] | Viverra zibetha pruinosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1841 | [[:d:Q20907644|Q20907644]] | [[Lontra longicaudis longicaudis]] | Lontra longicaudis longicaudis | 2 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis longicaudis 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1842 | [[:d:Q20907647|Q20907647]] | [[Lontra longicaudis enudris]] | Lontra longicaudis enudris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1843 | [[:d:Q20907660|Q20907660]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata perspicillata]] | Lutrogale perspicillata perspicillata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1844 | [[:d:Q20907661|Q20907661]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata sindica]] | Lutrogale perspicillata sindica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1845 | [[:d:Q20907664|Q20907664]] | [[Arctonyx collaris collaris]] | Arctonyx collaris collaris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1846 | [[:d:Q20907665|Q20907665]] | [[Arctonyx collaris albogularis]] | Arctonyx collaris albogularis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1847 | [[:d:Q20907666|Q20907666]] | [[Arctonyx collaris consul]] | Arctonyx collaris consul | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1848 | [[:d:Q20907667|Q20907667]] | [[Arctonyx collaris dictator]] | Arctonyx collaris dictator | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1849 | [[:d:Q20907669|Q20907669]] | [[Arctonyx collaris hoevenii]] | Arctonyx collaris hoevenii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1850 | [[:d:Q20907670|Q20907670]] | [[Arctonyx collaris leucolaemus]] | Arctonyx collaris leucolaemus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1851 | [[:d:Q20907743|Q20907743]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus]] | Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1852 | [[:d:Q20907745|Q20907745]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus thomasi]] | Lyncodon patagonicus thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1853 | [[:d:Q20907791|Q20907791]] | [[Melogale orientalis orientalis]] | Melogale orientalis orientalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale orientalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1854 | [[:d:Q20907792|Q20907792]] | [[Melogale orientalis sundaicus]] | Melogale orientalis sundaicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale orientalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1855 | [[:d:Q20907793|Q20907793]] | [[Melogale personata personata]] | Melogale personata personata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1856 | [[:d:Q20907794|Q20907794]] | [[Melogale personata laotum]] | Melogale personata laotum | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1857 | [[:d:Q20907796|Q20907796]] | [[Melogale personata nipalensis]] | Melogale personata nipalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1858 | [[:d:Q20907797|Q20907797]] | [[Melogale personata pierrei]] | Melogale personata pierrei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1859 | [[:d:Q20907798|Q20907798]] | [[Melogale personata tonquinia]] | Melogale personata tonquinia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1860 | [[:d:Q20907868|Q20907868]] | [[Mustela nudipes nudipes]] | Mustela nudipes nudipes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nudipes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1861 | [[:d:Q20907869|Q20907869]] | [[Mustela nudipes leucocephalus]] | Mustela nudipes leucocephalus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nudipes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1862 | [[:d:Q20907900|Q20907900]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha albinucha]] | Poecilogale albinucha albinucha | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1863 | [[:d:Q20907901|Q20907901]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha bechuanae]] | Poecilogale albinucha bechuanae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1864 | [[:d:Q20907902|Q20907902]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha doggetti]] | Poecilogale albinucha doggetti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1865 | [[:d:Q20907903|Q20907903]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha lebombo]] | Poecilogale albinucha lebombo | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1866 | [[:d:Q20907904|Q20907904]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha transvaalensis]] | Poecilogale albinucha transvaalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1867 | [[:d:Q40521214|Q40521214]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli]] | Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1868 | [[:d:Q1815757|Q1815757]] | [[Archaeocyon falkenbachi]] | Archaeocyon falkenbachi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1869 | [[:d:Q2194817|Q2194817]] | [[Archaeocyon leptodus]] | Archaeocyon leptodus | 2 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1870 | [[:d:Q2862449|Q2862449]] | [[Archaeocyon pavidus]] | Archaeocyon pavidus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1871 | [[:d:Q3015313|Q3015313]] | [[Simocyon batalleri]] | Simocyon batalleri | 2 | | [[File:Simocyon batalleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Simocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1872 | [[:d:Q18578603|Q18578603]] | [[Cynotherium]] | Cynotherium | 2 | | [[File:Cynotherium.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1873 | [[:d:Q20907259|Q20907259]] | [[Viverra tangalunga tangalunga]] | Viverra tangalunga tangalunga | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1874 | [[:d:Q20907260|Q20907260]] | [[Viverra tangalunga lankavensis]] | Viverra tangalunga lankavensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1875 | [[:d:Q20907756|Q20907756]] | [[Martes melampus coreensis]] | Martes melampus coreensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1876 | [[:d:Q20907799|Q20907799]] | [[Mustela africana africana]] | Mustela africana africana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela africana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1877 | [[:d:Q110969473|Q110969473]] | [[Pratifelis martini]] | Pratifelis martini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pratifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1878 | [[:d:Q111033557|Q111033557]] | [[Parailurus anglicus]] | Parailurus anglicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1879 | [[:d:Q20907583|Q20907583]] | [[Vulpes lagopus lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus lagopus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1880 | [[:d:Q20907584|Q20907584]] | [[Vulpes lagopus beringensis]] | Vulpes lagopus beringensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1881 | [[:d:Q20907585|Q20907585]] | [[Vulpes lagopus fuliginosus]] | Vulpes lagopus fuliginosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1882 | [[:d:Q20907586|Q20907586]] | [[Vulpes lagopus pribilofensis]] | Vulpes lagopus pribilofensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1883 | [[:d:Q20908032|Q20908032]] | [[Procyon lotor elucus]] | Procyon lotor elucus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1884 | [[:d:Q20908052|Q20908052]] | [[Ailurus fulgens refulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens refulgens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1885 | [[:d:Q12203786|Q12203786]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii cyrenaica]] | Vulpes rueppellii cyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1886 | [[:d:Q20907482|Q20907482]] | [[Atelocynus microtis microtis]] | Atelocynus microtis microtis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1887 | [[:d:Q20907483|Q20907483]] | [[Atelocynus microtis sclateri]] | Atelocynus microtis sclateri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1888 | [[:d:Q20907526|Q20907526]] | [[Cerdocyon thous thous]] | Cerdocyon thous thous | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1889 | [[:d:Q20907527|Q20907527]] | [[Cerdocyon thous aquilus]] | Cerdocyon thous aquilus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1890 | [[:d:Q20907529|Q20907529]] | [[Cerdocyon thous azarae]] | Cerdocyon thous azarae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1891 | [[:d:Q20907530|Q20907530]] | [[Cerdocyon thous entrerianus]] | Cerdocyon thous entrerianus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1892 | [[:d:Q20907531|Q20907531]] | [[Cerdocyon thous germanus]] | Cerdocyon thous germanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1893 | [[:d:Q20907532|Q20907532]] | [[Cerdocyon thous soudanicus]] | Cerdocyon thous soudanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1894 | [[:d:Q20907592|Q20907592]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii rueppellii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1895 | [[:d:Q20907593|Q20907593]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii caesia]] | Vulpes rueppellii caesia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1896 | [[:d:Q20907596|Q20907596]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii sabaea]] | Vulpes rueppellii sabaea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1897 | [[:d:Q20907598|Q20907598]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii zarudnyi]] | Vulpes rueppellii zarudnyi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1898 | [[:d:Q138662753|Q138662753]] | [[Lynchailurus]] | Lynchailurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1899 | [[:d:Q5160551|Q5160551]] | [[Congolese spotted lion]] | Panthera leo♂ × Panthera pardus × Panthera onca♀ | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1900 | [[:d:Q10977278|Q10977278]] | [[lipard]] | Panthera leo × Panthera pardus | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1901 | [[:d:Q20907554|Q20907554]] | [[Speothos venaticus venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus venaticus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1902 | [[:d:Q20907555|Q20907555]] | [[Speothos venaticus panamensis]] | Speothos venaticus panamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1903 | [[:d:Q20907556|Q20907556]] | [[Speothos venaticus wingei]] | Speothos venaticus wingei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1904 | [[:d:Q20907557|Q20907557]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1905 | [[:d:Q20907558|Q20907558]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1906 | [[:d:Q20907559|Q20907559]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1907 | [[:d:Q20907560|Q20907560]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1908 | [[:d:Q20907561|Q20907561]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1909 | [[:d:Q20907562|Q20907562]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1910 | [[:d:Q20907563|Q20907563]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1911 | [[:d:Q20907564|Q20907564]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1912 | [[:d:Q20907565|Q20907565]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1913 | [[:d:Q20907566|Q20907566]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1914 | [[:d:Q20907567|Q20907567]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1915 | [[:d:Q20907570|Q20907570]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1916 | [[:d:Q20907572|Q20907572]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1917 | [[:d:Q20907573|Q20907573]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1918 | [[:d:Q20907580|Q20907580]] | [[Vulpes corsac corsac]] | Vulpes corsac corsac | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes corsac]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1919 | [[:d:Q20907582|Q20907582]] | [[Vulpes corsac kalmykorum]] | Vulpes corsac kalmykorum | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes corsac]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1920 | [[:d:Q22112446|Q22112446]] | [[Proailurus lemanensis]] | Proailurus lemanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1921 | [[:d:Q121036111|Q121036111]] | [[Panthera dhokpathanensis]] | Panthera dhokpathanensis | 2 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1922 | [[:d:Q122026707|Q122026707]] | [[Fortunictis]] | Fortunictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1923 | [[:d:Q3625119|Q3625119]] | [[Asilifelis coteae]] | Asilifelis coteae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Asilifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1924 | [[:d:Q3706712|Q3706712]] | [[Diamantofelis ferox]] | Diamantofelis ferox | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Diamantofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1925 | [[:d:Q3870029|Q3870029]] | [[Namafelis minor]] | Namafelis minor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Namafelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1926 | [[:d:Q56326409|Q56326409]] | [[Katifelis nightingalei]] | Katifelis nightingalei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Katifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1927 | [[:d:Q56327289|Q56327289]] | [[Dromopanthera leiodon]] | Dromopanthera leiodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dromopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1928 | [[:d:Q107417536|Q107417536]] | [[Miopanthera lorteti]] | Miopanthera lorteti | 2 | | [[File:(MHNT) Miopanthera lorteti (Gaillard, 1899) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1929 | [[:d:Q20907538|Q20907538]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus gymnocercus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1930 | [[:d:Q20907539|Q20907539]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus antiquus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus antiquus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1931 | [[:d:Q20907540|Q20907540]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus domeykoanus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus domeykoanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1932 | [[:d:Q20907541|Q20907541]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus gracilis]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1933 | [[:d:Q20907542|Q20907542]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus maullinicus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus maullinicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1934 | [[:d:Q20907587|Q20907587]] | [[Vulpes pallida pallida]] | Vulpes pallida pallida | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1935 | [[:d:Q20907588|Q20907588]] | [[Vulpes pallida cyrenaica]] | Vulpes pallida cyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1936 | [[:d:Q20907589|Q20907589]] | [[Vulpes pallida edwardsi]] | Vulpes pallida edwardsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1937 | [[:d:Q20907590|Q20907590]] | [[Vulpes pallida harterti]] | Vulpes pallida harterti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1938 | [[:d:Q20907591|Q20907591]] | [[Vulpes pallida oertzeni]] | Vulpes pallida oertzeni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1939 | [[:d:Q20907986|Q20907986]] | [[Bassariscus astutus saxicola]] | Bassariscus astutus saxicola | 2 | | [[File:Bassariscus astutus saxicola 293508486.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1940 | [[:d:Q20907996|Q20907996]] | [[Nasua narica molaris]] | Nasua narica molaris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1941 | [[:d:Q20907998|Q20907998]] | [[Nasua narica yucatanica]] | Nasua narica yucatanica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1942 | [[:d:Q23752930|Q23752930]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Caracal aurata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1943 | [[:d:Q23772769|Q23772769]] | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | Catopuma temminckii | 2 | | [[File:Asian Golden cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1944 | [[:d:Q23772801|Q23772801]] | [[Catopuma badia]] | Catopuma badia | 2 | | [[File:Bay cat 1 Jim Sanderson-cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1945 | [[:d:Q112892960|Q112892960]] | [[Ailuropoda fovealis]] | Ailuropoda fovealis | 2 | | [[File:Ailuropoda fovealis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1946 | [[:d:Q121010961|Q121010961]] | [[Lynx hei]] | Lynx hei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1947 | [[:d:Q121011228|Q121011228]] | [[Lynx thomasi]] | Lynx thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1948 | [[:d:Q126372014|Q126372014]] | [[Acinonyx pleistocaenicus]] | Acinonyx pleistocaenicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1949 | [[:d:Q18644718|Q18644718]] | [[Ailuropodini]] | Ailuropodini | 2 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix lower jaws.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1950 | [[:d:Q19717304|Q19717304]] | [[Ursulus stehlini]] | Ursulus stehlini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursulus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1951 | [[:d:Q33177334|Q33177334]] | [[Agriotheriini]] | Agriotheriini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1952 | [[:d:Q47249071|Q47249071]] | [[Edaphocyon]] | Edaphocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1953 | [[:d:Q111745070|Q111745070]] | [[Longchuansmilus]] | Longchuansmilus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[saber-toothed cat]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1954 | [[:d:Q122092402|Q122092402]] | [[Pachypanthera piriyai]] | Pachypanthera piriyai | 2 | | [[File:Pachypanthera piriyai Skull Reconstruction.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pachypanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1955 | [[:d:Q122096627|Q122096627]] | [[Palaeopanthera blytheae]] | Palaeopanthera blytheae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Palaeopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1956 | [[:d:Q122711684|Q122711684]] | [[Vishnufelis laticeps]] | Vishnufelis laticeps | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnufelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1957 | [[:d:Q122961405|Q122961405]] | [[Sivapardus punjabiensis]] | Sivapardus punjabiensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sivapardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1958 | [[:d:Q133258041|Q133258041]] | [[Paranasua]] | Paranasua | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1959 | [[:d:Q133799716|Q133799716]] | [[Nasua olivacea meridensis]] | Nasua olivacea meridensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1960 | [[:d:Q3893465|Q3893465]] | [[Panthera leo somaliensis]] | Panthera leo somaliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1961 | [[:d:Q6059901|Q6059901]] | [[Panthera pardus pernigra]] | Panthera pardus pernigra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1962 | [[:d:Q6059904|Q6059904]] | [[Balochistan leopard]] | Panthera pardus sindica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1963 | [[:d:Q9055129|Q9055129]] | [[Panthera pardus ciscaucasica]] | Panthera pardus ciscaucasica | 2 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1964 | [[:d:Q17581454|Q17581454]] | [[Panthera tigris lecoqi]] | Panthera tigris lecoqi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1965 | [[:d:Q20907067|Q20907067]] | [[Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis]] | Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1966 | [[:d:Q20907142|Q20907142]] | [[Panthera leo kamptzi]] | Panthera leo kamptzi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1967 | [[:d:Q21401249|Q21401249]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1968 | [[:d:Q111781346|Q111781346]] | [[Panthera uncia pyrenaica]] | Panthera uncia pyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera uncia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1969 | [[:d:Q124254179|Q124254179]] | [[Magerifelis peignei]] | Magerifelis peignei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Magerifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1970 | [[:d:Q132147256|Q132147256]] | [[Cape black-backed jackal]] | Lupulella mesomelas mesomelas | 2 | | [[File:135 Black-backed jackal hunting for food at Cape cross Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1971 | [[:d:Q132147283|Q132147283]] | [[Lupulella mesomelas schmidti]] | Lupulella mesomelas schmidti | 2 | | [[File:Chacal chabraque.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1972 | [[:d:Q20907118|Q20907118]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1973 | [[:d:Q20907121|Q20907121]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1974 | [[:d:Q20907139|Q20907139]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1975 | [[:d:Q21355721|Q21355721]] | [[Puma concolor greeni]] | Puma concolor greeni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1976 | [[:d:Q2715753|Q2715753]] | [[Dinofelis barlowi]] | Dinofelis barlowi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1977 | [[:d:Q5442089|Q5442089]] | [[Felis margarita airensis]] | Felis margarita airensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1978 | [[:d:Q5442090|Q5442090]] | [[Felis margarita margarita]] | Felis margarita margarita | 2 | | [[File:Felis margarita 12.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1979 | [[:d:Q5442091|Q5442091]] | [[Felis margarita meinertzhageni]] | Felis margarita meinertzhageni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1980 | [[:d:Q5442093|Q5442093]] | [[Felis margarita scheffeli]] | Felis margarita scheffeli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1981 | [[:d:Q8961162|Q8961162]] | [[Felis silvestris vellerosa]] | Felis silvestris vellerosa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1982 | [[:d:Q20716453|Q20716453]] | [[Adelphailurus kansensis]] | Adelphailurus kansensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adelphailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1983 | [[:d:Q20907093|Q20907093]] | [[Lynx canadensis canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis canadensis | 2 | | [[File:Lynx du Canada .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1984 | [[:d:Q20907094|Q20907094]] | [[Lynx canadensis mollipilosus]] | Lynx canadensis mollipilosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1985 | [[:d:Q20907095|Q20907095]] | [[Lynx canadensis subsolanus]] | Lynx canadensis subsolanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1986 | [[:d:Q20907100|Q20907100]] | [[Lynx rufus rufus]] | Lynx rufus rufus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1987 | [[:d:Q20907104|Q20907104]] | [[Lynx rufus fasciatus]] | Lynx rufus fasciatus | 2 | | [[File:Lynx rufus fasciatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1988 | [[:d:Q20907112|Q20907112]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata marmorata]] | Pardofelis marmorata marmorata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1989 | [[:d:Q20907113|Q20907113]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata charltonii]] | Pardofelis marmorata charltonii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1990 | [[:d:Q20907129|Q20907129]] | [[Profelis aurata aurata]] | Profelis aurata aurata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1991 | [[:d:Q20907130|Q20907130]] | [[Profelis aurata cottoni]] | Profelis aurata cottoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1992 | [[:d:Q2881618|Q2881618]] | [[Leopardus pajeros steinbachi]] | Leopardus pajeros steinbachi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1993 | [[:d:Q20907046|Q20907046]] | [[Felis nigripes nigripes]] | Felis nigripes nigripes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto a pedes nigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1994 | [[:d:Q20907047|Q20907047]] | [[Felis nigripes thomasi]] | Felis nigripes thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto a pedes nigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1995 | [[:d:Q20907079|Q20907079]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides]] | Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides | 2 | | [[File:Leopardus pardinoides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1996 | [[:d:Q20907090|Q20907090]] | [[Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus]] | Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1997 | [[:d:Q5703270|Q5703270]] | [[Arctotherium tarijense]] | Arctotherium tarijense | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1998 | [[:d:Q5703273|Q5703273]] | [[Arctotherium vetustum]] | Arctotherium vetustum | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1999 | [[:d:Q6169186|Q6169186]] | [[Xenocyon africanus]] | Xenocyon africanus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2000 | [[:d:Q6169188|Q6169188]] | [[Xenocyon antonii]] | Xenocyon antonii | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2001 | [[:d:Q6169190|Q6169190]] | [[Xenocyon falconeri]] | Xenocyon falconeri | 2 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2002 | [[:d:Q6387853|Q6387853]] | [[Arctotherium bonariense]] | Arctotherium bonariense | 2 | | [[File:Arctotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2003 | [[:d:Q7186480|Q7186480]] | [[Phlaocyon achoros]] | Phlaocyon achoros | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2004 | [[:d:Q7186481|Q7186481]] | [[Phlaocyon annectens]] | Phlaocyon annectens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2005 | [[:d:Q7186482|Q7186482]] | [[Phlaocyon latidens]] | Phlaocyon latidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2006 | [[:d:Q7186483|Q7186483]] | [[Phlaocyon mariae]] | Phlaocyon mariae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2007 | [[:d:Q16667334|Q16667334]] | [[Nyctereutes lockwoodi]] | Nyctereutes lockwoodi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2008 | [[:d:Q18388298|Q18388298]] | [[Phlaocyon minor]] | Phlaocyon minor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2009 | [[:d:Q18392570|Q18392570]] | [[Phlaocyon yatkolai]] | Phlaocyon yatkolai | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2010 | [[:d:Q111032084|Q111032084]] | [[Miomachairodus pseudailuroides]] | Miomachairodus pseudailuroides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2011 | [[:d:Q131742962|Q131742962]] | [[Filholictis]] | Filholictis | 2 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Cephalogalini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2012 | [[:d:Q5747530|Q5747530]] | [[Canis gezi]] | Canis gezi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2013 | [[:d:Q16975232|Q16975232]] | [[Borophagus dudleyi]] | Borophagus dudleyi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2014 | [[:d:Q16975237|Q16975237]] | [[Borophagus hilli]] | Borophagus hilli | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2015 | [[:d:Q16975248|Q16975248]] | [[Borophagus orc]] | Borophagus orc | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2016 | [[:d:Q20907547|Q20907547]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides | 2 | | [[File:Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2017 | [[:d:Q20907550|Q20907550]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides orestes]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides orestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2018 | [[:d:Q97126596|Q97126596]] | [[Canis adoxus]] | Canis adoxus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2019 | [[:d:Q21401250|Q21401250]] | [[Ursus arctos yesoensis]] | Ursus arctos yesoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2020 | [[:d:Q63525329|Q63525329]] | [[Miomaci pannonicum]] | Miomaci pannonicum | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomaci]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2021 | [[:d:Q116547814|Q116547814]] | [[cyonarctos dessei]] | Cyonarctos dessei | 2 | | [[File:Cyonarctos dessei.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[cyonarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2022 | [[:d:Q20907519|Q20907519]] | [[Canis lupus floridanus]] | Canis lupus floridanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2023 | [[:d:Q20907553|Q20907553]] | [[Otocyon megalotis canescens]] | Otocyon megalotis canescens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2024 | [[:d:Q21400754|Q21400754]] | [[Smilodon fatalis californicus]] | Smilodon fatalis californicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodon fatalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2025 | [[:d:Q113407746|Q113407746]] | [[Agriarctos nikolovi]] | Agriarctos nikolovi | 2 | | [[File:Teeth of Agriarctos nikolovi.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2026 | [[:d:Q139959555|Q139959555]] | [[Vitasta Wolf]] | Canis vitastensis | 2 | | [[File:Canis vitastensis fossil fragments.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | [[Canides|Canidae]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2027 | [[:d:Q7915859|Q7915859]] | [[Variegated jackal]] | Canis aureus soudanicus | 2 | | [[File:Paintedthousdog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2028 | [[:d:Q20907484|Q20907484]] | [[Canis adustus adustus]] | Canis adustus adustus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2029 | [[:d:Q20907485|Q20907485]] | [[Canis adustus bweha]] | Canis adustus bweha | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2030 | [[:d:Q20907486|Q20907486]] | [[Canis adustus grayi]] | Canis adustus grayi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2031 | [[:d:Q20907487|Q20907487]] | [[Canis adustus kaffensis]] | Canis adustus kaffensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2032 | [[:d:Q20907488|Q20907488]] | [[Canis adustus lateralis]] | Canis adustus lateralis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2033 | [[:d:Q20907489|Q20907489]] | [[Canis adustus notatus]] | Canis adustus notatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2034 | [[:d:Q20907490|Q20907490]] | [[Canis aureus bea]] | Canis aureus bea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2035 | [[:d:Q20907496|Q20907496]] | [[Canis aureus riparius]] | Canis aureus riparius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2036 | [[:d:Q20907499|Q20907499]] | [[Canis latrans cagottis]] | Canis latrans cagottis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2037 | [[:d:Q20907501|Q20907501]] | [[Canis latrans dickeyi]] | Canis latrans dickeyi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2038 | [[:d:Q20907502|Q20907502]] | [[Canis latrans frustror]] | Canis latrans frustror | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2039 | [[:d:Q20907504|Q20907504]] | [[Canis latrans goldmani]] | Canis latrans goldmani | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2040 | [[:d:Q20907505|Q20907505]] | [[Canis latrans hondurensis]] | Canis latrans hondurensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2041 | [[:d:Q20907506|Q20907506]] | [[Canis latrans impavidus]] | Canis latrans impavidus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2042 | [[:d:Q20907508|Q20907508]] | [[Canis latrans jamesi]] | Canis latrans jamesi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2043 | [[:d:Q20907511|Q20907511]] | [[Canis latrans microdon]] | Canis latrans microdon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2044 | [[:d:Q20907512|Q20907512]] | [[Canis latrans peninsulae]] | Canis latrans peninsulae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2045 | [[:d:Q20907524|Q20907524]] | [[Canis simensis simensis]] | Canis simensis simensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis simensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2046 | [[:d:Q30062848|Q30062848]] | [[Lupo aurate senegalese]] | Canis anthus anthus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2047 | [[:d:Q126678458|Q126678458]] | [[Canis anthus soudanicus]] | Canis anthus soudanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2048 | [[:d:Q135219483|Q135219483]] | [[Serengeti wolf]] | Canis lupaster bea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupaster]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2049 | [[:d:Q7250487|Q7250487]] | [[Proremiculus]] | Proremiculus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2050 | [[:d:Q21359045|Q21359045]] | [[Trichomanis]] | Trichomanis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2051 | [[:d:Q21368849|Q21368849]] | [[Trocharion]] | Trocharion | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2052 | [[:d:Q25606482|Q25606482]] | [[Grison]] | Grison | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2053 | [[:d:Q38456345|Q38456345]] | [[Marcetia]] | Marcetia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2054 | [[:d:Q41157347|Q41157347]] | [[Poecilictis]] | Poecilictis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2055 | [[:d:Q85989033|Q85989033]] | [[Adracon]] | Adracon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2056 | [[:d:Q85989290|Q85989290]] | [[Cryptailurus]] | Cryptailurus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2057 | [[:d:Q85989733|Q85989733]] | [[Mellivorodon]] | Mellivorodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2058 | [[:d:Q85990097|Q85990097]] | [[Pseudictis]] | Pseudictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2059 | [[:d:Q107658391|Q107658391]] | [[Ailuridae]] | Ailuridae | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[former entity]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2060 | [[:d:Q119810865|Q119810865]] | [[Pinnipediformes]] | Pinnipediformes | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[clado]] | | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2061 | [[:d:Q121795517|Q121795517]] | [[Ursavinae]] | Ursavinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2062 | [[:d:Q132190887|Q132190887]] | [[Nimravoidea]] | Nimravoidea | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2063 | [[:d:Q33142418|Q33142418]] | [[Devinophocinae]] | Devinophocinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2064 | [[:d:Q41153969|Q41153969]] | [[Gryphoca]] | Gryphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2065 | [[:d:Q41155783|Q41155783]] | [[Monachopsis]] | Monachopsis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2066 | [[:d:Q41157012|Q41157012]] | [[Phocanella]] | Phocanella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2067 | [[:d:Q41157488|Q41157488]] | [[Prophoca]] | Prophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2068 | [[:d:Q107272854|Q107272854]] | [[Amblonyx]] | Amblonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2069 | [[:d:Q116788226|Q116788226]] | [[Sonitictis]] | Sonitictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2070 | [[:d:Q116788227|Q116788227]] | [[Magnotherium]] | Magnotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2071 | [[:d:Q119809215|Q119809215]] | [[Phocoidea]] | Phocoidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pinnipedia]]<br/>[[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2072 | [[:d:Q121338703|Q121338703]] | [[Planopusa]] | Planopusa | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2073 | [[:d:Q121410416|Q121410416]] | [[Craterogale]] | Craterogale | 1 | | [[File:Craterogale simus skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2074 | [[:d:Q121539482|Q121539482]] | [[Pristiphoca]] | Pristiphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2075 | [[:d:Q122084103|Q122084103]] | [[Erokomellivora]] | Erokomellivora | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2076 | [[:d:Q123014800|Q123014800]] | [[Australophoca]] | Australophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2077 | [[:d:Q123014818|Q123014818]] | [[Cryptophoca]] | Cryptophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2078 | [[:d:Q123014940|Q123014940]] | [[Hydrarctos]] | Hydrarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2079 | [[:d:Q123015025|Q123015025]] | [[Sarmatonectes]] | Sarmatonectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2080 | [[:d:Q123015048|Q123015048]] | [[Terranectes]] | Terranectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2081 | [[:d:Q123015063|Q123015063]] | [[Sarcodectes]] | Sarcodectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2082 | [[:d:Q123015085|Q123015085]] | [[Palmidophoca]] | Palmidophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2083 | [[:d:Q125622520|Q125622520]] | [[Magophoca]] | Magophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2084 | [[:d:Q126698037|Q126698037]] | [[Promellivora]] | Promellivora | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2085 | [[:d:Q126708170|Q126708170]] | [[Dinogale]] | Dinogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2086 | [[:d:Q132156979|Q132156979]] | [[Shansictis]] | Shansictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2087 | [[:d:Q135160819|Q135160819]] | [[Paratethyphoca]] | Paratethyphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2088 | [[:d:Q136655494|Q136655494]] | [[Floridictis]] | Floridictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2089 | [[:d:Q136655544|Q136655544]] | [[Legionarictis]] | Legionarictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2090 | [[:d:Q136655560|Q136655560]] | [[Lartetictis]] | Lartetictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2091 | [[:d:Q136655625|Q136655625]] | [[Promeles]] | Promeles | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2092 | [[:d:Q138497907|Q138497907]] | [[Canimartes]] | Canimartes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2093 | [[:d:Q138507147|Q138507147]] | [[Matanomictis]] | Matanomictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2094 | [[:d:Q139570330|Q139570330]] | [[Galanthisictis]] | Galanthisictis | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2095 | [[:d:Q18003134|Q18003134]] | [[Mephitini]] | Mephitini | 1 | | [[File:Striped Skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2096 | [[:d:Q21368778|Q21368778]] | [[Ikelohyaena]] | Ikelohyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2097 | [[:d:Q85989065|Q85989065]] | [[Afrosmilinae]] | Afrosmilinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2098 | [[:d:Q85989326|Q85989326]] | [[Dinailurictinae]] | Dinailurictinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2099 | [[:d:Q116761711|Q116761711]] | [[Allohyaena]] | Allohyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2100 | [[:d:Q122070164|Q122070164]] | [[Tugenictis]] | Tugenictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2101 | [[:d:Q125857211|Q125857211]] | [[Osmotherium]] | Osmotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2102 | [[:d:Q134625973|Q134625973]] | [[Belbus]] | Belbus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2103 | [[:d:Q134697831|Q134697831]] | [[Werdelinus]] | Werdelinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2104 | [[:d:Q134892962|Q134892962]] | [[Metahyaena]] | Metahyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2105 | [[:d:Q135008938|Q135008938]] | [[Tongxinictis]] | Tongxinictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2106 | [[:d:Q135090907|Q135090907]] | [[Tungurictis]] | Tungurictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2107 | [[:d:Q138656105|Q138656105]] | [[Mydainae]] | Mydainae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2108 | [[:d:Q11757624|Q11757624]] | [[Prionodontinae]] | Prionodontinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2109 | [[:d:Q16948001|Q16948001]] | [[Nothocyon]] | Nothocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2110 | [[:d:Q16983499|Q16983499]] | [[Ictiocyon]] | Ictiocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2111 | [[:d:Q21361392|Q21361392]] | [[Deccanolestes narmadensis]] | Deccanolestes narmadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Deccanolestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2112 | [[:d:Q25101708|Q25101708]] | [[Vishnucyon]] | Vishnucyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2113 | [[:d:Q107290797|Q107290797]] | [[Afrodon ivani]] | Afrodon ivani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Afrodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2114 | [[:d:Q113900911|Q113900911]] | [[Odobeninae]] | Odobeninae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2115 | [[:d:Q116223872|Q116223872]] | [[Myacyon]] | Myacyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2116 | [[:d:Q119809978|Q119809978]] | [[Pan-Pinnipedia]] | Pan-Pinnipedia | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[clado]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2117 | [[:d:Q122070604|Q122070604]] | [[Ketketictis]] | Ketketictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2118 | [[:d:Q130342018|Q130342018]] | [[Megaviverra]] | Megaviverra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2119 | [[:d:Q131825406|Q131825406]] | [[Nandinioidea]] | Nandinioidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2120 | [[:d:Q133282075|Q133282075]] | [[Mioparadoxurus]] | Mioparadoxurus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2121 | [[:d:Q5703256|Q5703256]] | [[Arctophoca]] | Arctophoca | 1 | | [[File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2122 | [[:d:Q76763353|Q76763353]] | [[Conepatus carloschebezi]] | Conepatus carloschebezi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2123 | [[:d:Q85989592|Q85989592]] | [[Stenoplesictis muhoronii]] | Stenoplesictis muhoronii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Stenoplesictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2124 | [[:d:Q124837460|Q124837460]] | [[Phoca procaspica]] | Phoca procaspica | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2125 | [[:d:Q140311946|Q140311946]] | [[Paradoxurini]] | Paradoxurini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2126 | [[:d:Q3812870|Q3812870]] | [[Kanuites lewisae]] | Kanuites lewisae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Kanuites]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2127 | [[:d:Q20717547|Q20717547]] | [[Chasmaporthetes ossifragus]] | Chasmaporthetes ossifragus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Chasmaporthetes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2128 | [[:d:Q27994178|Q27994178]] | [[Herpestes sanguineus]] | Herpestes sanguineus | 1 | | [[File:Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig (Taf. 8 Fig.1,2) (6961545439).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2129 | [[:d:Q27998228|Q27998228]] | [[Herpestes pulverulentus]] | Herpestes pulverulentus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2130 | [[:d:Q41083658|Q41083658]] | [[Genetta letabae]] | Genetta letabae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2131 | [[:d:Q85989480|Q85989480]] | [[Hoplophoneus strigidens]] | Hoplophoneus strigidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hoplophoneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2132 | [[:d:Q112899114|Q112899114]] | [[Lutraeximia]] | Lutraeximia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2133 | [[:d:Q118852976|Q118852976]] | [[Genetta nyakitongwer]] | Genetta nyakitongwer | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2134 | [[:d:Q125459871|Q125459871]] | [[Genetta fieldiana]] | Genetta fieldiana | 1 | | [[File:Genetta fieldinana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2135 | [[:d:Q133271769|Q133271769]] | [[Tyrrhenolutra]] | Tyrrhenolutra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2136 | [[:d:Q133277781|Q133277781]] | [[Tisisthenes]] | Tisisthenes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2137 | [[:d:Q139645718|Q139645718]] | [[Viverrictis]] | Viverrictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2138 | [[:d:Q140402596|Q140402596]] | [[ermine]] | | 1 | | [[File:L’Hermine & Le Rosselet - Ermine & Stoat - Galica - Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, t. 7, Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1758.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2139 | [[:d:Q7711432|Q7711432]] | [[Thaumastocyonini]] | Thaumastocyonini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2140 | [[:d:Q18002428|Q18002428]] | [[Martinogale alveodens]] | Martinogale alveodens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martinogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2141 | [[:d:Q76763364|Q76763364]] | [[Conepatus feuillei]] | Conepatus feuillei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2142 | [[:d:Q85924242|Q85924242]] | [[Adcrocuta eximia]] | Adcrocuta eximia | 1 | | [[File:Adcrocuta eximia, Asenovgrad.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adcrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2143 | [[:d:Q108030083|Q108030083]] | [[Conepatus robustus]] | Conepatus robustus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2144 | [[:d:Q108804968|Q108804968]] | [[Africanictis meini]] | Africanictis meini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2145 | [[:d:Q108805049|Q108805049]] | [[Africanictis schmidtkittleri]] | Africanictis schmidtkittleri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2146 | [[:d:Q108805170|Q108805170]] | [[Africanictis hyaenoides]] | Africanictis hyaenoides | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2147 | [[:d:Q110390918|Q110390918]] | [[Pliophoca etrusca]] | Pliophoca etrusca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pliophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2148 | [[:d:Q111034865|Q111034865]] | [[Albanosmilus jourdani]] | Albanosmilus jourdani | 1 | | [[File:Albanosmilus jourdani - crani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Albanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2149 | [[:d:Q111036376|Q111036376]] | [[Sansanosmilus palmidens]] | Sansanosmilus palmidens | 1 | | [[File:Sansanosmilus palmidens skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2150 | [[:d:Q116969147|Q116969147]] | [[Bonisicyon]] | Bonisicyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2151 | [[:d:Q119132618|Q119132618]] | [[Prosansanosmilus eggeri]] | Prosansanosmilus eggeri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2152 | [[:d:Q138657888|Q138657888]] | [[Bdeogale]] | Bdeogale | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2153 | [[:d:Q138657890|Q138657890]] | [[Galeriscus]] | Galeriscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2154 | [[:d:Q139959735|Q139959735]] | [[Dehmictis]] | Dehmictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2155 | [[:d:Q139959817|Q139959817]] | [[Namibictis]] | Namibictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2156 | [[:d:Q3553549|Q3553549]] | [[Valenictus chulavistensis]] | Valenictus chulavistensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Valenictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2157 | [[:d:Q10354179|Q10354179]] | [[Procyonoidea]] | Procyonoidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2158 | [[:d:Q16613229|Q16613229]] | [[Teruelictis riparius]] | Teruelictis riparius | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Teruelictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2159 | [[:d:Q21230314|Q21230314]] | [[Mydeus]] | Mydeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2160 | [[:d:Q85990402|Q85990402]] | [[Viretictis]] | Viretictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2161 | [[:d:Q108680579|Q108680579]] | [[Eumetopias ojiyaensis]] | Eumetopias ojiyaensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eumetopias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2162 | [[:d:Q108698491|Q108698491]] | [[Odobenus mandanoensis]] | Odobenus mandanoensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2163 | [[:d:Q111038014|Q111038014]] | [[Ginsburgsmilus napakensis]] | Ginsburgsmilus napakensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ginsburgsmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2164 | [[:d:Q117312355|Q117312355]] | [[Delotrochanter]] | Delotrochanter | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Temnocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2165 | [[:d:Q123080822|Q123080822]] | [[Dinocrocuta gigantea]] | Dinocrocuta gigantea | 1 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinocrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2166 | [[:d:Q126811602|Q126811602]] | [[Hyaenictis graeca]] | Hyaenictis graeca | 1 | | [[File:Hyaenictis graeca.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2167 | [[:d:Q134168438|Q134168438]] | [[Crocuta dietrichi]] | Crocuta dietrichi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2168 | [[:d:Q134725561|Q134725561]] | [[Piscophoca pacifica]] | Piscophoca pacifica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Piscophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2169 | [[:d:Q134740719|Q134740719]] | [[Pseudarctini]] | Pseudarctini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2170 | [[:d:Q135237645|Q135237645]] | [[Askazansoria]] | Askazansoria | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2171 | [[:d:Q136746351|Q136746351]] | [[Allocyon]] | Allocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2172 | [[:d:Q139414568|Q139414568]] | [[Crocuta eturono]] | Crocuta eturono | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2173 | [[:d:Q3792499|Q3792499]] | [[Ikelohyaena abronia]] | Ikelohyaena abronia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ikelohyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2174 | [[:d:Q21236814|Q21236814]] | [[Afrophoca libyca]] | Afrophoca libyca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2175 | [[:d:Q27440964|Q27440964]] | [[Xenogale naso]] | Xenogale naso | 1 | | [[File:Long-nosed mongoose (without bg).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Xenogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2176 | [[:d:Q108670197|Q108670197]] | [[Pseudotaria muramotoi]] | Pseudotaria muramotoi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pseudotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2177 | [[:d:Q123014993|Q123014993]] | [[Batavipusa]] | Batavipusa | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2178 | [[:d:Q126687247|Q126687247]] | [[Mustelavus]] | Mustelavus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelavinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2179 | [[:d:Q130356555|Q130356555]] | [[Peignecyon]] | Peignecyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2180 | [[:d:Q132883666|Q132883666]] | [[Gansuyaena]] | Gansuyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2181 | [[:d:Q139959705|Q139959705]] | [[Iberictis]] | Iberictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2182 | [[:d:Q4359298|Q4359298]] | [[Perunium ursogulo]] | Perunium ursogulo | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Perunium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2183 | [[:d:Q97371092|Q97371092]] | [[Craterogale simus]] | Craterogale simus | 1 | | [[File:Craterogale simus skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Craterogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2184 | [[:d:Q109264769|Q109264769]] | [[Vishnuonyx neptuni]] | Vishnuonyx neptuni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2185 | [[:d:Q112867515|Q112867515]] | [[Prototaria planicephala]] | Prototaria planicephala | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prototaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2186 | [[:d:Q112867572|Q112867572]] | [[Prototaria primigena]] | Prototaria primigena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prototaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2187 | [[:d:Q112959024|Q112959024]] | [[Aragonictis araid]] | Aragonictis araid | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aragonictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2188 | [[:d:Q114975699|Q114975699]] | [[Oaxacagale ruizi]] | Oaxacagale ruizi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oaxacagale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2189 | [[:d:Q116630687|Q116630687]] | [[Dusignathus seftoni]] | Dusignathus seftoni | 1 | | [[File:Dusignathus seftoni SDNHM 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2190 | [[:d:Q116631155|Q116631155]] | [[Dusignathus santacruzensis]] | Dusignathus santacruzensis | 1 | | [[File:Dusignathus santacruzensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2191 | [[:d:Q116761715|Q116761715]] | [[Allohyaena kadici]] | Allohyaena kadici | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allohyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2192 | [[:d:Q116788436|Q116788436]] | [[Sonitictis moralesi]] | Sonitictis moralesi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sonitictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2193 | [[:d:Q116788439|Q116788439]] | [[Magnotherium johnsii]] | Magnotherium johnsii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Magnotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2194 | [[:d:Q116944503|Q116944503]] | [[Titanotaria orangensis]] | Titanotaria orangensis | 1 | | [[File:Titanotaria skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Titanotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2195 | [[:d:Q121338708|Q121338708]] | [[Planopusa semenovi]] | Planopusa semenovi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Planopusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2196 | [[:d:Q133150883|Q133150883]] | [[Propoecilogale]] | Propoecilogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2197 | [[:d:Q134725558|Q134725558]] | [[Miophoca vetusta]] | Miophoca vetusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Miophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2198 | [[:d:Q135189133|Q135189133]] | [[Odobenini]] | Odobenini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2199 | [[:d:Q138732872|Q138732872]] | [[Vishnuonyx chinjiensis]] | Vishnuonyx chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Vishnuonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2200 | [[:d:Q10915457|Q10915457]] | [[Mustela formosana]] | Mustela formosana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2201 | [[:d:Q10960092|Q10960092]] | [[Mustela amurensis]] | Mustela amurensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2202 | [[:d:Q27898194|Q27898194]] | [[Gale]] | Gale | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2203 | [[:d:Q55636015|Q55636015]] | [[Tonkin weasel]] | Mustela tonkinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2204 | [[:d:Q108939086|Q108939086]] | [[Martes ten]] | Martes ten | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2205 | [[:d:Q122171688|Q122171688]] | [[Mustela furo]] | Mustela furo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2206 | [[:d:Q131451931|Q131451931]] | [[Martes ginsburgi]] | Martes ginsburgi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2207 | [[:d:Q132643625|Q132643625]] | [[Martes vetus]] | Martes vetus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2208 | [[:d:Q60978126|Q60978126]] | [[Tungurictis spocki]] | Tungurictis spocki | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tungurictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2209 | [[:d:Q113011945|Q113011945]] | [[Adeilosmilus]] | Adeilosmilus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2210 | [[:d:Q135702373|Q135702373]] | [[Messiphoca mauretanica]] | Messiphoca mauretanica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Messiphoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2211 | [[:d:Q137325126|Q137325126]] | [[Pliogale]] | Pliogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2212 | [[:d:Q137325217|Q137325217]] | [[Miomustela madisonae]] | Miomustela madisonae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2213 | [[:d:Q137592820|Q137592820]] | [[Taotienimravus songi]] | Taotienimravus songi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taotienimravus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2214 | [[:d:Q140460422|Q140460422]] | [[Brachyopsigale]] | Brachyopsigale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2215 | [[:d:Q20907244|Q20907244]] | [[Genetta genetta afra]] | Genetta genetta afra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2216 | [[:d:Q20907245|Q20907245]] | [[Genetta genetta dongolana]] | Genetta genetta dongolana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2217 | [[:d:Q20907247|Q20907247]] | [[Genetta genetta senegalensis]] | Genetta genetta senegalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2218 | [[:d:Q20907292|Q20907292]] | [[Nandinia binotata binotata]] | Nandinia binotata binotata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2219 | [[:d:Q20907293|Q20907293]] | [[Nandinia binotata arborea]] | Nandinia binotata arborea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2220 | [[:d:Q20907295|Q20907295]] | [[Nandinia binotata gerrardi]] | Nandinia binotata gerrardi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2221 | [[:d:Q20907296|Q20907296]] | [[Nandinia binotata intensa]] | Nandinia binotata intensa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2222 | [[:d:Q20907436|Q20907436]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus semitorquatus]] | Herpestes semitorquatus semitorquatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2223 | [[:d:Q20907437|Q20907437]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus uniformis]] | Herpestes semitorquatus uniformis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2224 | [[:d:Q24266216|Q24266216]] | [[Lutra maculicollis]] | Lutra maculicollis | 1 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2225 | [[:d:Q61885243|Q61885243]] | [[Lutra canadensis]] | Lutra canadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2226 | [[:d:Q109647346|Q109647346]] | [[Lutra piscinaria]] | Lutra piscinaria | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2227 | [[:d:Q122889511|Q122889511]] | [[Lutra capensis]] | Lutra capensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2228 | [[:d:Q123080462|Q123080462]] | [[Lutra trinacriae]] | Lutra trinacriae | 1 | | [[File:Lutra trinacriae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2229 | [[:d:Q124036776|Q124036776]] | [[Lutra palaeoleptonyx]] | Lutra palaeoleptonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2230 | [[:d:Q124036877|Q124036877]] | [[Lutra lybica]] | Lutra lybica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2231 | [[:d:Q124036883|Q124036883]] | [[Lutra licenti]] | Lutra licenti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2232 | [[:d:Q124036908|Q124036908]] | [[Lutra fatimazohrae]] | Lutra fatimazohrae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2233 | [[:d:Q124036923|Q124036923]] | [[Lutra bressana]] | Lutra bressana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2234 | [[:d:Q124036933|Q124036933]] | [[Lutra bravardi]] | Lutra bravardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2235 | [[:d:Q124036937|Q124036937]] | [[Lutra affinis]] | Lutra affinis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2236 | [[:d:Q124039976|Q124039976]] | [[Lutra hessica]] | Lutra hessica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2237 | [[:d:Q132457290|Q132457290]] | [[Lutra hearsti]] | Lutra hearsti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2238 | [[:d:Q138589737|Q138589737]] | [[Lutrogale]] | Lutrogale | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2239 | [[:d:Q138589738|Q138589738]] | [[Aonyx]] | Aonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2240 | [[:d:Q138589739|Q138589739]] | [[Amblonyx]] | Amblonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2241 | [[:d:Q138589741|Q138589741]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2242 | [[:d:Q696562|Q696562]] | [[Amphicyon major]] | Amphicyon major | 1 | | [[File:Amphicyon major jaw.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2243 | [[:d:Q11910009|Q11910009]] | [[Broiliana]] | Broiliana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2244 | [[:d:Q19716898|Q19716898]] | [[Stromeriella]] | Stromeriella | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2245 | [[:d:Q20907248|Q20907248]] | [[Genetta servalina servalina]] | Genetta servalina servalina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2246 | [[:d:Q20907249|Q20907249]] | [[Genetta servalina bettoni]] | Genetta servalina bettoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2247 | [[:d:Q20907250|Q20907250]] | [[Genetta servalina lowei]] | Genetta servalina lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2248 | [[:d:Q20907251|Q20907251]] | [[Genetta servalina schwarzi]] | Genetta servalina schwarzi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2249 | [[:d:Q20907252|Q20907252]] | [[Genetta tigrina tigrina]] | Genetta tigrina tigrina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta tigrina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2250 | [[:d:Q20907253|Q20907253]] | [[Genetta tigrina methi]] | Genetta tigrina methi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta tigrina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2251 | [[:d:Q20907255|Q20907255]] | [[Poiana richardsonii richardsonii]] | Poiana richardsonii richardsonii | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[recombination]] | | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2252 | [[:d:Q20907257|Q20907257]] | [[Poiana richardsonii ochracea]] | Poiana richardsonii ochracea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2253 | [[:d:Q21357705|Q21357705]] | [[Mungos minutus]] | Mungos minutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2254 | [[:d:Q21418779|Q21418779]] | [[Bassariscinae]] | Bassariscinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2255 | [[:d:Q28549487|Q28549487]] | [[Bassaricyonoides]] | Bassaricyonoides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2256 | [[:d:Q55350625|Q55350625]] | [[Amphicyon giganteus]] | Amphicyon giganteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2257 | [[:d:Q55518697|Q55518697]] | [[Amphicyon galushai]] | Amphicyon galushai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2258 | [[:d:Q55593487|Q55593487]] | [[Amphicyon frendens]] | Amphicyon frendens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2259 | [[:d:Q55593524|Q55593524]] | [[Amphicyon palaeindicus]] | Amphicyon palaeindicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2260 | [[:d:Q55593573|Q55593573]] | [[Amphicyon lydekkeri]] | Amphicyon lydekkeri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2261 | [[:d:Q105722164|Q105722164]] | [[Parahyaenodon]] | Parahyaenodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2262 | [[:d:Q123471619|Q123471619]] | [[Angustictis]] | Angustictis | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2263 | [[:d:Q131406234|Q131406234]] | [[Mustela stromeri]] | Mustela stromeri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2264 | [[:d:Q133042723|Q133042723]] | [[Tetraprothomo]] | Tetraprothomo | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2265 | [[:d:Q136655585|Q136655585]] | [[Protoprocyon]] | Protoprocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2266 | [[:d:Q136655692|Q136655692]] | [[Parapotos]] | Parapotos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2267 | [[:d:Q3363349|Q3363349]] | [[Paradoxurus niger]] | Paradoxurus niger | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2268 | [[:d:Q20907297|Q20907297]] | [[Atilax paludinosus paludinosus]] | Atilax paludinosus paludinosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2269 | [[:d:Q20907299|Q20907299]] | [[Atilax paludinosus macrodon]] | Atilax paludinosus macrodon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2270 | [[:d:Q20907300|Q20907300]] | [[Atilax paludinosus mitis]] | Atilax paludinosus mitis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2271 | [[:d:Q20907301|Q20907301]] | [[Atilax paludinosus mordax]] | Atilax paludinosus mordax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2272 | [[:d:Q20907302|Q20907302]] | [[Atilax paludinosus nigerianus]] | Atilax paludinosus nigerianus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2273 | [[:d:Q20907304|Q20907304]] | [[Atilax paludinosus pluto]] | Atilax paludinosus pluto | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2274 | [[:d:Q20907305|Q20907305]] | [[Atilax paludinosus robustus]] | Atilax paludinosus robustus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2275 | [[:d:Q20907306|Q20907306]] | [[Atilax paludinosus rubellus]] | Atilax paludinosus rubellus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2276 | [[:d:Q20907307|Q20907307]] | [[Atilax paludinosus rubescens]] | Atilax paludinosus rubescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2277 | [[:d:Q20907308|Q20907308]] | [[Atilax paludinosus spadiceus]] | Atilax paludinosus spadiceus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2278 | [[:d:Q20907309|Q20907309]] | [[Atilax paludinosus transvaalensis]] | Atilax paludinosus transvaalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2279 | [[:d:Q20907400|Q20907400]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus brachyurus]] | Herpestes brachyurus brachyurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2280 | [[:d:Q20907403|Q20907403]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus javanensis]] | Herpestes brachyurus javanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2281 | [[:d:Q20907404|Q20907404]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus palawanus]] | Herpestes brachyurus palawanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2282 | [[:d:Q20907405|Q20907405]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus parvus]] | Herpestes brachyurus parvus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2283 | [[:d:Q20907406|Q20907406]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus sumatrius]] | Herpestes brachyurus sumatrius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2284 | [[:d:Q20907441|Q20907441]] | [[Herpestes urva urva]] | Herpestes urva urva | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2285 | [[:d:Q20907442|Q20907442]] | [[Herpestes urva annamensis]] | Herpestes urva annamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2286 | [[:d:Q20907444|Q20907444]] | [[Herpestes urva formosanus]] | Herpestes urva formosanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2287 | [[:d:Q20907445|Q20907445]] | [[Herpestes urva sinensis]] | Herpestes urva sinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2288 | [[:d:Q20907449|Q20907449]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda albicauda]] | Ichneumia albicauda albicauda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2289 | [[:d:Q20907450|Q20907450]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda dialeucos]] | Ichneumia albicauda dialeucos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2290 | [[:d:Q20907451|Q20907451]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda grandis]] | Ichneumia albicauda grandis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2291 | [[:d:Q20907452|Q20907452]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda haagneri]] | Ichneumia albicauda haagneri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2292 | [[:d:Q20907453|Q20907453]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda ibeanus]] | Ichneumia albicauda ibeanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2293 | [[:d:Q20907454|Q20907454]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda loandae]] | Ichneumia albicauda loandae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2294 | [[:d:Q20907455|Q20907455]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda loempo]] | Ichneumia albicauda loempo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2295 | [[:d:Q20907473|Q20907473]] | [[Paracynictis selousi selousi]] | Paracynictis selousi selousi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2296 | [[:d:Q20907474|Q20907474]] | [[Paracynictis selousi bechuanae]] | Paracynictis selousi bechuanae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2297 | [[:d:Q20907475|Q20907475]] | [[Paracynictis selousi ngamiensis]] | Paracynictis selousi ngamiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2298 | [[:d:Q20907476|Q20907476]] | [[Paracynictis selousi sengaani]] | Paracynictis selousi sengaani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2299 | [[:d:Q41086461|Q41086461]] | [[Paradoxurus macrodus]] | Paradoxurus macrodus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2300 | [[:d:Q65144472|Q65144472]] | [[Amphictinae]] | Amphictinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2301 | [[:d:Q5703259|Q5703259]] | [[Arctophoca australis australis]] | Arctophoca australis australis | 1 | | [[File:Arctophoca australis australis (3).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus australis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2302 | [[:d:Q20907317|Q20907317]] | [[Cynictis penicillata penicillata]] | Cynictis penicillata penicillata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2303 | [[:d:Q20907318|Q20907318]] | [[Cynictis penicillata bechuanae]] | Cynictis penicillata bechuanae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2304 | [[:d:Q20907319|Q20907319]] | [[Cynictis penicillata brachyura]] | Cynictis penicillata brachyura | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2305 | [[:d:Q20907324|Q20907324]] | [[Cynictis penicillata cinderella]] | Cynictis penicillata cinderella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2306 | [[:d:Q20907326|Q20907326]] | [[Cynictis penicillata coombsi]] | Cynictis penicillata coombsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2307 | [[:d:Q20907328|Q20907328]] | [[Cynictis penicillata intensa]] | Cynictis penicillata intensa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2308 | [[:d:Q20907329|Q20907329]] | [[Cynictis penicillata kalaharica]] | Cynictis penicillata kalaharica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2309 | [[:d:Q20907330|Q20907330]] | [[Cynictis penicillata karasensis]] | Cynictis penicillata karasensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2310 | [[:d:Q20907332|Q20907332]] | [[Cynictis penicillata lepturus]] | Cynictis penicillata lepturus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2311 | [[:d:Q20907333|Q20907333]] | [[Cynictis penicillata ogilbyii]] | Cynictis penicillata ogilbyii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2312 | [[:d:Q20907334|Q20907334]] | [[Cynictis penicillata pallidior]] | Cynictis penicillata pallidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2313 | [[:d:Q20907350|Q20907350]] | [[Galerella sanguinea sanguinea]] | Galerella sanguinea sanguinea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2314 | [[:d:Q20907352|Q20907352]] | [[Galerella sanguinea canus]] | Galerella sanguinea canus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2315 | [[:d:Q20907353|Q20907353]] | [[Galerella sanguinea cauui]] | Galerella sanguinea cauui | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2316 | [[:d:Q20907354|Q20907354]] | [[Galerella sanguinea dasilvai]] | Galerella sanguinea dasilvai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2317 | [[:d:Q20907355|Q20907355]] | [[Galerella sanguinea dentifer]] | Galerella sanguinea dentifer | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2318 | [[:d:Q20907356|Q20907356]] | [[Galerella sanguinea fulvidior]] | Galerella sanguinea fulvidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2319 | [[:d:Q20907357|Q20907357]] | [[Galerella sanguinea galbus]] | Galerella sanguinea galbus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2320 | [[:d:Q20907358|Q20907358]] | [[Galerella sanguinea gracilis]] | Galerella sanguinea gracilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2321 | [[:d:Q20907359|Q20907359]] | [[Galerella sanguinea grantii]] | Galerella sanguinea grantii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2322 | [[:d:Q20907361|Q20907361]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ibeae]] | Galerella sanguinea ibeae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2323 | [[:d:Q20907364|Q20907364]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ignitus]] | Galerella sanguinea ignitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2324 | [[:d:Q20907367|Q20907367]] | [[Galerella sanguinea lancasteri]] | Galerella sanguinea lancasteri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2325 | [[:d:Q20907369|Q20907369]] | [[Galerella sanguinea melanura]] | Galerella sanguinea melanura | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2326 | [[:d:Q20907372|Q20907372]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mossambica]] | Galerella sanguinea mossambica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2327 | [[:d:Q20907374|Q20907374]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mustela]] | Galerella sanguinea mustela | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2328 | [[:d:Q20907375|Q20907375]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mutgigella]] | Galerella sanguinea mutgigella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2329 | [[:d:Q20907377|Q20907377]] | [[Galerella sanguinea orestes]] | Galerella sanguinea orestes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2330 | [[:d:Q20907378|Q20907378]] | [[Galerella sanguinea parvipes]] | Galerella sanguinea parvipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2331 | [[:d:Q20907380|Q20907380]] | [[Galerella sanguinea perfulvidus]] | Galerella sanguinea perfulvidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2332 | [[:d:Q20907382|Q20907382]] | [[Galerella sanguinea phoenicurus]] | Galerella sanguinea phoenicurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2333 | [[:d:Q20907383|Q20907383]] | [[Galerella sanguinea proteus]] | Galerella sanguinea proteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2334 | [[:d:Q20907384|Q20907384]] | [[Galerella sanguinea rendilis]] | Galerella sanguinea rendilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2335 | [[:d:Q20907385|Q20907385]] | [[Galerella sanguinea saharae]] | Galerella sanguinea saharae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2336 | [[:d:Q20907386|Q20907386]] | [[Galerella sanguinea swinnyi]] | Galerella sanguinea swinnyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2337 | [[:d:Q20907387|Q20907387]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ugandae]] | Galerella sanguinea ugandae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2338 | [[:d:Q20907412|Q20907412]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon ichneumon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2339 | [[:d:Q20907413|Q20907413]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon angolensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon angolensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2340 | [[:d:Q20907414|Q20907414]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon cafra]] | Herpestes ichneumon cafra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2341 | [[:d:Q20907415|Q20907415]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon centralis]] | Herpestes ichneumon centralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2342 | [[:d:Q20907416|Q20907416]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon funestus]] | Herpestes ichneumon funestus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2343 | [[:d:Q20907417|Q20907417]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon mababiensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon mababiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2344 | [[:d:Q20907418|Q20907418]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon numidicus]] | Herpestes ichneumon numidicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2345 | [[:d:Q20907419|Q20907419]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon parvidens]] | Herpestes ichneumon parvidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2346 | [[:d:Q20907420|Q20907420]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon sabiensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon sabiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2347 | [[:d:Q20907421|Q20907421]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon sangronizi]] | Herpestes ichneumon sangronizi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2348 | [[:d:Q20907422|Q20907422]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon widdringtonii]] | Herpestes ichneumon widdringtonii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2349 | [[:d:Q20907423|Q20907423]] | [[Herpestes javanicus javanicus]] | Herpestes javanicus javanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2350 | [[:d:Q20907424|Q20907424]] | [[Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus]] | Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2351 | [[:d:Q20907425|Q20907425]] | [[Herpestes javanicus exilis]] | Herpestes javanicus exilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2352 | [[:d:Q20907428|Q20907428]] | [[Herpestes javanicus orientalis]] | Herpestes javanicus orientalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2353 | [[:d:Q20907429|Q20907429]] | [[Herpestes javanicus pallipes]] | Herpestes javanicus pallipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2354 | [[:d:Q20907430|Q20907430]] | [[Herpestes javanicus peninsulae]] | Herpestes javanicus peninsulae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2355 | [[:d:Q20907431|Q20907431]] | [[Herpestes javanicus perakensis]] | Herpestes javanicus perakensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2356 | [[:d:Q20907432|Q20907432]] | [[Herpestes javanicus rafflesii]] | Herpestes javanicus rafflesii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2357 | [[:d:Q20907433|Q20907433]] | [[Herpestes javanicus rubrifrons]] | Herpestes javanicus rubrifrons | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2358 | [[:d:Q20907434|Q20907434]] | [[Herpestes javanicus siamensis]] | Herpestes javanicus siamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2359 | [[:d:Q20907435|Q20907435]] | [[Herpestes javanicus tjerapai]] | Herpestes javanicus tjerapai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2360 | [[:d:Q20907447|Q20907447]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis vitticollis]] | Herpestes vitticollis vitticollis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2361 | [[:d:Q20907448|Q20907448]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis inornatus]] | Herpestes vitticollis inornatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2362 | [[:d:Q20907929|Q20907929]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus]] | Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus | 1 | | [[File:Conepatus amazonicus - ....Christopher Borges.... - 533154117.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2363 | [[:d:Q20916509|Q20916509]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsi edwardsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2364 | [[:d:Q20916511|Q20916511]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi ferrugineus]] | Herpestes edwardsi ferrugineus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2365 | [[:d:Q20916514|Q20916514]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi lanka]] | Herpestes edwardsi lanka | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2366 | [[:d:Q20916516|Q20916516]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi montanus]] | Herpestes edwardsi montanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2367 | [[:d:Q20916518|Q20916518]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi nyula]] | Herpestes edwardsi nyula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2368 | [[:d:Q108060418|Q108060418]] | [[Enaliarctos mealsi]] | Enaliarctos mealsi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enaliarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2369 | [[:d:Q135649961|Q135649961]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus elieceri]] | Conepatus semistriatus elieceri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2370 | [[:d:Q3143618|Q3143618]] | [[Hyaena perrieri]] | Hyaena perrieri | 1 | | [[File:Paleozoological exhibition, 2009, in the Gravensteen, Zierikzee 08.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2371 | [[:d:Q20907310|Q20907310]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda crassicauda]] | Bdeogale crassicauda crassicauda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2372 | [[:d:Q20907311|Q20907311]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda nigrescens]] | Bdeogale crassicauda nigrescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2373 | [[:d:Q20907312|Q20907312]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora]] | Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2374 | [[:d:Q20907313|Q20907313]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda puisa]] | Bdeogale crassicauda puisa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2375 | [[:d:Q20907314|Q20907314]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda tenuis]] | Bdeogale crassicauda tenuis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2376 | [[:d:Q20907344|Q20907344]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta pulverulenta]] | Galerella pulverulenta pulverulenta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2377 | [[:d:Q20907347|Q20907347]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta basuticus]] | Galerella pulverulenta basuticus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2378 | [[:d:Q20907349|Q20907349]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta ruddi]] | Galerella pulverulenta ruddi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2379 | [[:d:Q20907407|Q20907407]] | [[Herpestes fuscus fuscus]] | Herpestes fuscus fuscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2380 | [[:d:Q20907408|Q20907408]] | [[Herpestes fuscus flavidens]] | Herpestes fuscus flavidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2381 | [[:d:Q20907409|Q20907409]] | [[Herpestes fuscus maccarthiae]] | Herpestes fuscus maccarthiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2382 | [[:d:Q20907410|Q20907410]] | [[Herpestes fuscus rubidior]] | Herpestes fuscus rubidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2383 | [[:d:Q20907411|Q20907411]] | [[Herpestes fuscus siccatus]] | Herpestes fuscus siccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2384 | [[:d:Q20907477|Q20907477]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri melleri]] | Rhynchogale melleri melleri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2385 | [[:d:Q20907478|Q20907478]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri langi]] | Rhynchogale melleri langi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2386 | [[:d:Q21360327|Q21360327]] | [[Cynodictis elegans]] | Cynodictis elegans | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynodictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2387 | [[:d:Q125569584|Q125569584]] | [[Meles thorali]] | Meles thorali | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2388 | [[:d:Q132731439|Q132731439]] | [[Meles magnus]] | Meles magnus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2389 | [[:d:Q5782647|Q5782647]] | [[Conepatus castaneus castaneus]] | Conepatus castaneus castaneus | 1 | | [[File:Conepatus humboldtii 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus castaneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2390 | [[:d:Q5782649|Q5782649]] | [[Conepatus castaneus proteus]] | Conepatus castaneus proteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus castaneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2391 | [[:d:Q6427870|Q6427870]] | [[Kolponomos newportensis]] | Kolponomos newportensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kolponomos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2392 | [[:d:Q18479382|Q18479382]] | [[Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes]] | Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus mesoleucus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2393 | [[:d:Q20907335|Q20907335]] | [[Galerella ochracea ochracea]] | Galerella ochracea ochracea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2394 | [[:d:Q20907336|Q20907336]] | [[Galerella ochracea bocagei]] | Galerella ochracea bocagei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2395 | [[:d:Q20907338|Q20907338]] | [[Galerella ochracea fulvidior]] | Galerella ochracea fulvidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2396 | [[:d:Q20907342|Q20907342]] | [[Galerella ochracea perfulvidus]] | Galerella ochracea perfulvidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2397 | [[:d:Q20907438|Q20907438]] | [[Herpestes smithii smithii]] | Herpestes smithii smithii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2398 | [[:d:Q20907439|Q20907439]] | [[Herpestes smithii thysanurus]] | Herpestes smithii thysanurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2399 | [[:d:Q20907440|Q20907440]] | [[Herpestes smithii zeylanius]] | Herpestes smithii zeylanius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2400 | [[:d:Q55621237|Q55621237]] | [[Lontra weiri]] | Lontra weiri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2401 | [[:d:Q108872622|Q108872622]] | [[Allodesmus kernensis]] | Allodesmus kernensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2402 | [[:d:Q108872886|Q108872886]] | [[Allodesmus naorai]] | Allodesmus naorai | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2403 | [[:d:Q112796039|Q112796039]] | [[Allodesmus sinanoensis]] | Allodesmus sinanoensis | 1 | | [[File:Allodesmus sinanoensis 『Eumetopias sinanoensis』1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2404 | [[:d:Q115597690|Q115597690]] | [[Adilophontes brachykolos]] | Adilophontes brachykolos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adilophontes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2405 | [[:d:Q115607206|Q115607206]] | [[Daphoenictis tedfordi]] | Daphoenictis tedfordi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoenictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2406 | [[:d:Q115607436|Q115607436]] | [[Euroamphicyon olisiponensis]] | Euroamphicyon olisiponensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Euroamphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2407 | [[:d:Q115619198|Q115619198]] | [[Pseudarctos bavaricus]] | Pseudarctos bavaricus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pseudarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2408 | [[:d:Q124036227|Q124036227]] | [[Enhydra reevei]] | Enhydra reevei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2409 | [[:d:Q134499808|Q134499808]] | [[Viverra zeylonensis]] | Viverra zeylonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2410 | [[:d:Q136815570|Q136815570]] | [[Parahyaena howelli]] | Parahyaena howelli | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2411 | [[:d:Q6652290|Q6652290]] | [[Cynogale lowei]] | Cynogale lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2412 | [[:d:Q7841789|Q7841789]] | [[Trigonitis macrodon]] | Trigonictis macrodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Trigonictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2413 | [[:d:Q20718776|Q20718776]] | [[Monotherium delognii]] | Monotherium delognii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2414 | [[:d:Q21237227|Q21237227]] | [[Arctomeles dimolodontus]] | Arctomeles dimolodontus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctomeles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2415 | [[:d:Q29578874|Q29578874]] | [[Megalenhydris]] | Megalenhydris | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2416 | [[:d:Q41167209|Q41167209]] | [[Platyphoca vulgaris]] | Platyphoca vulgaris | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Platyphoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2417 | [[:d:Q115607913|Q115607913]] | [[Guangxicyon sinoamericanus]] | Guangxicyon sinoamericanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guangxicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2418 | [[:d:Q125026524|Q125026524]] | [[Gulo schlosseri]] | Gulo schlosseri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2419 | [[:d:Q125226254|Q125226254]] | [[Proteles septentrionalis]] | Proteles septentrionalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2420 | [[:d:Q126811409|Q126811409]] | [[Proteles transvaalensis]] | Proteles transvaalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2421 | [[:d:Q126817535|Q126817535]] | [[Civettictis howelli]] | Civettictis howelli | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2422 | [[:d:Q131451924|Q131451924]] | [[Hydrictis gudho]] | Hydrictis gudho | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hydrictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2423 | [[:d:Q133865750|Q133865750]] | [[Limnonyx]] | Limnonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2424 | [[:d:Q16689175|Q16689175]] | [[Vulpes praeglacialis]] | Vulpes praeglacialis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2425 | [[:d:Q20907145|Q20907145]] | [[Arctictis binturong binturong]] | Arctictis binturong binturong | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2426 | [[:d:Q20907146|Q20907146]] | [[Arctictis binturong albifrons]] | Arctictis binturong albifrons | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2427 | [[:d:Q20907147|Q20907147]] | [[Arctictis binturong kerkhoveni]] | Arctictis binturong kerkhoveni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2428 | [[:d:Q20907148|Q20907148]] | [[Arctictis binturong menglaensis]] | Arctictis binturong menglaensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2429 | [[:d:Q20907149|Q20907149]] | [[Arctictis binturong penicillatus]] | Arctictis binturong penicillatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2430 | [[:d:Q20907281|Q20907281]] | [[Eupleres goudotii goudotii]] | Eupleres goudotii goudotii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2431 | [[:d:Q20907283|Q20907283]] | [[Eupleres goudotii major]] | Eupleres goudotii major | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2432 | [[:d:Q20907290|Q20907290]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata decemlineata]] | Mungotictis decemlineata decemlineata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2433 | [[:d:Q20907291|Q20907291]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata lineatus]] | Mungotictis decemlineata lineatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2434 | [[:d:Q121911931|Q121911931]] | [[Vulpes praecorsac]] | Vulpes praecorsac | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2435 | [[:d:Q126857734|Q126857734]] | [[Vulpes stenognathus]] | Vulpes stenognathus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2436 | [[:d:Q126857899|Q126857899]] | [[Vulpes kernensis]] | Vulpes kernensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2437 | [[:d:Q126858238|Q126858238]] | [[Vulpes rooki]] | Vulpes rooki | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2438 | [[:d:Q126858440|Q126858440]] | [[Vulpes angustidens]] | Vulpes angustidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2439 | [[:d:Q126858566|Q126858566]] | [[Vulpes chikushanensis]] | Vulpes chikushanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2440 | [[:d:Q126858675|Q126858675]] | [[Vulpes galaticus]] | Vulpes galaticus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2441 | [[:d:Q126858811|Q126858811]] | [[Vulpes beihaiensis]] | Vulpes beihaiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2442 | [[:d:Q132337392|Q132337392]] | [[Nasua meridensis]] | Nasua meridensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2443 | [[:d:Q140562249|Q140562249]] | [[Procyon rexroadensis]] | Procyon rexroadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2444 | [[:d:Q4389469|Q4389469]] | [[Lutra lutra whiteleyi]] | Lutra lutra whiteleyi | 1 | | [[File:Japanese otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2445 | [[:d:Q11290156|Q11290156]] | [[Mustela erminea orientalis]] | Mustela erminea orientalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2446 | [[:d:Q20907188|Q20907188]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2447 | [[:d:Q20907189|Q20907189]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus balicus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus balicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2448 | [[:d:Q20907190|Q20907190]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar | 1 | | [[File:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2449 | [[:d:Q20907191|Q20907191]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canescens]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2450 | [[:d:Q20907192|Q20907192]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2451 | [[:d:Q20907193|Q20907193]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus cochinensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus cochinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2452 | [[:d:Q20907194|Q20907194]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus dongfangensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus dongfangensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2453 | [[:d:Q20907195|Q20907195]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2454 | [[:d:Q20907196|Q20907196]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus exitus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus exitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2455 | [[:d:Q20907197|Q20907197]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus javanica]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus javanica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2456 | [[:d:Q20907198|Q20907198]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus kangeanus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus kangeanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2457 | [[:d:Q20907199|Q20907199]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus laotum]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus laotum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2458 | [[:d:Q20907200|Q20907200]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2459 | [[:d:Q20907201|Q20907201]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus milleri]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus milleri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2460 | [[:d:Q20907202|Q20907202]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2461 | [[:d:Q20907203|Q20907203]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus musanga]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus musanga | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2462 | [[:d:Q20907204|Q20907204]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus nictitans]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus nictitans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2463 | [[:d:Q20907205|Q20907205]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallasii]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallasii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2464 | [[:d:Q20907206|Q20907206]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallens]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2465 | [[:d:Q20907207|Q20907207]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus parvus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus parvus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2466 | [[:d:Q20907208|Q20907208]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippinensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippinensis | 1 | | [[File:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2467 | [[:d:Q20907209|Q20907209]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pugnax]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pugnax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2468 | [[:d:Q20907211|Q20907211]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pulcher]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pulcher | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2469 | [[:d:Q20907213|Q20907213]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sacer]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sacer | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2470 | [[:d:Q20907214|Q20907214]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus scindiae]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus scindiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2471 | [[:d:Q20907215|Q20907215]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus senex]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus senex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2472 | [[:d:Q20907217|Q20907217]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus setosus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus setosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2473 | [[:d:Q20907218|Q20907218]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus simplex]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus simplex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2474 | [[:d:Q20907219|Q20907219]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sumbanus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sumbanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2475 | [[:d:Q20907222|Q20907222]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vellerosus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vellerosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2476 | [[:d:Q20907456|Q20907456]] | [[Mungos mungo mungo]] | Mungos mungo mungo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2477 | [[:d:Q20907457|Q20907457]] | [[Mungos mungo adailensis]] | Mungos mungo adailensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2478 | [[:d:Q20907458|Q20907458]] | [[Mungos mungo bororensis]] | Mungos mungo bororensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2479 | [[:d:Q20907459|Q20907459]] | [[Mungos mungo caurinus]] | Mungos mungo caurinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2480 | [[:d:Q20907460|Q20907460]] | [[Mungos mungo colonus]] | Mungos mungo colonus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2481 | [[:d:Q20907461|Q20907461]] | [[Mungos mungo grisonax]] | Mungos mungo grisonax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2482 | [[:d:Q20907462|Q20907462]] | [[Mungos mungo mandjarum]] | Mungos mungo mandjarum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2483 | [[:d:Q20907463|Q20907463]] | [[Mungos mungo marcrurus]] | Mungos mungo macrurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2484 | [[:d:Q20907464|Q20907464]] | [[Mungos mungo ngamiensis]] | Mungos mungo ngamiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2485 | [[:d:Q20907465|Q20907465]] | [[Mungos mungo pallidipes]] | Mungos mungo pallidipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2486 | [[:d:Q20907466|Q20907466]] | [[Mungos mungo rossi]] | Mungos mungo rossi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2487 | [[:d:Q20907468|Q20907468]] | [[Mungos mungo senescens]] | Mungos mungo senescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2488 | [[:d:Q20907469|Q20907469]] | [[Mungos mungo somalicus]] | Mungos mungo somalicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2489 | [[:d:Q20907470|Q20907470]] | [[Mungos mungo talboti]] | Mungos mungo talboti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2490 | [[:d:Q20907471|Q20907471]] | [[Mungos mungo zebra]] | Mungos mungo zebra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2491 | [[:d:Q20907472|Q20907472]] | [[Mungos mungo zebroides]] | Mungos mungo zebroides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2492 | [[:d:Q41163124|Q41163124]] | [[Callophoca obscura]] | Callophoca obscura | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Callophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2493 | [[:d:Q55348097|Q55348097]] | [[Howellictis valentini]] | Howellictis valentini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Howellictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2494 | [[:d:Q60840033|Q60840033]] | [[Paralutra garganensis]] | Paralutra garganensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paralutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2495 | [[:d:Q97290828|Q97290828]] | [[Lutraeximia umbra]] | Lutraeximia umbra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutraeximia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2496 | [[:d:Q99217642|Q99217642]] | [[Urva semitorquata]] | Urva semitorquata | 1 | | [[File:Herpestes semitorquatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2497 | [[:d:Q101765792|Q101765792]] | [[Eomonachus]] | Eomonachus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2498 | [[:d:Q115607931|Q115607931]] | [[Goupilictis minor]] | Goupilictis minor | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Goupilictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2499 | [[:d:Q122759313|Q122759313]] | [[Urva javanica]] | Urva javanica | 1 | | [[File:Small asian mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2500 | [[:d:Q123913995|Q123913995]] | [[Urva urva]] | Urva urva | 1 | | [[File:Urva urva 77938111.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2501 | [[:d:Q126718606|Q126718606]] | [[Devinophoca emryi]] | Devinophoca emryi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2502 | [[:d:Q126718837|Q126718837]] | [[Devinophoca claytoni]] | Devinophoca claytoni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2503 | [[:d:Q131624490|Q131624490]] | [[Vishnuictis durandi]] | Vishnuictis durandi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2504 | [[:d:Q131787805|Q131787805]] | [[Vishnuictis salmontanus]] | Vishnuictis salmontanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2505 | [[:d:Q131808847|Q131808847]] | [[Vishnuictis hariensis]] | Vishnuictis hariensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2506 | [[:d:Q131824716|Q131824716]] | [[Vishnuictis chinjiensis]] | Vishnuictis chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2507 | [[:d:Q131824739|Q131824739]] | [[Vishnuictis africana]] | Vishnuictis africana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2508 | [[:d:Q131905086|Q131905086]] | [[Saketoteron tatroinse]] | Saketoteron tatroinse | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Saketoteron]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2509 | [[:d:Q136746071|Q136746071]] | [[Martellictis]] | Martellictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Galictini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2510 | [[:d:Q137210550|Q137210550]] | [[Vishnuictis hasnoti]] | Vishnuictis hasnoti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2511 | [[:d:Q137210673|Q137210673]] | [[Vishnuictis plectilodous]] | Vishnuictis plectilodous | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2512 | [[:d:Q138835710|Q138835710]] | [[Laphictis mustelinus]] | Laphictis mustelinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Laphictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2513 | [[:d:Q19817052|Q19817052]] | [[Uncia]] | Uncia | 1 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2514 | [[:d:Q20907236|Q20907236]] | [[Civettictis civetta civetta]] | Civettictis civetta civetta | 1 | | [[File:Civettictis civetta 12.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2515 | [[:d:Q20907237|Q20907237]] | [[Civettictis civetta australis]] | Civettictis civetta australis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2516 | [[:d:Q20907238|Q20907238]] | [[Civettictis civetta congica]] | Civettictis civetta congica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2517 | [[:d:Q20907239|Q20907239]] | [[Civettictis civetta pauli]] | Civettictis civetta pauli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2518 | [[:d:Q20907240|Q20907240]] | [[Civettictis civetta schwarzi]] | Civettictis civetta schwarzi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2519 | [[:d:Q20907241|Q20907241]] | [[Civettictis civetta volkmanni]] | Civettictis civetta volkmanni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2520 | [[:d:Q20907388|Q20907388]] | [[Helogale hirtula hirtula]] | Helogale hirtula hirtula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2521 | [[:d:Q20907389|Q20907389]] | [[Helogale hirtula ahlselli]] | Helogale hirtula ahlselli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2522 | [[:d:Q20907390|Q20907390]] | [[Helogale hirtula annulata]] | Helogale hirtula annulata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2523 | [[:d:Q20907391|Q20907391]] | [[Helogale hirtula lutescens]] | Helogale hirtula lutescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2524 | [[:d:Q20907392|Q20907392]] | [[Helogale hirtula powelli]] | Helogale hirtula powelli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2525 | [[:d:Q20907906|Q20907906]] | [[Taxidea taxus berlandieri]] | Taxidea taxus berlandieri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2526 | [[:d:Q21356760|Q21356760]] | [[Martes americana albeietinoides]] | Martes americana albeietinoides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2527 | [[:d:Q21359274|Q21359274]] | [[Taxidea taxus berlanderi]] | Taxidea taxus berlanderi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2528 | [[:d:Q119166409|Q119166409]] | [[Civettictis civetta europaeus]] | Civettictis civetta europaeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2529 | [[:d:Q122602504|Q122602504]] | [[Tigris]] | Tigris | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2530 | [[:d:Q5399006|Q5399006]] | [[Protocyon scagliorum]] | Protocyon scagliorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2531 | [[:d:Q6088658|Q6088658]] | [[Protocyon tarijensis]] | Protocyon tarijensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2532 | [[:d:Q6088661|Q6088661]] | [[Protocyon troglodytes]] | Protocyon troglodytes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2533 | [[:d:Q20907480|Q20907480]] | [[Suricata suricatta iona]] | Suricata suricatta iona | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2534 | [[:d:Q20907481|Q20907481]] | [[Suricata suricatta marjoriae]] | Suricata suricatta marjoriae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2535 | [[:d:Q21360683|Q21360683]] | [[Leptocyon douglassi]] | Leptocyon douglassi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2536 | [[:d:Q21360688|Q21360688]] | [[Leptocyon leidyi]] | Leptocyon leidyi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2537 | [[:d:Q21360693|Q21360693]] | [[Leptocyon matthewi]] | Leptocyon matthewi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2538 | [[:d:Q21360698|Q21360698]] | [[Leptocyon tejonensis]] | Leptocyon tejonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2539 | [[:d:Q27150056|Q27150056]] | [[Pseudaelurus turnauensis]] | Pseudaelurus turnauensis | 1 | | [[File:(MHNT) Pseudaelurus turnauensis (Hoernes, 1882) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudaelurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2540 | [[:d:Q111039026|Q111039026]] | [[Barbourofelis morrisi]] | Barbourofelis morrisi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2541 | [[:d:Q111039508|Q111039508]] | [[Barbourofelis piveteaui]] | Barbourofelis piveteaui | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2542 | [[:d:Q111040147|Q111040147]] | [[Barbourofelis whitfordi]] | Barbourofelis whitfordi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2543 | [[:d:Q118645088|Q118645088]] | [[Barbourofelis loveorum]] | Barbourofelis loveorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2544 | [[:d:Q126870810|Q126870810]] | [[Nasua pronarica]] | Nasua pronarica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2545 | [[:d:Q126896083|Q126896083]] | [[Lycalopex cultridens]] | Lycalopex cultridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2546 | [[:d:Q133861149|Q133861149]] | [[Poecilictis libyca oralis]] | Poecilictis libyca oralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2547 | [[:d:Q1863207|Q1863207]] | [[Otarocyon macdonaldi]] | Otarocyon macdonaldi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otarocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2548 | [[:d:Q3051678|Q3051678]] | [[Otarocyon cooki]] | Otarocyon cooki | 1 | | [[File:Otarocyon cooki.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otarocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2549 | [[:d:Q20907167|Q20907167]] | [[Paguma larvata larvata]] | Paguma larvata larvata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2550 | [[:d:Q20907168|Q20907168]] | [[Paguma larvata chichingensis]] | Paguma larvata chichingensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2551 | [[:d:Q20907169|Q20907169]] | [[Paguma larvata grayi]] | Paguma larvata grayi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2552 | [[:d:Q20907170|Q20907170]] | [[Paguma larvata hainana]] | Paguma larvata hainana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2553 | [[:d:Q20907172|Q20907172]] | [[Paguma larvata intrudens]] | Paguma larvata intrudens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2554 | [[:d:Q20907173|Q20907173]] | [[Paguma larvata janetta]] | Paguma larvata janetta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2555 | [[:d:Q20907174|Q20907174]] | [[Paguma larvata jourdanii]] | Paguma larvata jourdanii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2556 | [[:d:Q20907175|Q20907175]] | [[Paguma larvata lanigera]] | Paguma larvata lanigera | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2557 | [[:d:Q20907177|Q20907177]] | [[Paguma larvata leucomystax]] | Paguma larvata leucomystax | 1 | | [[File:Paguma larvata leucomystax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2558 | [[:d:Q20907178|Q20907178]] | [[Paguma larvata neglecta]] | Paguma larvata neglecta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2559 | [[:d:Q20907179|Q20907179]] | [[Paguma larvata nigriceps]] | Paguma larvata nigriceps | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2560 | [[:d:Q20907181|Q20907181]] | [[Paguma larvata ogilbyi]] | Paguma larvata ogilbyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2561 | [[:d:Q20907182|Q20907182]] | [[Paguma larvata robusta]] | Paguma larvata robusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2562 | [[:d:Q20907187|Q20907187]] | [[Paguma larvata wroughtoni]] | Paguma larvata wroughtoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2563 | [[:d:Q20907225|Q20907225]] | [[Cynogale bennettii bennettii]] | Cynogale bennettii bennettii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2564 | [[:d:Q20907226|Q20907226]] | [[Cynogale bennettii lowei]] | Cynogale bennettii lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2565 | [[:d:Q20907268|Q20907268]] | [[Viverricula indica indica]] | Viverricula indica indica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2566 | [[:d:Q20907269|Q20907269]] | [[Viverricula indica atchinensis]] | Viverricula indica atchinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2567 | [[:d:Q20907271|Q20907271]] | [[Viverricula indica baliensis]] | Viverricula indica baliensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2568 | [[:d:Q20907272|Q20907272]] | [[Viverricula indica baptistae]] | Viverricula indica baptistae | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica baptistae Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2569 | [[:d:Q20907273|Q20907273]] | [[Viverricula indica deserti]] | Viverricula indica deserti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2570 | [[:d:Q20907274|Q20907274]] | [[Viverricula indica klossi]] | Viverricula indica klossi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2571 | [[:d:Q20907284|Q20907284]] | [[Galidia elegans elegans]] | Galidia elegans elegans | 1 | | [[File:Ring-tailed Mongoose (Galidia elegans) (30504192017).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2572 | [[:d:Q20907285|Q20907285]] | [[Galidia elegans dambrensis]] | Galidia elegans dambrensis | 1 | | [[File:Northern Ring-tailed Mongoose (Galidia elegans dambrensis) (44337443224).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2573 | [[:d:Q20907286|Q20907286]] | [[Galidia elegans occidentalis]] | Galidia elegans occidentalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2574 | [[:d:Q20907315|Q20907315]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei]] | Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2575 | [[:d:Q20907316|Q20907316]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei nigricolor]] | Crossarchus ansorgei nigricolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2576 | [[:d:Q20907766|Q20907766]] | [[Meles leucurus amurensis]] | Meles leucurus amurensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2577 | [[:d:Q20907835|Q20907835]] | [[Mustela frenata nicaraguae]] | Mustela frenata nicaraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2578 | [[:d:Q21358523|Q21358523]] | [[Mustela frenata nicaraquae]] | Mustela frenata nicaraquae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2579 | [[:d:Q135225872|Q135225872]] | [[Mustela eversmanii beringiae]] | Mustela eversmanii beringiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2580 | [[:d:Q20907150|Q20907150]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata trivirgata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata trivirgata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2581 | [[:d:Q20907151|Q20907151]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata bancana]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata bancana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2582 | [[:d:Q20907152|Q20907152]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata fusca]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata fusca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2583 | [[:d:Q20907153|Q20907153]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata inornata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata inornata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2584 | [[:d:Q20907154|Q20907154]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata leucotis]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata leucotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2585 | [[:d:Q20907156|Q20907156]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata macra]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata macra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2586 | [[:d:Q20907157|Q20907157]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata major]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata major | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2587 | [[:d:Q20907158|Q20907158]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata millsi]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata millsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2588 | [[:d:Q20907160|Q20907160]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata minor]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2589 | [[:d:Q20907161|Q20907161]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata simplex]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata simplex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2590 | [[:d:Q20907162|Q20907162]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2591 | [[:d:Q20907163|Q20907163]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata sumatrana]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata sumatrana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2592 | [[:d:Q20907164|Q20907164]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata tingia]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata tingia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2593 | [[:d:Q20907166|Q20907166]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2594 | [[:d:Q20907227|Q20907227]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus]] | Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2595 | [[:d:Q20907228|Q20907228]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus boiei]] | Hemigalus derbyanus boiei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2596 | [[:d:Q20907229|Q20907229]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus minor]] | Hemigalus derbyanus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2597 | [[:d:Q20907230|Q20907230]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus sipora]] | Hemigalus derbyanus sipora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2598 | [[:d:Q20907231|Q20907231]] | [[Prionodon linsang linsang]] | Prionodon linsang linsang | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2599 | [[:d:Q20907232|Q20907232]] | [[Prionodon linsang fredericae]] | Prionodon linsang fredericae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2600 | [[:d:Q20907233|Q20907233]] | [[Prionodon linsang gracilis]] | Prionodon linsang gracilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2601 | [[:d:Q20907261|Q20907261]] | [[Viverra zibetha zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha zibetha | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2602 | [[:d:Q20907275|Q20907275]] | [[Viverricula indica mayori]] | Viverricula indica mayori | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2603 | [[:d:Q20907276|Q20907276]] | [[Viverricula indica muriavensis]] | Viverricula indica muriavensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2604 | [[:d:Q20907277|Q20907277]] | [[Viverricula indica pallida]] | Viverricula indica pallida | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica pallida Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2605 | [[:d:Q20907278|Q20907278]] | [[Viverricula indica schlegelii]] | Viverricula indica schlegelii | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica schlegelii 1868.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2606 | [[:d:Q20907279|Q20907279]] | [[Viverricula indica thai]] | Viverricula indica thai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2607 | [[:d:Q20907280|Q20907280]] | [[Viverricula indica wellsi]] | Viverricula indica wellsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2608 | [[:d:Q20907287|Q20907287]] | [[Galidictis fasciata fasciata]] | Galidictis fasciata fasciata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2609 | [[:d:Q20907288|Q20907288]] | [[Galidictis fasciata striatus]] | Galidictis fasciata striatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2610 | [[:d:Q20907393|Q20907393]] | [[Helogale parvula parvula]] | Helogale parvula parvula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2611 | [[:d:Q20907394|Q20907394]] | [[Helogale parvula ivori]] | Helogale parvula ivori | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2612 | [[:d:Q20907395|Q20907395]] | [[Helogale parvula mimetra]] | Helogale parvula mimetra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2613 | [[:d:Q20907396|Q20907396]] | [[Helogale parvula nero]] | Helogale parvula nero | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2614 | [[:d:Q20907397|Q20907397]] | [[Helogale parvula ruficeps]] | Helogale parvula ruficeps | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2615 | [[:d:Q20907398|Q20907398]] | [[Helogale parvula undulatus]] | Helogale parvula undulatus | 1 | | [[File:Helogale parvula undulata - Zoo Frankfurt 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2616 | [[:d:Q20907399|Q20907399]] | [[Helogale parvula varia]] | Helogale parvula varia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2617 | [[:d:Q124610884|Q124610884]] | [[Urocyon webbi]] | Urocyon webbi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2618 | [[:d:Q124610886|Q124610886]] | [[Urocyon citrinus]] | Urocyon citrinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2619 | [[:d:Q124610887|Q124610887]] | [[Urocyon seminolensis]] | Urocyon seminolensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2620 | [[:d:Q124610888|Q124610888]] | [[Urocyon minicephalus]] | Urocyon minicephalus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2621 | [[:d:Q124610889|Q124610889]] | [[Urocyon galushai]] | Urocyon galushai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2622 | [[:d:Q5378831|Q5378831]] | [[Enhydrocyon basilatus]] | Enhydrocyon basilatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydrocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2623 | [[:d:Q20907223|Q20907223]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni jerdoni]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni jerdoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2624 | [[:d:Q20907224|Q20907224]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2625 | [[:d:Q20907234|Q20907234]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor pardicolor]] | Prionodon pardicolor pardicolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2626 | [[:d:Q20907235|Q20907235]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor presina]] | Prionodon pardicolor presina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2627 | [[:d:Q21078784|Q21078784]] | [[Protepicyon]] | Protepicyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2628 | [[:d:Q111033552|Q111033552]] | [[Parailurus baikalicus]] | Parailurus baikalicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2629 | [[:d:Q111033555|Q111033555]] | [[Parailurus hungaricus]] | Parailurus hungaricus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2630 | [[:d:Q117008010|Q117008010]] | [[Lycaon chakowheon]] | Lycaon chakowheon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2631 | [[:d:Q119139126|Q119139126]] | [[Styriofelis turnauensis]] | Styriofelis turnauensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Styriofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2632 | [[:d:Q124605078|Q124605078]] | [[Chapalmalania altaefrontis]] | Chapalmalania altaefrontis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chapalmalania]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2633 | [[:d:Q20908029|Q20908029]] | [[Procyon lotor lotor]] | Procyon lotor lotor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2634 | [[:d:Q20908031|Q20908031]] | [[Procyon lotor auspicatus]] | Procyon lotor auspicatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2635 | [[:d:Q20908033|Q20908033]] | [[Procyon lotor excelsus]] | Procyon lotor excelsus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2636 | [[:d:Q20908034|Q20908034]] | [[Procyon lotor fuscipes]] | Procyon lotor fuscipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2637 | [[:d:Q20908035|Q20908035]] | [[Procyon lotor grinnelli]] | Procyon lotor grinnelli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2638 | [[:d:Q20908037|Q20908037]] | [[Procyon lotor hirtus]] | Procyon lotor hirtus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2639 | [[:d:Q20908038|Q20908038]] | [[Procyon lotor incautus]] | Procyon lotor incautus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2640 | [[:d:Q20908040|Q20908040]] | [[Procyon lotor inesperatus]] | Procyon lotor inesperatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2641 | [[:d:Q20908041|Q20908041]] | [[Procyon lotor litoreus]] | Procyon lotor litoreus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2642 | [[:d:Q20908042|Q20908042]] | [[Procyon lotor marinus]] | Procyon lotor marinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2643 | [[:d:Q20908044|Q20908044]] | [[Procyon lotor megalodous]] | Procyon lotor megalodous | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2644 | [[:d:Q20908045|Q20908045]] | [[Procyon lotor pacificus]] | Procyon lotor pacificus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2645 | [[:d:Q20908046|Q20908046]] | [[Procyon lotor pallidus]] | Procyon lotor pallidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2646 | [[:d:Q20908047|Q20908047]] | [[Procyon lotor psora]] | Procyon lotor psora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2647 | [[:d:Q20908048|Q20908048]] | [[Procyon lotor pumilus]] | Procyon lotor pumilus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2648 | [[:d:Q20908049|Q20908049]] | [[Procyon lotor simus]] | Procyon lotor simus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2649 | [[:d:Q20908050|Q20908050]] | [[Procyon lotor vancouverensis]] | Procyon lotor vancouverensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2650 | [[:d:Q3895278|Q3895278]] | [[Pararctotherium]] | Pararctotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2651 | [[:d:Q20908025|Q20908025]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus cancrivorus]] | Procyon cancrivorus cancrivorus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2652 | [[:d:Q21355817|Q21355817]] | [[Puma jagouaroundi]] | Puma jagouaroundi | 1 | | [[File:Puma yaguarondi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2653 | [[:d:Q49560916|Q49560916]] | [[Vulpes velox macrotis]] | Vulpes velox macrotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes velox]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2654 | [[:d:Q96575733|Q96575733]] | [[Leopardus munoai]] | Leopardus munoai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2655 | [[:d:Q135553622|Q135553622]] | [[Leopardus jacobitus]] | Leopardus jacobitus | 1 | | [[File:Andean cat 1 Jim Sanderson.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2656 | [[:d:Q138662749|Q138662749]] | [[Leopardus]] | Leopardus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2657 | [[:d:Q138662755|Q138662755]] | [[Margay]] | Margay | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2658 | [[:d:Q138662760|Q138662760]] | [[Oreailurus]] | Oreailurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2659 | [[:d:Q20719562|Q20719562]] | [[Xenosmilus hodsonae]] | Xenosmilus hodsonae | 1 | | [[File:Xenosmilus hodsonae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2660 | [[:d:Q20907568|Q20907568]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2661 | [[:d:Q20907571|Q20907571]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii | 1 | | [[File:Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2662 | [[:d:Q20908000|Q20908000]] | [[Nasua nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua nasua | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2663 | [[:d:Q20908001|Q20908001]] | [[Nasua nasua aricana]] | Nasua nasua aricana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2664 | [[:d:Q20908002|Q20908002]] | [[Nasua nasua boliviensis]] | Nasua nasua boliviensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2665 | [[:d:Q20908003|Q20908003]] | [[Nasua nasua candace]] | Nasua nasua candace | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2666 | [[:d:Q20908004|Q20908004]] | [[Nasua nasua cinerascens]] | Nasua nasua cinerascens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2667 | [[:d:Q20908005|Q20908005]] | [[Nasua nasua dorsalis]] | Nasua nasua dorsalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2668 | [[:d:Q20908006|Q20908006]] | [[Nasua nasua manium]] | Nasua nasua manium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2669 | [[:d:Q20908007|Q20908007]] | [[Nasua nasua molaris]] | Nasua nasua molaris | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2670 | [[:d:Q20908008|Q20908008]] | [[Nasua nasua montana]] | Nasua nasua montana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2671 | [[:d:Q20908009|Q20908009]] | [[Nasua nasua quichua]] | Nasua nasua quichua | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2672 | [[:d:Q20908010|Q20908010]] | [[Nasua nasua solitaria]] | Nasua nasua solitaria | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2673 | [[:d:Q20908012|Q20908012]] | [[Nasua nasua spadicea]] | Nasua nasua spadicea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2674 | [[:d:Q20908013|Q20908013]] | [[Nasua nasua vittata]] | Nasua nasua vittata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2675 | [[:d:Q20908014|Q20908014]] | [[Nasuella olivacea olivacea]] | Nasuella olivacea olivacea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2676 | [[:d:Q20908016|Q20908016]] | [[Nasuella olivacea quitensis]] | Nasuella olivacea quitensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2677 | [[:d:Q21357303|Q21357303]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomous]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomous | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2678 | [[:d:Q21357310|Q21357310]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2679 | [[:d:Q138662846|Q138662846]] | [[Jaguarius]] | Jaguarius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2680 | [[:d:Q138662847|Q138662847]] | [[Leo]] | Leo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2681 | [[:d:Q138662848|Q138662848]] | [[Panthera]] | Panthera | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2682 | [[:d:Q138662851|Q138662851]] | [[Uncia]] | Uncia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2683 | [[:d:Q5703261|Q5703261]] | [[Arctophoca philippii philippii]] | Arctophoca philippii philippii | 1 | | [[File:Lobo fino.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctophoca philippii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2684 | [[:d:Q16360463|Q16360463]] | [[Cubacyon transversidens]] | Cubacyon transversidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cubacyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2685 | [[:d:Q61714762|Q61714762]] | [[Parahyaenodon argentinus]] | Parahyaenodon argentinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parahyaenodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2686 | [[:d:Q101768609|Q101768609]] | [[Eomonachus belegaerensis]] | Eomonachus belegaerensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eomonachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2687 | [[:d:Q107410997|Q107410997]] | [[Yoshi garevskii]] | Yoshi garevskii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2688 | [[:d:Q107411031|Q107411031]] | [[Yoshi minor]] | Yoshi minor | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2689 | [[:d:Q110461396|Q110461396]] | [[Paludocyon bohemicus]] | Paludocyon bohemicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paludocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2690 | [[:d:Q111038372|Q111038372]] | [[Afrosmilus turkanae]] | Afrosmilus turkanae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2691 | [[:d:Q111038430|Q111038430]] | [[Afrosmilus hispanicus]] | Afrosmilus hispanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2692 | [[:d:Q111038672|Q111038672]] | [[Afrosmilus africanus]] | Afrosmilus africanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2693 | [[:d:Q115619210|Q115619210]] | [[Protemnocyon inflatus]] | Protemnocyon inflatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protemnocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2694 | [[:d:Q119122831|Q119122831]] | [[Miopanthera pamiri]] | Miopanthera pamiri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Miopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2695 | [[:d:Q120433497|Q120433497]] | [[Yoshi faie]] | Yoshi faie | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2696 | [[:d:Q120433536|Q120433536]] | [[Yoshi yongdengensis]] | Yoshi yongdengensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2697 | [[:d:Q123169212|Q123169212]] | [[Sivaelurus chinjiensis]] | Sivaelurus chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sivaelurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2698 | [[:d:Q123205003|Q123205003]] | [[Vinayakia nocturna]] | Vinayakia nocturna | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2699 | [[:d:Q123471632|Q123471632]] | [[Angustictis mayri]] | Angustictis mayri | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Angustictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2700 | [[:d:Q126418855|Q126418855]] | [[Cuon priscus]] | Cuon priscus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2701 | [[:d:Q126738250|Q126738250]] | [[Urva urva sinensis]] | Urva urva sinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2702 | [[:d:Q126739319|Q126739319]] | [[Urva urva formosanus]] | Urva urva formosanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2703 | [[:d:Q126739709|Q126739709]] | [[Urva urva annamensis]] | Urva urva annamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2704 | [[:d:Q126740382|Q126740382]] | [[Urva urva urva]] | Urva urva urva | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2705 | [[:d:Q132063888|Q132063888]] | [[Vinayakia sarcophaga]] | Vinayakia sarcophaga | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2706 | [[:d:Q132069947|Q132069947]] | [[Vinayakia intermedia]] | Vinayakia intermedia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2707 | [[:d:Q23772782|Q23772782]] | [[Felis temminckii]] | Felis temminckii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2708 | [[:d:Q111144853|Q111144853]] | [[Felis rexroadensis]] | Felis rexroadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2709 | [[:d:Q111146975|Q111146975]] | [[Felis obscura]] | Felis obscura | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2710 | [[:d:Q20907974|Q20907974]] | [[Bassariscus astutus astutus]] | Bassariscus astutus astutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2711 | [[:d:Q20907975|Q20907975]] | [[Bassariscus astutus arizonensis]] | Bassariscus astutus arizonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2712 | [[:d:Q20907976|Q20907976]] | [[Bassariscus astutus bolei]] | Bassariscus astutus bolei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2713 | [[:d:Q20907978|Q20907978]] | [[Bassariscus astutus consitus]] | Bassariscus astutus consitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2714 | [[:d:Q20907979|Q20907979]] | [[Bassariscus astutus flavus]] | Bassariscus astutus flavus | 1 | | [[File:Bassariscus astutus flavus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2715 | [[:d:Q20907980|Q20907980]] | [[Bassariscus astutus insulicola]] | Bassariscus astutus insulicola | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2716 | [[:d:Q20907981|Q20907981]] | [[Bassariscus astutus macdougalli]] | Bassariscus astutus macdougalli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2717 | [[:d:Q20907982|Q20907982]] | [[Bassariscus astutus nevadensis]] | Bassariscus astutus nevadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2718 | [[:d:Q20907983|Q20907983]] | [[Bassariscus astutus octavus]] | Bassariscus astutus octavus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2719 | [[:d:Q20907984|Q20907984]] | [[Bassariscus astutus palmarius]] | Bassariscus astutus palmarius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2720 | [[:d:Q20907985|Q20907985]] | [[Bassariscus astutus raptor]] | Bassariscus astutus raptor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2721 | [[:d:Q20907987|Q20907987]] | [[Bassariscus astutus willetti]] | Bassariscus astutus willetti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2722 | [[:d:Q20907988|Q20907988]] | [[Bassariscus astutus yumanensis]] | Bassariscus astutus yumanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2723 | [[:d:Q20907990|Q20907990]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2724 | [[:d:Q20907991|Q20907991]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti latrans]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti latrans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2725 | [[:d:Q20907992|Q20907992]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2726 | [[:d:Q20907993|Q20907993]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti oaxacensis]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2727 | [[:d:Q20907994|Q20907994]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2728 | [[:d:Q20907995|Q20907995]] | [[Nasua narica narica]] | Nasua narica narica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2729 | [[:d:Q20908026|Q20908026]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus aequatorialis]] | Procyon cancrivorus aequatorialis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2730 | [[:d:Q20908027|Q20908027]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus nigripes]] | Procyon cancrivorus nigripes | 1 | | [[File:Mano pelada (Procyon cancrivorus nigripes).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2731 | [[:d:Q20908028|Q20908028]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus panamensis]] | Procyon cancrivorus panamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2732 | [[:d:Q21070611|Q21070611]] | [[Agriotherium inexpectans]] | Agriotherium inexpectans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Agriotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2733 | [[:d:Q97374060|Q97374060]] | [[Gepard abisyński]] | Gepard abisyński | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2734 | [[:d:Q111025870|Q111025870]] | [[Caracal depereti]] | Caracal depereti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2735 | [[:d:Q124799012|Q124799012]] | [[Acinonyx venator]] | Acinonyx venator | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2736 | [[:d:Q134355622|Q134355622]] | [[Caracal auratus]] | Caracal auratus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2737 | [[:d:Q137674958|Q137674958]] | [[Vulpes macrotis macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis macrotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2738 | [[:d:Q2496604|Q2496604]] | [[Oxetocyon cuspidatus]] | Oxetocyon cuspidatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oxetocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2739 | [[:d:Q7134501|Q7134501]] | [[Paraenhydrocyon josephi]] | Paraenhydrocyon josephi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paraenhydrocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2740 | [[:d:Q12823232|Q12823232]] | [[Uncia uncia]] | Uncia uncia | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Uncia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2741 | [[:d:Q15041370|Q15041370]] | [[Microtomarctus conferta]] | Microtomarctus conferta | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Microtomarctus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2742 | [[:d:Q18420311|Q18420311]] | [[Pristinailurus bristoli]] | Pristinailurus bristoli | 1 | | [[File:Skull of Pristinailurus bristoli 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pristinailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2743 | [[:d:Q24910173|Q24910173]] | [[Cynarctus wangi]] | Cynarctus wangi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2744 | [[:d:Q25585437|Q25585437]] | [[Dinobastis]] | Dinobastis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2745 | [[:d:Q27450846|Q27450846]] | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi]] | Herpailurus yagouaroundi | 1 | | [[File:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 26409745.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2746 | [[:d:Q33176416|Q33176416]] | [[Cephalogalini]] | Cephalogalini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2747 | [[:d:Q79136002|Q79136002]] | [[Leptofelis vallesiensis]] | Leptofelis vallesiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2748 | [[:d:Q107410903|Q107410903]] | [[Tchadailurus adei]] | Tchadailurus adei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tchadailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2749 | [[:d:Q110473411|Q110473411]] | [[Phoberocyon hispanicus]] | Phoberocyon hispanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phoberocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2750 | [[:d:Q110971730|Q110971730]] | [[Amphimachairodus alvarezi]] | Amphimachairodus alvarezi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2751 | [[:d:Q110973654|Q110973654]] | [[Amphimachairodus kurteni]] | Amphimachairodus kurteni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2752 | [[:d:Q110973970|Q110973970]] | [[Amphimachairodus coloradensis]] | Amphimachairodus coloradensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2753 | [[:d:Q110974030|Q110974030]] | [[Amphimachairodus kabir]] | Amphimachairodus kabir | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2754 | [[:d:Q110979133|Q110979133]] | [[Amphimachairodus giganteus]] | Amphimachairodus giganteus | 1 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2755 | [[:d:Q111033701|Q111033701]] | [[Rhizosmilodon fiteae]] | Rhizosmilodon fiteae | 1 | | [[File:Rhizosmilodon UF 124634 01.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Rhizosmilodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2756 | [[:d:Q116547818|Q116547818]] | [[cyonarctos]] | Cyonarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2757 | [[:d:Q118242375|Q118242375]] | [[Protursus simpsoni]] | Protursus simpsoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Protursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2758 | [[:d:Q119105084|Q119105084]] | [[Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii]] | Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2759 | [[:d:Q140835452|Q140835452]] | [[Leontoceryx bessarabiae]] | Leontoceryx bessarabiae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leontoceryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2760 | [[:d:Q3893455|Q3893455]] | [[Panthera leo goojratensis]] | Panthera leo goojratensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2761 | [[:d:Q10317429|Q10317429]] | [[Panthera pardus ciscaucasia]] | Panthera pardus ciscaucasia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2762 | [[:d:Q12843808|Q12843808]] | [[Kashmir leopard]] | Panthera pardus millardi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2763 | [[:d:Q20907037|Q20907037]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus velox]] | Acinonyx jubatus velox | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2764 | [[:d:Q20907066|Q20907066]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pardalis]] | Leopardus pardalis pardalis | 1 | | [[File:Leopardus pardalis pardalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2765 | [[:d:Q20907068|Q20907068]] | [[Leopardus pardalis albescens]] | Leopardus pardalis albescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2766 | [[:d:Q20907069|Q20907069]] | [[Leopardus pardalis melanurus]] | Leopardus pardalis melanurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2767 | [[:d:Q20907070|Q20907070]] | [[Leopardus pardalis mitis]] | Leopardus pardalis mitis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2768 | [[:d:Q20907071|Q20907071]] | [[Leopardus pardalis nelsoni]] | Leopardus pardalis nelsoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2769 | [[:d:Q20907072|Q20907072]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis]] | Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2770 | [[:d:Q20907073|Q20907073]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pusaeus]] | Leopardus pardalis pusaeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2771 | [[:d:Q20907074|Q20907074]] | [[Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis]] | Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2772 | [[:d:Q20907075|Q20907075]] | [[Leopardus pardalis steinbachi]] | Leopardus pardalis steinbachi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2773 | [[:d:Q20907144|Q20907144]] | [[Panthera leo nyanzae]] | Panthera leo nyanzae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2774 | [[:d:Q22977963|Q22977963]] | [[Panthera pardus adusta]] | Panthera pardus adusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2775 | [[:d:Q25685473|Q25685473]] | [[Panthera leo mesopotamica]] | Panthera leo mesopotamica | 1 | | [[File:Iranian - Cylinder Seal with a Lion Hunt - Walters 42797.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2776 | [[:d:Q132147252|Q132147252]] | [[Lupulella adusta kaffensis]] | Lupulella adusta kaffensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2777 | [[:d:Q132147254|Q132147254]] | [[Lupulella adusta adusta]] | Lupulella adusta adusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2778 | [[:d:Q132147257|Q132147257]] | [[Lupulella adusta lateralis]] | Lupulella adusta lateralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2779 | [[:d:Q132147266|Q132147266]] | [[Lupulella adusta notata]] | Lupulella adusta notata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2780 | [[:d:Q132147269|Q132147269]] | [[Lupulella adusta grayi]] | Lupulella adusta grayi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2781 | [[:d:Q132147302|Q132147302]] | [[Lupulella adusta bweha]] | Lupulella adusta bweha | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2782 | [[:d:Q20021838|Q20021838]] | [[Panthera onca georgica]] | Panthera onca georgica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2783 | [[:d:Q20907055|Q20907055]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi geoffroyi]] | Leopardus geoffroyi geoffroyi | 1 | | [[File:Geoffroy's Cat 1d.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2784 | [[:d:Q20907056|Q20907056]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi euxanthus]] | Leopardus geoffroyi euxanthus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2785 | [[:d:Q20907057|Q20907057]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi leucobaptus]] | Leopardus geoffroyi leucobaptus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2786 | [[:d:Q20907058|Q20907058]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi paraguae]] | Leopardus geoffroyi paraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2787 | [[:d:Q20907059|Q20907059]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi salinarum]] | Leopardus geoffroyi salinarum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2788 | [[:d:Q20907098|Q20907098]] | [[Lynx lynx kozlovi]] | Lynx lynx kozlovi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2789 | [[:d:Q20907099|Q20907099]] | [[Lynx lynx stroganovi]] | Lynx lynx stroganovi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2790 | [[:d:Q20907116|Q20907116]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis alleni]] | Prionailurus bengalensis alleni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2791 | [[:d:Q20907119|Q20907119]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2792 | [[:d:Q20907120|Q20907120]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldii]] | Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2793 | [[:d:Q20907123|Q20907123]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus]] | Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2794 | [[:d:Q20907124|Q20907124]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani]] | Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2795 | [[:d:Q21355717|Q21355717]] | [[Puma concolor capricornensis]] | Puma concolor capricornensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2796 | [[:d:Q40494132|Q40494132]] | [[Felis chaus valbalala]] | Felis chaus valbalala | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2797 | [[:d:Q102849874|Q102849874]] | [[Puma concolor shorgeri]] | Puma concolor shorgeri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2798 | [[:d:Q139764685|Q139764685]] | [[Panthera pardus antiqua]] | Panthera pardus antiqua | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2799 | [[:d:Q139765127|Q139765127]] | [[Panthera pardus begoueni]] | Panthera pardus begoueni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2800 | [[:d:Q5278583|Q5278583]] | [[Dinofelis paleoonca]] | Dinofelis paleoonca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Dinofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2801 | [[:d:Q9338658|Q9338658]] | [[Smilodon neogaeus]] | Smilodon neogaeus | 1 | | [[File:Smilodon skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2802 | [[:d:Q18746553|Q18746553]] | [[Homotherium crusafonti]] | Homotherium crusafonti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2803 | [[:d:Q20907051|Q20907051]] | [[Leopardus braccatus braccatus]] | Leopardus braccatus braccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2804 | [[:d:Q20907052|Q20907052]] | [[Leopardus braccatus munoai]] | Leopardus braccatus munoai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2805 | [[:d:Q20907080|Q20907080]] | [[Leopardus wiedii wiedii]] | Leopardus wiedii wiedii | 1 | | [[File:Leopardus wiedii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2806 | [[:d:Q20907081|Q20907081]] | [[Leopardus wiedii amazonicus]] | Leopardus wiedii amazonicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2807 | [[:d:Q20907082|Q20907082]] | [[Leopardus wiedii boliviae]] | Leopardus wiedii boliviae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2808 | [[:d:Q20907083|Q20907083]] | [[Leopardus wiedii cooperi]] | Leopardus wiedii cooperi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2809 | [[:d:Q20907084|Q20907084]] | [[Leopardus wiedii glauculus]] | Leopardus wiedii glauculus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2810 | [[:d:Q20907085|Q20907085]] | [[Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae]] | Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2811 | [[:d:Q20907102|Q20907102]] | [[Lynx rufus baileyi]] | Lynx rufus baileyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2812 | [[:d:Q20907103|Q20907103]] | [[Lynx rufus californicus]] | Lynx rufus californicus | 1 | | [[File:Bobcat in the Santa Monica foothills. (14534364089).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2813 | [[:d:Q20907105|Q20907105]] | [[Lynx rufus floridanus]] | Lynx rufus floridanus | 1 | | [[File:Florida Bobcat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2814 | [[:d:Q20907106|Q20907106]] | [[Lynx rufus oaxacensis]] | Lynx rufus oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2815 | [[:d:Q20907107|Q20907107]] | [[Lynx rufus pallescens]] | Lynx rufus pallescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2816 | [[:d:Q20907108|Q20907108]] | [[Lynx rufus peninsularis]] | Lynx rufus peninsularis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2817 | [[:d:Q20907109|Q20907109]] | [[Lynx rufus superiorensis]] | Lynx rufus superiorensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2818 | [[:d:Q20907110|Q20907110]] | [[Lynx rufus texensis]] | Lynx rufus texensis | 1 | | [[File:Lynx rufus texensis - Mount Angel Abbey Museum - Mount Angel Abbey - Mount Angel, Oregon - DSC00081.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2819 | [[:d:Q20907132|Q20907132]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi yagouaroundi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2820 | [[:d:Q20907133|Q20907133]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi ameghinoi]] | Puma yagouaroundi ameghinoi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2821 | [[:d:Q20907134|Q20907134]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi eyra]] | Puma yagouaroundi eyra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2822 | [[:d:Q20907135|Q20907135]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi fossata]] | Puma yagouaroundi fossata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2823 | [[:d:Q20907136|Q20907136]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi melantho]] | Puma yagouaroundi melantho | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2824 | [[:d:Q20907137|Q20907137]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi panamensis]] | Puma yagouaroundi panamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2825 | [[:d:Q20907138|Q20907138]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi tolteca]] | Puma yagouaroundi tolteca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2826 | [[:d:Q21353187|Q21353187]] | [[Felis silvestris brockmani]] | Felis silvestris brockmani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2827 | [[:d:Q21353941|Q21353941]] | [[Felis silvestris euxina]] | Felis silvestris euxina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2828 | [[:d:Q21353946|Q21353946]] | [[Felis silvestris molisana]] | Felis silvestris molisana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2829 | [[:d:Q21353951|Q21353951]] | [[Felis silvestris morea]] | Felis silvestris morea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2830 | [[:d:Q21353957|Q21353957]] | [[Felis silvestris pyrrhus]] | Felis silvestris pyrrhus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2831 | [[:d:Q21353961|Q21353961]] | [[Felis silvestris shawiana]] | Felis silvestris shawiana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2832 | [[:d:Q21353966|Q21353966]] | [[Felis silvestris tartesia]] | Felis silvestris tartesia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2833 | [[:d:Q23047459|Q23047459]] | [[Felis silvestris sarda]] | Felis silvestris sarda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2834 | [[:d:Q111017868|Q111017868]] | [[Otocolobus manul manul]] | Otocolobus manul manul | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2835 | [[:d:Q111017909|Q111017909]] | [[Otocolobus manul ferrugineus]] | Otocolobus manul ferrugineus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2836 | [[:d:Q111017929|Q111017929]] | [[Otocolobus manul nigripectus]] | Otocolobus manul nigripectus | 1 | | [[File:Felis nigripectus (Otocolobus manul nigripectus) by Raj Man Singh.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2837 | [[:d:Q111520503|Q111520503]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata longicaudata]] | Pardofelis marmorata longicaudata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2838 | [[:d:Q122841708|Q122841708]] | [[Megantereon cultridens]] | Megantereon cultridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2839 | [[:d:Q131624461|Q131624461]] | [[Megantereon falconeri]] | Megantereon falconeri | 1 | | [[File:Left maxilla of Megantereon falconeri.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2840 | [[:d:Q131841517|Q131841517]] | [[Megantereon adroveri]] | Megantereon adroveri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2841 | [[:d:Q131841541|Q131841541]] | [[Megantereon hesperus]] | Megantereon hesperus | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2842 | [[:d:Q131841563|Q131841563]] | [[Megantereon vakshensis]] | Megantereon vakshensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2843 | [[:d:Q131841571|Q131841571]] | [[Megantereon whitei]] | Megantereon whitei | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2844 | [[:d:Q20907053|Q20907053]] | [[Leopardus colocolo colocolo]] | Leopardus colocolo colocolo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2845 | [[:d:Q20907054|Q20907054]] | [[Leopardus colocolo wolffsohni]] | Leopardus colocolo wolffsohni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2846 | [[:d:Q20907060|Q20907060]] | [[Leopardus guigna guigna]] | Leopardus guigna guigna | 1 | | [[File:Guigna 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guigna|Leopardus guigna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2847 | [[:d:Q20907061|Q20907061]] | [[Leopardus guigna tigrillo]] | Leopardus guigna tigrillo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Guigna|Leopardus guigna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2848 | [[:d:Q20907062|Q20907062]] | [[Leopardus pajeros pajeros]] | Leopardus pajeros pajeros | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2849 | [[:d:Q20907063|Q20907063]] | [[Leopardus pajeros budini]] | Leopardus pajeros budini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2850 | [[:d:Q20907064|Q20907064]] | [[Leopardus pajeros garleppi]] | Leopardus pajeros garleppi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2851 | [[:d:Q20907065|Q20907065]] | [[Leopardus pajeros thomasi]] | Leopardus pajeros thomasi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2852 | [[:d:Q20907076|Q20907076]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus]] | Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2853 | [[:d:Q20907077|Q20907077]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus guttulus]] | Leopardus tigrinus guttulus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2854 | [[:d:Q20907078|Q20907078]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus oncilla]] | Leopardus tigrinus oncilla | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2855 | [[:d:Q20907086|Q20907086]] | [[Leopardus wiedii oaxacensis]] | Leopardus wiedii oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2856 | [[:d:Q20907087|Q20907087]] | [[Leopardus wiedii pirrensis]] | Leopardus wiedii pirrensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2857 | [[:d:Q20907088|Q20907088]] | [[Leopardus wiedii salvinius]] | Leopardus wiedii salvinius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2858 | [[:d:Q20907089|Q20907089]] | [[Leopardus wiedii vigens]] | Leopardus wiedii vigens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2859 | [[:d:Q20907127|Q20907127]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2860 | [[:d:Q20907128|Q20907128]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2861 | [[:d:Q20908017|Q20908017]] | [[Potos flavus flavus]] | Potos flavus flavus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos flavus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2862 | [[:d:Q20908018|Q20908018]] | [[Potos flavus chapadensis]] | Potos flavus chapadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos flavus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2863 | [[:d:Q20908019|Q20908019]] | [[Potos flavus chiriquensis]] | Potos flavus chiriquensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos flavus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2864 | [[:d:Q20908020|Q20908020]] | [[Potos flavus megalotus]] | Potos flavus megalotus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos flavus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2865 | [[:d:Q20908021|Q20908021]] | [[Potos flavus meridensis]] | Potos flavus meridensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos flavus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2866 | [[:d:Q20908023|Q20908023]] | [[Potos flavus modestus]] | Potos flavus modestus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos flavus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2867 | [[:d:Q20908024|Q20908024]] | [[Potos flavus nocturnus]] | Potos flavus nocturnus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos flavus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2868 | [[:d:Q40719646|Q40719646]] | [[Ursus lasiotus]] | Ursus lasiotus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2869 | [[:d:Q40719711|Q40719711]] | [[Ursus nasutus]] | Ursus nasutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2870 | [[:d:Q107421814|Q107421814]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis valdarnensis]] | Lynx issiodorensis valdarnensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2871 | [[:d:Q107421860|Q107421860]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis kurteni]] | Lynx issiodorensis kurteni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2872 | [[:d:Q111041029|Q111041029]] | [[Nimravides hibbardi]] | Nimravides hibbardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2873 | [[:d:Q111041041|Q111041041]] | [[Nimravides galiani]] | Nimravides galiani | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2874 | [[:d:Q111041069|Q111041069]] | [[Nimravides pedionomus]] | Nimravides pedionomus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2875 | [[:d:Q111041238|Q111041238]] | [[Nimravides thinobates]] | Nimravides thinobates | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2876 | [[:d:Q112863605|Q112863605]] | [[Hemicyon barbouri]] | Hemicyon barbouri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2877 | [[:d:Q122127214|Q122127214]] | [[Metailurus boodon]] | Metailurus boodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2878 | [[:d:Q123037942|Q123037942]] | [[Leopardus colocolo braccatus]] | Leopardus colocolo braccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2879 | [[:d:Q126723012|Q126723012]] | [[Ursus kokeni]] | Ursus kokeni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2880 | [[:d:Q130243529|Q130243529]] | [[Ursus kudarensis]] | Ursus kudarensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2881 | [[:d:Q130243540|Q130243540]] | [[Ursus kanivetz]] | Ursus kanivetz | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2882 | [[:d:Q133820498|Q133820498]] | [[Ursus praekudarensis]] | Ursus praekudarensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2883 | [[:d:Q138497627|Q138497627]] | [[Euarctos]] | Euarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2884 | [[:d:Q138497629|Q138497629]] | [[Selenarctos]] | Selenarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2885 | [[:d:Q138497631|Q138497631]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2886 | [[:d:Q5199891|Q5199891]] | [[Cynarctoides gawnae]] | Cynarctoides gawnae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2887 | [[:d:Q5199892|Q5199892]] | [[Cynarctoides emryi]] | Cynarctoides emryi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2888 | [[:d:Q5199894|Q5199894]] | [[Cynarctoides harlowi]] | Cynarctoides harlowi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2889 | [[:d:Q5199895|Q5199895]] | [[Cynarctoides lemur]] | Cynarctoides lemur | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2890 | [[:d:Q5199896|Q5199896]] | [[Cynarctoides luskensis]] | Cynarctoides luskensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2891 | [[:d:Q5199897|Q5199897]] | [[Cynarctoides roii]] | Cynarctoides roii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2892 | [[:d:Q5278577|Q5278577]] | [[Dinocyon thenardi]] | Dinocyon thenardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2893 | [[:d:Q5489312|Q5489312]] | [[Arctotherium wingei]] | Arctotherium wingei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2894 | [[:d:Q11765234|Q11765234]] | [[Machairodus africanus]] | Machairodus africanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2895 | [[:d:Q16667336|Q16667336]] | [[Nyctereutes terblanchei]] | Nyctereutes terblanchei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2896 | [[:d:Q19755931|Q19755931]] | [[Cynarctoides acridens]] | Cynarctoides acridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2897 | [[:d:Q20907038|Q20907038]] | [[Catopuma temminckii temminckii]] | Catopuma temminckii temminckii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2898 | [[:d:Q20907040|Q20907040]] | [[Catopuma temminckii dominicanorum]] | Catopuma temminckii dominicanorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2899 | [[:d:Q20907041|Q20907041]] | [[Catopuma temminckii tristis]] | Catopuma temminckii tristis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2900 | [[:d:Q20907043|Q20907043]] | [[Felis manul manul]] | Felis manul manul | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2901 | [[:d:Q20907044|Q20907044]] | [[Felis manul ferruginea]] | Felis manul ferruginea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2902 | [[:d:Q20907045|Q20907045]] | [[Felis manul nigripecta]] | Felis manul nigripecta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2903 | [[:d:Q107412464|Q107412464]] | [[Lokotunjailurus emageritus]] | Lokotunjailurus emageritus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2904 | [[:d:Q107412507|Q107412507]] | [[Lokotunjailurus fanonei]] | Lokotunjailurus fanonei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2905 | [[:d:Q108583865|Q108583865]] | [[Arctotherium latidens]] | Arctotherium latidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2906 | [[:d:Q109312424|Q109312424]] | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi ameghinoi]] | Herpailurus yagouaroundi ameghinoi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2907 | [[:d:Q111027511|Q111027511]] | [[Caracal aurata celidogaster]] | Caracal aurata celidogaster | 1 | | [[File:Felis celidogaster - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ22100376.tif|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2908 | [[:d:Q111027611|Q111027611]] | [[Caracal aurata aurata]] | Caracal aurata aurata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2909 | [[:d:Q120277194|Q120277194]] | [[Plithocyon ursinus]] | Plithocyon ursinus | 1 | | [[File:Plithocyon ursinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plithocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2910 | [[:d:Q131981277|Q131981277]] | [[Helarctos namadicus]] | Helarctos namadicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2911 | [[:d:Q139470334|Q139470334]] | [[Nyctereutes urartuensis]] | Nyctereutes urartuensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2912 | [[:d:Q139818767|Q139818767]] | [[Nyctereutes vulpinus]] | Nyctereutes vulpinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2913 | [[:d:Q140381432|Q140381432]] | [[Xenocyon trinilensis]] | Xenocyon trinilensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2914 | [[:d:Q140906498|Q140906498]] | [[Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus]] | Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2915 | [[:d:Q5032443|Q5032443]] | [[Canis falconeri]] | Canis falconeri | 1 | | [[File:Canisfalc.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2916 | [[:d:Q6111761|Q6111761]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus | 1 | | [[File:202308 Japanese raccoon dog.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2917 | [[:d:Q21354981|Q21354981]] | [[Canis ursinus]] | Canis ursinus | 1 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2918 | [[:d:Q21399595|Q21399595]] | [[Canis group]] | Canis group | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2919 | [[:d:Q107368660|Q107368660]] | [[Canis antonii]] | Canis antonii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2920 | [[:d:Q109647079|Q109647079]] | [[Canis alpinus]] | Canis alpinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2921 | [[:d:Q21353356|Q21353356]] | [[Panthera sondaica sondaica]] | Panthera sondaica sondaica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera sondaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2922 | [[:d:Q40685874|Q40685874]] | [[Ursus arctos shanorum]] | Ursus arctos shanorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2923 | [[:d:Q56313824|Q56313824]] | [[Protarctos abstrusus]] | Protarctos abstrusus | 1 | | [[File:Protarctos abstrusus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Protarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2924 | [[:d:Q124668428|Q124668428]] | [[Ursus arctos penghuensis]] | Ursus arctos penghuensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2925 | [[:d:Q6080752|Q6080752]] | [[Plionarctos edensis]] | Plionarctos edensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plionarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2926 | [[:d:Q6080755|Q6080755]] | [[Plionarctos harroldorum]] | Plionarctos harroldorum | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plionarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2927 | [[:d:Q22286695|Q22286695]] | [[Austro-hungarian wolf]] | Canis lupus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2928 | [[:d:Q122069773|Q122069773]] | [[Indarctos arctoides]] | Indarctos arctoides | 1 | | [[File:Indarctos arctoides skull - Batallones 3 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Indarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2929 | [[:d:Q126893244|Q126893244]] | [[Ursus spelaeus eremus]] | Ursus spelaeus eremus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso del cavernas|Ursus spelaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2930 | [[:d:Q126893260|Q126893260]] | [[Ursus spelaeus ladinicus]] | Ursus spelaeus ladinicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso del cavernas|Ursus spelaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2931 | [[:d:Q133853184|Q133853184]] | [[Canis dirus]] | Canis dirus | 1 | | [[File:Aenocyon dirus restoration & skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2932 | [[:d:Q140590815|Q140590815]] | [[Xenocyon]] | Xenocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2933 | [[:d:Q5032446|Q5032446]] | [[Canis rufus rufus]] | Canis rufus rufus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2934 | [[:d:Q20907493|Q20907493]] | [[Canis aureus moreotica]] | Canis aureus moreotica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2935 | [[:d:Q20907525|Q20907525]] | [[Canis simensis citernii]] | Canis simensis citernii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis simensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2936 | [[:d:Q140590792|Q140590792]] | [[Canis trinilensis]] | Canis trinilensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |} ---- &sum; 2936 items. {{Wikidata list end}} 66zl67u8xa22it8l0ithducbex72ppi 102 39419 698439 674256 2026-08-11T04:54:23Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar 2025. 698439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} &nbsp; &nbsp; '''Anno &nbsp; Nomine''' * [[2025]] &nbsp; [[Mary E. Brunkow]], [[Frederick J. Ramsdell]], [[Shimon Sakaguchi]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2025/summary/] {{En}} * [[2024]] &nbsp; [[Victor Ambros]], [[Gary Ruvkun]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2024/summary/] {{En}} * [[2023]] &nbsp; [[Katalin Karikó]], [[Drew Weissman]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/] {{En}} * [[2022]] &nbsp; [[Svante Pääbo]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2022/summary/] {{En}} * [[2021]] &nbsp; [[David Julius]], [[Ardem Patapoutian]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2021/summary/] (in anglese) * [[2020]] &nbsp; [[Harvey J. Alter]], [[Michael Houghton]], [[Charles M. Rice]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2020/summary/] (in anglese) * [[2019]] &nbsp; [[William Kaelin Jr.]], [[Peter J. Ratcliffe]], [[Gregg L. Semenza]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2019/summary/] (in anglese) * [[2018]] &nbsp; [[James Allison]], [[Tasuku Honjo]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2018/summary/] (in anglese) * [[2017]] &nbsp; [[Jeffrey C. Hall]], [[Michael Rosbash]], [[Michael W. Young]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2017/] (in anglese) * [[2016]] &nbsp; [[Yoshinori Ohsumi]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/] (in anglese) * [[2015]] &nbsp; [[William C. Campbell]], [[Satoshi Ōmura]], [[Tu Youyou]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/] (in anglese) * [[2014]] &nbsp; [[John O'Keefe]], [[May-Britt Moser]], [[Edvard I. Moser]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/] (in anglese) * [[2013]] &nbsp; [[James E. Rothman]], [[Randy W. Schekman]], [[Thomas C. Südhof]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2013/] (in anglese) * [[2012]] &nbsp; Sir [[John Gurdon|John B. Gurdon]], [[Shinya Yamanaka]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/] (in anglese) * [[2011]] &nbsp; [[Bruce A. Beutler]], [[Jules A. Hoffmann]], [[Ralph M. Steinman]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/] (in anglese) * [[2010]] &nbsp; [[Robert G. Edwards]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/] (in anglese] * [[2009]] &nbsp; [[Elizabeth Blackburn]], [[Carol W. Greider]], [[Jack W. Szostak]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/] * [[2008]] &nbsp; [[Harald zur Hausen]], [[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]], [[Luc Montagnier]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/] * [[2007]] &nbsp; [[Mario R Capecchi]], [[Martin J Evans]], [[Oliver Smithies]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/] * [[2006]] &nbsp; [[Andrew Fire]] ([[:sv:Andrew Z. Fire|sv]]), [[Craig C. Mello]] ([[:sv:Craig C. Mello|sv]]). [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/] * [[2005]] &nbsp; [[Barry J. Marshall]], [[Robin Warren]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/] * [[2004]] &nbsp; [[Linda B. Buck]], [[Richard Axel]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/] * [[2003]] &nbsp; [[Paul Lauterbur]], [[Sir Peter Mansfield]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/] * [[2002]] &nbsp; [[Sydney Brenner]], [[H. Robert Horvitz]], [[John E. Sulston]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/] * [[2001]] &nbsp; [[Leland H. Hartwell]], [[R. Timothy Hunt]], Sir [[Paul Nurse|Paul M. Nurse]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/] * [[2000]] &nbsp; [[Arvid Carlsson]], [[Paul Greengard]], [[Eric R. Kandel]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/] <!-- duo lineas combinate in le linea previe --> * [[1999]] &nbsp; [[Günter Blobel]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/] * [[1998]] &nbsp; [[Robert F. Furchgott]], [[Louis J. Ignarro]], [[Ferid Murad]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/] * [[1997]] &nbsp; [[Stanley B. Prusiner]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/] * [[1996]] &nbsp; [[Peter C. Doherty]], [[Rolf M. Zinkernagel]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1996/] * [[1995]] &nbsp; [[Edward B. Lewis]], [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]], [[Eric F. Wieschaus]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/] * [[1994]] &nbsp; [[Alfred G. Gilman]], [[Martin Rodbell]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/] * [[1993]] &nbsp; [[Richard J. Roberts]], [[Phillip A. Sharp]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/] * [[1992]] &nbsp; [[Edmond H. Fischer]], [[Edwin G. Krebs]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1992/] * [[1991]] &nbsp; [[Erwin Neher]], [[Bert Sakmann]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1991/] * [[1990]] &nbsp; [[Joseph E. Murray]], [[E. Donnall Thomas]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/] * [[1989]] &nbsp; [[J. Michael Bishop]], [[Harold E. Varmus]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1989/] * [[1988]] &nbsp; Sir [[James W. Black]], [[Gertrude B. Elion]], [[George H. Hitchings]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/] * [[1987]] &nbsp; [[Susumu Tonegawa]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/] * [[1986]] &nbsp; [[Stanley Cohen]], [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/] * [[1985]] &nbsp; [[Michael S. Brown]], [[Joseph L. Goldstein]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/] * [[1984]] &nbsp; [[Niels K. Jerne]], [[Georges J.F. Köhler]], [[César Milstein]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1984/] * [[1983]] &nbsp; [[Barbara McClintock]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/] * [[1982]] &nbsp; [[Sune Bergström]], [[Bengt I. Samuelsson]], [[John R. Vane]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1982/] * [[1981]] &nbsp; [[Roger W. Sperry]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/] * [[1981]] &nbsp; [[David H. Hubel]], [[Torsten N. Wiesel]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/] * [[1980]] &nbsp; [[Baruj Benacerraf]], [[Jean Dausset]], [[George D. Snell]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/] * [[1979]] &nbsp; [[Allan M. Cormack]], [[Godfrey N. Hounsfield]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1979/] * [[1978]] &nbsp; [[Werner Arber]], [[Daniel Nathans]], [[Hamilton O. Smith]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/] * [[1977]] &nbsp; [[Roger Guillemin]], [[Andrew Wiktor Schally]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/] * [[1977]] &nbsp; [[Rosalyn Yalow]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/] * [[1976]] &nbsp; [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/] * [[1976]] &nbsp; [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/] * [[1975]] &nbsp; [[David Baltimore]], [[Renato Dulbecco]], [[Howard Martin Temin]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/] * [[1974]] &nbsp; [[Albert Claude]], [[Christian de Duve]], [[George E. Palade]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/] * [[1973]] &nbsp; [[Karl von Frisch]], [[Konrad Lorenz]], [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/] * [[1972]] &nbsp; [[Gerald M. Edelman]], [[Rodney R. Porter]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/] * [[1971]] &nbsp; [[Earl W. Sutherland]], [[Jr.]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/] * [[1970]] &nbsp; Sir [[Bernard Katz]], [[Ulf von Euler]], [[Julius Axelrod]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/] * [[1969]] &nbsp; [[Max Delbrück]], [[Alfred Hershey]], [[Salvador E. Luria]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/] * [[1968]] &nbsp; [[Robert W. Holley]], [[Har Gobind Khorana]], [[Marshall W. Nirenberg]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/] * [[1967]] &nbsp; [[Ragnar Granit]], [[Haldan Keffer Hartline]], [[George Wald]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/] * [[1966]] &nbsp; [[Peyton Rous]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/] * [[1966]] &nbsp; [[Charles B. Huggins]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/] * [[1965]] &nbsp; [[François Jacob]], [[André Lwoff]], [[Jacques Monod]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/] * [[1964]] &nbsp; [[Konrad Bloch]], [[Feodor Lynen]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1964/] * [[1963]] &nbsp; Sir [[John Carew Eccles]], [[Alan Lloyd Hodgkin]], [[Andrew Fielding Huxley]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/] * [[1962]] &nbsp; [[Francis Crick|Francis Harry Compton Crick]], [[James Dewey Watson]], [[Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/] * [[1961]] &nbsp; [[Georg von Békésy]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1961/] * [[1960]] &nbsp; Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], [[Peter Brian Medawar]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/] * [[1959]] &nbsp; [[Severo Ochoa]], [[Arthur Kornberg]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/] * [[1958]] &nbsp; [[George Wells Beadle]], [[Edward Lawrie Tatum]], [[Joshua Lederberg]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/] * [[1957]] &nbsp; [[Daniel Bovet]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1957/] * [[1956]] &nbsp; [[André Frédéric Cournand]], [[Werner Forssmann]], [[Dickinson W. Richards]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/] * [[1955]] &nbsp; [[Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1955/] * [[1954]] &nbsp; [[John Franklin Enders]], [[Thomas Huckle Weller]], [[Frederick Chapman Robbins]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/] * [[1953]] &nbsp; [[Hans Adolf Krebs]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/] * [[1953]] &nbsp; [[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/] * [[1952]] &nbsp; [[Selman Abraham Waksman]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/] * [[1951]] &nbsp; [[Max Theiler]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1951/] * [[1950]] &nbsp; [[Edward Calvin Kendall]], [[Tadeus Reichstein]], [[Philip Showalter Hench]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/] * [[1949]] &nbsp; [[Walter Rudolf Hess]], [[Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/] * [[1948]] &nbsp; [[Paul Hermann Müller]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/] * [[1947]] &nbsp; [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]], [[Gerty Theresa Cori]]; [[Bernardo Alberto Houssay]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/] <!-- un linea combinate in le linea previe --> * [[1946]] &nbsp; [[Hermann Joseph Muller]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/] * [[1945]] &nbsp; Sir [[Alexander Fleming]], [[Ernst Boris Chain]], Sir [[Howard Walter Florey]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/] * [[1944]] &nbsp; [[Joseph Erlanger]], [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1944/] * [[1943]] &nbsp; [[Carl Peter Henrik Dam]], [[Edward Adelbert Doisy]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1943/] * [[1942]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial|guerra]].'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1942/] * [[1941]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del guerra.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1941/] * [[1940]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del guerra.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1940/] * [[1939]] &nbsp; [[Gerhard Domagk]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/] * [[1938]] &nbsp; [[Corneille Jean François Heymans]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/] * [[1937]] &nbsp; [[Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/] * [[1936]] &nbsp; Sir [[Henry Hallett Dale]], [[Otto Loewi]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/] * [[1935]] &nbsp; [[Hans Spemann]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1935/] * [[1934]] &nbsp; [[George Hoyt Whipple]], [[George Richards Minot]], [[William Parry Murphy]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1934/] * [[1933]] &nbsp; [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/] * [[1932]] &nbsp; Sir [[Charles Scott Sherrington]], [[Edgar Douglas Adrian]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/] * [[1931]] &nbsp; [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/] * [[1930]] &nbsp; [[Karl Landsteiner]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/] * [[1929]] &nbsp; [[Christiaan Eijkman]], Sir [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/] * [[1928]] &nbsp; [[Charles Jules Henri Nicolle]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1928/] * [[1927]] &nbsp; [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1927/] * [[1926]] &nbsp; [[Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1926/] * [[1925]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1925/] * [[1924]] &nbsp; [[Willem Einthoven]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1924/] * [[1923]] &nbsp; [[Frederick Grant Banting]], [[John James Richard Macleod]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/] * [[1922]] &nbsp; [[Archibald Vivian Hill]], [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/] * [[1921]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1921/] * [[1920]] &nbsp; [[Schack August Steenberg Krogh]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1920/] * [[1919]] &nbsp; [[Jules Bordet]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1919/] * [[1918]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del [[Prime Guerra Mundial|guerra]].'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1918/] * [[1917]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del guerra.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1917/] * [[1916]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del guerra.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1916/] * [[1915]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del guerra.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1915/] * [[1914]] &nbsp; [[Robert Bárány]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1914/] * [[1913]] &nbsp; [[Charles Robert Richet]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/] * [[1912]] &nbsp; [[Alexis Carrel]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/] * [[1911]] &nbsp; [[Allvar Gullstrand]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1911/] * [[1910]] &nbsp; [[Albrecht Kossel]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1910/] * [[1909]] &nbsp; [[Emil Theodor Kocher]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1909/] * [[1908]] &nbsp; [[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]], [[Paul Ehrlich]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/] * [[1907]] &nbsp; [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/] * [[1906]] &nbsp; [[Camillo Golgi]], [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/] * [[1905]] &nbsp; [[Robert Koch]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/] * [[1904]] &nbsp; [[Ivan Petrovich Pavlov]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/] * [[1903]] &nbsp; [[Niels Ryberg Finsen]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/] * [[1902]] &nbsp; [[Ronald Ross]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/] * [[1901]] &nbsp; [[Emil Adolf von Behring]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1901/] [[Categoria:Premio Nobel pro Physiologia o Medicina]] [[Categoria:Laureatos del Premio Nobel pro Physiologia o Medicina|~Appendice]] [[Categoria:Wikipedia:Appendice]] 63ttsinkcc9ou2h5hdwrjzrpma8rsu1 102 39421 698433 674253 2026-08-10T23:14:27Z Tortoise0308 17411 actualisar 2025. 698433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} Vide altere Premios Nobel: [[Premio Nobel]] * [[2025]] &nbsp; [[John Clarke]], [[Michel H. Devoret]], [[John M. Martinis]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2025/summary/] {{En}} * [[2024]] &nbsp; [[John Hopfield]], [[Geoffrey Hinton]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/summary/] {{En}} * [[2023]] &nbsp; [[Pierre Agostini]], [[Ferenc Krausz ]], [[Anne L’Huillier]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2023/] {{En}} * [[2022]] &nbsp; [[Alain Aspect]], [[john F. Clauser]], [[Anton Zeilinger]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2022/] {{En}} * [[2021]] &nbsp; [[Syukuro Manabe]], [[Klaus Hasselmann ]], [[Giorgio Parisi]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/] (in anglese) * [[2020]] &nbsp; [[Roger Penrose]], [[Reinhard Genzel]], [[Andrea Ghez]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/] (in anglese) * [[2019]] &nbsp; [[James Peebles]], [[Michael Mayor]], [[Didier Queloz]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2019/] (in anglese) * [[2018]] &nbsp; [[Arthur Ashkin]], [[Gérard Mourou]], [[Donna Strickland]]. [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/summary/] (in anglese) * [[2017]] &nbsp; [[Rainer Weiss]], [[Barry Barish]], [[Kip Thorne]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2017/] (in anglese) * [[2016]] &nbsp; [[David J. Thouless]], [[Duncan Haldane]]. [[John M. Kosterlitz]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/] (in anglese) * [[2015]] &nbsp; [[Takaaki Kajita]], [[Arthur B. McDonald]].[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2015/] (in anglese) * [[2014]] &nbsp; [[Isamu Akasaki]], [[Hiroshi Amano]], [[Shuji Nakamura]].[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/] (in anglese) * [[2013]] &nbsp; [[François Englert]], [[Peter Higgs]].[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2013/] (in anglese) * [[2012]] &nbsp; [[Serge Haroche]], [[David J. Wineland]].[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2012/] (in anglese) * [[2011]] &nbsp; [[Saul Perlmutter]] [[Brian P. Schmidt]] [[Adam G. Riess]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/] (Iste ligamine, e omnes a basso, es in anglese) * [[2010]] &nbsp; [[Andre Geim]], [[Konstantin Novoselov]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/] * [[2009]] &nbsp; [[Charles Kuen Kao]],[[Willard S. Boyle]], [[George E. Smith]].[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/] * [[2008]] &nbsp; [[Yoichiro Nambu]], [[Makoto Kobayashi]], [[Toshihide Maskawa]].[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/] * [[2007]] &nbsp; [[Albert Fert]], [[Peter Grünberg]].[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/] * [[2006]] &nbsp; [[John C. Mather]], [[George F. Smoot]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/] * [[2005]] &nbsp; [[Roy J. Glauber]], [[John L. Hall]], [[Theodor W. Hänsch]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2005/] * [[2004]] &nbsp; [[David J. Gross]], [[H. David Politzer]], [[Frank Wilczek]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/] * [[2003]] &nbsp; [[Alexei A. Abrikosov]], [[Vitaly L. Ginzburg]], [[Anthony J. Leggett]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/] * [[2002]] &nbsp; [[Raymond Davis Jr.]], [[Masatoshi Koshiba]], [[Riccardo Giacconi]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2002/] * [[2001]] &nbsp; [[Eric A. Cornell]], [[Wolfgang Ketterle]], [[Carl E. Wieman]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001/] * [[2000]] &nbsp; [[Zhores I. Alferov]], [[Herbert Kroemer]], [[Jack S. Kilby]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/] * [[1999]] &nbsp; [[Gerardus 't Hooft]], [[Martinus J.G. Veltman]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/] * [[1998]] &nbsp; [[Robert B. Laughlin]], [[Horst L. Störmer]], [[Daniel C. Tsui]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1998/] * [[1997]] &nbsp; [[Steven Chu]], [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]], [[William D. Phillips]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/] * [[1996]] &nbsp; [[David M. Lee]], [[Douglas D. Osheroff]], [[Robert C. Richardson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1996/] * [[1995]] &nbsp; [[Martin L. Perl]], [[Frederick Reines]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1995/] * [[1994]] &nbsp; [[Bertram N. Brockhouse]], [[Clifford G. Shull]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1994/] * [[1993]] &nbsp; [[Russell A. Hulse]], [[Joseph H. Taylor Jr.]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/] * [[1992]] &nbsp; [[Georges Charpak]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1992/] * [[1991]] &nbsp; [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1991/] * [[1990]] &nbsp; [[Jerome I. Friedman]], [[Henry W. Kendall]], [[Richard E. Taylor]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/] * [[1989]] &nbsp; [[Norman F. Ramsey]], [[Hans G. Dehmelt]], [[Wolfgang Paul]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1989/] * [[1988]] &nbsp; [[Leon M. Lederman]], [[Melvin Schwartz]], [[Jack Steinberger]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/] * [[1987]] &nbsp; [[J. Georg Bednorz]], [[K. Alex Müller]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/] * [[1986]] &nbsp; [[Ernst Ruska]], [[Gerd Binnig]], [[Heinrich Rohrer]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/] * [[1985]] &nbsp; [[Klaus von Klitzing]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1985/] * [[1984]] &nbsp; [[Carlo Rubbia]], [[Simon van der Meer]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1984/] * [[1983]] &nbsp; [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], [[William A. Fowler]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/] * [[1982]] &nbsp; [[Kenneth G. Wilson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1982/] * [[1981]] &nbsp; [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]], [[Arthur L. Schawlow]], [[Kai M. Siegbahn]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/] * [[1980]] &nbsp; [[James Cronin]], [[Val Fitch]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/] * [[1979]] &nbsp; [[Sheldon Glashow]], [[Abdus Salam]], [[Steven Weinberg]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/] * [[1978]] &nbsp; [[Pyotr Kapitsa]], [[Arno Penzias]], [[Robert Woodrow Wilson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/] * [[1977]] &nbsp; [[Philip W. Anderson]], [[Sir Nevill F. Mott]], [[John H. van Vleck]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1977/] * [[1976]] &nbsp; [[Burton Richter]], [[Samuel C.C. Ting]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/] * [[1975]] &nbsp; [[Aage N. Bohr]], [[Ben R. Mottelson]], [[James Rainwater]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1975/] * [[1974]] &nbsp; [[Martin Ryle]], [[Antony Hewish]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1974/] * [[1973]] &nbsp; [[Leo Esaki]], [[Ivar Giaever]], [[Brian D. Josephson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1973/] * [[1972]] &nbsp; [[John Bardeen]], [[Leon N. Cooper]], [[Robert Schrieffer]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/] * [[1971]] &nbsp; [[Dennis Gabor]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1971/] * [[1970]] &nbsp; [[Hannes Alfvén]], [[Louis Néel]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1970/] * [[1969]] &nbsp; [[Murray Gell-Mann]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/] * [[1968]] &nbsp; [[Luis Alvarez]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1968/] * [[1967]] &nbsp; [[Hans Bethe]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1967/] * [[1966]] &nbsp; [[Alfred Kastler]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1966/] * [[1965]] &nbsp; [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]], [[Julian Schwinger]], [[Richard P. Feynman]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/] * [[1964]] &nbsp; [[Charles H. Townes]], [[Nicolay G. Basov]], [[Aleksandr M. Prokhorov]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/] * [[1963]] &nbsp; [[Eugene Wigner]], [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]], [[J. Hans D. Jensen]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/] * [[1962]] &nbsp; [[Lev Landau]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1962/] * [[1961]] &nbsp; [[Robert Hofstadter]], [[Rudolf Mössbauer]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1961/] * [[1960]] &nbsp; [[Donald A. Glaser]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1960/] * [[1959]] &nbsp; [[Emilio Segrè]], [[Owen Chamberlain]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/] * [[1958]] &nbsp; [[Pavel A. Cherenkov]], [[Il´ja M. Frank]], [[Igor Y. Tamm]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1958/] * [[1957]] &nbsp; [[Chen Ning Yang]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/] * [[1956]] &nbsp; [[William B. Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]], [[Walter H. Brattain]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/] * [[1955]] &nbsp; [[Willis E. Lamb]], [[Polykarp Kusch]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1955/] * [[1954]] &nbsp; [[Max Born]], [[Walther Bothe]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/] * [[1953]] &nbsp; [[Frits Zernike]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1953/] * [[1952]] &nbsp; [[Felix Bloch]], [[E. M. Purcell]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1952/] * [[1951]] &nbsp; [[John Cockcroft]], [[Ernest T.S. Walton]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/] * [[1950]] &nbsp; [[Cecil Powell]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/] * [[1949]] &nbsp; [[Hideki Yukawa]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1949/] * [[1948]] &nbsp; [[Patrick M.S. Blackett]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1948/] * [[1947]] &nbsp; [[Edward V. Appleton]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1947/] * [[1946]] &nbsp; [[Percy W. Bridgman]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1946/] * [[1945]] &nbsp; [[Wolfgang Pauli]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1945/] * [[1944]] &nbsp; [[Isidor Isaac Rabi]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1944/] * [[1943]] &nbsp; [[Otto Stern]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1943/] * [[1942]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del [[Secunde Guerra Mundial|guerra]].'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1942/] * [[1941]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del guerra.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1941/] * [[1940]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del guerra.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1940/] * [[1939]] &nbsp; [[Ernest Lawrence]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/] * [[1938]] &nbsp; [[Enrico Fermi]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/] * [[1937]] &nbsp; [[Clinton Davisson]], [[George Paget Thomson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1937/] * [[1936]] &nbsp; [[Victor F. Hess]], [[Carl D. Anderson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/] * [[1935]] &nbsp; [[James Chadwick]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/] * [[1934]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1934/] * [[1933]] &nbsp; [[Erwin Schrödinger]], [[Paul Dirac|Paul A.M. Dirac]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/] * [[1932]] &nbsp; [[Werner Heisenberg]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/] * [[1931]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite.'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1931/] * [[1930]] &nbsp; Sir [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/] * [[1929]] &nbsp; [[Louis de Broglie]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/] * [[1928]] &nbsp; [[Owen Willans Richardson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1928/] * [[1927]] &nbsp; [[Arthur H. Compton]], [[C.T.R. Wilson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/] * [[1926]] &nbsp; [[Jean Baptiste Perrin]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/] * [[1925]] &nbsp; [[James Franck]], [[Gustav Hertz]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1925/] * [[1924]] &nbsp; [[Manne Siegbahn]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1924/] * [[1923]] &nbsp; [[Robert A. Millikan]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/] * [[1922]] &nbsp; [[Niels Bohr]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/] * [[1921]] &nbsp; [[Albert Einstein]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/] * [[1920]] &nbsp; [[Charles Edouard Guillaume]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1920/] * [[1919]] &nbsp; [[Johannes Stark]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1919/] * [[1918]] &nbsp; [[Max Planck]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/] * [[1917]] &nbsp; [[Charles Glover Barkla]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1917/] * [[1916]] &nbsp; ''Inhibite a causa del [[Prime Guerra Mundial|guerra]].'' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1916/] * [[1915]] &nbsp; [[William Bragg]], [[Lawrence Bragg]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/] * [[1914]] &nbsp; [[Max von Laue]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/] * [[1913]] &nbsp; [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/] * [[1912]] &nbsp; [[Gustaf Dalén]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1912/] * [[1911]] &nbsp; [[Wilhelm Wien]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/] * [[1910]] &nbsp; [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/] * [[1909]] &nbsp; [[Guglielmo Marconi]], [[Ferdinand Braun]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/] * [[1908]] &nbsp; [[Gabriel Lippmann]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1908/] * [[1907]] &nbsp; [[Albert A. Michelson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1907/] * [[1906]] &nbsp; [[J.J. Thomson]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/] * [[1905]] &nbsp; [[Philipp Lenard]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1905/] * [[1904]] &nbsp; [[Lord Rayleigh]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1904/] * [[1903]] &nbsp; [[Henri Becquerel]], [[Pierre Curie]], [[Marie Curie]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/] * [[1902]] &nbsp; [[Hendrik A. Lorentz]], [[Pieter Zeeman]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/] * [[1901]] &nbsp; [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]]. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/] [[Categoria:Premio Nobel pro Physica]] [[Categoria:Laureatos del Premio Nobel pro Physica|~Appendice]] [[Categoria:Wikipedia:Appendice]] jgfudcsbzzl8jz82m77dz7otw605y5z 102 39840 698466 698334 2026-08-11T09:50:37Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 698466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q15617994 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P279,P31,description |thumb=32 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! subclasse de ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q5084|Q5084]] | ''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3055118|single entity of population]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11939023|populated place nucleus]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1497375|architectural ensemble]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4632675|dwelling place]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6256|Q6256]] | [[pais]] | ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7275|Q7275]] | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q155076|juridical person]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1896989|subject of international law]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q96196009|former or current state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q211606|social structure]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | organisation politic e juridic de un territorio delimitate |- | [[:d:Q7688|Q7688]] | ''[[:d:Q7688|raion]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12829|Q12829]] | ''[[:d:Q12829|comarca]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15284|Q15284]] | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2659904|government organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | division administrative |- | [[:d:Q19576|Q19576]] | ''[[:d:Q19576|wilaya]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q23058|Q23058]] | [[cantones de Switza]] | ''[[:d:Q7631075|entitate territorial administrative de Switza]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]''<br/>[[canton]]<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | entitates administrative constituente de Switza |- | [[:d:Q24764|Q24764]] | ''[[:d:Q24764|municipality of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1350310|administrative territorial entity of the Philippines]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3957|burgo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27002|Q27002]] | ''[[:d:Q27002|selsoviet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q211201|Soviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q31749783|selsoviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28575|Q28575]] | ''[[:d:Q28575|county]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30059|Q30059]] | ''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q34876|Q34876]] | [[provincia]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q42132|Q42132]] | ''[[:d:Q42132|eup]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q44753|Q44753]] | ''[[:d:Q44753|province of Argentina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3042547|administrative territorial entity of Argentina]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q46169|Q46169]] | [[parco national]] | [[parco]]<ref name="ref_420055a4825d3d507a1b1bab63ea8356b7d9c4b38be8887d8bcf27ff32cf86f6">''[[:d:Q52441805|Thesaurus for Graphic Materials]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<ref name="ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731">''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q62059246|public reserve]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q386426|natural heritage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q108028209|designation type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q57318|Q57318]] | ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]'' | [[citate]]<br/>''[[:d:Q26830017|state in the Holy Roman Empire]]''<br/>[[Citate-stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q61878|Q61878]] | [[barangay]] | ''[[:d:Q1350310|administrative territorial entity of the Philippines]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q86622|Q86622]] | ''[[:d:Q86622|governorate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17310396|administrative territorial entity of the Russian Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q102496|Q102496]] | ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112099|Q112099]] | [[stato insular]] | [[stato]]<br/>[[pais]]<br/>''[[:d:Q111018943|habited island]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127448|Q127448]] | ''[[:d:Q127448|communa svedese]]'' | ''[[:d:Q914262|administrative territorial entity of Sweden]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10541491|legal form]]''<ref name="ref_5b5ad8eccbd23d32f8151624d3a14f5e5e47154a2fa1fe282807b0648f6c1a3e">https://www.skatteverket.se/foretag/drivaforetag/startaochregistrera/organisationsnummer.4.361dc8c15312eff6fd235d1.html</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | municipalitate in Svedia |- | [[:d:Q131401|Q131401]] | ''[[:d:Q131401|califato]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4204060|stato islamic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q148837|Q148837]] | ''[[:d:Q148837|polis]]'' | [[Citate-stato]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15661340|ancient city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q149621|Q149621]] | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q154547|Q154547]] | [[ducato]] | [[stato]]<br/>[[monarchia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q161243|Q161243]] | ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q618123|geographical feature]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q165116|Q165116]] | ''[[:d:Q165116|grand duchy]]'' | [[ducato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q171308|Q171308]] | [[oblast]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q182547|Q182547]] | [[provincia del Imperio Roman]] | ''[[:d:Q100205512|administrative territorial entity of ancient Rome]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q183366|Q183366]] | [[Territorio]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q191093|Q191093]] | ''[[:d:Q191093|province of South Africa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4683555|administrative territorial entity of South Africa]]''<br/>[[provincia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q196068|Q196068]] | ''[[:d:Q196068|lordship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19944802|government structure]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q208500|Q208500]] | [[Principato]] | [[stato]]<br/>[[monarchia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q223573|Q223573]] | ''[[:d:Q223573|barony]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q264441|Q264441]] | ''[[:d:Q264441|Bezirk]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q285181|Q285181]] | ''[[:d:Q285181|eparchy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q94670589|Christian organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q104098715|territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q313354|Q313354]] | ''[[:d:Q313354|hundred]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q353344|Q353344]] | ''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q373074|Q373074]] | ''[[:d:Q373074|suffragan diocese]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q665487|diocese]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q374614|Q374614]] | ''[[:d:Q374614|urban district of Great Britain and Ireland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q717478|administrative territorial entity of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q398141|Q398141]] | ''[[:d:Q398141|school district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2385804|educational institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6663997|local education agency]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q399445|Q399445]] | ''[[:d:Q399445|amt]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q451019|Q451019]] | ''[[:d:Q451019|gutsbezirk]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q837766|local authority]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q475050|Q475050]] | [[Districto federal]] | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5214867|federal territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q482810|Q482810]] | ''[[:d:Q482810|Special City of Korea]]'' | [[citate]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q483515|Q483515]] | ''[[:d:Q483515|myeon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q483519|Q483519]] | ''[[:d:Q483519|ri]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>[[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q485258|Q485258]] | ''[[:d:Q485258|Statos de Brasil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10374536|administrative territorial entity of Brazil]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | entitates federative de Brasil |- | [[:d:Q490933|Q490933]] | ''[[:d:Q490933|local community]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q177634|community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137018865|type of place]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q499073|Q499073]] | ''[[:d:Q499073|direct-controlled municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15092400|independent city]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q515483|Q515483]] | ''[[:d:Q515483|baladiyya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q515716|Q515716]] | ''[[:d:Q515716|prefecture]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q517267|Q517267]] | ''[[:d:Q517267|commandery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41761295|administrative territorial entity of China]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q562061|Q562061]] | ''[[:d:Q562061|market municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q18511725|urbe de mercato]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q562644|Q562644]] | ''[[:d:Q562644|Deidesheim (Verbandsgemeinde)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q23006|Verbandsgemeinde]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q609042|Q609042]] | ''[[:d:Q609042|shtetl]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3374262|miasteczko]]''<br/>[[village]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q620225|Q620225]] | ''[[:d:Q620225|apostolic vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17197366|type of organization]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q625160|Q625160]] | ''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>[[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q643589|Q643589]] | ''[[:d:Q643589|departimento]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q687121|Q687121]] | ''[[:d:Q687121|Volost]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q688385|Q688385]] | ''[[:d:Q688385|Talschaft]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q718570|Q718570]] | ''[[:d:Q718570|circuit]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q770948|Q770948]] | ''[[:d:Q770948|okres]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q771444|Q771444]] | ''[[:d:Q771444|aul]]'' | ''[[:d:Q136678713|fortified village]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q782614|Q782614]] | ''[[:d:Q782614|autonomous region]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q788176|Q788176]] | ''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q817477|Q817477]] | ''[[:d:Q817477|tehsil]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q839328|Q839328]] | ''[[:d:Q839328|fu]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q905280|Q905280]] | ''[[:d:Q905280|pyatina]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q914262|Q914262]] | ''[[:d:Q914262|administrative territorial entity of Sweden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q923805|Q923805]] | ''[[:d:Q923805|trittys]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q935921|Q935921]] | ''[[:d:Q935921|kaza]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1070912|Q1070912]] | ''[[:d:Q1070912|zhou]]'' | ''[[:d:Q515716|prefecture]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41761295|administrative territorial entity of China]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1087624|Q1087624]] | ''[[:d:Q1087624|nahiyah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1093829|Q1093829]] | ''[[:d:Q1093829|citate del Statos Unite de America]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3327870|municipality in the United States]]''<br/>[[citate]]<br/>''[[:d:Q5951278|urban area of the United States]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1122846|Q1122846]] | ''[[:d:Q1122846|district of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q517267|commandery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1138414|Q1138414]] | ''[[:d:Q1138414|isolated settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4632675|dwelling place]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2887356|farmyard]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1497364|building complex]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1141653|Q1141653]] | ''[[:d:Q1141653|prowincja]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>[[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1205915|Q1205915]] | ''[[:d:Q1205915|German Reich within the borders of 31 December 1937]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q17524420|aspect of history]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1209783|Q1209783]] | ''[[:d:Q1209783|shukuba]]'' | ''[[:d:Q786014|rest area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q63987304|stage station]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q120922181|postal station]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1210300|Q1210300]] | ''[[:d:Q1210300|Mkhare]]'' | ''[[:d:Q244339|administrative territorial entity of Georgia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1273945|Q1273945]] | ''[[:d:Q1273945|pashalik]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1288520|Q1288520]] | ''[[:d:Q1288520|local council in Israel]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2762194|local government in Israel]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1336152|Q1336152]] | ''[[:d:Q1336152|princely state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15646492|administrative territorial entity of British India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1371288|vassal state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1345234|Q1345234]] | ''[[:d:Q1345234|comarca of Spain]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3183364|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12829|comarca]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>[[Territorio]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1350181|Q1350181]] | ''[[:d:Q1350181|shire of Scotland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q461231|administrative territorial entity of Scotland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q67376938|historic county of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1364324|Q1364324]] | ''[[:d:Q1364324|uezd]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1367821|Q1367821]] | ''[[:d:Q1367821|subprefecture]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1427085|Q1427085]] | ''[[:d:Q1427085|okrug]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1462047|Q1462047]] | ''[[:d:Q1462047|vilayet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19576|wilaya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''<ref name="ref_91c7c23bff8c4dcbdbe5d51fa021788763682add9ec85294b192cf219b99e5bb">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/vilayet</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1503467|Q1503467]] | ''[[:d:Q1503467|Unrechtsstaat]]'' | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1506541|Q1506541]] | ''[[:d:Q1506541|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>[[region]]<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1541735|Q1541735]] | ''[[:d:Q1541735|former province of Hokkaidō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q860290|province of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1564271|Q1564271]] | ''[[:d:Q1564271|nahiye]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1087624|nahiyah]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1584957|Q1584957]] | ''[[:d:Q1584957|district of Palermo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3976662|subdivision of Palermo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1631226|Q1631226]] | ''[[:d:Q1631226|settlement council]]'' | ''[[:d:Q948571|organ of state]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q211201|Soviet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1633408|Q1633408]] | ''[[:d:Q1633408|concelho]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1683373|Q1683373]] | ''[[:d:Q1683373|Edo-period village]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4174776|village of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1761072|Q1761072]] | ''[[:d:Q1761072|state park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<br/>[[parco]]<ref name="ref_420055a4825d3d507a1b1bab63ea8356b7d9c4b38be8887d8bcf27ff32cf86f6">''[[:d:Q52441805|Thesaurus for Graphic Materials]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5639312|Q5639312]] | [[voivodato]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5811429|Q5811429]] | ''[[:d:Q5811429|district in Managua]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15633191|distrito]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5942455|Q5942455]] | ''[[:d:Q5942455|keverang]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6014817|Q6014817]] | ''[[:d:Q6014817|karye]]'' | | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6024226|Q6024226]] | ''[[:d:Q6024226|metropolitan municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q200250|metropole]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1907114|area metropolitan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6026936|Q6026936]] | ''[[:d:Q6026936|liva]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q176799|military unit]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6063891|Q6063891]] | ''[[:d:Q6063891|partido]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6100739|Q6100739]] | ''[[:d:Q6100739|administrative territorial entity of Istanbul]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6104039|Q6104039]] | ''[[:d:Q6104039|región socioeconómica de Costa Rica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6106059|Q6106059]] | ''[[:d:Q6106059|Indian republics]]'' | ''[[:d:Q25380035|ethnic community]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6972919|Q6972919]] | ''[[:d:Q6972919|National Government Park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q22746|urban park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7194321|Q7194321]] | ''[[:d:Q7194321|has]]'' | ''[[:d:Q975783|estate in land]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5473816|Crown land]]''<ref name="ref_268b7068665b16c80a5ae4117de3e05654b47632163243a2af084b0f27b515d0">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/has--arazi</ref> | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<ref name="ref_268b7068665b16c80a5ae4117de3e05654b47632163243a2af084b0f27b515d0">https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/has--arazi</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7251287|Q7251287]] | ''[[:d:Q7251287|protected area of Wales]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7251293|protected area of the United Kingdom]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7251291|Q7251291]] | ''[[:d:Q7251291|protected area of the Northern Territory]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13406463|lista de Wikimedia]]'' | lista de un projecto de Wikimedia |- | [[:d:Q7375078|Q7375078]] | ''[[:d:Q7375078|royal manor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q196068|lordship]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7380054|Q7380054]] | ''[[:d:Q7380054|Luak Tanah Mengandung]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118594136|luak]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7425963|Q7425963]] | ''[[:d:Q7425963|Satavado]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7432341|Q7432341]] | ''[[:d:Q7432341|school division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q398141|school district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7444705|Q7444705]] | ''[[:d:Q7444705|sector]]'' | ''[[:d:Q219858|zone]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7495728|Q7495728]] | ''[[:d:Q7495728|shiyakha]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7551933|Q7551933]] | ''[[:d:Q7551933|mahalla]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7631923|Q7631923]] | ''[[:d:Q7631923|subregion]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7703797|Q7703797]] | ''[[:d:Q7703797|territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3253485|administrative territorial entity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7886462|Q7886462]] | ''[[:d:Q7886462|moshav shitufi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q917146|moshav]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q161387|kibbutz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7888177|Q7888177]] | ''[[:d:Q7888177|United Kingdom military aircraft registration mark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q838849|aircraft registration]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q216916|military aircraft]]'' | ''[[:d:Q140396411|military aircraft registration mark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8071905|Q8071905]] | ''[[:d:Q8071905|Zillah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8242634|Q8242634]] | ''[[:d:Q8242634|Baronía de Cárcer]]'' | | [[Territorio]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8501237|Q8501237]] | ''[[:d:Q8501237|large city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q50231|administrative territorial entity of the People's Republic of China]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9367715|Q9367715]] | ''[[:d:Q9367715|ulus]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10139375|Q10139375]] | ''[[:d:Q10139375|Eastern Catholic ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q427961|metropolis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10296503|Q10296503]] | ''[[:d:Q10296503|župa]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10433151|Q10433151]] | ''[[:d:Q10433151|civic municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1969448|term]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10466601|Q10466601]] | ''[[:d:Q10466601|Danske grevskaber og baronier]]'' | ''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10545864|Q10545864]] | ''[[:d:Q10545864|kism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10551473|Q10551473]] | ''[[:d:Q10551473|parish union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10666776|Q10666776]] | ''[[:d:Q10666776|setting]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10861243|Q10861243]] | ''[[:d:Q10861243|stamp territory]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10910840|Q10910840]] | ''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11183787|Q11183787]] | ''[[:d:Q11183787|Ortschaft]]'' | ''[[:d:Q253019|Ortsteil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11385643|Q11385643]] | ''[[:d:Q11385643|ho]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q29428403|pentad]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11396088|Q11396088]] | ''[[:d:Q11396088|bunkoku]]'' | ''[[:d:Q860290|province of Japan]]''<br/>[[Territorio]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11414697|Q11414697]] | ''[[:d:Q11414697|myō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11424278|Q11424278]] | ''[[:d:Q11424278|autonomous ward (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11479488|Q11479488]] | ''[[:d:Q11479488|Industrial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1662024|industrial district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11479490|Q11479490]] | ''[[:d:Q11479490|Exclusive Industrial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11480694|Q11480694]] | ''[[:d:Q11480694|urbanization promotion area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11480695|Q11480695]] | ''[[:d:Q11480695|urbanization control area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11488831|Q11488831]] | ''[[:d:Q11488831|mikuriya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1887569|shōen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564383|Q11564383]] | ''[[:d:Q11564383|Quasi-residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564397|Q11564397]] | ''[[:d:Q11564397|Quasi-industrial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564414|Q11564414]] | ''[[:d:Q11564414|quasi-city planning area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28692710|state territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11564415|Q11564415]] | ''[[:d:Q11564415|Quasi-fire Prevention District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11570788|Q11570788]] | ''[[:d:Q11570788|special use district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11570918|Q11570918]] | ''[[:d:Q11570918|Specified Block]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602099|Q11602099]] | ''[[:d:Q11602099|Category 1 Medium-to-high-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602100|Q11602100]] | ''[[:d:Q11602100|Category 1 Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602101|Q11602101]] | ''[[:d:Q11602101|Category 1 Low-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602320|Q11602320]] | ''[[:d:Q11602320|Category 2 Medium-to-high-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602321|Q11602321]] | ''[[:d:Q11602321|Category 2 Low-rise Exclusive Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602322|Q11602322]] | ''[[:d:Q11602322|Category 2 Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11602738|Q11602738]] | ''[[:d:Q11602738|suji]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11607807|Q11607807]] | ''[[:d:Q11607807|Ryokuchi hozen chiiki]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5162954|conservation designation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11631303|Q11631303]] | ''[[:d:Q11631303|hyō]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11639125|Q11639125]] | ''[[:d:Q11639125|Neighborhood Commercial District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11643597|Q11643597]] | ''[[:d:Q11643597|Special Districts for Urban Renaissance]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11643682|Q11643682]] | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28692710|state territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11649786|Q11649786]] | ''[[:d:Q11649786|railway zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1192403|concession]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11657023|Q11657023]] | ''[[:d:Q11657023|Fire Prevention District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11664885|Q11664885]] | ''[[:d:Q11664885|ryō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11665558|Q11665558]] | ''[[:d:Q11665558|Scenic districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q858308|Cultural Property of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11668267|Q11668267]] | ''[[:d:Q11668267|駐車場整備地区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11669892|Q11669892]] | ''[[:d:Q11669892|High-level Use District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11669894|Q11669894]] | ''[[:d:Q11669894|Height Control District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11916810|Q11916810]] | ''[[:d:Q11916810|Deli en Serdang]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11970574|Q11970574]] | ''[[:d:Q11970574|Country (Norwegian history)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12033861|Q12033861]] | ''[[:d:Q12033861|Lokalie]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12039398|Q12039398]] | ''[[:d:Q12039398|městská část]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12132320|Q12132320]] | ''[[:d:Q12132320|Енпуç ен]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12409827|Q12409827]] | ''[[:d:Q12409827|Territory of the Tribe of Manasseh]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12479773|Q12479773]] | ''[[:d:Q12479773|first-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12479774|Q12479774]] | ''[[:d:Q12479774|second-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3299260|local government area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12724246|Q12724246]] | ''[[:d:Q12724246|cnezat]]'' | [[Principato]] | ''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12778511|Q12778511]] | ''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12910663|Q12910663]] | ''[[:d:Q12910663|srez]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12978349|Q12978349]] | ''[[:d:Q12978349|Special Grade Municipalities]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13058507|Q13058507]] | ''[[:d:Q13058507|subdivision of West Bengal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13358528|Q13358528]] | ''[[:d:Q13358528|fiscal district]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q10947702|administrative territorial entity of Song dynasty]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q16077826|administrative territorial entity of Jin dynasty]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11387891|administrative territorial entity of the Yuan Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q718570|circuit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13526752|Q13526752]] | ''[[:d:Q13526752|lugar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11939023|populated place nucleus]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3055118|single entity of population]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13646349|Q13646349]] | ''[[:d:Q13646349|Government (Dutch East Indies)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q14916058|Q14916058]] | ''[[:d:Q14916058|territory]]'' | [[Territorio]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15253706|Q15253706]] | ''[[:d:Q15253706|city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q7930989|city or town]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15630906|Q15630906]] | ''[[:d:Q15630906|rural district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15637757|Q15637757]] | ''[[:d:Q15637757|mahakuma]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15649504|Q15649504]] | ''[[:d:Q15649504|satrapy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1371288|vassal state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15725677|Q15725677]] | ''[[:d:Q15725677|pedanía]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15727673|Q15727673]] | ''[[:d:Q15727673|city district of Hanover]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2740635|Stadtbezirk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15728204|Q15728204]] | ''[[:d:Q15728204|province of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1771656|mintaqa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15894786|Q15894786]] | ''[[:d:Q15894786|United States administrative division type]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15901936|Q15901936]] | ''[[:d:Q15901936|district of South Korea (autonomous)]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15903862|Q15903862]] | ''[[:d:Q15903862|縣轄區]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16118675|Q16118675]] | ''[[:d:Q16118675|حي شعبي]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16142566|Q16142566]] | ''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q69883|urbanistica]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69883|urbanistica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16181672|Q16181672]] | ''[[:d:Q16181672|special autonomous city in South Korea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>[[citate]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16638537|Q16638537]] | ''[[:d:Q16638537|мястэчка]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16646034|Q16646034]] | ''[[:d:Q16646034|episcopal vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16652878|Q16652878]] | ''[[:d:Q16652878|zaimka]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16915726|Q16915726]] | ''[[:d:Q16915726|mesoregion]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17051044|Q17051044]] | ''[[:d:Q17051044|mahalle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2916486|administrative territorial entity type of Turkey]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17130641|Q17130641]] | ''[[:d:Q17130641|syssel]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17143723|Q17143723]] | ''[[:d:Q17143723|Catholic parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<ref name="ref_077f98c9b6834479313df83a5999c3486ebb74fd613105ca4b4d0d994ab4f2d8">''[[:d:Q7005198|New Advent]]''</ref><ref name="ref_077f98c9b6834479313df83a5999c3486ebb74fd613105ca4b4d0d994ab4f2d8">''[[:d:Q7005198|New Advent]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q13358519|parish]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17147958|Q17147958]] | ''[[:d:Q17147958|intendency]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17208868|Q17208868]] | ''[[:d:Q17208868|都市再生緊急整備地域]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17217734|Q17217734]] | ''[[:d:Q17217734|tenaga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17299748|Q17299748]] | ''[[:d:Q17299748|Vulka]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17319258|Q17319258]] | ''[[:d:Q17319258|presidency of British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2385925|presidencies and provinces in British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3558349|presidency]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17361443|Q17361443]] | ''[[:d:Q17361443|administrative territorial entity of a state of the United States]]'' | [[divisiones politic del Statos Unite]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17990737|Q17990737]] | ''[[:d:Q17990737|Landscape Districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18199255|Q18199255]] | ''[[:d:Q18199255|Amtskommune]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18658990|Q18658990]] | ''[[:d:Q18658990|Ke-tsng-siā-hiunn]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18652293|Pó-lí-hiong-ò]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18658211|administrative territorial entity of Taiwan under Qing rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18729324|Q18729324]] | ''[[:d:Q18729324|razyezd]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19563262|Q19563262]] | ''[[:d:Q19563262|county of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q64606162|administrative territorial entity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q26654367|former county]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19610511|Q19610511]] | ''[[:d:Q19610511|township]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27096235|artificial geographic entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19703730|Q19703730]] | ''[[:d:Q19703730|district-notary office]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19832689|Q19832689]] | ''[[:d:Q19832689|îlot]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19868905|Q19868905]] | ''[[:d:Q19868905|administrative territorial entity of Minas Gerais]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10374536|administrative territorial entity of Brazil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19905455|Q19905455]] | ''[[:d:Q19905455|borough]]'' | ''[[:d:Q688718|administrative territorial entity of Quebec]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19939940|Q19939940]] | ''[[:d:Q19939940|ban]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15640612|fifth-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19941361|Q19941361]] | ''[[:d:Q19941361|tong]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20113851|Q20113851]] | ''[[:d:Q20113851|gun]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20180964|Q20180964]] | ''[[:d:Q20180964|franciscan custody]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20203616|Q20203616]] | ''[[:d:Q20203616|Indian reservation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q57237926|reservation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q25380035|ethnic community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20541692|Q20541692]] | ''[[:d:Q20541692|settlement in Galicia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''<br/>[[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q3183364|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<ref name="ref_1fbd72c043ce0480eaea53a397388f5226d3cd78ac056c09e7b89586971eb320">''[[:d:Q3306957|Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_1fbd72c043ce0480eaea53a397388f5226d3cd78ac056c09e7b89586971eb320">''[[:d:Q3306957|Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q20826981|Q20826981]] | ''[[:d:Q20826981|Rural community (local government)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q387917|administrative divisions of Germany]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q20986707|Q20986707]] | ''[[:d:Q20986707|cantred]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21039427|Q21039427]] | ''[[:d:Q21039427|boma]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623929|administrative territorial entity of South Sudan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21619677|Q21619677]] | ''[[:d:Q21619677|amanate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6501447|local government]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21824758|Q21824758]] | ''[[:d:Q21824758|ga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21824871|Q21824871]] | ''[[:d:Q21824871|ro]]'' | ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q22085013|Q22085013]] | ''[[:d:Q22085013|eparchy]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q22693483|Q22693483]] | ''[[:d:Q22693483|Pflegamt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q643589|departimento]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q23827464|Q23827464]] | ''[[:d:Q23827464|centre of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24024848|Q24024848]] | ''[[:d:Q24024848|eup of South Korea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q42132|eup]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24026248|Q24026248]] | ''[[:d:Q24026248|участок]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24859699|Q24859699]] | ''[[:d:Q24859699|総合区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q29925520|borough of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24949989|Q24949989]] | ''[[:d:Q24949989|Zonal Council]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q24953176|Q24953176]] | ''[[:d:Q24953176|special administrative region]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25377531|Q25377531]] | ''[[:d:Q25377531|Territorial Authority]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25532202|Q25532202]] | ''[[:d:Q25532202|amlak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q25537045|Q25537045]] | ''[[:d:Q25537045|khaganate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17362920|Wikimedia duplicated page]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q26262476|Q26262476]] | ''[[:d:Q26262476|third-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q26912005|Q26912005]] | ''[[:d:Q26912005|regio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27254663|Q27254663]] | ''[[:d:Q27254663|Station village]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27254666|Q27254666]] | ''[[:d:Q27254666|urban-type settlement by the railway station]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27295972|Q27295972]] | ''[[:d:Q27295972|посёлок железнодорожной платформы]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27517998|Q27517998]] | ''[[:d:Q27517998|маяк]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518087|Q27518087]] | ''[[:d:Q27518087|казарма]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518260|Q27518260]] | ''[[:d:Q27518260|монтёрский пункт]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518266|Q27518266]] | ''[[:d:Q27518266|метеостанция]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518282|Q27518282]] | ''[[:d:Q27518282|гидрологический пост]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518287|Q27518287]] | ''[[:d:Q27518287|контрольный пункт связи]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27518793|Q27518793]] | ''[[:d:Q27518793|железнодорожный блокпост]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27526294|Q27526294]] | ''[[:d:Q27526294|железнодорожный пост]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27526303|Q27526303]] | ''[[:d:Q27526303|лесной посёлок]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27531730|Q27531730]] | ''[[:d:Q27531730|kordon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27532791|Q27532791]] | ''[[:d:Q27532791|railway booth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27532818|Q27532818]] | ''[[:d:Q27532818|railway barracks]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27537456|Q27537456]] | ''[[:d:Q27537456|железнодорожный дом]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27537502|Q27537502]] | ''[[:d:Q27537502|посёлок лесоучастка]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27566198|Q27566198]] | ''[[:d:Q27566198|остановочная платформа]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27577201|Q27577201]] | ''[[:d:Q27577201|железнодорожная платформа]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27587207|Q27587207]] | ''[[:d:Q27587207|city municipality]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192287|administrative divisions of Russia]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27587491|Q27587491]] | ''[[:d:Q27587491|urban-type settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15078955|urban-type settlement in Russia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27588300|Q27588300]] | ''[[:d:Q27588300|железнодорожная площадка]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27588331|Q27588331]] | ''[[:d:Q27588331|state farm settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28081313|Q28081313]] | ''[[:d:Q28081313|municipality section]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28517354|Q28517354]] | ''[[:d:Q28517354|sesma]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28683636|Q28683636]] | ''[[:d:Q28683636|High-rise residential Attraction District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28754498|Q28754498]] | ''[[:d:Q28754498|chōme]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5327369|chōchō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29925520|Q29925520]] | ''[[:d:Q29925520|borough of Japan]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29946056|Q29946056]] | ''[[:d:Q29946056|highly urbanized city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30674761|Q30674761]] | ''[[:d:Q30674761|Australian marine park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2616170|marine reserve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30749622|Q30749622]] | ''[[:d:Q30749622|archpriesthood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q385337|deanery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30928563|Q30928563]] | ''[[:d:Q30928563|邑]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q7884789|toponym]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30943418|Q30943418]] | ''[[:d:Q30943418|城]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q31835971|Q31835971]] | ''[[:d:Q31835971|Munizipalität]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q31883575|Q31883575]] | ''[[:d:Q31883575|amt]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q33146843|Q33146843]] | ''[[:d:Q33146843|municipality of Catalonia]]'' | [[municipalitates de Espania]]<br/>''[[:d:Q11917457|subdivisions of Catalonia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q42692874|Q42692874]] | ''[[:d:Q42692874|Verwaltungsbezirk]]'' | ''[[:d:Q264441|Bezirk]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q47795905|Q47795905]] | ''[[:d:Q47795905|Piarist province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q109612062|territorial demarcation of the Pious Schools]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q48760287|Q48760287]] | ''[[:d:Q48760287|Countryside Residential District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q48784221|Q48784221]] | ''[[:d:Q48784221|collación]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1626455|parroquia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q48816145|Q48816145]] | ''[[:d:Q48816145|sector of Islamabad]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7444705|sector]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q51041800|Q51041800]] | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1530022|organisation religiose]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q52063214|Q52063214]] | ''[[:d:Q52063214|provincial park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''<br/>[[parco]]<br/>''[[:d:Q728904|nature park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q52226526|Q52226526]] | ''[[:d:Q52226526|Roede van Harelbeke]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>[[canton]] | |- | [[:d:Q55237813|Q55237813]] | ''[[:d:Q55237813|village of New York]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q751708|village in the United States]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q47682|administrative territorial entity of New York]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q55998242|Q55998242]] | ''[[:d:Q55998242|administrative region of Quebec]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q56205755|Q56205755]] | ''[[:d:Q56205755|district of Rotuma]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q56271507|Q56271507]] | ''[[:d:Q56271507|鎮]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q58446572|Q58446572]] | ''[[:d:Q58446572|electoral division of County Galway]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125352368|Q125352368]] | ''[[:d:Q125352368|村镇]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125626392|Q125626392]] | ''[[:d:Q125626392|revenue division in Tamil Nadu]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125626445|Q125626445]] | ''[[:d:Q125626445|revenue division in Andhra Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125626476|Q125626476]] | ''[[:d:Q125626476|revenue division in Telangana]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125627541|Q125627541]] | ''[[:d:Q125627541|revenue division in Kerala]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125631936|Q125631936]] | ''[[:d:Q125631936|subdivision of Bihar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125631953|Q125631953]] | ''[[:d:Q125631953|subdivision of Uttar Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907346|Q125907346]] | ''[[:d:Q125907346|division of Uttar Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907347|Q125907347]] | ''[[:d:Q125907347|division of Jharkhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907349|Q125907349]] | ''[[:d:Q125907349|division of Chhattisgarh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907350|Q125907350]] | ''[[:d:Q125907350|division of Rajasthan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907351|Q125907351]] | ''[[:d:Q125907351|division of Haryana]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907352|Q125907352]] | ''[[:d:Q125907352|division of Jammu And Kashmir]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907353|Q125907353]] | ''[[:d:Q125907353|division of Bihar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907354|Q125907354]] | ''[[:d:Q125907354|division of Assam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907355|Q125907355]] | ''[[:d:Q125907355|division of Odisha]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907356|Q125907356]] | ''[[:d:Q125907356|division of Delhi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907357|Q125907357]] | ''[[:d:Q125907357|division of Maharashtra]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907359|Q125907359]] | ''[[:d:Q125907359|division of Himachal Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907360|Q125907360]] | ''[[:d:Q125907360|division of Karnataka]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907362|Q125907362]] | ''[[:d:Q125907362|division of Meghalaya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907363|Q125907363]] | ''[[:d:Q125907363|division of Arunachal Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907364|Q125907364]] | ''[[:d:Q125907364|division of Ladakh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907365|Q125907365]] | ''[[:d:Q125907365|division of Punjab]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907368|Q125907368]] | ''[[:d:Q125907368|division of Uttarakhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125907369|Q125907369]] | ''[[:d:Q125907369|division of Nagaland]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125918906|Q125918906]] | ''[[:d:Q125918906|subdivision of Maharashtra]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125919325|Q125919325]] | ''[[:d:Q125919325|subdivision of Uttarakhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125919353|Q125919353]] | ''[[:d:Q125919353|subdivision of Jharkhand]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125923559|Q125923559]] | ''[[:d:Q125923559|subdivsion of Gujarat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126896673|Q126896673]] | ''[[:d:Q126896673|district of South Korea (non-autonomous)]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127229284|Q127229284]] | ''[[:d:Q127229284|Ammanie of Brussels]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q127378230|Q127378230]] | ''[[:d:Q127378230|isolated dwelling in Latvia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q109779065|human settlement in Latvia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q128477938|Q128477938]] | ''[[:d:Q128477938|haengjeongmyeon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q483515|myeon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q128807925|Q128807925]] | ''[[:d:Q128807925|арбан]]'' | [[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130241638|Q130241638]] | ''[[:d:Q130241638|каймаканство]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130376174|Q130376174]] | ''[[:d:Q130376174|ri (administrative)]]'' | [[village]]<br/>''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130458414|Q130458414]] | ''[[:d:Q130458414|郷]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130616842|Q130616842]] | ''[[:d:Q130616842|circoscrizione di Ravenna]]'' | ''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]''<ref name="ref_dd65dee6a537ba0e05d1f1ed5316bd12d7968992a988c0fc93b55df5d013f4e0">https://www.comune.ra.it/il-comune/decentramento/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q132730984|Q132730984]] | ''[[:d:Q132730984|commune of Burundi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q132732881|Q132732881]] | ''[[:d:Q132732881|administrative territorial entity of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q133800978|Q133800978]] | ''[[:d:Q133800978|praefectura]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15644911|administrative territorial entity of the Roman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q134552029|Q134552029]] | ''[[:d:Q134552029|Pana (Meitei culture)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135009855|Q135009855]] | ''[[:d:Q135009855|sub-tehsil]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135111350|Q135111350]] | ''[[:d:Q135111350|district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135112192|Q135112192]] | ''[[:d:Q135112192|parish annex]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135299026|Q135299026]] | ''[[:d:Q135299026|microdistrict of Tbilisi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135415335|Q135415335]] | ''[[:d:Q135415335|Hêm]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135437929|Q135437929]] | ''[[:d:Q135437929|hetmanate]]'' | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135447139|Q135447139]] | ''[[:d:Q135447139|Verbrecherstaat]]'' | [[stato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135451523|Q135451523]] | ''[[:d:Q135451523|mezraa]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135455595|Q135455595]] | ''[[:d:Q135455595|kasaba]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3957|burgo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q135512166|Q135512166]] | ''[[:d:Q135512166|gospodarlık]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136098733|Q136098733]] | ''[[:d:Q136098733|paşa livası]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136431832|Q136431832]] | ''[[:d:Q136431832|Ortschaft (Niedersachsen)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11183787|Ortschaft]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136442176|Q136442176]] | ''[[:d:Q136442176|Zone police]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136442212|Q136442212]] | ''[[:d:Q136442212|Zone gendarmerie]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136534136|Q136534136]] | ''[[:d:Q136534136|поссовет в СССР]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1631226|settlement council]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q211201|Soviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136534923|Q136534923]] | ''[[:d:Q136534923|горсовет в СССР]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3154693|city council]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q211201|Soviet]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136935588|Q136935588]] | ''[[:d:Q136935588|Guinean neighborhood]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137211599|Q137211599]] | ''[[:d:Q137211599|aksakal]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137211677|Q137211677]] | ''[[:d:Q137211677|tuman (Bukhara Emirate)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137211923|Q137211923]] | ''[[:d:Q137211923|qūrğancha]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q137260405|Q137260405]] | ''[[:d:Q137260405|SS-Abschnitt XXXIX]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q18332808|SS-Abschnitt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q207320|paramilitary organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q153936|militia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138388710|Q138388710]] | ''[[:d:Q138388710|consiglio di zona of Livorno]]'' | ''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138823494|Q138823494]] | ''[[:d:Q138823494|federated region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138823699|Q138823699]] | ''[[:d:Q138823699|federated community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q138823755|administrative community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138823755|Q138823755]] | ''[[:d:Q138823755|administrative community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q177634|community]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q140039150|Q140039150]] | ''[[:d:Q140039150|presbytery]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q140835258|Q140835258]] | ''[[:d:Q140835258|arrondissement municipal du Gabon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q837766|local authority]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q140835651|Q140835651]] | ''[[:d:Q140835651|commune gabonaise]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q58872171|Q58872171]] | ''[[:d:Q58872171|baronía]]'' | ''[[:d:Q9008644|Ancient Regime of Spain]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q223573|barony]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q61478101|administrative territorial entity of the Crown of Castile]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q60843390|Q60843390]] | ''[[:d:Q60843390|subdivision of Odisha]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q61089180|Q61089180]] | ''[[:d:Q61089180|municipal part of the Czech Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q115252541|part of a municipality in Czech Republic and Slovakia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3507889|administrative territorial entity of the Czech Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q61763780|Q61763780]] | ''[[:d:Q61763780|administrative territorial entity of Aragon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3183364|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q63645004|Q63645004]] | ''[[:d:Q63645004|territorial autonomy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65251207|Q65251207]] | ''[[:d:Q65251207|Territory of the Tribe of Benjamin]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65281628|Q65281628]] | ''[[:d:Q65281628|行政区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q137773|ward of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65522058|Q65522058]] | ''[[:d:Q65522058|府藩県]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q66661665|Q66661665]] | ''[[:d:Q66661665|governorate of Saudi Arabia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]''<ref name="ref_80b3aaf6e6432e022cda75644619f938b777b2cf758fa0e768d75257f71be855">''[[:d:Q105518758|Law of Provinces]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1764608|muhafazah]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q66980180|Q66980180]] | ''[[:d:Q66980180|macrohood]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q66980952|Q66980952]] | ''[[:d:Q66980952|microhood]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q69935452|Q69935452]] | ''[[:d:Q69935452|town of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69936911|county of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q69935538|Q69935538]] | ''[[:d:Q69935538|village of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q69936911|county of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q85882297|Q85882297]] | ''[[:d:Q85882297|Exceptional Floor Area Ratio District]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q86725643|Q86725643]] | ''[[:d:Q86725643|fumoto]]'' | ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q86726256|Q86726256]] | ''[[:d:Q86726256|province cartusienne]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q90511324|Q90511324]] | ''[[:d:Q90511324|Franciscan province (O.F.M.)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q92157630|Q92157630]] | ''[[:d:Q92157630|school sector]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q93389881|Q93389881]] | ''[[:d:Q93389881|región sanitaria de Cataluña]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q96196009|Q96196009]] | ''[[:d:Q96196009|former or current state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1063239|polity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q97344267|Q97344267]] | ''[[:d:Q97344267|Поселение]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192287|administrative divisions of Russia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q102104752|Q102104752]] | ''[[:d:Q102104752|city of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]'' | ''[[:d:Q843752|political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q102131920|Q102131920]] | ''[[:d:Q102131920|thikana]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1336152|princely state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104442652|Q104442652]] | ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104530683|Q104530683]] | ''[[:d:Q104530683|Pusta]]'' | ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104711456|Q104711456]] | ''[[:d:Q104711456|Трудовая коммуна (РСФСР)]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q105063846|Q105063846]] | ''[[:d:Q105063846|part of the municipality part]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3507889|administrative territorial entity of the Czech Republic]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q105985227|Q105985227]] | ''[[:d:Q105985227|省]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106078286|Q106078286]] | ''[[:d:Q106078286|component city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106079704|Q106079704]] | ''[[:d:Q106079704|independent component city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106458883|Q106458883]] | ''[[:d:Q106458883|state]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106458918|Q106458918]] | ''[[:d:Q106458918|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106531650|Q106531650]] | ''[[:d:Q106531650|province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''<br/>[[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106532582|Q106532582]] | ''[[:d:Q106532582|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106533981|Q106533981]] | ''[[:d:Q106533981|district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106534046|Q106534046]] | ''[[:d:Q106534046|dependency]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106592151|Q106592151]] | ''[[:d:Q106592151|national nature park]]'' | [[parco national]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106698210|Q106698210]] | ''[[:d:Q106698210|arrondissement of Cameroon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3360771|administrative territorial entity of Cameroon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106889447|Q106889447]] | ''[[:d:Q106889447|ardiaconate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q107484850|Q107484850]] | ''[[:d:Q107484850|alcaldía mayor]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q107759421|Q107759421]] | ''[[:d:Q107759421|mountain hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q107918234|Q107918234]] | ''[[:d:Q107918234|městský obvod]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108000498|Q108000498]] | ''[[:d:Q108000498|part of municipality in Czechoslovakia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20724760|administrative territorial entity of Czechoslovakia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108379543|Q108379543]] | ''[[:d:Q108379543|Fauna and Flora Sanctuary]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1790016|protected area of Colombia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179049|nature reserve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108494671|Q108494671]] | ''[[:d:Q108494671|Greek catholic parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q163740|nonprofit organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1530022|organisation religiose]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109562558|Q109562558]] | ''[[:d:Q109562558|salesian province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109586943|Q109586943]] | ''[[:d:Q109586943|Capuchin province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109587150|Q109587150]] | ''[[:d:Q109587150|Conventual Franciscan province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109593182|Q109593182]] | ''[[:d:Q109593182|province of the Order of Preachers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<ref name="ref_11f0eddf37fa068d6459534293196ef29db5f4ec33a8062b36139827c576f973">https://www.op.org/provincias/?lang=es#1559123084713-8a1110dd-2fca</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q109612062|Q109612062]] | ''[[:d:Q109612062|territorial demarcation of the Pious Schools]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109612325|Q109612325]] | ''[[:d:Q109612325|vice-province]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110158634|Q110158634]] | ''[[:d:Q110158634|Сєлѥниѥ градьска тѷпа]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2989457|urban-type settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110256042|Q110256042]] | ''[[:d:Q110256042|police-administered area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q114839325|police administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110256333|Q110256333]] | ''[[:d:Q110256333|new city of Egypt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1074523|planned community]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110390579|Q110390579]] | ''[[:d:Q110390579|city of United Kingdom]]'' | [[citate]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110946229|Q110946229]] | ''[[:d:Q110946229|dong]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111081341|Q111081341]] | ''[[:d:Q111081341|waterfront district (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111264878|Q111264878]] | ''[[:d:Q111264878|demarcación paisajística]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111737478|Q111737478]] | ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112245920|Q112245920]] | ''[[:d:Q112245920|полицейская часть]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17310396|administrative territorial entity of the Russian Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q112945489|Q112945489]] | ''[[:d:Q112945489|circaria]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113386230|Q113386230]] | ''[[:d:Q113386230|independent subprovince]]'' | ''[[:d:Q330425|sanjak]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113388921|Q113388921]] | ''[[:d:Q113388921|privileged Ottoman province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113389351|Q113389351]] | ''[[:d:Q113389351|mutasarrifate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113389576|Q113389576]] | ''[[:d:Q113389576|nahiye seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113390156|Q113390156]] | ''[[:d:Q113390156|kaza seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113390205|Q113390205]] | ''[[:d:Q113390205|sanjak seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1306755|centro administrative]]''<ref name="ref_8f744e3de8e53df3722302465cf1f48e542fd72eabe15b2c2796f7dfba6618c6">''[[:d:Q61720929|Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd edition]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113390253|Q113390253]] | ''[[:d:Q113390253|vilayet seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113660981|Q113660981]] | ''[[:d:Q113660981|Otok (administrative unit)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q946868|Tumen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115252541|Q115252541]] | ''[[:d:Q115252541|part of a municipality in Czech Republic and Slovakia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115916908|Q115916908]] | ''[[:d:Q115916908|electoral area of British Columbia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115943990|Q115943990]] | ''[[:d:Q115943990|Colonias of Cuautitlan Izcalli]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116007761|Q116007761]] | ''[[:d:Q116007761|land district of British Columbia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q18346622|cadastral division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116215373|Q116215373]] | ''[[:d:Q116215373|imperial city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116215378|Q116215378]] | ''[[:d:Q116215378|free city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13218276|free city]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q116691874|Q116691874]] | ''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117209621|Q117209621]] | ''[[:d:Q117209621|commune of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3253485|administrative territorial entity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117350247|Q117350247]] | ''[[:d:Q117350247|Commercial District in Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5152545|commercial area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1133961|commercial district]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117351014|Q117351014]] | ''[[:d:Q117351014|災害危険区域]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117351402|Q117351402]] | ''[[:d:Q117351402|歴史的風土特別保存地区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q117351444|Q117351444]] | ''[[:d:Q117351444|第一種歴史的風土保存地区]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q118593746|Q118593746]] | ''[[:d:Q118593746|Luak Berundang]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q118594136|Q118594136]] | ''[[:d:Q118594136|luak]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q118601355|Q118601355]] | ''[[:d:Q118601355|Luak Beradat]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q119146498|Q119146498]] | ''[[:d:Q119146498|Colonias of State of Mexico]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q120410026|Q120410026]] | ''[[:d:Q120410026|Local Educational Management Unit]]'' | ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2385804|educational institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6663997|local education agency]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122146132|Q122146132]] | ''[[:d:Q122146132|special green space conservation districts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23790|natural monument]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q179049|nature reserve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5162954|conservation designation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122911647|Q122911647]] | ''[[:d:Q122911647|territorial episcopal vicariate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q16646034|episcopal vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122955538|Q122955538]] | ''[[:d:Q122955538|treding]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122956696|Q122956696]] | ''[[:d:Q122956696|subdivision of Sikkim]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122987727|Q122987727]] | ''[[:d:Q122987727|subdivision of Lakshadweep]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122987729|Q122987729]] | ''[[:d:Q122987729|subdivision of Manipur]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123009250|Q123009250]] | ''[[:d:Q123009250|community development block of Tamil Nadu]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2775236|community development block in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123340192|Q123340192]] | ''[[:d:Q123340192|pobláu]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123553915|Q123553915]] | ''[[:d:Q123553915|part of National Government Park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6972919|National Government Park]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124022543|Q124022543]] | ''[[:d:Q124022543|Kotar]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124098638|Q124098638]] | ''[[:d:Q124098638|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124466626|Q124466626]] | ''[[:d:Q124466626|Gokusho Urban Landscape Formation District]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q676050|old town]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124474738|Q124474738]] | ''[[:d:Q124474738|Jōtenji-dōri Urban Landscape Formation District]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q124669069|Q124669069]] | ''[[:d:Q124669069|division of Madhya Pradesh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1761350|Q1761350]] | ''[[:d:Q1761350|sum]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1761572|Q1761572]] | ''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1764608|Q1764608]] | ''[[:d:Q1764608|muhafazah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1771656|Q1771656]] | ''[[:d:Q1771656|mintaqa]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1780506|Q1780506]] | ''[[:d:Q1780506|commune of Benin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3502443|administrative territorial entity of Benin]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1782540|Q1782540]] | ''[[:d:Q1782540|railway town]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1787683|Q1787683]] | ''[[:d:Q1787683|Kreishauptmannschaft]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1790016|Q1790016]] | ''[[:d:Q1790016|protected area of Colombia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1798622|Q1798622]] | ''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1839674|Q1839674]] | ''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1887569|Q1887569]] | ''[[:d:Q1887569|shōen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2478141|aristocrate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q178706|institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2116450|manor estate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1990968|Q1990968]] | ''[[:d:Q1990968|Divisional Secretariat of Sri Lanka]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15313532|administrative territorial entity of Sri Lanka]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q859482|secretariat]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2023000|Q2023000]] | ''[[:d:Q2023000|khutor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q72030539|farmstead]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2029182|Q2029182]] | ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1435020|General Curia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q124098638|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q104098715|territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2029618|Q2029618]] | ''[[:d:Q2029618|markaz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1306755|centro administrative]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2034632|Q2034632]] | ''[[:d:Q2034632|starostwo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q64606162|administrative territorial entity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2083380|Q2083380]] | ''[[:d:Q2083380|parish union]]'' | ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q124964|coalition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2113743|Q2113743]] | ''[[:d:Q2113743|magiri]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q75020334|administrative division of the Ryukyu Kingdom]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2139516|Q2139516]] | ''[[:d:Q2139516|riksintresse (Sweden)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q96211395|heritage site in Sweden]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2177636|Q2177636]] | ''[[:d:Q2177636|municipality of Denmark]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11618279|LAU 1]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3976655|administrative territorial entity of Denmark]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10541491|legal form]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2225692|Q2225692]] | ''[[:d:Q2225692|fourth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''<br/>[[village]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2246189|Q2246189]] | ''[[:d:Q2246189|justiciarate]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2298529|Q2298529]] | ''[[:d:Q2298529|corregimiento]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17147964|administrative territorial entity of the Spanish Empire]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2311958|Q2311958]] | [[canton]] | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | unitate administrative in varie paises |- | [[:d:Q2330190|Q2330190]] | ''[[:d:Q2330190|subprefecture in Hokkaidō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q850450|subprefecture of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2349866|Q2349866]] | ''[[:d:Q2349866|Stimmkreis]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2385925|Q2385925]] | ''[[:d:Q2385925|presidencies and provinces in British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15646492|administrative territorial entity of British India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2401504|Q2401504]] | ''[[:d:Q2401504|darugha]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2460358|Q2460358]] | ''[[:d:Q2460358|municipality of Turkey]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2916486|administrative territorial entity type of Turkey]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2500304|Q2500304]] | ''[[:d:Q2500304|electoral division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3356092|administrative territorial entity of Ireland]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2513212|Q2513212]] | ''[[:d:Q2513212|županija]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2514025|Q2514025]] | ''[[:d:Q2514025|posyolok]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2543447|Q2543447]] | ''[[:d:Q2543447|region of Nunavut]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1414991|area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | lista de un projecto de Wikimedia |- | [[:d:Q2576151|Q2576151]] | ''[[:d:Q2576151|daïra]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2577883|Q2577883]] | ''[[:d:Q2577883|occupied territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q123614767|occupied location]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2615343|Q2615343]] | ''[[:d:Q2615343|region]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2631496|Q2631496]] | ''[[:d:Q2631496|constituency of the European Parliament]]'' | ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2695008|Q2695008]] | ''[[:d:Q2695008|administrative territorial entity of Luxembourg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2706826|Q2706826]] | ''[[:d:Q2706826|sheikhdom]]'' | [[Principato]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2738486|Q2738486]] | ''[[:d:Q2738486|krai]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2880091|Q2880091]] | ''[[:d:Q2880091|bayrak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2135465|legal term or legal concept]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2885819|Q2885819]] | ''[[:d:Q2885819|ledanía]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944629|Q2944629]] | ''[[:d:Q2944629|Arrotxapea]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944644|Q2944644]] | ''[[:d:Q2944644|Ezcaba]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944651|Q2944651]] | ''[[:d:Q2944651|Buztintxuri]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2944737|Q2944737]] | ''[[:d:Q2944737|Iturrama]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2991489|Q2991489]] | ''[[:d:Q2991489|county palatine]]'' | ''[[:d:Q28575|county]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3012073|Q3012073]] | ''[[:d:Q3012073|daikansho]]'' | ''[[:d:Q481289|residentia official]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3015636|Q3015636]] | ''[[:d:Q3015636|Txantrea]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3025553|Q3025553]] | ''[[:d:Q3025553|Diputación Foral de Navarra]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3044930|provincial deputation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3183364|Q3183364]] | ''[[:d:Q3183364|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3187075|Q3187075]] | ''[[:d:Q3187075|aimag]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3252884|Q3252884]] | ''[[:d:Q3252884|Gau]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3266850|Q3266850]] | ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3268571|Q3268571]] | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3327874|Q3327874]] | ''[[:d:Q3327874|rural municipality of Canada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3788231|municipal government in Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3333989|Q3333989]] | ''[[:d:Q3333989|minor local entity of Spain]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10854310|administrative territorial entity below municipality in Spain]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3360771|Q3360771]] | ''[[:d:Q3360771|administrative territorial entity of Cameroon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3373237|Q3373237]] | ''[[:d:Q3373237|payam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15623929|administrative territorial entity of South Sudan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3434769|Q3434769]] | ''[[:d:Q3434769|macroregion]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137022846|type of region]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3455524|Q3455524]] | ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q18810687|political institution]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q137022846|type of region]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1969448|term]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3477348|Q3477348]] | ''[[:d:Q3477348|urban area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3491994|Q3491994]] | ''[[:d:Q3491994|subdistrict]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3518810|Q3518810]] | ''[[:d:Q3518810|unorganized area of Canada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q269528|unincorporated area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3532042|Q3532042]] | ''[[:d:Q3532042|block]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3642453|Q3642453]] | ''[[:d:Q3642453|Borgate officielles de Rome]]'' | ''[[:d:Q702492|area urban]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3677901|Q3677901]] | ''[[:d:Q3677901|circunscripción]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q21286738|Wikimedia permanent duplicate item]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3689003|Q3689003]] | ''[[:d:Q3689003|contrada]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3772949|Q3772949]] | ''[[:d:Q3772949|subah]]'' | [[provincia]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3818638|Q3818638]] | ''[[:d:Q3818638|mudiriyah]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3826458|Q3826458]] | ''[[:d:Q3826458|Lamidat]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4008486|Q4008486]] | ''[[:d:Q4008486|Borgo Vanchiglia]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4024737|Q4024737]] | ''[[:d:Q4024737|pastoral zone]]'' | ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4129217|Q4129217]] | ''[[:d:Q4129217|vyselok]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4165160|Q4165160]] | ''[[:d:Q4165160|ドーリャ]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4208486|Q4208486]] | ''[[:d:Q4208486|qadiyat]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4313916|Q4313916]] | ''[[:d:Q4313916|Nasleg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1192440|history of the administrative division of Russia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1376945|Administrative divisions of the Sakha Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4315043|Q4315043]] | ''[[:d:Q4315043|district national]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1427085|okrug]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4332636|Q4332636]] | ''[[:d:Q4332636|Кас]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4377540|Q4377540]] | ''[[:d:Q4377540|praetorian prefecture]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15644911|administrative territorial entity of the Roman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4388751|Q4388751]] | ''[[:d:Q4388751|razryad]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4393587|Q4393587]] | ''[[:d:Q4393587|republic]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4425709|Q4425709]] | ''[[:d:Q4425709|sō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4174776|village of Japan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4456179|Q4456179]] | ''[[:d:Q4456179|territorial unit with special status of Moscow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q462667|administrative territorial entity of Moscow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4535144|Q4535144]] | ''[[:d:Q4535144|yurt]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4691989|Q4691989]] | ''[[:d:Q4691989|agency]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4856913|Q4856913]] | ''[[:d:Q4856913|banner]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4897108|Q4897108]] | ''[[:d:Q4897108|partida]]'' | ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4899885|Q4899885]] | ''[[:d:Q4899885|beylerbeylik]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''<br/>[[entitate territorial administrative]] | |- | [[:d:Q4976993|Q4976993]] | ''[[:d:Q4976993|parish]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5121385|Q5121385]] | ''[[:d:Q5121385|circle]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5144960|Q5144960]] | ''[[:d:Q5144960|microregion]]'' | [[region]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5148433|Q5148433]] | ''[[:d:Q5148433|Mexico City colonia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5154611|Q5154611]] | ''[[:d:Q5154611|community]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5195043|Q5195043]] | ''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5284423|Q5284423]] | ''[[:d:Q5284423|division]]'' | [[entitate territorial administrative]] | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5284624|Q5284624]] | ''[[:d:Q5284624|division of West Bengal]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5434436|Q5434436]] | ''[[:d:Q5434436|fanzhen]]'' | ''[[:d:Q10922837|administrative territorial entity of the Tang dynasty]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1197588|military government]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5473816|Q5473816]] | ''[[:d:Q5473816|Crown land]]'' | ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5571369|Q5571369]] | ''[[:d:Q5571369|quarter of a city in Italy]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2824645|divisiones administrative de Italia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} aja2trt2ppjo2czeecmu0vhoiz79ssc 0 40562 698430 698341 2026-08-10T20:46:55Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 698430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1941-08-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-07-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q162357|Q162357]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-10 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-10 | ''[[:d:Q162357|Battle of Smolensk]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q180565|Q180565]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-15 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-15 | ''[[:d:Q180565|Дедо Иван]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11032|jornal]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q254864|Q254864]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-20 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q254864|1941–42 Allsvenskan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q327078|Q327078]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-15 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-08 | ''[[:d:Q327078|Battle of Uman]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1500631|Q1500631]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-05 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-29 | ''[[:d:Q1500631|Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]]'' | [[guerra]] | |- | [[:d:Q1566835|Q1566835]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-13<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1566835|Uprising in Montenegro]]'' | ''[[:d:Q124734|rebellion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1960162|Q1960162]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-02 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-26 | ''[[:d:Q1960162|Operation München]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2026616|Q2026616]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-26 | ''[[:d:Q2026616|Battle of Grand Harbour]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4088874|Q4088874]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-13 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-30 | ''[[:d:Q4088874|Battle of Babruy (1941)]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4231750|Q4231750]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-14 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-18 | ''[[:d:Q4231750|Soltsy-Dno Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q5176896|counter-offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4259110|Q4259110]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-11 | ''[[:d:Q4259110|Battle of Lepel]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4299200|Q4299200]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-26 | ''[[:d:Q4299200|Siege of Mahilow]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4348117|Q4348117]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-10 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-05-08 | ''[[:d:Q4348117|occupation de Lettonia per Germania Nazi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4499395|Q4499395]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-23 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945 | ''[[:d:Q4499395|The Holocaust in Latvia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q106706063|the Holocaust in one country]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17524420|aspect of history]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4637010|Q4637010]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-04 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-06 | ''[[:d:Q4637010|Denvention I]]'' | ''[[:d:Q617378|Worldcon]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4870839|Q4870839]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-09 | ''[[:d:Q4870839|Battle of Damour]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q5009282|Q5009282]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-02<ref name="ref_59e7e89acdf8f07673e0b8e374f8e158b5bbb6539a244e2f6226d1fffbaf20ae">http://live.dbpedia.org/resource/CBS_Television_Quiz</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-25<ref name="ref_333b6deb4b262764f32a0f7f217f2c545c45988a8e02619fb75e7db9e6cf33bd">http://dbpedia.org/resource/CBS_Television_Quiz</ref> | ''[[:d:Q5009282|CBS Television Quiz]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15416|television program]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7245544|Q7245544]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q7245544|Pripyat swamps]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7858261|Q7858261]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-17 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-18 | ''[[:d:Q7858261|Twin Pimples raid]]'' | ''[[:d:Q476807|military raid]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9208060|Q9208060]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-27 | ''[[:d:Q9208060|Petliura Days]]'' | [[Pogrom]] | |- | [[:d:Q10459578|Q10459578]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-12 | ''[[:d:Q10459578|Uprising in Serbia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1323212|insurgency]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16301854|Q16301854]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-31 | ''[[:d:Q16301854|Battle of Zarumilla]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16934382|Q16934382]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-01 | ''[[:d:Q16934382|Convoy OG 69]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16960323|Q16960323]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-10 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-30 | ''[[:d:Q16960323|Leningrad Strategic Defensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17362920|Wikimedia duplicated page]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q19766176|Q19766176]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-10 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-08-09 | ''[[:d:Q19766176|Battle for Leningrad]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q17362920|Wikimedia duplicated page]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30007355|Q30007355]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-03-19 | ''[[:d:Q30007355|Mogilev Podolskiy Ghetto]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2583015|ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe]]''<ref name="ref_2d7e1dc45cfa44a95d5ba0e5b53c16dd2f7bd187ee96642620c02b4d9a1ba71f">''[[:d:Q28824119|The Yad Vashem Encyclopedia of the Ghettos During the Holocaust]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q30007426|Q30007426]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08 | ''[[:d:Q30007426|Panevėžys Ghetto]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2583015|ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe]]''<ref name="ref_2d7e1dc45cfa44a95d5ba0e5b53c16dd2f7bd187ee96642620c02b4d9a1ba71f">''[[:d:Q28824119|The Yad Vashem Encyclopedia of the Ghettos During the Holocaust]]''</ref><ref name="ref_9183eab91b6d7ce3f0408f4effe03ad81d594c30244097a38a580631996acb75">''[[:d:Q6946780|Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q59828807|Q59828807]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-07 | data-sort-value="1972" | 1972-09-01 | ''[[:d:Q59828807|Woody Woodpecker]]'' | ''[[:d:Q113791292|animated short film series]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65921908|Q65921908]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24 | ''[[:d:Q65921908|1941/1942 Singapore Badminton Championships – men's doubles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65922010|Q65922010]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24 | ''[[:d:Q65922010|1941/1942 Singapore Badminton Championships – men's singles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65922099|Q65922099]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24 | ''[[:d:Q65922099|1941/1942 Singapore Badminton Championships – women's doubles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65922187|Q65922187]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24 | ''[[:d:Q65922187|1941/1942 Singapore Badminton Championships – women's singles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65922269|Q65922269]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24 | ''[[:d:Q65922269|1941/1942 Singapore Badminton Championships – mixed doubles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65922780|Q65922780]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24 | ''[[:d:Q65922780|1941/1942 Singapore Badminton Championships]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2289151|Singapore Badminton Championships]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q79478614|Q79478614]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478614|Walt Disney Cartoons]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478617|Q79478617]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478617|Sculpture by Vera Bernhard]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478626|Q79478626]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-29<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478626|Artist Members of the San Francisco Art Association Exhibition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478632|Q79478632]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-20<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478632|Watercolors by Victor de Wilde]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478637|Q79478637]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-27<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478637|Watercolors and Drawings by John Stoll]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478640|Q79478640]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478640|Selections from Emanuel Walter Collection]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478645|Q79478645]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-22<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478645|Paintings by Lloyd Wulf and Hassel Smith]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478649|Q79478649]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478649|Paintings by Geneve Rixford Sargeant]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478655|Q79478655]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478655|Town Planning Maps]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q87406447|Q87406447]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-03-08 | ''[[:d:Q87406447|Tentoonstelling van Modelboten]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100340964|Q100340964]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-26<ref name="ref_4a5dfb694de3bb8cf42aad3cb7756ade2e285a19f2f9a1cc57fefc4b3eefe7b1">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh438</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-01-11<ref name="ref_4a5dfb694de3bb8cf42aad3cb7756ade2e285a19f2f9a1cc57fefc4b3eefe7b1">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh438</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100340964|De Oud-Maleiers]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_4a5dfb694de3bb8cf42aad3cb7756ade2e285a19f2f9a1cc57fefc4b3eefe7b1">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh438</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q104632761|Q104632761]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-26 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-15 | ''[[:d:Q104632761|Nederland bouwt in baksteen, 1800-1940]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q105905820|Q105905820]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-24 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-25 | ''[[:d:Q105905820|Banski Grabovac massacre]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106881435|Q106881435]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-03 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-25 | ''[[:d:Q106881435|Einsatzkommando 3 Killings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890645|Q110890645]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-15 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-28 | ''[[:d:Q110890645|Abstract Painting; Shapes of Things]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890646|Q110890646]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-16 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-07 | ''[[:d:Q110890646|Masterpieces of Picasso]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890648|Q110890648]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-16 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-07 | ''[[:d:Q110890648|National Defense Poster Competition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890649|Q110890649]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-29 | ''[[:d:Q110890649|New Acquisitions: Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890650|Q110890650]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-11 | ''[[:d:Q110890650|Preliminary Course of the Bauhaus]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q114149023|Q114149023]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-23 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-12 | ''[[:d:Q114149023|Peruvian occupation of Ecuador]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2577883|occupied territory]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q41691|demilitarized zone]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019036|Q115019036]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-10 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941 | ''[[:d:Q115019036|Prize Winners of the New York City WPA Art Project]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019038|Q115019038]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-19 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-01 | ''[[:d:Q115019038|Painting and Sculpture Allocated to City Institutions by the New York City WPA Art Project]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q122166563|Q122166563]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-21 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-27 | ''[[:d:Q122166563|1941 Nafarroako Itzulia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1942604|Vuelta a Navarra]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046668|Q126046668]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-24<br/>1941-07-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-23 | ''[[:d:Q126046668|Rajab 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q132797603|Q132797603]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-07-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-01 | ''[[:d:Q132797603|Festnahme von Ulrich Zamykal durch die Gestapo Hannover]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} 1zw7fotnado632oeupc49k9bqob8gs7 0 40563 698467 698342 2026-08-11T10:01:08Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 698467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1941-09-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-08-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q162284|Q162284]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-26 | ''[[:d:Q162284|Battle of Kiev]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q499839|Q499839]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-22 | ''[[:d:Q499839|1941–42 Nationalliga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q520930|Q520930]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-06 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-01-04 | ''[[:d:Q520930|Star-Spangled Comics]]'' | ''[[:d:Q14406742|comic book series]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q541369|Q541369]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-17 | ''[[:d:Q541369|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q682409|Q682409]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-16 | ''[[:d:Q682409|Siege of Odesa 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''<br/>[[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q714211|Q714211]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08 | ''[[:d:Q714211|Yelnya Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1269440|Q1269440]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31<ref name="ref_40d9d1b5bd64d80b6b97ddbc039a34b052d288e84dcd239d7fcc42ac056246a5">https://prensacr.info/data/5d83561d0ddacf4070844fc3</ref><ref name="ref_c6401b25e20eeb2dcf4d2573ec427f07da0415b9f483bc2edae321d6e675dd39">https://prensacr.info/data/5da9d88a0ddacf73098bebd1</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-30<ref name="ref_60b6052f430c6ac0faf427862f0ce378a26d14f065876987ad1658429002e144">https://prensacr.info/data/5da9f9270ddacf73098befe5</ref><ref name="ref_e8a5f178199051bbf28ad499d7e8f83b8c85ac246b83a1610744f8ce47db3264">https://prensacr.info/data/611f34da445c2c6addcd0355</ref><ref name="ref_896b284a6f57035d45fbcd96c40248a170308f63543958a68e3213e6f6857e3e">https://www.sinabi.go.cr/biblioteca%20digital/periodicos/Novedades/Novedades%201941/la-1%20de%20diciembre.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1269440|Primera División de Costa Rica 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1324220|Q1324220]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-03<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1324220|Operation Gauntlet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1406017|Q1406017]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-05 | ''[[:d:Q1406017|Soviet air strikes on Berlin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q17524420|aspect of history]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4688003|aerial bombing of a city]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2409886|Q2409886]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-18 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-02 | ''[[:d:Q2409886|1941 U.S. National Championships]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123577|US Open]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q47345468|tennis tournament edition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2992881|Q2992881]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | ''[[:d:Q2992881|Conférence de l'Atlantique]]'' | ''[[:d:Q18564543|international conference]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3091179|Q3091179]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-29 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-08-11 | ''[[:d:Q3091179|executed at Mont Valérien]]'' | ''[[:d:Q12139612|list]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1190554|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3636413|Q3636413]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-06 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-21 | ''[[:d:Q3636413|Battle of Culqualber]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q3996094|Q3996094]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24 | ''[[:d:Q3996094|1941 Tour de Suisse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q83261|Tour de Suisse]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4231751|Q4231751]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-15 | ''[[:d:Q4231751|Staraya Russa counter-offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4450513|Q4450513]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-28 | ''[[:d:Q4450513|Tallinn Defensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5841688|Q5841688]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q5841688|Segundo Congreso Nacional Campesino]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q11543646|Q11543646]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-30 | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946 | ''[[:d:Q11543646|Saka Medical College]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11510984|medical specialized school in Japan]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11897194|Q11897194]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-31 | data-sort-value="1958" | 1958 | ''[[:d:Q11897194|The Great Gildersleeve]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1555508|radio program]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q13475356|Q13475356]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | ''[[:d:Q13475356|Conference of Placentia Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2761147|meeting]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16681155|Q16681155]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-10 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-21 | ''[[:d:Q16681155|Novgorod-Chudovskaya Defensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16934384|Q16934384]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-13 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25 | ''[[:d:Q16934384|Convoy OG 71]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30889810|Q30889810]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-11 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-10-14 | ''[[:d:Q30889810|Special purpose company of the Baltic Fleet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q176799|military unit]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q43080121|Q43080121]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-30 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-12 | ''[[:d:Q43080121|Roslavl–Novozybkov Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65303359|Q65303359]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-16 | ''[[:d:Q65303359|Masakr u srebreničkom kotaru]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q79478665|Q79478665]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478665|Stanley Wood Watercolors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478669|Q79478669]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478669|They Taught Themselves]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478672|Q79478672]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478672|Drawings by Henri Gaudier-Brzeska]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478677|Q79478677]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478677|Students of the California School of Fine Arts]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478681|Q79478681]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478681|Paintings by Arshile Gorky]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478684|Q79478684]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-11<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478684|Paintings by Mine Okubo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478689|Q79478689]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478689|Paintings by Fernand Leger]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478692|Q79478692]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478692|Sculpture by Jan Sabre]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478696|Q79478696]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478696|Drawings by Dorr Bothwell]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478699|Q79478699]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478699|Recent Museum Acquisitions: Gifts of William L. Gerstle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q110890651|Q110890651]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-04 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-15 | ''[[:d:Q110890651|Techniques of Painting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890652|Q110890652]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-04 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08 | ''[[:d:Q110890652|Stockholm Builds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890654|Q110890654]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-12 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-25 | ''[[:d:Q110890654|American Watercolors; Lettering and Arrangements in Poster Design]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890655|Q110890655]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-26 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-15 | ''[[:d:Q110890655|Ancestral Sources of Modern Painting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046669|Q126046669]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-23 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21<br/>1941-09-22 | ''[[:d:Q126046669|Sha'ban 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q136313346|Q136313346]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-07 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-08-09 | ''[[:d:Q136313346|Operation Kosmaj]]'' | ''[[:d:Q180684|conflict]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} hlvmpvwvpy7g4mo27f7e2s4cn8ymobv 0 40569 698425 698344 2026-08-10T14:09:06Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 698425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1942-03-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1942-02-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q176557|Q176557]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-11-12 | ''[[:d:Q176557|Air raids on Australia, 1942–43]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2380335|airstrike]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q296754|Q296754]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q296754|Battle of Singapore]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q301300|Q301300]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-12 | ''[[:d:Q301300|Battle of Java]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q304403|Q304403]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-27 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28 | ''[[:d:Q304403|Operation Biting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2727213|furto]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q632926|Q632926]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-09 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-10 | ''[[:d:Q632926|Battle of Kranji]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q663277|Q663277]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-28 | ''[[:d:Q663277|Invasion of Sumatra]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q716144|Q716144]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-04 | ''[[:d:Q716144|Sook Ching]]'' | ''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1262732|purge]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q4817637|atrocity]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q936604|Q936604]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19 | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-20 | ''[[:d:Q936604|internment of Japanese Americans]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1668049|internment]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q967623|Q967623]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-27 | ''[[:d:Q967623|Operation Prijedor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1440764|Q1440764]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-02-10 | ''[[:d:Q1440764|Battle of Timor]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1536686|Q1536686]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-01 | ''[[:d:Q1536686|Battle of Sunda Strait]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2117492|Q2117492]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-20 | ''[[:d:Q2117492|Battle of Badung Strait]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2546643|Q2546643]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-13 | ''[[:d:Q2546643|1942 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2583233|Q2583233]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q2583233|Battle of Palembang]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q3883953|Q3883953]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-11 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-12 | ''[[:d:Q3883953|Operation Donnerkeil]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4208426|Q4208426]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-14 | ''[[:d:Q4208426|Battle of Pasir Panjang]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4870587|Q4870587]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-12 | ''[[:d:Q4870587|Battle of Bukit Timah]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4872083|Q4872083]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-03<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-08-17<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q4872083|Battle of Port Moresby]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4872320|Q4872320]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-09 | ''[[:d:Q4872320|Battle of Sarimbun Beach]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q7057343|Q7057343]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q7057343|North Western Area Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15901659|Q15901659]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-21 | ''[[:d:Q15901659|Chiang Kai-shek visit to India]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2324916|state visit]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16205847|Q16205847]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-04 | ''[[:d:Q16205847|1942 Palestine Cup]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16642815|Q16642815]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-14 | ''[[:d:Q16642815|Демянская десантная операция]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q22124210|Q22124210]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945 | ''[[:d:Q22124210|Outram torture and prisoner abuse]]'' | ''[[:d:Q7245805|prisoner abuse (abus de prisonnier)]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356437|Q76356437]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-06<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-10<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356437|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 06.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478891|Q79478891]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-17<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478891|Exhibitions for Art Understanding: British War Posters]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478895|Q79478895]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-03<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-24<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478895|Fifteen American Sculptors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478900|Q79478900]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-22<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478900|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Prints of Latin America, Section II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478905|Q79478905]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-22<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478905|William Campbell]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478910|Q79478910]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-10<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478910|Retrospective Exhibition of Eugene Berman]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478913|Q79478913]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-11<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478913|San Francisco Art Association Exhibition of Drawings and Prints]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478917|Q79478917]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-07<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478917|Roxburghe Printing Exhibition: 16th Century Books]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478920|Q79478920]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478920|Exhibitions for Art Understanding: Line, Drawing, and Perspective]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478925|Q79478925]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-21<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478925|Exhibitions for Art Understanding: Seated Man by Picasso]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478931|Q79478931]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-23<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478931|Alexander Nepote]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478936|Q79478936]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478936|Children's Symphony Exhibition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q100527516|Q100527516]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-07<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100527516|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 07.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100527696|Q100527696]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100527696|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 08.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100529562|Q100529562]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-12 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-12<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100529562|Transport X from Prague to the Ghetto Theresienstadt on 12/02/1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100529627|Q100529627]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-22<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100529627|Transport from Kladno to the Theresienstadt Ghetto on 22 Feb 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100529761|Q100529761]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-26<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100529761|Transport von Kladno in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 26.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100529910|Q100529910]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-26<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100529910|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 26.02.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055171|Q104055171]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055171|Transport Ez-St 04]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104632765|Q104632765]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-08 | ''[[:d:Q104632765|Het Duitsche boek van heden]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q108878050|Q108878050]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-19<ref name="ref_4a71d661f27195c57e47146aaa53bb2b788e5fb2cedae98c6355392496ec40e8">''[[:d:Q2159918|Executive Order 9066]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1946" | 1946-03-20<ref name="ref_7bcfe7424a1c85afd799b99747f60f6b4251ab1297c385265a5ae4145486e0c1">https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/anthropology74/ce3o.htm</ref><ref name="ref_e9056a703aa62cd694140ce40a8b9e298210146a6fc8a9cd1b79a2a89ff4b414">https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Tule_Lake/</ref><ref name="ref_28637afcf9c4ff12d63c017a5360ed4bb7facf74182f0e312303f2a2a75f292a">https://catalog.archives.gov/id/198243297</ref> | ''[[:d:Q108878050|Japanese American removal, 1942-1945]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1573035|domestic policy]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q837556|forced displacement]]''<ref name="ref_7c15fbde4657e31a492c6035a18de554202441b9da5a999966fd642417bf580b">https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2017/05/17/extensions-of-remarks-section/article/E649-1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q110890683|Q110890683]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-10 | ''[[:d:Q110890683|U.S. Army Illustrators of Fort Custer, Michigan]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890684|Q110890684]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-05 | ''[[:d:Q110890684|New Acquisitions: American Drawings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q114321849|Q114321849]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-07 | ''[[:d:Q114321849|Operation Caesar]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019045|Q115019045]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03 | ''[[:d:Q115019045|Loan Exhibition of Percussion Colt Revolvers and Conversions 1836–1873]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019046|Q115019046]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-09 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-15 | ''[[:d:Q115019046|On the Bright Side: A Loan Exhibition of Contemporary American Painting and Sculpture]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046680|Q126046680]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-17<br/>1942-02-16 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-18<br/>1942-03-17 | ''[[:d:Q126046680|Safar 1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q130305708|Q130305708]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-20 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05 | ''[[:d:Q130305708|Chetnik coups in Bosnia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3449092|military coup]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} 5toraj6hb98qo506stq73zpmbk02hft 102 41382 698435 698329 2026-08-11T00:09:35Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 698435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?sl { ?item wdt:P171* wd:Q7377 . OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?sl } . FILTER (?sl >= 50) } ORDER BY DESC(?sl) |section= |sort= |columns=number:#,item,label:Article,P225,?sl,description,P18,P31,P279,P171,P361 |thumb=48 |min_section= |links=red_only |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! item ! Article ! nomine del taxon ! ?sl ! description ! imagine ! instantia de ! subclasse de ! taxon superior immediate ! parte de |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q58697|Q58697]] | [[Sus scrofa]] | Sus scrofa | 163 | | [[File:Wildschwein, Nähe Pulverstampftor.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Sus]] | [[Sus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q9482|Q9482]] | [[Sciuridae]] | Sciuridae | 158 | | [[File:Sciurus carolinensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciuromorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q10850|Q10850]] | [[Rodentia]] | Rodentia | 155 | | [[File:Tamias striatus CT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[fur-bearing animal]] | [[Glires]]<br/>[[Simplicidentata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q34718|Q34718]] | [[Rhinocerotidae]] | Rhinocerotidae | 155 | | [[File:Waterberg Nashorn1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[perissodactylos]]<br/>[[Rhinocerotoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q34505|Q34505]] | [[Hippopotamus amphibius]] | Hippopotamus amphibius | 147 | | [[File:Portrait Hippopotamus in the water.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippopotamus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q33602|Q33602]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca | 146 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q42046|Q42046]] | [[Hyaenidae]] | Hyaenidae | 142 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Aeluroidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q46076|Q46076]] | [[Lepus]] | Lepus | 141 | | [[File:Hare Hare (20300967221).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leporidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q36341|Q36341]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | Ursus arctos | 138 | | [[File:202309 Ezo brown bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[bear]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q15083|Q15083]] | [[Giraffa camelopardalis]] | Giraffa camelopardalis | 138 | | [[File:Rothschild's giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Murchison Falls National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Giraffa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q30197|Q30197]] | [[Panthera uncia]] | Panthera uncia | 132 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[apex predator]]<br/>[[flagship species]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q36101|Q36101]] | [[Phascolarctos cinereus]] | Phascolarctos cinereus | 129 | | [[File:Koala climbing tree.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phascolarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q35517|Q35517]] | [[Alces alces]] | Alces alces | 129 | | [[File:A male moose takes a rest in a field during a light rainshower.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alces]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q27066|Q27066]] | [[Meles meles]] | Meles meles | 123 | | [[File:European badger (Meles meles taxus) Drenthe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q25311|Q25311]] | [[Mustela nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis | 122 | | [[File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q29995|Q29995]] | [[Lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra | 121 | | [[File:Otter.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q39624|Q39624]] | [[Rangifer tarandus]] | Rangifer tarandus | 121 | | [[File:Caribou.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cervides|Cervidae]] | [[Rangifer]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q83310|Q83310]] | [[Mus musculus]] | Mus musculus | 120 | | [[File:202101 Mouse.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q26843|Q26843]] | [[Orcinus orca]] | Orcinus orca | 115 | | [[File:202402 Killer whale.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Odontoceti]] | [[Orcinus]] | [[Blackfish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q41960|Q41960]] | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens | 112 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q80479|Q80479]] | [[Herpestidae]] | Herpestidae | 111 | | [[File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Herpestoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q41692|Q41692]] | [[mule]] | Equus asinus × Equus caballus | 111 | | [[File:Juancito.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[packhorse]]<br/>[[horse–donkey hybrid]] | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q42196|Q42196]] | [[Balaenoptera musculus]] | Balaenoptera musculus | 111 | | [[File:202501 Blue whale.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cetacea]]<br/>[[Balaenoptera physalus]] | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q25345|Q25345]] | [[Mustela erminea]] | Mustela erminea | 109 | | [[File:Røyskatt (Mustela erminea erminea), Lista, Norway.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q30847|Q30847]] | [[Caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal | 109 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[big cat]] | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q4388|Q4388]] | [[Sciurus vulgaris]] | Sciurus vulgaris | 109 | | [[File:Squirrel posing.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q79794|Q79794]] | [[Cervus elaphus]] | Cervus elaphus | 109 | | [[File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q79803|Q79803]] | [[Cavia porcellus]] | Cavia porcellus | 108 | | [[File:Conill porquí gàbia.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[Cavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q30263|Q30263]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | Pinnipedia | 107 | | [[File:Common seal (Phoca vitulina) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q122069|Q122069]] | [[Capreolus capreolus]] | Capreolus capreolus | 107 | | [[File:Capreolus (js)11.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capreolus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q46212|Q46212]] | [[Orycteropus afer]] | Orycteropus afer | 106 | | [[File:Orycteropus afer stuffed.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[insectivore]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]] | [[Orycteropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q14334|Q14334]] | [[glutton]] | Gulo gulo | 106 | mammifero carnivore | [[File:Gulo gulo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q82738|Q82738]] | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus | 105 | | [[File:Vulpes lagopus in Iceland (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q41631|Q41631]] | [[Soricidae]] | Soricidae | 104 | | [[File:Southern short-tailed shrew.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eulipotyphla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q159429|Q159429]] | [[Papio]] | Papio | 103 | | [[File:Olive baboon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercopithecinae]]<br/>[[Papionini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q25437|Q25437]] | [[Mustelidae]] | Mustelidae | 101 | | [[File:Marten with Flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q200184|Q200184]] | [[Lutrinae]] | Lutrinae | 101 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q128098|Q128098]] | [[Canis aureus]] | Canis aureus | 101 | | [[File:033 Golden jackal in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q125525|Q125525]] | [[jackal]] | | 100 | | [[File:Golden jackal (Canis aureus indicus) male head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[Canina]] | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q25851|Q25851]] | [[Oryctolagus cuniculus]] | Oryctolagus cuniculus | 100 | | [[File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[conilio]] | [[Oryctolagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q122783|Q122783]] | [[Ursus americanus]] | Ursus americanus | 99 | | [[File:American black bear (19647087094).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q19537|Q19537]] | [[bonobo]] | Pan paniscus | 99 | specie de primate | [[File:Bonobo at Nsele Valley Park, Kinshasa, DR Congo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chimpanze]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q862089|Q862089]] | [[Giraffa]] | Giraffa | 99 | | [[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Giraffina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q82037|Q82037]] | [[Okapia johnstoni]] | Okapia johnstoni | 98 | | [[File:Okapi and son.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Okapia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q25374|Q25374]] | [[perissodactylos]] | Perissodactyla | 97 | | [[File:00296 zebra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Perissodactylamorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q10798|Q10798]] | [[Sus]] | Sus | 97 | | [[File:Zwijntje.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[animal]] | [[Suini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q81214|Q81214]] | [[Physeter macrocephalus]] | Physeter macrocephalus | 97 | | [[File:Mother and baby sperm whale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[whale]] | [[Physeter]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q123102|Q123102]] | [[Thylacinus cynocephalus]] | Thylacinus cynocephalus | 96 | | [[File:Thylacines.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Thylacinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q26046|Q26046]] | [[Martes martes]] | Martes martes | 96 | | [[File:Pine Marten (48173751702).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q2274076|Q2274076]] | [[Folivora]] | Folivora | 95 | | [[File:Bradypus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pilosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q42797|Q42797]] | [[Trichechus]] | Trichechus | 95 | | [[File:Endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) (7636816484).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Trichechidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q185939|Q185939]] | [[Hylobatidae]] | Hylobatidae | 95 | | [[File:Hylobates lar pair of white and black 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hominoide]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q25401|Q25401]] | [[Lagomorpha]] | Lagomorpha | 94 | | [[File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glires]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q133006|Q133006]] | [[Elephas maximus]] | Elephas maximus | 94 | | [[File:Asian elephant - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[elephante]] | [[Elephas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q6120|Q6120]] | [[Erinaceinae]] | Erinaceinae | 93 | | [[File:Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Erinaceidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q80952|Q80952]] | [[Panthera tigris tigris]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 93 | | [[File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 05.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[tigre]] | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q6573|Q6573]] | [[Cricetinae]] | Cricetinae | 93 | | [[File:A pet hamster named Peach.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cricetidae]] | [[Cricetidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q134015|Q134015]] | [[Suricata suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta | 92 | | [[File:Meerkat (Suricata suricatta).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q173128|Q173128]] | [[Mellivora capensis]] | Mellivora capensis | 91 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q173651|Q173651]] | [[Lycaon pictus]] | Lycaon pictus | 90 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q166794|Q166794]] | [[Otocolobus manul]] | Otocolobus manul | 90 | | [[File:Otocolobus manul -Zurich Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q124410|Q124410]] | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus | 90 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus 3 (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]]<br/>[[Selenarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q47867|Q47867]] | [[Dasypodidae]] | Dasypodidae | 90 | | [[File:Nine-banded Armadillo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cingulata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q104825|Q104825]] | [[Talpidae]] | Talpidae | 90 | | [[File:Talpa europaea MHNT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eulipotyphla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q177601|Q177601]] | [[Macaca]] | Macaca | 90 | | [[File:Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercopithecinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q36557|Q36557]] | [[Loxodonta africana]] | Loxodonta africana | 90 | | [[File:178 Male African bush elephant in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Loxodonta]] | [[Loxodonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q166898|Q166898]] | [[Suidae]] | Suidae | 89 | | [[File:Lightmatter unidentified pig-like animal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suina]]<br/>[[Suoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q172923|Q172923]] | [[Capra]] | Capra | 89 | | [[File:Bouquetin01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caprini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q25431|Q25431]] | [[Sirenia]] | Sirenia | 88 | | [[File:FL fig04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Placentarios]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Tethytheria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q28521|Q28521]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 88 | | [[File:Mustela species mosaic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q38584|Q38584]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis familiaris dingo | 88 | | [[File:Dingo Side.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[racia can]]<br/>[[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[feral dog]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q26838|Q26838]] | [[Lepus europaeus]] | Lepus europaeus | 88 | | [[File:European Brown Hare (50341079472).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eulagos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q132585|Q132585]] | [[Cuon alpinus]] | Cuon alpinus | 87 | | [[File:Dhole (Asiatic wild dog) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q103237|Q103237]] | [[Australopithecus]] | Australopithecus | 87 | | [[File:Australopithecus Afarensis - Transparent Background.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Australopithecinae]]<br/>[[Australopithecine]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q26533|Q26533]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 86 | | [[File:Martes martes crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q26423|Q26423]] | [[Martes zibellina]] | Martes zibellina | 86 | | [[File:Sobol bur.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q185194|Q185194]] | [[Vulpes]] | Vulpes | 86 | | [[File:Genus vulpes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]]<br/>[[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q131564|Q131564]] | [[Vulpes zerda]] | Vulpes zerda | 86 | | [[File:Fennec Fox (9163009503).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q128001|Q128001]] | [[Tapirus]] | Tapirus | 86 | | [[File:Malayan Tapir.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapiridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q159918|Q159918]] | [[Ceratotherium simum]] | Ceratotherium simum | 86 | | [[File:White rhinoceros africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ceratotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q132905|Q132905]] | [[Megaptera novaeangliae]] | Megaptera novaeangliae | 86 | | [[File:202312 Humpback whale.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Megaptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q21834|Q21834]] | [[Didelphidae]] | Didelphidae | 85 | | [[File:AwesomePossum-AmericanOpossum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Didelphimorphia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q159857|Q159857]] | [[Dama dama]] | Dama dama | 85 | | [[File:Fallow deer in field.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[deer]] | [[Dama]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q26283|Q26283]] | [[Ondatra zibethicus]] | Ondatra zibethicus | 85 | | [[File:Ondatra zibethicus FWS.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ondatra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q95036|Q95036]] | [[Diceros bicornis]] | Diceros bicornis | 85 | | [[File:2012 Black Rhinoceros Gemsbokvlakte.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Diceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q26582|Q26582]] | [[Mustela putorius]] | Mustela putorius | 84 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q69581|Q69581]] | [[Panthera tigris altaica]] | Panthera tigris altaica | 84 | | [[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q5452918|Q5452918]] | [[Simiiformes]] | Simiiformes | 84 | | [[File:Simiiformes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haplorrhini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q184004|Q184004]] | [[Ovibos moschatus]] | Ovibos moschatus | 84 | | [[File:Ovibos moschatus qtl3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ovibos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q132072|Q132072]] | [[Delphinapterus leucas]] | Delphinapterus leucas | 84 | | [[File:Beluga oceanografic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Delphinapterus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q23175|Q23175]] | [[Vombatidae]] | Vombatidae | 83 | | [[File:Vombatus ursinus (Wombat in snow).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vombatiformes]]<br/>[[Vombatoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q6145|Q6145]] | [[Erinaceus europaeus]] | Erinaceus europaeus | 83 | | [[File:Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Erinaceus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q42627|Q42627]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis | 83 | | [[File:Close-up of a Leopard Cat in Sundarban.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q36135|Q36135]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa | 83 | | [[File:Clouded Leopard (205918213).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q131340|Q131340]] | [[Rupicapra rupicapra]] | Rupicapra rupicapra | 83 | | [[File:064 Wild Chamois Parc régional Chasseral Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rupicapra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q21824|Q21824]] | [[echidna]] | Tachyglossidae | 82 | | [[File:Tachyglossus aculeatus side on.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monotremas|Monotremata]]<br/>[[Ornithorhynchoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q27366|Q27366]] | [[Martes foina]] | Martes foina | 82 | | [[File:Beech Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q133189|Q133189]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides | 82 | | [[File:Енотовидная собака Гродно (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q129544|Q129544]] | [[Dugong dugon]] | Dugong dugon | 81 | | [[File:Dugong Marsa Alam.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dugong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q129727|Q129727]] | [[Lynx pardinus]] | Lynx pardinus | 81 | | [[File:Lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), Almuradiel, Ciudad Real, España, 2021-12-19, DD 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q144923|Q144923]] | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus | 81 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q184224|Q184224]] | [[Rattus norvegicus]] | Rattus norvegicus | 81 | | [[File:A river rat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[Ratto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q46889|Q46889]] | [[Bos primigenius indicus]] | Bos primigenius indicus | 81 | | [[File:A well-fed bull in Kuno WS AJTJ P1070807.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[milk yielding animal]] | [[Bos taurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q182347|Q182347]] | [[leon asiatic]] | Panthera leo persica | 80 | | [[File:Asiatic Lioness in Gir Forest.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q180404|Q180404]] | [[Cervus canadensis]] | Cervus canadensis | 80 | | [[File:Jasper.Wapiti-Hirsch.P1033401.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q147114|Q147114]] | [[Procyonidae]] | Procyonidae | 79 | | [[File:Procyonidae-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q41407|Q41407]] | [[Enhydra lutris]] | Enhydra lutris | 79 | | [[File:Otter in Seward, Alaska, April 2017.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q971343|Q971343]] | [[Microchiroptera]] | Microchiroptera | 78 | | [[File:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q126683|Q126683]] | [[Saiga tatarica]] | Saiga tatarica | 78 | | [[File:Saiga antelope at the Stepnoi Sanctuary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Saiga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q10867|Q10867]] | [[Phocoenidae]] | Phocoenidae | 78 | | [[File:Porpoise 042.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Delphinoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q185864|Q185864]] | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | 77 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q178089|Q178089]] | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | Crocuta crocuta | 77 | | [[File:Hiena manchada (Crocuta crocuta), parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q171004|Q171004]] | [[Ursus arctos horribilis]] | Ursus arctos horribilis | 77 | | [[File:Grizzly Denali edit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q209067|Q209067]] | [[Talpa europaea]] | Talpa europaea | 77 | | [[File:Talpa europaea MHNT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Talpa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[:d:Q185038|Q185038]] | [[Loxodonta]] | Loxodonta | 77 | | [[File:African Bush Elephant.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[elephante]] | [[Elephante|Elephantidae]]<br/>[[Loxodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[:d:Q47910|Q47910]] | [[Rhinoceros unicornis]] | Rhinoceros unicornis | 77 | | [[File:Greater one-horned rhinoceros at Chitwan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Rhinoceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[:d:Q174296|Q174296]] | [[Gauro]] | Bos gaurus | 77 | | [[File:Gaur Indian Bison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[:d:Q185231|Q185231]] | [[Mirounga]] | Mirounga | 76 | | [[File:Mirounga leonina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[:d:Q42602|Q42602]] | [[felinos]] | Felinae | 76 | | [[File:Felinae diversity 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[:d:Q146457|Q146457]] | [[Lynx canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis | 76 | | [[File:Canada lynx by Michael Zahra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[:d:Q187704|Q187704]] | [[Myocastor coypus]] | Myocastor coypus | 76 | | [[File:202401 Myocastor coypus.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myocastor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[:d:Q156606|Q156606]] | [[Macaca mulatta]] | Macaca mulatta | 76 | | [[File:112 Baby rhesus macaque in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[:d:Q190858|Q190858]] | [[Gazella]] | Gazella | 76 | | [[File:Chinkara - Shreeram M V - Bikaner.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antilopini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[:d:Q190674|Q190674]] | [[Prionailurus viverrinus]] | Prionailurus viverrinus | 75 | | [[File:Prionailurus viverrinus 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[:d:Q192231|Q192231]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Profelis aurata | 75 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[:d:Q182968|Q182968]] | [[Cercopithecidae]] | Cercopithecidae | 75 | | [[File:Olive baboon Ngorongoro.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercopithecoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[:d:Q183339|Q183339]] | [[Antilope cervicapra]] | Antilope cervicapra | 75 | | [[File:BlackBuck.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antilope]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[:d:Q213084|Q213084]] | [[Antidorcas marsupialis]] | Antidorcas marsupialis | 75 | | [[File:174 Male Springbok in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antidorcas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[:d:Q23193|Q23193]] | [[Macropodidae]] | Macropodidae | 74 | | [[File:Kangaroo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macropodiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[:d:Q26547|Q26547]] | [[Yak salvage]] | Bos mutus | 74 | | [[File:Wild Yak Stuffed.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Bos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[:d:Q26559|Q26559]] | [[Mustela lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola | 73 | | [[File:Europäischer Nerz.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[:d:Q188657|Q188657]] | [[Hyaena hyaena]] | Hyaena hyaena | 73 | | [[File:Museo della Specola (Florence) - Hyaena hyaena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[:d:Q27179|Q27179]] | [[Neovison vison]] | Neogale vison | 73 | | [[File:American Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison]]<br/>[[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[:d:Q182304|Q182304]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi | 73 | | [[File:Puma yagouaroundi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[:d:Q108235|Q108235]] | [[Gliridae]] | Gliridae | 73 | | [[File:Graphiurus spec -murinus-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciuromorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[:d:Q180035|Q180035]] | [[Lepus timidus]] | Lepus timidus | 73 | | [[File:Lepus timidus in Volgograd Oblast.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lepus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[:d:Q190516|Q190516]] | [[Cervus nippon]] | Cervus nippon | 73 | | [[File:202308 Japanese deer.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[:d:Q174199|Q174199]] | [[Tursiops truncatus]] | Tursiops truncatus | 73 | | [[File:Tursiops truncatus 01-cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tursiops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[:d:Q231550|Q231550]] | [[Scandentia]] | Scandentia | 72 | | [[File:Tupaia belangeri -Kaeng Krachan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euarchonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[:d:Q185385|Q185385]] | [[Lemur catta]] | Lemur catta | 72 | | [[File:Lemur catta 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lemur]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[:d:Q29220|Q29220]] | [[Dicerorhinus sumatrensis]] | Dicerorhinus sumatrensis | 72 | | [[File:Sumatran Rhino 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dicerorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[:d:Q216815|Q216815]] | [[Taurotragus oryx]] | Taurotragus oryx | 72 | | [[File:Taurotragus oryx - young bull - Etosha 2015.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taurotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[:d:Q26913|Q26913]] | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | 71 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[:d:Q185295|Q185295]] | [[Proteles cristata]] | Proteles cristata | 71 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[:d:Q145016|Q145016]] | [[Melursus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus | 71 | | [[File:SlothBear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[:d:Q186778|Q186778]] | [[Daubentonia madagascariensis]] | Daubentonia madagascariensis | 71 | | [[File:Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), Tsimbazaza Zoo, Madagascar (3897947810).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Daubentonia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[:d:Q189514|Q189514]] | [[Loxodonta cyclotis]] | Loxodonta cyclotis | 71 | | [[File:Loxodontacyclotis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Loxodonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[:d:Q168327|Q168327]] | [[Capra ibex]] | Capra ibex | 71 | | [[File:094 Wild female Alpine Ibex at Creux du Van (crop) Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[:d:Q180960|Q180960]] | [[Equus hemionus]] | Equus hemionus | 71 | | [[File:Kulan (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[:d:Q192930|Q192930]] | [[Chinchilla]] | Chinchilla | 70 | | [[File:Chinchilla lanigera (Wroclaw zoo)-2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Rodentia]] | [[Chinchillidae]]<br/>[[Chinchillinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[:d:Q147128|Q147128]] | [[Glis glis]] | Glis glis | 70 | | [[File:Glis glis 4058.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[:d:Q179020|Q179020]] | [[Balaenoptera physalus]] | Balaenoptera physalus | 70 | | [[File:Finhval.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Balaenidae]] | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[:d:Q230177|Q230177]] | [[Pantherinae]] | Pantherinae | 69 | | [[File:Jaguar head shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[:d:Q188717|Q188717]] | [[Smilodon]] | Smilodon | 69 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus mount.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[:d:Q243359|Q243359]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 69 | | [[File:Black bear large.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[:d:Q185239|Q185239]] | [[Galagidae]] | Galagidae | 69 | | [[File:Greater Bush Baby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lorisiformes]]<br/>[[Lorisoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[:d:Q186267|Q186267]] | [[Ovis ammon]] | Ovis ammon | 69 | | [[File:Ovis ammon (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ovis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[:d:Q200444|Q200444]] | [[Boselaphus tragocamelus]] | Boselaphus tragocamelus | 69 | | [[File:Female neelgai 1 gir 2006 karthick.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Boselaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[:d:Q26332|Q26332]] | [[Diprotodontia]] | Diprotodontia | 68 | | [[File:Macropus agilis - 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mammiferos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[:d:Q185230|Q185230]] | [[Pteropodidae]] | Pteropodidae | 68 | | [[File:Pteropus conspicillatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[:d:Q18764|Q18764]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | 68 | | [[File:Asian palm civet in Rabindra Sarobar October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[:d:Q213141|Q213141]] | [[Arctictis binturong]] | Arctictis binturong | 68 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[:d:Q187024|Q187024]] | [[Vulpes corsac]] | Vulpes corsac | 68 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[:d:Q214835|Q214835]] | [[Vulpes bengalensis]] | Vulpes bengalensis | 68 | | [[File:Bengal Fox - Shreeram M V - Rajasthan, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[:d:Q182573|Q182573]] | [[liger]] | Panthera leo × Panthera tigris | 68 | | [[File:Liger couple.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[:d:Q106133|Q106133]] | [[Rattus rattus]] | Rattus rattus | 68 | | [[File:20191212 Szczury w Świątyni Karni Maty w Deśnok 1038 8111 DxO.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ratto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[:d:Q186154|Q186154]] | [[Giraffidae]] | Giraffidae | 68 | | [[File:Okapi.bristol.600pix.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Giraffoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[:d:Q130942|Q130942]] | [[Theria]] | Theria | 67 | | [[File:Theria.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Boreosphenida]]<br/>[[Holotheria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[:d:Q183330|Q183330]] | [[Cryptoprocta ferox]] | Cryptoprocta ferox | 67 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[:d:Q82261|Q82261]] | [[Haplorrhini]] | Haplorhini | 67 | | [[File:Totenkopfaeffchen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[primate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[:d:Q82265|Q82265]] | [[Strepsirrhini]] | Strepsirrhini | 67 | | [[File:Propithecus verreauxi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[primate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[:d:Q199251|Q199251]] | [[Spermophilus]] | Spermophilus | 67 | | [[File:Europäischer Ziesel in Hockstellung.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Marmotini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[:d:Q199962|Q199962]] | [[Macaca sylvanus]] | Macaca sylvanus | 67 | | [[File:Portrait of a father.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[:d:Q13408062|Q13408062]] | [[Yak domestic]] | Bos grunniens | 67 | | [[File:Bos grunniens at Letdar on Annapurna Circuit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[:d:Q192029|Q192029]] | [[Nasalis larvatus]] | Nasalis larvatus | 67 | | [[File:Proboscis Monkey in Borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Nasalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[:d:Q190154|Q190154]] | [[Addax nasomaculatus]] | Addax nasomaculatus | 67 | | [[File:Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) adult male and juvenile.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Addax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[:d:Q187927|Q187927]] | [[Capra falconeri]] | Capra falconeri | 67 | | [[File:Markhor Schraubenziege Capra falconeri Zoo Augsburg-02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[:d:Q174652|Q174652]] | [[Balaena mysticetus]] | Balaena mysticetus | 67 | | [[File:Bowheads42.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[:d:Q178973|Q178973]] | [[Mustela putorius furo]] | Mustela furo | 66 | | [[File:202305 Mustela putorius furo.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[:d:Q726151|Q726151]] | [[Setonix brachyurus]] | Setonix brachyurus | 66 | | [[File:Rottnest Quokka 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Setonix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[:d:Q80191|Q80191]] | [[catto marmorate]] | Pardofelis marmorata | 66 | | [[File:Marbled cat borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[:d:Q184067|Q184067]] | [[Ochotona]] | Ochotona | 66 | | [[File:American pika (ochotona princeps) with a mouthful of flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ochotonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[:d:Q193061|Q193061]] | [[Cricetidae]] | Cricetidae | 66 | | [[File:Hamster.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Rodentia]] | [[Muroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[:d:Q232866|Q232866]] | [[Tayassuidae]] | Tayassuidae | 66 | | [[File:Collared peccary02 - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suina]]<br/>[[artiodactylos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[:d:Q189868|Q189868]] | [[Mandrillus sphinx]] | Mandrillus sphinx | 66 | | [[File:Mandrill (4531340530).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mandrillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[:d:Q232054|Q232054]] | [[Axis axis]] | Axis axis | 66 | | [[File:Chital in Sundarbans National Park July 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Axis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[:d:Q105777|Q105777]] | [[Homo ergaster]] | Homo ergaster | 66 | | [[File:Homo ergaster.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[:d:Q1231177|Q1231177]] | [[Ungulata]] | Ungulata | 65 | | [[File:Donkey in Clovelly, North Devon, England.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Tetrapoda]] | [[Placentarios]]<br/>[[Epitheria]]<br/>[[Fereuungulata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[:d:Q186462|Q186462]] | [[Lemuridae]] | Lemuridae | 65 | | [[File:Eulemur coronatus Madagascar 16-07-2004.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lemuroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[:d:Q22110899|Q22110899]] | [[Choeropsis liberiensis]] | Choeropsis liberiensis | 65 | | [[File:Pygmy hippopotamus pair.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Choeropsis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[:d:Q229337|Q229337]] | [[Rusa unicolor]] | Rusa unicolor | 65 | | [[File:A Sambal Deer at Peace.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[:d:Q45969|Q45969]] | [[Equus quagga quagga]] | Equus quagga quagga | 65 | | [[File:Berlin Quagga.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Equus quagga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[:d:Q210872|Q210872]] | [[Platanista gangetica]] | Platanista gangetica | 65 | | [[File:Ganges River Dolphin cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Platanista]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[:d:Q188130|Q188130]] | [[Lipotes vexillifer]] | Lipotes vexillifer | 65 | | [[File:Baiji Dolphin killed by Charles Hoy 1914.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lipotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[:d:Q186663|Q186663]] | [[Hydrurga leptonyx]] | Hydrurga leptonyx | 64 | | [[File:Hydrurga leptonyx edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrurga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[:d:Q191129|Q191129]] | [[Panthera tigris sumatrae]] | Panthera tigris sumatrae | 64 | | [[File:Sumatran Tiger Berlin Tierpark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[:d:Q9490|Q9490]] | [[Pteromyini]] | Pteromyini | 64 | | [[File:Glaucomys sabrinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[:d:Q231625|Q231625]] | [[Lepus arcticus]] | Lepus arcticus | 64 | | [[File:Arctic Hare 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lepus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[:d:Q188949|Q188949]] | [[Coelodonta antiquitatis]] | Coelodonta antiquitatis | 64 | | [[File:Coelodonta antiquitatis .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Coelodonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[:d:Q234121|Q234121]] | [[Muntiacus]] | Muntiacus | 64 | | [[File:Muntiacus reevesi, Cologne Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muntiacini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[:d:Q187943|Q187943]] | [[Antilocapra americana]] | Antilocapra americana | 64 | | [[File:Antilocapra americana female (Wyoming, 2012).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antilocapra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[:d:Q27370|Q27370]] | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus | 63 | | [[File:Halichoerus grypus male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[:d:Q241256|Q241256]] | [[Civettictis civetta]] | Civettictis civetta | 63 | | [[File:African civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[:d:Q184389|Q184389]] | [[Chrysocyon brachyurus]] | Chrysocyon brachyurus | 63 | | [[File:Chrysocyon brachyurus no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra por Celso Ferrarezi Jr (07).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[:d:Q8535351|Q8535351]] | [[Tragulidae]] | Tragulidae | 63 | | [[File:Mouse-deer Singapore Zoo 2012.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragulina]]<br/>[[artiodactylos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[:d:Q189484|Q189484]] | [[Papio hamadryas]] | Papio hamadryas | 63 | | [[File:Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[:d:Q193469|Q193469]] | [[Budorcas taxicolor]] | Budorcas taxicolor | 63 | | [[File:Budorcas taxicolor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Budorcas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[:d:Q219565|Q219565]] | [[Equus grevyi]] | Equus grevyi | 63 | | [[File:Equus grevyi in Samburu.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[:d:Q232829|Q232829]] | [[Balaenopteridae]] | Balaenopteridae | 63 | | [[File:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenopteroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[:d:Q207114|Q207114]] | [[Delphinus delphis]] | Delphinus delphis | 63 | | [[File:Delphinus delphis 326708883.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Delphinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[:d:Q203033|Q203033]] | [[Myrmecophaga tridactyla]] | Myrmecophaga tridactyla | 62 | | [[File:Giant anteater at MAV-USP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myrmecophaga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[:d:Q53462|Q53462]] | [[Macropus rufus]] | Macropus rufus | 62 | | [[File:Red kangaroo - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[:d:Q204322|Q204322]] | [[Felis bieti]] | Felis bieti | 62 | | [[File:Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis Bieti) in XiNing Wild Zoo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[:d:Q200400|Q200400]] | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis | 62 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[:d:Q302006|Q302006]] | [[Hystricidae]] | Hystricidae | 62 | | [[File:Porcupine Berlin Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[porcupine]] | [[Hystricognathi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[:d:Q273071|Q273071]] | [[Dipodidae]] | Dipodidae | 62 | | [[File:Jaculus orientalis Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dipodoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[:d:Q207148|Q207148]] | [[Muscardinus avellanarius]] | Muscardinus avellanarius | 62 | | [[File:Haselmaus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscardinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[:d:Q139487|Q139487]] | [[Tragelaphus strepsiceros]] | Tragelaphus strepsiceros | 62 | | [[File:Greater kudu skeleton at MAV-USP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Kudu]] | [[Tragelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[:d:Q192993|Q192993]] | [[Homo erectus erectus]] | Homo erectus erectus | 62 | | [[File:Javamensch Replik Rosensteinmuseum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo erectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[:d:Q179154|Q179154]] | [[Eschrichtius robustus]] | Eschrichtius robustus | 62 | | [[File:Gray whale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eschrichtius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[:d:Q972452|Q972452]] | [[Vermilingua]] | Vermilingua | 61 | | [[File:DirkvdM tamandua.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pilosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[:d:Q3887135|Q3887135]] | [[Otariinae]] | Otariinae | 61 | | [[File:California sea lion in La Jolla (70568).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Otariidae]] | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[:d:Q208549|Q208549]] | [[Monachus monachus]] | Monachus monachus | 61 | | [[File:Billy monk seal 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[:d:Q192742|Q192742]] | [[Panthera tigris corbetti]] | Panthera tigris corbetti | 61 | | [[File:Indochinese tiger in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[:d:Q208561|Q208561]] | [[Papio anubis]] | Papio anubis | 61 | | [[File:Male Olive Baboon 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[:d:Q191781|Q191781]] | [[Macaca fuscata]] | Macaca fuscata | 61 | | [[File:202308 Japanese macaque.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[:d:Q623434|Q623434]] | [[Kobus ellipsiprymnus]] | Kobus ellipsiprymnus | 61 | | [[File:Antílope acuático (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), parque nacional de Chobe, Botsuana, 2018-07-28, DD 49.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Kobus]] | [[Wasserbock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[:d:Q644255|Q644255]] | [[Cervus]] | Cervus | 61 | | [[File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[:d:Q243213|Q243213]] | [[Equus zebra]] | Equus zebra | 61 | | [[File:Equus zebra - Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge, Orlando, Florida, USA - 20100119.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[:d:Q3699044|Q3699044]] | [[Woolly Mammoth]] | Mammuthus primigenius | 61 | | [[File:202003 Woolly mammoth.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mammuthus|Mammut]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[:d:Q45931|Q45931]] | [[Peking Man]] | Homo erectus pekinensis | 61 | | [[File:Sinathropus pekinensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo erectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[:d:Q185097|Q185097]] | [[Balaenoptera borealis]] | Balaenoptera borealis | 61 | | [[File:Balaenoptera borealis 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[:d:Q190691|Q190691]] | [[Desmodontinae]] | Desmodontinae | 60 | | [[File:Desmo-boden.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phyllostomidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[:d:Q147267|Q147267]] | [[Didelphis virginiana]] | Didelphis virginiana | 60 | | [[File:Opossum 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Didelphis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[:d:Q149405|Q149405]] | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus | 60 | | [[File:Bartrobbe 3-2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | [[Erignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[:d:Q28157482|Q28157482]] | [[Parahyaena brunnea]] | Parahyaena brunnea | 60 | | [[File:Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) (6472940707).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[:d:Q254630|Q254630]] | [[Potos flavus]] | Potos flavus | 60 | | [[File:Potos flavus (8973438737).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[:d:Q185401|Q185401]] | [[Panthera tigris balica]] | Panthera tigris balica | 60 | | [[File:BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[:d:Q30359|Q30359]] | [[Cynomys]] | Cynomys | 60 | | [[File:Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Eating.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Marmotini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[:d:Q622880|Q622880]] | [[Alcelaphus buselaphus]] | Alcelaphus buselaphus | 60 | | [[File:Coke's Hartebeest, running.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alcelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[:d:Q212185|Q212185]] | [[Apodemus sylvaticus]] | Apodemus sylvaticus | 60 | | [[File:Apodemus sylvaticus (Sardinia).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apodemus]]<br/>[[Sylvaemus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[:d:Q207043|Q207043]] | [[Oryx gazella]] | Oryx gazella | 60 | | [[File:Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) female ... (50917402268).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[:d:Q213889|Q213889]] | [[Symphalangus syndactylus]] | Symphalangus syndactylus | 60 | | [[File:Siamang 2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Symphalangus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[:d:Q242602|Q242602]] | [[Oreamnos americanus]] | Oreamnos americanus | 60 | | [[File:Mountain Goat Mount Massive.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oreamnos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[:d:Q215887|Q215887]] | [[Odocoileus virginianus]] | Odocoileus virginianus | 60 | | [[File:White tailed doe odocoileus virginianus standing alertly in low brush and looking.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odocoileus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[:d:Q208112|Q208112]] | [[Litocranius walleri]] | Litocranius walleri | 60 | | [[File:Giraffe gazelle africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Litocranius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[:d:Q201808|Q201808]] | [[Balaenoptera acutorostrata]] | Balaenoptera acutorostrata | 60 | | [[File:Balaenoptera-acutorostrata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[:d:Q27027|Q27027]] | [[Phocoena phocoena]] | Phocoena phocoena | 60 | | [[File:Daan Close Up.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocoena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[:d:Q213333|Q213333]] | [[Dasyuromorphia]] | Dasyuromorphia | 59 | | [[File:Dasyurus maculatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Australidelphia]]<br/>[[Marsupiales|Marsupialia]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Agreodontia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[:d:Q43221|Q43221]] | [[Genetta]] | Genetta | 59 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[:d:Q191737|Q191737]] | [[Speothos venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus | 59 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[:d:Q192967|Q192967]] | [[Panthera pardus orientalis]] | Panthera pardus orientalis | 59 | | [[File:Amur Leopard Panthera pardus orientalis Facing Forward 1761px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[:d:Q237260|Q237260]] | [[Ursus arctos middendorffi]] | Ursus arctos middendorffi | 59 | | [[File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[:d:Q188957|Q188957]] | [[Canis simensis]] | Canis simensis | 59 | | [[File:Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[:d:Q243339|Q243339]] | [[Pteromys volans]] | Pteromys volans | 59 | | [[File:Lendorava pabulad.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteromys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[:d:Q192272|Q192272]] | [[Mammut]] | Mammut | 59 | | [[File:American mastodon with calf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mammutidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[:d:Q205329|Q205329]] | [[Inia geoffrensis]] | Inia geoffrensis | 59 | | [[File:Amazonas Flussdelfin Apure Orinoco Duisburg 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Inia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[:d:Q271459|Q271459]] | [[Mustela sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica | 58 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica Russia5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[:d:Q70529|Q70529]] | [[Vormela peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna | 58 | | [[File:Marbled Polecat, Suzakskiy, Kazakhstan 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[:d:Q215250|Q215250]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus | 58 | | [[File:Gray fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[:d:Q309274|Q309274]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus | 58 | | [[File:Rostkatze.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[:d:Q14592562|Q14592562]] | [[Bassaricyon neblina]] | Bassaricyon neblina | 58 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[:d:Q188535|Q188535]] | [[Panthera tigris virgata]] | Panthera tigris virgata | 58 | | [[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[:d:Q237157|Q237157]] | [[Platyrrhini]] | Platyrrhini | 58 | | [[File:BrownSpiderMonkey (edit2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Simiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[:d:Q258244|Q258244]] | [[Ateles]] | Ateles | 58 | | [[File:Ateles fusciceps Colombia.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[:d:Q27016|Q27016]] | [[Arvicola amphibius]] | Arvicola amphibius | 58 | | [[File:Water.vole.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[homotypic synonym]] | | [[Arvicola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[:d:Q658179|Q658179]] | [[Oryx]] | Oryx | 58 | | [[File:Oryx gazella (Chudop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippotraginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[:d:Q193400|Q193400]] | [[Tragelaphus eurycerus]] | Tragelaphus eurycerus | 58 | | [[File:Bongo Burger Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[:d:Q208140|Q208140]] | [[Equus africanus]] | Equus africanus | 58 | | [[File:African wild Ass.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[:d:Q273331|Q273331]] | [[Orcaella brevirostris]] | Orcaella brevirostris | 58 | | [[File:Irrawaddy Dolphin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Orcaella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[:d:Q187484|Q187484]] | [[Hydrodamalis gigas]] | Hydrodamalis gigas | 57 | | [[File:Hydrodamalis gigas skeleton - Finnish Museum of Natural History - DSC04529.JPG|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Hydrodamalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[:d:Q203208|Q203208]] | [[Phoca hispida]] | Pusa hispida | 57 | | [[File:Phoca hispida.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[:d:Q83774|Q83774]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis | 57 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[:d:Q232129|Q232129]] | [[Taxidea taxus]] | Taxidea taxus | 57 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[:d:Q200848|Q200848]] | [[Panthera tigris amoyensis]] | Panthera tigris amoyensis | 57 | | [[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[:d:Q208077|Q208077]] | [[Cricetus cricetus]] | Cricetus cricetus | 57 | | [[File:Hamster.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cricetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[:d:Q328809|Q328809]] | [[gnu blau]] | Connochaetes taurinus | 57 | | [[File:Blue Wildebeest, Ngorongoro.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gnu]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[:d:Q194080|Q194080]] | [[Theropithecus gelada]] | Theropithecus gelada | 57 | | [[File:Southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscura) female with baby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Theropithecus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[:d:Q460977|Q460977]] | [[Gazella subgutturosa]] | Gazella subgutturosa | 57 | | [[File:Female goitered gazelle, Shirvan National Park, Azerbaijan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gazella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[:d:Q506308|Q506308]] | [[Rucervus duvaucelii]] | Rucervus duvaucelii | 57 | | [[File:Barasingha females.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rucervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[:d:Q275615|Q275615]] | [[Ourebia ourebi]] | Ourebia ourebi | 57 | | [[File:Sudan Oribi (Ourebia montana) female (18199933351).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ourebia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[:d:Q599672|Q599672]] | [[Pongo pygmaeus]] | Pongo pygmaeus | 57 | | [[File:Nanga with male baby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[endemic species]] | | [[Pongo (taxon)|Pongo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[:d:Q311212|Q311212]] | [[Paraceratherium]] | Paraceratherium | 57 | | [[File:Indricotherium skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Paraceratheriidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[:d:Q203897|Q203897]] | [[Grampus griseus]] | Grampus griseus | 57 | | [[File:Rundkopfdelfin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Grampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[:d:Q1241332|Q1241332]] | [[Pteropus]] | Pteropus | 56 | | [[File:Bristol.zoo.livfruitbat.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteropodidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[:d:Q242419|Q242419]] | [[numbat]] | Myrmecobius fasciatus | 56 | | [[File:Numbat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myrmecobius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[:d:Q193182|Q193182]] | [[Tachyglossus aculeatus]] | Tachyglossus aculeatus | 56 | | [[File:Wild shortbeak echidna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tachyglossus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[:d:Q272933|Q272933]] | [[Vulpes chama]] | Vulpes chama | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes chama (Etosha).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[:d:Q319070|Q319070]] | [[Vulpes ferrilata]] | Vulpes ferrilata | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes ferrilata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[:d:Q200442|Q200442]] | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | Canis lupus rufus | 56 | | [[File:07-03-23RedWolfAlbanyGAChehaw.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[:d:Q685772|Q685772]] | [[Caviidae]] | Caviidae | 56 | | [[File:Wildmeerschweinchen-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hystricognathi]]<br/>[[Cavioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[:d:Q203868|Q203868]] | [[Indri indri]] | Indri indri | 56 | | [[File:Indri indri 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Indri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[:d:Q192710|Q192710]] | [[Tapirus indicus]] | Tapirus indicus | 56 | | [[File:Malayan Tapir.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[:d:Q301676|Q301676]] | [[Macaca fascicularis]] | Macaca fascicularis | 56 | | [[File:Macaca fascicularis, Ubud Monkey Forest, Bali, 20220822 1053 0059.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[:d:Q234597|Q234597]] | [[Tragelaphus spekii]] | Tragelaphus spekii | 56 | | [[File:Sitatunga (1).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[:d:Q216263|Q216263]] | [[Madoqua]] | Madoqua | 56 | | [[File:Dik-dik (male) -Tarangire National Park -Tanzania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neotragini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[:d:Q218792|Q218792]] | [[Pseudoryx nghetinhensis]] | Pseudoryx nghetinhensis | 56 | | [[File:Pseudoryx nghetinhensis.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Pseudoryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[:d:Q210358|Q210358]] | [[Vespertilionidae]] | Vespertilionidae | 55 | | [[File:Abendsegler-drawing.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Microchiroptera]]<br/>[[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]]<br/>[[Vespertilionoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[:d:Q9324400|Q9324400]] | [[Macroscelididae]] | Macroscelididae | 55 | | [[File:Elephantulus rupestris 57766063.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macroscelidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[:d:Q4535|Q4535]] | [[Pusa sibirica]] | Pusa sibirica | 55 | | [[File:Из жизни байкальской нерпы близ Ушканьих островов 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[:d:Q244277|Q244277]] | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea | 55 | | [[File:Small-clawed otter from Western Ghats.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[:d:Q373558|Q373558]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus | 55 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[:d:Q200381|Q200381]] | [[Panthera tigris sondaica]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 55 | | [[File:Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[:d:Q206930|Q206930]] | [[Catarrhini]] | Catarrhini | 55 | | [[File:Petit-cercopithecus-hamlyni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Simiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[:d:Q81063|Q81063]] | [[Lepus americanus]] | Lepus americanus | 55 | | [[File:Lepus americanus 5459 cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilolagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[:d:Q216580|Q216580]] | [[bank vole]] | Myodes glareolus | 55 | | [[File:BankVole.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[red-backed vole]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[:d:Q272293|Q272293]] | [[Pantholops hodgsonii]] | Pantholops hodgsonii | 55 | | [[File:Atilope du Tibet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantholops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[:d:Q237267|Q237267]] | [[Kobus kob]] | Kobus kob | 55 | | [[File:Ugandan kob (Kobus kob thomasi) male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Kobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[:d:Q239381|Q239381]] | [[Hippotragus niger]] | Hippotragus niger | 55 | | [[File:Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) adult male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[:d:Q243727|Q243727]] | [[Microtus arvalis]] | Microtus arvalis | 55 | | [[File:Feldmaus Microtus arvalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Microtus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[:d:Q322141|Q322141]] | [[Ammotragus lervia]] | Ammotragus lervia | 55 | | [[File:Two Barbary sheep.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ammotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[:d:Q107685|Q107685]] | [[Australopithecus afarensis]] | Australopithecus afarensis | 55 | | [[File:Lucy Mexico.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[early human migrations]] | [[Australopithecus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[:d:Q533451|Q533451]] | [[Muntiacus muntjak]] | Muntiacus muntjak | 55 | | [[File:Muntiacus muntjak 34068208 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muntiacus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | [[:d:Q192573|Q192573]] | [[Hydropotes inermis]] | Hydropotes inermis | 55 | | [[File:Shammy.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydropotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | [[:d:Q310846|Q310846]] | [[Homo antecessor]] | Homo antecessor | 55 | | [[File:Homo antecessor.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[Hominini]] | [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]]<br/>[[Homo erectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | [[:d:Q20962857|Q20962857]] | [[Homo naledi]] | Homo naledi | 55 | | [[File:Homo naledi skeletal specimens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[:d:Q190508|Q190508]] | [[Moschus moschiferus]] | Moschus moschiferus | 55 | | [[File:Moschus moschiferus in Plzen zoo (12.02.2011).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Moschus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | [[:d:Q649306|Q649306]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon | 54 | | [[File:Herpestes ichneumon Египетский мангуст, или фараонова крыса, или ихневмо́н.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | [[:d:Q215343|Q215343]] | [[Mirounga leonina]] | Mirounga leonina | 54 | | [[File:0046 Tiere der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | [[:d:Q217291|Q217291]] | [[Vulpes cana]] | Vulpes cana | 54 | | [[File:Blandford's fox 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 321 | [[:d:Q269871|Q269871]] | [[Neofelis]] | Neofelis | 54 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 322 | [[:d:Q205935|Q205935]] | [[Dusicyon australis]] | Dusicyon australis | 54 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 323 | [[:d:Q321376|Q321376]] | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | Cerdocyon thous | 54 | | [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 324 | [[:d:Q274177|Q274177]] | [[Prionailurus planiceps]] | Prionailurus planiceps | 54 | | [[File:Flat-headed cat 1 Jim Sanderson 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 325 | [[:d:Q215836|Q215836]] | [[Panthera tigris jacksoni]] | Panthera tigris jacksoni | 54 | | [[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]]<br/>[[Mainland Asian tiger]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 326 | [[:d:Q369889|Q369889]] | [[Suncus etruscus]] | Suncus etruscus | 54 | | [[File:Suncus etruscus crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suncus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 327 | [[:d:Q323847|Q323847]] | [[Procavia capensis]] | Procavia capensis | 54 | | [[File:Cape Dassie.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 328 | [[:d:Q244770|Q244770]] | [[Gerbillinae]] | Gerbillinae | 54 | | [[File:Chibita gerbil 2002 10 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Murides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 329 | [[:d:Q60205|Q60205]] | [[Tarsius]] | Tarsius | 54 | | [[File:Tarsius spectrumgurskyae 339769929.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tarsiidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 330 | [[:d:Q209516|Q209516]] | [[Micromys minutus]] | Micromys minutus | 54 | | [[File:Micromys minutus - British Wildlife Centre.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[animal]] | | [[Micromys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 331 | [[:d:Q471785|Q471785]] | [[Hippotragus equinus]] | Hippotragus equinus | 54 | | [[File:Hippotragus equinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 332 | [[:d:Q237286|Q237286]] | [[Oryx leucoryx]] | Oryx leucoryx | 54 | | [[File:Oryx.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 333 | [[:d:Q207906|Q207906]] | [[Elaphurus davidianus]] | Elaphurus davidianus | 54 | | [[File:Elaphurus davidianus - 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Elaphurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 334 | [[:d:Q273580|Q273580]] | [[Tetracerus quadricornis]] | Tetracerus quadricornis | 54 | | [[File:Four-horned Antelope.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tetracerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 335 | [[:d:Q782603|Q782603]] | [[Balaenidae]] | Balaenidae | 54 | | [[File:Eubalaena glacialis with calf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cetacea]] | [[Balaenoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 336 | [[:d:Q40261|Q40261]] | [[Trichechus manatus]] | Trichechus manatus | 53 | | [[File:Manatee with calf.PD - colour corrected.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Trichechus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 337 | [[:d:Q209324|Q209324]] | [[Pagophilus groenlandicus]] | Pagophilus groenlandicus | 53 | | [[File:Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), Greenland Sea IMG 5006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pagophilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 338 | [[:d:Q220248|Q220248]] | [[Martes flavigula]] | Martes flavigula | 53 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]]<br/>[[Charronia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 339 | [[:d:Q584064|Q584064]] | [[Martes pennanti]] | Martes pennanti | 53 | | [[File:Fisher (animal).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 340 | [[:d:Q295994|Q295994]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii | 53 | | [[File:Rüppell's fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 341 | [[:d:Q176901|Q176901]] | [[Pipistrellus pipistrellus]] | Pipistrellus pipistrellus | 53 | | [[File:Pipistrellus pipistrellus lateral.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 342 | [[:d:Q496689|Q496689]] | [[Aenocyon dirus]] | Aenocyon dirus | 53 | | [[File:Canis dirus Skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 343 | [[:d:Q23340|Q23340]] | [[Tenrecidae]] | Tenrecidae | 53 | | [[File:Gewone tenrek 5.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tenrecomorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 344 | [[:d:Q37212|Q37212]] | [[Lemuriformes]] | Lemuriformes | 53 | | [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strepsirrhini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 345 | [[:d:Q748185|Q748185]] | [[Lepus capensis]] | Lepus capensis | 53 | | [[File:Cape Hare, near Prince Albert, Western Cape, South Africa - panoramio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lepus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 346 | [[:d:Q1114471|Q1114471]] | [[Tarsiidae]] | Tarsiidae | 53 | | [[File:Tarsier Hugs Mossy Branch.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tarsiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 347 | [[:d:Q286088|Q286088]] | [[Cavia]] | Cavia | 53 | | [[File:Wildmeerschweinchen-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caviinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 348 | [[:d:Q204175|Q204175]] | [[Mesocricetus auratus]] | Mesocricetus auratus | 53 | | [[File:Golden hamster front 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cricetinae]] | [[Mesocricetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 349 | [[:d:Q329187|Q329187]] | [[Tamias sibiricus]] | Tamias sibiricus | 53 | | [[File:Streifenhoernchen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[invasive species]] | | [[Eutamias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 350 | [[:d:Q751636|Q751636]] | [[Papio cynocephalus]] | Papio cynocephalus | 53 | | [[File:Amboseli National Park, Kenya (53470637505).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 351 | [[:d:Q221434|Q221434]] | [[Mandrillus leucophaeus]] | Mandrillus leucophaeus | 53 | | [[File:Drill Lincolnparkzoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mandrillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 352 | [[:d:Q372169|Q372169]] | [[Axis porcinus]] | Axis porcinus | 53 | | [[File:Axis porcinus - Flickr - Lip Kee (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 353 | [[:d:Q233608|Q233608]] | [[Equus ferus ferus]] | Equus ferus ferus | 53 | | [[File:Kherson tarpan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Equus ferus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 354 | [[:d:Q221056|Q221056]] | [[Balaenoptera brydei]] | Balaenoptera brydei | 53 | | [[File:Balaenoptera brydei.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 355 | [[:d:Q215332|Q215332]] | [[Stenella coeruleoalba]] | Stenella coeruleoalba | 53 | | [[File:Stenella coeruleoalba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stenella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 356 | [[:d:Q193683|Q193683]] | [[Eubalaena glacialis]] | Eubalaena glacialis | 53 | | [[File:Eubalaena glacialis with calf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eubalaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 357 | [[:d:Q206538|Q206538]] | [[Myrmecophagidae]] | Myrmecophagidae | 52 | | [[File:Myresluger2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vermilingua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 358 | [[:d:Q446882|Q446882]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 52 | | [[File:Fischotter Lutra lutra1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 359 | [[:d:Q210708|Q210708]] | [[Plecotus auritus]] | Plecotus auritus | 52 | | [[File:Plecotus auritus 2013-2 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Plecotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 360 | [[:d:Q737413|Q737413]] | [[Rhinolophus ferrumequinum]] | Rhinolophus ferrumequinum | 52 | | [[File:Greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) Hrdovicka.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhinolophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 361 | [[:d:Q513081|Q513081]] | [[civetta de palma african]] | Nandinia binotata | 52 | specie de mammifero carnivore | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nandinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 362 | [[:d:Q626023|Q626023]] | [[Mirounga angustirostris]] | Mirounga angustirostris | 52 | | [[File:Elephant seals fighting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 363 | [[:d:Q42592|Q42592]] | [[Prionailurus]] | Prionailurus | 52 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 364 | [[:d:Q270748|Q270748]] | [[Puma]] | Puma | 52 | | [[File:Puma - 49044464307.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 365 | [[:d:Q1383362|Q1383362]] | [[tigon]] | Panthera tigris × Panthera leo | 52 | | [[File:Tigon4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 366 | [[:d:Q275163|Q275163]] | [[Neofelis diardi]] | Neofelis diardi | 52 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 367 | [[:d:Q221094|Q221094]] | [[leon berbere]] | Panthera leo leo | 52 | | [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[population]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 368 | [[:d:Q368623|Q368623]] | [[Lorisidae]] | Lorisidae | 52 | | [[File:Loris tardigradus tardigradus 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lorisiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 369 | [[:d:Q271785|Q271785]] | [[Cheirogaleidae]] | Cheirogaleidae | 52 | | [[File:Microcebus myoxinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cheirogaleoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 370 | [[:d:Q752467|Q752467]] | [[Manis crassicaudata]] | Manis crassicaudata | 52 | | [[File:IndianPangolin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Manis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 371 | [[:d:Q269728|Q269728]] | [[Manis javanica]] | Manis javanica | 52 | | [[File:Pangolin borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paramanis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 372 | [[:d:Q273565|Q273565]] | [[Kobus leche]] | Kobus leche | 52 | | [[File:Leaping Lechwe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Kobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 373 | [[:d:Q216871|Q216871]] | [[Apodemus flavicollis]] | Apodemus flavicollis | 52 | | [[File:Apodemus.flavicollis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apodemus]]<br/>[[Sylvaemus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 374 | [[:d:Q369817|Q369817]] | [[Oryx dammah]] | Oryx dammah | 52 | | [[File:Oryx Dammah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 375 | [[:d:Q494436|Q494436]] | [[Naemorhedus goral]] | Naemorhedus goral | 52 | | [[File:The Himalayan Ghoral.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Naemorhedus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 376 | [[:d:Q271705|Q271705]] | [[Eudorcas thomsonii]] | Eudorcas thomsonii | 52 | | [[File:Eudorcas thomsonii 313407401 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudorcas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 377 | [[:d:Q312054|Q312054]] | [[Megaloceros giganteus]] | Megaloceros giganteus | 52 | | [[File:Megaloceros 1856.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megaloceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 378 | [[:d:Q232558|Q232558]] | [[Babyrousa]] | Babyrousa | 52 | | [[File:Hirscheber1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Babyrousini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 379 | [[:d:Q543424|Q543424]] | [[Pongo abelii]] | Pongo abelii | 52 | | [[File:Orangutan 103.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[endemic species]] | | [[Pongo (taxon)|Pongo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 380 | [[:d:Q208132|Q208132]] | [[Pseudorca crassidens]] | Pseudorca crassidens | 52 | | [[File:False killer whale 890002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudorca]] | [[Blackfish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 381 | [[:d:Q244410|Q244410]] | [[Eubalaena australis]] | Eubalaena australis | 52 | | [[File:Southern right whale6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eubalaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 382 | [[:d:Q244587|Q244587]] | [[Peramelemorphia]] | Peramelemorphia | 51 | | [[File:Taxidermied Bandicoot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Australidelphia]]<br/>[[Marsupiales|Marsupialia]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Agreodontia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 383 | [[:d:Q613760|Q613760]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsi | 51 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 384 | [[:d:Q322145|Q322145]] | [[Martes americana]] | Martes americana | 51 | | [[File:Marten bounding through the snow (512488bd-68e6-4b67-8e14-95657c022029).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 385 | [[:d:Q734351|Q734351]] | [[Viverricula indica]] | Viverricula indica | 51 | | [[File:Small Indian Civet (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 386 | [[:d:Q216441|Q216441]] | [[Canis lupus arctos]] | Canis lupus arctos | 51 | | [[File:Arctic Wolf in Aulavik National Park 04 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 387 | [[:d:Q23351|Q23351]] | [[Chrysochloridae]] | Chrysochloridae | 51 | | [[File:NHM Chrysospalax trevelyani (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysochloridea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 388 | [[:d:Q58949|Q58949]] | [[Muroidea]] | Muroidea | 51 | | [[File:Feldmaus Microtus arvalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Rodentia]] | [[Myomorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 389 | [[:d:Q1192405|Q1192405]] | [[Lemuroidea]] | Lemuroidea | 51 | | [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lemuriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 390 | [[:d:Q244372|Q244372]] | [[Sorex minutus]] | Sorex minutus | 51 | | [[File:Sorex minutus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sorex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 391 | [[:d:Q842283|Q842283]] | [[Manis pentadactyla]] | Manis pentadactyla | 51 | | [[File:Manis pentadactyla (29054818144).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Manis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 392 | [[:d:Q504247|Q504247]] | [[Alouatta]] | Alouatta | 51 | | [[File:Mantled howler monkey and baby (81337)2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alouattinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 393 | [[:d:Q339418|Q339418]] | [[Rattus exulans]] | Rattus exulans | 51 | | [[File:Pacific rat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ratto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 394 | [[:d:Q220271|Q220271]] | [[Tapirus terrestris]] | Tapirus terrestris | 51 | | [[File:Brazilian tapir zoo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 395 | [[:d:Q208043|Q208043]] | [[Hylobates lar]] | Hylobates lar | 51 | | [[File:Hylobates lar - Kaeng Krachan WB.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hylobates]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 396 | [[:d:Q465019|Q465019]] | [[Pseudois nayaur]] | Pseudois nayaur | 51 | | [[File:Bharal - Shreeram M V - Kibber, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudois]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 397 | [[:d:Q111463|Q111463]] | [[Paranthropus]] | Paranthropus | 51 | | [[File:Paranthropus-boisei-Nairobi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Australopithecinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 398 | [[:d:Q189466|Q189466]] | [[Ovis canadensis]] | Ovis canadensis | 51 | | [[File:Big Horn Sheep.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ovis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 399 | [[:d:Q239272|Q239272]] | [[Australopithecus africanus]] | Australopithecus africanus | 51 | | [[File:Mrs Ples Face.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Australopithecus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 400 | [[:d:Q501491|Q501491]] | [[Capreolus pygargus]] | Capreolus pygargus | 51 | | [[File:Siberian roe deer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capreolus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 401 | [[:d:Q3645260|Q3645260]] | [[Phacochoerus]] | Phacochoerus | 51 | | [[File:Desert Warthog, Samburu, Kenya 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phacochoerini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 402 | [[:d:Q498993|Q498993]] | [[Erinaceus]] | Erinaceus | 50 | | [[File:Erinaceus europeaus (DarkAn9el).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Erinaceinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 403 | [[:d:Q214287|Q214287]] | [[Cystophora cristata]] | Cystophora cristata | 50 | | [[File:2016-klappmützemuseumkoenig.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cystophora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 404 | [[:d:Q434197|Q434197]] | [[Mustela altaica]] | Mustela altaica | 50 | | [[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 405 | [[:d:Q757265|Q757265]] | [[Viverra zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha | 50 | | [[File:Large Indian Civet, Viverra zibetha in Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 406 | [[:d:Q214869|Q214869]] | [[Eptesicus serotinus]] | Eptesicus serotinus | 50 | | [[File:Eptesicus serotinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eptesicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 407 | [[:d:Q626049|Q626049]] | [[Paguma larvata]] | Paguma larvata | 50 | | [[File:202309 Masked palm civet.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 408 | [[:d:Q832036|Q832036]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus | 50 | specie de mammal | [[File:Leão baio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 409 | [[:d:Q148462|Q148462]] | [[Nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua | 50 | | [[File:Coati roux Amiens 4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 410 | [[:d:Q270098|Q270098]] | [[Macropus giganteus]] | Macropus giganteus | 50 | | [[File:Eastern grey kangaroo dec07 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 411 | [[:d:Q745751|Q745751]] | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis | 50 | | [[File:San Joaquin kit fox male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 412 | [[:d:Q175626|Q175626]] | [[Indridae]] | Indriidae | 50 | | [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[primate]]<br/>[[Lemuroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 413 | [[:d:Q465986|Q465986]] | [[Neomys fodiens]] | Neomys fodiens | 50 | | [[File:Neomys fodiens TF 090829.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neomys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 414 | [[:d:Q465786|Q465786]] | [[Eliomys quercinus]] | Eliomys quercinus | 50 | | [[File:Eliomys quercinus01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eliomys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 415 | [[:d:Q244361|Q244361]] | [[Callithrix pygmaea]] | Callithrix pygmaea | 50 | | [[File:Dværgsilkeabe Callithrix pygmaea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callithrix]]<br/>[[Cebuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 416 | [[:d:Q276290|Q276290]] | [[Heterocephalus glaber]] | Heterocephalus glaber | 50 | | [[File:Nacktmull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Heterocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 417 | [[:d:Q223960|Q223960]] | [[Tapirus pinchaque]] | Tapirus pinchaque | 50 | | [[File:Mountain Tapir.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 418 | [[:d:Q506518|Q506518]] | [[Macaca silenus]] | Macaca silenus | 50 | | [[File:Lion Tailed Macaque aggression.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 419 | [[:d:Q239032|Q239032]] | [[Tragelaphus angasii]] | Tragelaphus angasii | 50 | | [[File:Nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragelaphus]]<br/>[[Nyala]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 420 | [[:d:Q106565|Q106565]] | [[Ardipithecus]] | Ardipithecus | 50 | | [[File:Ardi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Preanthropinae]]<br/>[[Australopithecine]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 421 | [[:d:Q328516|Q328516]] | [[Capra nubiana]] | Capra nubiana | 50 | | [[File:Israel. Nubian ibex (15625972648).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 422 | [[:d:Q754947|Q754947]] | [[Capra sibirica]] | Capra sibirica | 50 | | [[File:Siberian Ibex.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 423 | [[:d:Q221380|Q221380]] | [[Equus kiang]] | Equus kiang | 50 | | [[File:Equus kiang holdereri02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 424 | [[:d:Q591305|Q591305]] | [[Elephas maximus indicus]] | Elephas maximus indicus | 50 | | [[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Elephas maximus]] | [[Elephas maximus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 425 | [[:d:Q623173|Q623173]] | [[Ziphius cavirostris]] | Ziphius cavirostris | 50 | | [[File:Ziphius cavirostris 47619123 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ziphius]] | |} ---- &sum; 425 items. {{Wikidata list end}} 0satfmvs6o8gue7b34ljo2w7hbagne6 0 42325 698451 587391 2026-08-11T07:51:17Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} Le '''linguas valyrian''' son un [[familias linguistic|familia linguistic]] [[lingua belletristic|belletristic]] ex le serie de [[romance]]s [[phantasia|phantastic]] ''[[Canto de glacie e foco]]'' per [[George R. R. Martin]] e su adaptation televisate ''[[Joco de thronos]]''. In le romances le alte valyrian e su linguas descendente son frequentemente mentionate, mais non evolvite ultra un pauc de parolas. Pro le serie televisate, le [[linguista]] [[David J. Peterson]] creava le alte lingua valyrian e anque duo linguas derivate, le linguas valyrian astapori e valyrian meereenese, basate super le fragmentos date in le romances. Del 31me de octobro 2016 un curso del alte valyrian pro parlatores del anglese ha essite disveloppate a [[Duolingo]]. Le version beta appareva le 12me de julio 2017. [[Categoria:Intertenimento]] [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] 6e3g6otq6pkyeq0e10xjlcwxum1681l 0 42607 698459 621558 2026-08-11T07:55:12Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Pandunia.svg|thumb|right|200px|Bandera de Pandunia]] {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} Le '''Pandunia''' es un [[lingua artificial]] mundial create per [[Risto Kupsala]] (in [[Oulu]], [[Finlandia]]). Illo fungerea como lingua franca del mundo. Le lingua se basa super le [[Lingua china|china]], le [[Lingua anglese|anglese]], le [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]], le [[Lingua hindi|hindi]], le [[Lingua arabe|arabe]] e altere linguas del mundo. Illo se pronuncia [[phonetica]]mente, e se scribe con 24 [[littera]]s del [[alphabeto latin]]. Su [[grammatica]] es le de un [[creollo]], multo simplificate. == Orthographia == Pandunia se scribe con le [[alphabeto roman]], minus le litteras ''q'' e ''v'': <center>'''<code>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u w x y z</code>'''</center> Le litteras ha valores assatis equivalente al [[alphabeto phonetic international]], salvo que ''c'' = /tʃ/, ''j'' = /dʒ/, ''x'' = /ʃ/, e ''y'' = /j/. == Phonologia == === Vocales === Pandunia usa le cinque vocales "classic" del [[latino]], que es etiam usate per [[Lingua swahili|swahili]], [[lingua japonese|japonese]] e [[italiano]]. {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" ! ! bgcolor="#8fb3bf" | '''anterior''' ! bgcolor="#8fb3bf" | '''posterior''' |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''cerrate''' | align="center" | i | align="center" | u |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''medial''' | align="center" | e | align="center" | o |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''aperte''' | colspan=2 align="center" | a |} ===Consonantes=== {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align:center; font-size: larger; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-color: #aaaaaa;" |- style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: top;" ! ! colspan="2" | bilabial ! colspan="2" | labio-<br />dental ! colspan="2" | apico-<br />alveolar ! colspan="2" | post-<br />alveolar ! colspan="2" | palatal ! colspan="2" | dorso-<br />velar ! colspan="2" | glottal |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | plosive | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | nasal | &nbsp; || {{IPA|m}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|n}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|ŋ}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | tremulante | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|r}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | fricative | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|f}} || &nbsp; | {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} | {{IPA|&#643;}} || | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|h}} || &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | affricate | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |{{IPA|t&#643;}} |{{IPA|d&#658;}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | lateral | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|l}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | semivocal | &nbsp; || {{IPA|w}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|j}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- |} == Ligamines externe == * [http://www.pandunia.info Pandunia] [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] rmxx8gugm6h32gfo68d80qgw2wtbzqc 698460 698459 2026-08-11T07:55:22Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} Le '''Pandunia''' es un [[lingua artificial]] mundial create per [[Risto Kupsala]] (in [[Oulu]], [[Finlandia]]). Illo fungerea como lingua franca del mundo. Le lingua se basa super le [[Lingua china|china]], le [[Lingua anglese|anglese]], le [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]], le [[Lingua hindi|hindi]], le [[Lingua arabe|arabe]] e altere linguas del mundo. Illo se pronuncia [[phonetica]]mente, e se scribe con 24 [[littera]]s del [[alphabeto latin]]. Su [[grammatica]] es le de un [[creollo]], multo simplificate. == Orthographia == Pandunia se scribe con le [[alphabeto roman]], minus le litteras ''q'' e ''v'': <center>'''<code>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u w x y z</code>'''</center> Le litteras ha valores assatis equivalente al [[alphabeto phonetic international]], salvo que ''c'' = /tʃ/, ''j'' = /dʒ/, ''x'' = /ʃ/, e ''y'' = /j/. == Phonologia == === Vocales === Pandunia usa le cinque vocales "classic" del [[latino]], que es etiam usate per [[Lingua swahili|swahili]], [[lingua japonese|japonese]] e [[italiano]]. {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" ! ! bgcolor="#8fb3bf" | '''anterior''' ! bgcolor="#8fb3bf" | '''posterior''' |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''cerrate''' | align="center" | i | align="center" | u |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''medial''' | align="center" | e | align="center" | o |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''aperte''' | colspan=2 align="center" | a |} ===Consonantes=== {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align:center; font-size: larger; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-color: #aaaaaa;" |- style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: top;" ! ! colspan="2" | bilabial ! colspan="2" | labio-<br />dental ! colspan="2" | apico-<br />alveolar ! colspan="2" | post-<br />alveolar ! colspan="2" | palatal ! colspan="2" | dorso-<br />velar ! colspan="2" | glottal |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | plosive | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | nasal | &nbsp; || {{IPA|m}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|n}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|ŋ}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | tremulante | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|r}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | fricative | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|f}} || &nbsp; | {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} | {{IPA|&#643;}} || | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|h}} || &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | affricate | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |{{IPA|t&#643;}} |{{IPA|d&#658;}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | lateral | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|l}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | semivocal | &nbsp; || {{IPA|w}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|j}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- |} == Ligamines externe == * [http://www.pandunia.info Pandunia] [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] 8x933qispaqo7wsbpu7vuyfp0q8bu27 698461 698460 2026-08-11T07:56:35Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} Le '''Pandunia''' es un [[lingua artificial]] mundial create per [[Risto Kupsala]] (in [[Oulu]], [[Finlandia]]). Illo fungerea como lingua franca del mundo. Le lingua se basa super le [[Lingua chinese|chinese]], le [[Lingua anglese|anglese]], le [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]], le [[Lingua hindi|hindi]], le [[Lingua arabe|arabe]] e altere linguas del mundo. Illo se pronuncia [[phonetica]]mente, e se scribe con 24 [[littera]]s del [[alphabeto latin]]. Su [[grammatica]] es le de un [[creollo]], multo simplificate. == Orthographia == Pandunia se scribe con le [[alphabeto roman]], minus le litteras ''q'' e ''v'': <center>'''<code>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u w x y z</code>'''</center> Le litteras ha valores assatis equivalente al [[alphabeto phonetic international]], salvo que ''c'' = /tʃ/, ''j'' = /dʒ/, ''x'' = /ʃ/, e ''y'' = /j/. == Phonologia == === Vocales === Pandunia usa le cinque vocales "classic" del [[latino]], que es etiam usate per [[Lingua swahili|swahili]], [[lingua japonese|japonese]] e [[italiano]]. {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" ! ! bgcolor="#8fb3bf" | '''anterior''' ! bgcolor="#8fb3bf" | '''posterior''' |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''cerrate''' | align="center" | i | align="center" | u |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''medial''' | align="center" | e | align="center" | o |- ! bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" | '''aperte''' | colspan=2 align="center" | a |} ===Consonantes=== {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align:center; font-size: larger; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-color: #aaaaaa;" |- style="font-size: x-small; vertical-align: top;" ! ! colspan="2" | bilabial ! colspan="2" | labio-<br />dental ! colspan="2" | apico-<br />alveolar ! colspan="2" | post-<br />alveolar ! colspan="2" | palatal ! colspan="2" | dorso-<br />velar ! colspan="2" | glottal |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | plosive | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | nasal | &nbsp; || {{IPA|m}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|n}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|ŋ}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | tremulante | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|r}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | fricative | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|f}} || &nbsp; | {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} | {{IPA|&#643;}} || | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | {{IPA|h}} || &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | affricate | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |{{IPA|t&#643;}} |{{IPA|d&#658;}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | lateral | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|l}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- ! style="font-size: x-small" | semivocal | &nbsp; || {{IPA|w}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | &nbsp; || {{IPA|j}} | colspan="2" | &nbsp; | colspan="2" | &nbsp; |- |} == Ligamines externe == * [http://www.pandunia.info Pandunia] [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] 80s3nxx1dp66ho3iyj5oghsc07jnp6d 0 47225 698458 641582 2026-08-11T07:54:56Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} Le '''lingua fremen''' es un lingua artificial o lingua fictional in le universo de [[scientia fictive]] del franchitia ''Dune'' de [[Frank Herbert]]. Illo es le lingua del gente religiose fremen del desertic planeta Arrakis. Le lingua fremen deriva del ancian [[lingua arabe]] del ancian Terra. Le scena es multe milles annos in le futuro, ubi il ha un Imperio Galactic, cuje le lingua official es [[Galach]]. Le scriptura del lingua fremen es un modification del ancian [[alphabeto arabe|scriptura arabe]]. [[File:PLANETA ARRAKIS BY TIAGO MARINASKA DEFINITIVA.jpg|thumb|Arrakis]] ==Un specimen in romanisation== '''ida rayt al-tin abshir b-al-tin''' :Quando tu vide le saison de ficos, dunque tu pote annunciar le saison de fango. ==Ressources== Herbert, Frank. (1965). ''Dune''. New York: The Berkeley Publishing Group. McNelly, Willis E. (1984). ''The Dune Encyclopedia''. New York: The Berkeley Publishing Group. [[Categoria:Intertenimento]] [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] rw2nppd8pzpp56hmmnu7tx284sq73fw 0 49441 698456 649152 2026-08-11T07:53:59Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} '''Intal''' o '''INTAL''' es un [[lingua auxiliar international]] construite per le [[Germania|germano]] [[Erich Weferling]] (1889 – 1981) in [[1956]] e continuate a disveloppar usque [[1978]]. Su nomine significa '''int'''ernational '''a'''uxiliari '''l'''ingua. Illo pertine al linguas de compromisso. == Alphabeto == Su [[alphabeto]] es le latina sin ''q'', ''x'', e ''w''. Nota ben que ''c'' = {{IPA|[ ʃ ]}}, ''j'' = {{IPA|[ ʒ ]}}, ''g'' = {{IPA|[ g ]}}, e ''y'' = {{IPA|[ j ]}}. == Exemplos textual == (1) "Omni konstruktion logik e komprendabil es korekti in INTAL."<ref>Erich Weferling: ''Standard-Gramatik(e) del International Auxiliari Lingue''. 1978, p. 5</ref> (2) "Un lingue konstruktat a posteriori dev adopta ti vortes kel ja es international. Plusim le lingua international mus atinga le maksimum de fasilité, regularité e naturalité."<ref>Erich Weferling: ''Standard-Gramatik(e) del International Auxiliari Lingue''. 1978, p. 4</ref> (3) "Vokabularo por INTAL: (a) Es non nesesi kompoza un komplet vortelibre por INTAL, nam eksista ya sat bon mondelingual vortelibres. Tis on pot uza til ke le dfinitivi uniform interlingue-leksike ve es kreat. (b) Cak interlinguist pot uza le formes de ti Standard-gramatike in konektion kon eni international radikaro. Kel vortelibre ever on prefera, nos ve komprenda mutualim, nam omni ti planlingue es tam simil, ke les pot es konsiderat kom dialektes de un sol lingue. (c) Nos mus aspira, ke le tekstes de INTAL es komprendabil por multi homes ye prim vide. Tro artifisial radikes on devud remplasa per vortes plu natural o international. (d) Me rekomenda e prefera por INTAL-tekstes le vortelibres de [[Ido]], [[Interlingue]] (Occidental), e [[Novial]]. INTAL es kvazi un variante, un sinteze de ti naturalistik planlingues kon plusi meliorations.“<ref>Erich Weferling: ''Standard-Gramatik(e) del International Auxiliari Lingue''. no. 18, 1978, p. 19.</ref> == Referentias == <references /> {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] i0y8p4awt2jbqxwh2u1bkhwftbw4s2q 0 59369 698455 676303 2026-08-11T07:52:59Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} '''Ithkuil''' es un [[lingua artificial]] create per John Quijada. Illo es designate pro exprimer pensamentos human profunde clarmente e brevemente, specialmente super como humanos categoriza cosas. Illo es un mixtura de un lingua philosophic e logic, con le objectivo de reducer le confusion e vaguitate trovate in linguas natural. Ithkuil es cognoscite pro su grammatica complexe e su grande collection de sonos, ben que le systema de sonos es simplificate in un nove version. Le nomine "Ithkuil" veni del parola original "Iţkuîl," que significa alique como "lingua hypothetic." Quijada non creava Ithkuil pro uso quotidian. In vice, ille lo voleva pro campos plus profunde como philosophia, arte, scientia, e politica, ubi ideas complexe es discutite. Ithkuil pote exprimer ideas in minus parolas que linguas natural. Per exemplo, le phrase Ithkuil "Tram-mļöi hhâsmařpţuktôx" se traduce a un phrase multo plus longe in anglese: "Al contrario, io pensa que il pote resultar que iste catena montaniose rugged se extingue a alicun puncto." Quijada crede que su lingua es troppo complexe pro haber disveloppate naturalmente e lo vide como un experimento in como linguas poterea functionar. Il ha habite quatro versiones de Ithkuil: le original in 2004, un version plus simple nominate Ilaksh in 2007, un tertie version in 2011, e le version currente, nominate New Ithkuil (a partir de februario 2023). Le lingua ha essite presentate in un revista russe de scientia e technologia, ha ganiate un premio in 2008, e postea ha essite adaptate pro manear phrases complexe plus facilemente. Desde 2015, Quijada ha publicate musica in Ithkuil como parte de un album nominate Kaduatán ("Viagiatores"). Communitates online in anglese, russe, mandarino, e japonese ha etiam formate se circum le lingua. Pagina official: https://ithkuil.net {{commonscat|Ithkuil}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] iouk6qb4yhgm122w5uj7pducz57vawj 698463 698455 2026-08-11T07:58:34Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} '''Ithkuil''' es un [[lingua artificial]] create per John Quijada. Illo es designate pro exprimer pensamentos human profunde clarmente e brevemente, specialmente super como humanos categoriza cosas. Illo es un mixtura de un lingua philosophic e logic, con le objectivo de reducer le confusion e vaguitate trovate in linguas natural. Ithkuil es cognoscite pro su grammatica complexe e su grande collection de sonos, ben que le systema de sonos es simplificate in un nove version. Le nomine "Ithkuil" veni del parola original "Iţkuîl," que significa alique como "lingua hypothetic." Quijada non creava Ithkuil pro uso quotidian. In vice, ille lo voleva pro campos plus profunde como philosophia, arte, scientia, e politica, ubi ideas complexe es discutite. Ithkuil pote exprimer ideas in minus parolas que linguas natural. Per exemplo, le phrase Ithkuil "Tram-mļöi hhâsmařpţuktôx" se traduce a un phrase multo plus longe in anglese: "Al contrario, io pensa que il pote resultar que iste catena montaniose rugged se extingue a alicun puncto." Quijada crede que su lingua es troppo complexe pro haber disveloppate naturalmente e lo vide como un experimento in como linguas poterea functionar. Il ha habite quatro versiones de Ithkuil: le original in 2004, un version plus simple nominate Ilaksh in 2007, un tertie version in 2011, e le version currente, nominate New Ithkuil (a partir de februario 2023). Le lingua ha essite presentate in un revista russe de scientia e technologia, ha ganiate un premio in 2008, e postea ha essite adaptate pro manear phrases complexe plus facilemente. Desde 2015, Quijada ha publicate musica in Ithkuil como parte de un album nominate Kaduatán ("Viagiatores"). Communitates online in anglese, russe, mandarino, e japonese ha etiam formate se circum le lingua. == Ligamines externe == * [https://ithkuil.net Pagina official] {{commonscat|Ithkuil}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] igyyv70ksmpg6ytwz065lvncm56f6n8 0 59984 698421 696820 2026-08-10T13:25:49Z ~2026-44121-55 60848 /* Alte Medievo (seculos VII-IX) */ 698421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Repubblica,_stradano.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Florentia, Piazza del Mercato Vecchio (1555), affresco de [[Giovanni Stradano]], [[Palazzo Vecchio]], Sala de Gualdrada.]] La '''historia economic del Italia''' preunitari percurre le cambiamentos economic e social del territorio italian ab le epocha roman usque al unitate de Italia (1860). In epocha Roman, le peninsula italian habeva un densitate demographic e un floritura economic plus elevate in comparation con le resto de Europa e del [[bassino mediterranee]], specialmente durante le seculos I e II. A partir del seculo III p.Chr., le imperio Roman initiava su declino. Durante le alte Medievo (seculos VII-IX) le economia esseva deprimite, de semi-subsistentia, e gravitava circum le centros feudal. A partir del seculo X, le population e le economia italian recommenciava a crescer, insimul con le centros urban. Con le tempore, se disveloppava vaste retes commercial que ligava le centros italian a un conca de relationes ab Asia usque a Europa septentrional. Iste centros de activitates manufacturari, financiari, mercantil e cultural rendeva le economia italian plus prospere que le altere paises europee. Le arrivata del peste nigre al medietate del 1300 decimava le population, ma esseva tosto sequite per un renascentia economic. Iste crescimento produceva un floride economia renascentista, avantiate in comparation con le altere paises europee. Le sectores de punta del territorio italian esseva le textil (productos elaborate de lana e seta, amplemente exportate), le servicios bancari e le transportos maritim. Durante le 1600 le systema economic se debilitava e le interprises ligate al major centros urban declinava. Hollanda, Anglaterra e Francia assumeva un rolo economic prominente in Europa e Italia perdeva le position dominante in le exportationes textil, in le intermediationes financiari e in le transportos maritim. Le stagnation initiava un fragmentation del relationes economic in le area italian. Inter le dece-octave e le medietate del dece-nono seculo, Italia remaneva subdividite in parve statos e a dispecto de diverse reformas remaneva un territorio peripheric e deprimite. == Tendenta del economias ante le crescimento moderne == === Caracteres general del crescimento del PIB in le economias preindustrial === Le economias del passato, ante le industrialisation, esseva characterisate per un tendenta differente de illo actual. A differentia de hodie, le producto aggregate, que es le activitate productive total de un pais, e le producto per capita, que es un indicator que permitte de evalutar le nivello de vita de un singule individuo del population, non cresceva sovente insimul. Isto es debite al facto que, insimul al crescimento del producto aggregate, il es presente un forte crescimento del population, que totevia cresceva plus rapidemente que le production. Isto comportava un forte pression super le ressources que resultava in un diminution del producto per capita in le longe periodo, usque que un factor externe, como faminas e epidemias, causava un diminution del population que resultava in un crollo del producto aggregate e un augmento del ricchessa per capita.<ref name=":39">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 322-330}}</ref> Iste modello de crescimento se manteneva in grande parte de Europa Occidental usque a 1820, quando gratias al introduction de importante innovationes le initio del crescimento moderne esseva possibile, characterisate per un augmento rapide de tote le tres variabiles.<ref name=":39" /> [[File:PILpc_italiano_13102017.png|right|197px|right|thumb|[[Prodotto interno lordo|Producto Interne Brute]] (PIB) real del territorio italian per habitante durante le periodo 1310-2018. In le longe periodo, le ricchessa medie del italianos ha remanite quasi constante usque al revolution industrial del fin del 1800. Le cyclos economic que se ha succedite in le curso de multe seculos precedente, con phases de crescimento e de crise, non ha producite un significative cambio economic (in terminos de [[Prodotto interno lordo|PIB]] per habitante).<ref name=":0">{{Cita|Felice, 2015}}.</ref>]] === Tendenta del crescimento italian ab le anno mille === Iste modello de crescimento se disveloppava etiam in Italia. Post un longe phase de declino e stagnation del population e del producto aggregate durante le tardive antiquitate e le alte Medievo, un crescimento rapide in le basse Medievo sequeva. De facto, circum le anno mille, a causa de varie cambiamentos, habeva un augmento rapide del producto aggregate e del population. Se estima que in tre centos annos le producto aggregate e le population ha augmentate respectivemente de cinque e tres vices; le mesme occurre in modo multo modeste pro le producto per capita con un augmento de circa 50%, iste cifra es multo inferior si nos prende in conto que se estima un fortissime augmento del disigualitates.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea}}</ref> [[File:Andamento gdp Italia1310 al 1861.jpg|197px|right|thumb|[[Reddito pro capite|Revenito per capita]] real del territorio italian per habitante ab 1310 a 1861.<ref name=":27">{{Cita libro|titulo=Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden, 2020)}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cita web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth|title=Economic Growth}}</ref>[[File:Popolazione italiana 1000-1861 - Historical demography 1992 - Touring Club Italiano CART-TEM-031.jpg|thumb|Tendenta del population italian de 1000 a 1861 (''Atlante tematico d'Italia'', Touring Club Italiano, 1992)]]]] Circum le dece-tertie seculo, le augmento del population portava un forte pression super le ressources, causante le diminution del rendimentos del travalio e del capital; pro pejorar iste situation, se addeva le fin del periodo calide medieval que conduceva a collectas multo minus abundante, lo que causava diverse faminas. Iste situation se modifica in 1346 con le reapparition del Peste. A differentia del passato, a causa del augmento del densitate de habitation e del augmento del mobilitate, un alte taxa de mortalitate se disveloppava durante plure annos, lo que duceva a un forte diminution del population. Le diminution del population comportava un cadita del producto aggregate ma un augmento del producto per capita e un diminution del disigualitates pro le augmento del salarios, causate per le manco de fortia de travalio, que permitteva al travaliatores haber un major fortia contractual in comparation con le passato. Iste phase se mantene usque a 1550, quando Europa ha recuperate le population e le producto aggregate del periodo ante-peste. A differentia del passato, totevia, diverse innovationes esseva presente: melior embarcationes, le impression, le discoperimento de nove continentes, le consumo de patatas e mais e le uso domestic del carbon; lo que permitteva un augmento additional del population e del producto aggregate, sin cambiamentos del producto per capita que recommencera a diminuer del dece-octave seculo usque a 1820.<ref name=":39" /> Ab 1820, pro un serie de innovationes, como le rotation continue del culturas, que permitte usar le campos sin interruptiones, aboliente le maggese, e super toto a transverso del creation del machina a vapor, le crescimento moderne habeva su initio. Italia initiava iste modello de crescimento plus tarde pro le manco de carbon que impediva un modernisation del systema secundari e le impossibilitate de applicar le rotation continue, viste que pro permitter iste modernisation un grande quantitate de fertilisante esseva necessari, lo que esseva possibile solo a transverso del mantenentia de bestial de dimensiones importante, que haberea necessitate abundantia de pasturage. Le conditiones pro facer isto esseva presente in le regiones humide, e ergo in Nord Europa. Verso le fin del dece-nono seculo, gratias a nove innovationes como le petroleo, le electricitate e le fertilisantes chimic, le processo de crescimento moderne esseva possibile etiam pro Italia.<ref name=":39" /> == Epocha roman == {{Vide anque|Economia romana}} === Ascenso (seculos III a.Chr.-II p.Chr.) === Historicos e economistas ha tentate de reconstruer un vision del economia del seculos roman e de su cambiamentos secundo le interpretation contemporanee del economia; alcun ha etiam interprendite studios quantitative. Le studios non ha arrivate a resultatos precise generalmente compartite. Totevia, alcun notiones general super le economia del epocha roman ha devenite satis acceptate.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Basilica_Julia.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Reconstruction digital del [[Basilica Giulia]] a Roma. Le [[basiliche civili]], construite presso le foro del citates roman, esseva sedes de tribunales e altere institutiones public. Hodie nos non ha un comprehension detaliate del economia roman, proque le fontes super le factores economic del tempore es limitate. Totevia, il es communmente acceptate que le corpore de leges e institutiones public roman produceva un contexto importante e relativemente homogenee que favoriva le vita economic del imperio.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Peter|cognome=Temin|data=2006|title=The Economy of the Early Roman Empire|rivista=The Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=20|numero=1|pp=133-151|url=[link sospetto rimosso]}}</ref>]]Le peninsula italian habeva un densitate demographic e un floritura economic plus elevate in comparation con le resto de Europa e del conca mediterranee. Isto vale in particular pro le seculos I e II, que representava un periodo de relative stabilitate politic e de picco del conditiones economic. Le estimationes demographic del population italian del epocha roman varia. Le plus acceptate lo attesta a 7-8 milliones. Alcun eruditos lo estima usque a 15-16 milliones: iste estimation representarea un nivello que solmente in le dece-octave seculo haberea essite attingite de nove.<ref name=":0" /> Le potere economic imperial accentrava verso Italia le fluxo de ressources economic ab le provincias. Le relative floritura economic esseva etiam sustenite per institutiones politic e administrative avantiate (incluse le systema juridic); per le competentias technologic (specialmente in le sector del constructiones) e scientific; e per le progresso cultural general, super toto in le numerose citates.<ref name=":0" /> Le evaluationes quantitative del economia roman hodie disponibile es considerate speculative. Totevia, ultra le cifras absolute, illos suggere un ricchessa significativemente major in le peninsula in comparation con altere regiones de Europa meridional e del conca del Mediterraneo. Super toto, le estimationes hypostisa que, durante le tres seculos precedente le etate Augustee, habeva un crescimento del revenito per capita medie: pro observar un altere evenimento de iste typo, il es necessari attender usque al insurgentia del etate industrial.<ref name=":0" /> === Declino (seculos III-VI p.Chr.) === {{Vide anque|Crisi del III secolo|Iugatio-capitatio}} A partir del seculo III p.Chr., le imperio Roman initiava su declino. Le historicos ha proponite centenas de [[Caduta dell'Impero romano d'Occidente|theorias]] super su causas (politic, economic, demographic, social, cultural, ambiental): il es probabile que multe factores ha concurrite a causar lo. Un facto objective esseva le declino demographic que affligeva le peninsula, que alcun historicos liga a duo pandemias (seculos II e III).<ref name=":0" /> Al fin del seculo III, le administration del Imperator [[Diocleziano]] introduceva un importante reforma fiscal: pro le prime vice le population italian esseva taxate (antea illo esseva exempte). Le taxation colpiva particularmente le zonas minus populate del Imperio e contribueva al ulterior cadita demographic in le regiones occidental, inter le quales Italia. Pro permitter le stabilitate fiscal in fronte al declino demographic e economic, le Imperio impediva le paisanos de mover se, e los vinculava al terra, instituente le [[colonato]]; etiam al appartenentes a alcun professiones urban limitas al displacementos esseva imponite, e in general le activitates artisanal e professional esseva inquadrate rigidemente in [[collegium|collegia]], strictemente surveiliate per le autoritate statal.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 9}}.</ref> Le displacemento del capital imperial a [[Costantinopoli]] in 330 p.Chr. alienava le centro politic e social de Italia e contribueva a su ulterior declino. Le invasiones del [[Goti]] e del [[Vandali]] (seculo V) e le longe guerra de reconquesta de [[Giustiniano I|Justiniano]] (seculo VI) accelerava le forte cadita demographic del peninsula.<ref name=":0" /> Insimul con le cambiamentos demographic, politic e economic, le territorio italian videva etiam un declino del realitates urban cuje ricchessa cultural habeva sustenite su etate le plus floride. Le administration imperial extraheva ressources a avantage de se mesme, del grande proprietarios terestre e, in mesura crescente, del clero, durante que reprimiva le vitalitate social del territorio italian, iam peripheric al Imperio. Etiam le cultura comenciava a cambiar, alienante se ab le valores del epochas precedente.<ref name=":0" /> Nonobstante le declino del centros urban, in Italia le centralitate del citate resisteva plus a longe in comparation con le campanias, del quales proveniva le profitos del aristocratia fundiari. Iste situation non cambiava sub le regno de [[Odoacre]] e nec con le [[Regno ostrogoto|domination ostrogothic]]. Con [[Teodorico]], cuje politica continuava a appoiar se super le classe urban del proprietarios terestre, un modeste recuperation se verificava; de facto, totevia, le economia se fundava super le mesme dynamic in esseva in le basse imperio.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 10-11}}.</ref> == Alte Medievo (7e e 9e seculos) == [[File:Regno longobardo di tuscia, emissione aurea di aistolfo, zecca di lucca, 749-756, 02.JPG|197px|right|thumb|Moneta auree de re [[Astolfo (re)|Astolfo]]]] In le alte Medievo le citates esseva largemente dispopulate e le campanias se impoveriva. Totevia, a differentia del resto de Europa, in Italia remaneva in vita numerose parve citates, heredes del spisse texito urban del periodo roman; post le anno mille illos esseva al base del recuperation economic e social. Le economia esseva deprimite e rotava circum centros del proprietates [[Feudalesimo|feudal]], como abbatias e castellos. Le economia rural se appoiava super un production agricole de semi-subsistentia, durante que le commercio esseva limitate e se basava super [[Fiera|ferias]] annual.<ref name=":2">{{Cita|Cipolla, 1997}}.</ref> === Periodo byzantin e longobarde === Quando le [[longobardi]] arrivava in Italia, illos trovava un economia extenuate per le carga fiscal e dominate per le latifundio, ancora imperniate super le rolo del citates cuje structuras socio-politic esseva totevia in decadentia.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 12}}.</ref> In le [[regno longobardo]] le structuras politic e institutional de hereditate roman se dissolveva completemente; le antique aristocratia terestre con le tempore esseva extruso per le nove invasores, le quales acquireva le grande proprietates, redifiniente totalmente le situation del campanias. Con le longobardos de facto grande importantia acquireva le forestes e le terras inculte: le exploitation del silvas garantiva ressources como ligno e fructos spontanee, in ultra a esser utilisate pro le elevamento brado de [[suini]] e [[ovini]].<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 12-14}}.</ref> Le unitates productive in le Italia Longobarde esseva le ''villae'' e le ''casale''; del 8e seculo se verifica un modeste augmento del population e al habitation rural aperte e disperse, le castrum se substitueva, que corresponde a un grande interprise fundiari bipartita, e le allodio, id es le parve proprietate.<ref name=":29">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 94-103}}</ref> Le ''Castrum'' esseva dividite in ''pars dominica'' e ''pars massarica'', le ''pars dominica'' resulta sovente fortificate, durante que in le ''pars massarica'', viveva le colonos que habeva obligationes de prestationes de obra in le ''pars dominica''.<ref name=":29" /> Multe eruditos affirma que esseret prematur parlar de modello curtense, in quanto le prestationes esseva occasionale e del documentos il pare que le interprises esseva multo minus efficace que le contemporanee villae franche ab un puncto de vista del organisation del travalio e del productivitate.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|title=Alessandro Di Muro, La terra, il mercante e il sovrano: Economia e società nell’VIII secolo longobardo.}}</ref> Le citate del Italia Longobarde esseva multo parve e contava probabilemente pauco milles de habitantes, illos esseva le sede del elites laic e ecclesiastic, del quales proveniva le demanda de exotica, que esseva coperite per le mercatores.<ref name=":25" /> In le citates le representantes del classes eminente convocava intra le muros, parte del productos proveniente del curtes.<ref name=":25" /> Le citate major esseva Milano, Pavia, Brescia, Forum luli, Cremona, Piacenza, Bergamo, Verona, Siena e, al Sud, Spoleto, Benevento, Capua e a partir de 774, Salerno.<ref name=":25" /> Totevia, verso le fin del epocha longobarde se registrava un cambiamento economic, con le proliferation del [[Zecca (moneta)|officinas monetari]] sub [[Liutprando]] e le attestation de un classe mercantil satis dynamic.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 15}}.</ref> [[File:Raphael Ostia.jpg|197px|right||Le affresco de [[Raffaello Sanzio|Raphael]] intitulate "[[Battaglia di Ostia (Raffaello)|Battalia de Ostia]]", in le qual es representate le victoria del citates Italo-byzantin super le Arabes in le [[battaglia di Ostia]].]] Le contexto de fragmentation politic in le qual versava le Italia meridional, plus que le septentrional, accentuava le dissolution del texito urban, specialmente pro le citates locate in le interior. Nonobstante isto, non habeva grande differentias economic inter le [[Langobardia Minor]] e le zonas residual governate per le [[Impero bizantino|byzantinos]], que manteneva in particular le controllo del territorios costal. Etiam in area byzantin de facto le classe del proprietarios terestre esseva substituite, in iste caso totevia per le entitates ecclesiastic.<ref name=":26">{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 18-19}}.</ref> Secundo altere eruditos le differentias esseva multo accentuate specialmente post le cadita de Carthago (698), le imperio Byzantin de facto reorganisava le dominios italian con le institution del [[Sikelia|Strateghia (o thema) de Sicilia]], le insula esseva governate per le figura del stratego que concentrava in su manos functiones militar e civil.<ref name=":25" /> Iste cambio permitteva a Sicilia haber grande melioramentos, de facto in le Insula se concentrava le effortio militar e economic de Byzantio.<ref name=":25" /> Le augmento del expensas e del commercios es attestate per le studios super le officina monetari de Siracusa, in iste periodo il ha de facto un grande emission de moneta e illo deveniva le secunde del Imperio post illo de Constantinopoli.<ref name=":25" /> In le altere dominios italian del Imperio se institueva le Ducatos byzantin. Le Ducatos esseva governate per le Ducs que esseva eligite per le elites local, permittere le citates haber un major libertate in campo economic e politic, non debente plus requestar le intervention del autoritate central,<ref name=":25" /> iste territorios esseva le plus dynamic de Italia.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":24" /> Le dynamismo del territorios byzantin es attestate per le facto que illos esseva le unic regiones italian que esseva inserite intra le retes commercial. Le territorios byzantin esseva subdividite in tres retes commercial: un spatio alto-adriatic, correspondente al portos de [[Venezia marittima|Venetia]] e Comacchio, un siculo-oriental, correspondente al portos de Bari, Otranto, Taranto e Siracusa e un basse-tyrrhenian, correspondente al portos de [[Ducato di Gaeta|Gaeta]], [[Ducato di Napoli|Napoles]], [[Ducato di Sorrento|Sorrento]], Messina e Palermo.<ref name=":25" /> In le Mezzogiorno continental initialmente le citate que plus beneficiava del traffico commercial esseva Napoles al qual se adjungeva con le tempore le emergente [[Ducato di Amalfi|Amalfi]] que, a differentia de Napoles, appare configurar se al initios como un emporium, id es un centro quasi exclusivemente dedicate al mediation commercial.<ref name=":25" /> Al initios del 9e seculo Amalfi jam disponeva de un flotta capabile de navigar a longe le routes mediterranee e devenir assi le prime [[Repubbliche marinare|republica marinari]]. Il ha etiam in le dominios del Mezzogiorno plus interne le presentia de grande monasterios que habeva grande terrenos.<ref name=":26" /> === Periodo carolinge === Le Carolingos, post le conquesta de Nord-Italia, portava le modello curtense. Le ''curtes'', o le interprises agricole, esseva organisate super un economia [[autarchia|autarchic]], tendente unicamente a satisfacer le necessitates patronal tanto de productos alimentari como de manufactos artisanal. Isto occurreva proque le investimentos agrari e le augmento del productivitate terestre esseva viste como pauc interessante, a causa del scarse capacitate del mercato de commercialisation del generes agricole.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 21-23}}.</ref> Altere eruditos indica le modello curtense como plus productive e fundamental pro garantir le crescimento Basse Medieval.<ref name=":29" /> Le motivo del major productivitate esseva debite al alte nivello de organisation in comparation con le Castrum longobarde,<ref name=":29" /> le territorio es de facto subdividite: in [[Pars dominica|''pars Dominica'']], zona governate directemente per le senior, illo esseva le portion le plus parve e in le qual prevaleva le prato e le silva e in le ''[[Pars massaricia|mansi]]'' zonas affidate al colonos in le quales prevaleva le culturas intensive.<ref name=":29" /> Le senior feudal con le cession de capital permitteva le construction de molinos e altere structuras pro le conquesta de nove territorios agricole, garantiva le defensa del habitantes e regulava le justitia, in cambio le colonos cedeva parte del recovratos del collection e se rendeva disponibile como mano de obra pro le construction de obras public. Iste periodo coincideva con le reapertura del mercatos e con le colonisation de nove territorios, jacente le bases del crescimento del basse Medievo; in le curso del 9e seculo de facto le ferias se diffundeva in multe citates italian. Iste typo de progresso se verificava super toto in le citate locate a longe le Po, stimulante in parte le excambio del productos local e provocante dunque un modeste sollicitation al production agricole e artisanal.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 23-24}}.</ref> Durante le 9e seculo habeva un cambiamento con le diminution del grandor del ''pars dominica'' que es subdividite in mansi, e in concomitantia occurreva etiam le reduction del ''[[allodio]]'' a causa del compra-vendita del terrenos per feudatarios e monasterios.<ref name=":29" /> Le compra-vendita occurreva a transverso de un contracto appellate ''[[enfiteusi]]'', il tracta se de contractos symbolic que prevideva un canon annual multo modeste e le impegno del colono de laborar alcun dies in le dominico.<ref name=":29" /> Con le incremento demographic verso le anno mille le obligationes in confrontation con le feudatarios deveniva pro le plus symbolic, viste que le seniores habeva le avantage de bonificar zonas improductive e permitter le colonisation, assi con le tempore illos deveniva a tote le effectos parve proprietates.<ref name=":29" /> Iste phenomenos, que provocava aperturas in le circuitos claudite del economia curtense, debeva mesurar se con le clima de instabilitate del epocha. Pro turbar iste tentativas de dynamismo economic habeva le [[Invasioni ungare dell'Europa|incursiones del Hungaros]] e de altere populos slavic, succedite con frequentia ab 899, e le minacia del [[Saraceni]] in particular in le Tyrrheno. Le expansion islamic totevia comportava del altere latere etiam a un augmento del traffico commercial, del qual in particular Venetia sapeva profitar se.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 24-26}}.</ref> === Productivitate del sector primari e secundari === Le rendimentos del grano durante le Alte Medievo se manteneva extrememente basse, illos debeva corresponder a un rendimento de circa 2,5 quintales per hectare, iste dato resulta multo modeste prendente in conto que 1 quintal esseva reutilisate pro le sementar. Valores tanto basse esseva totevia proportionate al basse population de Italia in ille periodo.<ref name=":36">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 122-125}}</ref> Le sector manufacturari in le alte medievo esseva presente ma in grande parte active pro le autoconsumo, le unic productiones que immiteva merces pro mercatos distante in Europa esseva le armas de aciero (le spatas franche), le textiles producite in Flandra; relevante esseva etiam le production de textiles in le Mezzogiorno de Italia e in le portion meridional de Hispania.<ref name=":30">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 159}}</ref> Le Italia meridional esseva alora intra le circuitos commercial con Byzantio e le mundo arabe. Le [[industria tessile|industria textil]] meridional produceva alora coton, lana e seta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 171-172}}</ref> De importante relevantia esseva le industrias de palatio in Sicilia, que produceva textiles de seta, le materia prime esseva producite principalmente in Calabria, ubi le Byzantinos habeva initiate le cultivation del moro, lo que permitteva le [[gelsibachicoltura|sericultura]], que serviva al production del seta.<ref name=":30" /> Le production del lana esseva facilitate etiam per le invention del gualchiera, le prime documento que attesta su presentia ha essite redigite in Abruzzo in le 10e seculo, iste machina facilitava a transverso del uso de pistones actionate per aqua le battitura del textiles, diminuente le costos.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.206}}</ref> === Traffico commercial === Como occurrre sovente in le commercio inter un area plus retrogradate e un plus ric, le balancia commercial de Europa in confrontation con le mundo arabe e byzantin esseva active, isto significa que Europa exportava merces, fundamentalmente materias prime, e riceveva como merces de excambio un modeste quantitativo de objectos de luxo e moneta, non disponibile de un grande demanda interne con le qual collar le offerta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 171}}</ref> Pro quanto reguarda le moneta, in le Alte Medievo in Europa esseva cuniate pro le pagamentos diverse monetas de argento que habeva un valor constante del VIII usque al X, illos pesava circa 1,75 grammas de argento con liga de 950 millesimos. Le unic regiones ubi monetas de auro esseva presente esseva le Imperio Byzantin e le mundo Arabe. Le presentia in Europa de monetas de argento pesante indica que le commercios esseva pauc dynamic, de facto le major dynamismo economic conduceva in le Basse Medievo a un augmento del numero de monetas a transverso del perda de peso, comportante dunque un constante devaluation pro augmentar le massa monetari.<ref name=":37">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 215-217}}</ref> === Expenso public === Concernente le expenso public durante le prime etate feudal il non ha un distinction inter illo que nos poteret appellar finantia public e le patrimonio del soverano. In general iste es date per le patrimonio personal e per le denarios recolligite a transverso del derectos de regalitate, istos es le revenitos concernente alcun activitates como le cuniatura del monetas, le pisca in le fluvios, le collection del metallos, le exploitation del minas de sal, le derectos de doana, e le impostos super le mercatos.<ref name=":38">{{Cite book|autore=Paolo Malanima|title=Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea|p=299}}</ref> Le soveranos ha in ultra le derecto al ''auxilium'' illo es recolligite a transverso del pagamento de un canon o a transverso del prestation del servicio. Con le tempore viste que le exercitos se basa quasi exclusivemente super le cavalleria se adjunge un imposto additional le ''fodrum'', que es un imposto directe a pagar in moneta calculate per familia.<ref name=":38" /> == Basse Medievo (seculos X-XV) == [[File:Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_-_Effects_of_Good_Government_on_the_City_Life_(detail)_-_WGA13490.jpg|197px|right|thumb|[[Ambrogio Lorenzetti]], ''Allegoria del bon governamento in citate.'' (1338-1339), [[Palazzo Pubblico (Siena)|Palazzo Public]], Siena]] A partir del seculo X, le population e le economia italian recommenciava a crescer. Alcun innovationes technologic meliorava le productivitate agricole: le rotation triennal del culturas e le melioramento del [[aratura|arage]] a transverso del adoption del [[Aratro|aratro pesante]] a rota e un major diffusion del cavallo, plus tosto que de bovinos. Etiam se diffundeva le uso industrial del [[mulino ad acqua|molino a aqua]] in le manufacturas textil, metallic e altere ancora.<ref name=":2" /> === Reorganisation del terra e nascentia del Communes === Verso le anno mille, pro le expansion del population, le feudatarios initiava a signar contractos sempre plus symbolic con le colonos, assi pro favorir le cultivation de nove terras. Iste processo se reinforcement durante le XI e le XII in le Centro-Nord, gratias al **nascentia e al reinforcement de nove entitates politic, le [[Età comunale|Communes]]. In le Meridion al contrario occurre le affirmation de un stato unitari con le [[Regno di Sicilia|Normannos]], lo que porta al imposition del systema feudal francese con un constante reinforcement del privilegios feudal. Le [[Età comunale|Communes]] nasce del acquisition del potere politico-administrative in le citates per le classes mercantil. Subsequentemente etiam le campanias del Centro-Nord es reorganisate per le administration communal in ''[[Contado|Contadi]].'' In le ''Contadi'' le Communes affirma lor autoritate in campo fiscal, administrative e militar; le seniores es fortiate a facer acto de submission e a transferer lor residentias in le citates, lor potere totevia remane in le proprietate infeudate.<ref name=":24" /> Isto favoriva le augmento del urbanisation; secundo multe eruditos, portava un taxa de urbanisation in 1300 del 21%, le taxa de urbanisation esseva simile in Hispania, ma multo inferior in Francia, Germania e Regno Unite.<ref name=":0" /> Al initio del seculo XIV, Milano, Venetia e Florentia contava plus de 100,000 habitantes; il habeva 43 citates con al minus 15,000 habitantes.<ref name=":3">{{Cita|Zamagni, 2005}}.</ref> Del seculo XIII in le Italia Centro-Septentrional il ha un reorganisation additional del contado. Il occurre que le elite urban, enrichite per le traffico e per le industrias, comencia a acquirer le proprietate private del paisanos que, a causa del expansion demographic, habeva essite additionalmente dividite e non permitteva plus le sustenimento del familias, veniente assi a crear se specialmente in le regiones le plus fertile un distribution inegal del proprietate; in le seculo XIV in le areas fertile presso le centros urban del 10 al 25% del terra pertineva a entitates religiose o a pauco familias urban. Iste recomposition esseva totevia solmente partial ben que continuava in le seculos successive, de facto le Italia Septentrional remaneva un del areas in le qual le proprietate private esseva le plus presente.<ref name=":24" /> Un altere grande cambiamento in le areas rural Italian concerne le pagamento del canon al senior que passa in le seculo XIII de un canon in moneta a un parte del production, isto es debite al facto que le alte urbanisation in Italia conduceva a un augmento del consumos in le citates, lo que causava un augmento del precios del productos agricole, assi portante a grande ganios pro le possidentes.<ref name=":24" /> ==== Sector primari ==== In iste periodo se cerca etiam de augmentar le productivitate del terra, specialmente del frumento, pro cercar de satisfacer un population in forte augmento. Le valores passa de 2-3 quintales de frumento per hectare a 4-5 al initio del basse Medievo e in le tardive Medievo attinge le valores de 5-6 quintales per hectare.<ref name=":36" /> A transverso del estimation del urbanisation in Italia il es possibile evalutar le productivitate del travalio in agricultura. Isto proque quanto plus le numero del personas in le citates monta, tanto plus le productivitate del paisanos monta pro permitter lor sustenimento. Isto ha permittite de evalutar, in comparation con le alte Medievo, un augmento del productivitate del 20% durante le basse Medievo, sequite per un longe periodo de stagnation usque al initios del XX.<ref name=":24" /> Sector secundari: nove modellos manufacturari e nascentia del corporationes In le citates le sector manufacturari se disveloppa particularmente, de facto le numero de travaliatores de iste sectores deveni multo elevate. Le sector manufacturari italian produceva material pro le demanda interne, pro le region circumjacente o pro le mercatos distante<ref name=":24" />. Le sectores que realisava benes destinate al exportation pote esser indicate como ''sectores de base''<ref name=":24" />. Illos es le sectores le plus dynamic, innovative e ha effectos multiplicative super le revenito social; lor activitate constitue un stimulo pro le sectores complementari e pro illos derivate o inducite. Durante le Medievo in le citates del Italia centro-septentrional le sector de base esseva le sector textil, le ''sector complementari'' esseva le sartoria o le production de materiales usate pro le production textil como le colorantes e le ''sectores derivate'' esseva le activitates del construction e del production de benes alimentari.<ref name=":24" /> Le organisation del industria es de typo artisanal. Le systema artisanal se basa super le ''mastro'' que es tanto le detentor del boteca, como le productor, como le mercante e le emptor de materias prime<ref name=":24" />. Ille coordina le activitate de su subordinatos que se divide in ''apprendices'' e ''laborantes''. Le primes labora sin salario con le scopo de apprender le mestiero e sovente debe pagar etiam pro initiar le apprentissage; le secundos es salariate. Un altere modello de industria es le ''industria a domicilio'', in iste caso le figura central es le mercante-entrepreneur, ille acquiere le materias prime que es displaciate in un magazin o boteca ubi initia le elaboration per travaliatores salariate<ref name=":24" />. Subsequentemente le materia prime lassa le boteca e atteinge le casas de altere travaliatores salariate, que in cambio de un compensation monetari lo transforma in semi-elaborato pro esser finalmente finite per artisanes, que in cambio de un salario face retornar le producto al mercante-entrepreneur que initia le vendita.<ref name=":24" /> In le Communes se disveloppa un nove maniera de organisar le production in le citates, gratias al nascentia de associationes de mestieros appellate [[Corporazioni delle arti e mestieri|corporationes]] (o artes).<ref name=":24" /> Le [[Corporazioni delle arti e mestieri|corporationes]] nasce como pactos associative inter gruppos de individuos que face le mesme activitate e que dunque habeva interesses analoge a tutelar<ref name=":24" />. Le cargas esseva multiple: mantener le monopolio del production in le mano de pauco in quanto il habeva un numero maxime de associate per mestiero, le election del salarios, le prohibition de subtraher mano de obra a un concurrente, le numero de materias prime, le precios del productos<ref name=":24" />. Iste associationes ha disveloppate un rolo importante in le affirmation e le consolidation del mestieros; con le tempore, totevia, illos tendeva a limitar le productivitate e essera substituite in le dece-octave seculo per le cameras de commercio.<ref name=":24" /> Durante le basse Medievo, a sequito etiam del reorganisation artisanal a transverso del corporationes e del industrias a domicilio, se assiste al nascentia del predominantia italian in le industria textil. Le citates del Italia Centro-Septentrional, gratias a iste innovationes, succede a attinger le monopolio super le production e exportation de coton, de seta e de lana. Isto es debite al acquisition del gualchiera (molino fullante) in le Italia centro-septentrional e al traffico commercial.<ref name=":24" /> ==== Cambiamentos in le traffico commercial in le Basse Medievo ==== Grande cambiamentos occurre in le traffico commercial inter le XI e le XII. Durante iste seculos le citate italian del centro-nord se trova inter excambios sempre major e succede a functionar como intermediarios in le vendita e in le exportation del textiles producite in Flandra<ref name=":31">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.175}}</ref>. Al mesme tempore le naves del citates de Pisa e Genova es ingagiate in le confrontos con le citate italo-byzantin del Italia meridional e le naves arabe. In le meridion le citates Italo-byzantin essera attaccate etiam per le [[Contea di Aversa|Contato de Aversa]], ubi le Normannos se habeva installate<ref name=":31" />. Le Ducato se expandera usque a [[Conquista normanna dell'Italia meridionale|conquirer le integre Mezzogiorno]], con le tempore le autonomia de iste citates essera attenuate e le modello feudal francese essera imponite. In iste phase, totevia, il non ha un distinction nette inter un area que produce e exporta manufactos e un altere que exporta solmente materias prime<ref name=":31" />. Con le tempore, totevia, le cosas cambia; in le XIII le citate del Italia centro-septentrional ha iam le monopolio del commercio del lana, del coton e del seta, gratias al melioramentos technologic que abassava le precio del productos in comparation con le competitores<ref name=":31" />. Consequentemente le balancia commercial cambia: in le seculo XIII le exportation del textiles del mundo arabe diminue e le balancia resulta active con Europa<ref name=":31" />. Le mesme occurre con Africa in le qual le italianos exporta pannos, setas, textiles de canape e productos artisanal e importa materias prime; le passivo remanente es coperite per le auro de pagliola. Iste cambiamento occurre etiam con le Italia Meridional que, ben que usque al XII seculo resultava le area le plus avantiate de Italia, in le dece-tertie seculo le cosas habeva iam cambiate: le citate Italo-byzantin, como Amalfi, limitava le excambios commercial solmente al areas limitrophe, le meridion se trovava a importar pannos de lana e a exportar materias prime, specialmente grano, oleo, bestial, lignamine, vino e seta greggia (crude); assi initia le historia de un Sud minus dynamic, ben que pro seculos in terminos per capita le disparitate restara multo modeste: de 5-10%. Isto etiam a causa del forte interdependentia del duo areas, pro le qual un forte augmento del Centro-Nord causava etiam un augmento del demanda de materias prime del Sud, favorante assi le enrichment de ambe.<ref name=":31" /> ==== Circulation monetari ==== Durante iste seculos il ha cambiamentos etiam in le moneta, isto proque le augmento del population e le major circulation de monetas necessita plus de monetas. Dunque le diverse officinas monetari comencia a cunniar monetas que presenta sempre minus argento, le viliamento del moneta portava le moneta a reducer se a un disco metallic multo fragile in le XII; tal processo non esseva un mal, de facto evitava que le inelasticitate del offerta de argento e le manco de instrumentos de credito provocarea un strangulation deflationari.<ref name=":37" /> Pro permitter excambios plus ingente del fin del XII seculo le citate del Italia centro-septentrional comenciava a cunniar monetas de auro, tal monetas esseva le Fiorino, le Genovino e le Ducato<ref name=":37" />. Con le tempore, viste que un affluxo de moneta del mundo Arabe, del Imperio Byzantin e del Italia Meridional se disveloppava, proque le balancia commercial del Italia centro-septentrional esseva active in confrontation con iste regiones, favorante le cadita del precios del metallos preciose e specialmente del auro, facilitante un abassamento del precio del auro que conduceva a un augmento in le cuniatura<ref name=":37" />. A causa del grande importantia que habeva le mercantes italian, le [[Zecchino|ducato de auro venetian]] e le [[Fiorino d'oro|fiorino florentin]] deveniva le principal valutas pro le excambios commercial in Europa.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Le nascentia del bancas ==== [[File:Repubblica di Siena - Commercio bancario - Mappa della massima penetrazione in Europa dei banchieri senesi.png|297px|right|thumb||Mappa in le qual es representate le maxime penetration in [[Europa]] del [[Gran Tavola|Grande Tabula]] del [[Bonsignori (famiglia)|Bonsignori]] e del altere major bancheros del [[Repubblica di Siena|Republica de Siena]] in le XIII seculo]] Un sector particularmente innovative que nasce in iste annos es le activitate bancari. Iste typo de activitate nasce in le seculo XIII ben que documentos de activitates simile jam appare del X; in iste periodo le banchero esseva un homine facunde que, ultra a effectuer le cambio del valutas, recipeva fundos del depositantes e effectuava prestos lucrante super le differentia in activos e passivos<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.218-222}}</ref>. In le XIII le prime a operar in ample radio esseva le mercantes senese, le figura del mercante-banchero nasceva in iste seculo. Iste figura offere fundos in presto non solmente al clientela de su citate o de centros vicin, ma etiam a papas, reges e nobiles.<ref name=":32" /> Le systema bancari presenta un importante novitate al fin del dece-tertie seculo que es le [[lettera di cambio|lettera de cambio]], usate como medio de transferimento de fundos e pro occultar le interesse<ref name=":32" />. In le secunde medietate del dece-quarte seculo le bancas toscan presenta ramificationes international; in iste structuras de interprise, le bancas que se trova al estraniero es controlate per membros del familia o personas fidabile<ref name=":32" />. Sovente le bancas controla interprises in le citates, assi structuras complexe e ramificate se forma, constituite per banca, interprises commercial e manufacturari.<ref name=":32" /> ==== Expenso public ==== Le finantias del communes es multo plus complexe in comparation con illos del feudo, in quanto illos debe prender in conto expensas pro le muros, pro le viabilitate, pro le edificios public e le organisation del approvisionamento del benes alimentari. Pro garantir le expensa le commune institue un taxation directe, que es appellate ''[[estimo|estima]]''; iste taxa esseva pagate per tote le cives, excepte le nullatenentes e le entitates ecclesiastic, le cavalleros esseva tenite a pagar la o il habeva un partial deduction. Le taxation non presentava regularitate, illo se basava de facto super le necessitate del commune.<ref name=":24" /> Il existeva le solidaritate de cata circumscriptio, de facto si alcun cives non succedeva a attinger le cifra le habitantes de un quartiero spartiva le quota evadite, assi pro poter pagar la.<ref name=":24" /> ==== PIB e PIB per capita e disigualitates in le Basse Medievo ==== Ben que inter grande incertitudes, il ha essite estimate que le PIB per capita italian durante le basse medievo esseva multo major que illo del altere paises mediterranee e nord-europee, que in ille epocha viveva in vice un longe stagnation economic. Le crescimento economic in Italia produceva un claro melioramento del conditiones de vita del population.<ref name=":0" /> Altere eruditos evidentia ultra un augmento de Italia etiam un general augmento del producto aggregate europee in le basse Medievo, ma in Italia illo tende a augmentar se le plus.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.252-257}}</ref> In concomitantia al augmento del producto aggregate il ha un pejoramento constante e gradual del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population<ref name=":33" />. Le pejoramento del revenitos e del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population es explicate per un augmento sproportionate del population in comparation con le ressources que remaneva scarse, non favorante dunque un melioramento pro le majoritate del population.<ref name=":33" /> Iste studios de facto estima que in Italia del X al XIV il ha essite un augmento de tres vices del population, que partiente de 4,5 milliones de habitantes ha attingite le 12,5 e in concomitantia il ha essite un augmento del urbanisation, le taxa de urbanisation arrivava a circa 21,4% partiente del 5-8%.<ref name=":33" /> Pro permitter le sustenimento de un population in augmento, il habeva un augmento del productivitate del sector primari e, viste que le productivitate del travalio agricole es inferior al activitates secundari e tertiari, il debe haber essite un general augmento del productivitate del travalio.<ref name=":33" /> Le augmento del population comporta un augmento equal del producto aggregate, viste que le demanda augmenta e viste que le productivitate del travalio ha augmentate, isto face supponer un augmento del producto aggregate, major del crescimento del population, de 4-5 vices.<ref name=":33" /> Il ha essite hypotisate etiam un augmento del producto per capita, del 40-50%, iste dato ha essite formulate pro le augmento del population urban ubi revenitos major esseva presente<ref name=":33" />. Le crescimento del producto aggregate non comportava, totevia, un melioramento del conditiones de vita pro le major parte del population, de facto a transverso del studio del consumos il ha essite vidite un pejoramento in le alimentation del majoritate del population e un augmento del disigualitates.<ref name=":24" /> Le pejoramento del conditiones de vita del population esseva debite a un constante abassamento del salarios, a causa del augmento del mano de obra e pro permitter le sustenimento de un population in augmento le spatio pro le pasturages e pro le arbores fructifere diminueva, facer levar le precios de iste benes ma mantenente stabile le precio del frumento.<ref name=":24" /> == Crisi del seculo XIV == {{Vide anque|Crisis del 14e seculo}} [[File:Cattedrale_di_Siena,_navata_incompiuta_2.JPG|right|thumb|400x400px|Le expansion economic de multe citates europee durante le seculos XI-XIII ha essite associate a un boom in le construction de [[Cattedrale|cathedrales]]. Le construction de un cathedral urban representava un del plus grande investimentos in infrastructuras del epocha. Le chantieros durava decennios o mesmo seculos. Le initio del construction del [[duomo di Siena|domo de Siena]] retrahe al minus al fin del seculo XII. Al initio del 1300 le floritura economic del citate stimulava un ambitiose projecto de expansion. Le projecto esseva abandonate post le peste de 1347. Le nove facie incomplete remane pro testimoniar plasticamente le impacto de ille [[Siena#Medioevo|crisi economic e social]].<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Eltjo|cognome=Buringh|nome2=Bruce M.S.|cognome2=Campbell|nome3=Auke|cognome3=Rijpma|data=2020|title=Church building and the economy during Europe's ‘Age of the Cathedrals', 700–1500 CE|rivista=Explorations in Economic History|volume=76|p=101316|doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2019.101316|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2019.101316}}</ref>]] Durante le Basse Medievo le movimento del ricchessa e del consumos del majoritate del population declina<ref name=":24" />. Isto es debite al augmento del pression super un economia ancora troppo retrogradate, consequentemente le disigualitate distributive cresce e qui se enrichi es un restringite numero de mercantes, bancheros e nobiles<ref name=":24" />. [[File:Variazione in percentuale del PIL pro capite 1310 igp.jpg|right|thumb|Variation in percento del [[reddito pro capite|revenito per capita]] del territorio italian ab 1310 a 1641.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth|title=Economic Growth}}</ref> In iste imagine on pote notar le augmento del revenito per capita, consequente al crollo del population post le [[Peste nera|peste de 1347]] e del [[Peste del 1630|1630]], a causa del augmento del fortia contractual del travaliatores.]]. Verso le fin del dece-tertie seculo un ulterior pejoramento del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population se disveloppava, a causa de un cambiamento del conditiones climatic, que del 1250 portava a hibernos rigide e estates pluvial que causava collectas scarse e conduceva a numerose faminas. Le pluvias causava un augmento del precio del grano que ha essite calculate del 1280 de 1,25% annual, isto usque al arrivata del Peste.<ref name=":24" /> In 1347 le [[peste nera|peste nigre]] arrivava in Europa, occidente in pauco annos un tertio del population. In Italia, iste catastrophe demographic esseva multo accentuate. Illo esseva totevia sequite post pauco decennios per un renascentia economic. Le cadita del population causava un forte cadita del demanda e dunque etiam del producto aggregate; de facto, a transverso del studios del traffico del porto de Genova il ha essite possibile estimar un cadita del producto aggregate major del population<ref name=":24" />. Le cadita del producto aggregate non se reflecte totevia super le producto per capita e super le consumos medie que augmentava<ref name=":24" />. Le augmento del salarios occurreva pro le manco de mano de obra, que favoriva un major fortia contractual del travaliatores<ref name=":24" />. Le augmento del revenitos occurreva specialmente pro le travaliatores del citates, assi pro favorir lor repopulamento<ref name=":24" />. In concomitantia in le campanias occurreva un diminution del locationes agrari del quales beneficiava le paisanos e causava le debilitation del feudatarios<ref name=":24" />. De facto iste processo succuteva fortemente le poter feudal, favorante in Europa Occidental le crescimento del poter del citates plus tosto que le reinsaldamento del systema feudal (como habeva occurrite durante le crise demographic del seculos II e III p.Chr). Iste processo non esseva univoc in Europa. In multe areas, ubi le citates esseva plus debile, como per exemplo le Mezzogiorno de Italia e le Europa del Est, habeva al contrario un reinforcement del poter feudal<ref name=":0" />. Alicun historicos economic face coincider a iste momento historic le initio del disparitate inter Centro-Nord e Sud<ref name=":0" />. Post le peste, creseva ancora le commercio, le production manufacturari, le universitates, le societates corporative, le participation del classes le plus povre in le economia, e le institutiones juridic e cultural que permitteva le expansion del economia de mercato.<ref name=":0" /> == Renascentia (Seculo XVI) == [[File:26092015-DSC_3542.JPG|sinistra|197px|right|thumb|375x375px|In le secunde medietate del 1500 le plus ricche familias de commerciantes, bancheros e armatores genovese construiva un serie de [[Le Strade Nuove e il sistema dei palazzi dei Rolli di Genova|palatios de residentia e representation]] longe le [[Via Giuseppe Garibaldi|Strada Nove]], foras del centro medieval. Iste disveloppamento urbanistic es le testimoniancia physic del picco del economia maritim e financiari genovese.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|nome=Pettinotti, Paola|title=Storia di Genova : dalle origini ai nostri giorni|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1020572259|anno=2017|editore=Biblioteca dell'Immagine|OCLC=1020572259|ISBN=978-88-6391-266-1}}</ref>]] Le repetite undas de peste que se succedeva inter 1350 e 1450 probabilemente dimidiava le population urban italian. Le debilitation del parve centros favoriva le expansion regional del principal citates: Venetia, Milano, Florentia, Genova, Neapole que projectava un major stabilitate politic e territorial. Le recuperation economic se accentuava particularmente in Italia central a partir del 1450. Le reinforcement de grande realitates urban super le realitates urban plus parve causava le fin del polycentrismo basse medieval<ref name=":24" />. Le Statos Regional se comenciava a crear, in le quales un centro, que esseva le capital, cresceva in population e ricchessa a damno del centros minor, que perdeva importantia.<ref name=":24" /> Iste processo occurreva fortemente in le Meridion con un crescimento enorme de Neapole e Palermo<ref name=":24" />. Le principal citates italian esseva Milano, Venetia, Florentia, Neapole e Palermo. === Sector primari === Del dece-sexte seculo a latere del grano, pro le qual non se habeva cambiamentos de productivitate, nove culturas se diffundeva a latere del traditional<ref name=":24" />. In le Centro-Nord se comenciava a diffunder le ris, jam cognoscite e cultivate in le Meridion, specialmente in Sicilia del seculo X, que deveniva un alimento typic del ricches e le moriera, que etiam illo esseva jam producite pro seculos in le Meridion<ref name=":24" />. Le production del moriera ha un valor addite multo alte, isto es debite al facto que illo se utilisa pro le [[Bachicoltura|sericultura]].<ref name=":24" /> Le production de moriera comenciava assi a displaciar se del Mezzogiorno al Septentrion; in 1500 Italia produceva 400 tonnas de moriera per anno, del quales tres quartos proveniva del Sud, specialmente Calabria e Sicilia.<ref name=":24" /> In iste periodo a causa del forte cadita del population, le travaliatores habeva in dotation melior terras e capitales, assi un forte incremento del productivitate del travalio se habeva. Iste processo se habeva del 1400 usque al 1480, postea se habeva un longe stagnation e postea cadita del 1500. Etiam le salarios cresceva in le curso del dece-quarte seculo pro postea stagnar se del prime decennio del dece-sexte seculo.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari e bancari === Pro quanto concerne le productiones artisanales cambiamentos se habeva, de facto post le crollo del producto aggregate a causa del pestilentias del dece-quarte seculo, un modification del production textil se habeva.<ref name=":40">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 191-194}}</ref> Le industria del coton decade in quasi tote le centro-nord, a causa del competition con le industrias german; le pauco industrias que remaneva esseva pro le auto-consumo, se habeva in vice un forte incremento del industria lanari<ref name=":40" />. Le portata del crescimento esseva enorme, de facto le production de lana inter le 1570-1580 in le centro-nord attingeva 150.000 pannos per anno, que valeva le 3-4 pro cento del producto interne brute total del centro nord. In terminos de occupation, del production de lana dependeva inter 200.000 e 250.000 personas que correspondeva al 20-25 pro cento del centros con plus de 10.000 habitantes<ref name=":40" />. Altere sector que habeva un forte crescimento es le sector del seta, que habeva un peso super le producto interne brute equal al sector del lana; pro dar un idea del quantitate de seta greggia (crude) producite suffice pensar que del 1.200 tonnas producite in Europa 1.000 esseva producite in Italia, del quales le medietate del Mezzogiorno<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, pp. 198-199}}</ref>. Nove industrias etiam se diffundeva, como le armas de foco e le imprimeria.<ref name=":5" /> Durante iste seculos il ha un cambiamento in le activitate de credito: le primato toscan de facto es attingite e superate per Genova que deveni le principal financiator del corona espaniol.<ref name=":32" /> === Traffico commercial === Post le peste le commercios reprendeva, con un ulterior specialisation del Italia centro-septentrional e meridional. De facto, alora existeva un forte complementaritate inter le duo macro-areas del Peninsula.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.179-182}}</ref> Le Regno de Neapole e de Sicilia e le Stato Pontificie esseva le prime partenari commercial del Statos del centro-nord; le primes exportava grano, seta greggia, vino, lana, oleo e sucro e importava productos elaborate in le Centro-Nord e utilisava le servicios de credito.<ref name=":34" /> Essente le demanda de benes modeste in le parte meridional de Italia, il habeva un forte affluxo de moneta que esseva totevia compensate in grande parte per le interesses super le debitos contrahite, determinante dunque un conspicue affluxo de moneta verso le centro-nord.<ref name=":34" /> Le excambios del Italia del centro-nord verso le resto del mundo ha essite evalutate inter 50 e 80 milliones de liras florentin, le major partenari commercial esseva Francia con 30 milliones de liras, a sequer le Levante e le Pais Basse con 17 milliones de liras cata uno, postea Espania con 8 e finalmente Anglaterra con 3.<ref name=":34" /> Le crescimento, que habeva dunque su radices in le crise demographic basse medieval, produceva un florida economia renascentista, avantiate in comparation con le paises europee. Il ha essite estimate que le revenito per capita in Italia centro-septentrional attingeva un nivello que serea postea attingite de novo solmente al fin del seculo XIX. Le crescimento premiava le elite: il habeva un forte disigualitate economic. Iste expansion economic esseva al base del floritura cultural e artistic del epocha.<ref name=":5" /> === Cambiamentos in le mentalitate e confrontation economic con le altere paises === In iste periodo il ha etiam un grande cambiamento in le mentalitate, de facto le investimentos del privados tende a esser expendite sempre plus in activitates improductive e le possibilitates de scala social diminue.<ref name=":24" /> Isto es debite al facto que, a differentia del Basse Medievo in le qual il habeva un forte expansion economic, pro le qual le gruppos in ascensa cercava de remover le obstaculos institutional pro lor scala social, con le tempore le ambiente economic se satura a causa del limites del systema technic e le gruppos social que se trova al vertice del hierarchia impone resistentias pro favorir lor monopolio super le mercato<ref name=":24" />. Iste immobilismo causa un crescimento de Italia minus vertiginose in comparation con le crescimento medieval e con illo de altere paises<ref name=":24" />. Le Paises Basse in le curso del 1500 attinge Italia e lo supera in le seculo subsequente tanto in producto per capita como in aggregate, Francia, que presenta un population multo major, ha un producto aggregate del 30% inferior e Anglaterra presenta un producto aggregate 5 vices inferior.<ref name=":24" /> === Expenso public === Le entradas del Statos Regional resulta pro le 70-80 pro cento componite de taxation indirecte, le impostos es super quatro categorias: contractos, alimentos, portas urban e monopolios. Alicun governamentos tenta le disveloppamento de un cadastro que es totevia fortemente refusate per le elites economic e dunque non essera disveloppate, le situation non cambiava in le seculos subsequente.<ref name=":24" /> == Le 17e Seculo (XVII) == {{vide anque|Crisi del XVII secolo}} [[File:02_mulino_da_seta_alla_bolognese_Museo_Patrimonio_Industriale.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Modello de molino a seta bolognese. Del seculo XV Bologna se affirmava como le major centro europee de production de filatos e velos de seta. Del seculo XVI esseva introducite un molino special, alimentate per rota hydraulic, capace de mechanisar le processo de incannatura e torcitura del filo de seta. Le machina es considerate como le plus alte technologia europee ante le machina a vapor e anticipa le systema de fabrica del Revolution Industrial. In 1683 le citate contava 119 molinos a seta. Le industria bolognese postea decadeva in le curso del seculo XVIII.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cita web|url=https://trama-e-ordito.blogspot.com/2010/09/il-mulino-da-seta-bolognese.html|title=Il mulino da seta bolognese (o rotondo)}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://informa.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/media/files/il_segreto_del_mulino_da_seta_24_aprile_16.pdf|title=Il segreto del mulino da seta alla bolognese|autore=[[Museo del patrimonio industriale di Bologna]]|autore2=}}</ref>]] In le curso del 1600 le systema economic se debilitava. Paises Basse, Anglaterra e Francia assumeva un rolo economic prominente in Europa e Italia perdeva le position dominante in le exportationes textil, in le intermediationes financiari e in le transportos maritim. A causa del declino del interprisas urban, Italia deveniva un pais importator de manufactos etiam textil e exportator de productos agricultural primari (oleo, grano, vino, lana e seta).<ref name=":2" /> Le mesura de iste declino es debattite e le estimationes del historicos remane incerte. Secundo alcunones il se tractava de un ver declino, secundo alteres il habeva un stagnation economic que produceva un declino competitive relative a altere economias europee. Le economias de Paises Basse e Anglaterra, e postea Francia e Germania, in ille periodo esseva multo plus dynamic e se avviamento verso un plus precoce [[rivoluzione industriale|revolution industrial]].<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Industria lana 1570-1600 seta 1650 Italia - Map Early industrialization 1992 - Touring Club Italiano CART-TEM-073.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Diffusion del industria del lana inter le 1570-1600 e del seta in le 1650.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atlante tematico d'Italia, Touring Club Italiano, 1990.}}</ref>]] <ref name="TCI">''Atlante tematico d'Italia'', Touring Club Italiano, 1990.</ref> Le historicos ha proponite diverse causas de iste evolution: le epidemias de [[Peste del 1630|peste]], que provocava un forte cadita demographic in le curso del 1600; le crescente centralitate del commercio transatlantic in comparation con illo mediterranee; le impacto del guerras combattite per potentias estranie in Italia e del domination del espanioles al sud (que taxava pesantemente le territorios per illes controlate). Secundo altere historicos, iste factores sol non es sufficiente pro explicar le stagnation italian del 1600 proque multe de illos toccava etiam altere paises europee que in vice demonstrava major dynamismo economic. Super le piano politic, le parve realitates regional italian non habeva un dimension sufficiente pro sustener lor proprie economias con adequate interventiones de politica monetari e commercial o investimentos in le transportos. Isto disavantagiava le actores economic italian in le competition commercial, del rottas mercantil e del expansion colonial.<ref name=":0" /> Il ha essite in ultra hypotisate que le economia italian del 1500 cresceva rapidemente ma in un maniera disbalanceate e isto habeva le consequentia de accrescer le precios del productos agricultural proque le demanda augmentava a sequito del augmento del population sin elevar le rendimento del terras; isto avantageva le proprietarios terestre e disavantageva le sectores le plus innovative del economia. Con le tempore, le crescente disigualitate economic, aggravate etiam per un forte taxation indirecte per parte del parve realitates politic, limitava le demanda local del productos le plus innovative, que non esseva accessibile al grande majoritate del population. Dunque le crescimento non alimentava un demanda interne capace de sustener le disveloppamento de industrias e servicios sophisticate. Le fundamentos del crescimento veniva dunque a mancar, contribuente al declino in le seculo subsequente.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Il ha essite proponite etiam factores cultural e institutional que ha contribuite a retardar le crescimento del economia de capitales e entrepreneurial italian in comparation con illo de altere paises europee in le curso del seculo XVII: un minor apertura cultural al innovation; e le influentia de institutiones conservator, qual le corporationes e le parve seniorias local, que regulava rigidemente e defendeva le status-quo, obstaculante le innovation productive.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cita|Toniolo e Bastasin, 2020}}.</ref> Iste insimul de factores generava dunque un prolongate stagnation economic. Le capitales disponibile presso le classes urban le plus ricche esseva investite plus tosto que in sectores productive, in mesura notabile in arte e edificios religiose e civil. Tal investimentos produceva le extense patrimonio artistic e architectural que le epocha ha lassate a su testimoniancia.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Sorpasso del gdp italiano 1600.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Variationes del revenito per capita de Paises Basse, Italia, Francia e Regno Unite ab 1252 a 1861.<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":27" />In le imagine es possibile notar le superamento del revenito per capita italian al fin del dece-quinte seculo per parte del Paises Basse, del dece-octave seculo per le Regno Unite e a medietate dece-none seculo per Francia.]]. Ultra iste factores il bisogna tener in conto etiam del grande augmento del population que portava le population a superar etiam le numero del habitantes del 1300, ma proque le nivellos technologic non habeva meliorate satis, un abassamento del conditiones de vita, del revenitos e del consumos del majoritate del population se habeva ultra que un cadita del productivitate del travalio.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector primari === In le 1600 il habeva grande cambiamentos in le sector primari. Istes esseva debite al augmento del population que comportava le fragmentation del parve proprietates e al cambiamentos del climate, pro le initio del [[piccola era glaciale|parve era glacial]].<ref name=":24" /> Iste duo factores favoriva le debilitation del classe del mezzadri (fermiers a mitate), que esseva obligate per le poveritate a acceptar prevaricationes per parte del seniores, que requireva obligationes sempre major e imponeva le cession de plus benes pro le pagamento del canon e favoriva le augmento del numero de cultivationes pro le exportationes, como morieras e olivas<ref name=":24" />. De iste momento le production de morieras es equemente dividite inter Centro-Nord e Sud<ref name=":24" />. Le pejoramento del conditiones del mezzadri es appellate proletarisation, illo causava differentias sempre plus exigue in le consumos inter le travaliatores agricultural e le mezzadri; le processo continuava in le seculos subsequente.<ref name=":24" /> Pro permitter un constante sustenimento de un population nove cultivationes esseva addite, specialmente in le Septentrion como le mais e le patatas.<ref name=":24" /> Iste nove alimentos permitteva de mantener in constante augmento le population, ma a causa del basse valor nutritive causava problemas de malnutrition in le familias paisan del nord, como le pellagra.<ref name=":24" /> A medietate dece-septe seculo le peste pensava a modificar iste situation, que causava le morte de multe personas in Italia favorante un discrete augmento del productivitate del travalio per capita usque al initio del dece-octave seculo.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari === Etiam in le economia urban a causa del augmento del pression demographic le proletarisation del travalio artisanal se disveloppava. Del studios facite super le contractos del Arsenale de Venetia ha emergite de facto un perdita del autonomia, viste que illos esseva sub le dependentias de un capite e un abassamento del salarios.<ref name=":24" /> Le sector economic le plus importante de Italia, le textil, resulta in declino in le dece-septe seculo, non potente equalar le concurrentia anglese, nederlandese e francese, industrias remane totevia ma dedicate al auto-consumo.<ref name=":24" /> Le institutos de credito italian e specialmente genovese financia le Corona Espaniol, succedente a enrichir se enormemente; de facto a Genova il ha essite estimate que solmente in le dece-septe seculo le 30% del argento arrivate del Americas esseva utilisate pro pagar le interesses<ref name=":32" />. Le ligamine con le corona espaniol non esseva totevia un selection previdente in le longe periodo, viste que illo ligava Genova al sortes de Espania.<ref name=":32" /> === Declino del traffico commercial === Le commercios de Italia resulta particularmente contrahite, specialmente in le Nord<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.182-185}}</ref>. Le portos de Genova e Venetia ha un importante cadita in le volumine e in le tonnellage, le flottas resulta quasi dimidiate in quaranta annos<ref name=":35" />. In condition stagnante se trova le portos del Sud, Neapole e Palermo. Es constatate solmente un importante crescimento del porto de Livorno, iste crescimento es debite totevia plus al forte presentia de mercantes estranie plus tosto que pro un crescimento endogene.<ref name=":35" /> In iste seculo il ha un cambiamento in le balancia commercial de Italia que es active: illo exporta benes alimentari, seta greggia e textiles de seta e importava textiles de lana e coton, benes colonial, stagno, plumbo, spices. Dunque le differentias inter le Centro-Nord e le Sud diminue, deveniente ambe regiones que exporta prevalentemente materias prime.<ref name=":35" /> === Cambiamentos in le urbanisation === Post le crescimento del population urban del dece-quarte seculo al dece-quinte seculo, un stagnation in le dece-septe seculo se verifica<ref name=":24" />. Isto es debite al facto que post 1500 le differential inter salarios urban e salarios rural non cresce a causa del jam tanto fortia de travalio in le citates, non favorante plus le immigration del population del campanias<ref name=":24" />. Iste processo causava le stagnation del taxa de urbanisation usque a medietate dece-none seculo<ref name=":24" />. Le Sud totevia non sequeva iste mesme processo, de facto le taxas de urbanisation cresce, le crescimento es debite totevia al augmento del travaliatores agricultural que tendeva a viver in le paises plus tosto que disperse in le campanias non possedente le terra<ref name=":24" />. Altere exception es representate per le citate de Neapole que cresce in modo exponential in comparation con le altere citates italian, le crescimento es debite pro le displaciamento del seniores del campanias al citate e con illes etiam mercantes, artisanes e travaliatores agricultural. Istes ultimes esseva movite per le recerca de fortuna e de evitar le obligationes feudal, viste que illes poteva viver in citate con travalios quotidian in le botecas o gratias al operas de caritate del nobilitate e del ecclesia. === Piemonte Sabaude === In le [[Stato sabaudo|dominios sabaude]] le governamento central disveloppava un rolo importante in le gestion del economia national, sequente le exemplo del vicin [[Francia nell'età moderna|Francia]]. In particular, [[Vittorio Amedeo II di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo II de Sabaudia]] succedeva a reorganisar le Stato rendente lo plus efficiente e applicante un serie de mesuras de typo [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|colbertista]]. Inter le reformas se signala le institution del cadastro terestre in 1731, le creation de intendencias provincial e le limitation del privilegios ecclesiastic; le manufacturas interne esseva protegite e tutelate, dum altere industrias esseva create a transverso de patentes e privilegios; finalmente, le continue campanias militar habeva le effecto de sustener le expensa public.<ref name=CM125>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 125-126}}.</ref> Le agricultura habeva un notabile disveloppamento, gratias a operas de canalisation e bonification e al politicas attractive que faceva affluer colonos de Lombardia e de Liguria. Le ampliation del cultivationes, specialmente in le basse planura, videva un forte expansion del risicultura; totevia, le sector de guida deveniva ben tosto illo seric. De facto, cultivationes de morieras esseva implantate e artisanes specialisate esseva appellate de novo; le prohibition de exportation del seta greggia esseva imponite, favorante assi le torcitura seric, que deveniva le industria principal del pais.<ref name=CM125/> Iste politicas deva bon fructos, proque post 1660 il habeva un forte crescimento economic: le entradas del doanas commercial duplava in le trentennio subsequente, dum le production total arrivava a duo vices e medie in le prime medietate del dece-octave seculo in comparation con le periodo precedente.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|p. 127}}.</ref> Iste politicas, ben que comportava un augmento del productivitate, non favoriva un melioramento del revenitos e un pejoramento del disigualitates se disveloppava specialmente in le dece-septe seculo; de facto etiam in le dominios Sabaude, como in le resto de Italia, isto esseva debite al augmento del population e del taxation indirecte.<ref name=":0" /> Un altere limite esseva debite al debilitate del Stato, que como le altere Statos Italian, succedeva solmente partialmente a disveloppar politicas [[Mercantilismo|mercantilistic]] efficace, como in vice occurreva in altere partes de Europa, isto eveniva pro le incapacitate de proteger le mercatos del concurrentia estranie, pena le retorsiones e semper pro le peso politic succedeva solmente in modo partial a imponer conditiones favorabile al commercio e non succedeva a entrar in le competition colonial.<ref name=":0" /> === Stato de Milano === Le crisi del dece-septe seculo esseva sentite in maniera dramatic in le [[Stato di Milano|Lombardia espaniol]]: le [[peste del 1630|peste de 1630]] e le interruption del affluxo de argento american comportava un paralyse del production e del commercios durate al minus usque a 1660. Le apparato manufacturari crollova dum le politicas del governamento, initialmente incerte, esseva inefficace e le tentativos mercantilistic falliva substantialmente.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 129-130}}.</ref> Le patriciato urban, componite per grande proprietarios terestre, contribuiva a revitalisar le sector agrari ma al mesme tempore faceva deprimer le production manufacturari; le economia del region subiva un profunde transformation, iam orientate verso le exportation de productos agricultural e semi-elaboratos, como filatos greggi e torquite.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|p. 130}}.</ref> === Stato Pontificie === Le economia del [[Stato Pontificio|Stato Pontificie]] in iste periodo esseva generalmente static e deprimite. Le absentia de un classe mercantil e le disinteresse del classes dirigente verso le investimentos productive esseva inter le principal factores del substantial immobilismo economic. Nonobstante le complete absentia de un tradition commercial e industrial, a Roma nasceva in 1605 le [[Banco di Santo Spirito|Banco de Sancte Spirito]] como instituto de collection del sparna e de subscriptione del debito public, favorate per le forte affluxo de moneta debite principalmente al [[Decima|decimas ecclesiastic]] e al conspicue patrimonios religiose.<ref name=CM128>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 128-129}}.</ref> Nonobstante le forte movimento de capitales le production manufacturari remaneva fragile e le consumos, specialmente de luxo, se orientava verso le estraniero; ne consequiva le predominantia del mercantes estranie – orientate al speculation – e a un forte deficit del balancia commercial. Le Stato Pontificie reageva solmente a transverso de dispositiones contra le importation de benes e manufactos estranie, sin un organic politica economic.<ref name=CM128/> === Regno de Napole === [[File:Micco_Spadaro_-_Napoli,_Piazza_Mercato.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Neapole, placia del mercato, seculo XVII. Pictura de Micco Spadaro.]] Le [[Regno di Napoli|Regno de Neapole]] scontava le subordination politic al [[Impero spagnolo|Imperio espaniol]], le qual requireva continue contributiones pro su proprie expensas, in particular illos militar. Ne consequiva le crescimento del pression fiscal e del debito public, ultra al absentia de investimentos per parte del autoritates in confrontation con le activitates economic.<ref name=CM131>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 131-132}}.</ref> Ultra de isto, le augmento del taxation eveniva augmentante le impostos indirecte, isto comportava un pejoramento del vita del plus humiles, viste que illo comportava le augmento del precio del generes de prime necessitate.<ref name=":0" /> Le politicas fiscal non sequeva logicas coherente de politica economic, ma esseva apte a coperir le ingente expensas del corona espaniol, evitante totevia le proprietates baronal e ecclesiastic que gaudeva de privilegios e immunitates. Diverse limites al commercio e al exportationes agricultural, ultra a pesante doanas e impostos super le consumos debilitava le activitates productive e le mercato del capitales: de consequentia il esseva preferibile investir in le arrendamenti, i.e., le appaltos del impostos.<ref name="CM131" /> Le incapacitate de poter governar autonomemente su proprie economia esseva le causa principal del depression de un Stato que deveva affrontar le mutationes international. Le [[Repubblica napoletana (1647)|revolta de Masaniello]] esseva de facto debite al forte pression fiscal, dum le [[peste del 1656|peste de 1656]] acuiva le conditiones dramatic in le quales le economia del Mezzogiorno versava.<ref name=CM131/> == Del Dece-octave Seculo al Unitate == Inter le dece-octave seculo e le medietate del dece-none seculo, Italia remaneva subdividite in parve statos, multe del quales sub domination estranie (austriac e francese): iste contexto non favoriva le crescimento e le competitivitate economic e commercial del area italian. Totevia in le curso del dece-octave seculo le Sovereign Italian, influentiate per le pensamento [[Illuminismo in Italia|Illuminista]], participava al reformismo de ille annos, attuante un serie de reformas economico-social, que succedeva partialmente a modernisar le systema socio-economic. Iste periodo de reforma esseva interrumpite post le Revolution Francese, substituite con governamentos despotic repressive. A sequito del Restauration le varie regentes cercava de un latere de favorecer un certe reformismo ma del altere reprimeva le requestas del liberales, isto impediva a Italia de entrar in le Secunde Revolution Industrial; illo de facto remaneva un pais agricultural e retrogradate in comparation con le altere paises del Occidente, etiam si a su interno con duo nivellos de retrogradation inter le nord e le sud, de facto a fronte de un disnivello de revenito contenite, notabile esseva le differentias in le “preconditiones de disveloppamento” (infrastructuras, credito e instruction).<ref name=":0" /> === Sector primari: le productivitate agricultural e le regimes agrari === In iste seculos il ha un continue augmento del phenomeno del proletarisation del paisanos e un augmento del terra del grande proprietarios. Isto porta in le dece-none seculo un grande concentration del terra in comparation con le passato, que remane totevia modeste in le Italia centro-septentrional in comparation con altere regiones europee<ref name=":24" />. Pro calcular le parve proprietate il ha essite usate le percentage del population que viveva disperse, viste que le paisanos proprietarios del terra tendeva a viver disperse in le campanias a differentia del travaliatores agricultural<ref name=":24" />; in base al datos il resulta maxime le parve proprietate in Emilia-Romagna, in Umbria, Marche e Toscana e Veneto con respectivemente 55,7% e 42,5% del population que vive disperse in le parve proprietates, in position intermedie Piemonte, Lombardia, Liguria e Lazio, Abruzzi e Campania con 23%, pro le prime tres, e 13% pro le ultimes, e finalmente le altere regiones del Mezzogiorno e Insulas con 6%<ref name=":24" />. Ultra isto duo regimes agrari remane in le Peninsula, i.e., le systemas de possession e condition del terrenos, que cambiava in maniera e mesura differente inter le regiones italian, con profunde consequentias economic e social. In le meridion le antique systema feudal remaneva dominante usque al revolution francese e substituite postea per le latifundio: le terras de facto esseva concentrate in le manos de un restringite numero de [[Latifondo|latifundistas]], le sic-nominate barones, al quales se adde un classe de extraction burgese del dece-none seculo. In le Italia central le [[mezzadria|mezzadria]] (fermage a mitate) prevaleva: ben que le proprietate terestre esseva concentrate in le manos de paucos, iste contracto agrari incentivava in le tempore le spirito de interprisa e formas de cooperation. In le nord le feudalitate diminuiva fortemente in le curso del dece-octave seculo e transformationes precoce se avviamento verso le investimento de capitales, le modernisation del technicas de production, e le integration con le industrias de transformation.<ref name=":17">{{Cita|Felice, 2016}}.</ref> Secundo altere studios, que confirma le presentia de regimes agrari differente, ma non hypotesa un productivitate del travalio e disveloppamento de particular innovationes al minus usque al fin del dece-none seculo in tote Italia<ref name=":24" />. Iste datos es ricavate per exemplo del rendimentos del grano, que resulta plus o minus constante del 1350, in tote Italia<ref name=":24" />. Le rendimentos de facto es pro le Nord de 5 a 9 quintales per hectare, pro le Centro de 4 a 8 e pro le Sud de 3 a 7<ref name=":24" />. Iste dato resulta particularmente basse tenente in conto que in Anglaterra del 1650 illo esseva de 12 quintales per hectare<ref name=":24" />. Es multo basse de consequentia etiam le productivitate del travalio agricultural, que resulta in declino de medietate dece-septe seculo, illo resulta inter le plus basse de tote Europa e es in le dece-none seculo tres vices inferior al productivitate de un laborero anglese e le medietate de un laborero francese e german.<ref name=":24" /> In vice resulta elevate le productivitate del terra, secunde solmente a Germania e Paises Basse, iste dichotomia es debite al presentia del culturas arboree, que ha un alte valor addite<ref name=":24" />. Es presente differentias inter le tres areas del pais, le Centro-Nord presenta un productivitate del terra major<ref name=":24" />. Le productivitate per hectare es de facto de 204 liras contra le 134 del meridion, isto es debite al extension del cerealicultura, ubi illo esseva plus diffuse illo esseva ubi le culturas arboree esseva minus presente<ref name=":24" />. Esseva presente un grandissime production de moriera, que esseva del dece-octave seculo major in le nord que in le sud a differentia del passato<ref name=":24" />. Iste planta esseva multo importante proque illo esseva al base del sericultura, que serviva pro producer seta greggia.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari: le nascentia del prime industrias === Le tentativas per parte del governantes de augmentar le productivitate e le production industrial italian esseva in grande parte modeste o insignificante in comparation con le crescimento que esseva occurrente in le altere paises.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":0" /> Resisteva totevia un modeste sector textil in grande parte ancora utilisante travalios a domicilio e travaliatores seasonal, iste implantos esseva concentrate specialmente in Lombardia e Piemonte e esseva projectate pro le consumos interne.<ref name=":24" /> Etiam le prime ferrovias non dava grande impulso al industria pesante, le grande stabilimentos industrial esseva quasi sempre volite e amplemente subventionate per le Stato, illos se trovava in general in le pressos del varie capitales. Le plus grande insediamento industrial de tote Italia esseva le [[officine di Pietrarsa|officinas de Pietrarsa]] con su 2.300 obreros, etiam si esseva presente un major kilometrage de ferrovias in le Centro-Nord in comparation con le Sud<ref name=":24" />. Le unic sector in nette crescimento in le dece-none seculo es le construction naval, isto eveniva post un longe decadentia del flottas italian. Isto es multo evidente del confrontation inter le tonnellage del flottas anglese e italian: in le dece-sexte seculo le flottas del sol Genova e Venetia esseva equal a 80.000 tonnas contra le 50.000 tonnas anglese. In le dece-octave seculo le situation se habeva revolvite, le flottas de tote Italia attingeva 100.000 tonnas dum Anglaterra 1.000.000. Durante le dece-none seculo Italia comencia a recuperar, in 1850 le tonnellage anglese esseva de 4.500.000 contra le 700.000 italian.<ref name=":24" /> Le major chantieros naval esseva in Campania e Liguria que habeva a medietate dece-none seculo 2300 e 1900 obreros, le chantieros naval venete esseva in vice in declino con un production multo modeste.<ref>{{Cite book|title=LA PRODUZIONE INDUSTRIALE DELLE REGIONI D’ITALIA, 1861-1913: UNA RICOSTRUZIONE QUANTITATIVA, Stefano Fenoaltea e Carlo Ciccarelli}}</ref> === Traffico commercial === Non habeva cambiamentos in le commercios, Italia restava de facto un pais que exportava materias prime specialmente productos agricultural e seta greggia e importava cereales, benes colonial, textiles e carbon fossile<ref name=":35" />. Del dece-septe seculo se reinforce le diminution del commercio inter le diverse areas del pais, isto porta le varie Statos Italian a esser principalmente partenarios con statos estranie.<ref name=":35" /> === Le producto aggregate e per capita in Italia e in Europa === Post le pestilentias de medietate dece-septe seculo le population reprendeva a crescer a rhythmos major de antea, isto causava un incremento del demanda e de consequentia del producto aggregate, ma non esseva sequite per un augmento del producto per capita e del conditiones de vita que remaneva stagnante o in declino usque a 1820.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 343-348}}</ref> Del 1820 dum le altere paises del Europa Occidental se disveloppava in modo multo major del passato e un augmento del producto per capita se habeva pro le initio del crescimento moderne. In Italia le crescimento esseva modeste e debite a un enrichmento de un parve parte del population, que portava un modeste augmento del producto per capita. Isto eveni pro un longe phenomeno de accumulation agrari que augmentava le revenitos del grande proprietarios.<ref name=":24" /> In base al datos super le precios il ha essite possibile facer un estimation e contraponer lo al altere paises, de iste datos ha emergite que in 1700 le Italia del Centro-Nord presentava un revenito superior in comparation con tote le regiones europee minus Paises Basse, que lo habeva superate in le dece-septe seculo e Anglaterra, que lo superava in ille seculo e del 1750 etiam Belgica<ref name=":24" />. Le alte revenito de Italia es debite al precoce crescimento in le Basse Medievo<ref name=":24" />. In 1820 le Italia del centro-nord es superate per Switza, Danmark e Francia<ref name=":24" />. Le differentias inter le centro-nord e le sud, Lazio includite, es multo modeste in terminos de revenito; illos ha essite estimate inter 0% e 15% e etiam laboreros in le varie sectores<ref name=":24" />. Esseva totevia presente differentias multo grande in le conditiones de pre-disveloppamento industrial, como alphabetisation, melior accesso al credito e infrastructuras<ref name=":0" />. Le dato le plus attendibile super le revenito, ha essite estimate pro 1861, facente 100 Italia, le producto per-capita esseva 115,7 in le Nord-West, 91,4 in le Nord-Est, 111,1 in le Centro, 86,4 in le Sud e 93,2 in le Insulas<ref name=":0" />. Esseva in ultra presente differentias multo grande inter le varie areas del Sud<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":8" />. De facto in base al datos de medietate dece-none seculo al epocha Sicilia e specialmente Campania, presentava un revenito plus alte del resto del Mezzogiorno, respectivemente de 94 e 107<ref>{{Cite book|title=Appendice statistica online Indice delle tabelle e delle figure, Emanuele Felice}}</ref> e un productivitate del terra multo alte de 147 e de 247 liras per hectare<ref name=":24" />. === Italia septentrional === Lombardia, dominate per Austria, esseva le region que succedeva a attuar le melior reformas in le curso del dece-octave seculo, isto eveniva specialmente gratias al bon governamento del Conte [[Carlo Giuseppe di Firmian|Carlo Giuseppe de Firmian]], que esseva governator del Ducato de Milano durante le regno de [[Maria Teresa d'Austria|Maria Teresa de Habsburgo]] e [[Giuseppe II d'Asburgo-Lorena|Joseph II del Sacre Imperio Roman]]. In iste annos importante reformas economic esseva interprendite: agricultura intensive (con forte investimentos in le irrigation); production del [[seta]] greggia a latere del industria de [[Filanda|filatura]]; suppression del privilegios fiscal; libertate de commercio interne; reduction del poter ecclesiastic a transverso del abolition del derecto de asylo, del Inquisition e significantive investimentos in le instruction public, como le reconstruction del Universitate de Pavia.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Atlante Storico, le garzantine, Herman Hilgem Kinder}}</ref> Le reforma le plus importante esseva le introduction in 1718 del [[Catasto Teresiano|cadastro teresian]]: iste reforma, que se protraheva per ultra quaranta annos, modernisava profundemente le regime agrari.<ref name=":3" /> Le politica reformator esseva interrumpite in le ultime decennios del dece-octave seculo.<ref name=":22" /> Subsequentemente in le dece-none seculo le prime industrias metallomechanic se disveloppava (parve ma importante interprisas inter le quales Regazzoni, l'Elvetica, le [[Officine meccaniche Grondona|Grondona]], le industrias de armas del area de Brescia, le ferriere del area de Lecco e de [[Dongo]]); numerose institutiones bancari (inter le quales le [[Cassa di Risparmio delle Provincie Lombarde|Cassa de Sparna del Provincias Lombard]] fundate in 1823); un bon rete de transportos ferroviari e stratal.<ref name=":3" /> In Veneto, dominate per Austria, non se sapeva disveloppar un agricultura intensive como in Lombardia, e superar le stagnation inducite per le declino de Venetia.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:FilandaMyliusBoffalorasopraTicino-GiovanniMigliara.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Filatura a Boffolara Ticinese: le Filatura Mylius, pictura de [[Giovanni Migliara]] (1828).]] Reformas administrative de relevo social e economic esseva interprendite etiam in Toscana e Piemonte.<ref name=":0" /> In le Granducato de Toscana, in le dece-octave seculo con [[Francesco I di Lorena|Francesco de Lorena]] e [[Leopoldo II d'Asburgo-Lorena|Pietro Leopoldo]] importante reformas in le ordination juridic se avviam:suppression del jurisdiction e servitute feudal, del manomorta (manu morte), del maggiorasco (majoratu); operas de bonification e se tentava un reforma religiose gratias al episcopo jansenista [[Scipione de' Ricci|Scipione De Ricci]]. Multe de iste reformas esseva fortemente attenuate e abolite al fin del dece-octave seculo per su successore, [[Ferdinando III di Toscana|Ferdinando III]].<ref name=":22" /> Subsequentemente Toscana, etiam illo [[Granducato di Toscana|dominate per le Austriacos]], sub le governamento de [[Leopoldo II di Toscana|Leopoldo II]] remaneva fundamentalmente un economia agricultural; il habeva parve realitates industrial, ma le politicas commercial fortemente liberal del Granducato non favoriva lor disveloppamento. [[Livorno#Dal XVIII secolo ai giorni nostri|Livorno]] profitava del liberalisation commercial e deveniva un vibrante [[Porto franco (economia)|porto-franc]].<ref name=":3" /> Importante reformas esseva interprendite pro favorir le connexiones a transverso del construction de ferrovias: le [[Ferrovia Leopolda|Ferrovia Leopoldina]] (Firenze-Pisa-Livorno, con le ramification de Empoli a Siena) e del [[Ferrovia Maria Antonia|Ferrovia Maria Antonia]] (Firenze-Prato-Pistoia-Lucca), dum remaneva a nivello de projecto le [[Ferrovia Ferdinanda|Ferrovia Ferdinandina]] (Firenze-Arezzo) e le [[Ferrovia Maremmana|Ferrovia Maremman]] (Livorno-confine del Chiarone, terminate post 1860). Le antique companias bancari toscan in vice non se disveloppava al passo del tempo. In Piemonte in le dece-octave seculo le reformas illuminista esseva multo tenue in comparation con le altere Statos Preunitari, de facto a differentia de [[Vittorio Amedeo II di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo III]], su successores [[Carlo Emanuele III di Savoia|Carlo Emanuele III]] e specialmente [[Vittorio Amedeo III di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo III]], se concentrava majormente in un serie de guerras pro extender le confines del Regno plus tosto que reformas de typo illuminista. In le periodo Napoelonic importante reformas in campo socio-economic esseva promulgate, como le reforma pro abolir le feudalitate contenite in le codices napoleonic, que esseva postea abrogate a sequito per [[Vittorio Emanuele I di Savoia|Vittorio Emanuele I]]. Post le [[Moti del 1820-1821|motus del 1820]] saliva al throno [[Carlo Felice di Savoia|Carlo Felice]] que insimul con su successore [[Carlo Alberto di Savoia|Carlo Alberto]] oscillava inter reformismo e despotismo. In iste annos importante reformas esseva facite como per exemplo le creation in 1827 del [[Cassa di Risparmio di Torino|Cassa de Sparna de Turin]] e le Societate Real Mutue de assecurantias, le reduction del taxas doanal pro le grano (pro le qual illos descendeva de 9 a 3 liras le quintale), pro le carbon, pro le textiles e pro le metallos; un facilitation in le importation del machineria pro le industria; e le possibilitate de exportar le seta greggia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Giuseppe Talamo, CARLO ALBERTO, re di Sardegna, in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 20, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1977.}}</ref> Iste politica portava obviemente a minor entradas in le sector del doanas ma favoriva altere entradas del bilancio del Stato que, del 1835, resultava in activo pro diverse annos. In le mesme annos a [[Storia di Genova#Dominio economico sull'Impero asburgico: il secolo dei genovesi|Genova]] le ricchessa accumulate in seculos de commercio remaneva accentuate in un restringite gruppo de bancheros que esseva active in tote Europa. In 1845 le [[Banca di Genova|Banca de Genova]] esseva fundate, que postea constitueva le [[Banca Nazionale negli Stati Sardi|Banca National in le Statos Sard]], denominate post le unification [[Banca Nazionale nel Regno d'Italia|Banca National in le Regno de Italia]] (in sequito [[Banca d'Italia|Banca de Italia]]). Il habeva etiam alcun relevante realitates industrial (inter le quales [[Ansaldo]], le [[Cantiere della Foce|Chantier del Foce]] e le Arsenale).<ref name=":3" /> Le disveloppamento del ferrovias initialmente eveniva lentemente (le prime ferrovia esseva terminate in 1848), postea grande ampliationes se habeva sub le administration de [[Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour|Cavour]]. Post le motus del 1848, a differentia del altere Statos Italian, le Regno de Sardinia esseva le unic a mantener le constitution, affirmate in le Statuto Albertino. Le nove Re [[Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia|Vittorio Emanuele II]] dava le incargo de formar le nove governamento a Cavour que del 1850 al 1861, avviava reformas que modernisava economia, instruction, infrastructuras, e promoveva le industrialisation e le separation stato-Ecclesia. Nonobstante resistentias e le influentia regal, le processo de modernisation se faceva plus decise, sustenite per le interprisariato, que deveniva gradualemente plus influente in le direction del reformas politic e economic.<ref name=":17" /> In le [[Regno di Sardegna (1720-1861)|Regno de Sardinia]] le ricchessa non esseva limitate solmente al nobiles, ma diffundite inter bancheros, commerciantes e interprenditores textil. In [[Sardegna|Sardinia]] in vice le administration del Sabaudia manteneva a longe le latifundio de typo feudal: illo esseva bannite formalmente solmente inter 1835 e 1839, contribuente al persistentia del retrogradation economic e social.<ref name=":3" /> === Stato Pontificie === Le administration pontificie esseva criticate etiam al tempore pro su clientelismo e mal governamento, que obstaculava le modernisation economic e le investimentos. [[Papa Pio IX|Pio IX]] saliva al pontificato in 1846, marcante le initio de un periodo que, nonobstante un breve elan liberal, videva tosto un retorno al conservation post 1848. Totevia, in le curso de su regno que durava usque a 1870, il habeva moderate ma significative investimentos in le infrastructuras de transporto e in le bonificationes.<ref name=":17" /> === Regno de Neapole e de Sicilia === {{AP|Economia del Regno de Neapole|Economia del Regno del Dos Sicilias}} ==== Le Meridion in le dece-octave seculo ==== [[File:Partenza di Carlo di Borbone.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le Partentia de Carolo III de Bourbon pro Espania, viste del mar de Antonio Joli.]] Durante le medietate del dece-octave seculo in le meridion un serie de reformas de typo illuminista esseva promulgate gratias al action reformator de [[Carlo III di Spagna|Carolo Di Bourbon]], prime re del dynastia borbonic a Neapole, e de personages del corte, qual le secretarios de Stato [[Manuel de Benavides y Aragón|Manuel de Benavides y Aragòn]], [[José Joaquín de Montealegre|Josè Joaquìn de Montealegre]] e [[Bernardo Tanucci|Bernardo Tanucci]]; e le economistas [[Antonio Serra (economista)|Antonio Serra]], [[Antonio Genovesi|Antonio Genovesi]] e [[Ferdinando Galiani|Ferdinando Galliani]] e del juristas [[Pietro Giannone|Pietro Giannone]], [[Gaetano Filangieri|Gaetano Filangieri]], [[Giuseppe Maria Galanti|Giuseppe Maria Galanti]], [[Giuseppe Palmieri (economista)|Giuseppe Palmieri]], [[Domenico Grimaldi|Domenico Grimaldi]], e [[Melchiorre Delfico|Merchiorre Delfico]] e subsequentemente con le presidente del consilio de ministros [[Luigi de' Medici di Ottajano|Luigi De Medici]] sub le regno de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]]. Iste reformas habeva de un latere le scopo de modernisar le structura socio-economic del Sud ire a limitar le poter baronal e del Ecclesia e del altere stimular le artisanato e le interprisa a transverso del apertura de nove implantos.<ref name=":10" /> Iste leges creava un momento de discontinuitate con le passato, ma non portava al abolition del feudalismo, grave problema del Mezzogiorno.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":22" /> ==== Le reformas ==== Le Corte in iste annos se scontrava contra le omnipotentia del barones; in iste direction eveni le recuperation del arredamenti, termino con le qual se intende un insimul de derectos public como le doanas, le gabellas, le monopolios de production e de excambio, le derectos contributive super le merces immagasinate, iste politica permitte a diminuer le poter baronal e a restituer le capacitate directiva in campo economic<ref name=":10" />. Le scontro le plus nette e prolongate se ha con le Ecclesia, que durante le periodo viceregal possedeva tres immunitates: le prime, le immunitate local, que permitteva a quiunque entrava in un loco sacre e demandava asylo de subtraher se al justitia civil, le secunde, le immunitate personal, que impediva le ecclesiasticos de non esser submittite al tribunales del regno e le plus gravose del puncto de vista economic, le immunitate real, que concedeva al immense terrenos del ecclesia le exemption del impostos.<ref name=":10" /> Assi del 1737 le tractativas inter le Regno de Neapole e le Stato Pontificie comenciava que al fin portava al signatura del [[Concordato del 1741|Concordato de 1741]]; le qual limitava le jurisdiction del clero, submetteva a taxation un parte del proprietates del ecclesia e diminuiva a limitate casos le requesta de derecto de asylo.<ref name=":10" /> Le 3 de novembre de 1767 un decreto es submittite al signatura de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Un regno che é stato grande, Gianni Oliva}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title=Ferdinando Renda, Bernardo Tanucci e i beni dei gesuiti, Catania, Università di Catania-facoltà di lettere e di filosofia, 1970, p. 78.}}</ref> con le qual eveni le [[Soppressione della Compagnia di Gesù|chassa del jesuitas de Neapole]] e le mission al incanto del benes ecclesiastic: plus de 45 mille hectares de terreno es assi assignate con contractos de enfyteusis e qui beneficia es le classe medie agrari, un parte de iste terras es date in parve fractiones a paisanos povre: 3 mille familias sicilian.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":15" /> Sub le regno de Carolo se cercava de amodernisar le systema tributari. Su prime acto es le lege del 4 de octobre 1740, mediante le qual se disponeva le compilation del [[Catasto onciario|Cadastro onciari]]<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|title=Carlo di Borbone, Guido Belmonte - Edoardo Vitale}}</ref>, dicte onciari proque illo esseva le unitate monetari theoric de referentia, in base al qual le patrimonios esseva estimate<ref name=":16" />. Ne scaturiva un revelation del population del Regno, in le qual etate, profession e proprietate esseva reportate. Le copias es conservate al [[Archivio di Stato di Napoli|Archivo de Stato de Neapole]]. Iste reforma habeva totevia duo limites, le prime limite stava in le facto que illos es remittite al declarationes del possedentes e le secunde limite esseva le facto que illo esseva controlate per le Communes, entitates in le quales le barones e le possedentes commandava. Le reforma pro iste rationes falliva in le annos subsequente e le fisco retorna a recurrer al gabellas. Gratias a iste reformas il esseva possibile un amodernisation del systema socio-economic del societate meridional e in campo economic eveniva le apertura del [https://www.vistanet.it/napoli/2023/07/06/real-opificio-di-san-leucio-il-primato-industriale-che-ha-reso-napoli-famosa-nel-mondo/ opificios de Sancte Leucio], [[Porcellana di Capodimonte|Fabrica Real de Capodimonte]], [[Reali ferriere ed Officine di Mongiana|Ferrieras Real e Officinas de Mongiana]], [https://storienapoli.it/2021/05/20/real-arazzeria-napoletana/ le Real tapisseria napolitan] e Le amodernisation del chantieros naval de [[Arsenale di Napoli|Neapole]] e [[Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]].<ref name=":1" /> Durante le domination espaniol Sicilia se trova in conditiones multo similar al resto del Mezzogiorno: grande potentialitates economic (“in le prime medietate del dece-octave seculo le insula, in annata bon, poteva producer le duple del cereales que illo consumava”<ref>{{Cite book|title=Storia della Sicilia medievale e moderna, cit., vol II, p. 402 Denis Mack Smith}}</ref>) e presentava le mesme problemas del resto del meridion, le baronage e le poter clerical. Le poter politic es in le manos del vicerege de nomination regal, cuje electiones es expression del governamento de Madrid antea e de Neapole postea. Le capital es Palermo con 200.000 habitantes que es le citate le plus populose de Italia, post Neapole que ha 370.000 habitantes al fin del dece-octave seculo.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/napoli_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/#|title=}}</ref> Le reformismo del regno de [[Carlo III di Spagna|Carolo III]] e del prime annos de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]] es permittite per le Vicereges Fogliani Sforza d'Aragona, [[Marcantonio Colonna di Stigliano, III principe di Sonnino|Marcantonio Colonna]] e specialmente [[Domenico Caracciolo|Domenico Caracciolo]]. In le questiones religiose eveni le abolition del Sancte Officio, reduction del numero del conventos e contenimento de illo del religiosos e exproprio e mission al incanto de un parte del benes ecclesiastic. Contra le barones eveni le revocation del usages civic e del location del terras demanial, pro cercar de favorir le nascentia de un classe medie, illos decreta le libertate de commercio e eveni le institution del credito agrari.<ref name=":10" /> ==== Societate ==== Pro quanto concerne le societate del Regno de Neapole (excluse le Regno de Sicilia) al fin del dece-octave seculo, illo esseva formate per 4.828.914 habitantes assi distribuite como structura social: le feudatarios e nobiles (que comprehendeva al epocha etiam le totalitate o quasi del corpore de officiales), esseva 31.000; le burgesia intellectual del professiones liberal (principalmente homines de lege, dunque advocatos, judices e notarios, e medicos) esseva 40.400; le clero masculin e feminin comprehendeva 90.659 personas, del quales 64.000 prestres, fratres, monachos e 26.659 monachas. Le resto 4.666.855 del personas (excluse le professiones liberal) esseva constituite per paisanos, commerciantes, obreros, artisanes, pastores, laboreros in le activitates maritim<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|title=[A. L. Sannino, Famiglia, matrimonio, diuorzio in Basilicata, in Il Mezzogiorno e la Basilicata fra l'età giacobina e il decennio francese (Atti del Convegno di Maratea, 8-10 giugno 1990), a cura di A. Cestaro-A. Lerra, II, Venosa 1992, p. 372]}}</ref>. In percentage, minus del 1% del population appartineva al aristocratia, quasi 1% al burgesia intellectual, circa 2% al clero e 97% del population esseva constituite per le [[Terzo Stato|Tertie Stato]]. Le concentration de possessiones in paucissime manos esseva plus accentuate ancora de quanto iste cifras indicava, proque al interno del nobilitate e del clero il habeva sproportiones social relevante. Usque al minus al initios del seculo XIX existeva le prassi in le casatos aristocratic de transmitter le patrimonio solmente al primogenito, in maniera de conservar lo intacte<ref name=":19" />. Le usages del primogenitura, del maggioraschi, seniorati, fedecommessi, faceva que le filos mascule “cadette” o femininas esseva excludite del hereditage. Le 31 mille aristocraticos in 1792 non esseva ergo tote grande proprietarios terestre. Le corporation de officiales militar esseva formate in ille data integremente per nobiles, ma pro le major parte cadette<ref name=":19" />. Iste cifras esseva typic de un stato del [[Ancien Régime]], de facto etiam in Francia e in Espania le societate esseva subdividite in modo similar. Le societate francese esseva constituite respectivemente pro 2% per le nobilitate e per le clero<ref>{{Cite book|title=Erica Mannucci Joy, La Rivoluzione francese, Carocci, 2002.}}</ref> dum le societate espaniol esseva constituite pro 2% per nobiles e pro 4% per le clero e le restante parte del population esseva constituite per le Tertie Stato<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anes, Gonzalo, El antiguo régimen: los Borbones, 2ª. Ed., Madrid, Alianza Editorial/Alfaguara, 1976.}}</ref>. ==== Limites del reformas e feudalismo ==== Le reformas succedeva a reformar in parte le Meridion post le annos obscure del domination espaniol e austriac e a crear un momento de discontinuitate con le passato,<ref name=":1" /> ma non succedeva a abolir le feudalismo, grave problema del Mezzogiorno, e non amodernisava in modo complete le systema economic e social del meridion.<ref name=":1" /> De facto le possession del terra e dunque del economia, remaneva fortemente concentrate pro longe tempore. Il ha essite estimate que in le tarde dece-octave seculo, in le Mezzogiorno continental, existeva circa 600 familias baronal, al quales se adjungeva un cinquantina de barones ecclesiastic: le barones representava circa le 1% del population total e deteneva le controlo super ultra le 70% del population rural in condition de [[vassallaggio|vassallage]]. Quinze familias governava quasi un quarto del population feudal del Regno, i.e., circa 700.000 personas.<ref name=":17" /> Un exemplo del vastitate del feudos es representate per Irpinia, in iste provincia le possedimento feudal del casato del Caracciolo de Avellino, reuniva in 1798 un serie de baronias que coperiva comprehensivemente un superficie de 220 kilometros quadrate, i.e., 22.000 hectares<ref>{{Cite book|title=[Giuseppe Cirillo, Verso la trama sottile. Feudo e protoindustria nel Regno di Napoli (secc. XVI-XIX), Roma 2012, p. 58]}}</ref>, in le mesme annos le feudo a Sant’Angelo dei Lombardi esseva definite como un ver e proprie Stato con 245,62 km², constituente le 29% del superficie territorial de ille area, illo habeva un population de 20.607 habitantes, equal al 34,52% del population del Alte Irpinia e al 5,58% del integre provincia<ref>{{Cite book|title=[Francesco Barra, Lo “Stato” Feudale degli Imperiale di Sant’Angelo, in Cirillo, Verso la trama sottile, cit., p. 55]}}</ref>. Non solmente le nobiles esseva proprietarios de feudos ma etiam le soverano e le familia regal, le casato del Borbones de Neapole possedeva tanto le benes del corona, como le benes dicte allodiali del monarcha, su proprietate personal e directe, istes ultimes comprehendeva le sequente feudos: Altamura, Borbona, Campli, Cantalice, Castellammare, Cittaducale, Leonessa, Montereale, Ortona a Mare, Penne, Pianella, Posta, Rocca Guglielma, San Giovanni in Carico, San Valentino<ref>{{Cite book|title=[G. Galanti, Nuova descrizione storica e geografica delle Sicilie, vol., I, Napoli 1787, p. 239]}}</ref>. ==== Ultime decennio del dece-octave seculo e periodo Napoleonic ==== In le ultime decennio del dece-octave seculo le periodo del despotismo illuminate terminava etiam a Neapole, [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]] licentiava le [[Bernardo Tanucci|Tanucci]] e se comportava in modo sempre plus autoritari, pro timor que un revolution burstarea como in Francia e iste typo de governamento continuava etiam post le restauration, exemplos de iste repression es le contrarivolution del [[Esercito della Santa Fede in Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo|exercito del Sancte Fide]] contra le [[Repubblica Napoletana (1799)|Republica Parthenopee]] e [[Moti del 1820-1821|le repression del constitutiones date in 1820]] e del [[Moti del 1830-1831|motus del 1830]], etiam si in maxime parte le reformas in campo socio-economic facite durante le periodo Napoleonic esseva lassate como per exemplo [[Leggi eversive della feudalità|le leges eversive del feudalitate promovite a Neapole in 1806]]<ref name=":10" />. ==== Le Meridion in le dece-none seculo ==== Durante le congresso de Vienna Ferdinando I reuniva le Regnos de Neapole e de Sicilia in le [[Regno delle Due Sicilie|Regno del Duo Sicilias]]. Subsequentemente con le governamento de [[Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando II]] un modeste processo de industrialisation se disveloppava que riguardava principalmente le grande citates [[Napoli|Neapole]], [[Palermo|Palermo]] e [[Catania|Catania]]. In iste annos de facto in le Meridion le prime implantos industrial, le prime ferrovias e le numero del naviglios esseva notabilemente augmentate.<ref name=":10" /> A limitar iste progressos il habeva totevia notabile problemas que riguardava, in le perspectiva social: le forte hierarchisation del societate,<ref name=":18" /> le accentration del ressources e del investimentos in alcun areas,<ref name=":20" /> un reducite numero de vias de communication terrestre e le alte percentages de analphabetos.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /> Dum le problemas del puncto de vista economic riguardava le basse investimento endogene in le industrialisation, que de facto dependeva fortemente del capital estranie e public,<ref name=":18" /> del manca de un systema creditizie moderne<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":23" /> e specialmente de un sector primari que se basava quasi exclusivemente super le latifundio.<ref name=":10" /> '''Le reformas'''[[File:Fergola, Salvatore The Inauguration of the Naples - Portici Railway, 1840.JPG|197px|right|thumb|Inauguration del [[Ferrovia Napoli-Portici|ferrovia Neapole-Portici]]]] In iste annos in le meridion se disveloppava nove vias de communication, isto se pote constatar in le realisation del prime section del ferrovia italian le [[Ferrovia Napoli-Portici|Neapole-Portici]] in 1839, al qual se adjungeva un altere linea super le axe Neapole-Castellammare e le duo sectiones es servite per cursas regular aperte al diverse stratos del population, con apposite carrossas de prime, secunde e tertie classe.<ref name=":1" /> In 1845 initia le studios pro le ambitiose projecto del Neapole-Brindisi; in 1856 le linea Neapole-Nola-Sarno es completate.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Il R Bomba, Giuseppe Campolieti, p. 208.}}</ref> Le disveloppamento del ferrovias non es le unic signo de modernitate: le [[Ponte Real Ferdinando|ponte real Ferdinando]] es construite, in ferro super le Garigliano, le secunde super le continente europee<ref name=":9" />, sequite per illo super le fluvio Calore. Inter 1830 e 1856 es aperite ultra 3 mille millias de stratas consular assi de quadruplar le rete stratal persistente.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Gli Ultimi Borboni di Napoli, Harold Acton}}</ref> [[File:Ferdinando I - Prima nave a vapore nel Mediterraneo.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le “Ferdinando I” es le prime nave a vapor que ha surcate le Mediterraneo<ref name=":11" />]] Pro quanto riguarda le construction naval a Neapole es varate le prime nave a vapor le “Ferdinando I”<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11">{{Cita web|url=https://storienapoli.it/2018/04/17/la-ferdinando-i-prima-nave-vapore-italia/|title=La Ferdinando I}}</ref> e es meliorate le chantieros naval de [[Arsenale di Napoli|Neapole]] e [[Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]] que supera illos de Genova per tonnellage. In le chantieros naval se multiplica in pauc annos le bastimentos que passa de 8 mille tonnas in 1824 a 100 mille tonnas attingite in 1835 e poi a 250 mille tonnas in 1860.<ref>{{Cita news|autore=Harold Acton|title=La testimonianza è di William Temple ed è riporta nel libro “Gli ultimi Borboni di Napoli”|pubblicazione=}}</ref> De pari passo va a augmentar le attentiones reservate al portos con le creation de nove bassinos: a [[Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]], [[Gallipoli]], [[Molfetta]], [[Gaeta]], [[Ortona]], [[Barletta]], [[Ischia (Italia)|Ischia]] e [[Bari]];<ref name=":9" /> es dotate de un moderne faro a lanterna a eclipses con apparato lenticular le portos de Nisida, Neapole e Castellammare.  Le investimentos in le vias de communication favori le disveloppamento del industria: in 1835 se conta 117 fabricas de lana,<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.ilmattino.it/blog/controstorie/illanificioritorna-1761732.html|title=Lanificio regno delle due sicilie}}</ref> le [https://www.lefebvre.it/it/la-storia fabricas de papiro Lefebvre e Polsinelli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524190458/https://www.lefebvre.it/it/la-storia |date=2024-05-24 }}, arriva a emplear ultra mille empleatos.<ref name=":9" /> In retardo resulta le disveloppamento del activitate metallomechanic, con le disveloppamento del activitate per parte de industrias private como le Marcy e Henry, [[Opificio Zino & Henry|l'opificio Zino e Henry]], le [[Cantiere Pattison|Guppy e Pattinson]], [[Reali ferriere ed Officine di Mongiana|Ferrieras Real e Officinas de Mongiana]] e super toto, del [[Officine di Pietrarsa|Officinas de Pietrasa]], a capital public, que constitueva le major complexo industrial italian<ref name=":1" />. [[File:Reale opificio meccanico e pirotecnico di Pietrarsa, planimetria, 1861 - san dl SAN IMG-00002949.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Planta del Real Opificio mechanico e pyrotechnic de Pietrarsa, publicate in le volumine Sullo stabilimento metallurgico e meccanico di Pietrarsa, Torino 1861. Relazione del Signor Cavaliere Sebastiano Grandis ispettore delle strade ferrate dello Stato.]] Le activitate minatori es multo floride: le [[Zolfo di Sicilia|minas de sulphure]] es gerite per investimentos Francese e Anglese, illios coperi 80% del necessitate mundial<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Un Regno che é stato grande, Gianni Oliva}}</ref>. '''Le institutos de credito''' Multo pauc esseva facite super le plano creditizie: le bancas remaneva pauc, de istes le plus importante esseva le [[Banco delle Due Sicilie|Banco del Duo Sicilias]], instituto creditizie statal que veniva create per Gioacchino Murat del fusion de octo bancas public. Veniva affiancate a isto le bancas fruttuaria (1831-1857), [[Banca del Tavoliere di Puglia|del ''tavoliere'' (tabulero)]] (1834-1839) e del Ofanto, istes habeva difficultates in concurrer con le banca statal e al fin falleva<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Domenico De Marco, Contributo alla storia del Banco di Napoli. Dalle origini all'unità d'Italia.}}</ref>. Pro incentivar le disveloppamento del classes minus ambiente se cercava de crear le [[Cassa di risparmio|cassas de sparna]]. Istes esseva institutos de credito que cercava de invitar le classes plus humile al sparna. Duo esseva instituite, un a Neapole e un altere a Palermo, le initiative totevia non succedeva a haber le successo sperate sia pro le manca de fundos que pro le aversion del population<ref name=":14" />. In vice succedeva le [[Monte frumentario|montes frumentari]] que esseva ampliate e nove esseva fundate, assi le Regno arrivava a contar 700 in le sol continente. Lor scopo esseva somministrar le sementes al paisanos cuje precio veniva restituite a bassissime interesse, in iste modo se favoriva de un latere le disveloppamento del agricultura e del altere se augmentava le cohesion social e se diminueva possibile revoltas. Pro evitar le disveloppamento del usura le [[monti pecuniari|montes pecuniari]] esseva instituite in 1833, illos habeva le scopo de prestar parve summas de moneta a basse interesses (non plus de dece ducatos al interesse del 6%)<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=Paola Avallone, Prestare ai poveri. Il credito su pegno e i monti di pietà in area mediterranea (secoli XV-XIX)}}</ref>. '''Societate''' In iste annos le economia meridional disveloppava un economia fortemente hierarchisate, al cuje vertice esseva presente burgeses de origine estranie, que sovente pro le basse numero de institutos de credito deveniva etiam bancheros, de facto nasceva le figura del mercante-banchero<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|title=John A. Davis, Società e imprenditori nel Regno borbonico 1815-1860.}}</ref>. Illos esseva le [[Rothschild di Napoli|Rothschild de Neapole]], maxime creditores del Stato, le bancheros switze [[Meuricoffre|Meuricoffre]] e Appelt, diverse commerciantes anglese, [[Whitaker (famiglia)|Ingham-Whitaker]], Woodhouse, Close, Rogers e alteres. In position de partenarios minoritari il habeva le investitores napolitan e sicilian, istes esseva le [[Volpicelli|Volpicelli]], le Ricciardi, le Buono, le [[Falanga (cognome)|Falanga]], le De Martino, le Montuori, le Sorvillo e le [[Florio|Florio]]<ref name=":18" />. Istes ultimes habeva importante successos economic e succedeva a devenir partenarios major. In iste annos se disveloppava specialmente in le campanias un burgesia meridional que derivava del classe militar e de empleatos que habeva habite importante concessiones in le periodo Murattian<ref name=":18" />, illo se fundeva in le annos subsequente con le nobilitate, ire a formar un unic classe social appellate “galantuomini”<ref name=":7" />. Istes totevia non portava grande cambiamentos in le systema agricole, que remaneva ligate al infructuose latifundio<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":7" />. Un secamento del societate meridional pote esser date utilisante le datos referite al citate de Neapole, que habeva 400.813 habitantes in 1840, socialmente assi partite: 16.878 possedentes (5%), 7.142 professionistas in professiones liberal (2%), 11.167 empleatos public (4%), 18.148 militares (6%), 11.902 pensionatos (4%), 6.610 ecclesiasticos (2%), 2.830 labora presso le entitates de benevolentia (0,7%), 80.457 commerciantes, artisanes, obreros etc. (25%), 168.052 travaliatores quotidian, venditores ambulante, mendicos etc…(41%)<ref>{{Cite book|title=IG. DE SANCTIS, Stato della popolazione del regno delle Due Sicilie messo in confronto tra gli anni 1828 e 1843, Napoli 1845.}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite book|title=Industria società e classe operaia nelle provincie napoletane nella prima metà dell’Ottocento, Tommaso Pedio}}</ref>. Del ultima categoria face etiam parte le [[lazzari|lazzaros]]. Pro factores historic e pro le character absolutista e accentratrice del monarchia borbonic un bon parte del population *al qua dal faro*, i.e., in le ex-Regno de Neapole, se concentrava in le capital, de facto Neapole e *casali* (locos circumjacente), habeva in 1848, 495.942 habitantes, que correspondeva al 7,6% del population del Regno *al qua dal faro*. Per via del accentration le majoritate del travaliatores que se occupa del bureaucratia e del commercio se trovava in le capital. Le repartition del travaliatores in le meridion non insular in 1848 esseva le sequente: del 30.677 empleatos 11.740 esseva occupate a Neapole (38,26%), del 3.702 advocatos, in le capital esseva 3.036 (82%), del 39.996 commerciantes del ex-Regno de Neapole 13.407 (33,53%) esseva in le capital, le laboreros in le activitates maritim esseva 37.275 de istes 8.338 (22,36%) habeva activitates a Neapole e del 312.219 obreros, artisanes e *garzoni* (apprentices) a Neapole e *casali* esseva presente 102.947 habitantes (32,98%)<ref name=":20" />.  Le numero total de indigentes in 1820 in le sol meridion non insular esseva de 189.686 (3,3%)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi “Saggio sulla popolazione del regno di Puglia: nei passati tempi e nel presente“}}</ref>, secundo altere fontes quaranta annos plus tarde le numero del mendicos in le integre Regno esseva de centovinte mille personas i.e. 1,4% del population<ref name=":7" />. Le percentage esseva minor que Lombardia (1,6%), Romagna (2,11%), Umbria (2,14%) e Toscana (1,83%)<ref name=":7" />. '''Limites del reformas e latifundismo''' Si de un latere es innegabile que le [[Regno delle Due Sicilie|Regno del Duo Sicilias]] esseva transite per reformas que favoriva un partial processo de industrialisation in le prime annos del regno de [[Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando II]], es importante rememorar etiam le limites de iste politicas.<ref name=":1" /> Le prime limite riguarda le facto que le saison del reformas que va de 1830 al 15 de maio 1848 (data in que initia le repression del reformas constitutional debite al motus de januario [[1848]] que habeva portate al approbation del [http://www.dircost.unito.it/cs/docs/sicilie1848.htm constitution del regno]), le factos del 15 de maio habeva alienate le intelligentia napolitan e le liberales italian que comenciava a dispreciar le Borbones<ref name=":1" /> e le dynamismo del prime annos esseva frenate per un politica economic plus parsimoniose respective al draconian economia de Cavour que esseva totevia securmente plus fructuose super le longe periodo.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Il sangue del sud, Giordano Bruno Guerri}}</ref> Le secunde limite riguarda le facto que le Regno del Duo Sicilias continuava a haber un economia incentrate super le agricultura etiam si con un modeste sector secundari e tertiari: le sector primari occupava 62% del fortia de travalio, le secundari e le tertiari ambes occupava 19% del population.<ref name=":8">{{Cita web|url=https://www.vittoriodaniele.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/originidivario1.pdf|title=Origine divario nord sud|accessdate=2025-10-28|archivedate=2023-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804182904/https://www.vittoriodaniele.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/originidivario1.pdf}}</ref> Le tertio limite riguarda etiam le mancate disveloppamento de un forte burgesia industrial: de facto le vaste majoritate del industrias es realisate per capitales estranie e public, le burgesia meridional tendeva a dedicar se majormente al agricultura, al commercio e al travalios intellectual. Isto non es debite solmente al pauc dynamismo del intelligentia meridional ma etiam del pauc institutos de credito private.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Le quarte limite riguarda le *entroterra* (area interior) del meridion ubi le Stato non succedeva a favorir le disveloppamento de un sector primari moderne, que remaneva le ossatura del economia meridional, excepte pro rar casos como le [[cantine Florio|cantinas Florio]] o le [[tonnara di Favignana|tonnara (sitio de pisca de thunnos) de Favignana]]. Bon parte del meridion esseva cultivate a latifundio con technicas agricole retrogradate e infructuose.<ref name=":7" /> Iste technicas economic produceva un forte concentration de benes economic: es estimate que al fin del XVIII seculo 650 latifundistas laic e ecclesiastic controlava 60% del producto national del meridion continental,<ref name=":3" /> e le reformas de vendita del terras incultivate e ecclesiastic ivava sovente a inricchir ulteriormente le familias burgese, proveniente del classe militar e administrative, que habeva accrescite lor poter durante e post le periodo napoleonic<ref name=":7" />. Le hegemonia del latifundio in le meridion es confirmate per le exemplo del Catanese, que habeva in le prime medietate del seculo XIX un repartition territorial in que 51% del superficie appartineva a fundos del dimensiones de circa 200 hectar in media e 31% a proprietates que superava le 800<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|title=A. Di Blasi, La proprietà fondiaria nella Sicilia centro-orientale. Considerazioni geografiche, Catania 1968, pp. 12-13, p. VIII}}</ref>. Totevia le zona de Catania esseva, in Sicilia, un de illos con le minor concentration de proprietate, i.e., de latifundismo. Le firmas catastral con ultra 1000 hectar arrivava solmente a 45% del solo cadastrate in le Nisseno e a 25% in le Ennese<ref name=":21" />. Concentrante se super le commune de Bronte, le pais in que eveniva le [[Fatti di Bronte|sollevamento popular]], pro le requesta del terras, reprimite per le Garibaldinos. In le commune le possessiones del duce, i.e. le ex-feudatario, coperiva solmente circa le medietate del 30.000 hectar del integre territorio communal. Le majoritate del terras del restante medietate esseva in le manos de 19 proprietarios. Le duce e le altere latifundistas, 20 personas, possedeva 81% del fundos. Le media proprietate comprehendeva 8% del superficie e esseva partite in 87 firmas catastral. Finalmente le parve proprietate habeva 11% del superficie e habeva un altissime grado de fragmentation in peciettas minuscule, essente distribuite in 3.759 parcellas catastral, cuje dimension medie esseva inferior al hectar e que non consentiva le formation de interprisas agricole autonome. Le parve o parvissime proprietarios poteva ergo cultivar le terra solmente como integration de un altere profession, que esseva habitualmente le travalio manual super terras de alteres. Le structura pyramidal del proprietates territorial de Bronte e le configuration social transpare de iste cifras: le duce possedeva circa 50% del terras; 19 latifundistas ultra 30%; 87 medie proprietarios 8%; finalmente 3.759 firmas catastral se partiva le 11% restante.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Giuseppe Lo Giudice, Comunità rurali della Sicilia moderna. Bronte (1747-1853), Catania 1969}}</ref>. == Le condition de Italia al momento del unification == {{Vide anque|Historia economic de Italia}} Secundo le majoritate del historicos economic esseva presente differentias economico-social inter le Nord-West e le resto del pais al momento del Unitate de Italia ma ille se rendeva nette ab le initio del Novecento e se approfondiva subsequentemente<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=L'economia italiana dall'unità alla grande guerra, Stefano Fenoaltea.}}</ref>. Al momento del unification parve differentias esseva presente in le sector primari presente specialmente in le rendimentos del grano, pro exemplo, esseva, inter 1815 e 1880, de 5-9 quintales per hectar in le Nord, de 4-8 in le Centro e de 3-7 in le Sud.<ref name=":12" /> Como ha scribite [[Piero Bevilacqua]] «al momento del Unitate de Italia le distantias inter le Nord e le Sud, super le plano del structura industrial non esseva si relevante como illos se haberea rendite subsequentemente»<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Zamagni, Comments on the Paper by Emanuele Felice, p. 81.}}</ref>. Al contrario, in alicun industrias, como illos metallomechanic, de tannario, de papiro e de sulphure, le Sud non esseva de toto in un position de disavantage<ref name=":13" />. Le recercas de Stefano Fenoaltea super toto ha revelate que le avantage del Nord se delinea e se consolida solmente ab le fin del Octocento e non ante<ref name=":12" />. In 1871 il ha un modeste avantage del Nord: le producto *per capita* industrial es de 63 liras in le Nord e de 57 in le Sud.<ref name=":12" /> In position de avantage se trova Lombardia, Pedemonte e Liguria,<ref name=":12" /> in compania, totevia, de Campania e Sicilia.<ref name=":12" /> Quasi tote le Centro e le Sud se colloca, comocunque, sub le media national, etiam si le deviation del valor medie es modeste in veritate<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" />. Totevia, ab recercas successive de Fenoaltea, evaluta equal solmente quantitativemente le sector secundari, ma evaluta plus productive le industrias del Nord-West respective al resto del pais. [[File:Italy Industry 1871.svg|197px|right|thumb|Indice normalisate de industrialisation del provincias italian in 1871 (1 es le media national). Fonte: Banca de Italia. {{legenda|#550000|border=0.5px solid black|ultra 1,4}} {{legenda|#D40000|border=0.5px solid black|ab 1,1 a 1,4}} {{legenda|#FF8080|border=0.5px solid black|ab 0,9 a 1,1}} {{legenda|#FFFFFF|border=0.5px solid black|usque a 0,9}} ]] Al epocha del Unitate, le servicios, quanto a valor total producite, esseva plus importante que le industria, e representava poco minus de 30 pro cento del producto aggregate. Secundo illos, in tote Italia le population active in le tertiario esserea le 16-17 pro cento del total. Le Nord haberea un avantage in 1861 respective al Sud (18 a 15 pro cento); le Sud haberea un avantage in 1871; in 1881 il haberea paritate. Le datos del valor addite del servicios, elaborate per [[Emanuele Felice]] pro 1891, suggere un disparitate considerabile inter le Centro-Nord e le Sud, de circa 40 pro cento, totevia isto es debite al Latium, a causa del presentia del capital, in que le servicios habeva un peso relevante, contribue multo a iste disparitate. Le disparitate, de facto, se reduce a 25 pro cento si on exclude le Latium. In 1891, quando es disponibile datos plus fidel super le differentias inter regiones in terminos de producto *per capita*, in le mesme anno le Sud esseva in avantage super le Nord pro le producto agricole de 15-20 pro cento. Le differentia in le producto del servicios in terminos *per capita* esseva a avantage del Nord de 30-40 pro cento. In le producto industrial, semper *per capita*, in 1881 existeva un avantage del Nord de 10 pro cento; que in 1901 se habeva ampliate a 30 pro cento<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" />. Pro quanto riguarda le datos super le PIL *per capita* illos es multo plus incerte. Le motivo es que le Producto Interne Brute (PIL), le indicator macroeconomic que nos provide un approximation del rendimento annual, al tempore del Unitate non existeva e non esseva ergo mesurate. Le PIL esseva inventate subsequentemente in le Statos Unite durante le Grande Depression, in le annos trenta del Novecento. Le historicos economic Paolo Malanina e Vittorio Daniele es comocunque succedite a calcular un avantage del Nord super le Sud in le producto *per capita* in 1891 que esseva inter 5 e 10 pro cento, e sererea quasi absente in 1861. Le estimationes es contestate per le economista Emanuele Felice, secundo Felice in le estimationes de Daniele e Malanima emerge duo punctos critic: le prime riguarda le calculo del PIL total regional que es estimate super le population de alora ma con le frontieras regional actual, ergo se eleva multo le valor pro exemplo de Campania (que in 1891 ascendererea de 97 a 110, facite 100 Italia) e face cader illo del Latium (in le mesme anno de 137 a 105). Isto es debite al facto que Campania ha perdite importante territorios, que le Latium ha ganiate, que es le provincias de Latina e Frosinone. De consequentia le PIL per habitante de Campania in etate liberal ha saltate in alto proque le PIL total que includeva un population plus ample, comprendite Latina e Frosinone, ha essite dividite per un numero de habitantes minor, sin Latina e Frosinone, durante que illo del Latium ha cadite, le PIL total se refereva a un population plus parve e ha essite dividite per un numero de habitantes plus alte. Le secunde distortion in favor del Meridie es debite al utilisation del industria basate super le estimation preliminar de Fenoaltea, que subevalutava multo, le disparitate Nord-Sud, in tanto que non teneva conto del differentias de productivitate. Facite iste premissas Felice estima le disparitate del PIL total in 1870 de 19%, de facto si Italia valeva 100, le Meridie presentava un PIL per habitante de 90, le Centro-Nord de 106. Felice es succedite etiam a calcular le rendimento medie in base al precios de 2011 (un artificio que nos servi pro dar al lector un ordine de grandor), illo esseva alora de justo 2.049 euros per anno. Un meridional ganiava in media 1.844 euros per anno, circa 154 euros per mense (5 euros per die); un citatano del Centro-Nord 2.172 euros, i.e. 181 euros per mense (6 euros per die). Felice concorda totevia super le importante differentias intra le Meridie. Al Sud spiccava le primato de Campania, le antique region capital, que hospitava le citate plus populose de Italia, ultra que le ric possedentes meridional: facite 100 Italia, su PIL *per capita* esseva 107, super le media national. Sequeva con 94 Sicilia, region con un forte texito urban, un importante activitate tertiari e un agricultura diversificate; poi Apulia con 89, gratias al agricultura. Poi sequeva Abruzzo e Molise con 80, Sardinia con 78, finalmente Calabria 69 e Basilicata 67. In le Centro-Nord nos trova le Latium con 146, region alora plus parve, que occupava quasi solmente le provincia de Roma. Le PIL del Latium resulta multo elevate proque in le statos preindustrial le capitales eccelleva etiam plus que ora, proque illic se concentrava le servicios, que habeva un differentia de rendimento respecte al industria e al agricultura plus alte de quanto non es hodie. De consequentia plus le superficie del region es parve plus le PIL essera alte. Post le Latium nos ha Liguria 139, le prime region del futur Triangulo industrial e que pur convogliava un quota importante del servicios, ultra a un nascente industria, sequite per Lombardia 111. Il habeva ergo le altere regiones, tote circum le media national, a exception de Marcas 82, ultime in le Centro-Nord e quasi al mesme nivello de Abruzzo e Molise. Felice ergo concorda con Malanina e Daniele super le manca de un nette dichotomia Nord-Sud, affirma totevia comocunque a differentia del duo studiosos que era comocunque presente un *gap* major de illo calculate in preceder e que mancava un differentia West-Est, etiam si affirma que le rendimentos plus alte se concentrava in le regiones plus urbanisate e de plus ancian tradition manufacturero que se trovava sovente super le versante Tyrrhenian. Felice ha calculate le PIL etiam pro altere regiones italian in 1871, tenente conto que Italia es equal a 100: Pedemonte 103, Veneto 101, Abruzzo e Molise 80, Liguria 139, Emilia-Romagna 95, Campania 107, Lombardia 111, Toscana 105, Apulia 89, Marcas 82, Basilicata 67, Umbria 99, Calabria 69, Latium 146, Sicilia 94, Sardinia 78. De consequentia Nord-West 111, Nord-Est e Centro 103, Centro-Nord 106, Sud e Insulas 90. [[File:Italia ferrovie 1861.03.17.png|197px|right|thumb|Al proclamation del regno de Italia, in 1861, esseva in exercitio in le peninsula 2.521 km de stratas ferrate (al mesme data in Germania 11.000 km, in Anglaterra 14.600, in Francia 4.000). Al vigilia del Unitate, in 1859, le rete ferroviari pedemontese [contava] 819 km, illo del Lombardo-Veneto 522 km, illo del Stato Pontifici 257 km, illo del Granducato de Toscana 101 km, e illo del Regno del duo Sicilias 99 km.]] Ultra a haber calculate retro le PIL per habitante in le macroregiones e in le singule regiones in 1871, Felice cerca de facer le mesme con le datos pro le macroregiones de 1861. Tenente conto que in le annos sexanta del Octocento le crescimento de Italia resultava quasi nulle, de facto le taxa de augmento del PIL *per capita* esseva inferior a 0,4% annual, e evalutante le effecto negative del politicas liberista que damnificava le industria del meridie, essente minus productive, ma que al mesme modo favoriva le exportationes del agricultura, super toto ab le culturas a alte valor addite (viticultura, olivicultura, productos hortofructal) in Apulia e in Sicilia, ma etiam in Calabria e in le zona del Vulture (Basilicata), e le industria agroalimentari ligate a illo, pur in Abruzzo e in Campania, etiam si ille evalutava etiam le damnos provocate per le guerra civil que prende le nomine de brigandage. De consequentia ille hypotheisa que le datos regional de 1860 debeva esser inferior respecte a illos de 1870 in Apulia, Sicilia e Abruzzo, que habeva trahite major juvamento del politicas liberista e habeva suffrite minus pro le brigandage e superior o stationari in Campania, Calabria e Basilicata, isto proque le prime region esseva le plus colpate per le politicas liberista, pro le plus alte concentration de industrias e le altere duo esseva le regiones in que le repression del brigandage sequeva le plus. Facite iste premissas Felice hypotheisa que in 1861 le total del Meridie esseva circum 85% del media national, i.e. quatro o cinque punctos sub le dato de un decennio post (essente crescite plus, su puncto de partita esseva plus basse). Etiam si ille estima un margine de incertitude de 5% e conclude que al Unitate de Italia le PIL del Meridie esseva circa 80-90% del media italian; i.e. (restringente le *forchetta* pro arrotondar) inter 75 e 80% de illo del Centro-Nord. Ergo in conclusion secundo le estimationes de Malanina e Daniele in 1891 le disparitate Nord-Sud in le producto *per capita* esseva del ordine de 5-10 pro cento e in 1861 lo calcolava de poco inferior o nulle respecte al Nord. Secundo le estimationes de Felice in 1861 le differentias del PIL inter le Nord e le Sud esseva major e esseva evaluate inter 20-25 pro cento. Totes totevia concorda que altere differentias esseva ben plus significative i.e. illos social que riguardava le alphabetisation e le major disveloppamento de infrastructuras pro que [[Vera Zamagni]] resume in 2010 ab quanto emerge del recercas disponibile super le economia italian al indeparabile del Unitate e super le disparitates regional, scribente: «in le etate preindustrial nos non pote attender de trovar un grande differentia in le producto national *per capita* inter le diverse regiones agrari. Es, totevia, de grande importantia prender in examine altere indicatores que pote explicar proque un area, que monstra un rendimento *per capita* simile a illo de un altere area, es capable a un certe puncto de discollar gratias al impeto del sector industrial, durante que le altere remane stagnante»<ref name=":13" />. In conclusion le sector trahente de Italia preunitari esseva le agricultura, que usava technicas retrogradate, le disveloppamento del sector secundari e del tertiari esseva modeste e esseva financiate majormente per capital public e estranie, excepte in certe zonas de Lombardia ubi le capital private esseva major. Subsequentemente viste que le [[Risorgimento]] esseva alimentate prevalentemente per factores ideal e cultural, plus tosto que economic, sin tener conto del varie particularismos regional, e del debilessa del neonate [[Regno d'Italia (1861-1946)|Regno de Italia]] e transverso le disveloppamento [[Piemontesizzazione|Piemontesisation]] i.e. de un modello economico-administrative multo centralisate, que augementava in modo multo significative le differentias regional e sin un politica de redistribution del terras, problema immense pro le meridie, que manteneva le latifundios usque al lege stralcio n. 841 del 21 de octobre 1950<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Breve storia dell'Italia meridionale, Pietro Bevilacqua.}}</ref>; le differentias economic se acuiuva initialmente inter le nord-west e le resto del pais e in parte se replevava solmente durante le [[Miracolo economico italiano|boom economic]], ma remane ancora hodie forte differentias, specialmente inter le nord e le sud del pais<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/>. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] jf0xsz0q9cjs23s95dmfq6nnso41k1a 698422 698421 2026-08-10T13:26:38Z ~2026-44121-55 60848 /* Crisi del seculo XIV */ 698422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Repubblica,_stradano.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Florentia, Piazza del Mercato Vecchio (1555), affresco de [[Giovanni Stradano]], [[Palazzo Vecchio]], Sala de Gualdrada.]] La '''historia economic del Italia''' preunitari percurre le cambiamentos economic e social del territorio italian ab le epocha roman usque al unitate de Italia (1860). In epocha Roman, le peninsula italian habeva un densitate demographic e un floritura economic plus elevate in comparation con le resto de Europa e del [[bassino mediterranee]], specialmente durante le seculos I e II. A partir del seculo III p.Chr., le imperio Roman initiava su declino. Durante le alte Medievo (seculos VII-IX) le economia esseva deprimite, de semi-subsistentia, e gravitava circum le centros feudal. A partir del seculo X, le population e le economia italian recommenciava a crescer, insimul con le centros urban. Con le tempore, se disveloppava vaste retes commercial que ligava le centros italian a un conca de relationes ab Asia usque a Europa septentrional. Iste centros de activitates manufacturari, financiari, mercantil e cultural rendeva le economia italian plus prospere que le altere paises europee. Le arrivata del peste nigre al medietate del 1300 decimava le population, ma esseva tosto sequite per un renascentia economic. Iste crescimento produceva un floride economia renascentista, avantiate in comparation con le altere paises europee. Le sectores de punta del territorio italian esseva le textil (productos elaborate de lana e seta, amplemente exportate), le servicios bancari e le transportos maritim. Durante le 1600 le systema economic se debilitava e le interprises ligate al major centros urban declinava. Hollanda, Anglaterra e Francia assumeva un rolo economic prominente in Europa e Italia perdeva le position dominante in le exportationes textil, in le intermediationes financiari e in le transportos maritim. Le stagnation initiava un fragmentation del relationes economic in le area italian. Inter le dece-octave e le medietate del dece-nono seculo, Italia remaneva subdividite in parve statos e a dispecto de diverse reformas remaneva un territorio peripheric e deprimite. == Tendenta del economias ante le crescimento moderne == === Caracteres general del crescimento del PIB in le economias preindustrial === Le economias del passato, ante le industrialisation, esseva characterisate per un tendenta differente de illo actual. A differentia de hodie, le producto aggregate, que es le activitate productive total de un pais, e le producto per capita, que es un indicator que permitte de evalutar le nivello de vita de un singule individuo del population, non cresceva sovente insimul. Isto es debite al facto que, insimul al crescimento del producto aggregate, il es presente un forte crescimento del population, que totevia cresceva plus rapidemente que le production. Isto comportava un forte pression super le ressources que resultava in un diminution del producto per capita in le longe periodo, usque que un factor externe, como faminas e epidemias, causava un diminution del population que resultava in un crollo del producto aggregate e un augmento del ricchessa per capita.<ref name=":39">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 322-330}}</ref> Iste modello de crescimento se manteneva in grande parte de Europa Occidental usque a 1820, quando gratias al introduction de importante innovationes le initio del crescimento moderne esseva possibile, characterisate per un augmento rapide de tote le tres variabiles.<ref name=":39" /> [[File:PILpc_italiano_13102017.png|right|197px|right|thumb|[[Prodotto interno lordo|Producto Interne Brute]] (PIB) real del territorio italian per habitante durante le periodo 1310-2018. In le longe periodo, le ricchessa medie del italianos ha remanite quasi constante usque al revolution industrial del fin del 1800. Le cyclos economic que se ha succedite in le curso de multe seculos precedente, con phases de crescimento e de crise, non ha producite un significative cambio economic (in terminos de [[Prodotto interno lordo|PIB]] per habitante).<ref name=":0">{{Cita|Felice, 2015}}.</ref>]] === Tendenta del crescimento italian ab le anno mille === Iste modello de crescimento se disveloppava etiam in Italia. Post un longe phase de declino e stagnation del population e del producto aggregate durante le tardive antiquitate e le alte Medievo, un crescimento rapide in le basse Medievo sequeva. De facto, circum le anno mille, a causa de varie cambiamentos, habeva un augmento rapide del producto aggregate e del population. Se estima que in tre centos annos le producto aggregate e le population ha augmentate respectivemente de cinque e tres vices; le mesme occurre in modo multo modeste pro le producto per capita con un augmento de circa 50%, iste cifra es multo inferior si nos prende in conto que se estima un fortissime augmento del disigualitates.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea}}</ref> [[File:Andamento gdp Italia1310 al 1861.jpg|197px|right|thumb|[[Reddito pro capite|Revenito per capita]] real del territorio italian per habitante ab 1310 a 1861.<ref name=":27">{{Cita libro|titulo=Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden, 2020)}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cita web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth|title=Economic Growth}}</ref>[[File:Popolazione italiana 1000-1861 - Historical demography 1992 - Touring Club Italiano CART-TEM-031.jpg|thumb|Tendenta del population italian de 1000 a 1861 (''Atlante tematico d'Italia'', Touring Club Italiano, 1992)]]]] Circum le dece-tertie seculo, le augmento del population portava un forte pression super le ressources, causante le diminution del rendimentos del travalio e del capital; pro pejorar iste situation, se addeva le fin del periodo calide medieval que conduceva a collectas multo minus abundante, lo que causava diverse faminas. Iste situation se modifica in 1346 con le reapparition del Peste. A differentia del passato, a causa del augmento del densitate de habitation e del augmento del mobilitate, un alte taxa de mortalitate se disveloppava durante plure annos, lo que duceva a un forte diminution del population. Le diminution del population comportava un cadita del producto aggregate ma un augmento del producto per capita e un diminution del disigualitates pro le augmento del salarios, causate per le manco de fortia de travalio, que permitteva al travaliatores haber un major fortia contractual in comparation con le passato. Iste phase se mantene usque a 1550, quando Europa ha recuperate le population e le producto aggregate del periodo ante-peste. A differentia del passato, totevia, diverse innovationes esseva presente: melior embarcationes, le impression, le discoperimento de nove continentes, le consumo de patatas e mais e le uso domestic del carbon; lo que permitteva un augmento additional del population e del producto aggregate, sin cambiamentos del producto per capita que recommencera a diminuer del dece-octave seculo usque a 1820.<ref name=":39" /> Ab 1820, pro un serie de innovationes, como le rotation continue del culturas, que permitte usar le campos sin interruptiones, aboliente le maggese, e super toto a transverso del creation del machina a vapor, le crescimento moderne habeva su initio. Italia initiava iste modello de crescimento plus tarde pro le manco de carbon que impediva un modernisation del systema secundari e le impossibilitate de applicar le rotation continue, viste que pro permitter iste modernisation un grande quantitate de fertilisante esseva necessari, lo que esseva possibile solo a transverso del mantenentia de bestial de dimensiones importante, que haberea necessitate abundantia de pasturage. Le conditiones pro facer isto esseva presente in le regiones humide, e ergo in Nord Europa. Verso le fin del dece-nono seculo, gratias a nove innovationes como le petroleo, le electricitate e le fertilisantes chimic, le processo de crescimento moderne esseva possibile etiam pro Italia.<ref name=":39" /> == Epocha roman == {{Vide anque|Economia romana}} === Ascenso (seculos III a.Chr.-II p.Chr.) === Historicos e economistas ha tentate de reconstruer un vision del economia del seculos roman e de su cambiamentos secundo le interpretation contemporanee del economia; alcun ha etiam interprendite studios quantitative. Le studios non ha arrivate a resultatos precise generalmente compartite. Totevia, alcun notiones general super le economia del epocha roman ha devenite satis acceptate.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Basilica_Julia.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Reconstruction digital del [[Basilica Giulia]] a Roma. Le [[basiliche civili]], construite presso le foro del citates roman, esseva sedes de tribunales e altere institutiones public. Hodie nos non ha un comprehension detaliate del economia roman, proque le fontes super le factores economic del tempore es limitate. Totevia, il es communmente acceptate que le corpore de leges e institutiones public roman produceva un contexto importante e relativemente homogenee que favoriva le vita economic del imperio.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Peter|cognome=Temin|data=2006|title=The Economy of the Early Roman Empire|rivista=The Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=20|numero=1|pp=133-151|url=[link sospetto rimosso]}}</ref>]]Le peninsula italian habeva un densitate demographic e un floritura economic plus elevate in comparation con le resto de Europa e del conca mediterranee. Isto vale in particular pro le seculos I e II, que representava un periodo de relative stabilitate politic e de picco del conditiones economic. Le estimationes demographic del population italian del epocha roman varia. Le plus acceptate lo attesta a 7-8 milliones. Alcun eruditos lo estima usque a 15-16 milliones: iste estimation representarea un nivello que solmente in le dece-octave seculo haberea essite attingite de nove.<ref name=":0" /> Le potere economic imperial accentrava verso Italia le fluxo de ressources economic ab le provincias. Le relative floritura economic esseva etiam sustenite per institutiones politic e administrative avantiate (incluse le systema juridic); per le competentias technologic (specialmente in le sector del constructiones) e scientific; e per le progresso cultural general, super toto in le numerose citates.<ref name=":0" /> Le evaluationes quantitative del economia roman hodie disponibile es considerate speculative. Totevia, ultra le cifras absolute, illos suggere un ricchessa significativemente major in le peninsula in comparation con altere regiones de Europa meridional e del conca del Mediterraneo. Super toto, le estimationes hypostisa que, durante le tres seculos precedente le etate Augustee, habeva un crescimento del revenito per capita medie: pro observar un altere evenimento de iste typo, il es necessari attender usque al insurgentia del etate industrial.<ref name=":0" /> === Declino (seculos III-VI p.Chr.) === {{Vide anque|Crisi del III secolo|Iugatio-capitatio}} A partir del seculo III p.Chr., le imperio Roman initiava su declino. Le historicos ha proponite centenas de [[Caduta dell'Impero romano d'Occidente|theorias]] super su causas (politic, economic, demographic, social, cultural, ambiental): il es probabile que multe factores ha concurrite a causar lo. Un facto objective esseva le declino demographic que affligeva le peninsula, que alcun historicos liga a duo pandemias (seculos II e III).<ref name=":0" /> Al fin del seculo III, le administration del Imperator [[Diocleziano]] introduceva un importante reforma fiscal: pro le prime vice le population italian esseva taxate (antea illo esseva exempte). Le taxation colpiva particularmente le zonas minus populate del Imperio e contribueva al ulterior cadita demographic in le regiones occidental, inter le quales Italia. Pro permitter le stabilitate fiscal in fronte al declino demographic e economic, le Imperio impediva le paisanos de mover se, e los vinculava al terra, instituente le [[colonato]]; etiam al appartenentes a alcun professiones urban limitas al displacementos esseva imponite, e in general le activitates artisanal e professional esseva inquadrate rigidemente in [[collegium|collegia]], strictemente surveiliate per le autoritate statal.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 9}}.</ref> Le displacemento del capital imperial a [[Costantinopoli]] in 330 p.Chr. alienava le centro politic e social de Italia e contribueva a su ulterior declino. Le invasiones del [[Goti]] e del [[Vandali]] (seculo V) e le longe guerra de reconquesta de [[Giustiniano I|Justiniano]] (seculo VI) accelerava le forte cadita demographic del peninsula.<ref name=":0" /> Insimul con le cambiamentos demographic, politic e economic, le territorio italian videva etiam un declino del realitates urban cuje ricchessa cultural habeva sustenite su etate le plus floride. Le administration imperial extraheva ressources a avantage de se mesme, del grande proprietarios terestre e, in mesura crescente, del clero, durante que reprimiva le vitalitate social del territorio italian, iam peripheric al Imperio. Etiam le cultura comenciava a cambiar, alienante se ab le valores del epochas precedente.<ref name=":0" /> Nonobstante le declino del centros urban, in Italia le centralitate del citate resisteva plus a longe in comparation con le campanias, del quales proveniva le profitos del aristocratia fundiari. Iste situation non cambiava sub le regno de [[Odoacre]] e nec con le [[Regno ostrogoto|domination ostrogothic]]. Con [[Teodorico]], cuje politica continuava a appoiar se super le classe urban del proprietarios terestre, un modeste recuperation se verificava; de facto, totevia, le economia se fundava super le mesme dynamic in esseva in le basse imperio.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 10-11}}.</ref> == Alte Medievo (7e e 9e seculos) == [[File:Regno longobardo di tuscia, emissione aurea di aistolfo, zecca di lucca, 749-756, 02.JPG|197px|right|thumb|Moneta auree de re [[Astolfo (re)|Astolfo]]]] In le alte Medievo le citates esseva largemente dispopulate e le campanias se impoveriva. Totevia, a differentia del resto de Europa, in Italia remaneva in vita numerose parve citates, heredes del spisse texito urban del periodo roman; post le anno mille illos esseva al base del recuperation economic e social. Le economia esseva deprimite e rotava circum centros del proprietates [[Feudalesimo|feudal]], como abbatias e castellos. Le economia rural se appoiava super un production agricole de semi-subsistentia, durante que le commercio esseva limitate e se basava super [[Fiera|ferias]] annual.<ref name=":2">{{Cita|Cipolla, 1997}}.</ref> === Periodo byzantin e longobarde === Quando le [[longobardi]] arrivava in Italia, illos trovava un economia extenuate per le carga fiscal e dominate per le latifundio, ancora imperniate super le rolo del citates cuje structuras socio-politic esseva totevia in decadentia.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 12}}.</ref> In le [[regno longobardo]] le structuras politic e institutional de hereditate roman se dissolveva completemente; le antique aristocratia terestre con le tempore esseva extruso per le nove invasores, le quales acquireva le grande proprietates, redifiniente totalmente le situation del campanias. Con le longobardos de facto grande importantia acquireva le forestes e le terras inculte: le exploitation del silvas garantiva ressources como ligno e fructos spontanee, in ultra a esser utilisate pro le elevamento brado de [[suini]] e [[ovini]].<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 12-14}}.</ref> Le unitates productive in le Italia Longobarde esseva le ''villae'' e le ''casale''; del 8e seculo se verifica un modeste augmento del population e al habitation rural aperte e disperse, le castrum se substitueva, que corresponde a un grande interprise fundiari bipartita, e le allodio, id es le parve proprietate.<ref name=":29">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 94-103}}</ref> Le ''Castrum'' esseva dividite in ''pars dominica'' e ''pars massarica'', le ''pars dominica'' resulta sovente fortificate, durante que in le ''pars massarica'', viveva le colonos que habeva obligationes de prestationes de obra in le ''pars dominica''.<ref name=":29" /> Multe eruditos affirma que esseret prematur parlar de modello curtense, in quanto le prestationes esseva occasionale e del documentos il pare que le interprises esseva multo minus efficace que le contemporanee villae franche ab un puncto de vista del organisation del travalio e del productivitate.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|title=Alessandro Di Muro, La terra, il mercante e il sovrano: Economia e società nell’VIII secolo longobardo.}}</ref> Le citate del Italia Longobarde esseva multo parve e contava probabilemente pauco milles de habitantes, illos esseva le sede del elites laic e ecclesiastic, del quales proveniva le demanda de exotica, que esseva coperite per le mercatores.<ref name=":25" /> In le citates le representantes del classes eminente convocava intra le muros, parte del productos proveniente del curtes.<ref name=":25" /> Le citate major esseva Milano, Pavia, Brescia, Forum luli, Cremona, Piacenza, Bergamo, Verona, Siena e, al Sud, Spoleto, Benevento, Capua e a partir de 774, Salerno.<ref name=":25" /> Totevia, verso le fin del epocha longobarde se registrava un cambiamento economic, con le proliferation del [[Zecca (moneta)|officinas monetari]] sub [[Liutprando]] e le attestation de un classe mercantil satis dynamic.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 15}}.</ref> [[File:Raphael Ostia.jpg|197px|right||Le affresco de [[Raffaello Sanzio|Raphael]] intitulate "[[Battaglia di Ostia (Raffaello)|Battalia de Ostia]]", in le qual es representate le victoria del citates Italo-byzantin super le Arabes in le [[battaglia di Ostia]].]] Le contexto de fragmentation politic in le qual versava le Italia meridional, plus que le septentrional, accentuava le dissolution del texito urban, specialmente pro le citates locate in le interior. Nonobstante isto, non habeva grande differentias economic inter le [[Langobardia Minor]] e le zonas residual governate per le [[Impero bizantino|byzantinos]], que manteneva in particular le controllo del territorios costal. Etiam in area byzantin de facto le classe del proprietarios terestre esseva substituite, in iste caso totevia per le entitates ecclesiastic.<ref name=":26">{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 18-19}}.</ref> Secundo altere eruditos le differentias esseva multo accentuate specialmente post le cadita de Carthago (698), le imperio Byzantin de facto reorganisava le dominios italian con le institution del [[Sikelia|Strateghia (o thema) de Sicilia]], le insula esseva governate per le figura del stratego que concentrava in su manos functiones militar e civil.<ref name=":25" /> Iste cambio permitteva a Sicilia haber grande melioramentos, de facto in le Insula se concentrava le effortio militar e economic de Byzantio.<ref name=":25" /> Le augmento del expensas e del commercios es attestate per le studios super le officina monetari de Siracusa, in iste periodo il ha de facto un grande emission de moneta e illo deveniva le secunde del Imperio post illo de Constantinopoli.<ref name=":25" /> In le altere dominios italian del Imperio se institueva le Ducatos byzantin. Le Ducatos esseva governate per le Ducs que esseva eligite per le elites local, permittere le citates haber un major libertate in campo economic e politic, non debente plus requestar le intervention del autoritate central,<ref name=":25" /> iste territorios esseva le plus dynamic de Italia.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":24" /> Le dynamismo del territorios byzantin es attestate per le facto que illos esseva le unic regiones italian que esseva inserite intra le retes commercial. Le territorios byzantin esseva subdividite in tres retes commercial: un spatio alto-adriatic, correspondente al portos de [[Venezia marittima|Venetia]] e Comacchio, un siculo-oriental, correspondente al portos de Bari, Otranto, Taranto e Siracusa e un basse-tyrrhenian, correspondente al portos de [[Ducato di Gaeta|Gaeta]], [[Ducato di Napoli|Napoles]], [[Ducato di Sorrento|Sorrento]], Messina e Palermo.<ref name=":25" /> In le Mezzogiorno continental initialmente le citate que plus beneficiava del traffico commercial esseva Napoles al qual se adjungeva con le tempore le emergente [[Ducato di Amalfi|Amalfi]] que, a differentia de Napoles, appare configurar se al initios como un emporium, id es un centro quasi exclusivemente dedicate al mediation commercial.<ref name=":25" /> Al initios del 9e seculo Amalfi jam disponeva de un flotta capabile de navigar a longe le routes mediterranee e devenir assi le prime [[Repubbliche marinare|republica marinari]]. Il ha etiam in le dominios del Mezzogiorno plus interne le presentia de grande monasterios que habeva grande terrenos.<ref name=":26" /> === Periodo carolinge === Le Carolingos, post le conquesta de Nord-Italia, portava le modello curtense. Le ''curtes'', o le interprises agricole, esseva organisate super un economia [[autarchia|autarchic]], tendente unicamente a satisfacer le necessitates patronal tanto de productos alimentari como de manufactos artisanal. Isto occurreva proque le investimentos agrari e le augmento del productivitate terestre esseva viste como pauc interessante, a causa del scarse capacitate del mercato de commercialisation del generes agricole.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 21-23}}.</ref> Altere eruditos indica le modello curtense como plus productive e fundamental pro garantir le crescimento Basse Medieval.<ref name=":29" /> Le motivo del major productivitate esseva debite al alte nivello de organisation in comparation con le Castrum longobarde,<ref name=":29" /> le territorio es de facto subdividite: in [[Pars dominica|''pars Dominica'']], zona governate directemente per le senior, illo esseva le portion le plus parve e in le qual prevaleva le prato e le silva e in le ''[[Pars massaricia|mansi]]'' zonas affidate al colonos in le quales prevaleva le culturas intensive.<ref name=":29" /> Le senior feudal con le cession de capital permitteva le construction de molinos e altere structuras pro le conquesta de nove territorios agricole, garantiva le defensa del habitantes e regulava le justitia, in cambio le colonos cedeva parte del recovratos del collection e se rendeva disponibile como mano de obra pro le construction de obras public. Iste periodo coincideva con le reapertura del mercatos e con le colonisation de nove territorios, jacente le bases del crescimento del basse Medievo; in le curso del 9e seculo de facto le ferias se diffundeva in multe citates italian. Iste typo de progresso se verificava super toto in le citate locate a longe le Po, stimulante in parte le excambio del productos local e provocante dunque un modeste sollicitation al production agricole e artisanal.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 23-24}}.</ref> Durante le 9e seculo habeva un cambiamento con le diminution del grandor del ''pars dominica'' que es subdividite in mansi, e in concomitantia occurreva etiam le reduction del ''[[allodio]]'' a causa del compra-vendita del terrenos per feudatarios e monasterios.<ref name=":29" /> Le compra-vendita occurreva a transverso de un contracto appellate ''[[enfiteusi]]'', il tracta se de contractos symbolic que prevideva un canon annual multo modeste e le impegno del colono de laborar alcun dies in le dominico.<ref name=":29" /> Con le incremento demographic verso le anno mille le obligationes in confrontation con le feudatarios deveniva pro le plus symbolic, viste que le seniores habeva le avantage de bonificar zonas improductive e permitter le colonisation, assi con le tempore illos deveniva a tote le effectos parve proprietates.<ref name=":29" /> Iste phenomenos, que provocava aperturas in le circuitos claudite del economia curtense, debeva mesurar se con le clima de instabilitate del epocha. Pro turbar iste tentativas de dynamismo economic habeva le [[Invasioni ungare dell'Europa|incursiones del Hungaros]] e de altere populos slavic, succedite con frequentia ab 899, e le minacia del [[Saraceni]] in particular in le Tyrrheno. Le expansion islamic totevia comportava del altere latere etiam a un augmento del traffico commercial, del qual in particular Venetia sapeva profitar se.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 24-26}}.</ref> === Productivitate del sector primari e secundari === Le rendimentos del grano durante le Alte Medievo se manteneva extrememente basse, illos debeva corresponder a un rendimento de circa 2,5 quintales per hectare, iste dato resulta multo modeste prendente in conto que 1 quintal esseva reutilisate pro le sementar. Valores tanto basse esseva totevia proportionate al basse population de Italia in ille periodo.<ref name=":36">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 122-125}}</ref> Le sector manufacturari in le alte medievo esseva presente ma in grande parte active pro le autoconsumo, le unic productiones que immiteva merces pro mercatos distante in Europa esseva le armas de aciero (le spatas franche), le textiles producite in Flandra; relevante esseva etiam le production de textiles in le Mezzogiorno de Italia e in le portion meridional de Hispania.<ref name=":30">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 159}}</ref> Le Italia meridional esseva alora intra le circuitos commercial con Byzantio e le mundo arabe. Le [[industria tessile|industria textil]] meridional produceva alora coton, lana e seta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 171-172}}</ref> De importante relevantia esseva le industrias de palatio in Sicilia, que produceva textiles de seta, le materia prime esseva producite principalmente in Calabria, ubi le Byzantinos habeva initiate le cultivation del moro, lo que permitteva le [[gelsibachicoltura|sericultura]], que serviva al production del seta.<ref name=":30" /> Le production del lana esseva facilitate etiam per le invention del gualchiera, le prime documento que attesta su presentia ha essite redigite in Abruzzo in le 10e seculo, iste machina facilitava a transverso del uso de pistones actionate per aqua le battitura del textiles, diminuente le costos.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.206}}</ref> === Traffico commercial === Como occurrre sovente in le commercio inter un area plus retrogradate e un plus ric, le balancia commercial de Europa in confrontation con le mundo arabe e byzantin esseva active, isto significa que Europa exportava merces, fundamentalmente materias prime, e riceveva como merces de excambio un modeste quantitativo de objectos de luxo e moneta, non disponibile de un grande demanda interne con le qual collar le offerta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 171}}</ref> Pro quanto reguarda le moneta, in le Alte Medievo in Europa esseva cuniate pro le pagamentos diverse monetas de argento que habeva un valor constante del VIII usque al X, illos pesava circa 1,75 grammas de argento con liga de 950 millesimos. Le unic regiones ubi monetas de auro esseva presente esseva le Imperio Byzantin e le mundo Arabe. Le presentia in Europa de monetas de argento pesante indica que le commercios esseva pauc dynamic, de facto le major dynamismo economic conduceva in le Basse Medievo a un augmento del numero de monetas a transverso del perda de peso, comportante dunque un constante devaluation pro augmentar le massa monetari.<ref name=":37">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 215-217}}</ref> === Expenso public === Concernente le expenso public durante le prime etate feudal il non ha un distinction inter illo que nos poteret appellar finantia public e le patrimonio del soverano. In general iste es date per le patrimonio personal e per le denarios recolligite a transverso del derectos de regalitate, istos es le revenitos concernente alcun activitates como le cuniatura del monetas, le pisca in le fluvios, le collection del metallos, le exploitation del minas de sal, le derectos de doana, e le impostos super le mercatos.<ref name=":38">{{Cite book|autore=Paolo Malanima|title=Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea|p=299}}</ref> Le soveranos ha in ultra le derecto al ''auxilium'' illo es recolligite a transverso del pagamento de un canon o a transverso del prestation del servicio. Con le tempore viste que le exercitos se basa quasi exclusivemente super le cavalleria se adjunge un imposto additional le ''fodrum'', que es un imposto directe a pagar in moneta calculate per familia.<ref name=":38" /> == Basse Medievo (seculos X-XV) == [[File:Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_-_Effects_of_Good_Government_on_the_City_Life_(detail)_-_WGA13490.jpg|197px|right|thumb|[[Ambrogio Lorenzetti]], ''Allegoria del bon governamento in citate.'' (1338-1339), [[Palazzo Pubblico (Siena)|Palazzo Public]], Siena]] A partir del seculo X, le population e le economia italian recommenciava a crescer. Alcun innovationes technologic meliorava le productivitate agricole: le rotation triennal del culturas e le melioramento del [[aratura|arage]] a transverso del adoption del [[Aratro|aratro pesante]] a rota e un major diffusion del cavallo, plus tosto que de bovinos. Etiam se diffundeva le uso industrial del [[mulino ad acqua|molino a aqua]] in le manufacturas textil, metallic e altere ancora.<ref name=":2" /> === Reorganisation del terra e nascentia del Communes === Verso le anno mille, pro le expansion del population, le feudatarios initiava a signar contractos sempre plus symbolic con le colonos, assi pro favorir le cultivation de nove terras. Iste processo se reinforcement durante le XI e le XII in le Centro-Nord, gratias al **nascentia e al reinforcement de nove entitates politic, le [[Età comunale|Communes]]. In le Meridion al contrario occurre le affirmation de un stato unitari con le [[Regno di Sicilia|Normannos]], lo que porta al imposition del systema feudal francese con un constante reinforcement del privilegios feudal. Le [[Età comunale|Communes]] nasce del acquisition del potere politico-administrative in le citates per le classes mercantil. Subsequentemente etiam le campanias del Centro-Nord es reorganisate per le administration communal in ''[[Contado|Contadi]].'' In le ''Contadi'' le Communes affirma lor autoritate in campo fiscal, administrative e militar; le seniores es fortiate a facer acto de submission e a transferer lor residentias in le citates, lor potere totevia remane in le proprietate infeudate.<ref name=":24" /> Isto favoriva le augmento del urbanisation; secundo multe eruditos, portava un taxa de urbanisation in 1300 del 21%, le taxa de urbanisation esseva simile in Hispania, ma multo inferior in Francia, Germania e Regno Unite.<ref name=":0" /> Al initio del seculo XIV, Milano, Venetia e Florentia contava plus de 100,000 habitantes; il habeva 43 citates con al minus 15,000 habitantes.<ref name=":3">{{Cita|Zamagni, 2005}}.</ref> Del seculo XIII in le Italia Centro-Septentrional il ha un reorganisation additional del contado. Il occurre que le elite urban, enrichite per le traffico e per le industrias, comencia a acquirer le proprietate private del paisanos que, a causa del expansion demographic, habeva essite additionalmente dividite e non permitteva plus le sustenimento del familias, veniente assi a crear se specialmente in le regiones le plus fertile un distribution inegal del proprietate; in le seculo XIV in le areas fertile presso le centros urban del 10 al 25% del terra pertineva a entitates religiose o a pauco familias urban. Iste recomposition esseva totevia solmente partial ben que continuava in le seculos successive, de facto le Italia Septentrional remaneva un del areas in le qual le proprietate private esseva le plus presente.<ref name=":24" /> Un altere grande cambiamento in le areas rural Italian concerne le pagamento del canon al senior que passa in le seculo XIII de un canon in moneta a un parte del production, isto es debite al facto que le alte urbanisation in Italia conduceva a un augmento del consumos in le citates, lo que causava un augmento del precios del productos agricole, assi portante a grande ganios pro le possidentes.<ref name=":24" /> ==== Sector primari ==== In iste periodo se cerca etiam de augmentar le productivitate del terra, specialmente del frumento, pro cercar de satisfacer un population in forte augmento. Le valores passa de 2-3 quintales de frumento per hectare a 4-5 al initio del basse Medievo e in le tardive Medievo attinge le valores de 5-6 quintales per hectare.<ref name=":36" /> A transverso del estimation del urbanisation in Italia il es possibile evalutar le productivitate del travalio in agricultura. Isto proque quanto plus le numero del personas in le citates monta, tanto plus le productivitate del paisanos monta pro permitter lor sustenimento. Isto ha permittite de evalutar, in comparation con le alte Medievo, un augmento del productivitate del 20% durante le basse Medievo, sequite per un longe periodo de stagnation usque al initios del XX.<ref name=":24" /> Sector secundari: nove modellos manufacturari e nascentia del corporationes In le citates le sector manufacturari se disveloppa particularmente, de facto le numero de travaliatores de iste sectores deveni multo elevate. Le sector manufacturari italian produceva material pro le demanda interne, pro le region circumjacente o pro le mercatos distante<ref name=":24" />. Le sectores que realisava benes destinate al exportation pote esser indicate como ''sectores de base''<ref name=":24" />. Illos es le sectores le plus dynamic, innovative e ha effectos multiplicative super le revenito social; lor activitate constitue un stimulo pro le sectores complementari e pro illos derivate o inducite. Durante le Medievo in le citates del Italia centro-septentrional le sector de base esseva le sector textil, le ''sector complementari'' esseva le sartoria o le production de materiales usate pro le production textil como le colorantes e le ''sectores derivate'' esseva le activitates del construction e del production de benes alimentari.<ref name=":24" /> Le organisation del industria es de typo artisanal. Le systema artisanal se basa super le ''mastro'' que es tanto le detentor del boteca, como le productor, como le mercante e le emptor de materias prime<ref name=":24" />. Ille coordina le activitate de su subordinatos que se divide in ''apprendices'' e ''laborantes''. Le primes labora sin salario con le scopo de apprender le mestiero e sovente debe pagar etiam pro initiar le apprentissage; le secundos es salariate. Un altere modello de industria es le ''industria a domicilio'', in iste caso le figura central es le mercante-entrepreneur, ille acquiere le materias prime que es displaciate in un magazin o boteca ubi initia le elaboration per travaliatores salariate<ref name=":24" />. Subsequentemente le materia prime lassa le boteca e atteinge le casas de altere travaliatores salariate, que in cambio de un compensation monetari lo transforma in semi-elaborato pro esser finalmente finite per artisanes, que in cambio de un salario face retornar le producto al mercante-entrepreneur que initia le vendita.<ref name=":24" /> In le Communes se disveloppa un nove maniera de organisar le production in le citates, gratias al nascentia de associationes de mestieros appellate [[Corporazioni delle arti e mestieri|corporationes]] (o artes).<ref name=":24" /> Le [[Corporazioni delle arti e mestieri|corporationes]] nasce como pactos associative inter gruppos de individuos que face le mesme activitate e que dunque habeva interesses analoge a tutelar<ref name=":24" />. Le cargas esseva multiple: mantener le monopolio del production in le mano de pauco in quanto il habeva un numero maxime de associate per mestiero, le election del salarios, le prohibition de subtraher mano de obra a un concurrente, le numero de materias prime, le precios del productos<ref name=":24" />. Iste associationes ha disveloppate un rolo importante in le affirmation e le consolidation del mestieros; con le tempore, totevia, illos tendeva a limitar le productivitate e essera substituite in le dece-octave seculo per le cameras de commercio.<ref name=":24" /> Durante le basse Medievo, a sequito etiam del reorganisation artisanal a transverso del corporationes e del industrias a domicilio, se assiste al nascentia del predominantia italian in le industria textil. Le citates del Italia Centro-Septentrional, gratias a iste innovationes, succede a attinger le monopolio super le production e exportation de coton, de seta e de lana. Isto es debite al acquisition del gualchiera (molino fullante) in le Italia centro-septentrional e al traffico commercial.<ref name=":24" /> ==== Cambiamentos in le traffico commercial in le Basse Medievo ==== Grande cambiamentos occurre in le traffico commercial inter le XI e le XII. Durante iste seculos le citate italian del centro-nord se trova inter excambios sempre major e succede a functionar como intermediarios in le vendita e in le exportation del textiles producite in Flandra<ref name=":31">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.175}}</ref>. Al mesme tempore le naves del citates de Pisa e Genova es ingagiate in le confrontos con le citate italo-byzantin del Italia meridional e le naves arabe. In le meridion le citates Italo-byzantin essera attaccate etiam per le [[Contea di Aversa|Contato de Aversa]], ubi le Normannos se habeva installate<ref name=":31" />. Le Ducato se expandera usque a [[Conquista normanna dell'Italia meridionale|conquirer le integre Mezzogiorno]], con le tempore le autonomia de iste citates essera attenuate e le modello feudal francese essera imponite. In iste phase, totevia, il non ha un distinction nette inter un area que produce e exporta manufactos e un altere que exporta solmente materias prime<ref name=":31" />. Con le tempore, totevia, le cosas cambia; in le XIII le citate del Italia centro-septentrional ha iam le monopolio del commercio del lana, del coton e del seta, gratias al melioramentos technologic que abassava le precio del productos in comparation con le competitores<ref name=":31" />. Consequentemente le balancia commercial cambia: in le seculo XIII le exportation del textiles del mundo arabe diminue e le balancia resulta active con Europa<ref name=":31" />. Le mesme occurre con Africa in le qual le italianos exporta pannos, setas, textiles de canape e productos artisanal e importa materias prime; le passivo remanente es coperite per le auro de pagliola. Iste cambiamento occurre etiam con le Italia Meridional que, ben que usque al XII seculo resultava le area le plus avantiate de Italia, in le dece-tertie seculo le cosas habeva iam cambiate: le citate Italo-byzantin, como Amalfi, limitava le excambios commercial solmente al areas limitrophe, le meridion se trovava a importar pannos de lana e a exportar materias prime, specialmente grano, oleo, bestial, lignamine, vino e seta greggia (crude); assi initia le historia de un Sud minus dynamic, ben que pro seculos in terminos per capita le disparitate restara multo modeste: de 5-10%. Isto etiam a causa del forte interdependentia del duo areas, pro le qual un forte augmento del Centro-Nord causava etiam un augmento del demanda de materias prime del Sud, favorante assi le enrichment de ambe.<ref name=":31" /> ==== Circulation monetari ==== Durante iste seculos il ha cambiamentos etiam in le moneta, isto proque le augmento del population e le major circulation de monetas necessita plus de monetas. Dunque le diverse officinas monetari comencia a cunniar monetas que presenta sempre minus argento, le viliamento del moneta portava le moneta a reducer se a un disco metallic multo fragile in le XII; tal processo non esseva un mal, de facto evitava que le inelasticitate del offerta de argento e le manco de instrumentos de credito provocarea un strangulation deflationari.<ref name=":37" /> Pro permitter excambios plus ingente del fin del XII seculo le citate del Italia centro-septentrional comenciava a cunniar monetas de auro, tal monetas esseva le Fiorino, le Genovino e le Ducato<ref name=":37" />. Con le tempore, viste que un affluxo de moneta del mundo Arabe, del Imperio Byzantin e del Italia Meridional se disveloppava, proque le balancia commercial del Italia centro-septentrional esseva active in confrontation con iste regiones, favorante le cadita del precios del metallos preciose e specialmente del auro, facilitante un abassamento del precio del auro que conduceva a un augmento in le cuniatura<ref name=":37" />. A causa del grande importantia que habeva le mercantes italian, le [[Zecchino|ducato de auro venetian]] e le [[Fiorino d'oro|fiorino florentin]] deveniva le principal valutas pro le excambios commercial in Europa.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Le nascentia del bancas ==== [[File:Repubblica di Siena - Commercio bancario - Mappa della massima penetrazione in Europa dei banchieri senesi.png|297px|right|thumb||Mappa in le qual es representate le maxime penetration in [[Europa]] del [[Gran Tavola|Grande Tabula]] del [[Bonsignori (famiglia)|Bonsignori]] e del altere major bancheros del [[Repubblica di Siena|Republica de Siena]] in le XIII seculo]] Un sector particularmente innovative que nasce in iste annos es le activitate bancari. Iste typo de activitate nasce in le seculo XIII ben que documentos de activitates simile jam appare del X; in iste periodo le banchero esseva un homine facunde que, ultra a effectuer le cambio del valutas, recipeva fundos del depositantes e effectuava prestos lucrante super le differentia in activos e passivos<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.218-222}}</ref>. In le XIII le prime a operar in ample radio esseva le mercantes senese, le figura del mercante-banchero nasceva in iste seculo. Iste figura offere fundos in presto non solmente al clientela de su citate o de centros vicin, ma etiam a papas, reges e nobiles.<ref name=":32" /> Le systema bancari presenta un importante novitate al fin del dece-tertie seculo que es le [[lettera di cambio|lettera de cambio]], usate como medio de transferimento de fundos e pro occultar le interesse<ref name=":32" />. In le secunde medietate del dece-quarte seculo le bancas toscan presenta ramificationes international; in iste structuras de interprise, le bancas que se trova al estraniero es controlate per membros del familia o personas fidabile<ref name=":32" />. Sovente le bancas controla interprises in le citates, assi structuras complexe e ramificate se forma, constituite per banca, interprises commercial e manufacturari.<ref name=":32" /> ==== Expenso public ==== Le finantias del communes es multo plus complexe in comparation con illos del feudo, in quanto illos debe prender in conto expensas pro le muros, pro le viabilitate, pro le edificios public e le organisation del approvisionamento del benes alimentari. Pro garantir le expensa le commune institue un taxation directe, que es appellate ''[[estimo|estima]]''; iste taxa esseva pagate per tote le cives, excepte le nullatenentes e le entitates ecclesiastic, le cavalleros esseva tenite a pagar la o il habeva un partial deduction. Le taxation non presentava regularitate, illo se basava de facto super le necessitate del commune.<ref name=":24" /> Il existeva le solidaritate de cata circumscriptio, de facto si alcun cives non succedeva a attinger le cifra le habitantes de un quartiero spartiva le quota evadite, assi pro poter pagar la.<ref name=":24" /> ==== PIB e PIB per capita e disigualitates in le Basse Medievo ==== Ben que inter grande incertitudes, il ha essite estimate que le PIB per capita italian durante le basse medievo esseva multo major que illo del altere paises mediterranee e nord-europee, que in ille epocha viveva in vice un longe stagnation economic. Le crescimento economic in Italia produceva un claro melioramento del conditiones de vita del population.<ref name=":0" /> Altere eruditos evidentia ultra un augmento de Italia etiam un general augmento del producto aggregate europee in le basse Medievo, ma in Italia illo tende a augmentar se le plus.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.252-257}}</ref> In concomitantia al augmento del producto aggregate il ha un pejoramento constante e gradual del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population<ref name=":33" />. Le pejoramento del revenitos e del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population es explicate per un augmento sproportionate del population in comparation con le ressources que remaneva scarse, non favorante dunque un melioramento pro le majoritate del population.<ref name=":33" /> Iste studios de facto estima que in Italia del X al XIV il ha essite un augmento de tres vices del population, que partiente de 4,5 milliones de habitantes ha attingite le 12,5 e in concomitantia il ha essite un augmento del urbanisation, le taxa de urbanisation arrivava a circa 21,4% partiente del 5-8%.<ref name=":33" /> Pro permitter le sustenimento de un population in augmento, il habeva un augmento del productivitate del sector primari e, viste que le productivitate del travalio agricole es inferior al activitates secundari e tertiari, il debe haber essite un general augmento del productivitate del travalio.<ref name=":33" /> Le augmento del population comporta un augmento equal del producto aggregate, viste que le demanda augmenta e viste que le productivitate del travalio ha augmentate, isto face supponer un augmento del producto aggregate, major del crescimento del population, de 4-5 vices.<ref name=":33" /> Il ha essite hypotisate etiam un augmento del producto per capita, del 40-50%, iste dato ha essite formulate pro le augmento del population urban ubi revenitos major esseva presente<ref name=":33" />. Le crescimento del producto aggregate non comportava, totevia, un melioramento del conditiones de vita pro le major parte del population, de facto a transverso del studio del consumos il ha essite vidite un pejoramento in le alimentation del majoritate del population e un augmento del disigualitates.<ref name=":24" /> Le pejoramento del conditiones de vita del population esseva debite a un constante abassamento del salarios, a causa del augmento del mano de obra e pro permitter le sustenimento de un population in augmento le spatio pro le pasturages e pro le arbores fructifere diminueva, facer levar le precios de iste benes ma mantenente stabile le precio del frumento.<ref name=":24" /> == Crisi del 14e seculo == {{Vide anque|Crisis del 14e seculo}} [[File:Cattedrale_di_Siena,_navata_incompiuta_2.JPG|right|thumb|400x400px|Le expansion economic de multe citates europee durante le 11e 1 13e seculos ha essite associate a un boom in le construction de [[Cattedrale|cathedrales]]. Le construction de un cathedral urban representava un del plus grande investimentos in infrastructuras del epocha. Le chantieros durava decennios o mesmo seculos. Le initio del construction del [[duomo di Siena|domo de Siena]] retrahe al minus al fin del 12e seculo. Al initio del 1300 le floritura economic del citate stimulava un ambitiose projecto de expansion. Le projecto esseva abandonate post le peste de 1347. Le nove facie incomplete remane pro testimoniar plasticamente le impacto de ille [[Siena#Medioevo|crisi economic e social]].<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Eltjo|cognome=Buringh|nome2=Bruce M.S.|cognome2=Campbell|nome3=Auke|cognome3=Rijpma|data=2020|title=Church building and the economy during Europe's ‘Age of the Cathedrals', 700–1500 CE|rivista=Explorations in Economic History|volume=76|p=101316|doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2019.101316|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2019.101316}}</ref>]] Durante le Basse Medievo le movimento del ricchessa e del consumos del majoritate del population declina<ref name=":24" />. Isto es debite al augmento del pression super un economia ancora troppo retrogradate, consequentemente le disigualitate distributive cresce e qui se enrichi es un restringite numero de mercantes, bancheros e nobiles<ref name=":24" />. [[File:Variazione in percentuale del PIL pro capite 1310 igp.jpg|right|thumb|Variation in percento del [[reddito pro capite|revenito per capita]] del territorio italian ab 1310 a 1641.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth|title=Economic Growth}}</ref> In iste imagine on pote notar le augmento del revenito per capita, consequente al crollo del population post le [[Peste nera|peste de 1347]] e del [[Peste del 1630|1630]], a causa del augmento del fortia contractual del travaliatores.]]. Verso le fin del dece-tertie seculo un ulterior pejoramento del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population se disveloppava, a causa de un cambiamento del conditiones climatic, que del 1250 portava a hibernos rigide e estates pluvial que causava collectas scarse e conduceva a numerose faminas. Le pluvias causava un augmento del precio del grano que ha essite calculate del 1280 de 1,25% annual, isto usque al arrivata del Peste.<ref name=":24" /> In 1347 le [[peste nera|peste nigre]] arrivava in Europa, occidente in pauco annos un tertio del population. In Italia, iste catastrophe demographic esseva multo accentuate. Illo esseva totevia sequite post pauco decennios per un renascentia economic. Le cadita del population causava un forte cadita del demanda e dunque etiam del producto aggregate; de facto, a transverso del studios del traffico del porto de Genova il ha essite possibile estimar un cadita del producto aggregate major del population<ref name=":24" />. Le cadita del producto aggregate non se reflecte totevia super le producto per capita e super le consumos medie que augmentava<ref name=":24" />. Le augmento del salarios occurreva pro le manco de mano de obra, que favoriva un major fortia contractual del travaliatores<ref name=":24" />. Le augmento del revenitos occurreva specialmente pro le travaliatores del citates, assi pro favorir lor repopulamento<ref name=":24" />. In concomitantia in le campanias occurreva un diminution del locationes agrari del quales beneficiava le paisanos e causava le debilitation del feudatarios<ref name=":24" />. De facto iste processo succuteva fortemente le poter feudal, favorante in Europa Occidental le crescimento del poter del citates plus tosto que le reinsaldamento del systema feudal (como habeva occurrite durante le crise demographic del seculos II e III p.Chr). Iste processo non esseva univoc in Europa. In multe areas, ubi le citates esseva plus debile, como per exemplo le Mezzogiorno de Italia e le Europa del Est, habeva al contrario un reinforcement del poter feudal<ref name=":0" />. Alicun historicos economic face coincider a iste momento historic le initio del disparitate inter Centro-Nord e Sud<ref name=":0" />. Post le peste, creseva ancora le commercio, le production manufacturari, le universitates, le societates corporative, le participation del classes le plus povre in le economia, e le institutiones juridic e cultural que permitteva le expansion del economia de mercato.<ref name=":0" /> == Renascentia (Seculo XVI) == [[File:26092015-DSC_3542.JPG|sinistra|197px|right|thumb|375x375px|In le secunde medietate del 1500 le plus ricche familias de commerciantes, bancheros e armatores genovese construiva un serie de [[Le Strade Nuove e il sistema dei palazzi dei Rolli di Genova|palatios de residentia e representation]] longe le [[Via Giuseppe Garibaldi|Strada Nove]], foras del centro medieval. Iste disveloppamento urbanistic es le testimoniancia physic del picco del economia maritim e financiari genovese.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|nome=Pettinotti, Paola|title=Storia di Genova : dalle origini ai nostri giorni|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1020572259|anno=2017|editore=Biblioteca dell'Immagine|OCLC=1020572259|ISBN=978-88-6391-266-1}}</ref>]] Le repetite undas de peste que se succedeva inter 1350 e 1450 probabilemente dimidiava le population urban italian. Le debilitation del parve centros favoriva le expansion regional del principal citates: Venetia, Milano, Florentia, Genova, Neapole que projectava un major stabilitate politic e territorial. Le recuperation economic se accentuava particularmente in Italia central a partir del 1450. Le reinforcement de grande realitates urban super le realitates urban plus parve causava le fin del polycentrismo basse medieval<ref name=":24" />. Le Statos Regional se comenciava a crear, in le quales un centro, que esseva le capital, cresceva in population e ricchessa a damno del centros minor, que perdeva importantia.<ref name=":24" /> Iste processo occurreva fortemente in le Meridion con un crescimento enorme de Neapole e Palermo<ref name=":24" />. Le principal citates italian esseva Milano, Venetia, Florentia, Neapole e Palermo. === Sector primari === Del dece-sexte seculo a latere del grano, pro le qual non se habeva cambiamentos de productivitate, nove culturas se diffundeva a latere del traditional<ref name=":24" />. In le Centro-Nord se comenciava a diffunder le ris, jam cognoscite e cultivate in le Meridion, specialmente in Sicilia del seculo X, que deveniva un alimento typic del ricches e le moriera, que etiam illo esseva jam producite pro seculos in le Meridion<ref name=":24" />. Le production del moriera ha un valor addite multo alte, isto es debite al facto que illo se utilisa pro le [[Bachicoltura|sericultura]].<ref name=":24" /> Le production de moriera comenciava assi a displaciar se del Mezzogiorno al Septentrion; in 1500 Italia produceva 400 tonnas de moriera per anno, del quales tres quartos proveniva del Sud, specialmente Calabria e Sicilia.<ref name=":24" /> In iste periodo a causa del forte cadita del population, le travaliatores habeva in dotation melior terras e capitales, assi un forte incremento del productivitate del travalio se habeva. Iste processo se habeva del 1400 usque al 1480, postea se habeva un longe stagnation e postea cadita del 1500. Etiam le salarios cresceva in le curso del dece-quarte seculo pro postea stagnar se del prime decennio del dece-sexte seculo.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari e bancari === Pro quanto concerne le productiones artisanales cambiamentos se habeva, de facto post le crollo del producto aggregate a causa del pestilentias del dece-quarte seculo, un modification del production textil se habeva.<ref name=":40">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 191-194}}</ref> Le industria del coton decade in quasi tote le centro-nord, a causa del competition con le industrias german; le pauco industrias que remaneva esseva pro le auto-consumo, se habeva in vice un forte incremento del industria lanari<ref name=":40" />. Le portata del crescimento esseva enorme, de facto le production de lana inter le 1570-1580 in le centro-nord attingeva 150.000 pannos per anno, que valeva le 3-4 pro cento del producto interne brute total del centro nord. In terminos de occupation, del production de lana dependeva inter 200.000 e 250.000 personas que correspondeva al 20-25 pro cento del centros con plus de 10.000 habitantes<ref name=":40" />. Altere sector que habeva un forte crescimento es le sector del seta, que habeva un peso super le producto interne brute equal al sector del lana; pro dar un idea del quantitate de seta greggia (crude) producite suffice pensar que del 1.200 tonnas producite in Europa 1.000 esseva producite in Italia, del quales le medietate del Mezzogiorno<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, pp. 198-199}}</ref>. Nove industrias etiam se diffundeva, como le armas de foco e le imprimeria.<ref name=":5" /> Durante iste seculos il ha un cambiamento in le activitate de credito: le primato toscan de facto es attingite e superate per Genova que deveni le principal financiator del corona espaniol.<ref name=":32" /> === Traffico commercial === Post le peste le commercios reprendeva, con un ulterior specialisation del Italia centro-septentrional e meridional. De facto, alora existeva un forte complementaritate inter le duo macro-areas del Peninsula.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.179-182}}</ref> Le Regno de Neapole e de Sicilia e le Stato Pontificie esseva le prime partenari commercial del Statos del centro-nord; le primes exportava grano, seta greggia, vino, lana, oleo e sucro e importava productos elaborate in le Centro-Nord e utilisava le servicios de credito.<ref name=":34" /> Essente le demanda de benes modeste in le parte meridional de Italia, il habeva un forte affluxo de moneta que esseva totevia compensate in grande parte per le interesses super le debitos contrahite, determinante dunque un conspicue affluxo de moneta verso le centro-nord.<ref name=":34" /> Le excambios del Italia del centro-nord verso le resto del mundo ha essite evalutate inter 50 e 80 milliones de liras florentin, le major partenari commercial esseva Francia con 30 milliones de liras, a sequer le Levante e le Pais Basse con 17 milliones de liras cata uno, postea Espania con 8 e finalmente Anglaterra con 3.<ref name=":34" /> Le crescimento, que habeva dunque su radices in le crise demographic basse medieval, produceva un florida economia renascentista, avantiate in comparation con le paises europee. Il ha essite estimate que le revenito per capita in Italia centro-septentrional attingeva un nivello que serea postea attingite de novo solmente al fin del seculo XIX. Le crescimento premiava le elite: il habeva un forte disigualitate economic. Iste expansion economic esseva al base del floritura cultural e artistic del epocha.<ref name=":5" /> === Cambiamentos in le mentalitate e confrontation economic con le altere paises === In iste periodo il ha etiam un grande cambiamento in le mentalitate, de facto le investimentos del privados tende a esser expendite sempre plus in activitates improductive e le possibilitates de scala social diminue.<ref name=":24" /> Isto es debite al facto que, a differentia del Basse Medievo in le qual il habeva un forte expansion economic, pro le qual le gruppos in ascensa cercava de remover le obstaculos institutional pro lor scala social, con le tempore le ambiente economic se satura a causa del limites del systema technic e le gruppos social que se trova al vertice del hierarchia impone resistentias pro favorir lor monopolio super le mercato<ref name=":24" />. Iste immobilismo causa un crescimento de Italia minus vertiginose in comparation con le crescimento medieval e con illo de altere paises<ref name=":24" />. Le Paises Basse in le curso del 1500 attinge Italia e lo supera in le seculo subsequente tanto in producto per capita como in aggregate, Francia, que presenta un population multo major, ha un producto aggregate del 30% inferior e Anglaterra presenta un producto aggregate 5 vices inferior.<ref name=":24" /> === Expenso public === Le entradas del Statos Regional resulta pro le 70-80 pro cento componite de taxation indirecte, le impostos es super quatro categorias: contractos, alimentos, portas urban e monopolios. Alicun governamentos tenta le disveloppamento de un cadastro que es totevia fortemente refusate per le elites economic e dunque non essera disveloppate, le situation non cambiava in le seculos subsequente.<ref name=":24" /> == Le 17e Seculo (XVII) == {{vide anque|Crisi del XVII secolo}} [[File:02_mulino_da_seta_alla_bolognese_Museo_Patrimonio_Industriale.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Modello de molino a seta bolognese. Del seculo XV Bologna se affirmava como le major centro europee de production de filatos e velos de seta. Del seculo XVI esseva introducite un molino special, alimentate per rota hydraulic, capace de mechanisar le processo de incannatura e torcitura del filo de seta. Le machina es considerate como le plus alte technologia europee ante le machina a vapor e anticipa le systema de fabrica del Revolution Industrial. In 1683 le citate contava 119 molinos a seta. Le industria bolognese postea decadeva in le curso del seculo XVIII.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cita web|url=https://trama-e-ordito.blogspot.com/2010/09/il-mulino-da-seta-bolognese.html|title=Il mulino da seta bolognese (o rotondo)}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://informa.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/media/files/il_segreto_del_mulino_da_seta_24_aprile_16.pdf|title=Il segreto del mulino da seta alla bolognese|autore=[[Museo del patrimonio industriale di Bologna]]|autore2=}}</ref>]] In le curso del 1600 le systema economic se debilitava. Paises Basse, Anglaterra e Francia assumeva un rolo economic prominente in Europa e Italia perdeva le position dominante in le exportationes textil, in le intermediationes financiari e in le transportos maritim. A causa del declino del interprisas urban, Italia deveniva un pais importator de manufactos etiam textil e exportator de productos agricultural primari (oleo, grano, vino, lana e seta).<ref name=":2" /> Le mesura de iste declino es debattite e le estimationes del historicos remane incerte. Secundo alcunones il se tractava de un ver declino, secundo alteres il habeva un stagnation economic que produceva un declino competitive relative a altere economias europee. Le economias de Paises Basse e Anglaterra, e postea Francia e Germania, in ille periodo esseva multo plus dynamic e se avviamento verso un plus precoce [[rivoluzione industriale|revolution industrial]].<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Industria lana 1570-1600 seta 1650 Italia - Map Early industrialization 1992 - Touring Club Italiano CART-TEM-073.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Diffusion del industria del lana inter le 1570-1600 e del seta in le 1650.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atlante tematico d'Italia, Touring Club Italiano, 1990.}}</ref>]] <ref name="TCI">''Atlante tematico d'Italia'', Touring Club Italiano, 1990.</ref> Le historicos ha proponite diverse causas de iste evolution: le epidemias de [[Peste del 1630|peste]], que provocava un forte cadita demographic in le curso del 1600; le crescente centralitate del commercio transatlantic in comparation con illo mediterranee; le impacto del guerras combattite per potentias estranie in Italia e del domination del espanioles al sud (que taxava pesantemente le territorios per illes controlate). Secundo altere historicos, iste factores sol non es sufficiente pro explicar le stagnation italian del 1600 proque multe de illos toccava etiam altere paises europee que in vice demonstrava major dynamismo economic. Super le piano politic, le parve realitates regional italian non habeva un dimension sufficiente pro sustener lor proprie economias con adequate interventiones de politica monetari e commercial o investimentos in le transportos. Isto disavantagiava le actores economic italian in le competition commercial, del rottas mercantil e del expansion colonial.<ref name=":0" /> Il ha essite in ultra hypotisate que le economia italian del 1500 cresceva rapidemente ma in un maniera disbalanceate e isto habeva le consequentia de accrescer le precios del productos agricultural proque le demanda augmentava a sequito del augmento del population sin elevar le rendimento del terras; isto avantageva le proprietarios terestre e disavantageva le sectores le plus innovative del economia. Con le tempore, le crescente disigualitate economic, aggravate etiam per un forte taxation indirecte per parte del parve realitates politic, limitava le demanda local del productos le plus innovative, que non esseva accessibile al grande majoritate del population. Dunque le crescimento non alimentava un demanda interne capace de sustener le disveloppamento de industrias e servicios sophisticate. Le fundamentos del crescimento veniva dunque a mancar, contribuente al declino in le seculo subsequente.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Il ha essite proponite etiam factores cultural e institutional que ha contribuite a retardar le crescimento del economia de capitales e entrepreneurial italian in comparation con illo de altere paises europee in le curso del seculo XVII: un minor apertura cultural al innovation; e le influentia de institutiones conservator, qual le corporationes e le parve seniorias local, que regulava rigidemente e defendeva le status-quo, obstaculante le innovation productive.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cita|Toniolo e Bastasin, 2020}}.</ref> Iste insimul de factores generava dunque un prolongate stagnation economic. Le capitales disponibile presso le classes urban le plus ricche esseva investite plus tosto que in sectores productive, in mesura notabile in arte e edificios religiose e civil. Tal investimentos produceva le extense patrimonio artistic e architectural que le epocha ha lassate a su testimoniancia.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Sorpasso del gdp italiano 1600.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Variationes del revenito per capita de Paises Basse, Italia, Francia e Regno Unite ab 1252 a 1861.<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":27" />In le imagine es possibile notar le superamento del revenito per capita italian al fin del dece-quinte seculo per parte del Paises Basse, del dece-octave seculo per le Regno Unite e a medietate dece-none seculo per Francia.]]. Ultra iste factores il bisogna tener in conto etiam del grande augmento del population que portava le population a superar etiam le numero del habitantes del 1300, ma proque le nivellos technologic non habeva meliorate satis, un abassamento del conditiones de vita, del revenitos e del consumos del majoritate del population se habeva ultra que un cadita del productivitate del travalio.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector primari === In le 1600 il habeva grande cambiamentos in le sector primari. Istes esseva debite al augmento del population que comportava le fragmentation del parve proprietates e al cambiamentos del climate, pro le initio del [[piccola era glaciale|parve era glacial]].<ref name=":24" /> Iste duo factores favoriva le debilitation del classe del mezzadri (fermiers a mitate), que esseva obligate per le poveritate a acceptar prevaricationes per parte del seniores, que requireva obligationes sempre major e imponeva le cession de plus benes pro le pagamento del canon e favoriva le augmento del numero de cultivationes pro le exportationes, como morieras e olivas<ref name=":24" />. De iste momento le production de morieras es equemente dividite inter Centro-Nord e Sud<ref name=":24" />. Le pejoramento del conditiones del mezzadri es appellate proletarisation, illo causava differentias sempre plus exigue in le consumos inter le travaliatores agricultural e le mezzadri; le processo continuava in le seculos subsequente.<ref name=":24" /> Pro permitter un constante sustenimento de un population nove cultivationes esseva addite, specialmente in le Septentrion como le mais e le patatas.<ref name=":24" /> Iste nove alimentos permitteva de mantener in constante augmento le population, ma a causa del basse valor nutritive causava problemas de malnutrition in le familias paisan del nord, como le pellagra.<ref name=":24" /> A medietate dece-septe seculo le peste pensava a modificar iste situation, que causava le morte de multe personas in Italia favorante un discrete augmento del productivitate del travalio per capita usque al initio del dece-octave seculo.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari === Etiam in le economia urban a causa del augmento del pression demographic le proletarisation del travalio artisanal se disveloppava. Del studios facite super le contractos del Arsenale de Venetia ha emergite de facto un perdita del autonomia, viste que illos esseva sub le dependentias de un capite e un abassamento del salarios.<ref name=":24" /> Le sector economic le plus importante de Italia, le textil, resulta in declino in le dece-septe seculo, non potente equalar le concurrentia anglese, nederlandese e francese, industrias remane totevia ma dedicate al auto-consumo.<ref name=":24" /> Le institutos de credito italian e specialmente genovese financia le Corona Espaniol, succedente a enrichir se enormemente; de facto a Genova il ha essite estimate que solmente in le dece-septe seculo le 30% del argento arrivate del Americas esseva utilisate pro pagar le interesses<ref name=":32" />. Le ligamine con le corona espaniol non esseva totevia un selection previdente in le longe periodo, viste que illo ligava Genova al sortes de Espania.<ref name=":32" /> === Declino del traffico commercial === Le commercios de Italia resulta particularmente contrahite, specialmente in le Nord<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.182-185}}</ref>. Le portos de Genova e Venetia ha un importante cadita in le volumine e in le tonnellage, le flottas resulta quasi dimidiate in quaranta annos<ref name=":35" />. In condition stagnante se trova le portos del Sud, Neapole e Palermo. Es constatate solmente un importante crescimento del porto de Livorno, iste crescimento es debite totevia plus al forte presentia de mercantes estranie plus tosto que pro un crescimento endogene.<ref name=":35" /> In iste seculo il ha un cambiamento in le balancia commercial de Italia que es active: illo exporta benes alimentari, seta greggia e textiles de seta e importava textiles de lana e coton, benes colonial, stagno, plumbo, spices. Dunque le differentias inter le Centro-Nord e le Sud diminue, deveniente ambe regiones que exporta prevalentemente materias prime.<ref name=":35" /> === Cambiamentos in le urbanisation === Post le crescimento del population urban del dece-quarte seculo al dece-quinte seculo, un stagnation in le dece-septe seculo se verifica<ref name=":24" />. Isto es debite al facto que post 1500 le differential inter salarios urban e salarios rural non cresce a causa del jam tanto fortia de travalio in le citates, non favorante plus le immigration del population del campanias<ref name=":24" />. Iste processo causava le stagnation del taxa de urbanisation usque a medietate dece-none seculo<ref name=":24" />. Le Sud totevia non sequeva iste mesme processo, de facto le taxas de urbanisation cresce, le crescimento es debite totevia al augmento del travaliatores agricultural que tendeva a viver in le paises plus tosto que disperse in le campanias non possedente le terra<ref name=":24" />. Altere exception es representate per le citate de Neapole que cresce in modo exponential in comparation con le altere citates italian, le crescimento es debite pro le displaciamento del seniores del campanias al citate e con illes etiam mercantes, artisanes e travaliatores agricultural. Istes ultimes esseva movite per le recerca de fortuna e de evitar le obligationes feudal, viste que illes poteva viver in citate con travalios quotidian in le botecas o gratias al operas de caritate del nobilitate e del ecclesia. === Piemonte Sabaude === In le [[Stato sabaudo|dominios sabaude]] le governamento central disveloppava un rolo importante in le gestion del economia national, sequente le exemplo del vicin [[Francia nell'età moderna|Francia]]. In particular, [[Vittorio Amedeo II di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo II de Sabaudia]] succedeva a reorganisar le Stato rendente lo plus efficiente e applicante un serie de mesuras de typo [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|colbertista]]. Inter le reformas se signala le institution del cadastro terestre in 1731, le creation de intendencias provincial e le limitation del privilegios ecclesiastic; le manufacturas interne esseva protegite e tutelate, dum altere industrias esseva create a transverso de patentes e privilegios; finalmente, le continue campanias militar habeva le effecto de sustener le expensa public.<ref name=CM125>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 125-126}}.</ref> Le agricultura habeva un notabile disveloppamento, gratias a operas de canalisation e bonification e al politicas attractive que faceva affluer colonos de Lombardia e de Liguria. Le ampliation del cultivationes, specialmente in le basse planura, videva un forte expansion del risicultura; totevia, le sector de guida deveniva ben tosto illo seric. De facto, cultivationes de morieras esseva implantate e artisanes specialisate esseva appellate de novo; le prohibition de exportation del seta greggia esseva imponite, favorante assi le torcitura seric, que deveniva le industria principal del pais.<ref name=CM125/> Iste politicas deva bon fructos, proque post 1660 il habeva un forte crescimento economic: le entradas del doanas commercial duplava in le trentennio subsequente, dum le production total arrivava a duo vices e medie in le prime medietate del dece-octave seculo in comparation con le periodo precedente.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|p. 127}}.</ref> Iste politicas, ben que comportava un augmento del productivitate, non favoriva un melioramento del revenitos e un pejoramento del disigualitates se disveloppava specialmente in le dece-septe seculo; de facto etiam in le dominios Sabaude, como in le resto de Italia, isto esseva debite al augmento del population e del taxation indirecte.<ref name=":0" /> Un altere limite esseva debite al debilitate del Stato, que como le altere Statos Italian, succedeva solmente partialmente a disveloppar politicas [[Mercantilismo|mercantilistic]] efficace, como in vice occurreva in altere partes de Europa, isto eveniva pro le incapacitate de proteger le mercatos del concurrentia estranie, pena le retorsiones e semper pro le peso politic succedeva solmente in modo partial a imponer conditiones favorabile al commercio e non succedeva a entrar in le competition colonial.<ref name=":0" /> === Stato de Milano === Le crisi del dece-septe seculo esseva sentite in maniera dramatic in le [[Stato di Milano|Lombardia espaniol]]: le [[peste del 1630|peste de 1630]] e le interruption del affluxo de argento american comportava un paralyse del production e del commercios durate al minus usque a 1660. Le apparato manufacturari crollova dum le politicas del governamento, initialmente incerte, esseva inefficace e le tentativos mercantilistic falliva substantialmente.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 129-130}}.</ref> Le patriciato urban, componite per grande proprietarios terestre, contribuiva a revitalisar le sector agrari ma al mesme tempore faceva deprimer le production manufacturari; le economia del region subiva un profunde transformation, iam orientate verso le exportation de productos agricultural e semi-elaboratos, como filatos greggi e torquite.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|p. 130}}.</ref> === Stato Pontificie === Le economia del [[Stato Pontificio|Stato Pontificie]] in iste periodo esseva generalmente static e deprimite. Le absentia de un classe mercantil e le disinteresse del classes dirigente verso le investimentos productive esseva inter le principal factores del substantial immobilismo economic. Nonobstante le complete absentia de un tradition commercial e industrial, a Roma nasceva in 1605 le [[Banco di Santo Spirito|Banco de Sancte Spirito]] como instituto de collection del sparna e de subscriptione del debito public, favorate per le forte affluxo de moneta debite principalmente al [[Decima|decimas ecclesiastic]] e al conspicue patrimonios religiose.<ref name=CM128>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 128-129}}.</ref> Nonobstante le forte movimento de capitales le production manufacturari remaneva fragile e le consumos, specialmente de luxo, se orientava verso le estraniero; ne consequiva le predominantia del mercantes estranie – orientate al speculation – e a un forte deficit del balancia commercial. Le Stato Pontificie reageva solmente a transverso de dispositiones contra le importation de benes e manufactos estranie, sin un organic politica economic.<ref name=CM128/> === Regno de Napole === [[File:Micco_Spadaro_-_Napoli,_Piazza_Mercato.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Neapole, placia del mercato, seculo XVII. Pictura de Micco Spadaro.]] Le [[Regno di Napoli|Regno de Neapole]] scontava le subordination politic al [[Impero spagnolo|Imperio espaniol]], le qual requireva continue contributiones pro su proprie expensas, in particular illos militar. Ne consequiva le crescimento del pression fiscal e del debito public, ultra al absentia de investimentos per parte del autoritates in confrontation con le activitates economic.<ref name=CM131>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 131-132}}.</ref> Ultra de isto, le augmento del taxation eveniva augmentante le impostos indirecte, isto comportava un pejoramento del vita del plus humiles, viste que illo comportava le augmento del precio del generes de prime necessitate.<ref name=":0" /> Le politicas fiscal non sequeva logicas coherente de politica economic, ma esseva apte a coperir le ingente expensas del corona espaniol, evitante totevia le proprietates baronal e ecclesiastic que gaudeva de privilegios e immunitates. Diverse limites al commercio e al exportationes agricultural, ultra a pesante doanas e impostos super le consumos debilitava le activitates productive e le mercato del capitales: de consequentia il esseva preferibile investir in le arrendamenti, i.e., le appaltos del impostos.<ref name="CM131" /> Le incapacitate de poter governar autonomemente su proprie economia esseva le causa principal del depression de un Stato que deveva affrontar le mutationes international. Le [[Repubblica napoletana (1647)|revolta de Masaniello]] esseva de facto debite al forte pression fiscal, dum le [[peste del 1656|peste de 1656]] acuiva le conditiones dramatic in le quales le economia del Mezzogiorno versava.<ref name=CM131/> == Del Dece-octave Seculo al Unitate == Inter le dece-octave seculo e le medietate del dece-none seculo, Italia remaneva subdividite in parve statos, multe del quales sub domination estranie (austriac e francese): iste contexto non favoriva le crescimento e le competitivitate economic e commercial del area italian. Totevia in le curso del dece-octave seculo le Sovereign Italian, influentiate per le pensamento [[Illuminismo in Italia|Illuminista]], participava al reformismo de ille annos, attuante un serie de reformas economico-social, que succedeva partialmente a modernisar le systema socio-economic. Iste periodo de reforma esseva interrumpite post le Revolution Francese, substituite con governamentos despotic repressive. A sequito del Restauration le varie regentes cercava de un latere de favorecer un certe reformismo ma del altere reprimeva le requestas del liberales, isto impediva a Italia de entrar in le Secunde Revolution Industrial; illo de facto remaneva un pais agricultural e retrogradate in comparation con le altere paises del Occidente, etiam si a su interno con duo nivellos de retrogradation inter le nord e le sud, de facto a fronte de un disnivello de revenito contenite, notabile esseva le differentias in le “preconditiones de disveloppamento” (infrastructuras, credito e instruction).<ref name=":0" /> === Sector primari: le productivitate agricultural e le regimes agrari === In iste seculos il ha un continue augmento del phenomeno del proletarisation del paisanos e un augmento del terra del grande proprietarios. Isto porta in le dece-none seculo un grande concentration del terra in comparation con le passato, que remane totevia modeste in le Italia centro-septentrional in comparation con altere regiones europee<ref name=":24" />. Pro calcular le parve proprietate il ha essite usate le percentage del population que viveva disperse, viste que le paisanos proprietarios del terra tendeva a viver disperse in le campanias a differentia del travaliatores agricultural<ref name=":24" />; in base al datos il resulta maxime le parve proprietate in Emilia-Romagna, in Umbria, Marche e Toscana e Veneto con respectivemente 55,7% e 42,5% del population que vive disperse in le parve proprietates, in position intermedie Piemonte, Lombardia, Liguria e Lazio, Abruzzi e Campania con 23%, pro le prime tres, e 13% pro le ultimes, e finalmente le altere regiones del Mezzogiorno e Insulas con 6%<ref name=":24" />. Ultra isto duo regimes agrari remane in le Peninsula, i.e., le systemas de possession e condition del terrenos, que cambiava in maniera e mesura differente inter le regiones italian, con profunde consequentias economic e social. In le meridion le antique systema feudal remaneva dominante usque al revolution francese e substituite postea per le latifundio: le terras de facto esseva concentrate in le manos de un restringite numero de [[Latifondo|latifundistas]], le sic-nominate barones, al quales se adde un classe de extraction burgese del dece-none seculo. In le Italia central le [[mezzadria|mezzadria]] (fermage a mitate) prevaleva: ben que le proprietate terestre esseva concentrate in le manos de paucos, iste contracto agrari incentivava in le tempore le spirito de interprisa e formas de cooperation. In le nord le feudalitate diminuiva fortemente in le curso del dece-octave seculo e transformationes precoce se avviamento verso le investimento de capitales, le modernisation del technicas de production, e le integration con le industrias de transformation.<ref name=":17">{{Cita|Felice, 2016}}.</ref> Secundo altere studios, que confirma le presentia de regimes agrari differente, ma non hypotesa un productivitate del travalio e disveloppamento de particular innovationes al minus usque al fin del dece-none seculo in tote Italia<ref name=":24" />. Iste datos es ricavate per exemplo del rendimentos del grano, que resulta plus o minus constante del 1350, in tote Italia<ref name=":24" />. Le rendimentos de facto es pro le Nord de 5 a 9 quintales per hectare, pro le Centro de 4 a 8 e pro le Sud de 3 a 7<ref name=":24" />. Iste dato resulta particularmente basse tenente in conto que in Anglaterra del 1650 illo esseva de 12 quintales per hectare<ref name=":24" />. Es multo basse de consequentia etiam le productivitate del travalio agricultural, que resulta in declino de medietate dece-septe seculo, illo resulta inter le plus basse de tote Europa e es in le dece-none seculo tres vices inferior al productivitate de un laborero anglese e le medietate de un laborero francese e german.<ref name=":24" /> In vice resulta elevate le productivitate del terra, secunde solmente a Germania e Paises Basse, iste dichotomia es debite al presentia del culturas arboree, que ha un alte valor addite<ref name=":24" />. Es presente differentias inter le tres areas del pais, le Centro-Nord presenta un productivitate del terra major<ref name=":24" />. Le productivitate per hectare es de facto de 204 liras contra le 134 del meridion, isto es debite al extension del cerealicultura, ubi illo esseva plus diffuse illo esseva ubi le culturas arboree esseva minus presente<ref name=":24" />. Esseva presente un grandissime production de moriera, que esseva del dece-octave seculo major in le nord que in le sud a differentia del passato<ref name=":24" />. Iste planta esseva multo importante proque illo esseva al base del sericultura, que serviva pro producer seta greggia.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari: le nascentia del prime industrias === Le tentativas per parte del governantes de augmentar le productivitate e le production industrial italian esseva in grande parte modeste o insignificante in comparation con le crescimento que esseva occurrente in le altere paises.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":0" /> Resisteva totevia un modeste sector textil in grande parte ancora utilisante travalios a domicilio e travaliatores seasonal, iste implantos esseva concentrate specialmente in Lombardia e Piemonte e esseva projectate pro le consumos interne.<ref name=":24" /> Etiam le prime ferrovias non dava grande impulso al industria pesante, le grande stabilimentos industrial esseva quasi sempre volite e amplemente subventionate per le Stato, illos se trovava in general in le pressos del varie capitales. Le plus grande insediamento industrial de tote Italia esseva le [[officine di Pietrarsa|officinas de Pietrarsa]] con su 2.300 obreros, etiam si esseva presente un major kilometrage de ferrovias in le Centro-Nord in comparation con le Sud<ref name=":24" />. Le unic sector in nette crescimento in le dece-none seculo es le construction naval, isto eveniva post un longe decadentia del flottas italian. Isto es multo evidente del confrontation inter le tonnellage del flottas anglese e italian: in le dece-sexte seculo le flottas del sol Genova e Venetia esseva equal a 80.000 tonnas contra le 50.000 tonnas anglese. In le dece-octave seculo le situation se habeva revolvite, le flottas de tote Italia attingeva 100.000 tonnas dum Anglaterra 1.000.000. Durante le dece-none seculo Italia comencia a recuperar, in 1850 le tonnellage anglese esseva de 4.500.000 contra le 700.000 italian.<ref name=":24" /> Le major chantieros naval esseva in Campania e Liguria que habeva a medietate dece-none seculo 2300 e 1900 obreros, le chantieros naval venete esseva in vice in declino con un production multo modeste.<ref>{{Cite book|title=LA PRODUZIONE INDUSTRIALE DELLE REGIONI D’ITALIA, 1861-1913: UNA RICOSTRUZIONE QUANTITATIVA, Stefano Fenoaltea e Carlo Ciccarelli}}</ref> === Traffico commercial === Non habeva cambiamentos in le commercios, Italia restava de facto un pais que exportava materias prime specialmente productos agricultural e seta greggia e importava cereales, benes colonial, textiles e carbon fossile<ref name=":35" />. Del dece-septe seculo se reinforce le diminution del commercio inter le diverse areas del pais, isto porta le varie Statos Italian a esser principalmente partenarios con statos estranie.<ref name=":35" /> === Le producto aggregate e per capita in Italia e in Europa === Post le pestilentias de medietate dece-septe seculo le population reprendeva a crescer a rhythmos major de antea, isto causava un incremento del demanda e de consequentia del producto aggregate, ma non esseva sequite per un augmento del producto per capita e del conditiones de vita que remaneva stagnante o in declino usque a 1820.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 343-348}}</ref> Del 1820 dum le altere paises del Europa Occidental se disveloppava in modo multo major del passato e un augmento del producto per capita se habeva pro le initio del crescimento moderne. In Italia le crescimento esseva modeste e debite a un enrichmento de un parve parte del population, que portava un modeste augmento del producto per capita. Isto eveni pro un longe phenomeno de accumulation agrari que augmentava le revenitos del grande proprietarios.<ref name=":24" /> In base al datos super le precios il ha essite possibile facer un estimation e contraponer lo al altere paises, de iste datos ha emergite que in 1700 le Italia del Centro-Nord presentava un revenito superior in comparation con tote le regiones europee minus Paises Basse, que lo habeva superate in le dece-septe seculo e Anglaterra, que lo superava in ille seculo e del 1750 etiam Belgica<ref name=":24" />. Le alte revenito de Italia es debite al precoce crescimento in le Basse Medievo<ref name=":24" />. In 1820 le Italia del centro-nord es superate per Switza, Danmark e Francia<ref name=":24" />. Le differentias inter le centro-nord e le sud, Lazio includite, es multo modeste in terminos de revenito; illos ha essite estimate inter 0% e 15% e etiam laboreros in le varie sectores<ref name=":24" />. Esseva totevia presente differentias multo grande in le conditiones de pre-disveloppamento industrial, como alphabetisation, melior accesso al credito e infrastructuras<ref name=":0" />. Le dato le plus attendibile super le revenito, ha essite estimate pro 1861, facente 100 Italia, le producto per-capita esseva 115,7 in le Nord-West, 91,4 in le Nord-Est, 111,1 in le Centro, 86,4 in le Sud e 93,2 in le Insulas<ref name=":0" />. Esseva in ultra presente differentias multo grande inter le varie areas del Sud<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":8" />. De facto in base al datos de medietate dece-none seculo al epocha Sicilia e specialmente Campania, presentava un revenito plus alte del resto del Mezzogiorno, respectivemente de 94 e 107<ref>{{Cite book|title=Appendice statistica online Indice delle tabelle e delle figure, Emanuele Felice}}</ref> e un productivitate del terra multo alte de 147 e de 247 liras per hectare<ref name=":24" />. === Italia septentrional === Lombardia, dominate per Austria, esseva le region que succedeva a attuar le melior reformas in le curso del dece-octave seculo, isto eveniva specialmente gratias al bon governamento del Conte [[Carlo Giuseppe di Firmian|Carlo Giuseppe de Firmian]], que esseva governator del Ducato de Milano durante le regno de [[Maria Teresa d'Austria|Maria Teresa de Habsburgo]] e [[Giuseppe II d'Asburgo-Lorena|Joseph II del Sacre Imperio Roman]]. In iste annos importante reformas economic esseva interprendite: agricultura intensive (con forte investimentos in le irrigation); production del [[seta]] greggia a latere del industria de [[Filanda|filatura]]; suppression del privilegios fiscal; libertate de commercio interne; reduction del poter ecclesiastic a transverso del abolition del derecto de asylo, del Inquisition e significantive investimentos in le instruction public, como le reconstruction del Universitate de Pavia.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Atlante Storico, le garzantine, Herman Hilgem Kinder}}</ref> Le reforma le plus importante esseva le introduction in 1718 del [[Catasto Teresiano|cadastro teresian]]: iste reforma, que se protraheva per ultra quaranta annos, modernisava profundemente le regime agrari.<ref name=":3" /> Le politica reformator esseva interrumpite in le ultime decennios del dece-octave seculo.<ref name=":22" /> Subsequentemente in le dece-none seculo le prime industrias metallomechanic se disveloppava (parve ma importante interprisas inter le quales Regazzoni, l'Elvetica, le [[Officine meccaniche Grondona|Grondona]], le industrias de armas del area de Brescia, le ferriere del area de Lecco e de [[Dongo]]); numerose institutiones bancari (inter le quales le [[Cassa di Risparmio delle Provincie Lombarde|Cassa de Sparna del Provincias Lombard]] fundate in 1823); un bon rete de transportos ferroviari e stratal.<ref name=":3" /> In Veneto, dominate per Austria, non se sapeva disveloppar un agricultura intensive como in Lombardia, e superar le stagnation inducite per le declino de Venetia.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:FilandaMyliusBoffalorasopraTicino-GiovanniMigliara.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Filatura a Boffolara Ticinese: le Filatura Mylius, pictura de [[Giovanni Migliara]] (1828).]] Reformas administrative de relevo social e economic esseva interprendite etiam in Toscana e Piemonte.<ref name=":0" /> In le Granducato de Toscana, in le dece-octave seculo con [[Francesco I di Lorena|Francesco de Lorena]] e [[Leopoldo II d'Asburgo-Lorena|Pietro Leopoldo]] importante reformas in le ordination juridic se avviam:suppression del jurisdiction e servitute feudal, del manomorta (manu morte), del maggiorasco (majoratu); operas de bonification e se tentava un reforma religiose gratias al episcopo jansenista [[Scipione de' Ricci|Scipione De Ricci]]. Multe de iste reformas esseva fortemente attenuate e abolite al fin del dece-octave seculo per su successore, [[Ferdinando III di Toscana|Ferdinando III]].<ref name=":22" /> Subsequentemente Toscana, etiam illo [[Granducato di Toscana|dominate per le Austriacos]], sub le governamento de [[Leopoldo II di Toscana|Leopoldo II]] remaneva fundamentalmente un economia agricultural; il habeva parve realitates industrial, ma le politicas commercial fortemente liberal del Granducato non favoriva lor disveloppamento. [[Livorno#Dal XVIII secolo ai giorni nostri|Livorno]] profitava del liberalisation commercial e deveniva un vibrante [[Porto franco (economia)|porto-franc]].<ref name=":3" /> Importante reformas esseva interprendite pro favorir le connexiones a transverso del construction de ferrovias: le [[Ferrovia Leopolda|Ferrovia Leopoldina]] (Firenze-Pisa-Livorno, con le ramification de Empoli a Siena) e del [[Ferrovia Maria Antonia|Ferrovia Maria Antonia]] (Firenze-Prato-Pistoia-Lucca), dum remaneva a nivello de projecto le [[Ferrovia Ferdinanda|Ferrovia Ferdinandina]] (Firenze-Arezzo) e le [[Ferrovia Maremmana|Ferrovia Maremman]] (Livorno-confine del Chiarone, terminate post 1860). Le antique companias bancari toscan in vice non se disveloppava al passo del tempo. In Piemonte in le dece-octave seculo le reformas illuminista esseva multo tenue in comparation con le altere Statos Preunitari, de facto a differentia de [[Vittorio Amedeo II di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo III]], su successores [[Carlo Emanuele III di Savoia|Carlo Emanuele III]] e specialmente [[Vittorio Amedeo III di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo III]], se concentrava majormente in un serie de guerras pro extender le confines del Regno plus tosto que reformas de typo illuminista. In le periodo Napoelonic importante reformas in campo socio-economic esseva promulgate, como le reforma pro abolir le feudalitate contenite in le codices napoleonic, que esseva postea abrogate a sequito per [[Vittorio Emanuele I di Savoia|Vittorio Emanuele I]]. Post le [[Moti del 1820-1821|motus del 1820]] saliva al throno [[Carlo Felice di Savoia|Carlo Felice]] que insimul con su successore [[Carlo Alberto di Savoia|Carlo Alberto]] oscillava inter reformismo e despotismo. In iste annos importante reformas esseva facite como per exemplo le creation in 1827 del [[Cassa di Risparmio di Torino|Cassa de Sparna de Turin]] e le Societate Real Mutue de assecurantias, le reduction del taxas doanal pro le grano (pro le qual illos descendeva de 9 a 3 liras le quintale), pro le carbon, pro le textiles e pro le metallos; un facilitation in le importation del machineria pro le industria; e le possibilitate de exportar le seta greggia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Giuseppe Talamo, CARLO ALBERTO, re di Sardegna, in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 20, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1977.}}</ref> Iste politica portava obviemente a minor entradas in le sector del doanas ma favoriva altere entradas del bilancio del Stato que, del 1835, resultava in activo pro diverse annos. In le mesme annos a [[Storia di Genova#Dominio economico sull'Impero asburgico: il secolo dei genovesi|Genova]] le ricchessa accumulate in seculos de commercio remaneva accentuate in un restringite gruppo de bancheros que esseva active in tote Europa. In 1845 le [[Banca di Genova|Banca de Genova]] esseva fundate, que postea constitueva le [[Banca Nazionale negli Stati Sardi|Banca National in le Statos Sard]], denominate post le unification [[Banca Nazionale nel Regno d'Italia|Banca National in le Regno de Italia]] (in sequito [[Banca d'Italia|Banca de Italia]]). Il habeva etiam alcun relevante realitates industrial (inter le quales [[Ansaldo]], le [[Cantiere della Foce|Chantier del Foce]] e le Arsenale).<ref name=":3" /> Le disveloppamento del ferrovias initialmente eveniva lentemente (le prime ferrovia esseva terminate in 1848), postea grande ampliationes se habeva sub le administration de [[Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour|Cavour]]. Post le motus del 1848, a differentia del altere Statos Italian, le Regno de Sardinia esseva le unic a mantener le constitution, affirmate in le Statuto Albertino. Le nove Re [[Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia|Vittorio Emanuele II]] dava le incargo de formar le nove governamento a Cavour que del 1850 al 1861, avviava reformas que modernisava economia, instruction, infrastructuras, e promoveva le industrialisation e le separation stato-Ecclesia. Nonobstante resistentias e le influentia regal, le processo de modernisation se faceva plus decise, sustenite per le interprisariato, que deveniva gradualemente plus influente in le direction del reformas politic e economic.<ref name=":17" /> In le [[Regno di Sardegna (1720-1861)|Regno de Sardinia]] le ricchessa non esseva limitate solmente al nobiles, ma diffundite inter bancheros, commerciantes e interprenditores textil. In [[Sardegna|Sardinia]] in vice le administration del Sabaudia manteneva a longe le latifundio de typo feudal: illo esseva bannite formalmente solmente inter 1835 e 1839, contribuente al persistentia del retrogradation economic e social.<ref name=":3" /> === Stato Pontificie === Le administration pontificie esseva criticate etiam al tempore pro su clientelismo e mal governamento, que obstaculava le modernisation economic e le investimentos. [[Papa Pio IX|Pio IX]] saliva al pontificato in 1846, marcante le initio de un periodo que, nonobstante un breve elan liberal, videva tosto un retorno al conservation post 1848. Totevia, in le curso de su regno que durava usque a 1870, il habeva moderate ma significative investimentos in le infrastructuras de transporto e in le bonificationes.<ref name=":17" /> === Regno de Neapole e de Sicilia === {{AP|Economia del Regno de Neapole|Economia del Regno del Dos Sicilias}} ==== Le Meridion in le dece-octave seculo ==== [[File:Partenza di Carlo di Borbone.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le Partentia de Carolo III de Bourbon pro Espania, viste del mar de Antonio Joli.]] Durante le medietate del dece-octave seculo in le meridion un serie de reformas de typo illuminista esseva promulgate gratias al action reformator de [[Carlo III di Spagna|Carolo Di Bourbon]], prime re del dynastia borbonic a Neapole, e de personages del corte, qual le secretarios de Stato [[Manuel de Benavides y Aragón|Manuel de Benavides y Aragòn]], [[José Joaquín de Montealegre|Josè Joaquìn de Montealegre]] e [[Bernardo Tanucci|Bernardo Tanucci]]; e le economistas [[Antonio Serra (economista)|Antonio Serra]], [[Antonio Genovesi|Antonio Genovesi]] e [[Ferdinando Galiani|Ferdinando Galliani]] e del juristas [[Pietro Giannone|Pietro Giannone]], [[Gaetano Filangieri|Gaetano Filangieri]], [[Giuseppe Maria Galanti|Giuseppe Maria Galanti]], [[Giuseppe Palmieri (economista)|Giuseppe Palmieri]], [[Domenico Grimaldi|Domenico Grimaldi]], e [[Melchiorre Delfico|Merchiorre Delfico]] e subsequentemente con le presidente del consilio de ministros [[Luigi de' Medici di Ottajano|Luigi De Medici]] sub le regno de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]]. Iste reformas habeva de un latere le scopo de modernisar le structura socio-economic del Sud ire a limitar le poter baronal e del Ecclesia e del altere stimular le artisanato e le interprisa a transverso del apertura de nove implantos.<ref name=":10" /> Iste leges creava un momento de discontinuitate con le passato, ma non portava al abolition del feudalismo, grave problema del Mezzogiorno.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":22" /> ==== Le reformas ==== Le Corte in iste annos se scontrava contra le omnipotentia del barones; in iste direction eveni le recuperation del arredamenti, termino con le qual se intende un insimul de derectos public como le doanas, le gabellas, le monopolios de production e de excambio, le derectos contributive super le merces immagasinate, iste politica permitte a diminuer le poter baronal e a restituer le capacitate directiva in campo economic<ref name=":10" />. Le scontro le plus nette e prolongate se ha con le Ecclesia, que durante le periodo viceregal possedeva tres immunitates: le prime, le immunitate local, que permitteva a quiunque entrava in un loco sacre e demandava asylo de subtraher se al justitia civil, le secunde, le immunitate personal, que impediva le ecclesiasticos de non esser submittite al tribunales del regno e le plus gravose del puncto de vista economic, le immunitate real, que concedeva al immense terrenos del ecclesia le exemption del impostos.<ref name=":10" /> Assi del 1737 le tractativas inter le Regno de Neapole e le Stato Pontificie comenciava que al fin portava al signatura del [[Concordato del 1741|Concordato de 1741]]; le qual limitava le jurisdiction del clero, submetteva a taxation un parte del proprietates del ecclesia e diminuiva a limitate casos le requesta de derecto de asylo.<ref name=":10" /> Le 3 de novembre de 1767 un decreto es submittite al signatura de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Un regno che é stato grande, Gianni Oliva}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title=Ferdinando Renda, Bernardo Tanucci e i beni dei gesuiti, Catania, Università di Catania-facoltà di lettere e di filosofia, 1970, p. 78.}}</ref> con le qual eveni le [[Soppressione della Compagnia di Gesù|chassa del jesuitas de Neapole]] e le mission al incanto del benes ecclesiastic: plus de 45 mille hectares de terreno es assi assignate con contractos de enfyteusis e qui beneficia es le classe medie agrari, un parte de iste terras es date in parve fractiones a paisanos povre: 3 mille familias sicilian.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":15" /> Sub le regno de Carolo se cercava de amodernisar le systema tributari. Su prime acto es le lege del 4 de octobre 1740, mediante le qual se disponeva le compilation del [[Catasto onciario|Cadastro onciari]]<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|title=Carlo di Borbone, Guido Belmonte - Edoardo Vitale}}</ref>, dicte onciari proque illo esseva le unitate monetari theoric de referentia, in base al qual le patrimonios esseva estimate<ref name=":16" />. Ne scaturiva un revelation del population del Regno, in le qual etate, profession e proprietate esseva reportate. Le copias es conservate al [[Archivio di Stato di Napoli|Archivo de Stato de Neapole]]. Iste reforma habeva totevia duo limites, le prime limite stava in le facto que illos es remittite al declarationes del possedentes e le secunde limite esseva le facto que illo esseva controlate per le Communes, entitates in le quales le barones e le possedentes commandava. Le reforma pro iste rationes falliva in le annos subsequente e le fisco retorna a recurrer al gabellas. Gratias a iste reformas il esseva possibile un amodernisation del systema socio-economic del societate meridional e in campo economic eveniva le apertura del [https://www.vistanet.it/napoli/2023/07/06/real-opificio-di-san-leucio-il-primato-industriale-che-ha-reso-napoli-famosa-nel-mondo/ opificios de Sancte Leucio], [[Porcellana di Capodimonte|Fabrica Real de Capodimonte]], [[Reali ferriere ed Officine di Mongiana|Ferrieras Real e Officinas de Mongiana]], [https://storienapoli.it/2021/05/20/real-arazzeria-napoletana/ le Real tapisseria napolitan] e Le amodernisation del chantieros naval de [[Arsenale di Napoli|Neapole]] e [[Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]].<ref name=":1" /> Durante le domination espaniol Sicilia se trova in conditiones multo similar al resto del Mezzogiorno: grande potentialitates economic (“in le prime medietate del dece-octave seculo le insula, in annata bon, poteva producer le duple del cereales que illo consumava”<ref>{{Cite book|title=Storia della Sicilia medievale e moderna, cit., vol II, p. 402 Denis Mack Smith}}</ref>) e presentava le mesme problemas del resto del meridion, le baronage e le poter clerical. Le poter politic es in le manos del vicerege de nomination regal, cuje electiones es expression del governamento de Madrid antea e de Neapole postea. Le capital es Palermo con 200.000 habitantes que es le citate le plus populose de Italia, post Neapole que ha 370.000 habitantes al fin del dece-octave seculo.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/napoli_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/#|title=}}</ref> Le reformismo del regno de [[Carlo III di Spagna|Carolo III]] e del prime annos de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]] es permittite per le Vicereges Fogliani Sforza d'Aragona, [[Marcantonio Colonna di Stigliano, III principe di Sonnino|Marcantonio Colonna]] e specialmente [[Domenico Caracciolo|Domenico Caracciolo]]. In le questiones religiose eveni le abolition del Sancte Officio, reduction del numero del conventos e contenimento de illo del religiosos e exproprio e mission al incanto de un parte del benes ecclesiastic. Contra le barones eveni le revocation del usages civic e del location del terras demanial, pro cercar de favorir le nascentia de un classe medie, illos decreta le libertate de commercio e eveni le institution del credito agrari.<ref name=":10" /> ==== Societate ==== Pro quanto concerne le societate del Regno de Neapole (excluse le Regno de Sicilia) al fin del dece-octave seculo, illo esseva formate per 4.828.914 habitantes assi distribuite como structura social: le feudatarios e nobiles (que comprehendeva al epocha etiam le totalitate o quasi del corpore de officiales), esseva 31.000; le burgesia intellectual del professiones liberal (principalmente homines de lege, dunque advocatos, judices e notarios, e medicos) esseva 40.400; le clero masculin e feminin comprehendeva 90.659 personas, del quales 64.000 prestres, fratres, monachos e 26.659 monachas. Le resto 4.666.855 del personas (excluse le professiones liberal) esseva constituite per paisanos, commerciantes, obreros, artisanes, pastores, laboreros in le activitates maritim<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|title=[A. L. Sannino, Famiglia, matrimonio, diuorzio in Basilicata, in Il Mezzogiorno e la Basilicata fra l'età giacobina e il decennio francese (Atti del Convegno di Maratea, 8-10 giugno 1990), a cura di A. Cestaro-A. Lerra, II, Venosa 1992, p. 372]}}</ref>. In percentage, minus del 1% del population appartineva al aristocratia, quasi 1% al burgesia intellectual, circa 2% al clero e 97% del population esseva constituite per le [[Terzo Stato|Tertie Stato]]. Le concentration de possessiones in paucissime manos esseva plus accentuate ancora de quanto iste cifras indicava, proque al interno del nobilitate e del clero il habeva sproportiones social relevante. Usque al minus al initios del seculo XIX existeva le prassi in le casatos aristocratic de transmitter le patrimonio solmente al primogenito, in maniera de conservar lo intacte<ref name=":19" />. Le usages del primogenitura, del maggioraschi, seniorati, fedecommessi, faceva que le filos mascule “cadette” o femininas esseva excludite del hereditage. Le 31 mille aristocraticos in 1792 non esseva ergo tote grande proprietarios terestre. Le corporation de officiales militar esseva formate in ille data integremente per nobiles, ma pro le major parte cadette<ref name=":19" />. Iste cifras esseva typic de un stato del [[Ancien Régime]], de facto etiam in Francia e in Espania le societate esseva subdividite in modo similar. Le societate francese esseva constituite respectivemente pro 2% per le nobilitate e per le clero<ref>{{Cite book|title=Erica Mannucci Joy, La Rivoluzione francese, Carocci, 2002.}}</ref> dum le societate espaniol esseva constituite pro 2% per nobiles e pro 4% per le clero e le restante parte del population esseva constituite per le Tertie Stato<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anes, Gonzalo, El antiguo régimen: los Borbones, 2ª. Ed., Madrid, Alianza Editorial/Alfaguara, 1976.}}</ref>. ==== Limites del reformas e feudalismo ==== Le reformas succedeva a reformar in parte le Meridion post le annos obscure del domination espaniol e austriac e a crear un momento de discontinuitate con le passato,<ref name=":1" /> ma non succedeva a abolir le feudalismo, grave problema del Mezzogiorno, e non amodernisava in modo complete le systema economic e social del meridion.<ref name=":1" /> De facto le possession del terra e dunque del economia, remaneva fortemente concentrate pro longe tempore. Il ha essite estimate que in le tarde dece-octave seculo, in le Mezzogiorno continental, existeva circa 600 familias baronal, al quales se adjungeva un cinquantina de barones ecclesiastic: le barones representava circa le 1% del population total e deteneva le controlo super ultra le 70% del population rural in condition de [[vassallaggio|vassallage]]. Quinze familias governava quasi un quarto del population feudal del Regno, i.e., circa 700.000 personas.<ref name=":17" /> Un exemplo del vastitate del feudos es representate per Irpinia, in iste provincia le possedimento feudal del casato del Caracciolo de Avellino, reuniva in 1798 un serie de baronias que coperiva comprehensivemente un superficie de 220 kilometros quadrate, i.e., 22.000 hectares<ref>{{Cite book|title=[Giuseppe Cirillo, Verso la trama sottile. Feudo e protoindustria nel Regno di Napoli (secc. XVI-XIX), Roma 2012, p. 58]}}</ref>, in le mesme annos le feudo a Sant’Angelo dei Lombardi esseva definite como un ver e proprie Stato con 245,62 km², constituente le 29% del superficie territorial de ille area, illo habeva un population de 20.607 habitantes, equal al 34,52% del population del Alte Irpinia e al 5,58% del integre provincia<ref>{{Cite book|title=[Francesco Barra, Lo “Stato” Feudale degli Imperiale di Sant’Angelo, in Cirillo, Verso la trama sottile, cit., p. 55]}}</ref>. Non solmente le nobiles esseva proprietarios de feudos ma etiam le soverano e le familia regal, le casato del Borbones de Neapole possedeva tanto le benes del corona, como le benes dicte allodiali del monarcha, su proprietate personal e directe, istes ultimes comprehendeva le sequente feudos: Altamura, Borbona, Campli, Cantalice, Castellammare, Cittaducale, Leonessa, Montereale, Ortona a Mare, Penne, Pianella, Posta, Rocca Guglielma, San Giovanni in Carico, San Valentino<ref>{{Cite book|title=[G. Galanti, Nuova descrizione storica e geografica delle Sicilie, vol., I, Napoli 1787, p. 239]}}</ref>. ==== Ultime decennio del dece-octave seculo e periodo Napoleonic ==== In le ultime decennio del dece-octave seculo le periodo del despotismo illuminate terminava etiam a Neapole, [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]] licentiava le [[Bernardo Tanucci|Tanucci]] e se comportava in modo sempre plus autoritari, pro timor que un revolution burstarea como in Francia e iste typo de governamento continuava etiam post le restauration, exemplos de iste repression es le contrarivolution del [[Esercito della Santa Fede in Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo|exercito del Sancte Fide]] contra le [[Repubblica Napoletana (1799)|Republica Parthenopee]] e [[Moti del 1820-1821|le repression del constitutiones date in 1820]] e del [[Moti del 1830-1831|motus del 1830]], etiam si in maxime parte le reformas in campo socio-economic facite durante le periodo Napoleonic esseva lassate como per exemplo [[Leggi eversive della feudalità|le leges eversive del feudalitate promovite a Neapole in 1806]]<ref name=":10" />. ==== Le Meridion in le dece-none seculo ==== Durante le congresso de Vienna Ferdinando I reuniva le Regnos de Neapole e de Sicilia in le [[Regno delle Due Sicilie|Regno del Duo Sicilias]]. Subsequentemente con le governamento de [[Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando II]] un modeste processo de industrialisation se disveloppava que riguardava principalmente le grande citates [[Napoli|Neapole]], [[Palermo|Palermo]] e [[Catania|Catania]]. In iste annos de facto in le Meridion le prime implantos industrial, le prime ferrovias e le numero del naviglios esseva notabilemente augmentate.<ref name=":10" /> A limitar iste progressos il habeva totevia notabile problemas que riguardava, in le perspectiva social: le forte hierarchisation del societate,<ref name=":18" /> le accentration del ressources e del investimentos in alcun areas,<ref name=":20" /> un reducite numero de vias de communication terrestre e le alte percentages de analphabetos.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /> Dum le problemas del puncto de vista economic riguardava le basse investimento endogene in le industrialisation, que de facto dependeva fortemente del capital estranie e public,<ref name=":18" /> del manca de un systema creditizie moderne<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":23" /> e specialmente de un sector primari que se basava quasi exclusivemente super le latifundio.<ref name=":10" /> '''Le reformas'''[[File:Fergola, Salvatore The Inauguration of the Naples - Portici Railway, 1840.JPG|197px|right|thumb|Inauguration del [[Ferrovia Napoli-Portici|ferrovia Neapole-Portici]]]] In iste annos in le meridion se disveloppava nove vias de communication, isto se pote constatar in le realisation del prime section del ferrovia italian le [[Ferrovia Napoli-Portici|Neapole-Portici]] in 1839, al qual se adjungeva un altere linea super le axe Neapole-Castellammare e le duo sectiones es servite per cursas regular aperte al diverse stratos del population, con apposite carrossas de prime, secunde e tertie classe.<ref name=":1" /> In 1845 initia le studios pro le ambitiose projecto del Neapole-Brindisi; in 1856 le linea Neapole-Nola-Sarno es completate.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Il R Bomba, Giuseppe Campolieti, p. 208.}}</ref> Le disveloppamento del ferrovias non es le unic signo de modernitate: le [[Ponte Real Ferdinando|ponte real Ferdinando]] es construite, in ferro super le Garigliano, le secunde super le continente europee<ref name=":9" />, sequite per illo super le fluvio Calore. Inter 1830 e 1856 es aperite ultra 3 mille millias de stratas consular assi de quadruplar le rete stratal persistente.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Gli Ultimi Borboni di Napoli, Harold Acton}}</ref> [[File:Ferdinando I - Prima nave a vapore nel Mediterraneo.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le “Ferdinando I” es le prime nave a vapor que ha surcate le Mediterraneo<ref name=":11" />]] Pro quanto riguarda le construction naval a Neapole es varate le prime nave a vapor le “Ferdinando I”<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11">{{Cita web|url=https://storienapoli.it/2018/04/17/la-ferdinando-i-prima-nave-vapore-italia/|title=La Ferdinando I}}</ref> e es meliorate le chantieros naval de [[Arsenale di Napoli|Neapole]] e [[Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]] que supera illos de Genova per tonnellage. In le chantieros naval se multiplica in pauc annos le bastimentos que passa de 8 mille tonnas in 1824 a 100 mille tonnas attingite in 1835 e poi a 250 mille tonnas in 1860.<ref>{{Cita news|autore=Harold Acton|title=La testimonianza è di William Temple ed è riporta nel libro “Gli ultimi Borboni di Napoli”|pubblicazione=}}</ref> De pari passo va a augmentar le attentiones reservate al portos con le creation de nove bassinos: a [[Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]], [[Gallipoli]], [[Molfetta]], [[Gaeta]], [[Ortona]], [[Barletta]], [[Ischia (Italia)|Ischia]] e [[Bari]];<ref name=":9" /> es dotate de un moderne faro a lanterna a eclipses con apparato lenticular le portos de Nisida, Neapole e Castellammare.  Le investimentos in le vias de communication favori le disveloppamento del industria: in 1835 se conta 117 fabricas de lana,<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.ilmattino.it/blog/controstorie/illanificioritorna-1761732.html|title=Lanificio regno delle due sicilie}}</ref> le [https://www.lefebvre.it/it/la-storia fabricas de papiro Lefebvre e Polsinelli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524190458/https://www.lefebvre.it/it/la-storia |date=2024-05-24 }}, arriva a emplear ultra mille empleatos.<ref name=":9" /> In retardo resulta le disveloppamento del activitate metallomechanic, con le disveloppamento del activitate per parte de industrias private como le Marcy e Henry, [[Opificio Zino & Henry|l'opificio Zino e Henry]], le [[Cantiere Pattison|Guppy e Pattinson]], [[Reali ferriere ed Officine di Mongiana|Ferrieras Real e Officinas de Mongiana]] e super toto, del [[Officine di Pietrarsa|Officinas de Pietrasa]], a capital public, que constitueva le major complexo industrial italian<ref name=":1" />. [[File:Reale opificio meccanico e pirotecnico di Pietrarsa, planimetria, 1861 - san dl SAN IMG-00002949.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Planta del Real Opificio mechanico e pyrotechnic de Pietrarsa, publicate in le volumine Sullo stabilimento metallurgico e meccanico di Pietrarsa, Torino 1861. Relazione del Signor Cavaliere Sebastiano Grandis ispettore delle strade ferrate dello Stato.]] Le activitate minatori es multo floride: le [[Zolfo di Sicilia|minas de sulphure]] es gerite per investimentos Francese e Anglese, illios coperi 80% del necessitate mundial<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Un Regno che é stato grande, Gianni Oliva}}</ref>. '''Le institutos de credito''' Multo pauc esseva facite super le plano creditizie: le bancas remaneva pauc, de istes le plus importante esseva le [[Banco delle Due Sicilie|Banco del Duo Sicilias]], instituto creditizie statal que veniva create per Gioacchino Murat del fusion de octo bancas public. Veniva affiancate a isto le bancas fruttuaria (1831-1857), [[Banca del Tavoliere di Puglia|del ''tavoliere'' (tabulero)]] (1834-1839) e del Ofanto, istes habeva difficultates in concurrer con le banca statal e al fin falleva<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Domenico De Marco, Contributo alla storia del Banco di Napoli. Dalle origini all'unità d'Italia.}}</ref>. Pro incentivar le disveloppamento del classes minus ambiente se cercava de crear le [[Cassa di risparmio|cassas de sparna]]. Istes esseva institutos de credito que cercava de invitar le classes plus humile al sparna. Duo esseva instituite, un a Neapole e un altere a Palermo, le initiative totevia non succedeva a haber le successo sperate sia pro le manca de fundos que pro le aversion del population<ref name=":14" />. In vice succedeva le [[Monte frumentario|montes frumentari]] que esseva ampliate e nove esseva fundate, assi le Regno arrivava a contar 700 in le sol continente. Lor scopo esseva somministrar le sementes al paisanos cuje precio veniva restituite a bassissime interesse, in iste modo se favoriva de un latere le disveloppamento del agricultura e del altere se augmentava le cohesion social e se diminueva possibile revoltas. Pro evitar le disveloppamento del usura le [[monti pecuniari|montes pecuniari]] esseva instituite in 1833, illos habeva le scopo de prestar parve summas de moneta a basse interesses (non plus de dece ducatos al interesse del 6%)<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=Paola Avallone, Prestare ai poveri. Il credito su pegno e i monti di pietà in area mediterranea (secoli XV-XIX)}}</ref>. '''Societate''' In iste annos le economia meridional disveloppava un economia fortemente hierarchisate, al cuje vertice esseva presente burgeses de origine estranie, que sovente pro le basse numero de institutos de credito deveniva etiam bancheros, de facto nasceva le figura del mercante-banchero<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|title=John A. Davis, Società e imprenditori nel Regno borbonico 1815-1860.}}</ref>. Illos esseva le [[Rothschild di Napoli|Rothschild de Neapole]], maxime creditores del Stato, le bancheros switze [[Meuricoffre|Meuricoffre]] e Appelt, diverse commerciantes anglese, [[Whitaker (famiglia)|Ingham-Whitaker]], Woodhouse, Close, Rogers e alteres. In position de partenarios minoritari il habeva le investitores napolitan e sicilian, istes esseva le [[Volpicelli|Volpicelli]], le Ricciardi, le Buono, le [[Falanga (cognome)|Falanga]], le De Martino, le Montuori, le Sorvillo e le [[Florio|Florio]]<ref name=":18" />. Istes ultimes habeva importante successos economic e succedeva a devenir partenarios major. In iste annos se disveloppava specialmente in le campanias un burgesia meridional que derivava del classe militar e de empleatos que habeva habite importante concessiones in le periodo Murattian<ref name=":18" />, illo se fundeva in le annos subsequente con le nobilitate, ire a formar un unic classe social appellate “galantuomini”<ref name=":7" />. Istes totevia non portava grande cambiamentos in le systema agricole, que remaneva ligate al infructuose latifundio<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":7" />. Un secamento del societate meridional pote esser date utilisante le datos referite al citate de Neapole, que habeva 400.813 habitantes in 1840, socialmente assi partite: 16.878 possedentes (5%), 7.142 professionistas in professiones liberal (2%), 11.167 empleatos public (4%), 18.148 militares (6%), 11.902 pensionatos (4%), 6.610 ecclesiasticos (2%), 2.830 labora presso le entitates de benevolentia (0,7%), 80.457 commerciantes, artisanes, obreros etc. (25%), 168.052 travaliatores quotidian, venditores ambulante, mendicos etc…(41%)<ref>{{Cite book|title=IG. DE SANCTIS, Stato della popolazione del regno delle Due Sicilie messo in confronto tra gli anni 1828 e 1843, Napoli 1845.}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite book|title=Industria società e classe operaia nelle provincie napoletane nella prima metà dell’Ottocento, Tommaso Pedio}}</ref>. Del ultima categoria face etiam parte le [[lazzari|lazzaros]]. Pro factores historic e pro le character absolutista e accentratrice del monarchia borbonic un bon parte del population *al qua dal faro*, i.e., in le ex-Regno de Neapole, se concentrava in le capital, de facto Neapole e *casali* (locos circumjacente), habeva in 1848, 495.942 habitantes, que correspondeva al 7,6% del population del Regno *al qua dal faro*. Per via del accentration le majoritate del travaliatores que se occupa del bureaucratia e del commercio se trovava in le capital. Le repartition del travaliatores in le meridion non insular in 1848 esseva le sequente: del 30.677 empleatos 11.740 esseva occupate a Neapole (38,26%), del 3.702 advocatos, in le capital esseva 3.036 (82%), del 39.996 commerciantes del ex-Regno de Neapole 13.407 (33,53%) esseva in le capital, le laboreros in le activitates maritim esseva 37.275 de istes 8.338 (22,36%) habeva activitates a Neapole e del 312.219 obreros, artisanes e *garzoni* (apprentices) a Neapole e *casali* esseva presente 102.947 habitantes (32,98%)<ref name=":20" />.  Le numero total de indigentes in 1820 in le sol meridion non insular esseva de 189.686 (3,3%)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi “Saggio sulla popolazione del regno di Puglia: nei passati tempi e nel presente“}}</ref>, secundo altere fontes quaranta annos plus tarde le numero del mendicos in le integre Regno esseva de centovinte mille personas i.e. 1,4% del population<ref name=":7" />. Le percentage esseva minor que Lombardia (1,6%), Romagna (2,11%), Umbria (2,14%) e Toscana (1,83%)<ref name=":7" />. '''Limites del reformas e latifundismo''' Si de un latere es innegabile que le [[Regno delle Due Sicilie|Regno del Duo Sicilias]] esseva transite per reformas que favoriva un partial processo de industrialisation in le prime annos del regno de [[Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando II]], es importante rememorar etiam le limites de iste politicas.<ref name=":1" /> Le prime limite riguarda le facto que le saison del reformas que va de 1830 al 15 de maio 1848 (data in que initia le repression del reformas constitutional debite al motus de januario [[1848]] que habeva portate al approbation del [http://www.dircost.unito.it/cs/docs/sicilie1848.htm constitution del regno]), le factos del 15 de maio habeva alienate le intelligentia napolitan e le liberales italian que comenciava a dispreciar le Borbones<ref name=":1" /> e le dynamismo del prime annos esseva frenate per un politica economic plus parsimoniose respective al draconian economia de Cavour que esseva totevia securmente plus fructuose super le longe periodo.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Il sangue del sud, Giordano Bruno Guerri}}</ref> Le secunde limite riguarda le facto que le Regno del Duo Sicilias continuava a haber un economia incentrate super le agricultura etiam si con un modeste sector secundari e tertiari: le sector primari occupava 62% del fortia de travalio, le secundari e le tertiari ambes occupava 19% del population.<ref name=":8">{{Cita web|url=https://www.vittoriodaniele.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/originidivario1.pdf|title=Origine divario nord sud|accessdate=2025-10-28|archivedate=2023-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804182904/https://www.vittoriodaniele.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/originidivario1.pdf}}</ref> Le tertio limite riguarda etiam le mancate disveloppamento de un forte burgesia industrial: de facto le vaste majoritate del industrias es realisate per capitales estranie e public, le burgesia meridional tendeva a dedicar se majormente al agricultura, al commercio e al travalios intellectual. Isto non es debite solmente al pauc dynamismo del intelligentia meridional ma etiam del pauc institutos de credito private.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Le quarte limite riguarda le *entroterra* (area interior) del meridion ubi le Stato non succedeva a favorir le disveloppamento de un sector primari moderne, que remaneva le ossatura del economia meridional, excepte pro rar casos como le [[cantine Florio|cantinas Florio]] o le [[tonnara di Favignana|tonnara (sitio de pisca de thunnos) de Favignana]]. Bon parte del meridion esseva cultivate a latifundio con technicas agricole retrogradate e infructuose.<ref name=":7" /> Iste technicas economic produceva un forte concentration de benes economic: es estimate que al fin del XVIII seculo 650 latifundistas laic e ecclesiastic controlava 60% del producto national del meridion continental,<ref name=":3" /> e le reformas de vendita del terras incultivate e ecclesiastic ivava sovente a inricchir ulteriormente le familias burgese, proveniente del classe militar e administrative, que habeva accrescite lor poter durante e post le periodo napoleonic<ref name=":7" />. Le hegemonia del latifundio in le meridion es confirmate per le exemplo del Catanese, que habeva in le prime medietate del seculo XIX un repartition territorial in que 51% del superficie appartineva a fundos del dimensiones de circa 200 hectar in media e 31% a proprietates que superava le 800<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|title=A. Di Blasi, La proprietà fondiaria nella Sicilia centro-orientale. Considerazioni geografiche, Catania 1968, pp. 12-13, p. VIII}}</ref>. Totevia le zona de Catania esseva, in Sicilia, un de illos con le minor concentration de proprietate, i.e., de latifundismo. Le firmas catastral con ultra 1000 hectar arrivava solmente a 45% del solo cadastrate in le Nisseno e a 25% in le Ennese<ref name=":21" />. Concentrante se super le commune de Bronte, le pais in que eveniva le [[Fatti di Bronte|sollevamento popular]], pro le requesta del terras, reprimite per le Garibaldinos. In le commune le possessiones del duce, i.e. le ex-feudatario, coperiva solmente circa le medietate del 30.000 hectar del integre territorio communal. Le majoritate del terras del restante medietate esseva in le manos de 19 proprietarios. Le duce e le altere latifundistas, 20 personas, possedeva 81% del fundos. Le media proprietate comprehendeva 8% del superficie e esseva partite in 87 firmas catastral. Finalmente le parve proprietate habeva 11% del superficie e habeva un altissime grado de fragmentation in peciettas minuscule, essente distribuite in 3.759 parcellas catastral, cuje dimension medie esseva inferior al hectar e que non consentiva le formation de interprisas agricole autonome. Le parve o parvissime proprietarios poteva ergo cultivar le terra solmente como integration de un altere profession, que esseva habitualmente le travalio manual super terras de alteres. Le structura pyramidal del proprietates territorial de Bronte e le configuration social transpare de iste cifras: le duce possedeva circa 50% del terras; 19 latifundistas ultra 30%; 87 medie proprietarios 8%; finalmente 3.759 firmas catastral se partiva le 11% restante.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Giuseppe Lo Giudice, Comunità rurali della Sicilia moderna. Bronte (1747-1853), Catania 1969}}</ref>. == Le condition de Italia al momento del unification == {{Vide anque|Historia economic de Italia}} Secundo le majoritate del historicos economic esseva presente differentias economico-social inter le Nord-West e le resto del pais al momento del Unitate de Italia ma ille se rendeva nette ab le initio del Novecento e se approfondiva subsequentemente<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=L'economia italiana dall'unità alla grande guerra, Stefano Fenoaltea.}}</ref>. Al momento del unification parve differentias esseva presente in le sector primari presente specialmente in le rendimentos del grano, pro exemplo, esseva, inter 1815 e 1880, de 5-9 quintales per hectar in le Nord, de 4-8 in le Centro e de 3-7 in le Sud.<ref name=":12" /> Como ha scribite [[Piero Bevilacqua]] «al momento del Unitate de Italia le distantias inter le Nord e le Sud, super le plano del structura industrial non esseva si relevante como illos se haberea rendite subsequentemente»<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Zamagni, Comments on the Paper by Emanuele Felice, p. 81.}}</ref>. Al contrario, in alicun industrias, como illos metallomechanic, de tannario, de papiro e de sulphure, le Sud non esseva de toto in un position de disavantage<ref name=":13" />. Le recercas de Stefano Fenoaltea super toto ha revelate que le avantage del Nord se delinea e se consolida solmente ab le fin del Octocento e non ante<ref name=":12" />. In 1871 il ha un modeste avantage del Nord: le producto *per capita* industrial es de 63 liras in le Nord e de 57 in le Sud.<ref name=":12" /> In position de avantage se trova Lombardia, Pedemonte e Liguria,<ref name=":12" /> in compania, totevia, de Campania e Sicilia.<ref name=":12" /> Quasi tote le Centro e le Sud se colloca, comocunque, sub le media national, etiam si le deviation del valor medie es modeste in veritate<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" />. Totevia, ab recercas successive de Fenoaltea, evaluta equal solmente quantitativemente le sector secundari, ma evaluta plus productive le industrias del Nord-West respective al resto del pais. [[File:Italy Industry 1871.svg|197px|right|thumb|Indice normalisate de industrialisation del provincias italian in 1871 (1 es le media national). Fonte: Banca de Italia. {{legenda|#550000|border=0.5px solid black|ultra 1,4}} {{legenda|#D40000|border=0.5px solid black|ab 1,1 a 1,4}} {{legenda|#FF8080|border=0.5px solid black|ab 0,9 a 1,1}} {{legenda|#FFFFFF|border=0.5px solid black|usque a 0,9}} ]] Al epocha del Unitate, le servicios, quanto a valor total producite, esseva plus importante que le industria, e representava poco minus de 30 pro cento del producto aggregate. Secundo illos, in tote Italia le population active in le tertiario esserea le 16-17 pro cento del total. Le Nord haberea un avantage in 1861 respective al Sud (18 a 15 pro cento); le Sud haberea un avantage in 1871; in 1881 il haberea paritate. Le datos del valor addite del servicios, elaborate per [[Emanuele Felice]] pro 1891, suggere un disparitate considerabile inter le Centro-Nord e le Sud, de circa 40 pro cento, totevia isto es debite al Latium, a causa del presentia del capital, in que le servicios habeva un peso relevante, contribue multo a iste disparitate. Le disparitate, de facto, se reduce a 25 pro cento si on exclude le Latium. In 1891, quando es disponibile datos plus fidel super le differentias inter regiones in terminos de producto *per capita*, in le mesme anno le Sud esseva in avantage super le Nord pro le producto agricole de 15-20 pro cento. Le differentia in le producto del servicios in terminos *per capita* esseva a avantage del Nord de 30-40 pro cento. In le producto industrial, semper *per capita*, in 1881 existeva un avantage del Nord de 10 pro cento; que in 1901 se habeva ampliate a 30 pro cento<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" />. Pro quanto riguarda le datos super le PIL *per capita* illos es multo plus incerte. Le motivo es que le Producto Interne Brute (PIL), le indicator macroeconomic que nos provide un approximation del rendimento annual, al tempore del Unitate non existeva e non esseva ergo mesurate. Le PIL esseva inventate subsequentemente in le Statos Unite durante le Grande Depression, in le annos trenta del Novecento. Le historicos economic Paolo Malanina e Vittorio Daniele es comocunque succedite a calcular un avantage del Nord super le Sud in le producto *per capita* in 1891 que esseva inter 5 e 10 pro cento, e sererea quasi absente in 1861. Le estimationes es contestate per le economista Emanuele Felice, secundo Felice in le estimationes de Daniele e Malanima emerge duo punctos critic: le prime riguarda le calculo del PIL total regional que es estimate super le population de alora ma con le frontieras regional actual, ergo se eleva multo le valor pro exemplo de Campania (que in 1891 ascendererea de 97 a 110, facite 100 Italia) e face cader illo del Latium (in le mesme anno de 137 a 105). Isto es debite al facto que Campania ha perdite importante territorios, que le Latium ha ganiate, que es le provincias de Latina e Frosinone. De consequentia le PIL per habitante de Campania in etate liberal ha saltate in alto proque le PIL total que includeva un population plus ample, comprendite Latina e Frosinone, ha essite dividite per un numero de habitantes minor, sin Latina e Frosinone, durante que illo del Latium ha cadite, le PIL total se refereva a un population plus parve e ha essite dividite per un numero de habitantes plus alte. Le secunde distortion in favor del Meridie es debite al utilisation del industria basate super le estimation preliminar de Fenoaltea, que subevalutava multo, le disparitate Nord-Sud, in tanto que non teneva conto del differentias de productivitate. Facite iste premissas Felice estima le disparitate del PIL total in 1870 de 19%, de facto si Italia valeva 100, le Meridie presentava un PIL per habitante de 90, le Centro-Nord de 106. Felice es succedite etiam a calcular le rendimento medie in base al precios de 2011 (un artificio que nos servi pro dar al lector un ordine de grandor), illo esseva alora de justo 2.049 euros per anno. Un meridional ganiava in media 1.844 euros per anno, circa 154 euros per mense (5 euros per die); un citatano del Centro-Nord 2.172 euros, i.e. 181 euros per mense (6 euros per die). Felice concorda totevia super le importante differentias intra le Meridie. Al Sud spiccava le primato de Campania, le antique region capital, que hospitava le citate plus populose de Italia, ultra que le ric possedentes meridional: facite 100 Italia, su PIL *per capita* esseva 107, super le media national. Sequeva con 94 Sicilia, region con un forte texito urban, un importante activitate tertiari e un agricultura diversificate; poi Apulia con 89, gratias al agricultura. Poi sequeva Abruzzo e Molise con 80, Sardinia con 78, finalmente Calabria 69 e Basilicata 67. In le Centro-Nord nos trova le Latium con 146, region alora plus parve, que occupava quasi solmente le provincia de Roma. Le PIL del Latium resulta multo elevate proque in le statos preindustrial le capitales eccelleva etiam plus que ora, proque illic se concentrava le servicios, que habeva un differentia de rendimento respecte al industria e al agricultura plus alte de quanto non es hodie. De consequentia plus le superficie del region es parve plus le PIL essera alte. Post le Latium nos ha Liguria 139, le prime region del futur Triangulo industrial e que pur convogliava un quota importante del servicios, ultra a un nascente industria, sequite per Lombardia 111. Il habeva ergo le altere regiones, tote circum le media national, a exception de Marcas 82, ultime in le Centro-Nord e quasi al mesme nivello de Abruzzo e Molise. Felice ergo concorda con Malanina e Daniele super le manca de un nette dichotomia Nord-Sud, affirma totevia comocunque a differentia del duo studiosos que era comocunque presente un *gap* major de illo calculate in preceder e que mancava un differentia West-Est, etiam si affirma que le rendimentos plus alte se concentrava in le regiones plus urbanisate e de plus ancian tradition manufacturero que se trovava sovente super le versante Tyrrhenian. Felice ha calculate le PIL etiam pro altere regiones italian in 1871, tenente conto que Italia es equal a 100: Pedemonte 103, Veneto 101, Abruzzo e Molise 80, Liguria 139, Emilia-Romagna 95, Campania 107, Lombardia 111, Toscana 105, Apulia 89, Marcas 82, Basilicata 67, Umbria 99, Calabria 69, Latium 146, Sicilia 94, Sardinia 78. De consequentia Nord-West 111, Nord-Est e Centro 103, Centro-Nord 106, Sud e Insulas 90. [[File:Italia ferrovie 1861.03.17.png|197px|right|thumb|Al proclamation del regno de Italia, in 1861, esseva in exercitio in le peninsula 2.521 km de stratas ferrate (al mesme data in Germania 11.000 km, in Anglaterra 14.600, in Francia 4.000). Al vigilia del Unitate, in 1859, le rete ferroviari pedemontese [contava] 819 km, illo del Lombardo-Veneto 522 km, illo del Stato Pontifici 257 km, illo del Granducato de Toscana 101 km, e illo del Regno del duo Sicilias 99 km.]] Ultra a haber calculate retro le PIL per habitante in le macroregiones e in le singule regiones in 1871, Felice cerca de facer le mesme con le datos pro le macroregiones de 1861. Tenente conto que in le annos sexanta del Octocento le crescimento de Italia resultava quasi nulle, de facto le taxa de augmento del PIL *per capita* esseva inferior a 0,4% annual, e evalutante le effecto negative del politicas liberista que damnificava le industria del meridie, essente minus productive, ma que al mesme modo favoriva le exportationes del agricultura, super toto ab le culturas a alte valor addite (viticultura, olivicultura, productos hortofructal) in Apulia e in Sicilia, ma etiam in Calabria e in le zona del Vulture (Basilicata), e le industria agroalimentari ligate a illo, pur in Abruzzo e in Campania, etiam si ille evalutava etiam le damnos provocate per le guerra civil que prende le nomine de brigandage. De consequentia ille hypotheisa que le datos regional de 1860 debeva esser inferior respecte a illos de 1870 in Apulia, Sicilia e Abruzzo, que habeva trahite major juvamento del politicas liberista e habeva suffrite minus pro le brigandage e superior o stationari in Campania, Calabria e Basilicata, isto proque le prime region esseva le plus colpate per le politicas liberista, pro le plus alte concentration de industrias e le altere duo esseva le regiones in que le repression del brigandage sequeva le plus. Facite iste premissas Felice hypotheisa que in 1861 le total del Meridie esseva circum 85% del media national, i.e. quatro o cinque punctos sub le dato de un decennio post (essente crescite plus, su puncto de partita esseva plus basse). Etiam si ille estima un margine de incertitude de 5% e conclude que al Unitate de Italia le PIL del Meridie esseva circa 80-90% del media italian; i.e. (restringente le *forchetta* pro arrotondar) inter 75 e 80% de illo del Centro-Nord. Ergo in conclusion secundo le estimationes de Malanina e Daniele in 1891 le disparitate Nord-Sud in le producto *per capita* esseva del ordine de 5-10 pro cento e in 1861 lo calcolava de poco inferior o nulle respecte al Nord. Secundo le estimationes de Felice in 1861 le differentias del PIL inter le Nord e le Sud esseva major e esseva evaluate inter 20-25 pro cento. Totes totevia concorda que altere differentias esseva ben plus significative i.e. illos social que riguardava le alphabetisation e le major disveloppamento de infrastructuras pro que [[Vera Zamagni]] resume in 2010 ab quanto emerge del recercas disponibile super le economia italian al indeparabile del Unitate e super le disparitates regional, scribente: «in le etate preindustrial nos non pote attender de trovar un grande differentia in le producto national *per capita* inter le diverse regiones agrari. Es, totevia, de grande importantia prender in examine altere indicatores que pote explicar proque un area, que monstra un rendimento *per capita* simile a illo de un altere area, es capable a un certe puncto de discollar gratias al impeto del sector industrial, durante que le altere remane stagnante»<ref name=":13" />. In conclusion le sector trahente de Italia preunitari esseva le agricultura, que usava technicas retrogradate, le disveloppamento del sector secundari e del tertiari esseva modeste e esseva financiate majormente per capital public e estranie, excepte in certe zonas de Lombardia ubi le capital private esseva major. Subsequentemente viste que le [[Risorgimento]] esseva alimentate prevalentemente per factores ideal e cultural, plus tosto que economic, sin tener conto del varie particularismos regional, e del debilessa del neonate [[Regno d'Italia (1861-1946)|Regno de Italia]] e transverso le disveloppamento [[Piemontesizzazione|Piemontesisation]] i.e. de un modello economico-administrative multo centralisate, que augementava in modo multo significative le differentias regional e sin un politica de redistribution del terras, problema immense pro le meridie, que manteneva le latifundios usque al lege stralcio n. 841 del 21 de octobre 1950<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Breve storia dell'Italia meridionale, Pietro Bevilacqua.}}</ref>; le differentias economic se acuiuva initialmente inter le nord-west e le resto del pais e in parte se replevava solmente durante le [[Miracolo economico italiano|boom economic]], ma remane ancora hodie forte differentias, specialmente inter le nord e le sud del pais<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/>. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] tqaj3y2z4f7w849pci4h307m6ygdfup 698423 698422 2026-08-10T13:26:55Z ~2026-44121-55 60848 /* Crisi del 14e seculo */ 698423 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Repubblica,_stradano.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Florentia, Piazza del Mercato Vecchio (1555), affresco de [[Giovanni Stradano]], [[Palazzo Vecchio]], Sala de Gualdrada.]] La '''historia economic del Italia''' preunitari percurre le cambiamentos economic e social del territorio italian ab le epocha roman usque al unitate de Italia (1860). In epocha Roman, le peninsula italian habeva un densitate demographic e un floritura economic plus elevate in comparation con le resto de Europa e del [[bassino mediterranee]], specialmente durante le seculos I e II. A partir del seculo III p.Chr., le imperio Roman initiava su declino. Durante le alte Medievo (seculos VII-IX) le economia esseva deprimite, de semi-subsistentia, e gravitava circum le centros feudal. A partir del seculo X, le population e le economia italian recommenciava a crescer, insimul con le centros urban. Con le tempore, se disveloppava vaste retes commercial que ligava le centros italian a un conca de relationes ab Asia usque a Europa septentrional. Iste centros de activitates manufacturari, financiari, mercantil e cultural rendeva le economia italian plus prospere que le altere paises europee. Le arrivata del peste nigre al medietate del 1300 decimava le population, ma esseva tosto sequite per un renascentia economic. Iste crescimento produceva un floride economia renascentista, avantiate in comparation con le altere paises europee. Le sectores de punta del territorio italian esseva le textil (productos elaborate de lana e seta, amplemente exportate), le servicios bancari e le transportos maritim. Durante le 1600 le systema economic se debilitava e le interprises ligate al major centros urban declinava. Hollanda, Anglaterra e Francia assumeva un rolo economic prominente in Europa e Italia perdeva le position dominante in le exportationes textil, in le intermediationes financiari e in le transportos maritim. Le stagnation initiava un fragmentation del relationes economic in le area italian. Inter le dece-octave e le medietate del dece-nono seculo, Italia remaneva subdividite in parve statos e a dispecto de diverse reformas remaneva un territorio peripheric e deprimite. == Tendenta del economias ante le crescimento moderne == === Caracteres general del crescimento del PIB in le economias preindustrial === Le economias del passato, ante le industrialisation, esseva characterisate per un tendenta differente de illo actual. A differentia de hodie, le producto aggregate, que es le activitate productive total de un pais, e le producto per capita, que es un indicator que permitte de evalutar le nivello de vita de un singule individuo del population, non cresceva sovente insimul. Isto es debite al facto que, insimul al crescimento del producto aggregate, il es presente un forte crescimento del population, que totevia cresceva plus rapidemente que le production. Isto comportava un forte pression super le ressources que resultava in un diminution del producto per capita in le longe periodo, usque que un factor externe, como faminas e epidemias, causava un diminution del population que resultava in un crollo del producto aggregate e un augmento del ricchessa per capita.<ref name=":39">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 322-330}}</ref> Iste modello de crescimento se manteneva in grande parte de Europa Occidental usque a 1820, quando gratias al introduction de importante innovationes le initio del crescimento moderne esseva possibile, characterisate per un augmento rapide de tote le tres variabiles.<ref name=":39" /> [[File:PILpc_italiano_13102017.png|right|197px|right|thumb|[[Prodotto interno lordo|Producto Interne Brute]] (PIB) real del territorio italian per habitante durante le periodo 1310-2018. In le longe periodo, le ricchessa medie del italianos ha remanite quasi constante usque al revolution industrial del fin del 1800. Le cyclos economic que se ha succedite in le curso de multe seculos precedente, con phases de crescimento e de crise, non ha producite un significative cambio economic (in terminos de [[Prodotto interno lordo|PIB]] per habitante).<ref name=":0">{{Cita|Felice, 2015}}.</ref>]] === Tendenta del crescimento italian ab le anno mille === Iste modello de crescimento se disveloppava etiam in Italia. Post un longe phase de declino e stagnation del population e del producto aggregate durante le tardive antiquitate e le alte Medievo, un crescimento rapide in le basse Medievo sequeva. De facto, circum le anno mille, a causa de varie cambiamentos, habeva un augmento rapide del producto aggregate e del population. Se estima que in tre centos annos le producto aggregate e le population ha augmentate respectivemente de cinque e tres vices; le mesme occurre in modo multo modeste pro le producto per capita con un augmento de circa 50%, iste cifra es multo inferior si nos prende in conto que se estima un fortissime augmento del disigualitates.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea}}</ref> [[File:Andamento gdp Italia1310 al 1861.jpg|197px|right|thumb|[[Reddito pro capite|Revenito per capita]] real del territorio italian per habitante ab 1310 a 1861.<ref name=":27">{{Cita libro|titulo=Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden, 2020)}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cita web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth|title=Economic Growth}}</ref>[[File:Popolazione italiana 1000-1861 - Historical demography 1992 - Touring Club Italiano CART-TEM-031.jpg|thumb|Tendenta del population italian de 1000 a 1861 (''Atlante tematico d'Italia'', Touring Club Italiano, 1992)]]]] Circum le dece-tertie seculo, le augmento del population portava un forte pression super le ressources, causante le diminution del rendimentos del travalio e del capital; pro pejorar iste situation, se addeva le fin del periodo calide medieval que conduceva a collectas multo minus abundante, lo que causava diverse faminas. Iste situation se modifica in 1346 con le reapparition del Peste. A differentia del passato, a causa del augmento del densitate de habitation e del augmento del mobilitate, un alte taxa de mortalitate se disveloppava durante plure annos, lo que duceva a un forte diminution del population. Le diminution del population comportava un cadita del producto aggregate ma un augmento del producto per capita e un diminution del disigualitates pro le augmento del salarios, causate per le manco de fortia de travalio, que permitteva al travaliatores haber un major fortia contractual in comparation con le passato. Iste phase se mantene usque a 1550, quando Europa ha recuperate le population e le producto aggregate del periodo ante-peste. A differentia del passato, totevia, diverse innovationes esseva presente: melior embarcationes, le impression, le discoperimento de nove continentes, le consumo de patatas e mais e le uso domestic del carbon; lo que permitteva un augmento additional del population e del producto aggregate, sin cambiamentos del producto per capita que recommencera a diminuer del dece-octave seculo usque a 1820.<ref name=":39" /> Ab 1820, pro un serie de innovationes, como le rotation continue del culturas, que permitte usar le campos sin interruptiones, aboliente le maggese, e super toto a transverso del creation del machina a vapor, le crescimento moderne habeva su initio. Italia initiava iste modello de crescimento plus tarde pro le manco de carbon que impediva un modernisation del systema secundari e le impossibilitate de applicar le rotation continue, viste que pro permitter iste modernisation un grande quantitate de fertilisante esseva necessari, lo que esseva possibile solo a transverso del mantenentia de bestial de dimensiones importante, que haberea necessitate abundantia de pasturage. Le conditiones pro facer isto esseva presente in le regiones humide, e ergo in Nord Europa. Verso le fin del dece-nono seculo, gratias a nove innovationes como le petroleo, le electricitate e le fertilisantes chimic, le processo de crescimento moderne esseva possibile etiam pro Italia.<ref name=":39" /> == Epocha roman == {{Vide anque|Economia romana}} === Ascenso (seculos III a.Chr.-II p.Chr.) === Historicos e economistas ha tentate de reconstruer un vision del economia del seculos roman e de su cambiamentos secundo le interpretation contemporanee del economia; alcun ha etiam interprendite studios quantitative. Le studios non ha arrivate a resultatos precise generalmente compartite. Totevia, alcun notiones general super le economia del epocha roman ha devenite satis acceptate.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Basilica_Julia.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Reconstruction digital del [[Basilica Giulia]] a Roma. Le [[basiliche civili]], construite presso le foro del citates roman, esseva sedes de tribunales e altere institutiones public. Hodie nos non ha un comprehension detaliate del economia roman, proque le fontes super le factores economic del tempore es limitate. Totevia, il es communmente acceptate que le corpore de leges e institutiones public roman produceva un contexto importante e relativemente homogenee que favoriva le vita economic del imperio.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Peter|cognome=Temin|data=2006|title=The Economy of the Early Roman Empire|rivista=The Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=20|numero=1|pp=133-151|url=[link sospetto rimosso]}}</ref>]]Le peninsula italian habeva un densitate demographic e un floritura economic plus elevate in comparation con le resto de Europa e del conca mediterranee. Isto vale in particular pro le seculos I e II, que representava un periodo de relative stabilitate politic e de picco del conditiones economic. Le estimationes demographic del population italian del epocha roman varia. Le plus acceptate lo attesta a 7-8 milliones. Alcun eruditos lo estima usque a 15-16 milliones: iste estimation representarea un nivello que solmente in le dece-octave seculo haberea essite attingite de nove.<ref name=":0" /> Le potere economic imperial accentrava verso Italia le fluxo de ressources economic ab le provincias. Le relative floritura economic esseva etiam sustenite per institutiones politic e administrative avantiate (incluse le systema juridic); per le competentias technologic (specialmente in le sector del constructiones) e scientific; e per le progresso cultural general, super toto in le numerose citates.<ref name=":0" /> Le evaluationes quantitative del economia roman hodie disponibile es considerate speculative. Totevia, ultra le cifras absolute, illos suggere un ricchessa significativemente major in le peninsula in comparation con altere regiones de Europa meridional e del conca del Mediterraneo. Super toto, le estimationes hypostisa que, durante le tres seculos precedente le etate Augustee, habeva un crescimento del revenito per capita medie: pro observar un altere evenimento de iste typo, il es necessari attender usque al insurgentia del etate industrial.<ref name=":0" /> === Declino (seculos III-VI p.Chr.) === {{Vide anque|Crisi del III secolo|Iugatio-capitatio}} A partir del seculo III p.Chr., le imperio Roman initiava su declino. Le historicos ha proponite centenas de [[Caduta dell'Impero romano d'Occidente|theorias]] super su causas (politic, economic, demographic, social, cultural, ambiental): il es probabile que multe factores ha concurrite a causar lo. Un facto objective esseva le declino demographic que affligeva le peninsula, que alcun historicos liga a duo pandemias (seculos II e III).<ref name=":0" /> Al fin del seculo III, le administration del Imperator [[Diocleziano]] introduceva un importante reforma fiscal: pro le prime vice le population italian esseva taxate (antea illo esseva exempte). Le taxation colpiva particularmente le zonas minus populate del Imperio e contribueva al ulterior cadita demographic in le regiones occidental, inter le quales Italia. Pro permitter le stabilitate fiscal in fronte al declino demographic e economic, le Imperio impediva le paisanos de mover se, e los vinculava al terra, instituente le [[colonato]]; etiam al appartenentes a alcun professiones urban limitas al displacementos esseva imponite, e in general le activitates artisanal e professional esseva inquadrate rigidemente in [[collegium|collegia]], strictemente surveiliate per le autoritate statal.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 9}}.</ref> Le displacemento del capital imperial a [[Costantinopoli]] in 330 p.Chr. alienava le centro politic e social de Italia e contribueva a su ulterior declino. Le invasiones del [[Goti]] e del [[Vandali]] (seculo V) e le longe guerra de reconquesta de [[Giustiniano I|Justiniano]] (seculo VI) accelerava le forte cadita demographic del peninsula.<ref name=":0" /> Insimul con le cambiamentos demographic, politic e economic, le territorio italian videva etiam un declino del realitates urban cuje ricchessa cultural habeva sustenite su etate le plus floride. Le administration imperial extraheva ressources a avantage de se mesme, del grande proprietarios terestre e, in mesura crescente, del clero, durante que reprimiva le vitalitate social del territorio italian, iam peripheric al Imperio. Etiam le cultura comenciava a cambiar, alienante se ab le valores del epochas precedente.<ref name=":0" /> Nonobstante le declino del centros urban, in Italia le centralitate del citate resisteva plus a longe in comparation con le campanias, del quales proveniva le profitos del aristocratia fundiari. Iste situation non cambiava sub le regno de [[Odoacre]] e nec con le [[Regno ostrogoto|domination ostrogothic]]. Con [[Teodorico]], cuje politica continuava a appoiar se super le classe urban del proprietarios terestre, un modeste recuperation se verificava; de facto, totevia, le economia se fundava super le mesme dynamic in esseva in le basse imperio.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 10-11}}.</ref> == Alte Medievo (7e e 9e seculos) == [[File:Regno longobardo di tuscia, emissione aurea di aistolfo, zecca di lucca, 749-756, 02.JPG|197px|right|thumb|Moneta auree de re [[Astolfo (re)|Astolfo]]]] In le alte Medievo le citates esseva largemente dispopulate e le campanias se impoveriva. Totevia, a differentia del resto de Europa, in Italia remaneva in vita numerose parve citates, heredes del spisse texito urban del periodo roman; post le anno mille illos esseva al base del recuperation economic e social. Le economia esseva deprimite e rotava circum centros del proprietates [[Feudalesimo|feudal]], como abbatias e castellos. Le economia rural se appoiava super un production agricole de semi-subsistentia, durante que le commercio esseva limitate e se basava super [[Fiera|ferias]] annual.<ref name=":2">{{Cita|Cipolla, 1997}}.</ref> === Periodo byzantin e longobarde === Quando le [[longobardi]] arrivava in Italia, illos trovava un economia extenuate per le carga fiscal e dominate per le latifundio, ancora imperniate super le rolo del citates cuje structuras socio-politic esseva totevia in decadentia.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 12}}.</ref> In le [[regno longobardo]] le structuras politic e institutional de hereditate roman se dissolveva completemente; le antique aristocratia terestre con le tempore esseva extruso per le nove invasores, le quales acquireva le grande proprietates, redifiniente totalmente le situation del campanias. Con le longobardos de facto grande importantia acquireva le forestes e le terras inculte: le exploitation del silvas garantiva ressources como ligno e fructos spontanee, in ultra a esser utilisate pro le elevamento brado de [[suini]] e [[ovini]].<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 12-14}}.</ref> Le unitates productive in le Italia Longobarde esseva le ''villae'' e le ''casale''; del 8e seculo se verifica un modeste augmento del population e al habitation rural aperte e disperse, le castrum se substitueva, que corresponde a un grande interprise fundiari bipartita, e le allodio, id es le parve proprietate.<ref name=":29">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 94-103}}</ref> Le ''Castrum'' esseva dividite in ''pars dominica'' e ''pars massarica'', le ''pars dominica'' resulta sovente fortificate, durante que in le ''pars massarica'', viveva le colonos que habeva obligationes de prestationes de obra in le ''pars dominica''.<ref name=":29" /> Multe eruditos affirma que esseret prematur parlar de modello curtense, in quanto le prestationes esseva occasionale e del documentos il pare que le interprises esseva multo minus efficace que le contemporanee villae franche ab un puncto de vista del organisation del travalio e del productivitate.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|title=Alessandro Di Muro, La terra, il mercante e il sovrano: Economia e società nell’VIII secolo longobardo.}}</ref> Le citate del Italia Longobarde esseva multo parve e contava probabilemente pauco milles de habitantes, illos esseva le sede del elites laic e ecclesiastic, del quales proveniva le demanda de exotica, que esseva coperite per le mercatores.<ref name=":25" /> In le citates le representantes del classes eminente convocava intra le muros, parte del productos proveniente del curtes.<ref name=":25" /> Le citate major esseva Milano, Pavia, Brescia, Forum luli, Cremona, Piacenza, Bergamo, Verona, Siena e, al Sud, Spoleto, Benevento, Capua e a partir de 774, Salerno.<ref name=":25" /> Totevia, verso le fin del epocha longobarde se registrava un cambiamento economic, con le proliferation del [[Zecca (moneta)|officinas monetari]] sub [[Liutprando]] e le attestation de un classe mercantil satis dynamic.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 15}}.</ref> [[File:Raphael Ostia.jpg|197px|right||Le affresco de [[Raffaello Sanzio|Raphael]] intitulate "[[Battaglia di Ostia (Raffaello)|Battalia de Ostia]]", in le qual es representate le victoria del citates Italo-byzantin super le Arabes in le [[battaglia di Ostia]].]] Le contexto de fragmentation politic in le qual versava le Italia meridional, plus que le septentrional, accentuava le dissolution del texito urban, specialmente pro le citates locate in le interior. Nonobstante isto, non habeva grande differentias economic inter le [[Langobardia Minor]] e le zonas residual governate per le [[Impero bizantino|byzantinos]], que manteneva in particular le controllo del territorios costal. Etiam in area byzantin de facto le classe del proprietarios terestre esseva substituite, in iste caso totevia per le entitates ecclesiastic.<ref name=":26">{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 18-19}}.</ref> Secundo altere eruditos le differentias esseva multo accentuate specialmente post le cadita de Carthago (698), le imperio Byzantin de facto reorganisava le dominios italian con le institution del [[Sikelia|Strateghia (o thema) de Sicilia]], le insula esseva governate per le figura del stratego que concentrava in su manos functiones militar e civil.<ref name=":25" /> Iste cambio permitteva a Sicilia haber grande melioramentos, de facto in le Insula se concentrava le effortio militar e economic de Byzantio.<ref name=":25" /> Le augmento del expensas e del commercios es attestate per le studios super le officina monetari de Siracusa, in iste periodo il ha de facto un grande emission de moneta e illo deveniva le secunde del Imperio post illo de Constantinopoli.<ref name=":25" /> In le altere dominios italian del Imperio se institueva le Ducatos byzantin. Le Ducatos esseva governate per le Ducs que esseva eligite per le elites local, permittere le citates haber un major libertate in campo economic e politic, non debente plus requestar le intervention del autoritate central,<ref name=":25" /> iste territorios esseva le plus dynamic de Italia.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":24" /> Le dynamismo del territorios byzantin es attestate per le facto que illos esseva le unic regiones italian que esseva inserite intra le retes commercial. Le territorios byzantin esseva subdividite in tres retes commercial: un spatio alto-adriatic, correspondente al portos de [[Venezia marittima|Venetia]] e Comacchio, un siculo-oriental, correspondente al portos de Bari, Otranto, Taranto e Siracusa e un basse-tyrrhenian, correspondente al portos de [[Ducato di Gaeta|Gaeta]], [[Ducato di Napoli|Napoles]], [[Ducato di Sorrento|Sorrento]], Messina e Palermo.<ref name=":25" /> In le Mezzogiorno continental initialmente le citate que plus beneficiava del traffico commercial esseva Napoles al qual se adjungeva con le tempore le emergente [[Ducato di Amalfi|Amalfi]] que, a differentia de Napoles, appare configurar se al initios como un emporium, id es un centro quasi exclusivemente dedicate al mediation commercial.<ref name=":25" /> Al initios del 9e seculo Amalfi jam disponeva de un flotta capabile de navigar a longe le routes mediterranee e devenir assi le prime [[Repubbliche marinare|republica marinari]]. Il ha etiam in le dominios del Mezzogiorno plus interne le presentia de grande monasterios que habeva grande terrenos.<ref name=":26" /> === Periodo carolinge === Le Carolingos, post le conquesta de Nord-Italia, portava le modello curtense. Le ''curtes'', o le interprises agricole, esseva organisate super un economia [[autarchia|autarchic]], tendente unicamente a satisfacer le necessitates patronal tanto de productos alimentari como de manufactos artisanal. Isto occurreva proque le investimentos agrari e le augmento del productivitate terestre esseva viste como pauc interessante, a causa del scarse capacitate del mercato de commercialisation del generes agricole.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 21-23}}.</ref> Altere eruditos indica le modello curtense como plus productive e fundamental pro garantir le crescimento Basse Medieval.<ref name=":29" /> Le motivo del major productivitate esseva debite al alte nivello de organisation in comparation con le Castrum longobarde,<ref name=":29" /> le territorio es de facto subdividite: in [[Pars dominica|''pars Dominica'']], zona governate directemente per le senior, illo esseva le portion le plus parve e in le qual prevaleva le prato e le silva e in le ''[[Pars massaricia|mansi]]'' zonas affidate al colonos in le quales prevaleva le culturas intensive.<ref name=":29" /> Le senior feudal con le cession de capital permitteva le construction de molinos e altere structuras pro le conquesta de nove territorios agricole, garantiva le defensa del habitantes e regulava le justitia, in cambio le colonos cedeva parte del recovratos del collection e se rendeva disponibile como mano de obra pro le construction de obras public. Iste periodo coincideva con le reapertura del mercatos e con le colonisation de nove territorios, jacente le bases del crescimento del basse Medievo; in le curso del 9e seculo de facto le ferias se diffundeva in multe citates italian. Iste typo de progresso se verificava super toto in le citate locate a longe le Po, stimulante in parte le excambio del productos local e provocante dunque un modeste sollicitation al production agricole e artisanal.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 23-24}}.</ref> Durante le 9e seculo habeva un cambiamento con le diminution del grandor del ''pars dominica'' que es subdividite in mansi, e in concomitantia occurreva etiam le reduction del ''[[allodio]]'' a causa del compra-vendita del terrenos per feudatarios e monasterios.<ref name=":29" /> Le compra-vendita occurreva a transverso de un contracto appellate ''[[enfiteusi]]'', il tracta se de contractos symbolic que prevideva un canon annual multo modeste e le impegno del colono de laborar alcun dies in le dominico.<ref name=":29" /> Con le incremento demographic verso le anno mille le obligationes in confrontation con le feudatarios deveniva pro le plus symbolic, viste que le seniores habeva le avantage de bonificar zonas improductive e permitter le colonisation, assi con le tempore illos deveniva a tote le effectos parve proprietates.<ref name=":29" /> Iste phenomenos, que provocava aperturas in le circuitos claudite del economia curtense, debeva mesurar se con le clima de instabilitate del epocha. Pro turbar iste tentativas de dynamismo economic habeva le [[Invasioni ungare dell'Europa|incursiones del Hungaros]] e de altere populos slavic, succedite con frequentia ab 899, e le minacia del [[Saraceni]] in particular in le Tyrrheno. Le expansion islamic totevia comportava del altere latere etiam a un augmento del traffico commercial, del qual in particular Venetia sapeva profitar se.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 24-26}}.</ref> === Productivitate del sector primari e secundari === Le rendimentos del grano durante le Alte Medievo se manteneva extrememente basse, illos debeva corresponder a un rendimento de circa 2,5 quintales per hectare, iste dato resulta multo modeste prendente in conto que 1 quintal esseva reutilisate pro le sementar. Valores tanto basse esseva totevia proportionate al basse population de Italia in ille periodo.<ref name=":36">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 122-125}}</ref> Le sector manufacturari in le alte medievo esseva presente ma in grande parte active pro le autoconsumo, le unic productiones que immiteva merces pro mercatos distante in Europa esseva le armas de aciero (le spatas franche), le textiles producite in Flandra; relevante esseva etiam le production de textiles in le Mezzogiorno de Italia e in le portion meridional de Hispania.<ref name=":30">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 159}}</ref> Le Italia meridional esseva alora intra le circuitos commercial con Byzantio e le mundo arabe. Le [[industria tessile|industria textil]] meridional produceva alora coton, lana e seta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 171-172}}</ref> De importante relevantia esseva le industrias de palatio in Sicilia, que produceva textiles de seta, le materia prime esseva producite principalmente in Calabria, ubi le Byzantinos habeva initiate le cultivation del moro, lo que permitteva le [[gelsibachicoltura|sericultura]], que serviva al production del seta.<ref name=":30" /> Le production del lana esseva facilitate etiam per le invention del gualchiera, le prime documento que attesta su presentia ha essite redigite in Abruzzo in le 10e seculo, iste machina facilitava a transverso del uso de pistones actionate per aqua le battitura del textiles, diminuente le costos.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.206}}</ref> === Traffico commercial === Como occurrre sovente in le commercio inter un area plus retrogradate e un plus ric, le balancia commercial de Europa in confrontation con le mundo arabe e byzantin esseva active, isto significa que Europa exportava merces, fundamentalmente materias prime, e riceveva como merces de excambio un modeste quantitativo de objectos de luxo e moneta, non disponibile de un grande demanda interne con le qual collar le offerta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 171}}</ref> Pro quanto reguarda le moneta, in le Alte Medievo in Europa esseva cuniate pro le pagamentos diverse monetas de argento que habeva un valor constante del VIII usque al X, illos pesava circa 1,75 grammas de argento con liga de 950 millesimos. Le unic regiones ubi monetas de auro esseva presente esseva le Imperio Byzantin e le mundo Arabe. Le presentia in Europa de monetas de argento pesante indica que le commercios esseva pauc dynamic, de facto le major dynamismo economic conduceva in le Basse Medievo a un augmento del numero de monetas a transverso del perda de peso, comportante dunque un constante devaluation pro augmentar le massa monetari.<ref name=":37">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 215-217}}</ref> === Expenso public === Concernente le expenso public durante le prime etate feudal il non ha un distinction inter illo que nos poteret appellar finantia public e le patrimonio del soverano. In general iste es date per le patrimonio personal e per le denarios recolligite a transverso del derectos de regalitate, istos es le revenitos concernente alcun activitates como le cuniatura del monetas, le pisca in le fluvios, le collection del metallos, le exploitation del minas de sal, le derectos de doana, e le impostos super le mercatos.<ref name=":38">{{Cite book|autore=Paolo Malanima|title=Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea|p=299}}</ref> Le soveranos ha in ultra le derecto al ''auxilium'' illo es recolligite a transverso del pagamento de un canon o a transverso del prestation del servicio. Con le tempore viste que le exercitos se basa quasi exclusivemente super le cavalleria se adjunge un imposto additional le ''fodrum'', que es un imposto directe a pagar in moneta calculate per familia.<ref name=":38" /> == Basse Medievo (seculos X-XV) == [[File:Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_-_Effects_of_Good_Government_on_the_City_Life_(detail)_-_WGA13490.jpg|197px|right|thumb|[[Ambrogio Lorenzetti]], ''Allegoria del bon governamento in citate.'' (1338-1339), [[Palazzo Pubblico (Siena)|Palazzo Public]], Siena]] A partir del seculo X, le population e le economia italian recommenciava a crescer. Alcun innovationes technologic meliorava le productivitate agricole: le rotation triennal del culturas e le melioramento del [[aratura|arage]] a transverso del adoption del [[Aratro|aratro pesante]] a rota e un major diffusion del cavallo, plus tosto que de bovinos. Etiam se diffundeva le uso industrial del [[mulino ad acqua|molino a aqua]] in le manufacturas textil, metallic e altere ancora.<ref name=":2" /> === Reorganisation del terra e nascentia del Communes === Verso le anno mille, pro le expansion del population, le feudatarios initiava a signar contractos sempre plus symbolic con le colonos, assi pro favorir le cultivation de nove terras. Iste processo se reinforcement durante le XI e le XII in le Centro-Nord, gratias al **nascentia e al reinforcement de nove entitates politic, le [[Età comunale|Communes]]. In le Meridion al contrario occurre le affirmation de un stato unitari con le [[Regno di Sicilia|Normannos]], lo que porta al imposition del systema feudal francese con un constante reinforcement del privilegios feudal. Le [[Età comunale|Communes]] nasce del acquisition del potere politico-administrative in le citates per le classes mercantil. Subsequentemente etiam le campanias del Centro-Nord es reorganisate per le administration communal in ''[[Contado|Contadi]].'' In le ''Contadi'' le Communes affirma lor autoritate in campo fiscal, administrative e militar; le seniores es fortiate a facer acto de submission e a transferer lor residentias in le citates, lor potere totevia remane in le proprietate infeudate.<ref name=":24" /> Isto favoriva le augmento del urbanisation; secundo multe eruditos, portava un taxa de urbanisation in 1300 del 21%, le taxa de urbanisation esseva simile in Hispania, ma multo inferior in Francia, Germania e Regno Unite.<ref name=":0" /> Al initio del seculo XIV, Milano, Venetia e Florentia contava plus de 100,000 habitantes; il habeva 43 citates con al minus 15,000 habitantes.<ref name=":3">{{Cita|Zamagni, 2005}}.</ref> Del seculo XIII in le Italia Centro-Septentrional il ha un reorganisation additional del contado. Il occurre que le elite urban, enrichite per le traffico e per le industrias, comencia a acquirer le proprietate private del paisanos que, a causa del expansion demographic, habeva essite additionalmente dividite e non permitteva plus le sustenimento del familias, veniente assi a crear se specialmente in le regiones le plus fertile un distribution inegal del proprietate; in le seculo XIV in le areas fertile presso le centros urban del 10 al 25% del terra pertineva a entitates religiose o a pauco familias urban. Iste recomposition esseva totevia solmente partial ben que continuava in le seculos successive, de facto le Italia Septentrional remaneva un del areas in le qual le proprietate private esseva le plus presente.<ref name=":24" /> Un altere grande cambiamento in le areas rural Italian concerne le pagamento del canon al senior que passa in le seculo XIII de un canon in moneta a un parte del production, isto es debite al facto que le alte urbanisation in Italia conduceva a un augmento del consumos in le citates, lo que causava un augmento del precios del productos agricole, assi portante a grande ganios pro le possidentes.<ref name=":24" /> ==== Sector primari ==== In iste periodo se cerca etiam de augmentar le productivitate del terra, specialmente del frumento, pro cercar de satisfacer un population in forte augmento. Le valores passa de 2-3 quintales de frumento per hectare a 4-5 al initio del basse Medievo e in le tardive Medievo attinge le valores de 5-6 quintales per hectare.<ref name=":36" /> A transverso del estimation del urbanisation in Italia il es possibile evalutar le productivitate del travalio in agricultura. Isto proque quanto plus le numero del personas in le citates monta, tanto plus le productivitate del paisanos monta pro permitter lor sustenimento. Isto ha permittite de evalutar, in comparation con le alte Medievo, un augmento del productivitate del 20% durante le basse Medievo, sequite per un longe periodo de stagnation usque al initios del XX.<ref name=":24" /> Sector secundari: nove modellos manufacturari e nascentia del corporationes In le citates le sector manufacturari se disveloppa particularmente, de facto le numero de travaliatores de iste sectores deveni multo elevate. Le sector manufacturari italian produceva material pro le demanda interne, pro le region circumjacente o pro le mercatos distante<ref name=":24" />. Le sectores que realisava benes destinate al exportation pote esser indicate como ''sectores de base''<ref name=":24" />. Illos es le sectores le plus dynamic, innovative e ha effectos multiplicative super le revenito social; lor activitate constitue un stimulo pro le sectores complementari e pro illos derivate o inducite. Durante le Medievo in le citates del Italia centro-septentrional le sector de base esseva le sector textil, le ''sector complementari'' esseva le sartoria o le production de materiales usate pro le production textil como le colorantes e le ''sectores derivate'' esseva le activitates del construction e del production de benes alimentari.<ref name=":24" /> Le organisation del industria es de typo artisanal. Le systema artisanal se basa super le ''mastro'' que es tanto le detentor del boteca, como le productor, como le mercante e le emptor de materias prime<ref name=":24" />. Ille coordina le activitate de su subordinatos que se divide in ''apprendices'' e ''laborantes''. Le primes labora sin salario con le scopo de apprender le mestiero e sovente debe pagar etiam pro initiar le apprentissage; le secundos es salariate. Un altere modello de industria es le ''industria a domicilio'', in iste caso le figura central es le mercante-entrepreneur, ille acquiere le materias prime que es displaciate in un magazin o boteca ubi initia le elaboration per travaliatores salariate<ref name=":24" />. Subsequentemente le materia prime lassa le boteca e atteinge le casas de altere travaliatores salariate, que in cambio de un compensation monetari lo transforma in semi-elaborato pro esser finalmente finite per artisanes, que in cambio de un salario face retornar le producto al mercante-entrepreneur que initia le vendita.<ref name=":24" /> In le Communes se disveloppa un nove maniera de organisar le production in le citates, gratias al nascentia de associationes de mestieros appellate [[Corporazioni delle arti e mestieri|corporationes]] (o artes).<ref name=":24" /> Le [[Corporazioni delle arti e mestieri|corporationes]] nasce como pactos associative inter gruppos de individuos que face le mesme activitate e que dunque habeva interesses analoge a tutelar<ref name=":24" />. Le cargas esseva multiple: mantener le monopolio del production in le mano de pauco in quanto il habeva un numero maxime de associate per mestiero, le election del salarios, le prohibition de subtraher mano de obra a un concurrente, le numero de materias prime, le precios del productos<ref name=":24" />. Iste associationes ha disveloppate un rolo importante in le affirmation e le consolidation del mestieros; con le tempore, totevia, illos tendeva a limitar le productivitate e essera substituite in le dece-octave seculo per le cameras de commercio.<ref name=":24" /> Durante le basse Medievo, a sequito etiam del reorganisation artisanal a transverso del corporationes e del industrias a domicilio, se assiste al nascentia del predominantia italian in le industria textil. Le citates del Italia Centro-Septentrional, gratias a iste innovationes, succede a attinger le monopolio super le production e exportation de coton, de seta e de lana. Isto es debite al acquisition del gualchiera (molino fullante) in le Italia centro-septentrional e al traffico commercial.<ref name=":24" /> ==== Cambiamentos in le traffico commercial in le Basse Medievo ==== Grande cambiamentos occurre in le traffico commercial inter le XI e le XII. Durante iste seculos le citate italian del centro-nord se trova inter excambios sempre major e succede a functionar como intermediarios in le vendita e in le exportation del textiles producite in Flandra<ref name=":31">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.175}}</ref>. Al mesme tempore le naves del citates de Pisa e Genova es ingagiate in le confrontos con le citate italo-byzantin del Italia meridional e le naves arabe. In le meridion le citates Italo-byzantin essera attaccate etiam per le [[Contea di Aversa|Contato de Aversa]], ubi le Normannos se habeva installate<ref name=":31" />. Le Ducato se expandera usque a [[Conquista normanna dell'Italia meridionale|conquirer le integre Mezzogiorno]], con le tempore le autonomia de iste citates essera attenuate e le modello feudal francese essera imponite. In iste phase, totevia, il non ha un distinction nette inter un area que produce e exporta manufactos e un altere que exporta solmente materias prime<ref name=":31" />. Con le tempore, totevia, le cosas cambia; in le XIII le citate del Italia centro-septentrional ha iam le monopolio del commercio del lana, del coton e del seta, gratias al melioramentos technologic que abassava le precio del productos in comparation con le competitores<ref name=":31" />. Consequentemente le balancia commercial cambia: in le seculo XIII le exportation del textiles del mundo arabe diminue e le balancia resulta active con Europa<ref name=":31" />. Le mesme occurre con Africa in le qual le italianos exporta pannos, setas, textiles de canape e productos artisanal e importa materias prime; le passivo remanente es coperite per le auro de pagliola. Iste cambiamento occurre etiam con le Italia Meridional que, ben que usque al XII seculo resultava le area le plus avantiate de Italia, in le dece-tertie seculo le cosas habeva iam cambiate: le citate Italo-byzantin, como Amalfi, limitava le excambios commercial solmente al areas limitrophe, le meridion se trovava a importar pannos de lana e a exportar materias prime, specialmente grano, oleo, bestial, lignamine, vino e seta greggia (crude); assi initia le historia de un Sud minus dynamic, ben que pro seculos in terminos per capita le disparitate restara multo modeste: de 5-10%. Isto etiam a causa del forte interdependentia del duo areas, pro le qual un forte augmento del Centro-Nord causava etiam un augmento del demanda de materias prime del Sud, favorante assi le enrichment de ambe.<ref name=":31" /> ==== Circulation monetari ==== Durante iste seculos il ha cambiamentos etiam in le moneta, isto proque le augmento del population e le major circulation de monetas necessita plus de monetas. Dunque le diverse officinas monetari comencia a cunniar monetas que presenta sempre minus argento, le viliamento del moneta portava le moneta a reducer se a un disco metallic multo fragile in le XII; tal processo non esseva un mal, de facto evitava que le inelasticitate del offerta de argento e le manco de instrumentos de credito provocarea un strangulation deflationari.<ref name=":37" /> Pro permitter excambios plus ingente del fin del XII seculo le citate del Italia centro-septentrional comenciava a cunniar monetas de auro, tal monetas esseva le Fiorino, le Genovino e le Ducato<ref name=":37" />. Con le tempore, viste que un affluxo de moneta del mundo Arabe, del Imperio Byzantin e del Italia Meridional se disveloppava, proque le balancia commercial del Italia centro-septentrional esseva active in confrontation con iste regiones, favorante le cadita del precios del metallos preciose e specialmente del auro, facilitante un abassamento del precio del auro que conduceva a un augmento in le cuniatura<ref name=":37" />. A causa del grande importantia que habeva le mercantes italian, le [[Zecchino|ducato de auro venetian]] e le [[Fiorino d'oro|fiorino florentin]] deveniva le principal valutas pro le excambios commercial in Europa.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Le nascentia del bancas ==== [[File:Repubblica di Siena - Commercio bancario - Mappa della massima penetrazione in Europa dei banchieri senesi.png|297px|right|thumb||Mappa in le qual es representate le maxime penetration in [[Europa]] del [[Gran Tavola|Grande Tabula]] del [[Bonsignori (famiglia)|Bonsignori]] e del altere major bancheros del [[Repubblica di Siena|Republica de Siena]] in le XIII seculo]] Un sector particularmente innovative que nasce in iste annos es le activitate bancari. Iste typo de activitate nasce in le seculo XIII ben que documentos de activitates simile jam appare del X; in iste periodo le banchero esseva un homine facunde que, ultra a effectuer le cambio del valutas, recipeva fundos del depositantes e effectuava prestos lucrante super le differentia in activos e passivos<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.218-222}}</ref>. In le XIII le prime a operar in ample radio esseva le mercantes senese, le figura del mercante-banchero nasceva in iste seculo. Iste figura offere fundos in presto non solmente al clientela de su citate o de centros vicin, ma etiam a papas, reges e nobiles.<ref name=":32" /> Le systema bancari presenta un importante novitate al fin del dece-tertie seculo que es le [[lettera di cambio|lettera de cambio]], usate como medio de transferimento de fundos e pro occultar le interesse<ref name=":32" />. In le secunde medietate del dece-quarte seculo le bancas toscan presenta ramificationes international; in iste structuras de interprise, le bancas que se trova al estraniero es controlate per membros del familia o personas fidabile<ref name=":32" />. Sovente le bancas controla interprises in le citates, assi structuras complexe e ramificate se forma, constituite per banca, interprises commercial e manufacturari.<ref name=":32" /> ==== Expenso public ==== Le finantias del communes es multo plus complexe in comparation con illos del feudo, in quanto illos debe prender in conto expensas pro le muros, pro le viabilitate, pro le edificios public e le organisation del approvisionamento del benes alimentari. Pro garantir le expensa le commune institue un taxation directe, que es appellate ''[[estimo|estima]]''; iste taxa esseva pagate per tote le cives, excepte le nullatenentes e le entitates ecclesiastic, le cavalleros esseva tenite a pagar la o il habeva un partial deduction. Le taxation non presentava regularitate, illo se basava de facto super le necessitate del commune.<ref name=":24" /> Il existeva le solidaritate de cata circumscriptio, de facto si alcun cives non succedeva a attinger le cifra le habitantes de un quartiero spartiva le quota evadite, assi pro poter pagar la.<ref name=":24" /> ==== PIB e PIB per capita e disigualitates in le Basse Medievo ==== Ben que inter grande incertitudes, il ha essite estimate que le PIB per capita italian durante le basse medievo esseva multo major que illo del altere paises mediterranee e nord-europee, que in ille epocha viveva in vice un longe stagnation economic. Le crescimento economic in Italia produceva un claro melioramento del conditiones de vita del population.<ref name=":0" /> Altere eruditos evidentia ultra un augmento de Italia etiam un general augmento del producto aggregate europee in le basse Medievo, ma in Italia illo tende a augmentar se le plus.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.252-257}}</ref> In concomitantia al augmento del producto aggregate il ha un pejoramento constante e gradual del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population<ref name=":33" />. Le pejoramento del revenitos e del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population es explicate per un augmento sproportionate del population in comparation con le ressources que remaneva scarse, non favorante dunque un melioramento pro le majoritate del population.<ref name=":33" /> Iste studios de facto estima que in Italia del X al XIV il ha essite un augmento de tres vices del population, que partiente de 4,5 milliones de habitantes ha attingite le 12,5 e in concomitantia il ha essite un augmento del urbanisation, le taxa de urbanisation arrivava a circa 21,4% partiente del 5-8%.<ref name=":33" /> Pro permitter le sustenimento de un population in augmento, il habeva un augmento del productivitate del sector primari e, viste que le productivitate del travalio agricole es inferior al activitates secundari e tertiari, il debe haber essite un general augmento del productivitate del travalio.<ref name=":33" /> Le augmento del population comporta un augmento equal del producto aggregate, viste que le demanda augmenta e viste que le productivitate del travalio ha augmentate, isto face supponer un augmento del producto aggregate, major del crescimento del population, de 4-5 vices.<ref name=":33" /> Il ha essite hypotisate etiam un augmento del producto per capita, del 40-50%, iste dato ha essite formulate pro le augmento del population urban ubi revenitos major esseva presente<ref name=":33" />. Le crescimento del producto aggregate non comportava, totevia, un melioramento del conditiones de vita pro le major parte del population, de facto a transverso del studio del consumos il ha essite vidite un pejoramento in le alimentation del majoritate del population e un augmento del disigualitates.<ref name=":24" /> Le pejoramento del conditiones de vita del population esseva debite a un constante abassamento del salarios, a causa del augmento del mano de obra e pro permitter le sustenimento de un population in augmento le spatio pro le pasturages e pro le arbores fructifere diminueva, facer levar le precios de iste benes ma mantenente stabile le precio del frumento.<ref name=":24" /> == Crisi del 14e seculo == {{Vide anque|Crisis del 14e seculo}} [[File:Cattedrale_di_Siena,_navata_incompiuta_2.JPG|right|thumb|400x400px|Le expansion economic de multe citates europee durante le 11e e 13e seculos ha essite associate a un boom in le construction de [[Cattedrale|cathedrales]]. Le construction de un cathedral urban representava un del plus grande investimentos in infrastructuras del epocha. Le chantieros durava decennios o mesmo seculos. Le initio del construction del [[duomo di Siena|domo de Siena]] retrahe al minus al fin del 12e seculo. Al initio del 1300 le floritura economic del citate stimulava un ambitiose projecto de expansion. Le projecto esseva abandonate post le peste de 1347. Le nove facie incomplete remane pro testimoniar plasticamente le impacto de ille [[Siena#Medioevo|crisi economic e social]].<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Eltjo|cognome=Buringh|nome2=Bruce M.S.|cognome2=Campbell|nome3=Auke|cognome3=Rijpma|data=2020|title=Church building and the economy during Europe's ‘Age of the Cathedrals', 700–1500 CE|rivista=Explorations in Economic History|volume=76|p=101316|doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2019.101316|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2019.101316}}</ref>]] Durante le Basse Medievo le movimento del ricchessa e del consumos del majoritate del population declina<ref name=":24" />. Isto es debite al augmento del pression super un economia ancora troppo retrogradate, consequentemente le disigualitate distributive cresce e qui se enrichi es un restringite numero de mercantes, bancheros e nobiles<ref name=":24" />. [[File:Variazione in percentuale del PIL pro capite 1310 igp.jpg|right|thumb|Variation in percento del [[reddito pro capite|revenito per capita]] del territorio italian ab 1310 a 1641.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth|title=Economic Growth}}</ref> In iste imagine on pote notar le augmento del revenito per capita, consequente al crollo del population post le [[Peste nera|peste de 1347]] e del [[Peste del 1630|1630]], a causa del augmento del fortia contractual del travaliatores.]]. Verso le fin del dece-tertie seculo un ulterior pejoramento del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population se disveloppava, a causa de un cambiamento del conditiones climatic, que del 1250 portava a hibernos rigide e estates pluvial que causava collectas scarse e conduceva a numerose faminas. Le pluvias causava un augmento del precio del grano que ha essite calculate del 1280 de 1,25% annual, isto usque al arrivata del Peste.<ref name=":24" /> In 1347 le [[peste nera|peste nigre]] arrivava in Europa, occidente in pauco annos un tertio del population. In Italia, iste catastrophe demographic esseva multo accentuate. Illo esseva totevia sequite post pauco decennios per un renascentia economic. Le cadita del population causava un forte cadita del demanda e dunque etiam del producto aggregate; de facto, a transverso del studios del traffico del porto de Genova il ha essite possibile estimar un cadita del producto aggregate major del population<ref name=":24" />. Le cadita del producto aggregate non se reflecte totevia super le producto per capita e super le consumos medie que augmentava<ref name=":24" />. Le augmento del salarios occurreva pro le manco de mano de obra, que favoriva un major fortia contractual del travaliatores<ref name=":24" />. Le augmento del revenitos occurreva specialmente pro le travaliatores del citates, assi pro favorir lor repopulamento<ref name=":24" />. In concomitantia in le campanias occurreva un diminution del locationes agrari del quales beneficiava le paisanos e causava le debilitation del feudatarios<ref name=":24" />. De facto iste processo succuteva fortemente le poter feudal, favorante in Europa Occidental le crescimento del poter del citates plus tosto que le reinsaldamento del systema feudal (como habeva occurrite durante le crise demographic del seculos II e III p.Chr). Iste processo non esseva univoc in Europa. In multe areas, ubi le citates esseva plus debile, como per exemplo le Mezzogiorno de Italia e le Europa del Est, habeva al contrario un reinforcement del poter feudal<ref name=":0" />. Alicun historicos economic face coincider a iste momento historic le initio del disparitate inter Centro-Nord e Sud<ref name=":0" />. Post le peste, creseva ancora le commercio, le production manufacturari, le universitates, le societates corporative, le participation del classes le plus povre in le economia, e le institutiones juridic e cultural que permitteva le expansion del economia de mercato.<ref name=":0" /> == Renascentia (Seculo XVI) == [[File:26092015-DSC_3542.JPG|sinistra|197px|right|thumb|375x375px|In le secunde medietate del 1500 le plus ricche familias de commerciantes, bancheros e armatores genovese construiva un serie de [[Le Strade Nuove e il sistema dei palazzi dei Rolli di Genova|palatios de residentia e representation]] longe le [[Via Giuseppe Garibaldi|Strada Nove]], foras del centro medieval. Iste disveloppamento urbanistic es le testimoniancia physic del picco del economia maritim e financiari genovese.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|nome=Pettinotti, Paola|title=Storia di Genova : dalle origini ai nostri giorni|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1020572259|anno=2017|editore=Biblioteca dell'Immagine|OCLC=1020572259|ISBN=978-88-6391-266-1}}</ref>]] Le repetite undas de peste que se succedeva inter 1350 e 1450 probabilemente dimidiava le population urban italian. Le debilitation del parve centros favoriva le expansion regional del principal citates: Venetia, Milano, Florentia, Genova, Neapole que projectava un major stabilitate politic e territorial. Le recuperation economic se accentuava particularmente in Italia central a partir del 1450. Le reinforcement de grande realitates urban super le realitates urban plus parve causava le fin del polycentrismo basse medieval<ref name=":24" />. Le Statos Regional se comenciava a crear, in le quales un centro, que esseva le capital, cresceva in population e ricchessa a damno del centros minor, que perdeva importantia.<ref name=":24" /> Iste processo occurreva fortemente in le Meridion con un crescimento enorme de Neapole e Palermo<ref name=":24" />. Le principal citates italian esseva Milano, Venetia, Florentia, Neapole e Palermo. === Sector primari === Del dece-sexte seculo a latere del grano, pro le qual non se habeva cambiamentos de productivitate, nove culturas se diffundeva a latere del traditional<ref name=":24" />. In le Centro-Nord se comenciava a diffunder le ris, jam cognoscite e cultivate in le Meridion, specialmente in Sicilia del seculo X, que deveniva un alimento typic del ricches e le moriera, que etiam illo esseva jam producite pro seculos in le Meridion<ref name=":24" />. Le production del moriera ha un valor addite multo alte, isto es debite al facto que illo se utilisa pro le [[Bachicoltura|sericultura]].<ref name=":24" /> Le production de moriera comenciava assi a displaciar se del Mezzogiorno al Septentrion; in 1500 Italia produceva 400 tonnas de moriera per anno, del quales tres quartos proveniva del Sud, specialmente Calabria e Sicilia.<ref name=":24" /> In iste periodo a causa del forte cadita del population, le travaliatores habeva in dotation melior terras e capitales, assi un forte incremento del productivitate del travalio se habeva. Iste processo se habeva del 1400 usque al 1480, postea se habeva un longe stagnation e postea cadita del 1500. Etiam le salarios cresceva in le curso del dece-quarte seculo pro postea stagnar se del prime decennio del dece-sexte seculo.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari e bancari === Pro quanto concerne le productiones artisanales cambiamentos se habeva, de facto post le crollo del producto aggregate a causa del pestilentias del dece-quarte seculo, un modification del production textil se habeva.<ref name=":40">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 191-194}}</ref> Le industria del coton decade in quasi tote le centro-nord, a causa del competition con le industrias german; le pauco industrias que remaneva esseva pro le auto-consumo, se habeva in vice un forte incremento del industria lanari<ref name=":40" />. Le portata del crescimento esseva enorme, de facto le production de lana inter le 1570-1580 in le centro-nord attingeva 150.000 pannos per anno, que valeva le 3-4 pro cento del producto interne brute total del centro nord. In terminos de occupation, del production de lana dependeva inter 200.000 e 250.000 personas que correspondeva al 20-25 pro cento del centros con plus de 10.000 habitantes<ref name=":40" />. Altere sector que habeva un forte crescimento es le sector del seta, que habeva un peso super le producto interne brute equal al sector del lana; pro dar un idea del quantitate de seta greggia (crude) producite suffice pensar que del 1.200 tonnas producite in Europa 1.000 esseva producite in Italia, del quales le medietate del Mezzogiorno<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, pp. 198-199}}</ref>. Nove industrias etiam se diffundeva, como le armas de foco e le imprimeria.<ref name=":5" /> Durante iste seculos il ha un cambiamento in le activitate de credito: le primato toscan de facto es attingite e superate per Genova que deveni le principal financiator del corona espaniol.<ref name=":32" /> === Traffico commercial === Post le peste le commercios reprendeva, con un ulterior specialisation del Italia centro-septentrional e meridional. De facto, alora existeva un forte complementaritate inter le duo macro-areas del Peninsula.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.179-182}}</ref> Le Regno de Neapole e de Sicilia e le Stato Pontificie esseva le prime partenari commercial del Statos del centro-nord; le primes exportava grano, seta greggia, vino, lana, oleo e sucro e importava productos elaborate in le Centro-Nord e utilisava le servicios de credito.<ref name=":34" /> Essente le demanda de benes modeste in le parte meridional de Italia, il habeva un forte affluxo de moneta que esseva totevia compensate in grande parte per le interesses super le debitos contrahite, determinante dunque un conspicue affluxo de moneta verso le centro-nord.<ref name=":34" /> Le excambios del Italia del centro-nord verso le resto del mundo ha essite evalutate inter 50 e 80 milliones de liras florentin, le major partenari commercial esseva Francia con 30 milliones de liras, a sequer le Levante e le Pais Basse con 17 milliones de liras cata uno, postea Espania con 8 e finalmente Anglaterra con 3.<ref name=":34" /> Le crescimento, que habeva dunque su radices in le crise demographic basse medieval, produceva un florida economia renascentista, avantiate in comparation con le paises europee. Il ha essite estimate que le revenito per capita in Italia centro-septentrional attingeva un nivello que serea postea attingite de novo solmente al fin del seculo XIX. Le crescimento premiava le elite: il habeva un forte disigualitate economic. Iste expansion economic esseva al base del floritura cultural e artistic del epocha.<ref name=":5" /> === Cambiamentos in le mentalitate e confrontation economic con le altere paises === In iste periodo il ha etiam un grande cambiamento in le mentalitate, de facto le investimentos del privados tende a esser expendite sempre plus in activitates improductive e le possibilitates de scala social diminue.<ref name=":24" /> Isto es debite al facto que, a differentia del Basse Medievo in le qual il habeva un forte expansion economic, pro le qual le gruppos in ascensa cercava de remover le obstaculos institutional pro lor scala social, con le tempore le ambiente economic se satura a causa del limites del systema technic e le gruppos social que se trova al vertice del hierarchia impone resistentias pro favorir lor monopolio super le mercato<ref name=":24" />. Iste immobilismo causa un crescimento de Italia minus vertiginose in comparation con le crescimento medieval e con illo de altere paises<ref name=":24" />. Le Paises Basse in le curso del 1500 attinge Italia e lo supera in le seculo subsequente tanto in producto per capita como in aggregate, Francia, que presenta un population multo major, ha un producto aggregate del 30% inferior e Anglaterra presenta un producto aggregate 5 vices inferior.<ref name=":24" /> === Expenso public === Le entradas del Statos Regional resulta pro le 70-80 pro cento componite de taxation indirecte, le impostos es super quatro categorias: contractos, alimentos, portas urban e monopolios. Alicun governamentos tenta le disveloppamento de un cadastro que es totevia fortemente refusate per le elites economic e dunque non essera disveloppate, le situation non cambiava in le seculos subsequente.<ref name=":24" /> == Le 17e Seculo (XVII) == {{vide anque|Crisi del XVII secolo}} [[File:02_mulino_da_seta_alla_bolognese_Museo_Patrimonio_Industriale.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Modello de molino a seta bolognese. Del seculo XV Bologna se affirmava como le major centro europee de production de filatos e velos de seta. Del seculo XVI esseva introducite un molino special, alimentate per rota hydraulic, capace de mechanisar le processo de incannatura e torcitura del filo de seta. Le machina es considerate como le plus alte technologia europee ante le machina a vapor e anticipa le systema de fabrica del Revolution Industrial. In 1683 le citate contava 119 molinos a seta. Le industria bolognese postea decadeva in le curso del seculo XVIII.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cita web|url=https://trama-e-ordito.blogspot.com/2010/09/il-mulino-da-seta-bolognese.html|title=Il mulino da seta bolognese (o rotondo)}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://informa.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/media/files/il_segreto_del_mulino_da_seta_24_aprile_16.pdf|title=Il segreto del mulino da seta alla bolognese|autore=[[Museo del patrimonio industriale di Bologna]]|autore2=}}</ref>]] In le curso del 1600 le systema economic se debilitava. Paises Basse, Anglaterra e Francia assumeva un rolo economic prominente in Europa e Italia perdeva le position dominante in le exportationes textil, in le intermediationes financiari e in le transportos maritim. A causa del declino del interprisas urban, Italia deveniva un pais importator de manufactos etiam textil e exportator de productos agricultural primari (oleo, grano, vino, lana e seta).<ref name=":2" /> Le mesura de iste declino es debattite e le estimationes del historicos remane incerte. Secundo alcunones il se tractava de un ver declino, secundo alteres il habeva un stagnation economic que produceva un declino competitive relative a altere economias europee. Le economias de Paises Basse e Anglaterra, e postea Francia e Germania, in ille periodo esseva multo plus dynamic e se avviamento verso un plus precoce [[rivoluzione industriale|revolution industrial]].<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Industria lana 1570-1600 seta 1650 Italia - Map Early industrialization 1992 - Touring Club Italiano CART-TEM-073.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Diffusion del industria del lana inter le 1570-1600 e del seta in le 1650.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atlante tematico d'Italia, Touring Club Italiano, 1990.}}</ref>]] <ref name="TCI">''Atlante tematico d'Italia'', Touring Club Italiano, 1990.</ref> Le historicos ha proponite diverse causas de iste evolution: le epidemias de [[Peste del 1630|peste]], que provocava un forte cadita demographic in le curso del 1600; le crescente centralitate del commercio transatlantic in comparation con illo mediterranee; le impacto del guerras combattite per potentias estranie in Italia e del domination del espanioles al sud (que taxava pesantemente le territorios per illes controlate). Secundo altere historicos, iste factores sol non es sufficiente pro explicar le stagnation italian del 1600 proque multe de illos toccava etiam altere paises europee que in vice demonstrava major dynamismo economic. Super le piano politic, le parve realitates regional italian non habeva un dimension sufficiente pro sustener lor proprie economias con adequate interventiones de politica monetari e commercial o investimentos in le transportos. Isto disavantagiava le actores economic italian in le competition commercial, del rottas mercantil e del expansion colonial.<ref name=":0" /> Il ha essite in ultra hypotisate que le economia italian del 1500 cresceva rapidemente ma in un maniera disbalanceate e isto habeva le consequentia de accrescer le precios del productos agricultural proque le demanda augmentava a sequito del augmento del population sin elevar le rendimento del terras; isto avantageva le proprietarios terestre e disavantageva le sectores le plus innovative del economia. Con le tempore, le crescente disigualitate economic, aggravate etiam per un forte taxation indirecte per parte del parve realitates politic, limitava le demanda local del productos le plus innovative, que non esseva accessibile al grande majoritate del population. Dunque le crescimento non alimentava un demanda interne capace de sustener le disveloppamento de industrias e servicios sophisticate. Le fundamentos del crescimento veniva dunque a mancar, contribuente al declino in le seculo subsequente.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Il ha essite proponite etiam factores cultural e institutional que ha contribuite a retardar le crescimento del economia de capitales e entrepreneurial italian in comparation con illo de altere paises europee in le curso del seculo XVII: un minor apertura cultural al innovation; e le influentia de institutiones conservator, qual le corporationes e le parve seniorias local, que regulava rigidemente e defendeva le status-quo, obstaculante le innovation productive.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cita|Toniolo e Bastasin, 2020}}.</ref> Iste insimul de factores generava dunque un prolongate stagnation economic. Le capitales disponibile presso le classes urban le plus ricche esseva investite plus tosto que in sectores productive, in mesura notabile in arte e edificios religiose e civil. Tal investimentos produceva le extense patrimonio artistic e architectural que le epocha ha lassate a su testimoniancia.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Sorpasso del gdp italiano 1600.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Variationes del revenito per capita de Paises Basse, Italia, Francia e Regno Unite ab 1252 a 1861.<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":27" />In le imagine es possibile notar le superamento del revenito per capita italian al fin del dece-quinte seculo per parte del Paises Basse, del dece-octave seculo per le Regno Unite e a medietate dece-none seculo per Francia.]]. Ultra iste factores il bisogna tener in conto etiam del grande augmento del population que portava le population a superar etiam le numero del habitantes del 1300, ma proque le nivellos technologic non habeva meliorate satis, un abassamento del conditiones de vita, del revenitos e del consumos del majoritate del population se habeva ultra que un cadita del productivitate del travalio.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector primari === In le 1600 il habeva grande cambiamentos in le sector primari. Istes esseva debite al augmento del population que comportava le fragmentation del parve proprietates e al cambiamentos del climate, pro le initio del [[piccola era glaciale|parve era glacial]].<ref name=":24" /> Iste duo factores favoriva le debilitation del classe del mezzadri (fermiers a mitate), que esseva obligate per le poveritate a acceptar prevaricationes per parte del seniores, que requireva obligationes sempre major e imponeva le cession de plus benes pro le pagamento del canon e favoriva le augmento del numero de cultivationes pro le exportationes, como morieras e olivas<ref name=":24" />. De iste momento le production de morieras es equemente dividite inter Centro-Nord e Sud<ref name=":24" />. Le pejoramento del conditiones del mezzadri es appellate proletarisation, illo causava differentias sempre plus exigue in le consumos inter le travaliatores agricultural e le mezzadri; le processo continuava in le seculos subsequente.<ref name=":24" /> Pro permitter un constante sustenimento de un population nove cultivationes esseva addite, specialmente in le Septentrion como le mais e le patatas.<ref name=":24" /> Iste nove alimentos permitteva de mantener in constante augmento le population, ma a causa del basse valor nutritive causava problemas de malnutrition in le familias paisan del nord, como le pellagra.<ref name=":24" /> A medietate dece-septe seculo le peste pensava a modificar iste situation, que causava le morte de multe personas in Italia favorante un discrete augmento del productivitate del travalio per capita usque al initio del dece-octave seculo.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari === Etiam in le economia urban a causa del augmento del pression demographic le proletarisation del travalio artisanal se disveloppava. Del studios facite super le contractos del Arsenale de Venetia ha emergite de facto un perdita del autonomia, viste que illos esseva sub le dependentias de un capite e un abassamento del salarios.<ref name=":24" /> Le sector economic le plus importante de Italia, le textil, resulta in declino in le dece-septe seculo, non potente equalar le concurrentia anglese, nederlandese e francese, industrias remane totevia ma dedicate al auto-consumo.<ref name=":24" /> Le institutos de credito italian e specialmente genovese financia le Corona Espaniol, succedente a enrichir se enormemente; de facto a Genova il ha essite estimate que solmente in le dece-septe seculo le 30% del argento arrivate del Americas esseva utilisate pro pagar le interesses<ref name=":32" />. Le ligamine con le corona espaniol non esseva totevia un selection previdente in le longe periodo, viste que illo ligava Genova al sortes de Espania.<ref name=":32" /> === Declino del traffico commercial === Le commercios de Italia resulta particularmente contrahite, specialmente in le Nord<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.182-185}}</ref>. Le portos de Genova e Venetia ha un importante cadita in le volumine e in le tonnellage, le flottas resulta quasi dimidiate in quaranta annos<ref name=":35" />. In condition stagnante se trova le portos del Sud, Neapole e Palermo. Es constatate solmente un importante crescimento del porto de Livorno, iste crescimento es debite totevia plus al forte presentia de mercantes estranie plus tosto que pro un crescimento endogene.<ref name=":35" /> In iste seculo il ha un cambiamento in le balancia commercial de Italia que es active: illo exporta benes alimentari, seta greggia e textiles de seta e importava textiles de lana e coton, benes colonial, stagno, plumbo, spices. Dunque le differentias inter le Centro-Nord e le Sud diminue, deveniente ambe regiones que exporta prevalentemente materias prime.<ref name=":35" /> === Cambiamentos in le urbanisation === Post le crescimento del population urban del dece-quarte seculo al dece-quinte seculo, un stagnation in le dece-septe seculo se verifica<ref name=":24" />. Isto es debite al facto que post 1500 le differential inter salarios urban e salarios rural non cresce a causa del jam tanto fortia de travalio in le citates, non favorante plus le immigration del population del campanias<ref name=":24" />. Iste processo causava le stagnation del taxa de urbanisation usque a medietate dece-none seculo<ref name=":24" />. Le Sud totevia non sequeva iste mesme processo, de facto le taxas de urbanisation cresce, le crescimento es debite totevia al augmento del travaliatores agricultural que tendeva a viver in le paises plus tosto que disperse in le campanias non possedente le terra<ref name=":24" />. Altere exception es representate per le citate de Neapole que cresce in modo exponential in comparation con le altere citates italian, le crescimento es debite pro le displaciamento del seniores del campanias al citate e con illes etiam mercantes, artisanes e travaliatores agricultural. Istes ultimes esseva movite per le recerca de fortuna e de evitar le obligationes feudal, viste que illes poteva viver in citate con travalios quotidian in le botecas o gratias al operas de caritate del nobilitate e del ecclesia. === Piemonte Sabaude === In le [[Stato sabaudo|dominios sabaude]] le governamento central disveloppava un rolo importante in le gestion del economia national, sequente le exemplo del vicin [[Francia nell'età moderna|Francia]]. In particular, [[Vittorio Amedeo II di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo II de Sabaudia]] succedeva a reorganisar le Stato rendente lo plus efficiente e applicante un serie de mesuras de typo [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|colbertista]]. Inter le reformas se signala le institution del cadastro terestre in 1731, le creation de intendencias provincial e le limitation del privilegios ecclesiastic; le manufacturas interne esseva protegite e tutelate, dum altere industrias esseva create a transverso de patentes e privilegios; finalmente, le continue campanias militar habeva le effecto de sustener le expensa public.<ref name=CM125>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 125-126}}.</ref> Le agricultura habeva un notabile disveloppamento, gratias a operas de canalisation e bonification e al politicas attractive que faceva affluer colonos de Lombardia e de Liguria. Le ampliation del cultivationes, specialmente in le basse planura, videva un forte expansion del risicultura; totevia, le sector de guida deveniva ben tosto illo seric. De facto, cultivationes de morieras esseva implantate e artisanes specialisate esseva appellate de novo; le prohibition de exportation del seta greggia esseva imponite, favorante assi le torcitura seric, que deveniva le industria principal del pais.<ref name=CM125/> Iste politicas deva bon fructos, proque post 1660 il habeva un forte crescimento economic: le entradas del doanas commercial duplava in le trentennio subsequente, dum le production total arrivava a duo vices e medie in le prime medietate del dece-octave seculo in comparation con le periodo precedente.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|p. 127}}.</ref> Iste politicas, ben que comportava un augmento del productivitate, non favoriva un melioramento del revenitos e un pejoramento del disigualitates se disveloppava specialmente in le dece-septe seculo; de facto etiam in le dominios Sabaude, como in le resto de Italia, isto esseva debite al augmento del population e del taxation indirecte.<ref name=":0" /> Un altere limite esseva debite al debilitate del Stato, que como le altere Statos Italian, succedeva solmente partialmente a disveloppar politicas [[Mercantilismo|mercantilistic]] efficace, como in vice occurreva in altere partes de Europa, isto eveniva pro le incapacitate de proteger le mercatos del concurrentia estranie, pena le retorsiones e semper pro le peso politic succedeva solmente in modo partial a imponer conditiones favorabile al commercio e non succedeva a entrar in le competition colonial.<ref name=":0" /> === Stato de Milano === Le crisi del dece-septe seculo esseva sentite in maniera dramatic in le [[Stato di Milano|Lombardia espaniol]]: le [[peste del 1630|peste de 1630]] e le interruption del affluxo de argento american comportava un paralyse del production e del commercios durate al minus usque a 1660. Le apparato manufacturari crollova dum le politicas del governamento, initialmente incerte, esseva inefficace e le tentativos mercantilistic falliva substantialmente.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 129-130}}.</ref> Le patriciato urban, componite per grande proprietarios terestre, contribuiva a revitalisar le sector agrari ma al mesme tempore faceva deprimer le production manufacturari; le economia del region subiva un profunde transformation, iam orientate verso le exportation de productos agricultural e semi-elaboratos, como filatos greggi e torquite.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|p. 130}}.</ref> === Stato Pontificie === Le economia del [[Stato Pontificio|Stato Pontificie]] in iste periodo esseva generalmente static e deprimite. Le absentia de un classe mercantil e le disinteresse del classes dirigente verso le investimentos productive esseva inter le principal factores del substantial immobilismo economic. Nonobstante le complete absentia de un tradition commercial e industrial, a Roma nasceva in 1605 le [[Banco di Santo Spirito|Banco de Sancte Spirito]] como instituto de collection del sparna e de subscriptione del debito public, favorate per le forte affluxo de moneta debite principalmente al [[Decima|decimas ecclesiastic]] e al conspicue patrimonios religiose.<ref name=CM128>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 128-129}}.</ref> Nonobstante le forte movimento de capitales le production manufacturari remaneva fragile e le consumos, specialmente de luxo, se orientava verso le estraniero; ne consequiva le predominantia del mercantes estranie – orientate al speculation – e a un forte deficit del balancia commercial. Le Stato Pontificie reageva solmente a transverso de dispositiones contra le importation de benes e manufactos estranie, sin un organic politica economic.<ref name=CM128/> === Regno de Napole === [[File:Micco_Spadaro_-_Napoli,_Piazza_Mercato.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Neapole, placia del mercato, seculo XVII. Pictura de Micco Spadaro.]] Le [[Regno di Napoli|Regno de Neapole]] scontava le subordination politic al [[Impero spagnolo|Imperio espaniol]], le qual requireva continue contributiones pro su proprie expensas, in particular illos militar. Ne consequiva le crescimento del pression fiscal e del debito public, ultra al absentia de investimentos per parte del autoritates in confrontation con le activitates economic.<ref name=CM131>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 131-132}}.</ref> Ultra de isto, le augmento del taxation eveniva augmentante le impostos indirecte, isto comportava un pejoramento del vita del plus humiles, viste que illo comportava le augmento del precio del generes de prime necessitate.<ref name=":0" /> Le politicas fiscal non sequeva logicas coherente de politica economic, ma esseva apte a coperir le ingente expensas del corona espaniol, evitante totevia le proprietates baronal e ecclesiastic que gaudeva de privilegios e immunitates. Diverse limites al commercio e al exportationes agricultural, ultra a pesante doanas e impostos super le consumos debilitava le activitates productive e le mercato del capitales: de consequentia il esseva preferibile investir in le arrendamenti, i.e., le appaltos del impostos.<ref name="CM131" /> Le incapacitate de poter governar autonomemente su proprie economia esseva le causa principal del depression de un Stato que deveva affrontar le mutationes international. Le [[Repubblica napoletana (1647)|revolta de Masaniello]] esseva de facto debite al forte pression fiscal, dum le [[peste del 1656|peste de 1656]] acuiva le conditiones dramatic in le quales le economia del Mezzogiorno versava.<ref name=CM131/> == Del Dece-octave Seculo al Unitate == Inter le dece-octave seculo e le medietate del dece-none seculo, Italia remaneva subdividite in parve statos, multe del quales sub domination estranie (austriac e francese): iste contexto non favoriva le crescimento e le competitivitate economic e commercial del area italian. Totevia in le curso del dece-octave seculo le Sovereign Italian, influentiate per le pensamento [[Illuminismo in Italia|Illuminista]], participava al reformismo de ille annos, attuante un serie de reformas economico-social, que succedeva partialmente a modernisar le systema socio-economic. Iste periodo de reforma esseva interrumpite post le Revolution Francese, substituite con governamentos despotic repressive. A sequito del Restauration le varie regentes cercava de un latere de favorecer un certe reformismo ma del altere reprimeva le requestas del liberales, isto impediva a Italia de entrar in le Secunde Revolution Industrial; illo de facto remaneva un pais agricultural e retrogradate in comparation con le altere paises del Occidente, etiam si a su interno con duo nivellos de retrogradation inter le nord e le sud, de facto a fronte de un disnivello de revenito contenite, notabile esseva le differentias in le “preconditiones de disveloppamento” (infrastructuras, credito e instruction).<ref name=":0" /> === Sector primari: le productivitate agricultural e le regimes agrari === In iste seculos il ha un continue augmento del phenomeno del proletarisation del paisanos e un augmento del terra del grande proprietarios. Isto porta in le dece-none seculo un grande concentration del terra in comparation con le passato, que remane totevia modeste in le Italia centro-septentrional in comparation con altere regiones europee<ref name=":24" />. Pro calcular le parve proprietate il ha essite usate le percentage del population que viveva disperse, viste que le paisanos proprietarios del terra tendeva a viver disperse in le campanias a differentia del travaliatores agricultural<ref name=":24" />; in base al datos il resulta maxime le parve proprietate in Emilia-Romagna, in Umbria, Marche e Toscana e Veneto con respectivemente 55,7% e 42,5% del population que vive disperse in le parve proprietates, in position intermedie Piemonte, Lombardia, Liguria e Lazio, Abruzzi e Campania con 23%, pro le prime tres, e 13% pro le ultimes, e finalmente le altere regiones del Mezzogiorno e Insulas con 6%<ref name=":24" />. Ultra isto duo regimes agrari remane in le Peninsula, i.e., le systemas de possession e condition del terrenos, que cambiava in maniera e mesura differente inter le regiones italian, con profunde consequentias economic e social. In le meridion le antique systema feudal remaneva dominante usque al revolution francese e substituite postea per le latifundio: le terras de facto esseva concentrate in le manos de un restringite numero de [[Latifondo|latifundistas]], le sic-nominate barones, al quales se adde un classe de extraction burgese del dece-none seculo. In le Italia central le [[mezzadria|mezzadria]] (fermage a mitate) prevaleva: ben que le proprietate terestre esseva concentrate in le manos de paucos, iste contracto agrari incentivava in le tempore le spirito de interprisa e formas de cooperation. In le nord le feudalitate diminuiva fortemente in le curso del dece-octave seculo e transformationes precoce se avviamento verso le investimento de capitales, le modernisation del technicas de production, e le integration con le industrias de transformation.<ref name=":17">{{Cita|Felice, 2016}}.</ref> Secundo altere studios, que confirma le presentia de regimes agrari differente, ma non hypotesa un productivitate del travalio e disveloppamento de particular innovationes al minus usque al fin del dece-none seculo in tote Italia<ref name=":24" />. Iste datos es ricavate per exemplo del rendimentos del grano, que resulta plus o minus constante del 1350, in tote Italia<ref name=":24" />. Le rendimentos de facto es pro le Nord de 5 a 9 quintales per hectare, pro le Centro de 4 a 8 e pro le Sud de 3 a 7<ref name=":24" />. Iste dato resulta particularmente basse tenente in conto que in Anglaterra del 1650 illo esseva de 12 quintales per hectare<ref name=":24" />. Es multo basse de consequentia etiam le productivitate del travalio agricultural, que resulta in declino de medietate dece-septe seculo, illo resulta inter le plus basse de tote Europa e es in le dece-none seculo tres vices inferior al productivitate de un laborero anglese e le medietate de un laborero francese e german.<ref name=":24" /> In vice resulta elevate le productivitate del terra, secunde solmente a Germania e Paises Basse, iste dichotomia es debite al presentia del culturas arboree, que ha un alte valor addite<ref name=":24" />. Es presente differentias inter le tres areas del pais, le Centro-Nord presenta un productivitate del terra major<ref name=":24" />. Le productivitate per hectare es de facto de 204 liras contra le 134 del meridion, isto es debite al extension del cerealicultura, ubi illo esseva plus diffuse illo esseva ubi le culturas arboree esseva minus presente<ref name=":24" />. Esseva presente un grandissime production de moriera, que esseva del dece-octave seculo major in le nord que in le sud a differentia del passato<ref name=":24" />. Iste planta esseva multo importante proque illo esseva al base del sericultura, que serviva pro producer seta greggia.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari: le nascentia del prime industrias === Le tentativas per parte del governantes de augmentar le productivitate e le production industrial italian esseva in grande parte modeste o insignificante in comparation con le crescimento que esseva occurrente in le altere paises.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":0" /> Resisteva totevia un modeste sector textil in grande parte ancora utilisante travalios a domicilio e travaliatores seasonal, iste implantos esseva concentrate specialmente in Lombardia e Piemonte e esseva projectate pro le consumos interne.<ref name=":24" /> Etiam le prime ferrovias non dava grande impulso al industria pesante, le grande stabilimentos industrial esseva quasi sempre volite e amplemente subventionate per le Stato, illos se trovava in general in le pressos del varie capitales. Le plus grande insediamento industrial de tote Italia esseva le [[officine di Pietrarsa|officinas de Pietrarsa]] con su 2.300 obreros, etiam si esseva presente un major kilometrage de ferrovias in le Centro-Nord in comparation con le Sud<ref name=":24" />. Le unic sector in nette crescimento in le dece-none seculo es le construction naval, isto eveniva post un longe decadentia del flottas italian. Isto es multo evidente del confrontation inter le tonnellage del flottas anglese e italian: in le dece-sexte seculo le flottas del sol Genova e Venetia esseva equal a 80.000 tonnas contra le 50.000 tonnas anglese. In le dece-octave seculo le situation se habeva revolvite, le flottas de tote Italia attingeva 100.000 tonnas dum Anglaterra 1.000.000. Durante le dece-none seculo Italia comencia a recuperar, in 1850 le tonnellage anglese esseva de 4.500.000 contra le 700.000 italian.<ref name=":24" /> Le major chantieros naval esseva in Campania e Liguria que habeva a medietate dece-none seculo 2300 e 1900 obreros, le chantieros naval venete esseva in vice in declino con un production multo modeste.<ref>{{Cite book|title=LA PRODUZIONE INDUSTRIALE DELLE REGIONI D’ITALIA, 1861-1913: UNA RICOSTRUZIONE QUANTITATIVA, Stefano Fenoaltea e Carlo Ciccarelli}}</ref> === Traffico commercial === Non habeva cambiamentos in le commercios, Italia restava de facto un pais que exportava materias prime specialmente productos agricultural e seta greggia e importava cereales, benes colonial, textiles e carbon fossile<ref name=":35" />. Del dece-septe seculo se reinforce le diminution del commercio inter le diverse areas del pais, isto porta le varie Statos Italian a esser principalmente partenarios con statos estranie.<ref name=":35" /> === Le producto aggregate e per capita in Italia e in Europa === Post le pestilentias de medietate dece-septe seculo le population reprendeva a crescer a rhythmos major de antea, isto causava un incremento del demanda e de consequentia del producto aggregate, ma non esseva sequite per un augmento del producto per capita e del conditiones de vita que remaneva stagnante o in declino usque a 1820.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 343-348}}</ref> Del 1820 dum le altere paises del Europa Occidental se disveloppava in modo multo major del passato e un augmento del producto per capita se habeva pro le initio del crescimento moderne. In Italia le crescimento esseva modeste e debite a un enrichmento de un parve parte del population, que portava un modeste augmento del producto per capita. Isto eveni pro un longe phenomeno de accumulation agrari que augmentava le revenitos del grande proprietarios.<ref name=":24" /> In base al datos super le precios il ha essite possibile facer un estimation e contraponer lo al altere paises, de iste datos ha emergite que in 1700 le Italia del Centro-Nord presentava un revenito superior in comparation con tote le regiones europee minus Paises Basse, que lo habeva superate in le dece-septe seculo e Anglaterra, que lo superava in ille seculo e del 1750 etiam Belgica<ref name=":24" />. Le alte revenito de Italia es debite al precoce crescimento in le Basse Medievo<ref name=":24" />. In 1820 le Italia del centro-nord es superate per Switza, Danmark e Francia<ref name=":24" />. Le differentias inter le centro-nord e le sud, Lazio includite, es multo modeste in terminos de revenito; illos ha essite estimate inter 0% e 15% e etiam laboreros in le varie sectores<ref name=":24" />. Esseva totevia presente differentias multo grande in le conditiones de pre-disveloppamento industrial, como alphabetisation, melior accesso al credito e infrastructuras<ref name=":0" />. Le dato le plus attendibile super le revenito, ha essite estimate pro 1861, facente 100 Italia, le producto per-capita esseva 115,7 in le Nord-West, 91,4 in le Nord-Est, 111,1 in le Centro, 86,4 in le Sud e 93,2 in le Insulas<ref name=":0" />. Esseva in ultra presente differentias multo grande inter le varie areas del Sud<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":8" />. De facto in base al datos de medietate dece-none seculo al epocha Sicilia e specialmente Campania, presentava un revenito plus alte del resto del Mezzogiorno, respectivemente de 94 e 107<ref>{{Cite book|title=Appendice statistica online Indice delle tabelle e delle figure, Emanuele Felice}}</ref> e un productivitate del terra multo alte de 147 e de 247 liras per hectare<ref name=":24" />. === Italia septentrional === Lombardia, dominate per Austria, esseva le region que succedeva a attuar le melior reformas in le curso del dece-octave seculo, isto eveniva specialmente gratias al bon governamento del Conte [[Carlo Giuseppe di Firmian|Carlo Giuseppe de Firmian]], que esseva governator del Ducato de Milano durante le regno de [[Maria Teresa d'Austria|Maria Teresa de Habsburgo]] e [[Giuseppe II d'Asburgo-Lorena|Joseph II del Sacre Imperio Roman]]. In iste annos importante reformas economic esseva interprendite: agricultura intensive (con forte investimentos in le irrigation); production del [[seta]] greggia a latere del industria de [[Filanda|filatura]]; suppression del privilegios fiscal; libertate de commercio interne; reduction del poter ecclesiastic a transverso del abolition del derecto de asylo, del Inquisition e significantive investimentos in le instruction public, como le reconstruction del Universitate de Pavia.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Atlante Storico, le garzantine, Herman Hilgem Kinder}}</ref> Le reforma le plus importante esseva le introduction in 1718 del [[Catasto Teresiano|cadastro teresian]]: iste reforma, que se protraheva per ultra quaranta annos, modernisava profundemente le regime agrari.<ref name=":3" /> Le politica reformator esseva interrumpite in le ultime decennios del dece-octave seculo.<ref name=":22" /> Subsequentemente in le dece-none seculo le prime industrias metallomechanic se disveloppava (parve ma importante interprisas inter le quales Regazzoni, l'Elvetica, le [[Officine meccaniche Grondona|Grondona]], le industrias de armas del area de Brescia, le ferriere del area de Lecco e de [[Dongo]]); numerose institutiones bancari (inter le quales le [[Cassa di Risparmio delle Provincie Lombarde|Cassa de Sparna del Provincias Lombard]] fundate in 1823); un bon rete de transportos ferroviari e stratal.<ref name=":3" /> In Veneto, dominate per Austria, non se sapeva disveloppar un agricultura intensive como in Lombardia, e superar le stagnation inducite per le declino de Venetia.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:FilandaMyliusBoffalorasopraTicino-GiovanniMigliara.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Filatura a Boffolara Ticinese: le Filatura Mylius, pictura de [[Giovanni Migliara]] (1828).]] Reformas administrative de relevo social e economic esseva interprendite etiam in Toscana e Piemonte.<ref name=":0" /> In le Granducato de Toscana, in le dece-octave seculo con [[Francesco I di Lorena|Francesco de Lorena]] e [[Leopoldo II d'Asburgo-Lorena|Pietro Leopoldo]] importante reformas in le ordination juridic se avviam:suppression del jurisdiction e servitute feudal, del manomorta (manu morte), del maggiorasco (majoratu); operas de bonification e se tentava un reforma religiose gratias al episcopo jansenista [[Scipione de' Ricci|Scipione De Ricci]]. Multe de iste reformas esseva fortemente attenuate e abolite al fin del dece-octave seculo per su successore, [[Ferdinando III di Toscana|Ferdinando III]].<ref name=":22" /> Subsequentemente Toscana, etiam illo [[Granducato di Toscana|dominate per le Austriacos]], sub le governamento de [[Leopoldo II di Toscana|Leopoldo II]] remaneva fundamentalmente un economia agricultural; il habeva parve realitates industrial, ma le politicas commercial fortemente liberal del Granducato non favoriva lor disveloppamento. [[Livorno#Dal XVIII secolo ai giorni nostri|Livorno]] profitava del liberalisation commercial e deveniva un vibrante [[Porto franco (economia)|porto-franc]].<ref name=":3" /> Importante reformas esseva interprendite pro favorir le connexiones a transverso del construction de ferrovias: le [[Ferrovia Leopolda|Ferrovia Leopoldina]] (Firenze-Pisa-Livorno, con le ramification de Empoli a Siena) e del [[Ferrovia Maria Antonia|Ferrovia Maria Antonia]] (Firenze-Prato-Pistoia-Lucca), dum remaneva a nivello de projecto le [[Ferrovia Ferdinanda|Ferrovia Ferdinandina]] (Firenze-Arezzo) e le [[Ferrovia Maremmana|Ferrovia Maremman]] (Livorno-confine del Chiarone, terminate post 1860). Le antique companias bancari toscan in vice non se disveloppava al passo del tempo. In Piemonte in le dece-octave seculo le reformas illuminista esseva multo tenue in comparation con le altere Statos Preunitari, de facto a differentia de [[Vittorio Amedeo II di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo III]], su successores [[Carlo Emanuele III di Savoia|Carlo Emanuele III]] e specialmente [[Vittorio Amedeo III di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo III]], se concentrava majormente in un serie de guerras pro extender le confines del Regno plus tosto que reformas de typo illuminista. In le periodo Napoelonic importante reformas in campo socio-economic esseva promulgate, como le reforma pro abolir le feudalitate contenite in le codices napoleonic, que esseva postea abrogate a sequito per [[Vittorio Emanuele I di Savoia|Vittorio Emanuele I]]. Post le [[Moti del 1820-1821|motus del 1820]] saliva al throno [[Carlo Felice di Savoia|Carlo Felice]] que insimul con su successore [[Carlo Alberto di Savoia|Carlo Alberto]] oscillava inter reformismo e despotismo. In iste annos importante reformas esseva facite como per exemplo le creation in 1827 del [[Cassa di Risparmio di Torino|Cassa de Sparna de Turin]] e le Societate Real Mutue de assecurantias, le reduction del taxas doanal pro le grano (pro le qual illos descendeva de 9 a 3 liras le quintale), pro le carbon, pro le textiles e pro le metallos; un facilitation in le importation del machineria pro le industria; e le possibilitate de exportar le seta greggia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Giuseppe Talamo, CARLO ALBERTO, re di Sardegna, in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 20, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1977.}}</ref> Iste politica portava obviemente a minor entradas in le sector del doanas ma favoriva altere entradas del bilancio del Stato que, del 1835, resultava in activo pro diverse annos. In le mesme annos a [[Storia di Genova#Dominio economico sull'Impero asburgico: il secolo dei genovesi|Genova]] le ricchessa accumulate in seculos de commercio remaneva accentuate in un restringite gruppo de bancheros que esseva active in tote Europa. In 1845 le [[Banca di Genova|Banca de Genova]] esseva fundate, que postea constitueva le [[Banca Nazionale negli Stati Sardi|Banca National in le Statos Sard]], denominate post le unification [[Banca Nazionale nel Regno d'Italia|Banca National in le Regno de Italia]] (in sequito [[Banca d'Italia|Banca de Italia]]). Il habeva etiam alcun relevante realitates industrial (inter le quales [[Ansaldo]], le [[Cantiere della Foce|Chantier del Foce]] e le Arsenale).<ref name=":3" /> Le disveloppamento del ferrovias initialmente eveniva lentemente (le prime ferrovia esseva terminate in 1848), postea grande ampliationes se habeva sub le administration de [[Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour|Cavour]]. Post le motus del 1848, a differentia del altere Statos Italian, le Regno de Sardinia esseva le unic a mantener le constitution, affirmate in le Statuto Albertino. Le nove Re [[Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia|Vittorio Emanuele II]] dava le incargo de formar le nove governamento a Cavour que del 1850 al 1861, avviava reformas que modernisava economia, instruction, infrastructuras, e promoveva le industrialisation e le separation stato-Ecclesia. Nonobstante resistentias e le influentia regal, le processo de modernisation se faceva plus decise, sustenite per le interprisariato, que deveniva gradualemente plus influente in le direction del reformas politic e economic.<ref name=":17" /> In le [[Regno di Sardegna (1720-1861)|Regno de Sardinia]] le ricchessa non esseva limitate solmente al nobiles, ma diffundite inter bancheros, commerciantes e interprenditores textil. In [[Sardegna|Sardinia]] in vice le administration del Sabaudia manteneva a longe le latifundio de typo feudal: illo esseva bannite formalmente solmente inter 1835 e 1839, contribuente al persistentia del retrogradation economic e social.<ref name=":3" /> === Stato Pontificie === Le administration pontificie esseva criticate etiam al tempore pro su clientelismo e mal governamento, que obstaculava le modernisation economic e le investimentos. [[Papa Pio IX|Pio IX]] saliva al pontificato in 1846, marcante le initio de un periodo que, nonobstante un breve elan liberal, videva tosto un retorno al conservation post 1848. Totevia, in le curso de su regno que durava usque a 1870, il habeva moderate ma significative investimentos in le infrastructuras de transporto e in le bonificationes.<ref name=":17" /> === Regno de Neapole e de Sicilia === {{AP|Economia del Regno de Neapole|Economia del Regno del Dos Sicilias}} ==== Le Meridion in le dece-octave seculo ==== [[File:Partenza di Carlo di Borbone.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le Partentia de Carolo III de Bourbon pro Espania, viste del mar de Antonio Joli.]] Durante le medietate del dece-octave seculo in le meridion un serie de reformas de typo illuminista esseva promulgate gratias al action reformator de [[Carlo III di Spagna|Carolo Di Bourbon]], prime re del dynastia borbonic a Neapole, e de personages del corte, qual le secretarios de Stato [[Manuel de Benavides y Aragón|Manuel de Benavides y Aragòn]], [[José Joaquín de Montealegre|Josè Joaquìn de Montealegre]] e [[Bernardo Tanucci|Bernardo Tanucci]]; e le economistas [[Antonio Serra (economista)|Antonio Serra]], [[Antonio Genovesi|Antonio Genovesi]] e [[Ferdinando Galiani|Ferdinando Galliani]] e del juristas [[Pietro Giannone|Pietro Giannone]], [[Gaetano Filangieri|Gaetano Filangieri]], [[Giuseppe Maria Galanti|Giuseppe Maria Galanti]], [[Giuseppe Palmieri (economista)|Giuseppe Palmieri]], [[Domenico Grimaldi|Domenico Grimaldi]], e [[Melchiorre Delfico|Merchiorre Delfico]] e subsequentemente con le presidente del consilio de ministros [[Luigi de' Medici di Ottajano|Luigi De Medici]] sub le regno de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]]. Iste reformas habeva de un latere le scopo de modernisar le structura socio-economic del Sud ire a limitar le poter baronal e del Ecclesia e del altere stimular le artisanato e le interprisa a transverso del apertura de nove implantos.<ref name=":10" /> Iste leges creava un momento de discontinuitate con le passato, ma non portava al abolition del feudalismo, grave problema del Mezzogiorno.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":22" /> ==== Le reformas ==== Le Corte in iste annos se scontrava contra le omnipotentia del barones; in iste direction eveni le recuperation del arredamenti, termino con le qual se intende un insimul de derectos public como le doanas, le gabellas, le monopolios de production e de excambio, le derectos contributive super le merces immagasinate, iste politica permitte a diminuer le poter baronal e a restituer le capacitate directiva in campo economic<ref name=":10" />. Le scontro le plus nette e prolongate se ha con le Ecclesia, que durante le periodo viceregal possedeva tres immunitates: le prime, le immunitate local, que permitteva a quiunque entrava in un loco sacre e demandava asylo de subtraher se al justitia civil, le secunde, le immunitate personal, que impediva le ecclesiasticos de non esser submittite al tribunales del regno e le plus gravose del puncto de vista economic, le immunitate real, que concedeva al immense terrenos del ecclesia le exemption del impostos.<ref name=":10" /> Assi del 1737 le tractativas inter le Regno de Neapole e le Stato Pontificie comenciava que al fin portava al signatura del [[Concordato del 1741|Concordato de 1741]]; le qual limitava le jurisdiction del clero, submetteva a taxation un parte del proprietates del ecclesia e diminuiva a limitate casos le requesta de derecto de asylo.<ref name=":10" /> Le 3 de novembre de 1767 un decreto es submittite al signatura de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Un regno che é stato grande, Gianni Oliva}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title=Ferdinando Renda, Bernardo Tanucci e i beni dei gesuiti, Catania, Università di Catania-facoltà di lettere e di filosofia, 1970, p. 78.}}</ref> con le qual eveni le [[Soppressione della Compagnia di Gesù|chassa del jesuitas de Neapole]] e le mission al incanto del benes ecclesiastic: plus de 45 mille hectares de terreno es assi assignate con contractos de enfyteusis e qui beneficia es le classe medie agrari, un parte de iste terras es date in parve fractiones a paisanos povre: 3 mille familias sicilian.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":15" /> Sub le regno de Carolo se cercava de amodernisar le systema tributari. Su prime acto es le lege del 4 de octobre 1740, mediante le qual se disponeva le compilation del [[Catasto onciario|Cadastro onciari]]<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|title=Carlo di Borbone, Guido Belmonte - Edoardo Vitale}}</ref>, dicte onciari proque illo esseva le unitate monetari theoric de referentia, in base al qual le patrimonios esseva estimate<ref name=":16" />. Ne scaturiva un revelation del population del Regno, in le qual etate, profession e proprietate esseva reportate. Le copias es conservate al [[Archivio di Stato di Napoli|Archivo de Stato de Neapole]]. Iste reforma habeva totevia duo limites, le prime limite stava in le facto que illos es remittite al declarationes del possedentes e le secunde limite esseva le facto que illo esseva controlate per le Communes, entitates in le quales le barones e le possedentes commandava. Le reforma pro iste rationes falliva in le annos subsequente e le fisco retorna a recurrer al gabellas. Gratias a iste reformas il esseva possibile un amodernisation del systema socio-economic del societate meridional e in campo economic eveniva le apertura del [https://www.vistanet.it/napoli/2023/07/06/real-opificio-di-san-leucio-il-primato-industriale-che-ha-reso-napoli-famosa-nel-mondo/ opificios de Sancte Leucio], [[Porcellana di Capodimonte|Fabrica Real de Capodimonte]], [[Reali ferriere ed Officine di Mongiana|Ferrieras Real e Officinas de Mongiana]], [https://storienapoli.it/2021/05/20/real-arazzeria-napoletana/ le Real tapisseria napolitan] e Le amodernisation del chantieros naval de [[Arsenale di Napoli|Neapole]] e [[Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]].<ref name=":1" /> Durante le domination espaniol Sicilia se trova in conditiones multo similar al resto del Mezzogiorno: grande potentialitates economic (“in le prime medietate del dece-octave seculo le insula, in annata bon, poteva producer le duple del cereales que illo consumava”<ref>{{Cite book|title=Storia della Sicilia medievale e moderna, cit., vol II, p. 402 Denis Mack Smith}}</ref>) e presentava le mesme problemas del resto del meridion, le baronage e le poter clerical. Le poter politic es in le manos del vicerege de nomination regal, cuje electiones es expression del governamento de Madrid antea e de Neapole postea. Le capital es Palermo con 200.000 habitantes que es le citate le plus populose de Italia, post Neapole que ha 370.000 habitantes al fin del dece-octave seculo.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/napoli_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/#|title=}}</ref> Le reformismo del regno de [[Carlo III di Spagna|Carolo III]] e del prime annos de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]] es permittite per le Vicereges Fogliani Sforza d'Aragona, [[Marcantonio Colonna di Stigliano, III principe di Sonnino|Marcantonio Colonna]] e specialmente [[Domenico Caracciolo|Domenico Caracciolo]]. In le questiones religiose eveni le abolition del Sancte Officio, reduction del numero del conventos e contenimento de illo del religiosos e exproprio e mission al incanto de un parte del benes ecclesiastic. Contra le barones eveni le revocation del usages civic e del location del terras demanial, pro cercar de favorir le nascentia de un classe medie, illos decreta le libertate de commercio e eveni le institution del credito agrari.<ref name=":10" /> ==== Societate ==== Pro quanto concerne le societate del Regno de Neapole (excluse le Regno de Sicilia) al fin del dece-octave seculo, illo esseva formate per 4.828.914 habitantes assi distribuite como structura social: le feudatarios e nobiles (que comprehendeva al epocha etiam le totalitate o quasi del corpore de officiales), esseva 31.000; le burgesia intellectual del professiones liberal (principalmente homines de lege, dunque advocatos, judices e notarios, e medicos) esseva 40.400; le clero masculin e feminin comprehendeva 90.659 personas, del quales 64.000 prestres, fratres, monachos e 26.659 monachas. Le resto 4.666.855 del personas (excluse le professiones liberal) esseva constituite per paisanos, commerciantes, obreros, artisanes, pastores, laboreros in le activitates maritim<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|title=[A. L. Sannino, Famiglia, matrimonio, diuorzio in Basilicata, in Il Mezzogiorno e la Basilicata fra l'età giacobina e il decennio francese (Atti del Convegno di Maratea, 8-10 giugno 1990), a cura di A. Cestaro-A. Lerra, II, Venosa 1992, p. 372]}}</ref>. In percentage, minus del 1% del population appartineva al aristocratia, quasi 1% al burgesia intellectual, circa 2% al clero e 97% del population esseva constituite per le [[Terzo Stato|Tertie Stato]]. Le concentration de possessiones in paucissime manos esseva plus accentuate ancora de quanto iste cifras indicava, proque al interno del nobilitate e del clero il habeva sproportiones social relevante. Usque al minus al initios del seculo XIX existeva le prassi in le casatos aristocratic de transmitter le patrimonio solmente al primogenito, in maniera de conservar lo intacte<ref name=":19" />. Le usages del primogenitura, del maggioraschi, seniorati, fedecommessi, faceva que le filos mascule “cadette” o femininas esseva excludite del hereditage. Le 31 mille aristocraticos in 1792 non esseva ergo tote grande proprietarios terestre. Le corporation de officiales militar esseva formate in ille data integremente per nobiles, ma pro le major parte cadette<ref name=":19" />. Iste cifras esseva typic de un stato del [[Ancien Régime]], de facto etiam in Francia e in Espania le societate esseva subdividite in modo similar. Le societate francese esseva constituite respectivemente pro 2% per le nobilitate e per le clero<ref>{{Cite book|title=Erica Mannucci Joy, La Rivoluzione francese, Carocci, 2002.}}</ref> dum le societate espaniol esseva constituite pro 2% per nobiles e pro 4% per le clero e le restante parte del population esseva constituite per le Tertie Stato<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anes, Gonzalo, El antiguo régimen: los Borbones, 2ª. Ed., Madrid, Alianza Editorial/Alfaguara, 1976.}}</ref>. ==== Limites del reformas e feudalismo ==== Le reformas succedeva a reformar in parte le Meridion post le annos obscure del domination espaniol e austriac e a crear un momento de discontinuitate con le passato,<ref name=":1" /> ma non succedeva a abolir le feudalismo, grave problema del Mezzogiorno, e non amodernisava in modo complete le systema economic e social del meridion.<ref name=":1" /> De facto le possession del terra e dunque del economia, remaneva fortemente concentrate pro longe tempore. Il ha essite estimate que in le tarde dece-octave seculo, in le Mezzogiorno continental, existeva circa 600 familias baronal, al quales se adjungeva un cinquantina de barones ecclesiastic: le barones representava circa le 1% del population total e deteneva le controlo super ultra le 70% del population rural in condition de [[vassallaggio|vassallage]]. Quinze familias governava quasi un quarto del population feudal del Regno, i.e., circa 700.000 personas.<ref name=":17" /> Un exemplo del vastitate del feudos es representate per Irpinia, in iste provincia le possedimento feudal del casato del Caracciolo de Avellino, reuniva in 1798 un serie de baronias que coperiva comprehensivemente un superficie de 220 kilometros quadrate, i.e., 22.000 hectares<ref>{{Cite book|title=[Giuseppe Cirillo, Verso la trama sottile. Feudo e protoindustria nel Regno di Napoli (secc. XVI-XIX), Roma 2012, p. 58]}}</ref>, in le mesme annos le feudo a Sant’Angelo dei Lombardi esseva definite como un ver e proprie Stato con 245,62 km², constituente le 29% del superficie territorial de ille area, illo habeva un population de 20.607 habitantes, equal al 34,52% del population del Alte Irpinia e al 5,58% del integre provincia<ref>{{Cite book|title=[Francesco Barra, Lo “Stato” Feudale degli Imperiale di Sant’Angelo, in Cirillo, Verso la trama sottile, cit., p. 55]}}</ref>. Non solmente le nobiles esseva proprietarios de feudos ma etiam le soverano e le familia regal, le casato del Borbones de Neapole possedeva tanto le benes del corona, como le benes dicte allodiali del monarcha, su proprietate personal e directe, istes ultimes comprehendeva le sequente feudos: Altamura, Borbona, Campli, Cantalice, Castellammare, Cittaducale, Leonessa, Montereale, Ortona a Mare, Penne, Pianella, Posta, Rocca Guglielma, San Giovanni in Carico, San Valentino<ref>{{Cite book|title=[G. Galanti, Nuova descrizione storica e geografica delle Sicilie, vol., I, Napoli 1787, p. 239]}}</ref>. ==== Ultime decennio del dece-octave seculo e periodo Napoleonic ==== In le ultime decennio del dece-octave seculo le periodo del despotismo illuminate terminava etiam a Neapole, [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]] licentiava le [[Bernardo Tanucci|Tanucci]] e se comportava in modo sempre plus autoritari, pro timor que un revolution burstarea como in Francia e iste typo de governamento continuava etiam post le restauration, exemplos de iste repression es le contrarivolution del [[Esercito della Santa Fede in Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo|exercito del Sancte Fide]] contra le [[Repubblica Napoletana (1799)|Republica Parthenopee]] e [[Moti del 1820-1821|le repression del constitutiones date in 1820]] e del [[Moti del 1830-1831|motus del 1830]], etiam si in maxime parte le reformas in campo socio-economic facite durante le periodo Napoleonic esseva lassate como per exemplo [[Leggi eversive della feudalità|le leges eversive del feudalitate promovite a Neapole in 1806]]<ref name=":10" />. ==== Le Meridion in le dece-none seculo ==== Durante le congresso de Vienna Ferdinando I reuniva le Regnos de Neapole e de Sicilia in le [[Regno delle Due Sicilie|Regno del Duo Sicilias]]. Subsequentemente con le governamento de [[Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando II]] un modeste processo de industrialisation se disveloppava que riguardava principalmente le grande citates [[Napoli|Neapole]], [[Palermo|Palermo]] e [[Catania|Catania]]. In iste annos de facto in le Meridion le prime implantos industrial, le prime ferrovias e le numero del naviglios esseva notabilemente augmentate.<ref name=":10" /> A limitar iste progressos il habeva totevia notabile problemas que riguardava, in le perspectiva social: le forte hierarchisation del societate,<ref name=":18" /> le accentration del ressources e del investimentos in alcun areas,<ref name=":20" /> un reducite numero de vias de communication terrestre e le alte percentages de analphabetos.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /> Dum le problemas del puncto de vista economic riguardava le basse investimento endogene in le industrialisation, que de facto dependeva fortemente del capital estranie e public,<ref name=":18" /> del manca de un systema creditizie moderne<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":23" /> e specialmente de un sector primari que se basava quasi exclusivemente super le latifundio.<ref name=":10" /> '''Le reformas'''[[File:Fergola, Salvatore The Inauguration of the Naples - Portici Railway, 1840.JPG|197px|right|thumb|Inauguration del [[Ferrovia Napoli-Portici|ferrovia Neapole-Portici]]]] In iste annos in le meridion se disveloppava nove vias de communication, isto se pote constatar in le realisation del prime section del ferrovia italian le [[Ferrovia Napoli-Portici|Neapole-Portici]] in 1839, al qual se adjungeva un altere linea super le axe Neapole-Castellammare e le duo sectiones es servite per cursas regular aperte al diverse stratos del population, con apposite carrossas de prime, secunde e tertie classe.<ref name=":1" /> In 1845 initia le studios pro le ambitiose projecto del Neapole-Brindisi; in 1856 le linea Neapole-Nola-Sarno es completate.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Il R Bomba, Giuseppe Campolieti, p. 208.}}</ref> Le disveloppamento del ferrovias non es le unic signo de modernitate: le [[Ponte Real Ferdinando|ponte real Ferdinando]] es construite, in ferro super le Garigliano, le secunde super le continente europee<ref name=":9" />, sequite per illo super le fluvio Calore. Inter 1830 e 1856 es aperite ultra 3 mille millias de stratas consular assi de quadruplar le rete stratal persistente.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Gli Ultimi Borboni di Napoli, Harold Acton}}</ref> [[File:Ferdinando I - Prima nave a vapore nel Mediterraneo.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le “Ferdinando I” es le prime nave a vapor que ha surcate le Mediterraneo<ref name=":11" />]] Pro quanto riguarda le construction naval a Neapole es varate le prime nave a vapor le “Ferdinando I”<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11">{{Cita web|url=https://storienapoli.it/2018/04/17/la-ferdinando-i-prima-nave-vapore-italia/|title=La Ferdinando I}}</ref> e es meliorate le chantieros naval de [[Arsenale di Napoli|Neapole]] e [[Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]] que supera illos de Genova per tonnellage. In le chantieros naval se multiplica in pauc annos le bastimentos que passa de 8 mille tonnas in 1824 a 100 mille tonnas attingite in 1835 e poi a 250 mille tonnas in 1860.<ref>{{Cita news|autore=Harold Acton|title=La testimonianza è di William Temple ed è riporta nel libro “Gli ultimi Borboni di Napoli”|pubblicazione=}}</ref> De pari passo va a augmentar le attentiones reservate al portos con le creation de nove bassinos: a [[Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]], [[Gallipoli]], [[Molfetta]], [[Gaeta]], [[Ortona]], [[Barletta]], [[Ischia (Italia)|Ischia]] e [[Bari]];<ref name=":9" /> es dotate de un moderne faro a lanterna a eclipses con apparato lenticular le portos de Nisida, Neapole e Castellammare.  Le investimentos in le vias de communication favori le disveloppamento del industria: in 1835 se conta 117 fabricas de lana,<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.ilmattino.it/blog/controstorie/illanificioritorna-1761732.html|title=Lanificio regno delle due sicilie}}</ref> le [https://www.lefebvre.it/it/la-storia fabricas de papiro Lefebvre e Polsinelli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524190458/https://www.lefebvre.it/it/la-storia |date=2024-05-24 }}, arriva a emplear ultra mille empleatos.<ref name=":9" /> In retardo resulta le disveloppamento del activitate metallomechanic, con le disveloppamento del activitate per parte de industrias private como le Marcy e Henry, [[Opificio Zino & Henry|l'opificio Zino e Henry]], le [[Cantiere Pattison|Guppy e Pattinson]], [[Reali ferriere ed Officine di Mongiana|Ferrieras Real e Officinas de Mongiana]] e super toto, del [[Officine di Pietrarsa|Officinas de Pietrasa]], a capital public, que constitueva le major complexo industrial italian<ref name=":1" />. [[File:Reale opificio meccanico e pirotecnico di Pietrarsa, planimetria, 1861 - san dl SAN IMG-00002949.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Planta del Real Opificio mechanico e pyrotechnic de Pietrarsa, publicate in le volumine Sullo stabilimento metallurgico e meccanico di Pietrarsa, Torino 1861. Relazione del Signor Cavaliere Sebastiano Grandis ispettore delle strade ferrate dello Stato.]] Le activitate minatori es multo floride: le [[Zolfo di Sicilia|minas de sulphure]] es gerite per investimentos Francese e Anglese, illios coperi 80% del necessitate mundial<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Un Regno che é stato grande, Gianni Oliva}}</ref>. '''Le institutos de credito''' Multo pauc esseva facite super le plano creditizie: le bancas remaneva pauc, de istes le plus importante esseva le [[Banco delle Due Sicilie|Banco del Duo Sicilias]], instituto creditizie statal que veniva create per Gioacchino Murat del fusion de octo bancas public. Veniva affiancate a isto le bancas fruttuaria (1831-1857), [[Banca del Tavoliere di Puglia|del ''tavoliere'' (tabulero)]] (1834-1839) e del Ofanto, istes habeva difficultates in concurrer con le banca statal e al fin falleva<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Domenico De Marco, Contributo alla storia del Banco di Napoli. Dalle origini all'unità d'Italia.}}</ref>. Pro incentivar le disveloppamento del classes minus ambiente se cercava de crear le [[Cassa di risparmio|cassas de sparna]]. Istes esseva institutos de credito que cercava de invitar le classes plus humile al sparna. Duo esseva instituite, un a Neapole e un altere a Palermo, le initiative totevia non succedeva a haber le successo sperate sia pro le manca de fundos que pro le aversion del population<ref name=":14" />. In vice succedeva le [[Monte frumentario|montes frumentari]] que esseva ampliate e nove esseva fundate, assi le Regno arrivava a contar 700 in le sol continente. Lor scopo esseva somministrar le sementes al paisanos cuje precio veniva restituite a bassissime interesse, in iste modo se favoriva de un latere le disveloppamento del agricultura e del altere se augmentava le cohesion social e se diminueva possibile revoltas. Pro evitar le disveloppamento del usura le [[monti pecuniari|montes pecuniari]] esseva instituite in 1833, illos habeva le scopo de prestar parve summas de moneta a basse interesses (non plus de dece ducatos al interesse del 6%)<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=Paola Avallone, Prestare ai poveri. Il credito su pegno e i monti di pietà in area mediterranea (secoli XV-XIX)}}</ref>. '''Societate''' In iste annos le economia meridional disveloppava un economia fortemente hierarchisate, al cuje vertice esseva presente burgeses de origine estranie, que sovente pro le basse numero de institutos de credito deveniva etiam bancheros, de facto nasceva le figura del mercante-banchero<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|title=John A. Davis, Società e imprenditori nel Regno borbonico 1815-1860.}}</ref>. Illos esseva le [[Rothschild di Napoli|Rothschild de Neapole]], maxime creditores del Stato, le bancheros switze [[Meuricoffre|Meuricoffre]] e Appelt, diverse commerciantes anglese, [[Whitaker (famiglia)|Ingham-Whitaker]], Woodhouse, Close, Rogers e alteres. In position de partenarios minoritari il habeva le investitores napolitan e sicilian, istes esseva le [[Volpicelli|Volpicelli]], le Ricciardi, le Buono, le [[Falanga (cognome)|Falanga]], le De Martino, le Montuori, le Sorvillo e le [[Florio|Florio]]<ref name=":18" />. Istes ultimes habeva importante successos economic e succedeva a devenir partenarios major. In iste annos se disveloppava specialmente in le campanias un burgesia meridional que derivava del classe militar e de empleatos que habeva habite importante concessiones in le periodo Murattian<ref name=":18" />, illo se fundeva in le annos subsequente con le nobilitate, ire a formar un unic classe social appellate “galantuomini”<ref name=":7" />. Istes totevia non portava grande cambiamentos in le systema agricole, que remaneva ligate al infructuose latifundio<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":7" />. Un secamento del societate meridional pote esser date utilisante le datos referite al citate de Neapole, que habeva 400.813 habitantes in 1840, socialmente assi partite: 16.878 possedentes (5%), 7.142 professionistas in professiones liberal (2%), 11.167 empleatos public (4%), 18.148 militares (6%), 11.902 pensionatos (4%), 6.610 ecclesiasticos (2%), 2.830 labora presso le entitates de benevolentia (0,7%), 80.457 commerciantes, artisanes, obreros etc. (25%), 168.052 travaliatores quotidian, venditores ambulante, mendicos etc…(41%)<ref>{{Cite book|title=IG. DE SANCTIS, Stato della popolazione del regno delle Due Sicilie messo in confronto tra gli anni 1828 e 1843, Napoli 1845.}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite book|title=Industria società e classe operaia nelle provincie napoletane nella prima metà dell’Ottocento, Tommaso Pedio}}</ref>. Del ultima categoria face etiam parte le [[lazzari|lazzaros]]. Pro factores historic e pro le character absolutista e accentratrice del monarchia borbonic un bon parte del population *al qua dal faro*, i.e., in le ex-Regno de Neapole, se concentrava in le capital, de facto Neapole e *casali* (locos circumjacente), habeva in 1848, 495.942 habitantes, que correspondeva al 7,6% del population del Regno *al qua dal faro*. Per via del accentration le majoritate del travaliatores que se occupa del bureaucratia e del commercio se trovava in le capital. Le repartition del travaliatores in le meridion non insular in 1848 esseva le sequente: del 30.677 empleatos 11.740 esseva occupate a Neapole (38,26%), del 3.702 advocatos, in le capital esseva 3.036 (82%), del 39.996 commerciantes del ex-Regno de Neapole 13.407 (33,53%) esseva in le capital, le laboreros in le activitates maritim esseva 37.275 de istes 8.338 (22,36%) habeva activitates a Neapole e del 312.219 obreros, artisanes e *garzoni* (apprentices) a Neapole e *casali* esseva presente 102.947 habitantes (32,98%)<ref name=":20" />.  Le numero total de indigentes in 1820 in le sol meridion non insular esseva de 189.686 (3,3%)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi “Saggio sulla popolazione del regno di Puglia: nei passati tempi e nel presente“}}</ref>, secundo altere fontes quaranta annos plus tarde le numero del mendicos in le integre Regno esseva de centovinte mille personas i.e. 1,4% del population<ref name=":7" />. Le percentage esseva minor que Lombardia (1,6%), Romagna (2,11%), Umbria (2,14%) e Toscana (1,83%)<ref name=":7" />. '''Limites del reformas e latifundismo''' Si de un latere es innegabile que le [[Regno delle Due Sicilie|Regno del Duo Sicilias]] esseva transite per reformas que favoriva un partial processo de industrialisation in le prime annos del regno de [[Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando II]], es importante rememorar etiam le limites de iste politicas.<ref name=":1" /> Le prime limite riguarda le facto que le saison del reformas que va de 1830 al 15 de maio 1848 (data in que initia le repression del reformas constitutional debite al motus de januario [[1848]] que habeva portate al approbation del [http://www.dircost.unito.it/cs/docs/sicilie1848.htm constitution del regno]), le factos del 15 de maio habeva alienate le intelligentia napolitan e le liberales italian que comenciava a dispreciar le Borbones<ref name=":1" /> e le dynamismo del prime annos esseva frenate per un politica economic plus parsimoniose respective al draconian economia de Cavour que esseva totevia securmente plus fructuose super le longe periodo.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Il sangue del sud, Giordano Bruno Guerri}}</ref> Le secunde limite riguarda le facto que le Regno del Duo Sicilias continuava a haber un economia incentrate super le agricultura etiam si con un modeste sector secundari e tertiari: le sector primari occupava 62% del fortia de travalio, le secundari e le tertiari ambes occupava 19% del population.<ref name=":8">{{Cita web|url=https://www.vittoriodaniele.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/originidivario1.pdf|title=Origine divario nord sud|accessdate=2025-10-28|archivedate=2023-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804182904/https://www.vittoriodaniele.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/originidivario1.pdf}}</ref> Le tertio limite riguarda etiam le mancate disveloppamento de un forte burgesia industrial: de facto le vaste majoritate del industrias es realisate per capitales estranie e public, le burgesia meridional tendeva a dedicar se majormente al agricultura, al commercio e al travalios intellectual. Isto non es debite solmente al pauc dynamismo del intelligentia meridional ma etiam del pauc institutos de credito private.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Le quarte limite riguarda le *entroterra* (area interior) del meridion ubi le Stato non succedeva a favorir le disveloppamento de un sector primari moderne, que remaneva le ossatura del economia meridional, excepte pro rar casos como le [[cantine Florio|cantinas Florio]] o le [[tonnara di Favignana|tonnara (sitio de pisca de thunnos) de Favignana]]. Bon parte del meridion esseva cultivate a latifundio con technicas agricole retrogradate e infructuose.<ref name=":7" /> Iste technicas economic produceva un forte concentration de benes economic: es estimate que al fin del XVIII seculo 650 latifundistas laic e ecclesiastic controlava 60% del producto national del meridion continental,<ref name=":3" /> e le reformas de vendita del terras incultivate e ecclesiastic ivava sovente a inricchir ulteriormente le familias burgese, proveniente del classe militar e administrative, que habeva accrescite lor poter durante e post le periodo napoleonic<ref name=":7" />. Le hegemonia del latifundio in le meridion es confirmate per le exemplo del Catanese, que habeva in le prime medietate del seculo XIX un repartition territorial in que 51% del superficie appartineva a fundos del dimensiones de circa 200 hectar in media e 31% a proprietates que superava le 800<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|title=A. Di Blasi, La proprietà fondiaria nella Sicilia centro-orientale. Considerazioni geografiche, Catania 1968, pp. 12-13, p. VIII}}</ref>. Totevia le zona de Catania esseva, in Sicilia, un de illos con le minor concentration de proprietate, i.e., de latifundismo. Le firmas catastral con ultra 1000 hectar arrivava solmente a 45% del solo cadastrate in le Nisseno e a 25% in le Ennese<ref name=":21" />. Concentrante se super le commune de Bronte, le pais in que eveniva le [[Fatti di Bronte|sollevamento popular]], pro le requesta del terras, reprimite per le Garibaldinos. In le commune le possessiones del duce, i.e. le ex-feudatario, coperiva solmente circa le medietate del 30.000 hectar del integre territorio communal. Le majoritate del terras del restante medietate esseva in le manos de 19 proprietarios. Le duce e le altere latifundistas, 20 personas, possedeva 81% del fundos. Le media proprietate comprehendeva 8% del superficie e esseva partite in 87 firmas catastral. Finalmente le parve proprietate habeva 11% del superficie e habeva un altissime grado de fragmentation in peciettas minuscule, essente distribuite in 3.759 parcellas catastral, cuje dimension medie esseva inferior al hectar e que non consentiva le formation de interprisas agricole autonome. Le parve o parvissime proprietarios poteva ergo cultivar le terra solmente como integration de un altere profession, que esseva habitualmente le travalio manual super terras de alteres. Le structura pyramidal del proprietates territorial de Bronte e le configuration social transpare de iste cifras: le duce possedeva circa 50% del terras; 19 latifundistas ultra 30%; 87 medie proprietarios 8%; finalmente 3.759 firmas catastral se partiva le 11% restante.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Giuseppe Lo Giudice, Comunità rurali della Sicilia moderna. Bronte (1747-1853), Catania 1969}}</ref>. == Le condition de Italia al momento del unification == {{Vide anque|Historia economic de Italia}} Secundo le majoritate del historicos economic esseva presente differentias economico-social inter le Nord-West e le resto del pais al momento del Unitate de Italia ma ille se rendeva nette ab le initio del Novecento e se approfondiva subsequentemente<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=L'economia italiana dall'unità alla grande guerra, Stefano Fenoaltea.}}</ref>. Al momento del unification parve differentias esseva presente in le sector primari presente specialmente in le rendimentos del grano, pro exemplo, esseva, inter 1815 e 1880, de 5-9 quintales per hectar in le Nord, de 4-8 in le Centro e de 3-7 in le Sud.<ref name=":12" /> Como ha scribite [[Piero Bevilacqua]] «al momento del Unitate de Italia le distantias inter le Nord e le Sud, super le plano del structura industrial non esseva si relevante como illos se haberea rendite subsequentemente»<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Zamagni, Comments on the Paper by Emanuele Felice, p. 81.}}</ref>. Al contrario, in alicun industrias, como illos metallomechanic, de tannario, de papiro e de sulphure, le Sud non esseva de toto in un position de disavantage<ref name=":13" />. Le recercas de Stefano Fenoaltea super toto ha revelate que le avantage del Nord se delinea e se consolida solmente ab le fin del Octocento e non ante<ref name=":12" />. In 1871 il ha un modeste avantage del Nord: le producto *per capita* industrial es de 63 liras in le Nord e de 57 in le Sud.<ref name=":12" /> In position de avantage se trova Lombardia, Pedemonte e Liguria,<ref name=":12" /> in compania, totevia, de Campania e Sicilia.<ref name=":12" /> Quasi tote le Centro e le Sud se colloca, comocunque, sub le media national, etiam si le deviation del valor medie es modeste in veritate<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" />. Totevia, ab recercas successive de Fenoaltea, evaluta equal solmente quantitativemente le sector secundari, ma evaluta plus productive le industrias del Nord-West respective al resto del pais. [[File:Italy Industry 1871.svg|197px|right|thumb|Indice normalisate de industrialisation del provincias italian in 1871 (1 es le media national). Fonte: Banca de Italia. {{legenda|#550000|border=0.5px solid black|ultra 1,4}} {{legenda|#D40000|border=0.5px solid black|ab 1,1 a 1,4}} {{legenda|#FF8080|border=0.5px solid black|ab 0,9 a 1,1}} {{legenda|#FFFFFF|border=0.5px solid black|usque a 0,9}} ]] Al epocha del Unitate, le servicios, quanto a valor total producite, esseva plus importante que le industria, e representava poco minus de 30 pro cento del producto aggregate. Secundo illos, in tote Italia le population active in le tertiario esserea le 16-17 pro cento del total. Le Nord haberea un avantage in 1861 respective al Sud (18 a 15 pro cento); le Sud haberea un avantage in 1871; in 1881 il haberea paritate. Le datos del valor addite del servicios, elaborate per [[Emanuele Felice]] pro 1891, suggere un disparitate considerabile inter le Centro-Nord e le Sud, de circa 40 pro cento, totevia isto es debite al Latium, a causa del presentia del capital, in que le servicios habeva un peso relevante, contribue multo a iste disparitate. Le disparitate, de facto, se reduce a 25 pro cento si on exclude le Latium. In 1891, quando es disponibile datos plus fidel super le differentias inter regiones in terminos de producto *per capita*, in le mesme anno le Sud esseva in avantage super le Nord pro le producto agricole de 15-20 pro cento. Le differentia in le producto del servicios in terminos *per capita* esseva a avantage del Nord de 30-40 pro cento. In le producto industrial, semper *per capita*, in 1881 existeva un avantage del Nord de 10 pro cento; que in 1901 se habeva ampliate a 30 pro cento<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" />. Pro quanto riguarda le datos super le PIL *per capita* illos es multo plus incerte. Le motivo es que le Producto Interne Brute (PIL), le indicator macroeconomic que nos provide un approximation del rendimento annual, al tempore del Unitate non existeva e non esseva ergo mesurate. Le PIL esseva inventate subsequentemente in le Statos Unite durante le Grande Depression, in le annos trenta del Novecento. Le historicos economic Paolo Malanina e Vittorio Daniele es comocunque succedite a calcular un avantage del Nord super le Sud in le producto *per capita* in 1891 que esseva inter 5 e 10 pro cento, e sererea quasi absente in 1861. Le estimationes es contestate per le economista Emanuele Felice, secundo Felice in le estimationes de Daniele e Malanima emerge duo punctos critic: le prime riguarda le calculo del PIL total regional que es estimate super le population de alora ma con le frontieras regional actual, ergo se eleva multo le valor pro exemplo de Campania (que in 1891 ascendererea de 97 a 110, facite 100 Italia) e face cader illo del Latium (in le mesme anno de 137 a 105). Isto es debite al facto que Campania ha perdite importante territorios, que le Latium ha ganiate, que es le provincias de Latina e Frosinone. De consequentia le PIL per habitante de Campania in etate liberal ha saltate in alto proque le PIL total que includeva un population plus ample, comprendite Latina e Frosinone, ha essite dividite per un numero de habitantes minor, sin Latina e Frosinone, durante que illo del Latium ha cadite, le PIL total se refereva a un population plus parve e ha essite dividite per un numero de habitantes plus alte. Le secunde distortion in favor del Meridie es debite al utilisation del industria basate super le estimation preliminar de Fenoaltea, que subevalutava multo, le disparitate Nord-Sud, in tanto que non teneva conto del differentias de productivitate. Facite iste premissas Felice estima le disparitate del PIL total in 1870 de 19%, de facto si Italia valeva 100, le Meridie presentava un PIL per habitante de 90, le Centro-Nord de 106. Felice es succedite etiam a calcular le rendimento medie in base al precios de 2011 (un artificio que nos servi pro dar al lector un ordine de grandor), illo esseva alora de justo 2.049 euros per anno. Un meridional ganiava in media 1.844 euros per anno, circa 154 euros per mense (5 euros per die); un citatano del Centro-Nord 2.172 euros, i.e. 181 euros per mense (6 euros per die). Felice concorda totevia super le importante differentias intra le Meridie. Al Sud spiccava le primato de Campania, le antique region capital, que hospitava le citate plus populose de Italia, ultra que le ric possedentes meridional: facite 100 Italia, su PIL *per capita* esseva 107, super le media national. Sequeva con 94 Sicilia, region con un forte texito urban, un importante activitate tertiari e un agricultura diversificate; poi Apulia con 89, gratias al agricultura. Poi sequeva Abruzzo e Molise con 80, Sardinia con 78, finalmente Calabria 69 e Basilicata 67. In le Centro-Nord nos trova le Latium con 146, region alora plus parve, que occupava quasi solmente le provincia de Roma. Le PIL del Latium resulta multo elevate proque in le statos preindustrial le capitales eccelleva etiam plus que ora, proque illic se concentrava le servicios, que habeva un differentia de rendimento respecte al industria e al agricultura plus alte de quanto non es hodie. De consequentia plus le superficie del region es parve plus le PIL essera alte. Post le Latium nos ha Liguria 139, le prime region del futur Triangulo industrial e que pur convogliava un quota importante del servicios, ultra a un nascente industria, sequite per Lombardia 111. Il habeva ergo le altere regiones, tote circum le media national, a exception de Marcas 82, ultime in le Centro-Nord e quasi al mesme nivello de Abruzzo e Molise. Felice ergo concorda con Malanina e Daniele super le manca de un nette dichotomia Nord-Sud, affirma totevia comocunque a differentia del duo studiosos que era comocunque presente un *gap* major de illo calculate in preceder e que mancava un differentia West-Est, etiam si affirma que le rendimentos plus alte se concentrava in le regiones plus urbanisate e de plus ancian tradition manufacturero que se trovava sovente super le versante Tyrrhenian. Felice ha calculate le PIL etiam pro altere regiones italian in 1871, tenente conto que Italia es equal a 100: Pedemonte 103, Veneto 101, Abruzzo e Molise 80, Liguria 139, Emilia-Romagna 95, Campania 107, Lombardia 111, Toscana 105, Apulia 89, Marcas 82, Basilicata 67, Umbria 99, Calabria 69, Latium 146, Sicilia 94, Sardinia 78. De consequentia Nord-West 111, Nord-Est e Centro 103, Centro-Nord 106, Sud e Insulas 90. [[File:Italia ferrovie 1861.03.17.png|197px|right|thumb|Al proclamation del regno de Italia, in 1861, esseva in exercitio in le peninsula 2.521 km de stratas ferrate (al mesme data in Germania 11.000 km, in Anglaterra 14.600, in Francia 4.000). Al vigilia del Unitate, in 1859, le rete ferroviari pedemontese [contava] 819 km, illo del Lombardo-Veneto 522 km, illo del Stato Pontifici 257 km, illo del Granducato de Toscana 101 km, e illo del Regno del duo Sicilias 99 km.]] Ultra a haber calculate retro le PIL per habitante in le macroregiones e in le singule regiones in 1871, Felice cerca de facer le mesme con le datos pro le macroregiones de 1861. Tenente conto que in le annos sexanta del Octocento le crescimento de Italia resultava quasi nulle, de facto le taxa de augmento del PIL *per capita* esseva inferior a 0,4% annual, e evalutante le effecto negative del politicas liberista que damnificava le industria del meridie, essente minus productive, ma que al mesme modo favoriva le exportationes del agricultura, super toto ab le culturas a alte valor addite (viticultura, olivicultura, productos hortofructal) in Apulia e in Sicilia, ma etiam in Calabria e in le zona del Vulture (Basilicata), e le industria agroalimentari ligate a illo, pur in Abruzzo e in Campania, etiam si ille evalutava etiam le damnos provocate per le guerra civil que prende le nomine de brigandage. De consequentia ille hypotheisa que le datos regional de 1860 debeva esser inferior respecte a illos de 1870 in Apulia, Sicilia e Abruzzo, que habeva trahite major juvamento del politicas liberista e habeva suffrite minus pro le brigandage e superior o stationari in Campania, Calabria e Basilicata, isto proque le prime region esseva le plus colpate per le politicas liberista, pro le plus alte concentration de industrias e le altere duo esseva le regiones in que le repression del brigandage sequeva le plus. Facite iste premissas Felice hypotheisa que in 1861 le total del Meridie esseva circum 85% del media national, i.e. quatro o cinque punctos sub le dato de un decennio post (essente crescite plus, su puncto de partita esseva plus basse). Etiam si ille estima un margine de incertitude de 5% e conclude que al Unitate de Italia le PIL del Meridie esseva circa 80-90% del media italian; i.e. (restringente le *forchetta* pro arrotondar) inter 75 e 80% de illo del Centro-Nord. Ergo in conclusion secundo le estimationes de Malanina e Daniele in 1891 le disparitate Nord-Sud in le producto *per capita* esseva del ordine de 5-10 pro cento e in 1861 lo calcolava de poco inferior o nulle respecte al Nord. Secundo le estimationes de Felice in 1861 le differentias del PIL inter le Nord e le Sud esseva major e esseva evaluate inter 20-25 pro cento. Totes totevia concorda que altere differentias esseva ben plus significative i.e. illos social que riguardava le alphabetisation e le major disveloppamento de infrastructuras pro que [[Vera Zamagni]] resume in 2010 ab quanto emerge del recercas disponibile super le economia italian al indeparabile del Unitate e super le disparitates regional, scribente: «in le etate preindustrial nos non pote attender de trovar un grande differentia in le producto national *per capita* inter le diverse regiones agrari. Es, totevia, de grande importantia prender in examine altere indicatores que pote explicar proque un area, que monstra un rendimento *per capita* simile a illo de un altere area, es capable a un certe puncto de discollar gratias al impeto del sector industrial, durante que le altere remane stagnante»<ref name=":13" />. In conclusion le sector trahente de Italia preunitari esseva le agricultura, que usava technicas retrogradate, le disveloppamento del sector secundari e del tertiari esseva modeste e esseva financiate majormente per capital public e estranie, excepte in certe zonas de Lombardia ubi le capital private esseva major. Subsequentemente viste que le [[Risorgimento]] esseva alimentate prevalentemente per factores ideal e cultural, plus tosto que economic, sin tener conto del varie particularismos regional, e del debilessa del neonate [[Regno d'Italia (1861-1946)|Regno de Italia]] e transverso le disveloppamento [[Piemontesizzazione|Piemontesisation]] i.e. de un modello economico-administrative multo centralisate, que augementava in modo multo significative le differentias regional e sin un politica de redistribution del terras, problema immense pro le meridie, que manteneva le latifundios usque al lege stralcio n. 841 del 21 de octobre 1950<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Breve storia dell'Italia meridionale, Pietro Bevilacqua.}}</ref>; le differentias economic se acuiuva initialmente inter le nord-west e le resto del pais e in parte se replevava solmente durante le [[Miracolo economico italiano|boom economic]], ma remane ancora hodie forte differentias, specialmente inter le nord e le sud del pais<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/>. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] nv2l6a8u0ewg37cn88fpfbfw6yl3wpx 698424 698423 2026-08-10T13:27:11Z ~2026-44121-55 60848 /* Le 17e Seculo (XVII) */ 698424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Repubblica,_stradano.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Florentia, Piazza del Mercato Vecchio (1555), affresco de [[Giovanni Stradano]], [[Palazzo Vecchio]], Sala de Gualdrada.]] La '''historia economic del Italia''' preunitari percurre le cambiamentos economic e social del territorio italian ab le epocha roman usque al unitate de Italia (1860). In epocha Roman, le peninsula italian habeva un densitate demographic e un floritura economic plus elevate in comparation con le resto de Europa e del [[bassino mediterranee]], specialmente durante le seculos I e II. A partir del seculo III p.Chr., le imperio Roman initiava su declino. Durante le alte Medievo (seculos VII-IX) le economia esseva deprimite, de semi-subsistentia, e gravitava circum le centros feudal. A partir del seculo X, le population e le economia italian recommenciava a crescer, insimul con le centros urban. Con le tempore, se disveloppava vaste retes commercial que ligava le centros italian a un conca de relationes ab Asia usque a Europa septentrional. Iste centros de activitates manufacturari, financiari, mercantil e cultural rendeva le economia italian plus prospere que le altere paises europee. Le arrivata del peste nigre al medietate del 1300 decimava le population, ma esseva tosto sequite per un renascentia economic. Iste crescimento produceva un floride economia renascentista, avantiate in comparation con le altere paises europee. Le sectores de punta del territorio italian esseva le textil (productos elaborate de lana e seta, amplemente exportate), le servicios bancari e le transportos maritim. Durante le 1600 le systema economic se debilitava e le interprises ligate al major centros urban declinava. Hollanda, Anglaterra e Francia assumeva un rolo economic prominente in Europa e Italia perdeva le position dominante in le exportationes textil, in le intermediationes financiari e in le transportos maritim. Le stagnation initiava un fragmentation del relationes economic in le area italian. Inter le dece-octave e le medietate del dece-nono seculo, Italia remaneva subdividite in parve statos e a dispecto de diverse reformas remaneva un territorio peripheric e deprimite. == Tendenta del economias ante le crescimento moderne == === Caracteres general del crescimento del PIB in le economias preindustrial === Le economias del passato, ante le industrialisation, esseva characterisate per un tendenta differente de illo actual. A differentia de hodie, le producto aggregate, que es le activitate productive total de un pais, e le producto per capita, que es un indicator que permitte de evalutar le nivello de vita de un singule individuo del population, non cresceva sovente insimul. Isto es debite al facto que, insimul al crescimento del producto aggregate, il es presente un forte crescimento del population, que totevia cresceva plus rapidemente que le production. Isto comportava un forte pression super le ressources que resultava in un diminution del producto per capita in le longe periodo, usque que un factor externe, como faminas e epidemias, causava un diminution del population que resultava in un crollo del producto aggregate e un augmento del ricchessa per capita.<ref name=":39">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 322-330}}</ref> Iste modello de crescimento se manteneva in grande parte de Europa Occidental usque a 1820, quando gratias al introduction de importante innovationes le initio del crescimento moderne esseva possibile, characterisate per un augmento rapide de tote le tres variabiles.<ref name=":39" /> [[File:PILpc_italiano_13102017.png|right|197px|right|thumb|[[Prodotto interno lordo|Producto Interne Brute]] (PIB) real del territorio italian per habitante durante le periodo 1310-2018. In le longe periodo, le ricchessa medie del italianos ha remanite quasi constante usque al revolution industrial del fin del 1800. Le cyclos economic que se ha succedite in le curso de multe seculos precedente, con phases de crescimento e de crise, non ha producite un significative cambio economic (in terminos de [[Prodotto interno lordo|PIB]] per habitante).<ref name=":0">{{Cita|Felice, 2015}}.</ref>]] === Tendenta del crescimento italian ab le anno mille === Iste modello de crescimento se disveloppava etiam in Italia. Post un longe phase de declino e stagnation del population e del producto aggregate durante le tardive antiquitate e le alte Medievo, un crescimento rapide in le basse Medievo sequeva. De facto, circum le anno mille, a causa de varie cambiamentos, habeva un augmento rapide del producto aggregate e del population. Se estima que in tre centos annos le producto aggregate e le population ha augmentate respectivemente de cinque e tres vices; le mesme occurre in modo multo modeste pro le producto per capita con un augmento de circa 50%, iste cifra es multo inferior si nos prende in conto que se estima un fortissime augmento del disigualitates.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea}}</ref> [[File:Andamento gdp Italia1310 al 1861.jpg|197px|right|thumb|[[Reddito pro capite|Revenito per capita]] real del territorio italian per habitante ab 1310 a 1861.<ref name=":27">{{Cita libro|titulo=Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden, 2020)}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cita web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth|title=Economic Growth}}</ref>[[File:Popolazione italiana 1000-1861 - Historical demography 1992 - Touring Club Italiano CART-TEM-031.jpg|thumb|Tendenta del population italian de 1000 a 1861 (''Atlante tematico d'Italia'', Touring Club Italiano, 1992)]]]] Circum le dece-tertie seculo, le augmento del population portava un forte pression super le ressources, causante le diminution del rendimentos del travalio e del capital; pro pejorar iste situation, se addeva le fin del periodo calide medieval que conduceva a collectas multo minus abundante, lo que causava diverse faminas. Iste situation se modifica in 1346 con le reapparition del Peste. A differentia del passato, a causa del augmento del densitate de habitation e del augmento del mobilitate, un alte taxa de mortalitate se disveloppava durante plure annos, lo que duceva a un forte diminution del population. Le diminution del population comportava un cadita del producto aggregate ma un augmento del producto per capita e un diminution del disigualitates pro le augmento del salarios, causate per le manco de fortia de travalio, que permitteva al travaliatores haber un major fortia contractual in comparation con le passato. Iste phase se mantene usque a 1550, quando Europa ha recuperate le population e le producto aggregate del periodo ante-peste. A differentia del passato, totevia, diverse innovationes esseva presente: melior embarcationes, le impression, le discoperimento de nove continentes, le consumo de patatas e mais e le uso domestic del carbon; lo que permitteva un augmento additional del population e del producto aggregate, sin cambiamentos del producto per capita que recommencera a diminuer del dece-octave seculo usque a 1820.<ref name=":39" /> Ab 1820, pro un serie de innovationes, como le rotation continue del culturas, que permitte usar le campos sin interruptiones, aboliente le maggese, e super toto a transverso del creation del machina a vapor, le crescimento moderne habeva su initio. Italia initiava iste modello de crescimento plus tarde pro le manco de carbon que impediva un modernisation del systema secundari e le impossibilitate de applicar le rotation continue, viste que pro permitter iste modernisation un grande quantitate de fertilisante esseva necessari, lo que esseva possibile solo a transverso del mantenentia de bestial de dimensiones importante, que haberea necessitate abundantia de pasturage. Le conditiones pro facer isto esseva presente in le regiones humide, e ergo in Nord Europa. Verso le fin del dece-nono seculo, gratias a nove innovationes como le petroleo, le electricitate e le fertilisantes chimic, le processo de crescimento moderne esseva possibile etiam pro Italia.<ref name=":39" /> == Epocha roman == {{Vide anque|Economia romana}} === Ascenso (seculos III a.Chr.-II p.Chr.) === Historicos e economistas ha tentate de reconstruer un vision del economia del seculos roman e de su cambiamentos secundo le interpretation contemporanee del economia; alcun ha etiam interprendite studios quantitative. Le studios non ha arrivate a resultatos precise generalmente compartite. Totevia, alcun notiones general super le economia del epocha roman ha devenite satis acceptate.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Basilica_Julia.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Reconstruction digital del [[Basilica Giulia]] a Roma. Le [[basiliche civili]], construite presso le foro del citates roman, esseva sedes de tribunales e altere institutiones public. Hodie nos non ha un comprehension detaliate del economia roman, proque le fontes super le factores economic del tempore es limitate. Totevia, il es communmente acceptate que le corpore de leges e institutiones public roman produceva un contexto importante e relativemente homogenee que favoriva le vita economic del imperio.<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Peter|cognome=Temin|data=2006|title=The Economy of the Early Roman Empire|rivista=The Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=20|numero=1|pp=133-151|url=[link sospetto rimosso]}}</ref>]]Le peninsula italian habeva un densitate demographic e un floritura economic plus elevate in comparation con le resto de Europa e del conca mediterranee. Isto vale in particular pro le seculos I e II, que representava un periodo de relative stabilitate politic e de picco del conditiones economic. Le estimationes demographic del population italian del epocha roman varia. Le plus acceptate lo attesta a 7-8 milliones. Alcun eruditos lo estima usque a 15-16 milliones: iste estimation representarea un nivello que solmente in le dece-octave seculo haberea essite attingite de nove.<ref name=":0" /> Le potere economic imperial accentrava verso Italia le fluxo de ressources economic ab le provincias. Le relative floritura economic esseva etiam sustenite per institutiones politic e administrative avantiate (incluse le systema juridic); per le competentias technologic (specialmente in le sector del constructiones) e scientific; e per le progresso cultural general, super toto in le numerose citates.<ref name=":0" /> Le evaluationes quantitative del economia roman hodie disponibile es considerate speculative. Totevia, ultra le cifras absolute, illos suggere un ricchessa significativemente major in le peninsula in comparation con altere regiones de Europa meridional e del conca del Mediterraneo. Super toto, le estimationes hypostisa que, durante le tres seculos precedente le etate Augustee, habeva un crescimento del revenito per capita medie: pro observar un altere evenimento de iste typo, il es necessari attender usque al insurgentia del etate industrial.<ref name=":0" /> === Declino (seculos III-VI p.Chr.) === {{Vide anque|Crisi del III secolo|Iugatio-capitatio}} A partir del seculo III p.Chr., le imperio Roman initiava su declino. Le historicos ha proponite centenas de [[Caduta dell'Impero romano d'Occidente|theorias]] super su causas (politic, economic, demographic, social, cultural, ambiental): il es probabile que multe factores ha concurrite a causar lo. Un facto objective esseva le declino demographic que affligeva le peninsula, que alcun historicos liga a duo pandemias (seculos II e III).<ref name=":0" /> Al fin del seculo III, le administration del Imperator [[Diocleziano]] introduceva un importante reforma fiscal: pro le prime vice le population italian esseva taxate (antea illo esseva exempte). Le taxation colpiva particularmente le zonas minus populate del Imperio e contribueva al ulterior cadita demographic in le regiones occidental, inter le quales Italia. Pro permitter le stabilitate fiscal in fronte al declino demographic e economic, le Imperio impediva le paisanos de mover se, e los vinculava al terra, instituente le [[colonato]]; etiam al appartenentes a alcun professiones urban limitas al displacementos esseva imponite, e in general le activitates artisanal e professional esseva inquadrate rigidemente in [[collegium|collegia]], strictemente surveiliate per le autoritate statal.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 9}}.</ref> Le displacemento del capital imperial a [[Costantinopoli]] in 330 p.Chr. alienava le centro politic e social de Italia e contribueva a su ulterior declino. Le invasiones del [[Goti]] e del [[Vandali]] (seculo V) e le longe guerra de reconquesta de [[Giustiniano I|Justiniano]] (seculo VI) accelerava le forte cadita demographic del peninsula.<ref name=":0" /> Insimul con le cambiamentos demographic, politic e economic, le territorio italian videva etiam un declino del realitates urban cuje ricchessa cultural habeva sustenite su etate le plus floride. Le administration imperial extraheva ressources a avantage de se mesme, del grande proprietarios terestre e, in mesura crescente, del clero, durante que reprimiva le vitalitate social del territorio italian, iam peripheric al Imperio. Etiam le cultura comenciava a cambiar, alienante se ab le valores del epochas precedente.<ref name=":0" /> Nonobstante le declino del centros urban, in Italia le centralitate del citate resisteva plus a longe in comparation con le campanias, del quales proveniva le profitos del aristocratia fundiari. Iste situation non cambiava sub le regno de [[Odoacre]] e nec con le [[Regno ostrogoto|domination ostrogothic]]. Con [[Teodorico]], cuje politica continuava a appoiar se super le classe urban del proprietarios terestre, un modeste recuperation se verificava; de facto, totevia, le economia se fundava super le mesme dynamic in esseva in le basse imperio.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 10-11}}.</ref> == Alte Medievo (7e e 9e seculos) == [[File:Regno longobardo di tuscia, emissione aurea di aistolfo, zecca di lucca, 749-756, 02.JPG|197px|right|thumb|Moneta auree de re [[Astolfo (re)|Astolfo]]]] In le alte Medievo le citates esseva largemente dispopulate e le campanias se impoveriva. Totevia, a differentia del resto de Europa, in Italia remaneva in vita numerose parve citates, heredes del spisse texito urban del periodo roman; post le anno mille illos esseva al base del recuperation economic e social. Le economia esseva deprimite e rotava circum centros del proprietates [[Feudalesimo|feudal]], como abbatias e castellos. Le economia rural se appoiava super un production agricole de semi-subsistentia, durante que le commercio esseva limitate e se basava super [[Fiera|ferias]] annual.<ref name=":2">{{Cita|Cipolla, 1997}}.</ref> === Periodo byzantin e longobarde === Quando le [[longobardi]] arrivava in Italia, illos trovava un economia extenuate per le carga fiscal e dominate per le latifundio, ancora imperniate super le rolo del citates cuje structuras socio-politic esseva totevia in decadentia.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 12}}.</ref> In le [[regno longobardo]] le structuras politic e institutional de hereditate roman se dissolveva completemente; le antique aristocratia terestre con le tempore esseva extruso per le nove invasores, le quales acquireva le grande proprietates, redifiniente totalmente le situation del campanias. Con le longobardos de facto grande importantia acquireva le forestes e le terras inculte: le exploitation del silvas garantiva ressources como ligno e fructos spontanee, in ultra a esser utilisate pro le elevamento brado de [[suini]] e [[ovini]].<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 12-14}}.</ref> Le unitates productive in le Italia Longobarde esseva le ''villae'' e le ''casale''; del 8e seculo se verifica un modeste augmento del population e al habitation rural aperte e disperse, le castrum se substitueva, que corresponde a un grande interprise fundiari bipartita, e le allodio, id es le parve proprietate.<ref name=":29">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 94-103}}</ref> Le ''Castrum'' esseva dividite in ''pars dominica'' e ''pars massarica'', le ''pars dominica'' resulta sovente fortificate, durante que in le ''pars massarica'', viveva le colonos que habeva obligationes de prestationes de obra in le ''pars dominica''.<ref name=":29" /> Multe eruditos affirma que esseret prematur parlar de modello curtense, in quanto le prestationes esseva occasionale e del documentos il pare que le interprises esseva multo minus efficace que le contemporanee villae franche ab un puncto de vista del organisation del travalio e del productivitate.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|title=Alessandro Di Muro, La terra, il mercante e il sovrano: Economia e società nell’VIII secolo longobardo.}}</ref> Le citate del Italia Longobarde esseva multo parve e contava probabilemente pauco milles de habitantes, illos esseva le sede del elites laic e ecclesiastic, del quales proveniva le demanda de exotica, que esseva coperite per le mercatores.<ref name=":25" /> In le citates le representantes del classes eminente convocava intra le muros, parte del productos proveniente del curtes.<ref name=":25" /> Le citate major esseva Milano, Pavia, Brescia, Forum luli, Cremona, Piacenza, Bergamo, Verona, Siena e, al Sud, Spoleto, Benevento, Capua e a partir de 774, Salerno.<ref name=":25" /> Totevia, verso le fin del epocha longobarde se registrava un cambiamento economic, con le proliferation del [[Zecca (moneta)|officinas monetari]] sub [[Liutprando]] e le attestation de un classe mercantil satis dynamic.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|p. 15}}.</ref> [[File:Raphael Ostia.jpg|197px|right||Le affresco de [[Raffaello Sanzio|Raphael]] intitulate "[[Battaglia di Ostia (Raffaello)|Battalia de Ostia]]", in le qual es representate le victoria del citates Italo-byzantin super le Arabes in le [[battaglia di Ostia]].]] Le contexto de fragmentation politic in le qual versava le Italia meridional, plus que le septentrional, accentuava le dissolution del texito urban, specialmente pro le citates locate in le interior. Nonobstante isto, non habeva grande differentias economic inter le [[Langobardia Minor]] e le zonas residual governate per le [[Impero bizantino|byzantinos]], que manteneva in particular le controllo del territorios costal. Etiam in area byzantin de facto le classe del proprietarios terestre esseva substituite, in iste caso totevia per le entitates ecclesiastic.<ref name=":26">{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 18-19}}.</ref> Secundo altere eruditos le differentias esseva multo accentuate specialmente post le cadita de Carthago (698), le imperio Byzantin de facto reorganisava le dominios italian con le institution del [[Sikelia|Strateghia (o thema) de Sicilia]], le insula esseva governate per le figura del stratego que concentrava in su manos functiones militar e civil.<ref name=":25" /> Iste cambio permitteva a Sicilia haber grande melioramentos, de facto in le Insula se concentrava le effortio militar e economic de Byzantio.<ref name=":25" /> Le augmento del expensas e del commercios es attestate per le studios super le officina monetari de Siracusa, in iste periodo il ha de facto un grande emission de moneta e illo deveniva le secunde del Imperio post illo de Constantinopoli.<ref name=":25" /> In le altere dominios italian del Imperio se institueva le Ducatos byzantin. Le Ducatos esseva governate per le Ducs que esseva eligite per le elites local, permittere le citates haber un major libertate in campo economic e politic, non debente plus requestar le intervention del autoritate central,<ref name=":25" /> iste territorios esseva le plus dynamic de Italia.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":24" /> Le dynamismo del territorios byzantin es attestate per le facto que illos esseva le unic regiones italian que esseva inserite intra le retes commercial. Le territorios byzantin esseva subdividite in tres retes commercial: un spatio alto-adriatic, correspondente al portos de [[Venezia marittima|Venetia]] e Comacchio, un siculo-oriental, correspondente al portos de Bari, Otranto, Taranto e Siracusa e un basse-tyrrhenian, correspondente al portos de [[Ducato di Gaeta|Gaeta]], [[Ducato di Napoli|Napoles]], [[Ducato di Sorrento|Sorrento]], Messina e Palermo.<ref name=":25" /> In le Mezzogiorno continental initialmente le citate que plus beneficiava del traffico commercial esseva Napoles al qual se adjungeva con le tempore le emergente [[Ducato di Amalfi|Amalfi]] que, a differentia de Napoles, appare configurar se al initios como un emporium, id es un centro quasi exclusivemente dedicate al mediation commercial.<ref name=":25" /> Al initios del 9e seculo Amalfi jam disponeva de un flotta capabile de navigar a longe le routes mediterranee e devenir assi le prime [[Repubbliche marinare|republica marinari]]. Il ha etiam in le dominios del Mezzogiorno plus interne le presentia de grande monasterios que habeva grande terrenos.<ref name=":26" /> === Periodo carolinge === Le Carolingos, post le conquesta de Nord-Italia, portava le modello curtense. Le ''curtes'', o le interprises agricole, esseva organisate super un economia [[autarchia|autarchic]], tendente unicamente a satisfacer le necessitates patronal tanto de productos alimentari como de manufactos artisanal. Isto occurreva proque le investimentos agrari e le augmento del productivitate terestre esseva viste como pauc interessante, a causa del scarse capacitate del mercato de commercialisation del generes agricole.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 21-23}}.</ref> Altere eruditos indica le modello curtense como plus productive e fundamental pro garantir le crescimento Basse Medieval.<ref name=":29" /> Le motivo del major productivitate esseva debite al alte nivello de organisation in comparation con le Castrum longobarde,<ref name=":29" /> le territorio es de facto subdividite: in [[Pars dominica|''pars Dominica'']], zona governate directemente per le senior, illo esseva le portion le plus parve e in le qual prevaleva le prato e le silva e in le ''[[Pars massaricia|mansi]]'' zonas affidate al colonos in le quales prevaleva le culturas intensive.<ref name=":29" /> Le senior feudal con le cession de capital permitteva le construction de molinos e altere structuras pro le conquesta de nove territorios agricole, garantiva le defensa del habitantes e regulava le justitia, in cambio le colonos cedeva parte del recovratos del collection e se rendeva disponibile como mano de obra pro le construction de obras public. Iste periodo coincideva con le reapertura del mercatos e con le colonisation de nove territorios, jacente le bases del crescimento del basse Medievo; in le curso del 9e seculo de facto le ferias se diffundeva in multe citates italian. Iste typo de progresso se verificava super toto in le citate locate a longe le Po, stimulante in parte le excambio del productos local e provocante dunque un modeste sollicitation al production agricole e artisanal.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 23-24}}.</ref> Durante le 9e seculo habeva un cambiamento con le diminution del grandor del ''pars dominica'' que es subdividite in mansi, e in concomitantia occurreva etiam le reduction del ''[[allodio]]'' a causa del compra-vendita del terrenos per feudatarios e monasterios.<ref name=":29" /> Le compra-vendita occurreva a transverso de un contracto appellate ''[[enfiteusi]]'', il tracta se de contractos symbolic que prevideva un canon annual multo modeste e le impegno del colono de laborar alcun dies in le dominico.<ref name=":29" /> Con le incremento demographic verso le anno mille le obligationes in confrontation con le feudatarios deveniva pro le plus symbolic, viste que le seniores habeva le avantage de bonificar zonas improductive e permitter le colonisation, assi con le tempore illos deveniva a tote le effectos parve proprietates.<ref name=":29" /> Iste phenomenos, que provocava aperturas in le circuitos claudite del economia curtense, debeva mesurar se con le clima de instabilitate del epocha. Pro turbar iste tentativas de dynamismo economic habeva le [[Invasioni ungare dell'Europa|incursiones del Hungaros]] e de altere populos slavic, succedite con frequentia ab 899, e le minacia del [[Saraceni]] in particular in le Tyrrheno. Le expansion islamic totevia comportava del altere latere etiam a un augmento del traffico commercial, del qual in particular Venetia sapeva profitar se.<ref>{{Cita|Luzzati|pp. 24-26}}.</ref> === Productivitate del sector primari e secundari === Le rendimentos del grano durante le Alte Medievo se manteneva extrememente basse, illos debeva corresponder a un rendimento de circa 2,5 quintales per hectare, iste dato resulta multo modeste prendente in conto que 1 quintal esseva reutilisate pro le sementar. Valores tanto basse esseva totevia proportionate al basse population de Italia in ille periodo.<ref name=":36">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 122-125}}</ref> Le sector manufacturari in le alte medievo esseva presente ma in grande parte active pro le autoconsumo, le unic productiones que immiteva merces pro mercatos distante in Europa esseva le armas de aciero (le spatas franche), le textiles producite in Flandra; relevante esseva etiam le production de textiles in le Mezzogiorno de Italia e in le portion meridional de Hispania.<ref name=":30">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 159}}</ref> Le Italia meridional esseva alora intra le circuitos commercial con Byzantio e le mundo arabe. Le [[industria tessile|industria textil]] meridional produceva alora coton, lana e seta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 171-172}}</ref> De importante relevantia esseva le industrias de palatio in Sicilia, que produceva textiles de seta, le materia prime esseva producite principalmente in Calabria, ubi le Byzantinos habeva initiate le cultivation del moro, lo que permitteva le [[gelsibachicoltura|sericultura]], que serviva al production del seta.<ref name=":30" /> Le production del lana esseva facilitate etiam per le invention del gualchiera, le prime documento que attesta su presentia ha essite redigite in Abruzzo in le 10e seculo, iste machina facilitava a transverso del uso de pistones actionate per aqua le battitura del textiles, diminuente le costos.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.206}}</ref> === Traffico commercial === Como occurrre sovente in le commercio inter un area plus retrogradate e un plus ric, le balancia commercial de Europa in confrontation con le mundo arabe e byzantin esseva active, isto significa que Europa exportava merces, fundamentalmente materias prime, e riceveva como merces de excambio un modeste quantitativo de objectos de luxo e moneta, non disponibile de un grande demanda interne con le qual collar le offerta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 171}}</ref> Pro quanto reguarda le moneta, in le Alte Medievo in Europa esseva cuniate pro le pagamentos diverse monetas de argento que habeva un valor constante del VIII usque al X, illos pesava circa 1,75 grammas de argento con liga de 950 millesimos. Le unic regiones ubi monetas de auro esseva presente esseva le Imperio Byzantin e le mundo Arabe. Le presentia in Europa de monetas de argento pesante indica que le commercios esseva pauc dynamic, de facto le major dynamismo economic conduceva in le Basse Medievo a un augmento del numero de monetas a transverso del perda de peso, comportante dunque un constante devaluation pro augmentar le massa monetari.<ref name=":37">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 215-217}}</ref> === Expenso public === Concernente le expenso public durante le prime etate feudal il non ha un distinction inter illo que nos poteret appellar finantia public e le patrimonio del soverano. In general iste es date per le patrimonio personal e per le denarios recolligite a transverso del derectos de regalitate, istos es le revenitos concernente alcun activitates como le cuniatura del monetas, le pisca in le fluvios, le collection del metallos, le exploitation del minas de sal, le derectos de doana, e le impostos super le mercatos.<ref name=":38">{{Cite book|autore=Paolo Malanima|title=Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea|p=299}}</ref> Le soveranos ha in ultra le derecto al ''auxilium'' illo es recolligite a transverso del pagamento de un canon o a transverso del prestation del servicio. Con le tempore viste que le exercitos se basa quasi exclusivemente super le cavalleria se adjunge un imposto additional le ''fodrum'', que es un imposto directe a pagar in moneta calculate per familia.<ref name=":38" /> == Basse Medievo (seculos X-XV) == [[File:Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_-_Effects_of_Good_Government_on_the_City_Life_(detail)_-_WGA13490.jpg|197px|right|thumb|[[Ambrogio Lorenzetti]], ''Allegoria del bon governamento in citate.'' (1338-1339), [[Palazzo Pubblico (Siena)|Palazzo Public]], Siena]] A partir del seculo X, le population e le economia italian recommenciava a crescer. Alcun innovationes technologic meliorava le productivitate agricole: le rotation triennal del culturas e le melioramento del [[aratura|arage]] a transverso del adoption del [[Aratro|aratro pesante]] a rota e un major diffusion del cavallo, plus tosto que de bovinos. Etiam se diffundeva le uso industrial del [[mulino ad acqua|molino a aqua]] in le manufacturas textil, metallic e altere ancora.<ref name=":2" /> === Reorganisation del terra e nascentia del Communes === Verso le anno mille, pro le expansion del population, le feudatarios initiava a signar contractos sempre plus symbolic con le colonos, assi pro favorir le cultivation de nove terras. Iste processo se reinforcement durante le XI e le XII in le Centro-Nord, gratias al **nascentia e al reinforcement de nove entitates politic, le [[Età comunale|Communes]]. In le Meridion al contrario occurre le affirmation de un stato unitari con le [[Regno di Sicilia|Normannos]], lo que porta al imposition del systema feudal francese con un constante reinforcement del privilegios feudal. Le [[Età comunale|Communes]] nasce del acquisition del potere politico-administrative in le citates per le classes mercantil. Subsequentemente etiam le campanias del Centro-Nord es reorganisate per le administration communal in ''[[Contado|Contadi]].'' In le ''Contadi'' le Communes affirma lor autoritate in campo fiscal, administrative e militar; le seniores es fortiate a facer acto de submission e a transferer lor residentias in le citates, lor potere totevia remane in le proprietate infeudate.<ref name=":24" /> Isto favoriva le augmento del urbanisation; secundo multe eruditos, portava un taxa de urbanisation in 1300 del 21%, le taxa de urbanisation esseva simile in Hispania, ma multo inferior in Francia, Germania e Regno Unite.<ref name=":0" /> Al initio del seculo XIV, Milano, Venetia e Florentia contava plus de 100,000 habitantes; il habeva 43 citates con al minus 15,000 habitantes.<ref name=":3">{{Cita|Zamagni, 2005}}.</ref> Del seculo XIII in le Italia Centro-Septentrional il ha un reorganisation additional del contado. Il occurre que le elite urban, enrichite per le traffico e per le industrias, comencia a acquirer le proprietate private del paisanos que, a causa del expansion demographic, habeva essite additionalmente dividite e non permitteva plus le sustenimento del familias, veniente assi a crear se specialmente in le regiones le plus fertile un distribution inegal del proprietate; in le seculo XIV in le areas fertile presso le centros urban del 10 al 25% del terra pertineva a entitates religiose o a pauco familias urban. Iste recomposition esseva totevia solmente partial ben que continuava in le seculos successive, de facto le Italia Septentrional remaneva un del areas in le qual le proprietate private esseva le plus presente.<ref name=":24" /> Un altere grande cambiamento in le areas rural Italian concerne le pagamento del canon al senior que passa in le seculo XIII de un canon in moneta a un parte del production, isto es debite al facto que le alte urbanisation in Italia conduceva a un augmento del consumos in le citates, lo que causava un augmento del precios del productos agricole, assi portante a grande ganios pro le possidentes.<ref name=":24" /> ==== Sector primari ==== In iste periodo se cerca etiam de augmentar le productivitate del terra, specialmente del frumento, pro cercar de satisfacer un population in forte augmento. Le valores passa de 2-3 quintales de frumento per hectare a 4-5 al initio del basse Medievo e in le tardive Medievo attinge le valores de 5-6 quintales per hectare.<ref name=":36" /> A transverso del estimation del urbanisation in Italia il es possibile evalutar le productivitate del travalio in agricultura. Isto proque quanto plus le numero del personas in le citates monta, tanto plus le productivitate del paisanos monta pro permitter lor sustenimento. Isto ha permittite de evalutar, in comparation con le alte Medievo, un augmento del productivitate del 20% durante le basse Medievo, sequite per un longe periodo de stagnation usque al initios del XX.<ref name=":24" /> Sector secundari: nove modellos manufacturari e nascentia del corporationes In le citates le sector manufacturari se disveloppa particularmente, de facto le numero de travaliatores de iste sectores deveni multo elevate. Le sector manufacturari italian produceva material pro le demanda interne, pro le region circumjacente o pro le mercatos distante<ref name=":24" />. Le sectores que realisava benes destinate al exportation pote esser indicate como ''sectores de base''<ref name=":24" />. Illos es le sectores le plus dynamic, innovative e ha effectos multiplicative super le revenito social; lor activitate constitue un stimulo pro le sectores complementari e pro illos derivate o inducite. Durante le Medievo in le citates del Italia centro-septentrional le sector de base esseva le sector textil, le ''sector complementari'' esseva le sartoria o le production de materiales usate pro le production textil como le colorantes e le ''sectores derivate'' esseva le activitates del construction e del production de benes alimentari.<ref name=":24" /> Le organisation del industria es de typo artisanal. Le systema artisanal se basa super le ''mastro'' que es tanto le detentor del boteca, como le productor, como le mercante e le emptor de materias prime<ref name=":24" />. Ille coordina le activitate de su subordinatos que se divide in ''apprendices'' e ''laborantes''. Le primes labora sin salario con le scopo de apprender le mestiero e sovente debe pagar etiam pro initiar le apprentissage; le secundos es salariate. Un altere modello de industria es le ''industria a domicilio'', in iste caso le figura central es le mercante-entrepreneur, ille acquiere le materias prime que es displaciate in un magazin o boteca ubi initia le elaboration per travaliatores salariate<ref name=":24" />. Subsequentemente le materia prime lassa le boteca e atteinge le casas de altere travaliatores salariate, que in cambio de un compensation monetari lo transforma in semi-elaborato pro esser finalmente finite per artisanes, que in cambio de un salario face retornar le producto al mercante-entrepreneur que initia le vendita.<ref name=":24" /> In le Communes se disveloppa un nove maniera de organisar le production in le citates, gratias al nascentia de associationes de mestieros appellate [[Corporazioni delle arti e mestieri|corporationes]] (o artes).<ref name=":24" /> Le [[Corporazioni delle arti e mestieri|corporationes]] nasce como pactos associative inter gruppos de individuos que face le mesme activitate e que dunque habeva interesses analoge a tutelar<ref name=":24" />. Le cargas esseva multiple: mantener le monopolio del production in le mano de pauco in quanto il habeva un numero maxime de associate per mestiero, le election del salarios, le prohibition de subtraher mano de obra a un concurrente, le numero de materias prime, le precios del productos<ref name=":24" />. Iste associationes ha disveloppate un rolo importante in le affirmation e le consolidation del mestieros; con le tempore, totevia, illos tendeva a limitar le productivitate e essera substituite in le dece-octave seculo per le cameras de commercio.<ref name=":24" /> Durante le basse Medievo, a sequito etiam del reorganisation artisanal a transverso del corporationes e del industrias a domicilio, se assiste al nascentia del predominantia italian in le industria textil. Le citates del Italia Centro-Septentrional, gratias a iste innovationes, succede a attinger le monopolio super le production e exportation de coton, de seta e de lana. Isto es debite al acquisition del gualchiera (molino fullante) in le Italia centro-septentrional e al traffico commercial.<ref name=":24" /> ==== Cambiamentos in le traffico commercial in le Basse Medievo ==== Grande cambiamentos occurre in le traffico commercial inter le XI e le XII. Durante iste seculos le citate italian del centro-nord se trova inter excambios sempre major e succede a functionar como intermediarios in le vendita e in le exportation del textiles producite in Flandra<ref name=":31">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.175}}</ref>. Al mesme tempore le naves del citates de Pisa e Genova es ingagiate in le confrontos con le citate italo-byzantin del Italia meridional e le naves arabe. In le meridion le citates Italo-byzantin essera attaccate etiam per le [[Contea di Aversa|Contato de Aversa]], ubi le Normannos se habeva installate<ref name=":31" />. Le Ducato se expandera usque a [[Conquista normanna dell'Italia meridionale|conquirer le integre Mezzogiorno]], con le tempore le autonomia de iste citates essera attenuate e le modello feudal francese essera imponite. In iste phase, totevia, il non ha un distinction nette inter un area que produce e exporta manufactos e un altere que exporta solmente materias prime<ref name=":31" />. Con le tempore, totevia, le cosas cambia; in le XIII le citate del Italia centro-septentrional ha iam le monopolio del commercio del lana, del coton e del seta, gratias al melioramentos technologic que abassava le precio del productos in comparation con le competitores<ref name=":31" />. Consequentemente le balancia commercial cambia: in le seculo XIII le exportation del textiles del mundo arabe diminue e le balancia resulta active con Europa<ref name=":31" />. Le mesme occurre con Africa in le qual le italianos exporta pannos, setas, textiles de canape e productos artisanal e importa materias prime; le passivo remanente es coperite per le auro de pagliola. Iste cambiamento occurre etiam con le Italia Meridional que, ben que usque al XII seculo resultava le area le plus avantiate de Italia, in le dece-tertie seculo le cosas habeva iam cambiate: le citate Italo-byzantin, como Amalfi, limitava le excambios commercial solmente al areas limitrophe, le meridion se trovava a importar pannos de lana e a exportar materias prime, specialmente grano, oleo, bestial, lignamine, vino e seta greggia (crude); assi initia le historia de un Sud minus dynamic, ben que pro seculos in terminos per capita le disparitate restara multo modeste: de 5-10%. Isto etiam a causa del forte interdependentia del duo areas, pro le qual un forte augmento del Centro-Nord causava etiam un augmento del demanda de materias prime del Sud, favorante assi le enrichment de ambe.<ref name=":31" /> ==== Circulation monetari ==== Durante iste seculos il ha cambiamentos etiam in le moneta, isto proque le augmento del population e le major circulation de monetas necessita plus de monetas. Dunque le diverse officinas monetari comencia a cunniar monetas que presenta sempre minus argento, le viliamento del moneta portava le moneta a reducer se a un disco metallic multo fragile in le XII; tal processo non esseva un mal, de facto evitava que le inelasticitate del offerta de argento e le manco de instrumentos de credito provocarea un strangulation deflationari.<ref name=":37" /> Pro permitter excambios plus ingente del fin del XII seculo le citate del Italia centro-septentrional comenciava a cunniar monetas de auro, tal monetas esseva le Fiorino, le Genovino e le Ducato<ref name=":37" />. Con le tempore, viste que un affluxo de moneta del mundo Arabe, del Imperio Byzantin e del Italia Meridional se disveloppava, proque le balancia commercial del Italia centro-septentrional esseva active in confrontation con iste regiones, favorante le cadita del precios del metallos preciose e specialmente del auro, facilitante un abassamento del precio del auro que conduceva a un augmento in le cuniatura<ref name=":37" />. A causa del grande importantia que habeva le mercantes italian, le [[Zecchino|ducato de auro venetian]] e le [[Fiorino d'oro|fiorino florentin]] deveniva le principal valutas pro le excambios commercial in Europa.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Le nascentia del bancas ==== [[File:Repubblica di Siena - Commercio bancario - Mappa della massima penetrazione in Europa dei banchieri senesi.png|297px|right|thumb||Mappa in le qual es representate le maxime penetration in [[Europa]] del [[Gran Tavola|Grande Tabula]] del [[Bonsignori (famiglia)|Bonsignori]] e del altere major bancheros del [[Repubblica di Siena|Republica de Siena]] in le XIII seculo]] Un sector particularmente innovative que nasce in iste annos es le activitate bancari. Iste typo de activitate nasce in le seculo XIII ben que documentos de activitates simile jam appare del X; in iste periodo le banchero esseva un homine facunde que, ultra a effectuer le cambio del valutas, recipeva fundos del depositantes e effectuava prestos lucrante super le differentia in activos e passivos<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.218-222}}</ref>. In le XIII le prime a operar in ample radio esseva le mercantes senese, le figura del mercante-banchero nasceva in iste seculo. Iste figura offere fundos in presto non solmente al clientela de su citate o de centros vicin, ma etiam a papas, reges e nobiles.<ref name=":32" /> Le systema bancari presenta un importante novitate al fin del dece-tertie seculo que es le [[lettera di cambio|lettera de cambio]], usate como medio de transferimento de fundos e pro occultar le interesse<ref name=":32" />. In le secunde medietate del dece-quarte seculo le bancas toscan presenta ramificationes international; in iste structuras de interprise, le bancas que se trova al estraniero es controlate per membros del familia o personas fidabile<ref name=":32" />. Sovente le bancas controla interprises in le citates, assi structuras complexe e ramificate se forma, constituite per banca, interprises commercial e manufacturari.<ref name=":32" /> ==== Expenso public ==== Le finantias del communes es multo plus complexe in comparation con illos del feudo, in quanto illos debe prender in conto expensas pro le muros, pro le viabilitate, pro le edificios public e le organisation del approvisionamento del benes alimentari. Pro garantir le expensa le commune institue un taxation directe, que es appellate ''[[estimo|estima]]''; iste taxa esseva pagate per tote le cives, excepte le nullatenentes e le entitates ecclesiastic, le cavalleros esseva tenite a pagar la o il habeva un partial deduction. Le taxation non presentava regularitate, illo se basava de facto super le necessitate del commune.<ref name=":24" /> Il existeva le solidaritate de cata circumscriptio, de facto si alcun cives non succedeva a attinger le cifra le habitantes de un quartiero spartiva le quota evadite, assi pro poter pagar la.<ref name=":24" /> ==== PIB e PIB per capita e disigualitates in le Basse Medievo ==== Ben que inter grande incertitudes, il ha essite estimate que le PIB per capita italian durante le basse medievo esseva multo major que illo del altere paises mediterranee e nord-europee, que in ille epocha viveva in vice un longe stagnation economic. Le crescimento economic in Italia produceva un claro melioramento del conditiones de vita del population.<ref name=":0" /> Altere eruditos evidentia ultra un augmento de Italia etiam un general augmento del producto aggregate europee in le basse Medievo, ma in Italia illo tende a augmentar se le plus.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.252-257}}</ref> In concomitantia al augmento del producto aggregate il ha un pejoramento constante e gradual del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population<ref name=":33" />. Le pejoramento del revenitos e del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population es explicate per un augmento sproportionate del population in comparation con le ressources que remaneva scarse, non favorante dunque un melioramento pro le majoritate del population.<ref name=":33" /> Iste studios de facto estima que in Italia del X al XIV il ha essite un augmento de tres vices del population, que partiente de 4,5 milliones de habitantes ha attingite le 12,5 e in concomitantia il ha essite un augmento del urbanisation, le taxa de urbanisation arrivava a circa 21,4% partiente del 5-8%.<ref name=":33" /> Pro permitter le sustenimento de un population in augmento, il habeva un augmento del productivitate del sector primari e, viste que le productivitate del travalio agricole es inferior al activitates secundari e tertiari, il debe haber essite un general augmento del productivitate del travalio.<ref name=":33" /> Le augmento del population comporta un augmento equal del producto aggregate, viste que le demanda augmenta e viste que le productivitate del travalio ha augmentate, isto face supponer un augmento del producto aggregate, major del crescimento del population, de 4-5 vices.<ref name=":33" /> Il ha essite hypotisate etiam un augmento del producto per capita, del 40-50%, iste dato ha essite formulate pro le augmento del population urban ubi revenitos major esseva presente<ref name=":33" />. Le crescimento del producto aggregate non comportava, totevia, un melioramento del conditiones de vita pro le major parte del population, de facto a transverso del studio del consumos il ha essite vidite un pejoramento in le alimentation del majoritate del population e un augmento del disigualitates.<ref name=":24" /> Le pejoramento del conditiones de vita del population esseva debite a un constante abassamento del salarios, a causa del augmento del mano de obra e pro permitter le sustenimento de un population in augmento le spatio pro le pasturages e pro le arbores fructifere diminueva, facer levar le precios de iste benes ma mantenente stabile le precio del frumento.<ref name=":24" /> == Crisi del 14e seculo == {{Vide anque|Crisis del 14e seculo}} [[File:Cattedrale_di_Siena,_navata_incompiuta_2.JPG|right|thumb|400x400px|Le expansion economic de multe citates europee durante le 11e e 13e seculos ha essite associate a un boom in le construction de [[Cattedrale|cathedrales]]. Le construction de un cathedral urban representava un del plus grande investimentos in infrastructuras del epocha. Le chantieros durava decennios o mesmo seculos. Le initio del construction del [[duomo di Siena|domo de Siena]] retrahe al minus al fin del 12e seculo. Al initio del 1300 le floritura economic del citate stimulava un ambitiose projecto de expansion. Le projecto esseva abandonate post le peste de 1347. Le nove facie incomplete remane pro testimoniar plasticamente le impacto de ille [[Siena#Medioevo|crisi economic e social]].<ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Eltjo|cognome=Buringh|nome2=Bruce M.S.|cognome2=Campbell|nome3=Auke|cognome3=Rijpma|data=2020|title=Church building and the economy during Europe's ‘Age of the Cathedrals', 700–1500 CE|rivista=Explorations in Economic History|volume=76|p=101316|doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2019.101316|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2019.101316}}</ref>]] Durante le Basse Medievo le movimento del ricchessa e del consumos del majoritate del population declina<ref name=":24" />. Isto es debite al augmento del pression super un economia ancora troppo retrogradate, consequentemente le disigualitate distributive cresce e qui se enrichi es un restringite numero de mercantes, bancheros e nobiles<ref name=":24" />. [[File:Variazione in percentuale del PIL pro capite 1310 igp.jpg|right|thumb|Variation in percento del [[reddito pro capite|revenito per capita]] del territorio italian ab 1310 a 1641.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth|title=Economic Growth}}</ref> In iste imagine on pote notar le augmento del revenito per capita, consequente al crollo del population post le [[Peste nera|peste de 1347]] e del [[Peste del 1630|1630]], a causa del augmento del fortia contractual del travaliatores.]]. Verso le fin del dece-tertie seculo un ulterior pejoramento del conditiones de vita del majoritate del population se disveloppava, a causa de un cambiamento del conditiones climatic, que del 1250 portava a hibernos rigide e estates pluvial que causava collectas scarse e conduceva a numerose faminas. Le pluvias causava un augmento del precio del grano que ha essite calculate del 1280 de 1,25% annual, isto usque al arrivata del Peste.<ref name=":24" /> In 1347 le [[peste nera|peste nigre]] arrivava in Europa, occidente in pauco annos un tertio del population. In Italia, iste catastrophe demographic esseva multo accentuate. Illo esseva totevia sequite post pauco decennios per un renascentia economic. Le cadita del population causava un forte cadita del demanda e dunque etiam del producto aggregate; de facto, a transverso del studios del traffico del porto de Genova il ha essite possibile estimar un cadita del producto aggregate major del population<ref name=":24" />. Le cadita del producto aggregate non se reflecte totevia super le producto per capita e super le consumos medie que augmentava<ref name=":24" />. Le augmento del salarios occurreva pro le manco de mano de obra, que favoriva un major fortia contractual del travaliatores<ref name=":24" />. Le augmento del revenitos occurreva specialmente pro le travaliatores del citates, assi pro favorir lor repopulamento<ref name=":24" />. In concomitantia in le campanias occurreva un diminution del locationes agrari del quales beneficiava le paisanos e causava le debilitation del feudatarios<ref name=":24" />. De facto iste processo succuteva fortemente le poter feudal, favorante in Europa Occidental le crescimento del poter del citates plus tosto que le reinsaldamento del systema feudal (como habeva occurrite durante le crise demographic del seculos II e III p.Chr). Iste processo non esseva univoc in Europa. In multe areas, ubi le citates esseva plus debile, como per exemplo le Mezzogiorno de Italia e le Europa del Est, habeva al contrario un reinforcement del poter feudal<ref name=":0" />. Alicun historicos economic face coincider a iste momento historic le initio del disparitate inter Centro-Nord e Sud<ref name=":0" />. Post le peste, creseva ancora le commercio, le production manufacturari, le universitates, le societates corporative, le participation del classes le plus povre in le economia, e le institutiones juridic e cultural que permitteva le expansion del economia de mercato.<ref name=":0" /> == Renascentia (Seculo XVI) == [[File:26092015-DSC_3542.JPG|sinistra|197px|right|thumb|375x375px|In le secunde medietate del 1500 le plus ricche familias de commerciantes, bancheros e armatores genovese construiva un serie de [[Le Strade Nuove e il sistema dei palazzi dei Rolli di Genova|palatios de residentia e representation]] longe le [[Via Giuseppe Garibaldi|Strada Nove]], foras del centro medieval. Iste disveloppamento urbanistic es le testimoniancia physic del picco del economia maritim e financiari genovese.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|nome=Pettinotti, Paola|title=Storia di Genova : dalle origini ai nostri giorni|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1020572259|anno=2017|editore=Biblioteca dell'Immagine|OCLC=1020572259|ISBN=978-88-6391-266-1}}</ref>]] Le repetite undas de peste que se succedeva inter 1350 e 1450 probabilemente dimidiava le population urban italian. Le debilitation del parve centros favoriva le expansion regional del principal citates: Venetia, Milano, Florentia, Genova, Neapole que projectava un major stabilitate politic e territorial. Le recuperation economic se accentuava particularmente in Italia central a partir del 1450. Le reinforcement de grande realitates urban super le realitates urban plus parve causava le fin del polycentrismo basse medieval<ref name=":24" />. Le Statos Regional se comenciava a crear, in le quales un centro, que esseva le capital, cresceva in population e ricchessa a damno del centros minor, que perdeva importantia.<ref name=":24" /> Iste processo occurreva fortemente in le Meridion con un crescimento enorme de Neapole e Palermo<ref name=":24" />. Le principal citates italian esseva Milano, Venetia, Florentia, Neapole e Palermo. === Sector primari === Del dece-sexte seculo a latere del grano, pro le qual non se habeva cambiamentos de productivitate, nove culturas se diffundeva a latere del traditional<ref name=":24" />. In le Centro-Nord se comenciava a diffunder le ris, jam cognoscite e cultivate in le Meridion, specialmente in Sicilia del seculo X, que deveniva un alimento typic del ricches e le moriera, que etiam illo esseva jam producite pro seculos in le Meridion<ref name=":24" />. Le production del moriera ha un valor addite multo alte, isto es debite al facto que illo se utilisa pro le [[Bachicoltura|sericultura]].<ref name=":24" /> Le production de moriera comenciava assi a displaciar se del Mezzogiorno al Septentrion; in 1500 Italia produceva 400 tonnas de moriera per anno, del quales tres quartos proveniva del Sud, specialmente Calabria e Sicilia.<ref name=":24" /> In iste periodo a causa del forte cadita del population, le travaliatores habeva in dotation melior terras e capitales, assi un forte incremento del productivitate del travalio se habeva. Iste processo se habeva del 1400 usque al 1480, postea se habeva un longe stagnation e postea cadita del 1500. Etiam le salarios cresceva in le curso del dece-quarte seculo pro postea stagnar se del prime decennio del dece-sexte seculo.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari e bancari === Pro quanto concerne le productiones artisanales cambiamentos se habeva, de facto post le crollo del producto aggregate a causa del pestilentias del dece-quarte seculo, un modification del production textil se habeva.<ref name=":40">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 191-194}}</ref> Le industria del coton decade in quasi tote le centro-nord, a causa del competition con le industrias german; le pauco industrias que remaneva esseva pro le auto-consumo, se habeva in vice un forte incremento del industria lanari<ref name=":40" />. Le portata del crescimento esseva enorme, de facto le production de lana inter le 1570-1580 in le centro-nord attingeva 150.000 pannos per anno, que valeva le 3-4 pro cento del producto interne brute total del centro nord. In terminos de occupation, del production de lana dependeva inter 200.000 e 250.000 personas que correspondeva al 20-25 pro cento del centros con plus de 10.000 habitantes<ref name=":40" />. Altere sector que habeva un forte crescimento es le sector del seta, que habeva un peso super le producto interne brute equal al sector del lana; pro dar un idea del quantitate de seta greggia (crude) producite suffice pensar que del 1.200 tonnas producite in Europa 1.000 esseva producite in Italia, del quales le medietate del Mezzogiorno<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, pp. 198-199}}</ref>. Nove industrias etiam se diffundeva, como le armas de foco e le imprimeria.<ref name=":5" /> Durante iste seculos il ha un cambiamento in le activitate de credito: le primato toscan de facto es attingite e superate per Genova que deveni le principal financiator del corona espaniol.<ref name=":32" /> === Traffico commercial === Post le peste le commercios reprendeva, con un ulterior specialisation del Italia centro-septentrional e meridional. De facto, alora existeva un forte complementaritate inter le duo macro-areas del Peninsula.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.179-182}}</ref> Le Regno de Neapole e de Sicilia e le Stato Pontificie esseva le prime partenari commercial del Statos del centro-nord; le primes exportava grano, seta greggia, vino, lana, oleo e sucro e importava productos elaborate in le Centro-Nord e utilisava le servicios de credito.<ref name=":34" /> Essente le demanda de benes modeste in le parte meridional de Italia, il habeva un forte affluxo de moneta que esseva totevia compensate in grande parte per le interesses super le debitos contrahite, determinante dunque un conspicue affluxo de moneta verso le centro-nord.<ref name=":34" /> Le excambios del Italia del centro-nord verso le resto del mundo ha essite evalutate inter 50 e 80 milliones de liras florentin, le major partenari commercial esseva Francia con 30 milliones de liras, a sequer le Levante e le Pais Basse con 17 milliones de liras cata uno, postea Espania con 8 e finalmente Anglaterra con 3.<ref name=":34" /> Le crescimento, que habeva dunque su radices in le crise demographic basse medieval, produceva un florida economia renascentista, avantiate in comparation con le paises europee. Il ha essite estimate que le revenito per capita in Italia centro-septentrional attingeva un nivello que serea postea attingite de novo solmente al fin del seculo XIX. Le crescimento premiava le elite: il habeva un forte disigualitate economic. Iste expansion economic esseva al base del floritura cultural e artistic del epocha.<ref name=":5" /> === Cambiamentos in le mentalitate e confrontation economic con le altere paises === In iste periodo il ha etiam un grande cambiamento in le mentalitate, de facto le investimentos del privados tende a esser expendite sempre plus in activitates improductive e le possibilitates de scala social diminue.<ref name=":24" /> Isto es debite al facto que, a differentia del Basse Medievo in le qual il habeva un forte expansion economic, pro le qual le gruppos in ascensa cercava de remover le obstaculos institutional pro lor scala social, con le tempore le ambiente economic se satura a causa del limites del systema technic e le gruppos social que se trova al vertice del hierarchia impone resistentias pro favorir lor monopolio super le mercato<ref name=":24" />. Iste immobilismo causa un crescimento de Italia minus vertiginose in comparation con le crescimento medieval e con illo de altere paises<ref name=":24" />. Le Paises Basse in le curso del 1500 attinge Italia e lo supera in le seculo subsequente tanto in producto per capita como in aggregate, Francia, que presenta un population multo major, ha un producto aggregate del 30% inferior e Anglaterra presenta un producto aggregate 5 vices inferior.<ref name=":24" /> === Expenso public === Le entradas del Statos Regional resulta pro le 70-80 pro cento componite de taxation indirecte, le impostos es super quatro categorias: contractos, alimentos, portas urban e monopolios. Alicun governamentos tenta le disveloppamento de un cadastro que es totevia fortemente refusate per le elites economic e dunque non essera disveloppate, le situation non cambiava in le seculos subsequente.<ref name=":24" /> == Le 17e Seculo == {{vide anque|Crisi del 17e secolo}} [[File:02_mulino_da_seta_alla_bolognese_Museo_Patrimonio_Industriale.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Modello de molino a seta bolognese. Del seculo XV Bologna se affirmava como le major centro europee de production de filatos e velos de seta. Del seculo XVI esseva introducite un molino special, alimentate per rota hydraulic, capace de mechanisar le processo de incannatura e torcitura del filo de seta. Le machina es considerate como le plus alte technologia europee ante le machina a vapor e anticipa le systema de fabrica del Revolution Industrial. In 1683 le citate contava 119 molinos a seta. Le industria bolognese postea decadeva in le curso del seculo XVIII.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cita web|url=https://trama-e-ordito.blogspot.com/2010/09/il-mulino-da-seta-bolognese.html|title=Il mulino da seta bolognese (o rotondo)}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://informa.comune.bologna.it/iperbole/media/files/il_segreto_del_mulino_da_seta_24_aprile_16.pdf|title=Il segreto del mulino da seta alla bolognese|autore=[[Museo del patrimonio industriale di Bologna]]|autore2=}}</ref>]] In le curso del 1600 le systema economic se debilitava. Paises Basse, Anglaterra e Francia assumeva un rolo economic prominente in Europa e Italia perdeva le position dominante in le exportationes textil, in le intermediationes financiari e in le transportos maritim. A causa del declino del interprisas urban, Italia deveniva un pais importator de manufactos etiam textil e exportator de productos agricultural primari (oleo, grano, vino, lana e seta).<ref name=":2" /> Le mesura de iste declino es debattite e le estimationes del historicos remane incerte. Secundo alcunones il se tractava de un ver declino, secundo alteres il habeva un stagnation economic que produceva un declino competitive relative a altere economias europee. Le economias de Paises Basse e Anglaterra, e postea Francia e Germania, in ille periodo esseva multo plus dynamic e se avviamento verso un plus precoce [[rivoluzione industriale|revolution industrial]].<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Industria lana 1570-1600 seta 1650 Italia - Map Early industrialization 1992 - Touring Club Italiano CART-TEM-073.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Diffusion del industria del lana inter le 1570-1600 e del seta in le 1650.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atlante tematico d'Italia, Touring Club Italiano, 1990.}}</ref>]] <ref name="TCI">''Atlante tematico d'Italia'', Touring Club Italiano, 1990.</ref> Le historicos ha proponite diverse causas de iste evolution: le epidemias de [[Peste del 1630|peste]], que provocava un forte cadita demographic in le curso del 1600; le crescente centralitate del commercio transatlantic in comparation con illo mediterranee; le impacto del guerras combattite per potentias estranie in Italia e del domination del espanioles al sud (que taxava pesantemente le territorios per illes controlate). Secundo altere historicos, iste factores sol non es sufficiente pro explicar le stagnation italian del 1600 proque multe de illos toccava etiam altere paises europee que in vice demonstrava major dynamismo economic. Super le piano politic, le parve realitates regional italian non habeva un dimension sufficiente pro sustener lor proprie economias con adequate interventiones de politica monetari e commercial o investimentos in le transportos. Isto disavantagiava le actores economic italian in le competition commercial, del rottas mercantil e del expansion colonial.<ref name=":0" /> Il ha essite in ultra hypotisate que le economia italian del 1500 cresceva rapidemente ma in un maniera disbalanceate e isto habeva le consequentia de accrescer le precios del productos agricultural proque le demanda augmentava a sequito del augmento del population sin elevar le rendimento del terras; isto avantageva le proprietarios terestre e disavantageva le sectores le plus innovative del economia. Con le tempore, le crescente disigualitate economic, aggravate etiam per un forte taxation indirecte per parte del parve realitates politic, limitava le demanda local del productos le plus innovative, que non esseva accessibile al grande majoritate del population. Dunque le crescimento non alimentava un demanda interne capace de sustener le disveloppamento de industrias e servicios sophisticate. Le fundamentos del crescimento veniva dunque a mancar, contribuente al declino in le seculo subsequente.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Il ha essite proponite etiam factores cultural e institutional que ha contribuite a retardar le crescimento del economia de capitales e entrepreneurial italian in comparation con illo de altere paises europee in le curso del seculo XVII: un minor apertura cultural al innovation; e le influentia de institutiones conservator, qual le corporationes e le parve seniorias local, que regulava rigidemente e defendeva le status-quo, obstaculante le innovation productive.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cita|Toniolo e Bastasin, 2020}}.</ref> Iste insimul de factores generava dunque un prolongate stagnation economic. Le capitales disponibile presso le classes urban le plus ricche esseva investite plus tosto que in sectores productive, in mesura notabile in arte e edificios religiose e civil. Tal investimentos produceva le extense patrimonio artistic e architectural que le epocha ha lassate a su testimoniancia.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Sorpasso del gdp italiano 1600.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Variationes del revenito per capita de Paises Basse, Italia, Francia e Regno Unite ab 1252 a 1861.<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":27" />In le imagine es possibile notar le superamento del revenito per capita italian al fin del dece-quinte seculo per parte del Paises Basse, del dece-octave seculo per le Regno Unite e a medietate dece-none seculo per Francia.]]. Ultra iste factores il bisogna tener in conto etiam del grande augmento del population que portava le population a superar etiam le numero del habitantes del 1300, ma proque le nivellos technologic non habeva meliorate satis, un abassamento del conditiones de vita, del revenitos e del consumos del majoritate del population se habeva ultra que un cadita del productivitate del travalio.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector primari === In le 1600 il habeva grande cambiamentos in le sector primari. Istes esseva debite al augmento del population que comportava le fragmentation del parve proprietates e al cambiamentos del climate, pro le initio del [[piccola era glaciale|parve era glacial]].<ref name=":24" /> Iste duo factores favoriva le debilitation del classe del mezzadri (fermiers a mitate), que esseva obligate per le poveritate a acceptar prevaricationes per parte del seniores, que requireva obligationes sempre major e imponeva le cession de plus benes pro le pagamento del canon e favoriva le augmento del numero de cultivationes pro le exportationes, como morieras e olivas<ref name=":24" />. De iste momento le production de morieras es equemente dividite inter Centro-Nord e Sud<ref name=":24" />. Le pejoramento del conditiones del mezzadri es appellate proletarisation, illo causava differentias sempre plus exigue in le consumos inter le travaliatores agricultural e le mezzadri; le processo continuava in le seculos subsequente.<ref name=":24" /> Pro permitter un constante sustenimento de un population nove cultivationes esseva addite, specialmente in le Septentrion como le mais e le patatas.<ref name=":24" /> Iste nove alimentos permitteva de mantener in constante augmento le population, ma a causa del basse valor nutritive causava problemas de malnutrition in le familias paisan del nord, como le pellagra.<ref name=":24" /> A medietate dece-septe seculo le peste pensava a modificar iste situation, que causava le morte de multe personas in Italia favorante un discrete augmento del productivitate del travalio per capita usque al initio del dece-octave seculo.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari === Etiam in le economia urban a causa del augmento del pression demographic le proletarisation del travalio artisanal se disveloppava. Del studios facite super le contractos del Arsenale de Venetia ha emergite de facto un perdita del autonomia, viste que illos esseva sub le dependentias de un capite e un abassamento del salarios.<ref name=":24" /> Le sector economic le plus importante de Italia, le textil, resulta in declino in le dece-septe seculo, non potente equalar le concurrentia anglese, nederlandese e francese, industrias remane totevia ma dedicate al auto-consumo.<ref name=":24" /> Le institutos de credito italian e specialmente genovese financia le Corona Espaniol, succedente a enrichir se enormemente; de facto a Genova il ha essite estimate que solmente in le dece-septe seculo le 30% del argento arrivate del Americas esseva utilisate pro pagar le interesses<ref name=":32" />. Le ligamine con le corona espaniol non esseva totevia un selection previdente in le longe periodo, viste que illo ligava Genova al sortes de Espania.<ref name=":32" /> === Declino del traffico commercial === Le commercios de Italia resulta particularmente contrahite, specialmente in le Nord<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p.182-185}}</ref>. Le portos de Genova e Venetia ha un importante cadita in le volumine e in le tonnellage, le flottas resulta quasi dimidiate in quaranta annos<ref name=":35" />. In condition stagnante se trova le portos del Sud, Neapole e Palermo. Es constatate solmente un importante crescimento del porto de Livorno, iste crescimento es debite totevia plus al forte presentia de mercantes estranie plus tosto que pro un crescimento endogene.<ref name=":35" /> In iste seculo il ha un cambiamento in le balancia commercial de Italia que es active: illo exporta benes alimentari, seta greggia e textiles de seta e importava textiles de lana e coton, benes colonial, stagno, plumbo, spices. Dunque le differentias inter le Centro-Nord e le Sud diminue, deveniente ambe regiones que exporta prevalentemente materias prime.<ref name=":35" /> === Cambiamentos in le urbanisation === Post le crescimento del population urban del dece-quarte seculo al dece-quinte seculo, un stagnation in le dece-septe seculo se verifica<ref name=":24" />. Isto es debite al facto que post 1500 le differential inter salarios urban e salarios rural non cresce a causa del jam tanto fortia de travalio in le citates, non favorante plus le immigration del population del campanias<ref name=":24" />. Iste processo causava le stagnation del taxa de urbanisation usque a medietate dece-none seculo<ref name=":24" />. Le Sud totevia non sequeva iste mesme processo, de facto le taxas de urbanisation cresce, le crescimento es debite totevia al augmento del travaliatores agricultural que tendeva a viver in le paises plus tosto que disperse in le campanias non possedente le terra<ref name=":24" />. Altere exception es representate per le citate de Neapole que cresce in modo exponential in comparation con le altere citates italian, le crescimento es debite pro le displaciamento del seniores del campanias al citate e con illes etiam mercantes, artisanes e travaliatores agricultural. Istes ultimes esseva movite per le recerca de fortuna e de evitar le obligationes feudal, viste que illes poteva viver in citate con travalios quotidian in le botecas o gratias al operas de caritate del nobilitate e del ecclesia. === Piemonte Sabaude === In le [[Stato sabaudo|dominios sabaude]] le governamento central disveloppava un rolo importante in le gestion del economia national, sequente le exemplo del vicin [[Francia nell'età moderna|Francia]]. In particular, [[Vittorio Amedeo II di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo II de Sabaudia]] succedeva a reorganisar le Stato rendente lo plus efficiente e applicante un serie de mesuras de typo [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|colbertista]]. Inter le reformas se signala le institution del cadastro terestre in 1731, le creation de intendencias provincial e le limitation del privilegios ecclesiastic; le manufacturas interne esseva protegite e tutelate, dum altere industrias esseva create a transverso de patentes e privilegios; finalmente, le continue campanias militar habeva le effecto de sustener le expensa public.<ref name=CM125>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 125-126}}.</ref> Le agricultura habeva un notabile disveloppamento, gratias a operas de canalisation e bonification e al politicas attractive que faceva affluer colonos de Lombardia e de Liguria. Le ampliation del cultivationes, specialmente in le basse planura, videva un forte expansion del risicultura; totevia, le sector de guida deveniva ben tosto illo seric. De facto, cultivationes de morieras esseva implantate e artisanes specialisate esseva appellate de novo; le prohibition de exportation del seta greggia esseva imponite, favorante assi le torcitura seric, que deveniva le industria principal del pais.<ref name=CM125/> Iste politicas deva bon fructos, proque post 1660 il habeva un forte crescimento economic: le entradas del doanas commercial duplava in le trentennio subsequente, dum le production total arrivava a duo vices e medie in le prime medietate del dece-octave seculo in comparation con le periodo precedente.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|p. 127}}.</ref> Iste politicas, ben que comportava un augmento del productivitate, non favoriva un melioramento del revenitos e un pejoramento del disigualitates se disveloppava specialmente in le dece-septe seculo; de facto etiam in le dominios Sabaude, como in le resto de Italia, isto esseva debite al augmento del population e del taxation indirecte.<ref name=":0" /> Un altere limite esseva debite al debilitate del Stato, que como le altere Statos Italian, succedeva solmente partialmente a disveloppar politicas [[Mercantilismo|mercantilistic]] efficace, como in vice occurreva in altere partes de Europa, isto eveniva pro le incapacitate de proteger le mercatos del concurrentia estranie, pena le retorsiones e semper pro le peso politic succedeva solmente in modo partial a imponer conditiones favorabile al commercio e non succedeva a entrar in le competition colonial.<ref name=":0" /> === Stato de Milano === Le crisi del dece-septe seculo esseva sentite in maniera dramatic in le [[Stato di Milano|Lombardia espaniol]]: le [[peste del 1630|peste de 1630]] e le interruption del affluxo de argento american comportava un paralyse del production e del commercios durate al minus usque a 1660. Le apparato manufacturari crollova dum le politicas del governamento, initialmente incerte, esseva inefficace e le tentativos mercantilistic falliva substantialmente.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 129-130}}.</ref> Le patriciato urban, componite per grande proprietarios terestre, contribuiva a revitalisar le sector agrari ma al mesme tempore faceva deprimer le production manufacturari; le economia del region subiva un profunde transformation, iam orientate verso le exportation de productos agricultural e semi-elaboratos, como filatos greggi e torquite.<ref>{{cita|Conca Messina|p. 130}}.</ref> === Stato Pontificie === Le economia del [[Stato Pontificio|Stato Pontificie]] in iste periodo esseva generalmente static e deprimite. Le absentia de un classe mercantil e le disinteresse del classes dirigente verso le investimentos productive esseva inter le principal factores del substantial immobilismo economic. Nonobstante le complete absentia de un tradition commercial e industrial, a Roma nasceva in 1605 le [[Banco di Santo Spirito|Banco de Sancte Spirito]] como instituto de collection del sparna e de subscriptione del debito public, favorate per le forte affluxo de moneta debite principalmente al [[Decima|decimas ecclesiastic]] e al conspicue patrimonios religiose.<ref name=CM128>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 128-129}}.</ref> Nonobstante le forte movimento de capitales le production manufacturari remaneva fragile e le consumos, specialmente de luxo, se orientava verso le estraniero; ne consequiva le predominantia del mercantes estranie – orientate al speculation – e a un forte deficit del balancia commercial. Le Stato Pontificie reageva solmente a transverso de dispositiones contra le importation de benes e manufactos estranie, sin un organic politica economic.<ref name=CM128/> === Regno de Napole === [[File:Micco_Spadaro_-_Napoli,_Piazza_Mercato.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Neapole, placia del mercato, seculo XVII. Pictura de Micco Spadaro.]] Le [[Regno di Napoli|Regno de Neapole]] scontava le subordination politic al [[Impero spagnolo|Imperio espaniol]], le qual requireva continue contributiones pro su proprie expensas, in particular illos militar. Ne consequiva le crescimento del pression fiscal e del debito public, ultra al absentia de investimentos per parte del autoritates in confrontation con le activitates economic.<ref name=CM131>{{cita|Conca Messina|pp. 131-132}}.</ref> Ultra de isto, le augmento del taxation eveniva augmentante le impostos indirecte, isto comportava un pejoramento del vita del plus humiles, viste que illo comportava le augmento del precio del generes de prime necessitate.<ref name=":0" /> Le politicas fiscal non sequeva logicas coherente de politica economic, ma esseva apte a coperir le ingente expensas del corona espaniol, evitante totevia le proprietates baronal e ecclesiastic que gaudeva de privilegios e immunitates. Diverse limites al commercio e al exportationes agricultural, ultra a pesante doanas e impostos super le consumos debilitava le activitates productive e le mercato del capitales: de consequentia il esseva preferibile investir in le arrendamenti, i.e., le appaltos del impostos.<ref name="CM131" /> Le incapacitate de poter governar autonomemente su proprie economia esseva le causa principal del depression de un Stato que deveva affrontar le mutationes international. Le [[Repubblica napoletana (1647)|revolta de Masaniello]] esseva de facto debite al forte pression fiscal, dum le [[peste del 1656|peste de 1656]] acuiva le conditiones dramatic in le quales le economia del Mezzogiorno versava.<ref name=CM131/> == Del Dece-octave Seculo al Unitate == Inter le dece-octave seculo e le medietate del dece-none seculo, Italia remaneva subdividite in parve statos, multe del quales sub domination estranie (austriac e francese): iste contexto non favoriva le crescimento e le competitivitate economic e commercial del area italian. Totevia in le curso del dece-octave seculo le Sovereign Italian, influentiate per le pensamento [[Illuminismo in Italia|Illuminista]], participava al reformismo de ille annos, attuante un serie de reformas economico-social, que succedeva partialmente a modernisar le systema socio-economic. Iste periodo de reforma esseva interrumpite post le Revolution Francese, substituite con governamentos despotic repressive. A sequito del Restauration le varie regentes cercava de un latere de favorecer un certe reformismo ma del altere reprimeva le requestas del liberales, isto impediva a Italia de entrar in le Secunde Revolution Industrial; illo de facto remaneva un pais agricultural e retrogradate in comparation con le altere paises del Occidente, etiam si a su interno con duo nivellos de retrogradation inter le nord e le sud, de facto a fronte de un disnivello de revenito contenite, notabile esseva le differentias in le “preconditiones de disveloppamento” (infrastructuras, credito e instruction).<ref name=":0" /> === Sector primari: le productivitate agricultural e le regimes agrari === In iste seculos il ha un continue augmento del phenomeno del proletarisation del paisanos e un augmento del terra del grande proprietarios. Isto porta in le dece-none seculo un grande concentration del terra in comparation con le passato, que remane totevia modeste in le Italia centro-septentrional in comparation con altere regiones europee<ref name=":24" />. Pro calcular le parve proprietate il ha essite usate le percentage del population que viveva disperse, viste que le paisanos proprietarios del terra tendeva a viver disperse in le campanias a differentia del travaliatores agricultural<ref name=":24" />; in base al datos il resulta maxime le parve proprietate in Emilia-Romagna, in Umbria, Marche e Toscana e Veneto con respectivemente 55,7% e 42,5% del population que vive disperse in le parve proprietates, in position intermedie Piemonte, Lombardia, Liguria e Lazio, Abruzzi e Campania con 23%, pro le prime tres, e 13% pro le ultimes, e finalmente le altere regiones del Mezzogiorno e Insulas con 6%<ref name=":24" />. Ultra isto duo regimes agrari remane in le Peninsula, i.e., le systemas de possession e condition del terrenos, que cambiava in maniera e mesura differente inter le regiones italian, con profunde consequentias economic e social. In le meridion le antique systema feudal remaneva dominante usque al revolution francese e substituite postea per le latifundio: le terras de facto esseva concentrate in le manos de un restringite numero de [[Latifondo|latifundistas]], le sic-nominate barones, al quales se adde un classe de extraction burgese del dece-none seculo. In le Italia central le [[mezzadria|mezzadria]] (fermage a mitate) prevaleva: ben que le proprietate terestre esseva concentrate in le manos de paucos, iste contracto agrari incentivava in le tempore le spirito de interprisa e formas de cooperation. In le nord le feudalitate diminuiva fortemente in le curso del dece-octave seculo e transformationes precoce se avviamento verso le investimento de capitales, le modernisation del technicas de production, e le integration con le industrias de transformation.<ref name=":17">{{Cita|Felice, 2016}}.</ref> Secundo altere studios, que confirma le presentia de regimes agrari differente, ma non hypotesa un productivitate del travalio e disveloppamento de particular innovationes al minus usque al fin del dece-none seculo in tote Italia<ref name=":24" />. Iste datos es ricavate per exemplo del rendimentos del grano, que resulta plus o minus constante del 1350, in tote Italia<ref name=":24" />. Le rendimentos de facto es pro le Nord de 5 a 9 quintales per hectare, pro le Centro de 4 a 8 e pro le Sud de 3 a 7<ref name=":24" />. Iste dato resulta particularmente basse tenente in conto que in Anglaterra del 1650 illo esseva de 12 quintales per hectare<ref name=":24" />. Es multo basse de consequentia etiam le productivitate del travalio agricultural, que resulta in declino de medietate dece-septe seculo, illo resulta inter le plus basse de tote Europa e es in le dece-none seculo tres vices inferior al productivitate de un laborero anglese e le medietate de un laborero francese e german.<ref name=":24" /> In vice resulta elevate le productivitate del terra, secunde solmente a Germania e Paises Basse, iste dichotomia es debite al presentia del culturas arboree, que ha un alte valor addite<ref name=":24" />. Es presente differentias inter le tres areas del pais, le Centro-Nord presenta un productivitate del terra major<ref name=":24" />. Le productivitate per hectare es de facto de 204 liras contra le 134 del meridion, isto es debite al extension del cerealicultura, ubi illo esseva plus diffuse illo esseva ubi le culturas arboree esseva minus presente<ref name=":24" />. Esseva presente un grandissime production de moriera, que esseva del dece-octave seculo major in le nord que in le sud a differentia del passato<ref name=":24" />. Iste planta esseva multo importante proque illo esseva al base del sericultura, que serviva pro producer seta greggia.<ref name=":24" /> === Sector secundari: le nascentia del prime industrias === Le tentativas per parte del governantes de augmentar le productivitate e le production industrial italian esseva in grande parte modeste o insignificante in comparation con le crescimento que esseva occurrente in le altere paises.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":0" /> Resisteva totevia un modeste sector textil in grande parte ancora utilisante travalios a domicilio e travaliatores seasonal, iste implantos esseva concentrate specialmente in Lombardia e Piemonte e esseva projectate pro le consumos interne.<ref name=":24" /> Etiam le prime ferrovias non dava grande impulso al industria pesante, le grande stabilimentos industrial esseva quasi sempre volite e amplemente subventionate per le Stato, illos se trovava in general in le pressos del varie capitales. Le plus grande insediamento industrial de tote Italia esseva le [[officine di Pietrarsa|officinas de Pietrarsa]] con su 2.300 obreros, etiam si esseva presente un major kilometrage de ferrovias in le Centro-Nord in comparation con le Sud<ref name=":24" />. Le unic sector in nette crescimento in le dece-none seculo es le construction naval, isto eveniva post un longe decadentia del flottas italian. Isto es multo evidente del confrontation inter le tonnellage del flottas anglese e italian: in le dece-sexte seculo le flottas del sol Genova e Venetia esseva equal a 80.000 tonnas contra le 50.000 tonnas anglese. In le dece-octave seculo le situation se habeva revolvite, le flottas de tote Italia attingeva 100.000 tonnas dum Anglaterra 1.000.000. Durante le dece-none seculo Italia comencia a recuperar, in 1850 le tonnellage anglese esseva de 4.500.000 contra le 700.000 italian.<ref name=":24" /> Le major chantieros naval esseva in Campania e Liguria que habeva a medietate dece-none seculo 2300 e 1900 obreros, le chantieros naval venete esseva in vice in declino con un production multo modeste.<ref>{{Cite book|title=LA PRODUZIONE INDUSTRIALE DELLE REGIONI D’ITALIA, 1861-1913: UNA RICOSTRUZIONE QUANTITATIVA, Stefano Fenoaltea e Carlo Ciccarelli}}</ref> === Traffico commercial === Non habeva cambiamentos in le commercios, Italia restava de facto un pais que exportava materias prime specialmente productos agricultural e seta greggia e importava cereales, benes colonial, textiles e carbon fossile<ref name=":35" />. Del dece-septe seculo se reinforce le diminution del commercio inter le diverse areas del pais, isto porta le varie Statos Italian a esser principalmente partenarios con statos estranie.<ref name=":35" /> === Le producto aggregate e per capita in Italia e in Europa === Post le pestilentias de medietate dece-septe seculo le population reprendeva a crescer a rhythmos major de antea, isto causava un incremento del demanda e de consequentia del producto aggregate, ma non esseva sequite per un augmento del producto per capita e del conditiones de vita que remaneva stagnante o in declino usque a 1820.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paolo Malanima, Dalla crescita medievale alla crescita contemporanea, p. 343-348}}</ref> Del 1820 dum le altere paises del Europa Occidental se disveloppava in modo multo major del passato e un augmento del producto per capita se habeva pro le initio del crescimento moderne. In Italia le crescimento esseva modeste e debite a un enrichmento de un parve parte del population, que portava un modeste augmento del producto per capita. Isto eveni pro un longe phenomeno de accumulation agrari que augmentava le revenitos del grande proprietarios.<ref name=":24" /> In base al datos super le precios il ha essite possibile facer un estimation e contraponer lo al altere paises, de iste datos ha emergite que in 1700 le Italia del Centro-Nord presentava un revenito superior in comparation con tote le regiones europee minus Paises Basse, que lo habeva superate in le dece-septe seculo e Anglaterra, que lo superava in ille seculo e del 1750 etiam Belgica<ref name=":24" />. Le alte revenito de Italia es debite al precoce crescimento in le Basse Medievo<ref name=":24" />. In 1820 le Italia del centro-nord es superate per Switza, Danmark e Francia<ref name=":24" />. Le differentias inter le centro-nord e le sud, Lazio includite, es multo modeste in terminos de revenito; illos ha essite estimate inter 0% e 15% e etiam laboreros in le varie sectores<ref name=":24" />. Esseva totevia presente differentias multo grande in le conditiones de pre-disveloppamento industrial, como alphabetisation, melior accesso al credito e infrastructuras<ref name=":0" />. Le dato le plus attendibile super le revenito, ha essite estimate pro 1861, facente 100 Italia, le producto per-capita esseva 115,7 in le Nord-West, 91,4 in le Nord-Est, 111,1 in le Centro, 86,4 in le Sud e 93,2 in le Insulas<ref name=":0" />. Esseva in ultra presente differentias multo grande inter le varie areas del Sud<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":8" />. De facto in base al datos de medietate dece-none seculo al epocha Sicilia e specialmente Campania, presentava un revenito plus alte del resto del Mezzogiorno, respectivemente de 94 e 107<ref>{{Cite book|title=Appendice statistica online Indice delle tabelle e delle figure, Emanuele Felice}}</ref> e un productivitate del terra multo alte de 147 e de 247 liras per hectare<ref name=":24" />. === Italia septentrional === Lombardia, dominate per Austria, esseva le region que succedeva a attuar le melior reformas in le curso del dece-octave seculo, isto eveniva specialmente gratias al bon governamento del Conte [[Carlo Giuseppe di Firmian|Carlo Giuseppe de Firmian]], que esseva governator del Ducato de Milano durante le regno de [[Maria Teresa d'Austria|Maria Teresa de Habsburgo]] e [[Giuseppe II d'Asburgo-Lorena|Joseph II del Sacre Imperio Roman]]. In iste annos importante reformas economic esseva interprendite: agricultura intensive (con forte investimentos in le irrigation); production del [[seta]] greggia a latere del industria de [[Filanda|filatura]]; suppression del privilegios fiscal; libertate de commercio interne; reduction del poter ecclesiastic a transverso del abolition del derecto de asylo, del Inquisition e significantive investimentos in le instruction public, como le reconstruction del Universitate de Pavia.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Atlante Storico, le garzantine, Herman Hilgem Kinder}}</ref> Le reforma le plus importante esseva le introduction in 1718 del [[Catasto Teresiano|cadastro teresian]]: iste reforma, que se protraheva per ultra quaranta annos, modernisava profundemente le regime agrari.<ref name=":3" /> Le politica reformator esseva interrumpite in le ultime decennios del dece-octave seculo.<ref name=":22" /> Subsequentemente in le dece-none seculo le prime industrias metallomechanic se disveloppava (parve ma importante interprisas inter le quales Regazzoni, l'Elvetica, le [[Officine meccaniche Grondona|Grondona]], le industrias de armas del area de Brescia, le ferriere del area de Lecco e de [[Dongo]]); numerose institutiones bancari (inter le quales le [[Cassa di Risparmio delle Provincie Lombarde|Cassa de Sparna del Provincias Lombard]] fundate in 1823); un bon rete de transportos ferroviari e stratal.<ref name=":3" /> In Veneto, dominate per Austria, non se sapeva disveloppar un agricultura intensive como in Lombardia, e superar le stagnation inducite per le declino de Venetia.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:FilandaMyliusBoffalorasopraTicino-GiovanniMigliara.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Filatura a Boffolara Ticinese: le Filatura Mylius, pictura de [[Giovanni Migliara]] (1828).]] Reformas administrative de relevo social e economic esseva interprendite etiam in Toscana e Piemonte.<ref name=":0" /> In le Granducato de Toscana, in le dece-octave seculo con [[Francesco I di Lorena|Francesco de Lorena]] e [[Leopoldo II d'Asburgo-Lorena|Pietro Leopoldo]] importante reformas in le ordination juridic se avviam:suppression del jurisdiction e servitute feudal, del manomorta (manu morte), del maggiorasco (majoratu); operas de bonification e se tentava un reforma religiose gratias al episcopo jansenista [[Scipione de' Ricci|Scipione De Ricci]]. Multe de iste reformas esseva fortemente attenuate e abolite al fin del dece-octave seculo per su successore, [[Ferdinando III di Toscana|Ferdinando III]].<ref name=":22" /> Subsequentemente Toscana, etiam illo [[Granducato di Toscana|dominate per le Austriacos]], sub le governamento de [[Leopoldo II di Toscana|Leopoldo II]] remaneva fundamentalmente un economia agricultural; il habeva parve realitates industrial, ma le politicas commercial fortemente liberal del Granducato non favoriva lor disveloppamento. [[Livorno#Dal XVIII secolo ai giorni nostri|Livorno]] profitava del liberalisation commercial e deveniva un vibrante [[Porto franco (economia)|porto-franc]].<ref name=":3" /> Importante reformas esseva interprendite pro favorir le connexiones a transverso del construction de ferrovias: le [[Ferrovia Leopolda|Ferrovia Leopoldina]] (Firenze-Pisa-Livorno, con le ramification de Empoli a Siena) e del [[Ferrovia Maria Antonia|Ferrovia Maria Antonia]] (Firenze-Prato-Pistoia-Lucca), dum remaneva a nivello de projecto le [[Ferrovia Ferdinanda|Ferrovia Ferdinandina]] (Firenze-Arezzo) e le [[Ferrovia Maremmana|Ferrovia Maremman]] (Livorno-confine del Chiarone, terminate post 1860). Le antique companias bancari toscan in vice non se disveloppava al passo del tempo. In Piemonte in le dece-octave seculo le reformas illuminista esseva multo tenue in comparation con le altere Statos Preunitari, de facto a differentia de [[Vittorio Amedeo II di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo III]], su successores [[Carlo Emanuele III di Savoia|Carlo Emanuele III]] e specialmente [[Vittorio Amedeo III di Savoia|Vittorio Amedeo III]], se concentrava majormente in un serie de guerras pro extender le confines del Regno plus tosto que reformas de typo illuminista. In le periodo Napoelonic importante reformas in campo socio-economic esseva promulgate, como le reforma pro abolir le feudalitate contenite in le codices napoleonic, que esseva postea abrogate a sequito per [[Vittorio Emanuele I di Savoia|Vittorio Emanuele I]]. Post le [[Moti del 1820-1821|motus del 1820]] saliva al throno [[Carlo Felice di Savoia|Carlo Felice]] que insimul con su successore [[Carlo Alberto di Savoia|Carlo Alberto]] oscillava inter reformismo e despotismo. In iste annos importante reformas esseva facite como per exemplo le creation in 1827 del [[Cassa di Risparmio di Torino|Cassa de Sparna de Turin]] e le Societate Real Mutue de assecurantias, le reduction del taxas doanal pro le grano (pro le qual illos descendeva de 9 a 3 liras le quintale), pro le carbon, pro le textiles e pro le metallos; un facilitation in le importation del machineria pro le industria; e le possibilitate de exportar le seta greggia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Giuseppe Talamo, CARLO ALBERTO, re di Sardegna, in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 20, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1977.}}</ref> Iste politica portava obviemente a minor entradas in le sector del doanas ma favoriva altere entradas del bilancio del Stato que, del 1835, resultava in activo pro diverse annos. In le mesme annos a [[Storia di Genova#Dominio economico sull'Impero asburgico: il secolo dei genovesi|Genova]] le ricchessa accumulate in seculos de commercio remaneva accentuate in un restringite gruppo de bancheros que esseva active in tote Europa. In 1845 le [[Banca di Genova|Banca de Genova]] esseva fundate, que postea constitueva le [[Banca Nazionale negli Stati Sardi|Banca National in le Statos Sard]], denominate post le unification [[Banca Nazionale nel Regno d'Italia|Banca National in le Regno de Italia]] (in sequito [[Banca d'Italia|Banca de Italia]]). Il habeva etiam alcun relevante realitates industrial (inter le quales [[Ansaldo]], le [[Cantiere della Foce|Chantier del Foce]] e le Arsenale).<ref name=":3" /> Le disveloppamento del ferrovias initialmente eveniva lentemente (le prime ferrovia esseva terminate in 1848), postea grande ampliationes se habeva sub le administration de [[Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour|Cavour]]. Post le motus del 1848, a differentia del altere Statos Italian, le Regno de Sardinia esseva le unic a mantener le constitution, affirmate in le Statuto Albertino. Le nove Re [[Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia|Vittorio Emanuele II]] dava le incargo de formar le nove governamento a Cavour que del 1850 al 1861, avviava reformas que modernisava economia, instruction, infrastructuras, e promoveva le industrialisation e le separation stato-Ecclesia. Nonobstante resistentias e le influentia regal, le processo de modernisation se faceva plus decise, sustenite per le interprisariato, que deveniva gradualemente plus influente in le direction del reformas politic e economic.<ref name=":17" /> In le [[Regno di Sardegna (1720-1861)|Regno de Sardinia]] le ricchessa non esseva limitate solmente al nobiles, ma diffundite inter bancheros, commerciantes e interprenditores textil. In [[Sardegna|Sardinia]] in vice le administration del Sabaudia manteneva a longe le latifundio de typo feudal: illo esseva bannite formalmente solmente inter 1835 e 1839, contribuente al persistentia del retrogradation economic e social.<ref name=":3" /> === Stato Pontificie === Le administration pontificie esseva criticate etiam al tempore pro su clientelismo e mal governamento, que obstaculava le modernisation economic e le investimentos. [[Papa Pio IX|Pio IX]] saliva al pontificato in 1846, marcante le initio de un periodo que, nonobstante un breve elan liberal, videva tosto un retorno al conservation post 1848. Totevia, in le curso de su regno que durava usque a 1870, il habeva moderate ma significative investimentos in le infrastructuras de transporto e in le bonificationes.<ref name=":17" /> === Regno de Neapole e de Sicilia === {{AP|Economia del Regno de Neapole|Economia del Regno del Dos Sicilias}} ==== Le Meridion in le dece-octave seculo ==== [[File:Partenza di Carlo di Borbone.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le Partentia de Carolo III de Bourbon pro Espania, viste del mar de Antonio Joli.]] Durante le medietate del dece-octave seculo in le meridion un serie de reformas de typo illuminista esseva promulgate gratias al action reformator de [[Carlo III di Spagna|Carolo Di Bourbon]], prime re del dynastia borbonic a Neapole, e de personages del corte, qual le secretarios de Stato [[Manuel de Benavides y Aragón|Manuel de Benavides y Aragòn]], [[José Joaquín de Montealegre|Josè Joaquìn de Montealegre]] e [[Bernardo Tanucci|Bernardo Tanucci]]; e le economistas [[Antonio Serra (economista)|Antonio Serra]], [[Antonio Genovesi|Antonio Genovesi]] e [[Ferdinando Galiani|Ferdinando Galliani]] e del juristas [[Pietro Giannone|Pietro Giannone]], [[Gaetano Filangieri|Gaetano Filangieri]], [[Giuseppe Maria Galanti|Giuseppe Maria Galanti]], [[Giuseppe Palmieri (economista)|Giuseppe Palmieri]], [[Domenico Grimaldi|Domenico Grimaldi]], e [[Melchiorre Delfico|Merchiorre Delfico]] e subsequentemente con le presidente del consilio de ministros [[Luigi de' Medici di Ottajano|Luigi De Medici]] sub le regno de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]]. Iste reformas habeva de un latere le scopo de modernisar le structura socio-economic del Sud ire a limitar le poter baronal e del Ecclesia e del altere stimular le artisanato e le interprisa a transverso del apertura de nove implantos.<ref name=":10" /> Iste leges creava un momento de discontinuitate con le passato, ma non portava al abolition del feudalismo, grave problema del Mezzogiorno.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":22" /> ==== Le reformas ==== Le Corte in iste annos se scontrava contra le omnipotentia del barones; in iste direction eveni le recuperation del arredamenti, termino con le qual se intende un insimul de derectos public como le doanas, le gabellas, le monopolios de production e de excambio, le derectos contributive super le merces immagasinate, iste politica permitte a diminuer le poter baronal e a restituer le capacitate directiva in campo economic<ref name=":10" />. Le scontro le plus nette e prolongate se ha con le Ecclesia, que durante le periodo viceregal possedeva tres immunitates: le prime, le immunitate local, que permitteva a quiunque entrava in un loco sacre e demandava asylo de subtraher se al justitia civil, le secunde, le immunitate personal, que impediva le ecclesiasticos de non esser submittite al tribunales del regno e le plus gravose del puncto de vista economic, le immunitate real, que concedeva al immense terrenos del ecclesia le exemption del impostos.<ref name=":10" /> Assi del 1737 le tractativas inter le Regno de Neapole e le Stato Pontificie comenciava que al fin portava al signatura del [[Concordato del 1741|Concordato de 1741]]; le qual limitava le jurisdiction del clero, submetteva a taxation un parte del proprietates del ecclesia e diminuiva a limitate casos le requesta de derecto de asylo.<ref name=":10" /> Le 3 de novembre de 1767 un decreto es submittite al signatura de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Un regno che é stato grande, Gianni Oliva}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title=Ferdinando Renda, Bernardo Tanucci e i beni dei gesuiti, Catania, Università di Catania-facoltà di lettere e di filosofia, 1970, p. 78.}}</ref> con le qual eveni le [[Soppressione della Compagnia di Gesù|chassa del jesuitas de Neapole]] e le mission al incanto del benes ecclesiastic: plus de 45 mille hectares de terreno es assi assignate con contractos de enfyteusis e qui beneficia es le classe medie agrari, un parte de iste terras es date in parve fractiones a paisanos povre: 3 mille familias sicilian.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":15" /> Sub le regno de Carolo se cercava de amodernisar le systema tributari. Su prime acto es le lege del 4 de octobre 1740, mediante le qual se disponeva le compilation del [[Catasto onciario|Cadastro onciari]]<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|title=Carlo di Borbone, Guido Belmonte - Edoardo Vitale}}</ref>, dicte onciari proque illo esseva le unitate monetari theoric de referentia, in base al qual le patrimonios esseva estimate<ref name=":16" />. Ne scaturiva un revelation del population del Regno, in le qual etate, profession e proprietate esseva reportate. Le copias es conservate al [[Archivio di Stato di Napoli|Archivo de Stato de Neapole]]. Iste reforma habeva totevia duo limites, le prime limite stava in le facto que illos es remittite al declarationes del possedentes e le secunde limite esseva le facto que illo esseva controlate per le Communes, entitates in le quales le barones e le possedentes commandava. Le reforma pro iste rationes falliva in le annos subsequente e le fisco retorna a recurrer al gabellas. Gratias a iste reformas il esseva possibile un amodernisation del systema socio-economic del societate meridional e in campo economic eveniva le apertura del [https://www.vistanet.it/napoli/2023/07/06/real-opificio-di-san-leucio-il-primato-industriale-che-ha-reso-napoli-famosa-nel-mondo/ opificios de Sancte Leucio], [[Porcellana di Capodimonte|Fabrica Real de Capodimonte]], [[Reali ferriere ed Officine di Mongiana|Ferrieras Real e Officinas de Mongiana]], [https://storienapoli.it/2021/05/20/real-arazzeria-napoletana/ le Real tapisseria napolitan] e Le amodernisation del chantieros naval de [[Arsenale di Napoli|Neapole]] e [[Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]].<ref name=":1" /> Durante le domination espaniol Sicilia se trova in conditiones multo similar al resto del Mezzogiorno: grande potentialitates economic (“in le prime medietate del dece-octave seculo le insula, in annata bon, poteva producer le duple del cereales que illo consumava”<ref>{{Cite book|title=Storia della Sicilia medievale e moderna, cit., vol II, p. 402 Denis Mack Smith}}</ref>) e presentava le mesme problemas del resto del meridion, le baronage e le poter clerical. Le poter politic es in le manos del vicerege de nomination regal, cuje electiones es expression del governamento de Madrid antea e de Neapole postea. Le capital es Palermo con 200.000 habitantes que es le citate le plus populose de Italia, post Neapole que ha 370.000 habitantes al fin del dece-octave seculo.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/napoli_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/#|title=}}</ref> Le reformismo del regno de [[Carlo III di Spagna|Carolo III]] e del prime annos de [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]] es permittite per le Vicereges Fogliani Sforza d'Aragona, [[Marcantonio Colonna di Stigliano, III principe di Sonnino|Marcantonio Colonna]] e specialmente [[Domenico Caracciolo|Domenico Caracciolo]]. In le questiones religiose eveni le abolition del Sancte Officio, reduction del numero del conventos e contenimento de illo del religiosos e exproprio e mission al incanto de un parte del benes ecclesiastic. Contra le barones eveni le revocation del usages civic e del location del terras demanial, pro cercar de favorir le nascentia de un classe medie, illos decreta le libertate de commercio e eveni le institution del credito agrari.<ref name=":10" /> ==== Societate ==== Pro quanto concerne le societate del Regno de Neapole (excluse le Regno de Sicilia) al fin del dece-octave seculo, illo esseva formate per 4.828.914 habitantes assi distribuite como structura social: le feudatarios e nobiles (que comprehendeva al epocha etiam le totalitate o quasi del corpore de officiales), esseva 31.000; le burgesia intellectual del professiones liberal (principalmente homines de lege, dunque advocatos, judices e notarios, e medicos) esseva 40.400; le clero masculin e feminin comprehendeva 90.659 personas, del quales 64.000 prestres, fratres, monachos e 26.659 monachas. Le resto 4.666.855 del personas (excluse le professiones liberal) esseva constituite per paisanos, commerciantes, obreros, artisanes, pastores, laboreros in le activitates maritim<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|title=[A. L. Sannino, Famiglia, matrimonio, diuorzio in Basilicata, in Il Mezzogiorno e la Basilicata fra l'età giacobina e il decennio francese (Atti del Convegno di Maratea, 8-10 giugno 1990), a cura di A. Cestaro-A. Lerra, II, Venosa 1992, p. 372]}}</ref>. In percentage, minus del 1% del population appartineva al aristocratia, quasi 1% al burgesia intellectual, circa 2% al clero e 97% del population esseva constituite per le [[Terzo Stato|Tertie Stato]]. Le concentration de possessiones in paucissime manos esseva plus accentuate ancora de quanto iste cifras indicava, proque al interno del nobilitate e del clero il habeva sproportiones social relevante. Usque al minus al initios del seculo XIX existeva le prassi in le casatos aristocratic de transmitter le patrimonio solmente al primogenito, in maniera de conservar lo intacte<ref name=":19" />. Le usages del primogenitura, del maggioraschi, seniorati, fedecommessi, faceva que le filos mascule “cadette” o femininas esseva excludite del hereditage. Le 31 mille aristocraticos in 1792 non esseva ergo tote grande proprietarios terestre. Le corporation de officiales militar esseva formate in ille data integremente per nobiles, ma pro le major parte cadette<ref name=":19" />. Iste cifras esseva typic de un stato del [[Ancien Régime]], de facto etiam in Francia e in Espania le societate esseva subdividite in modo similar. Le societate francese esseva constituite respectivemente pro 2% per le nobilitate e per le clero<ref>{{Cite book|title=Erica Mannucci Joy, La Rivoluzione francese, Carocci, 2002.}}</ref> dum le societate espaniol esseva constituite pro 2% per nobiles e pro 4% per le clero e le restante parte del population esseva constituite per le Tertie Stato<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anes, Gonzalo, El antiguo régimen: los Borbones, 2ª. Ed., Madrid, Alianza Editorial/Alfaguara, 1976.}}</ref>. ==== Limites del reformas e feudalismo ==== Le reformas succedeva a reformar in parte le Meridion post le annos obscure del domination espaniol e austriac e a crear un momento de discontinuitate con le passato,<ref name=":1" /> ma non succedeva a abolir le feudalismo, grave problema del Mezzogiorno, e non amodernisava in modo complete le systema economic e social del meridion.<ref name=":1" /> De facto le possession del terra e dunque del economia, remaneva fortemente concentrate pro longe tempore. Il ha essite estimate que in le tarde dece-octave seculo, in le Mezzogiorno continental, existeva circa 600 familias baronal, al quales se adjungeva un cinquantina de barones ecclesiastic: le barones representava circa le 1% del population total e deteneva le controlo super ultra le 70% del population rural in condition de [[vassallaggio|vassallage]]. Quinze familias governava quasi un quarto del population feudal del Regno, i.e., circa 700.000 personas.<ref name=":17" /> Un exemplo del vastitate del feudos es representate per Irpinia, in iste provincia le possedimento feudal del casato del Caracciolo de Avellino, reuniva in 1798 un serie de baronias que coperiva comprehensivemente un superficie de 220 kilometros quadrate, i.e., 22.000 hectares<ref>{{Cite book|title=[Giuseppe Cirillo, Verso la trama sottile. Feudo e protoindustria nel Regno di Napoli (secc. XVI-XIX), Roma 2012, p. 58]}}</ref>, in le mesme annos le feudo a Sant’Angelo dei Lombardi esseva definite como un ver e proprie Stato con 245,62 km², constituente le 29% del superficie territorial de ille area, illo habeva un population de 20.607 habitantes, equal al 34,52% del population del Alte Irpinia e al 5,58% del integre provincia<ref>{{Cite book|title=[Francesco Barra, Lo “Stato” Feudale degli Imperiale di Sant’Angelo, in Cirillo, Verso la trama sottile, cit., p. 55]}}</ref>. Non solmente le nobiles esseva proprietarios de feudos ma etiam le soverano e le familia regal, le casato del Borbones de Neapole possedeva tanto le benes del corona, como le benes dicte allodiali del monarcha, su proprietate personal e directe, istes ultimes comprehendeva le sequente feudos: Altamura, Borbona, Campli, Cantalice, Castellammare, Cittaducale, Leonessa, Montereale, Ortona a Mare, Penne, Pianella, Posta, Rocca Guglielma, San Giovanni in Carico, San Valentino<ref>{{Cite book|title=[G. Galanti, Nuova descrizione storica e geografica delle Sicilie, vol., I, Napoli 1787, p. 239]}}</ref>. ==== Ultime decennio del dece-octave seculo e periodo Napoleonic ==== In le ultime decennio del dece-octave seculo le periodo del despotismo illuminate terminava etiam a Neapole, [[Ferdinando I delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando I]] licentiava le [[Bernardo Tanucci|Tanucci]] e se comportava in modo sempre plus autoritari, pro timor que un revolution burstarea como in Francia e iste typo de governamento continuava etiam post le restauration, exemplos de iste repression es le contrarivolution del [[Esercito della Santa Fede in Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo|exercito del Sancte Fide]] contra le [[Repubblica Napoletana (1799)|Republica Parthenopee]] e [[Moti del 1820-1821|le repression del constitutiones date in 1820]] e del [[Moti del 1830-1831|motus del 1830]], etiam si in maxime parte le reformas in campo socio-economic facite durante le periodo Napoleonic esseva lassate como per exemplo [[Leggi eversive della feudalità|le leges eversive del feudalitate promovite a Neapole in 1806]]<ref name=":10" />. ==== Le Meridion in le dece-none seculo ==== Durante le congresso de Vienna Ferdinando I reuniva le Regnos de Neapole e de Sicilia in le [[Regno delle Due Sicilie|Regno del Duo Sicilias]]. Subsequentemente con le governamento de [[Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando II]] un modeste processo de industrialisation se disveloppava que riguardava principalmente le grande citates [[Napoli|Neapole]], [[Palermo|Palermo]] e [[Catania|Catania]]. In iste annos de facto in le Meridion le prime implantos industrial, le prime ferrovias e le numero del naviglios esseva notabilemente augmentate.<ref name=":10" /> A limitar iste progressos il habeva totevia notabile problemas que riguardava, in le perspectiva social: le forte hierarchisation del societate,<ref name=":18" /> le accentration del ressources e del investimentos in alcun areas,<ref name=":20" /> un reducite numero de vias de communication terrestre e le alte percentages de analphabetos.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /> Dum le problemas del puncto de vista economic riguardava le basse investimento endogene in le industrialisation, que de facto dependeva fortemente del capital estranie e public,<ref name=":18" /> del manca de un systema creditizie moderne<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":23" /> e specialmente de un sector primari que se basava quasi exclusivemente super le latifundio.<ref name=":10" /> '''Le reformas'''[[File:Fergola, Salvatore The Inauguration of the Naples - Portici Railway, 1840.JPG|197px|right|thumb|Inauguration del [[Ferrovia Napoli-Portici|ferrovia Neapole-Portici]]]] In iste annos in le meridion se disveloppava nove vias de communication, isto se pote constatar in le realisation del prime section del ferrovia italian le [[Ferrovia Napoli-Portici|Neapole-Portici]] in 1839, al qual se adjungeva un altere linea super le axe Neapole-Castellammare e le duo sectiones es servite per cursas regular aperte al diverse stratos del population, con apposite carrossas de prime, secunde e tertie classe.<ref name=":1" /> In 1845 initia le studios pro le ambitiose projecto del Neapole-Brindisi; in 1856 le linea Neapole-Nola-Sarno es completate.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Il R Bomba, Giuseppe Campolieti, p. 208.}}</ref> Le disveloppamento del ferrovias non es le unic signo de modernitate: le [[Ponte Real Ferdinando|ponte real Ferdinando]] es construite, in ferro super le Garigliano, le secunde super le continente europee<ref name=":9" />, sequite per illo super le fluvio Calore. Inter 1830 e 1856 es aperite ultra 3 mille millias de stratas consular assi de quadruplar le rete stratal persistente.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Gli Ultimi Borboni di Napoli, Harold Acton}}</ref> [[File:Ferdinando I - Prima nave a vapore nel Mediterraneo.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le “Ferdinando I” es le prime nave a vapor que ha surcate le Mediterraneo<ref name=":11" />]] Pro quanto riguarda le construction naval a Neapole es varate le prime nave a vapor le “Ferdinando I”<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11">{{Cita web|url=https://storienapoli.it/2018/04/17/la-ferdinando-i-prima-nave-vapore-italia/|title=La Ferdinando I}}</ref> e es meliorate le chantieros naval de [[Arsenale di Napoli|Neapole]] e [[Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]] que supera illos de Genova per tonnellage. In le chantieros naval se multiplica in pauc annos le bastimentos que passa de 8 mille tonnas in 1824 a 100 mille tonnas attingite in 1835 e poi a 250 mille tonnas in 1860.<ref>{{Cita news|autore=Harold Acton|title=La testimonianza è di William Temple ed è riporta nel libro “Gli ultimi Borboni di Napoli”|pubblicazione=}}</ref> De pari passo va a augmentar le attentiones reservate al portos con le creation de nove bassinos: a [[Castellammare di Stabia|Castellammare]], [[Gallipoli]], [[Molfetta]], [[Gaeta]], [[Ortona]], [[Barletta]], [[Ischia (Italia)|Ischia]] e [[Bari]];<ref name=":9" /> es dotate de un moderne faro a lanterna a eclipses con apparato lenticular le portos de Nisida, Neapole e Castellammare.  Le investimentos in le vias de communication favori le disveloppamento del industria: in 1835 se conta 117 fabricas de lana,<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.ilmattino.it/blog/controstorie/illanificioritorna-1761732.html|title=Lanificio regno delle due sicilie}}</ref> le [https://www.lefebvre.it/it/la-storia fabricas de papiro Lefebvre e Polsinelli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524190458/https://www.lefebvre.it/it/la-storia |date=2024-05-24 }}, arriva a emplear ultra mille empleatos.<ref name=":9" /> In retardo resulta le disveloppamento del activitate metallomechanic, con le disveloppamento del activitate per parte de industrias private como le Marcy e Henry, [[Opificio Zino & Henry|l'opificio Zino e Henry]], le [[Cantiere Pattison|Guppy e Pattinson]], [[Reali ferriere ed Officine di Mongiana|Ferrieras Real e Officinas de Mongiana]] e super toto, del [[Officine di Pietrarsa|Officinas de Pietrasa]], a capital public, que constitueva le major complexo industrial italian<ref name=":1" />. [[File:Reale opificio meccanico e pirotecnico di Pietrarsa, planimetria, 1861 - san dl SAN IMG-00002949.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Planta del Real Opificio mechanico e pyrotechnic de Pietrarsa, publicate in le volumine Sullo stabilimento metallurgico e meccanico di Pietrarsa, Torino 1861. Relazione del Signor Cavaliere Sebastiano Grandis ispettore delle strade ferrate dello Stato.]] Le activitate minatori es multo floride: le [[Zolfo di Sicilia|minas de sulphure]] es gerite per investimentos Francese e Anglese, illios coperi 80% del necessitate mundial<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Un Regno che é stato grande, Gianni Oliva}}</ref>. '''Le institutos de credito''' Multo pauc esseva facite super le plano creditizie: le bancas remaneva pauc, de istes le plus importante esseva le [[Banco delle Due Sicilie|Banco del Duo Sicilias]], instituto creditizie statal que veniva create per Gioacchino Murat del fusion de octo bancas public. Veniva affiancate a isto le bancas fruttuaria (1831-1857), [[Banca del Tavoliere di Puglia|del ''tavoliere'' (tabulero)]] (1834-1839) e del Ofanto, istes habeva difficultates in concurrer con le banca statal e al fin falleva<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Domenico De Marco, Contributo alla storia del Banco di Napoli. Dalle origini all'unità d'Italia.}}</ref>. Pro incentivar le disveloppamento del classes minus ambiente se cercava de crear le [[Cassa di risparmio|cassas de sparna]]. Istes esseva institutos de credito que cercava de invitar le classes plus humile al sparna. Duo esseva instituite, un a Neapole e un altere a Palermo, le initiative totevia non succedeva a haber le successo sperate sia pro le manca de fundos que pro le aversion del population<ref name=":14" />. In vice succedeva le [[Monte frumentario|montes frumentari]] que esseva ampliate e nove esseva fundate, assi le Regno arrivava a contar 700 in le sol continente. Lor scopo esseva somministrar le sementes al paisanos cuje precio veniva restituite a bassissime interesse, in iste modo se favoriva de un latere le disveloppamento del agricultura e del altere se augmentava le cohesion social e se diminueva possibile revoltas. Pro evitar le disveloppamento del usura le [[monti pecuniari|montes pecuniari]] esseva instituite in 1833, illos habeva le scopo de prestar parve summas de moneta a basse interesses (non plus de dece ducatos al interesse del 6%)<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=Paola Avallone, Prestare ai poveri. Il credito su pegno e i monti di pietà in area mediterranea (secoli XV-XIX)}}</ref>. '''Societate''' In iste annos le economia meridional disveloppava un economia fortemente hierarchisate, al cuje vertice esseva presente burgeses de origine estranie, que sovente pro le basse numero de institutos de credito deveniva etiam bancheros, de facto nasceva le figura del mercante-banchero<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|title=John A. Davis, Società e imprenditori nel Regno borbonico 1815-1860.}}</ref>. Illos esseva le [[Rothschild di Napoli|Rothschild de Neapole]], maxime creditores del Stato, le bancheros switze [[Meuricoffre|Meuricoffre]] e Appelt, diverse commerciantes anglese, [[Whitaker (famiglia)|Ingham-Whitaker]], Woodhouse, Close, Rogers e alteres. In position de partenarios minoritari il habeva le investitores napolitan e sicilian, istes esseva le [[Volpicelli|Volpicelli]], le Ricciardi, le Buono, le [[Falanga (cognome)|Falanga]], le De Martino, le Montuori, le Sorvillo e le [[Florio|Florio]]<ref name=":18" />. Istes ultimes habeva importante successos economic e succedeva a devenir partenarios major. In iste annos se disveloppava specialmente in le campanias un burgesia meridional que derivava del classe militar e de empleatos que habeva habite importante concessiones in le periodo Murattian<ref name=":18" />, illo se fundeva in le annos subsequente con le nobilitate, ire a formar un unic classe social appellate “galantuomini”<ref name=":7" />. Istes totevia non portava grande cambiamentos in le systema agricole, que remaneva ligate al infructuose latifundio<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":7" />. Un secamento del societate meridional pote esser date utilisante le datos referite al citate de Neapole, que habeva 400.813 habitantes in 1840, socialmente assi partite: 16.878 possedentes (5%), 7.142 professionistas in professiones liberal (2%), 11.167 empleatos public (4%), 18.148 militares (6%), 11.902 pensionatos (4%), 6.610 ecclesiasticos (2%), 2.830 labora presso le entitates de benevolentia (0,7%), 80.457 commerciantes, artisanes, obreros etc. (25%), 168.052 travaliatores quotidian, venditores ambulante, mendicos etc…(41%)<ref>{{Cite book|title=IG. DE SANCTIS, Stato della popolazione del regno delle Due Sicilie messo in confronto tra gli anni 1828 e 1843, Napoli 1845.}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite book|title=Industria società e classe operaia nelle provincie napoletane nella prima metà dell’Ottocento, Tommaso Pedio}}</ref>. Del ultima categoria face etiam parte le [[lazzari|lazzaros]]. Pro factores historic e pro le character absolutista e accentratrice del monarchia borbonic un bon parte del population *al qua dal faro*, i.e., in le ex-Regno de Neapole, se concentrava in le capital, de facto Neapole e *casali* (locos circumjacente), habeva in 1848, 495.942 habitantes, que correspondeva al 7,6% del population del Regno *al qua dal faro*. Per via del accentration le majoritate del travaliatores que se occupa del bureaucratia e del commercio se trovava in le capital. Le repartition del travaliatores in le meridion non insular in 1848 esseva le sequente: del 30.677 empleatos 11.740 esseva occupate a Neapole (38,26%), del 3.702 advocatos, in le capital esseva 3.036 (82%), del 39.996 commerciantes del ex-Regno de Neapole 13.407 (33,53%) esseva in le capital, le laboreros in le activitates maritim esseva 37.275 de istes 8.338 (22,36%) habeva activitates a Neapole e del 312.219 obreros, artisanes e *garzoni* (apprentices) a Neapole e *casali* esseva presente 102.947 habitantes (32,98%)<ref name=":20" />.  Le numero total de indigentes in 1820 in le sol meridion non insular esseva de 189.686 (3,3%)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi “Saggio sulla popolazione del regno di Puglia: nei passati tempi e nel presente“}}</ref>, secundo altere fontes quaranta annos plus tarde le numero del mendicos in le integre Regno esseva de centovinte mille personas i.e. 1,4% del population<ref name=":7" />. Le percentage esseva minor que Lombardia (1,6%), Romagna (2,11%), Umbria (2,14%) e Toscana (1,83%)<ref name=":7" />. '''Limites del reformas e latifundismo''' Si de un latere es innegabile que le [[Regno delle Due Sicilie|Regno del Duo Sicilias]] esseva transite per reformas que favoriva un partial processo de industrialisation in le prime annos del regno de [[Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie|Ferdinando II]], es importante rememorar etiam le limites de iste politicas.<ref name=":1" /> Le prime limite riguarda le facto que le saison del reformas que va de 1830 al 15 de maio 1848 (data in que initia le repression del reformas constitutional debite al motus de januario [[1848]] que habeva portate al approbation del [http://www.dircost.unito.it/cs/docs/sicilie1848.htm constitution del regno]), le factos del 15 de maio habeva alienate le intelligentia napolitan e le liberales italian que comenciava a dispreciar le Borbones<ref name=":1" /> e le dynamismo del prime annos esseva frenate per un politica economic plus parsimoniose respective al draconian economia de Cavour que esseva totevia securmente plus fructuose super le longe periodo.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Il sangue del sud, Giordano Bruno Guerri}}</ref> Le secunde limite riguarda le facto que le Regno del Duo Sicilias continuava a haber un economia incentrate super le agricultura etiam si con un modeste sector secundari e tertiari: le sector primari occupava 62% del fortia de travalio, le secundari e le tertiari ambes occupava 19% del population.<ref name=":8">{{Cita web|url=https://www.vittoriodaniele.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/originidivario1.pdf|title=Origine divario nord sud|accessdate=2025-10-28|archivedate=2023-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804182904/https://www.vittoriodaniele.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/originidivario1.pdf}}</ref> Le tertio limite riguarda etiam le mancate disveloppamento de un forte burgesia industrial: de facto le vaste majoritate del industrias es realisate per capitales estranie e public, le burgesia meridional tendeva a dedicar se majormente al agricultura, al commercio e al travalios intellectual. Isto non es debite solmente al pauc dynamismo del intelligentia meridional ma etiam del pauc institutos de credito private.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Le quarte limite riguarda le *entroterra* (area interior) del meridion ubi le Stato non succedeva a favorir le disveloppamento de un sector primari moderne, que remaneva le ossatura del economia meridional, excepte pro rar casos como le [[cantine Florio|cantinas Florio]] o le [[tonnara di Favignana|tonnara (sitio de pisca de thunnos) de Favignana]]. Bon parte del meridion esseva cultivate a latifundio con technicas agricole retrogradate e infructuose.<ref name=":7" /> Iste technicas economic produceva un forte concentration de benes economic: es estimate que al fin del XVIII seculo 650 latifundistas laic e ecclesiastic controlava 60% del producto national del meridion continental,<ref name=":3" /> e le reformas de vendita del terras incultivate e ecclesiastic ivava sovente a inricchir ulteriormente le familias burgese, proveniente del classe militar e administrative, que habeva accrescite lor poter durante e post le periodo napoleonic<ref name=":7" />. Le hegemonia del latifundio in le meridion es confirmate per le exemplo del Catanese, que habeva in le prime medietate del seculo XIX un repartition territorial in que 51% del superficie appartineva a fundos del dimensiones de circa 200 hectar in media e 31% a proprietates que superava le 800<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|title=A. Di Blasi, La proprietà fondiaria nella Sicilia centro-orientale. Considerazioni geografiche, Catania 1968, pp. 12-13, p. VIII}}</ref>. Totevia le zona de Catania esseva, in Sicilia, un de illos con le minor concentration de proprietate, i.e., de latifundismo. Le firmas catastral con ultra 1000 hectar arrivava solmente a 45% del solo cadastrate in le Nisseno e a 25% in le Ennese<ref name=":21" />. Concentrante se super le commune de Bronte, le pais in que eveniva le [[Fatti di Bronte|sollevamento popular]], pro le requesta del terras, reprimite per le Garibaldinos. In le commune le possessiones del duce, i.e. le ex-feudatario, coperiva solmente circa le medietate del 30.000 hectar del integre territorio communal. Le majoritate del terras del restante medietate esseva in le manos de 19 proprietarios. Le duce e le altere latifundistas, 20 personas, possedeva 81% del fundos. Le media proprietate comprehendeva 8% del superficie e esseva partite in 87 firmas catastral. Finalmente le parve proprietate habeva 11% del superficie e habeva un altissime grado de fragmentation in peciettas minuscule, essente distribuite in 3.759 parcellas catastral, cuje dimension medie esseva inferior al hectar e que non consentiva le formation de interprisas agricole autonome. Le parve o parvissime proprietarios poteva ergo cultivar le terra solmente como integration de un altere profession, que esseva habitualmente le travalio manual super terras de alteres. Le structura pyramidal del proprietates territorial de Bronte e le configuration social transpare de iste cifras: le duce possedeva circa 50% del terras; 19 latifundistas ultra 30%; 87 medie proprietarios 8%; finalmente 3.759 firmas catastral se partiva le 11% restante.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Giuseppe Lo Giudice, Comunità rurali della Sicilia moderna. Bronte (1747-1853), Catania 1969}}</ref>. == Le condition de Italia al momento del unification == {{Vide anque|Historia economic de Italia}} Secundo le majoritate del historicos economic esseva presente differentias economico-social inter le Nord-West e le resto del pais al momento del Unitate de Italia ma ille se rendeva nette ab le initio del Novecento e se approfondiva subsequentemente<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=L'economia italiana dall'unità alla grande guerra, Stefano Fenoaltea.}}</ref>. Al momento del unification parve differentias esseva presente in le sector primari presente specialmente in le rendimentos del grano, pro exemplo, esseva, inter 1815 e 1880, de 5-9 quintales per hectar in le Nord, de 4-8 in le Centro e de 3-7 in le Sud.<ref name=":12" /> Como ha scribite [[Piero Bevilacqua]] «al momento del Unitate de Italia le distantias inter le Nord e le Sud, super le plano del structura industrial non esseva si relevante como illos se haberea rendite subsequentemente»<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Zamagni, Comments on the Paper by Emanuele Felice, p. 81.}}</ref>. Al contrario, in alicun industrias, como illos metallomechanic, de tannario, de papiro e de sulphure, le Sud non esseva de toto in un position de disavantage<ref name=":13" />. Le recercas de Stefano Fenoaltea super toto ha revelate que le avantage del Nord se delinea e se consolida solmente ab le fin del Octocento e non ante<ref name=":12" />. In 1871 il ha un modeste avantage del Nord: le producto *per capita* industrial es de 63 liras in le Nord e de 57 in le Sud.<ref name=":12" /> In position de avantage se trova Lombardia, Pedemonte e Liguria,<ref name=":12" /> in compania, totevia, de Campania e Sicilia.<ref name=":12" /> Quasi tote le Centro e le Sud se colloca, comocunque, sub le media national, etiam si le deviation del valor medie es modeste in veritate<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" />. Totevia, ab recercas successive de Fenoaltea, evaluta equal solmente quantitativemente le sector secundari, ma evaluta plus productive le industrias del Nord-West respective al resto del pais. [[File:Italy Industry 1871.svg|197px|right|thumb|Indice normalisate de industrialisation del provincias italian in 1871 (1 es le media national). Fonte: Banca de Italia. {{legenda|#550000|border=0.5px solid black|ultra 1,4}} {{legenda|#D40000|border=0.5px solid black|ab 1,1 a 1,4}} {{legenda|#FF8080|border=0.5px solid black|ab 0,9 a 1,1}} {{legenda|#FFFFFF|border=0.5px solid black|usque a 0,9}} ]] Al epocha del Unitate, le servicios, quanto a valor total producite, esseva plus importante que le industria, e representava poco minus de 30 pro cento del producto aggregate. Secundo illos, in tote Italia le population active in le tertiario esserea le 16-17 pro cento del total. Le Nord haberea un avantage in 1861 respective al Sud (18 a 15 pro cento); le Sud haberea un avantage in 1871; in 1881 il haberea paritate. Le datos del valor addite del servicios, elaborate per [[Emanuele Felice]] pro 1891, suggere un disparitate considerabile inter le Centro-Nord e le Sud, de circa 40 pro cento, totevia isto es debite al Latium, a causa del presentia del capital, in que le servicios habeva un peso relevante, contribue multo a iste disparitate. Le disparitate, de facto, se reduce a 25 pro cento si on exclude le Latium. In 1891, quando es disponibile datos plus fidel super le differentias inter regiones in terminos de producto *per capita*, in le mesme anno le Sud esseva in avantage super le Nord pro le producto agricole de 15-20 pro cento. Le differentia in le producto del servicios in terminos *per capita* esseva a avantage del Nord de 30-40 pro cento. In le producto industrial, semper *per capita*, in 1881 existeva un avantage del Nord de 10 pro cento; que in 1901 se habeva ampliate a 30 pro cento<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" />. Pro quanto riguarda le datos super le PIL *per capita* illos es multo plus incerte. Le motivo es que le Producto Interne Brute (PIL), le indicator macroeconomic que nos provide un approximation del rendimento annual, al tempore del Unitate non existeva e non esseva ergo mesurate. Le PIL esseva inventate subsequentemente in le Statos Unite durante le Grande Depression, in le annos trenta del Novecento. Le historicos economic Paolo Malanina e Vittorio Daniele es comocunque succedite a calcular un avantage del Nord super le Sud in le producto *per capita* in 1891 que esseva inter 5 e 10 pro cento, e sererea quasi absente in 1861. Le estimationes es contestate per le economista Emanuele Felice, secundo Felice in le estimationes de Daniele e Malanima emerge duo punctos critic: le prime riguarda le calculo del PIL total regional que es estimate super le population de alora ma con le frontieras regional actual, ergo se eleva multo le valor pro exemplo de Campania (que in 1891 ascendererea de 97 a 110, facite 100 Italia) e face cader illo del Latium (in le mesme anno de 137 a 105). Isto es debite al facto que Campania ha perdite importante territorios, que le Latium ha ganiate, que es le provincias de Latina e Frosinone. De consequentia le PIL per habitante de Campania in etate liberal ha saltate in alto proque le PIL total que includeva un population plus ample, comprendite Latina e Frosinone, ha essite dividite per un numero de habitantes minor, sin Latina e Frosinone, durante que illo del Latium ha cadite, le PIL total se refereva a un population plus parve e ha essite dividite per un numero de habitantes plus alte. Le secunde distortion in favor del Meridie es debite al utilisation del industria basate super le estimation preliminar de Fenoaltea, que subevalutava multo, le disparitate Nord-Sud, in tanto que non teneva conto del differentias de productivitate. Facite iste premissas Felice estima le disparitate del PIL total in 1870 de 19%, de facto si Italia valeva 100, le Meridie presentava un PIL per habitante de 90, le Centro-Nord de 106. Felice es succedite etiam a calcular le rendimento medie in base al precios de 2011 (un artificio que nos servi pro dar al lector un ordine de grandor), illo esseva alora de justo 2.049 euros per anno. Un meridional ganiava in media 1.844 euros per anno, circa 154 euros per mense (5 euros per die); un citatano del Centro-Nord 2.172 euros, i.e. 181 euros per mense (6 euros per die). Felice concorda totevia super le importante differentias intra le Meridie. Al Sud spiccava le primato de Campania, le antique region capital, que hospitava le citate plus populose de Italia, ultra que le ric possedentes meridional: facite 100 Italia, su PIL *per capita* esseva 107, super le media national. Sequeva con 94 Sicilia, region con un forte texito urban, un importante activitate tertiari e un agricultura diversificate; poi Apulia con 89, gratias al agricultura. Poi sequeva Abruzzo e Molise con 80, Sardinia con 78, finalmente Calabria 69 e Basilicata 67. In le Centro-Nord nos trova le Latium con 146, region alora plus parve, que occupava quasi solmente le provincia de Roma. Le PIL del Latium resulta multo elevate proque in le statos preindustrial le capitales eccelleva etiam plus que ora, proque illic se concentrava le servicios, que habeva un differentia de rendimento respecte al industria e al agricultura plus alte de quanto non es hodie. De consequentia plus le superficie del region es parve plus le PIL essera alte. Post le Latium nos ha Liguria 139, le prime region del futur Triangulo industrial e que pur convogliava un quota importante del servicios, ultra a un nascente industria, sequite per Lombardia 111. Il habeva ergo le altere regiones, tote circum le media national, a exception de Marcas 82, ultime in le Centro-Nord e quasi al mesme nivello de Abruzzo e Molise. Felice ergo concorda con Malanina e Daniele super le manca de un nette dichotomia Nord-Sud, affirma totevia comocunque a differentia del duo studiosos que era comocunque presente un *gap* major de illo calculate in preceder e que mancava un differentia West-Est, etiam si affirma que le rendimentos plus alte se concentrava in le regiones plus urbanisate e de plus ancian tradition manufacturero que se trovava sovente super le versante Tyrrhenian. Felice ha calculate le PIL etiam pro altere regiones italian in 1871, tenente conto que Italia es equal a 100: Pedemonte 103, Veneto 101, Abruzzo e Molise 80, Liguria 139, Emilia-Romagna 95, Campania 107, Lombardia 111, Toscana 105, Apulia 89, Marcas 82, Basilicata 67, Umbria 99, Calabria 69, Latium 146, Sicilia 94, Sardinia 78. De consequentia Nord-West 111, Nord-Est e Centro 103, Centro-Nord 106, Sud e Insulas 90. [[File:Italia ferrovie 1861.03.17.png|197px|right|thumb|Al proclamation del regno de Italia, in 1861, esseva in exercitio in le peninsula 2.521 km de stratas ferrate (al mesme data in Germania 11.000 km, in Anglaterra 14.600, in Francia 4.000). Al vigilia del Unitate, in 1859, le rete ferroviari pedemontese [contava] 819 km, illo del Lombardo-Veneto 522 km, illo del Stato Pontifici 257 km, illo del Granducato de Toscana 101 km, e illo del Regno del duo Sicilias 99 km.]] Ultra a haber calculate retro le PIL per habitante in le macroregiones e in le singule regiones in 1871, Felice cerca de facer le mesme con le datos pro le macroregiones de 1861. Tenente conto que in le annos sexanta del Octocento le crescimento de Italia resultava quasi nulle, de facto le taxa de augmento del PIL *per capita* esseva inferior a 0,4% annual, e evalutante le effecto negative del politicas liberista que damnificava le industria del meridie, essente minus productive, ma que al mesme modo favoriva le exportationes del agricultura, super toto ab le culturas a alte valor addite (viticultura, olivicultura, productos hortofructal) in Apulia e in Sicilia, ma etiam in Calabria e in le zona del Vulture (Basilicata), e le industria agroalimentari ligate a illo, pur in Abruzzo e in Campania, etiam si ille evalutava etiam le damnos provocate per le guerra civil que prende le nomine de brigandage. De consequentia ille hypotheisa que le datos regional de 1860 debeva esser inferior respecte a illos de 1870 in Apulia, Sicilia e Abruzzo, que habeva trahite major juvamento del politicas liberista e habeva suffrite minus pro le brigandage e superior o stationari in Campania, Calabria e Basilicata, isto proque le prime region esseva le plus colpate per le politicas liberista, pro le plus alte concentration de industrias e le altere duo esseva le regiones in que le repression del brigandage sequeva le plus. Facite iste premissas Felice hypotheisa que in 1861 le total del Meridie esseva circum 85% del media national, i.e. quatro o cinque punctos sub le dato de un decennio post (essente crescite plus, su puncto de partita esseva plus basse). Etiam si ille estima un margine de incertitude de 5% e conclude que al Unitate de Italia le PIL del Meridie esseva circa 80-90% del media italian; i.e. (restringente le *forchetta* pro arrotondar) inter 75 e 80% de illo del Centro-Nord. Ergo in conclusion secundo le estimationes de Malanina e Daniele in 1891 le disparitate Nord-Sud in le producto *per capita* esseva del ordine de 5-10 pro cento e in 1861 lo calcolava de poco inferior o nulle respecte al Nord. Secundo le estimationes de Felice in 1861 le differentias del PIL inter le Nord e le Sud esseva major e esseva evaluate inter 20-25 pro cento. Totes totevia concorda que altere differentias esseva ben plus significative i.e. illos social que riguardava le alphabetisation e le major disveloppamento de infrastructuras pro que [[Vera Zamagni]] resume in 2010 ab quanto emerge del recercas disponibile super le economia italian al indeparabile del Unitate e super le disparitates regional, scribente: «in le etate preindustrial nos non pote attender de trovar un grande differentia in le producto national *per capita* inter le diverse regiones agrari. Es, totevia, de grande importantia prender in examine altere indicatores que pote explicar proque un area, que monstra un rendimento *per capita* simile a illo de un altere area, es capable a un certe puncto de discollar gratias al impeto del sector industrial, durante que le altere remane stagnante»<ref name=":13" />. In conclusion le sector trahente de Italia preunitari esseva le agricultura, que usava technicas retrogradate, le disveloppamento del sector secundari e del tertiari esseva modeste e esseva financiate majormente per capital public e estranie, excepte in certe zonas de Lombardia ubi le capital private esseva major. Subsequentemente viste que le [[Risorgimento]] esseva alimentate prevalentemente per factores ideal e cultural, plus tosto que economic, sin tener conto del varie particularismos regional, e del debilessa del neonate [[Regno d'Italia (1861-1946)|Regno de Italia]] e transverso le disveloppamento [[Piemontesizzazione|Piemontesisation]] i.e. de un modello economico-administrative multo centralisate, que augementava in modo multo significative le differentias regional e sin un politica de redistribution del terras, problema immense pro le meridie, que manteneva le latifundios usque al lege stralcio n. 841 del 21 de octobre 1950<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Breve storia dell'Italia meridionale, Pietro Bevilacqua.}}</ref>; le differentias economic se acuiuva initialmente inter le nord-west e le resto del pais e in parte se replevava solmente durante le [[Miracolo economico italiano|boom economic]], ma remane ancora hodie forte differentias, specialmente inter le nord e le sud del pais<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name="ReferenceA"/>. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Historia de Italia]] cmsmtpaq9z4o2tbos1clxxvmqas55m5 0 60523 698470 695259 2026-08-11T10:56:36Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698470 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Subuqti''' es un novella originalmente scribite in [[Interlingue]] per [[Vicente Costalago]] in 2022. Illo esseva traducite per la autor e publicate in [[Interlingua]] in 2025. In 2026, illo esseva publica in [[basco]]. Le version in Interlingue esseva revisate per Dave MacLeod, celle in Interlingua, per [[Martin Lavallée]], e celle in basco, per [[Josu Lavin]]. == Ligamines externe == * {{ia}} [https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago/subuqti/paperback/product-yv9dzwr.html?q=Subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti] * {{ia}} [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nmZCBpQiF2k Video facte per Martin Lavallée] {{Vicente Costalago}} [[Categoria:Vicente Costalago]] [[Categoria:Litteratura in le lingua interlingua]] o1mw287s3cn1c0y3boc15n0ioo2ejm9 698471 698470 2026-08-11T10:58:40Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Subuqti''' es un novella originalmente scribite in [[Interlingue]] per [[Vicente Costalago]] in 2022. Illo esseva traducite per la autor e publicate in [[Interlingua]] in 2025. In 2026, illo esseva publica in [[basco]]. Le version in Interlingue esseva revisate per Dave MacLeod, celle in Interlingua, per [[Martin Lavallée]], e celle in basco, per [[Josu Lavin]]. == Narration == Le libro conta le historia de Grigori, un marinero russe qui arriva a Subuqti in le nave Kitkorab, le qual es dirigite per le capitano Aleksey. Ibi le capitano ordina prender le feminas e le infantes, e divider les inter le marineros. Quando Grigori vide que Aqarnaq, le filia del chef de Subuqti, ha un tatuage in le pectore, il la prende e la porta a su camera. Quando ambe es sol, il monstra a illa que il ha le mesme tatuage e il parla a illa in le lingua de Subuqti, car il face parte del populo. Post retornar a San Petersburgo, Grigori es criticate per le alta societate, car il es cognoscite per illes, e un femina, Alyona Morozova, con su amica Kira Novikova, comencia a diffunder rumores super Aqarnaq, qui es portate ante un tribunal pro non esser baptisate in le ecclesia orthodoxe. In ille momento, Grigori appare e la rescata, e postea prende le Kitkorab pro retornar a Subuqti e viver con su sposa e le infantes. == Ligamines externe == * {{ia}} [https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago/subuqti/paperback/product-yv9dzwr.html?q=Subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti] * {{ia}} [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nmZCBpQiF2k Video facte per Martin Lavallée] {{Vicente Costalago}} [[Categoria:Vicente Costalago]] [[Categoria:Litteratura in le lingua interlingua]] 2r80ixc8my5lftz0ah2lbt2w73m9mpx 698472 698471 2026-08-11T10:59:45Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698472 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Subuqti''' es un novella originalmente scribite in [[Interlingue]] per [[Vicente Costalago]] in 2022. Illo esseva traducite per la autor e publicate in [[Interlingua]] in 2025. In 2026, illo esseva publica in [[basco]]. Le version in Interlingue esseva revisate per Dave MacLeod, celle in Interlingua, per [[Martin Lavallée]], e celle in basco, per [[Josu Lavin]]. == Narration == Le libro conta le historia de Grigori, un marinero russe qui arriva a Subuqti in le nave Kitkorab, le qual es dirigite per le capitano Aleksey. Ibi le capitano ordina prender le feminas e le infantes, e divider les inter le marineros. Quando Grigori vide que Aqarnaq, le filia del chef de Subuqti, ha un tatuage in le pectore, il la prende e la porta a su camera. Quando ambe es sol, il monstra a illa que il ha le mesme tatuage e il parla a illa in le lingua de Subuqti, car il face parte del populo. Post retornar a San Petersburgo, Grigori es criticate per le alta societate, car il es cognoscite per illes, e un femina, Alyona Morozova, con su amica Kira Novikova, comencia a diffunder rumores super Aqarnaq, qui es portate ante un tribunal pro non esser baptisate in le ecclesia orthodoxe. In ille momento, Grigori appare e la rescata, e postea prende le Kitkorab pro retornar a Subuqti e viver con su sposa e le infantes. Idioma de origen: Occidental (Interlingue) == Personages principal == * Grigori: Marinero russo * Aleksey: Capitano del nave Kitkorab. * Olga: Uxor de Aleksey * Alyona Morozova: Femina del alte societate russe. Uxor de Alexei Novikov. Illa es inamorate de Grigori. * Alexei Novikov: Major general del armea russe. Marito de Alyona Morozova. * Kira Novikova: Femina del alte societate russe. Amica de Alyona Morozova. * Dimitri Mazarov: Major general del armea russe. Marito de Kira Novikova. * Vladislav Fedorov: Amico de Alyona Morozova, qui esseva inamorate de illa quando ambe esseva juvene. * Taisiya Smirnova: Amica de Kira Novikova. == Lingua == Pro iste libro, le autor creava un lingua, le lingua subuqti (''subuqtivad''). Ille se fundava sur le linguas estoniano, finnese e le diverse dialectos del inuktitut. == Ligamines externe == * {{ia}} [https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago/subuqti/paperback/product-yv9dzwr.html?q=Subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti] * {{ia}} [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nmZCBpQiF2k Video facte per Martin Lavallée] {{Vicente Costalago}} [[Categoria:Vicente Costalago]] [[Categoria:Litteratura in le lingua interlingua]] k0mn1p210k6mabru040svunjnrpmltj 698473 698472 2026-08-11T11:00:08Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 /* Narration */ 698473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Subuqti''' es un novella originalmente scribite in [[Interlingue]] per [[Vicente Costalago]] in 2022. Illo esseva traducite per la autor e publicate in [[Interlingua]] in 2025. In 2026, illo esseva publica in [[basco]]. Le version in Interlingue esseva revisate per Dave MacLeod, celle in Interlingua, per [[Martin Lavallée]], e celle in basco, per [[Josu Lavin]]. == Narration == Le libro conta le historia de Grigori, un marinero russe qui arriva a Subuqti in le nave Kitkorab, le qual es dirigite per le capitano Aleksey. Ibi le capitano ordina prender le feminas e le infantes, e divider les inter le marineros. Quando Grigori vide que Aqarnaq, le filia del chef de Subuqti, ha un tatuage in le pectore, il la prende e la porta a su camera. Quando ambe es sol, il monstra a illa que il ha le mesme tatuage e il parla a illa in le lingua de Subuqti, car il face parte del populo. Post retornar a San Petersburgo, Grigori es criticate per le alta societate, car il es cognoscite per illes, e un femina, Alyona Morozova, con su amica Kira Novikova, comencia a diffunder rumores super Aqarnaq, qui es portate ante un tribunal pro non esser baptisate in le ecclesia orthodoxe. In ille momento, Grigori appare e la rescata, e postea prende le Kitkorab pro retornar a Subuqti e viver con su sposa e le infantes. == Personages principal == * Grigori: Marinero russo * Aleksey: Capitano del nave Kitkorab. * Olga: Uxor de Aleksey * Alyona Morozova: Femina del alte societate russe. Uxor de Alexei Novikov. Illa es inamorate de Grigori. * Alexei Novikov: Major general del armea russe. Marito de Alyona Morozova. * Kira Novikova: Femina del alte societate russe. Amica de Alyona Morozova. * Dimitri Mazarov: Major general del armea russe. Marito de Kira Novikova. * Vladislav Fedorov: Amico de Alyona Morozova, qui esseva inamorate de illa quando ambe esseva juvene. * Taisiya Smirnova: Amica de Kira Novikova. == Lingua == Pro iste libro, le autor creava un lingua, le lingua subuqti (''subuqtivad''). Ille se fundava sur le linguas estoniano, finnese e le diverse dialectos del inuktitut. == Ligamines externe == * {{ia}} [https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago/subuqti/paperback/product-yv9dzwr.html?q=Subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti] * {{ia}} [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/nmZCBpQiF2k Video facte per Martin Lavallée] {{Vicente Costalago}} [[Categoria:Vicente Costalago]] [[Categoria:Litteratura in le lingua interlingua]] 1xgznc189b5gvqn9nahfo0tzhecu7u1 0 61064 698450 698394 2026-08-11T07:50:04Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} '''Balaibalan''' ({{langx|ota|باليبلن|Bâleybelen}}{{efn|Etiam transcribite como '''{{Transliteration|ota|Bala-i-Balan}}''', '''{{Transliteration|ota|Bālaïbalan}}''', '''{{Transliteration|ota|Balibilen}}''' o similarmente.}}) es le plus ancian [[constructed language|lingua artificial]] cognoscite.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Foundation |first1=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaybalan-language |website=iranicaonline.org |access-date=5 Januario 2025}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lingua Ignota]] es plus ancian, ma es un vocabulario inventate incorporate in le grammatica latin, non un lingua complete.}} == Historia == Balaibalan es le sol lingua artificial initial ben documentate que non es de origine europee, e es independente del moda de construction de linguas que occurreva in le [[Renaissance]]. In contrasto con le [[philosophical language|linguas philosophic]] que prevaleva alora, e le linguas designate pro [[international auxiliary language|facilitar le communication mundial]] o pro [[artistic language|uso in litteratura o film]] le plus prominente hodie, Balaibalan esseva probabilemente designate como un lingua sancte o poetic pro rationes religiose, como [[Lingua Ignota]] e forsan [[Damin]]. Balaibalan pote etiam haber essite un lingua secrete que esseva solo cognoscite per un circulo interne. Balaibalan pote haber essite create per le mystico del seculo 14 [[Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi)|Fazlallah Astarabadi]], fundator del [[Hurufism]], o collectivemente per su sequaces in le seculo 15,<ref name="q">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUhwyBmBnI4C&q=Balaibalan&pg=PA47|title=Communitates religiose syncretistic in le Proxime Oriente|isbn=90-04-10861-0|access-date=17 Januario 2015|last1=Kehl-Bodrogi|first1=Krisztina|last2=Heinkele|first2=Barbara Kellner|last3=Beaujean|first3=Anke Otter|year=1997|publisher=BRILL }}</ref> o forsan per [[Muhyî-i Gülşenî]], nascite in [[Edirne]], un membro del ordine [[Gulshani|Gülşenî]] [[sufi]] in Cairo; in omne caso, le elaboration del lingua esseva un effortio collective.<ref name="iranicaonline" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koç |first1=Mustafa |title=BİLİM TARİHİNİN İLK YAPMA DİLİ BÂLEYBELEN |journal=Congresso International de Studios Asian e Nord-African |date=2008 |volume=38 |pages=269–278 |url=https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/FELSEFE.pdf |access-date=19 JulIo 2022}}</ref> Le sol testification documentari de Bâleybelen es un dictionario, copias del qual pote esser trovate in le [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] a Paris e in le [[Princeton University Library]]. == Proprietates linguistic == Balaibalan es un lingua [[A priori (languages)|a priori]], scribite con le [[Ottoman alphabet|alfabeto ottoman]] ([[Arabic script|scriptura arabe]]). Le grammatica seque le exemplo del [[Persian language|persiano]], [[Turkish language|turco]] e [[Arabic language|arabe]]; como le turco, illo es [[agglutinating|agglutinante]]. Multe del [[lexis (linguistics)|lexico]] pare totalmente inventate, ma alcun parolas es prestate del arabe e del altere linguas fonte, e alteres pote esser traciate retro a parolas del linguas fonte de un maniera indirecte, per metaforas [[Sufi]]. Per exemplo: * {{Transliteration|zba|-gab-}}, le radice del verbo 'deliberar', es explcate per le dictionario como essite construite ex le litteras ''b'', que indica action compartite inter multiple personas, e ''g'', que indica publicar. * {{Transliteration|zba|ḏāt}} 'origine' pare esser prestate del arabe {{Transliteration|ar|ḏāt}}, que significa 'essentia.' * {{Transliteration|zba|mim}} 'bucca' pote reflecter le nomine arabe {{Transliteration|ar|mim}} del littera {{angbr|[[م]]}}, cuje forma es sovente comparate in poesia a illo de un bucca. == Notas == {{notelist}} == Referentias == {{reflist}} == Fontes == {{refbegin}} * A. Bausani, Geheim- und Universalsprachen: Entwicklung und Typologie. Stuttgart, 1970: [[Kohlhammer Verlag]]. * A. Bausani, Le lingue inventate : linguaggi artificiali, linguaggi segreti, linguaggi universali - Roma : Ubaldini, 1974. * F. Bergmann, Résumé d'études d'odontologie générale et du linguistique générale, Paris, 1875 * Silvestre DeSacy, Kitab asl al-maqasid wa fasl al marasid, Le capital des objets recherchés et le chapitre des choses attendues, ou Dictionnaire de l'idiome Balaïbalan. Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale [Paris], 9: 365–396. * E. Drezen, Historio de la Mondolingvo, Moskvo 1991: Progreso. * Charles Häberl, Bālaybalan, in Encyclopædia Iranica, to appear. [https://www.academia.edu/7245551/Balaybalan] * M. Koç, Bâleybelen: İlk Yapma Dil. Istanbul, 2005. *{{cite journal |title=Re un curiose lingua "mystic" BÂL-A I-BALAN |first=Alessandro |last=Bausani |journal=Est e West |volume=4| issue = 4 (JANUARIO) |year=1954 |pages=234–238 |publisher= Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente }} {{refend}} ==Ligamines externe== * [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balaybalan-language LINGUA BĀLAYBALAN] a ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'' * [http://www.isa-sari.com/baleybelen-dunyanin-ilk-yapay-dili/ Balaibalan e Muhyî-i Gülşenî] (in turco) * [http://www.onursendere.com/baleybelen-dilsizlerin-dili.html/ Baleybelen] (in turco) * Copias online del manuscriptos original a [https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc101389f Bibliothèque nationale de France] & [https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/9951681003506421 Princeton University Library] {{Constructed languages}} {{Authority control}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] [[Categoria:Litteratura turc]] [[Categoria:Linguas auxiliary international]] [[Categoria:Lingua e mysticismo]] [[Categoria:Historia medieval del Medie Oriente]] [[Categoria:Sufismo]] 12js70ib1qx7cz2hycb24iijkohdkkg 0 61065 698452 698393 2026-08-11T07:51:32Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|le village in Iran|Damin, Iran}} {{Infobox | name = Damin | nativename = {{lang|lbz|Demiin}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|[t̺æmiːn]}} | creator = le [[Lardil people|Lardil]] o [[Yangkaal]] populo | setting = Lingua de initiation pro homines, usate per le [[Lardil people]] de [[Mornington Island]] | fam2 = [[sacred language|lingua ritual]] | extinct = Annos 1970? | ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rickharrison.com/language/damin.html |access-date=2008-08-16 |title=Damin |author=Ken Hale |author-link=Kenneth L. Hale |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705113421/http://www.rickharrison.com/language/damin.html |archive-date=July 5, 2008 |accessdate=10 July 2026 |archivedate=5 July 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705113421/http://www.rickharrison.com/language/damin.html }}</ref> | iso3 = none | glotto = none | lingua = 29-TAA-bb | ietf = [https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/ art-x-damin]{{efn|name=code|Le codices {{Code|qda}} e {{Code|art-x-damin}} ha essite registrate pro Damin al ConLang Code Registry.<ref name="clcr">{{cite web |last1=Bettencourt. |first1=Rebecca G. |title=ConLang Code Registry |url=https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/ |website=www.kreativekorp.com |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>}} | notice = IPA | familycolor = conlang | iso3comment = <code>qda</code> (non official){{efn|name=code}} }} '''Damin''' ({{lang|lbz|Demiin}} in le orthographia practic de [[Lardil language|Lardil]]) es un registro de [[sacred language|lingua ceremonial]] antea usate per le homines avanciate initiate del populos aboriginal [[Lardil people|Lardil]] ({{lang|lbz|Leerdil}} in le orthographia practic) e [[Yangkaal]] del nord de Australia. Ambes populos habita insulas in le [[Gulf of Carpentaria]], le Lardil sur [[Mornington Island]], le insula le plus grande del [[Wellesley Islands]], e le Yangkaal sur le Insulas Forsyth. Lor linguas pertine al familia de linguas [[Tangkic languages|Tangkic]]. Lardil es le plus divergente del linguas Tangkic, durante que le alteres es mutuamente comprehendibile con Yangkaal. == Nomine == Le parola Lardil {{lang|lbz|Demiin}} pote esser traducite como 'esser silenciose'. ==Historia== ===Origine=== Le origine de Damin es poco clar. Le Lardil e le Yangkaal dice que Damin esseva create per un figura mythologic in le [[Dreamtime]]. Hale e collegas crede que illo esseva inventate per le ancianos Lardil; illo ha plure aspectos trovate in [[language game|jocos linguistic]] circum le mundo, como transformer le occlusivos nasal como ''m'' e ''n'' in [[nasal click|clics nasal]], duple consonantes, e simile. Evans e collegas, post studiar le mythologia de ambe tribus, specula que il esseva le ancianos Yangkaal qui inventava Damin e lo passava al Lardil. Secundo Fleming (2017), "le characteristicas eccentric de Damin se disveloppava in un maniera emergente e non planificate in le qual phonationes paralinguistic conventionalisate deveniva semanticisate quando illos esseva ligate con un lingua signate employate per initiatos masculin de prime ordine".{{sfnp|Fleming|2017|pp=1–18}} ===Uso ceremonial passate=== Le Lardil habeva duo ceremonias de initiation pro homines, a saper ''luruku'', que implicava [[circumcision]], e ''warama'', que implicava [[penile subincision]]. Il non habeva ceremonias pro feminas, ben que feminas jocava un rolo importante in iste ceremonias, specialmente in le ceremonia luruku. Alicun vices se dice que Damin esseva un lingua secrete, ma isto es erronee proque il non habeva nulle tentativa de impedir que le membros non initiate del tribu Leerdil lo audissente. Tamen, illo esseva inseniate durante le ceremonia ''warama'' e, per consequente, in isolation del non initiate. Al minus un anciano es cognoscite, qui, ben que non essente subincisate, habeva un excellente dominio de Damin, ma isto pare esser un caso unic. Le parolas lexical de Damin esseva organisate in campos semantic e vociferate al initiato in un singule session. Quando cata parola esseva annunciate, un secunde parlante dava su equivalente Lardil. Tamen, normalmente il prendeva plure sessiones ante que un novicio dominava le basics e poteva usar Damin apertemente in le communitate. Un parlante affirmava haber apprendite a parlar Damin in un singule session, ma de altere latere duo seniores ''warama'' admitteva que les mancava un firme commando del registro. Un vice que Damin habeva essite apprendite, le parlantes era cognoscite como {{lang|lbz|Demiinkurlda}} ("possessores de Damin"). Illes parlava le registro particularmente in contextos ritual, ma etiam in le vita secular quotidian, durante le foragiamento, sedente e faciente chascarrias, e simile. ===Declino=== Le traditiones cultural del Lardil e Yangkaal ha essite in declino per plure decennios, e le linguas Lardil e Yangkaal es quasi extinguite. Le ultime ceremonia ''warama'' esseva celebrate in le annos 1950, assi hodie Damin non es plus in uso ni per le Yangkaal ni per le Lardil. Tamen, recentemente{{when|date=November 2020}} un revivification de traditiones cultural ha comenciate, e ''luruku'' ha essite celebrate. Remane a vider si le ceremonias ''warama'' sera etiam reactivate. ==Phonologia== ===Vocales=== Le parolas Damin habeva tres del quatro pares de vocales de [[Lardil language|Lardil]], {{IPA|[a, aː, i, iː, u, uː]}}; le quarte, <span style="background:#EECCE8">color-codificate</span> {{IPA|[æ, æː]}} (scribite "e", "ee" in le orthographia practic), se trova solmente in suffixos grammatical derivate de Lardil. {| class="wikitable" ! ![[Front vowel|Anterior]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Posterior]] |- style="text-align: center;" ![[Close vowel|Alte]] |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}} | |{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}} |- style="text-align: center;" ![[Open vowel|Basse]] |style="background:#eecce8;"| (e {{IPAblink|æ}}) (ee {{IPAblink|æː}}) |{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}} | |} Es possibile que in parolas monosyllabic le distinction inter vocales longe e breve es conditionate. Vide [[#Phonotactica]] infra. ===Consonantes=== Damin esseva le sol lingua con [[click consonant|clic]]s fora de [[Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Traill |first=Anthony |title=Click languages {{!}} Clicks, Khoisan, Bushmen {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/click-languages |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> ben que clics lexical occurre alsi alterubi in jocos linguistic como [[Chinese click sounds|rimos infantil chinese]]. Multe consonantes es "rearticulate", significante que le [[release (phonetics)|release]] es repetite.{{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|pp=252}} In le parola ''j2iwu'' (etiam scribite ''jjiwu''), per exemplo, le consonante ''j'' es articulate duo vices: {{IPA|[t̠ʲ\t̠ʲiwu]}}, que per se mesmo pote mesmo sonar como {{IPA|[t̠ʲit̠ʲiwu]}}.{{sfnp|McKnight|1999|p=254}} Damin usava solmente alicun del consonantes del Lardil quotidian (que es tote [[pulmonic egressive|pulmonic]]), ma illos esseva augmentate per quatro altere [[airstream mechanism]]s: [[lingual ingressive]] (le clics nasal), [[glottalic egressive]] (un ejective velar), [[pulmonic ingressive]] (un fricative lateral aspirate), e [[lingual egressive]] (un "spurto" bilabial). Mismo alicun del consonantes egressive pulmonic es exotico pro le contexto australian: fricativas, nasales surde, trillos bilabial, e affricatas uvular. Le consonantes de Damin, in le orthographia practic e equivalentes [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], esseva le sequente:{{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|pp=247–259}}{{efn|name=unclear|Le symbolos IPA usate per Hale & Nash non es sempre clar sin le description accompanyante in le texto, e alicun vices mesmo con illo contexto. Per exemplo, ''j2'' es describite como un ''j'' Lardil rearticulate (vide etiam McKnight 1999: 254), ma etiam alternativemente como un fricative '''sonore''', que tamen es transcribite como un fricative '''surde''' {{angbr IPA|ʆ}}, es un vetere littera pro {{angbr IPA|ʃʲ}}. Le litteras IPA pro un clic nasal palatal, {{angbr IPA|ŋ͡ǂ}}, es usate pro lo que es describite como "[[apico-domal]]" ''rn!'', forsan proque clics retroflexe non habeva un symbole proprie in IPA al epocha. ''p' ''es transcribite e etiquettate 'ejective', ma etiam transcribite como un clic egressive, e in le texto es clarificate como essente "producite con pression velar (non laryngee) augmentate."{{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|pp=252, 258}} Le transcription dual in lor carta IPA suggere que illes parla de duo allophonos. Nota que le clics nasal es simplemente etiquettate 'nasales', secundo lor analyse phonologic.}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" |+Consonantes lexical de Damin ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | [[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ! colspan="2" | [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! colspan="2" | [[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] ! rowspan="2" | [[velar consonant|Velar]] ! rowspan="2" | [[uvular consonant|Uvular]] |- align="center" class="small" ! [[laminal consonant|laminal]] ! [[apical consonant|apical]] ! apical ! laminal |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" | [[plosive consonant|Plosive]] ! <small>[[voiceless|surde]]</small> | b {{IPAblink|p}} || th {{IPAblink|t̻}} || d {{IPAblink|t̺}} || style="background:#eecce8;"| (rd {{IPAblink|ʈ}}) || j {{IPAblink|t̠ʲ}}<br>j2 {{IPA|[t̠ʲ\t̠ʲ]}}, {{IPAblink|ʃʲ}}{{efn|name=unclear}} || k {{IPAblink|k}} | |- align="center" ! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small> | p' {{IPAblink|pʼ}}, {{IPAblink|ʘ↑}}<br><small>(solmente in ''p'ny, p'ng'')</small>{{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|pp=258 fn}} || || || || || k' {{IPAblink|kʼ}} | |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" | [[nasal stop|Nasal]] ! <small>[[voiced|sonore]]</small> | style="background:#eecce8;"| (m {{IPAblink|m}}) || style="background:#eecce8;"| (nh {{IPAblink| n̻}}) || n {{IPAblink|n̺}}<br><small>(solmente coda)</small> || style="background:#eecce8;"| (rn {{IPAblink|ɳ}})|| ny {{IPAblink|n̠ʲ}}<br><small>(solmente in ''fny, p'ny'')</small> || ng {{IPAblink|ŋ}} | |-align="center" ! <small>surde</small> | || || || || || ng* {{IPAblink|ŋ̊}} | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" | [[flap consonant|Flap]] | || || rr {{IPAblink|ɾ}} || || || | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" | [[trill consonant|Trillo]] | pr {{IPAblink|ʙ}}<br>pr2 {{IPAblink|ʙ|ʙ\ʙ}}<br><small>(solmente in ''pr2y''?)</small> || || || || || | |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" | [[approximant consonant|Approximante]] ! <small>[[median consonant|medial]]</small> | || || || rowspan=2 style="background:#eecce8;"| (r {{IPAblink|ɻ}} ~<br> rl {{IPAblink|ɭ}}) || y {{IPAblink|j}} || w {{IPAblink|w}} | |- align="center" ! <small>[[lateral consonant|lateral]]</small> | || || style="background:#eecce8;"| (l {{IPAblink|l}}) || || | |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" | [[click consonant|Clic]] ! <small>nasal</small> | m! {{IPAblink|ʘ̃}} || nh!2 {{IPAblink|ʇ̃|ʇ̃\ʇ̃}} || n! {{IPAblink|ʗ̃}}<br>n!2 {{IPA|[ʗ̃\ʗ̃]}} || rn! {{IPAblink|ψ̃}}<br>rn!2 {{IPA|[ψ̃\ψ̃]}} || || | |- align="center" ! <small>[[Egressive sound#Lingual egressive|egressive lingual]]</small> | {{IPAblink|ʘ↑}}<br><small>(vide ejectives)</small>|| || || || || | |- align="center" ! rowspan=2|[[fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! <small>surde</small> | f {{IPAblink|ɸ}} || || || || || | |-align="center" ! <small>surde [[ingressive]]</small> | || || l* {{IPAblink|ɬ|ɬ↓ʔ}} || || || | |-align="center" !colspan=2|[[Affricate]] | pf {{IPAblink|pɸ}} || || || || || | qx {{IPAblink|qχ}}{{sfnp|McKnight|1999|p=27}} |} Le consonantes Lardil ''rd, rn, rl, m, n, l, r'' (<span style="background:#EECCE8">color-codificate</span>) se trova solmente in suffixos grammatical de Lardil usate in Damin, si illos occurre al tote; Damin plus forte pote replaciar multes de istes con un morphologia plus simple. Il non ha distinction alveolar–retroflexe apical in le parolas radical de Damin, con le apparente exception del clics.<ref>In tentar simplificar le inventario de consonantes, Hale & Nash nota que le clics alveolar e retroflexe de Damin 'non es securemente documentate' como sonos distincte.</ref> In Lardil, le distinction es neutralisate a apico-domal in position initial de parola, ma in Damin illo es neutralisate a alveolar apical in tote le positiones. Tamen, un contrasto pote occurer quando suffixos Lardil es addite al radices Damin.{{sfnp|McKnight|1999|p=27}} ''L*'' es describite como "ingressive con release egressive glottalic".{{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|pp=252}} ''pf'' es transcribite {{IPA|[pɸ]}} ma "es possiblemente un alterno [[pre-stopped]]" de ''f''.{{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|pp=252}} Alicun del consonantes listate supra occurre solmente in gruppos. {{IPA|/n̺/}} occurre solmente como coda. ===Phonotactica=== Le gruppos de consonantes Damin al initio de un parola es ''p'ny'' {{IPA|[ʘ↑n̠ʲ]}}, ''p'ng'' {{IPA|[ʘ↑ŋ]}}, ''fny'' {{IPA|[ɸn̠ʲ]}}, ''fng'' {{IPA|[ɸŋ]}}, ''fy'' {{IPA|[ɸj]}}, ''pr2y'' {{IPA|[ʙ\ʙj]}}, ''thrr'' {{IPA|[t̻ɾ]}}. Parolas in Lardil normal pote non comenciar con un gruppo. Tamen, Lardil ha plure gruppos in le medio de parolas, e multes de istes non se trova in parolas Damin, proque Damin permite solmente ''n'' {{IPA|[n̺]}} e ''rr'' {{IPA|[ɾ]}} in un coda de syllaba. Le gruppos medial de trunco Damin atestate es ''rrd, rrth, rrk, rrb, jb'',{{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|p=255}} ben que le ''j'' de ''jb'' non es aliter permittite in position de coda. Altere gruppos, como nasal–stoppa, es producite per suffixos grammatical de Lardil, e de facto le suffixo future es ''-ngkur'', que produce un gruppo de tres consonantes post un coda, como in ''wi'''jb'''u'''rrngk'''ur'' 'ligna pro foco.{{sc|fut}}'. Hale & Nash postula que le forma minime de syllaba Damin es CVV o CCV. (In Lardil il es CVV.) Parolas que illes transcribe como CV monosyllabic es restringite a casos ubi C es ''k', ng*, l*'' ({{IPA|[kʼ]}}, {{IPA|[ŋ̊]}}, {{IPA|[ɬ↓ʔ]}}), suggerente que istes es consonantes complexe, possiblemente subjacentemente rearticulate ''k2, ng2, l2'' ({{IPA|/k\k, ŋ\ŋ, l\l/}}, plus tosto como {{IPA|[ɕ]}} es un realisation alternative de ''j2'' {{IPA|/t̠ʲ\t̠ʲ/}} e como ''thrr'' {{IPA|[t̻ɾ]}} poterea esser analysate como ''d2'' {{IPA|/t̺\t̺/}}). (Nota tamen que alicun transcriptiones non registra parolas CV, con CVV in su loco.){{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|pp=257, fn 9}} In parolas polysyllabic e composotos, tamen, vocales longe e breve pare contrastar, con un par minimal registrate essente ''didi'' 'afficer/ferir' vs ''diidi'' 'agir'{{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|pp=248}} (como in 'taliar' ligna pro foco vs 'colliger' ligna pro foco).{{sfnp|McKnight|1999|p=143}} Con solmente circa 200 radices in Damin, non tote le consonantes occurre ante tote le tres vocales. Tamen, como plure consonantes e gruppos de consonantes es atestate solmente de un singule radice, il debe haber vacuos accidental, e non es clar que ulle vacuo es debite a constraintas phonotactic. ==Morphologia e lexico== Damin habeva un lexico multo plus restringite e generic que le lingua quotidian. Con solmente circa 200 radices lexical, cata parola in Damin representava plure parolas de Lardil o Yangkaal. Illo habeva solmente duo pronomines ({{lang|mis|n!aa}} "me" (ego) e {{lang|mis|n!uu}} "non me" (alter)), per exemplo, comparate al dece-nove de Lardil, e usava {{lang|mis|kurri}} 'non' como un prefixo antonymic ({{lang|mis|j2iwu}} "parve", {{lang|mis|kurrij2iwu}} "grande"). Grammaticalmente, le registros Damin del Lardil e Yangkaal usa tote le morphologia grammatical de those linguas, e per consequente es largemente simile, ben que illo non emplea le alternationes phonologicamente conditionate de illa morphologia. Damin es parlate per replaciar le radices lexical del Lardil ordinarie con parolas Damin. A parte un nivellation de allomorphos grammatical, le grammatica remane le mesme. {{interlinear|number=ex:|glossing3=yes|italics2=yes |{'''Lardil Ordinari:'''} ngithun dunji-kan ngawa waang-kur werneng-kiyath-ur. |'''Damin:''' n!aa n!2a-kan nh!2u diidith-ur m!ii-ngkiyath-ur. |{} mi fratre.junior.de.sposa-GEN can ir-FUT mangiar-ir-FUT |Le can de mi cognato va a ir a caccia.}} Alicun vocabulario:{{sfnp|Hale|Nash|1997|pp=248&ndash;249}} :{{lang|mis|n!aa}} 'ego', {{lang|mis|n!uu}} 'alter' :{{lang|mis|kaa}} 'ora', {{lang|mis|kaawi}} 'non ora' :{{lang|mis|l*i}} 'pesce ossee', {{lang|mis|thii}} '[[Elasmobranchii|elasmobrancho]]' :{{lang|mis|ngaajpu}} 'humano', {{lang|mis|wuujpu}} 'animal', {{lang|mis|wiijpu}} 'ligno' (incl. [[woody plant|plantas lignose]]), {{lang|mis|kuujpu}} 'petra' :{{lang|mis|m!ii}} 'alimento vegetal', {{lang|mis|wii}} 'carno/alimento',{{efn|plus generalmente, ulle alimento amorphe; etiam alimento in le abstracto}} {{lang|mis|n!2u}} 'liquido', {{lang|mis|thuu}} 'mammal maritim', {{lang|mis|thuuwu}} 'mammal terrestre' :{{lang|mis|didi}} 'ferir (afficer nocivemente)', {{lang|mis|diidi}} 'agir', {{lang|mis|kuudi}} 'vider', {{lang|mis|kuuku}} 'audir, sentire', {{lang|mis|yiidi}} 'esser (in un loco)', {{lang|mis|wiiwi}} 'arder', {{lang|mis|wiidi}} 'lancear', {{lang|mis|ngaa}} 'morir, putrefacer', {{lang|mis|fyuu}} 'cader; le directiones cardinal' :{{lang|mis|n!aa thuuku}} 'puncto sur corpore', {{lang|mis|wii}} 'superficie sur corpore', {{lang|mis|nguu}} 'capite', {{lang|mis|k'uu}} 'oculo', {{lang|mis|nguuwii}} 'mano, pede' :{{lang|mis|thuuku}} 'un, altere; loco', {{lang|mis|kurrijpi}} 'duo; hic, proxime; curte' Derivation antonymic con {{lang|mis|kurri}} 'non': :{{lang|mis|j2iwu}} 'parve', {{lang|mis|kurrij2iwu}} 'grande' (non parve) :{{lang|mis|thuuku}} 'un', {{lang|mis|kurrithuuku}} 'multe' (non un) :{{lang|mis|kurrijpi}} 'curte', {{lang|mis|kurrikurrijpi}} 'longe' (non curte) :{{lang|mis|kawukawu}} 'legere', {{lang|mis|kurrikawukawu}} 'pesante' (non legere) Referentia specific require paraphrasar. Per exemplo, un sandpiper es appellate un 'creature que brula personas' ({{lang|mis|ngaajpu wiiwi-n wuujpu}} 'human brular-{{sc|nom}} animal') in referentia a su rolo como un character in le Historia del Serpente de Arcocelo, durante que un axia de ligno es 'ligno que (negativemente) affice mel' ({{lang|mis|m!iwu didi-i-n wiijpu}} 'mel afficer-{{sc|pass-nom}} ligno') Il ha alicun suggestion de morphologia interne o composition, como suggerite per le patrones in le lista de parolas supra. Per exemplo, {{lang|mis|m!iwu}} '(native) alveo de abelles, mel' e {{lang|mis|wum!i}} 'sp. crabo de fango' pote deriver de {{lang|mis|m!ii}} 'alimento' e {{lang|mis|wuu}} 'conchilia de fango'.{{clarify|date=August 2015}} ==Notas== {{notelist}} ==Referentias== {{reflist}} ==Fontes== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fleming |first=Luke |year=2017 |title=Artificial language, natural history: Speech, sign, and sound in the emergence of Damin |journal=Language & Communication |volume=56 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1016/j.langcom.2017.01.001}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Hale |first1=K. |last2=Nash |first2=D. |year=1997 |title=Lardil and Damin Phonotactics |editor1-last=Tryon |editor1-first=Darrell |editor2-last=Walsh |editor2-first=Michael |encyclopedia=Boundary Rider: Essays in Honour of Geoffrey O'Grady |doi=10.15144/PL-C136}} * {{cite book |last=McKnight |first=D. |title=People, Countries and the Rainbow Serpent |year=1999}} {{refend}} ==Lectura additional== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Dixon |first=R. M. W. |year=1980 |title=The Languages of Australia}} * {{cite book |last=Hale |first=K. |year=1973 |title=Deep-Surface Canonical Disparities in Relation to Analysis and Change}} * {{cite journal |last1=Memmott |first1=P. |last2=Evans |first2=N. |last3=Robins |first3=R. |last4=Lilley |first4=I. |date=January 2006 |title=Understanding Isolation and Change in Island Human Populations through a Study of Indigenous Cultural Patterns in the Gulf of Carpentaria |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=29–47 |doi=10.1080/3721426.2006.10887046|bibcode=2006TRSAu.130...29M |hdl=1885/31991 |s2cid=82322052 |hdl-access=free }} {{refend}} ==Ligamines externe== * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716230125/http://www.rickharrison.com/language/damin.html |date=July 16, 2012 |title=The ceremonial language Damin }} {{Australian Aboriginal languages}} {{Constructed languages}} {{Authority control}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Category:Linguas Tangkic]] [[Category:Linguas extincte de Queensland]] [[Category:Linguas construite]] [[Category:Queensland del Nord-West]] [[Category:Linguas con clics]] [[Category:Linguas de initiation]] [[Category:Linguas extincte in le annos 1970]] 3zpwmvaco9rk13y0b00pgyq9l19h542 0 61066 698453 698403 2026-08-11T07:51:35Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{A proposito de|le lingua mystic registrate in le diarios de John Dee|le systema de magia angelic de Dee|Magia Enochian|altere exemplos de linguas divin o angelic|Lingua divin}} {{Infobox/articulo/lingua |name = Enochian |image = Enochian letters (1583 manuscript).png |imagescale = 1.5 |imagecaption = Le diario manuscripto de John Dee pro le 6 de maio 1583, monstrante le 21 litteras del scriptura enochian | image_class = skin-invert-image |creator = [[John Dee]]<br />[[Edward Kelley]] |created = 1583–1584 |setting = Diarios occulte |fam1 = [[Lingua divin]] |script = [[Scriptura latin]], Scriptura enochian |iso3 = none |glotto=none |ietf=i-enochian ''(deprecated)''<ref name="ietf_depr1">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/lang-subtags-templates.xhtml |title=Language Subtag Registry|website=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority| access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="ietf_depr2">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/i-enochian.txt |title=Language Subtag Registration Form for 'i-enochian'|website=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority| access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> }} '''Enochian''' ({{IPAc-en|iː|'|n|ɒ|k|i|ə|n}} {{respell|ee|NOK|ee|ən}}) es un [[lingua artificial]] occulte{{sfnp|Bowern|Lindemann|2021}}—dicite per su originatores de haber essite recipite ab angelos—registrate in le diarios private de [[John Dee]] e su collega [[Edward Kelley]] in le Anglaterra del tardive seculo 16.<ref>{{gutenberg|no=19553|title=The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee by John Dee|bullet=none}}.</ref> Kelley esseva un [[scryer]] (vidente) qui laborava con Dee in su investigationes [[Magia del Renascimento|magic]]. Le lingua es integral al practica del [[magia enochian]]. Le lingua trovate in le diarios de Dee e Kelley comprende un limitate [[corpore textual|corpore textual]]. Le linguista [[Donald Laycock]], un [[Australian Skeptics|Sceptico australian]], studiava le diarios enochian, e argumenta contra qualcunque characteristicas extraordinari. Le textos non traducite del manuscripto ''Liber Loagaeth'' rememora le patrones de [[glossolalia]] plus tosto que un ver lingua. Dee non distingueva le material de ''Liber Loagaeth'' del lingua traducite del ''Appellos'' (Calls), que es plus simile a un lingua artificial. Iste lingua esseva appellate '''Angelical''' per Dee e plus tarde venie a esser referite como "enochian" per le scriptores subsequent. Le [[phonologia]] e le [[grammatica]] simila le anglese, ben que le traductiones non es sufficiente pro elaborar alicun [[morphologia (linguistica)|morphologia]] regular.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Alicun parolas enochian simila parolas e nomines proprie in le Biblia, ma le majoritate non ha un etymologia apparente.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=42}} Le diarios de Dee etiam refere a iste lingua como ''Discorso Celeste'', ''Prime Lingua de Deo-Christo'', ''Lingua Sancte'', o ''Lingua del Angelos''. Ille etiam se referiva a illo como ''[[Lingua adamic|Adamica]]'' perque, secundo le angelos de Dee, illo esseva usate per [[Adam]] in Paradiso pro nominar tote le cosas. Le termino "enochian" deriva del assertion de Dee que le patriarcha biblic [[Enoch]] habeva essite le ultime human (ante Dee e Kelley) a cognoscer le lingua. == Historia == [[File:John Dee Ashmolean.jpg|thumb|[[John Dee]] (in imagine) registrava le corpore enochian in su diarios con le assistentia de [[Edward Kelley]] como su vidente e collaborator.]] Secundo Tobias Churton in su texto ''The Golden Builders'',{{sfnp|Churton|2002}} le concepto de un lingua Angelic o [[antediluvian]] esseva commun durante le epocha de Dee. Si un persona poterea parlar le lingua del angelos, on credeva que ille poterea interager directemente con illos. === Cercar contacto e visiones reportate === In 1581, Dee mentionava in su diarios personal que Deo habeva inviate "bon angelos" pro communicar directemente con le prophetas. In 1582, Dee formava un equipa con le [[Clairvoyantia|vidente]] [[Edward Kelley]], ben que Dee habeva usate plure altere videntes previemente.{{sfnp|Harkness|1999|p=16-17}} Con le adjuta de Kelley como [[scryer]], Dee comenciava a stabilir un contacto durabile con le angelos. Lor labor resultava, inter altere cosas, in le reception del Angelical, nunc plus comunemente cognoscite como enochian.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b}} Le reception comenciava le 26 de martio 1583, quando Kelley reportava visiones in le crystal de un alphabeto de 21 litteras. Alicun dies plus tarde, Kelley comenciava a recipere lo que deveniva le libro ''Liber Loagaeth'' ("Libro [de] Discorso de Deo"). Le libro consiste de 98 grande tabulas de litteras, cata un quadrato de 49 per 49 litteras, sur le recto e verso de 49 [[folio (libros)|folios]]; Dee contava istos como 49 tabulas.{{efn|Iste libro es ora in le Bibliotheca Britannic, MS Sloane 3189.}} Dee e Kelley diceva que le angelos nunquam traduceva le textos in iste libro.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} === Receper le ''Claves Angelic'' === Circa un anno plus tarde, al corte del Rege [[Stephen Báthory]] in [[Kraków]], ubi ambe alchimistas se hospitava per alcun tempore, un altere insimul de textos esseva reportatemente recipite per Kelley.{{citation needed|date=February 2022} } Iste textos comprende 48 versos poetic con traductiones anglese, que in le manuscriptos de Dee es appellate {{lang|la|Claves Angelicae}}, o ''Claves Angelic''. Dee apparentemente intendeva usar istes ''Claves'' pro aperir le "Portas del Comprehension"{{sfnp|Dee|1659|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iikdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 77]}} representate per le quadratos magic in ''Liber Loagaeth'': {{Blockquote|Io es donc pro instruer e informar vos, secundo vostre Doctrina deliverate, que es continite in 49 Tabulas. In 49 voces, o appellos: que es le Claves Natural pro aperir illos, non 49 ma 48 (perque un non debe esser aperite) Portas de Comprehension, per le quales vos habera cognoscentia pro mover cata Porta...<ref>Le angelo Nalvage, citate in {{harvp|Dee|1992|p=77}}.</ref>|Le angelo Nalvage}} {{Blockquote|Ma vos comprendera que istes 19 Appellos es le Appellos, o entratas in le cognoscentia del Tabulas mystic. Cata Tabula continente un folio integre, al qual vos non necessita altere circumstantias.<ref>Le angelo Illemese, citate in {{harvp|Dee|1992|p=199}}.</ref>|Le angelo Illemese}} == Phonologia e systema de scriptura == Le [[phonologia]] del enochian es "completemente anglese", a parte le difficile [[Cluster de consonantes|sequentias]] como ''bdrios'', ''excolphabmartbh'', ''longamphlg'', ''lapch'', etc.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=33, 41}} === Alphabeto === Le lingua esseva registrate primarimente in [[scriptura latin]]. Totevia, parolas individual scribite in scriptura enochian "appare sporadicamente per tote le manuscriptos".{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=28}} Il ha 21 litteras in le scriptura; un de istes 21 pote apparer con o sin un puncto diacritic. Dee mappava istes litteras del "alphabeto adamico" sur 22 del litteras del alphabeto anglese, tractante U e V como variantes positional (como esseva commun al epocha) e omittente le litteras anglese J, K, e W.{{efn|name=alphabet|Le tabula de Dee in ''Loagaeth'' (MS Sloane 3189) como reproducite in {{harvp|Magickal Review|2005}}.}} Le scriptura enochian es scribite de dextera a sinistra in le diario de John Dee.{{sfnp|Dee|1582}} Diverse documentos ha formas legiermente differente del scriptura. Le alphabeto etiam comparti multes similitudines graphic con un scriptura, etiam attribuite al profeta Enoch, que appareva in le ''Voarchadumia Contra Alchimiam'' de Johannes Pantheus,{{sfnp|Pantheus|1550|p=15v-16r}} un copia del qual on sape que Dee possedeva.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=28}} Le orthographia enochian seque de presso le [[Anglese moderne initial|Orthographia anglese moderne initial]], per exemplo in haber c e g molle e dur, e in usar digraphos ch, ph, sh, e th pro le sonos {{IPA|/tʃ ~ k/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, e {{IPA|/θ/}}.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=23-24}} Laycock mappava le orthographia enochian a su systema sonor e dice, "le pronunciation resultante lo face sonar multo plus simile al anglese de lo que illo pare al prime vista".{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=46}}{{efn|{{harvp|Laycock|2001|p=45}}: "Como le textos dictate in enochian consiste de un serie de 'Appellos', o [[invocation]]es de esseres supernatural, illo esseva clarmente necessari pro Dee e Kelley saper como le parolas deberea esser pronunciate; in le major parte del systemas magic, un leve errore in le texto de un sortilegio o invocation es reguardate como potentialmente ducente a consequentias disastrose. Per consequente, Dee habeva le habitude de scriber le pronunciation del parolas enochian junto al texto. … su intention es usualmente bastante clar. Ille scribe ''dg'' quando ille significa 'g molle' (como in ''gem''); e ''s'' pro 'c molle'; e ille indica in alicun locos que ''ch'' debe esser pronunciate como ''k''. Ille marca le vocales accentuate in le major parte del parolas. … In casos plus difficile, ille da exemplos ab le anglese, assi, ''zorge'' se dice esser pronunciate pro rimer con 'George'. … Con tote istes instructiones, nos pote obtener un bastante bon idea de como le enochian sonava pro Dee e Kelley. Nos debe facer allowance, naturalmente, pro le facto que le duo homines parlava anglese de plus de quatro seculos retro … Felicemente, le linguistas es in possession de sufficiente evidentia … pro stabilir le pronunciation de le plus parte del formas de anglese elisabethan con un alte grado de exactitude."}} Totevia, le difficile catenas de consonantes e vocales in parolas como ''ooaona'', ''paombd'', ''smnad'' e ''noncf'' es le genere de patrono que on obtene per unir litteras de un texto insimul in un patrono arbitrarie. Como Laycock nota, "Le lector pote provar isto prenpente, per exemplo, cata decime littera sur iste pagina, e dividente le catena de litteras in parolas. Le 'texto' create tendera a semblar multo como enochian."{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=40-41}} Le litteras enochian, con lor nomines de littera e equivalentes anglese como date per Dee, e pronuncias como reconstructe per Laycock, es le sequente.{{efn|name=alphabet}} Le conventiones de pronunciation moderne varia, dependente del affiliationes del practicante.{{efn|{{harvp|DuQuette|2019|p=197}}: "[...] in general, nos magos moderne es lassate a nostre proprie dispositivos re como expedir istes parolas awkwardly constructe ex nostre buccas. [...] Le Aurora Auree e Crowley usa un pronunciation que illes sentiva rolaba plus fluidemente del lingua. Iste methodo obligava le mago a inserer un natural sono vocalic hebraic post cata consonante enochian. [...] Le alternative le plus obvious al pronunciation GA es simplemente sonar le parolas como illos es scribite [...] Isto es lo que io ha facite, e lo que io recommenda al studentes qui apprende magia enochian."}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="text-align: center;" | Littera ! style="text-align: center;" | Nomine del<br />littera ! style="text-align: center;" | Equivalente<br />[[Alphabeto anglese|anglese]] ! style="text-align: center;" | Phonologia enochian{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=46–47}} ! style="text-align: center;" | Lectura syllabic<br />Aurora Auree{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=60}}{{efn-lg|name=Golden Dawn}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Un.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Un | style="text-align: center;" | A | longe {{IPA blink|ɑ|ɑː}} (accentuate), curte {{IPA blink|a}} (non accentuate; le [[ensemble lexical|vocal TRAP]]) | {{IPA|[ɑː]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Pa.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Pa | style="text-align: center;" | B | {{IPA blink|b}}; mute post ''m'' quando ante un altere consonante o final | {{IPA|[beɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Veh.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Veh | style="text-align: center;" | C | {{IPA blink|k}} ante a, o, u; {{IPA blink|s}} ante ''e'', ''i'' e in clusteres de consonantes, con multe exceptiones;<br /> {{angbr|ch}} como {{IPA blink|k}} in le major parte del positiones ma {{IPA blink|tʃ}} finalmente. | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Gal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Gal | style="text-align: center;" | D | {{IPA blink|d}} | {{IPA|[deɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Graph.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Graph | style="text-align: center;" | E | {{IPA blink|e|eː}} (accentuate), {{IPA blink|ɛ}} (non accentuate) | {{IPA|[eɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Or.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Or | style="text-align: center;" | F | {{IPA blink|f}} | {{IPA|[ɛf]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Ged.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Ged | style="text-align: center;" | G | {{IPA blink|ɡ}} ante ''a'', ''o'', ''u''; {{IPA blink|dʒ}} ante ''e'', ''i'', finalmente, post ''d'', e in clusteres de consonantes. | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Na.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Na | style="text-align: center;" | H | {{IPA blink|h}} excepte in ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨th⟩; mute post un vocal<br />(in qual caso le vocal es "allongate" – isto es, ha le sono que illo haberea si illo esseva accentuate) | {{IPA|[heɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Gon.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2 | Gon | style="text-align: center;" | I | {{IPA blink|j}} al initio del parola ante un vocal; como un vocal: {{IPA blink|i|iː}} (accentuate), {{IPA blink|ɪ}} (non accentuate),<br />plus diphthongos ''ai'' {{IPA|[aɪ]}}, ''ei'' {{IPA|[eɪ]}}, ''oi'' {{IPA|[oɪ]}} | {{IPA|[iː]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Gon (with point).svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Y | {{IPA blink|j}} | (idem como I) |- | [[File:Enochian - Ur.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Ur | style="text-align: center;" | L | {{IPA blink|l}} | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Tal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Tal | style="text-align: center;" | M | {{IPA blink|m}} | {{IPA|[ɛm]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Drux.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Drux | style="text-align: center;" | N | {{IPA blink|n}} | {{IPA|[ɛn], [nuː]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Med.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Med | style="text-align: center;" | O | {{IPA blink|o|oː}} (accentuate), {{IPA blink|ɒ}} (non accentuate), ma pro ⟨oo⟩ que es {{IPA blink|uː}} | {{IPA|[oʊ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Mals.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Mals | style="text-align: center;" | P | {{IPA blink|p}} ma pro ⟨ph⟩, que es {{IPA blink|f}} | {{IPA|[peɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Ger.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Ger | style="text-align: center;" | Q | {{IPA|[kw]}}; le parola ''q'' es {{IPA|[kwɑː]}} | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Don.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Don | style="text-align: center;" | R | {{IPA blink|r}} | {{IPA|[ɑː(r)], [rɑː]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Fam.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Fam | style="text-align: center;" | S | {{IPA blink|s}} o {{IPA blink|z}} como esserea natural in anglese, ma pro ⟨sh⟩, que es {{IPA blink|ʃ}} | {{IPA|[ɛs]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Gisg.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Gisg | style="text-align: center;" | T | {{IPA blink|t}} ma pro ⟨th⟩, que es {{IPA blink|θ}} | {{IPA|[teɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Van.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Van | style="text-align: center;" | U/V | {{IPA blink|u|uː}} (accentuate) o {{IPA blink|ʊ}} (non accentuate); {{IPA|[juː]}} in position initial; {{IPA blink|v}} o {{IPA blink|w}} ante un altere vocal e al fine del parola,<br />plus diphthongo ''ou'' {{IPA|[aʊ]}} | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Pal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Pal | style="text-align: center;" | X | {{IPA|[ks]}} | {{IPA|[ɛks]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Ceph.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Ceph | style="text-align: center;" | Z | {{IPA blink|z}}, rarmente {{IPA|[zɒd]}}, le nomine anglese del seculo 16 del littera | {{IPA|[zɒd]}} |} {{notelist-lg|refs= {{efn-lg|name=Golden Dawn|Secundo [[Wynn Wescott]], cata littera pote esser pronunciate separatemente como su nomine in anglese o a vices como le prime consonante e vocal de su nomine hebraic, p.ex. N pote esser {{IPA|[ɛn]}} o {{IPA|[nu]}} (ab ''[[Nun_(littera)|nun]]''). Totevia, le sequentias consonante-vocal pote optionalmente esser unite in syllabos singule. P.ex. ''ta'' pote esser pronunciate {{IPA|[teɪ ɑː]}} o {{IPA|[tɑː]}}; ''co'', {{IPA|[koʊ]}}; ''ar'', {{IPA|[ɑːr]}}; ''re'', {{IPA|[reɪ]}}.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=60}}}} }} Un numero de fontes pro le scriptura enochian es disponibile. Illos usa le intervallo [[ASCII]], con le litteras assignate al punctos de codice de lor equivalentes anglese.<ref>{{cite web |title=Enochian Materials |url=http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/ |publisher=The Magickal Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826140151/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/ |archive-date=2007-08-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gerald J. Schueler, Betty Jane Schueler|title=Download fonts|url=http://www.schuelers.com/enochian/fonts.htm|publisher=Schueler's Online|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=James A. Eshelman|title=Enochian Elemental Tablets|url=http://www.aumha.org/arcane/enoch.htm|publisher=AumHa|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enochian Font |url=http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm |publisher=Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927183854/http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 |accessdate=2026-07-10 |archivedate=2011-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927183854/http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sara Barkat|title=Pixel Enochian Font|url=https://sarabarkat.itch.io/pixel-enochian|publisher=Itch.io|year=2023}}</ref> == Grammatica == === Morphologia === Le grammatica es pro le major parte sin articulos o prepositiones.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}}{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=20}} Le adjectivos es bastante rar.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=19–20}} Aaron Leitch identifica plure affixos in enochian, includente ''-o'' (indicante 'de') e ''-ax'' (que functiona como ''-ing'' in anglese).{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=18–19}} Leitch observa que, differentemente del anglese, le enochian pare haber un [[caso vocative]], citante le nota de Dee in le margine del Prime Tabula de ''Loagaeth''{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=21}} – "Befes le caso vocative de Befafes".{{sfnp|Dee|Peterson|2003|p=310}} ==== Compositos ==== Le compositos es frequente in le corpore enochian. Modificatores e indicatores es tipicamente composite con le nomines e verbos modificate o indicate. Iste compositos pote occurrer con pronomines demonstrative e conjunctiones, assi como con diverse formas del verbo 'esser'. Le composition de nomines con adjectivos o altere verbos es minus commun. Le compositos pote exhibir orthographias variante del parolas combinate.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=15–17}} ==== Conjugation ==== Le conjugation pote resultar in cambiamentos orthographic que pote apparer random o disordinate. Pro isto, Aaron Leitch ha exprimite dubitas re si le enochian ha realmente conjugationes.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=17–18}} Le evidentia multo scarce del [[conjugation verbal]] enochian pare bastante rememorative del anglese, includente le verbo 'esser' que es multo irregular.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Laycock reporta que le maxime numero de formas es registrate pro 'esser' e pro ''goh-'' 'dicer':{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} {{columns-start|width=40em}} ::{| !'esser' |- |''zir, zirdo'' || io es |- |''geh'' || tu es |- |''i'' || ille/illa/illo es |- |''chiis, chis, chiso'' || illes es |- |''as, zirop'' || esseva |- |''zirom'' || esseva (pl.) |- |''trian'' || sera |- |''christeos'' || lassar esser |- |''bolp'' || sia tu! |- |''ipam'' || non es |- |''ipamis'' || non pote esser |} {{column}} {| !'dicer' |- |''gohus'' || io dice |- |''gohe, goho'' || ille dice |- |''gohia'' || nos dice |- |''gohol'' || dicente |- |''gohon'' || illes ha parlate |- |''gohulim'' || illo es dicite |} {{columns-end}} Nota que ''christeos'' 'lassar esser' poterea esser de 'Christo', e si assi non es parte de un conjugation.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=42}} Pro le negation de verbos, duo constructiones es testificate: p.ex. ''chis ge'' 'non es' (''chis'' 'illes es') e ''ip uran'' 'non vider' (''uran'' 'vider').{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} ==== Pronomes ==== Ben que le enochian ha pronomines personal, illos es rar e usate in modos que pote esser difficile a comprender. Pronomes possessive relative existe ma es usate parsimoniosemente.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=19–20}} Pronomes personal testificate (solmente material de Dee):{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43 and dictionary entries}} {{columns-start|width=60em}} ::{| | ''ol'' || io, me, mi, me mesme |- | ''il, ils, yls, ylsi'' || tu, te |- | ''q'' ([kwɑ]) || tu (possessive) |- | ''tia'' || su (de ille) |- | ''tox'' || de ille, su |- | ''pi'' || illa |- | ''tlb'' = ''tilb'', ''tbl'' ([tibl]) || la, de illa |- | ''tiobl'' || in illa |- | ''t'' ([ti]) || illo |} {{column}} {| | ''zylna'' || se mesme |- | ''ge'' || nos, nos, nostre ('g' molle) |- | ''helech'' || in nostre (?) |- | ''g'' = ''gi'' || vos, vostre ('g' molle) |- | ''nonci'' || vos ('c' molle) |- | ''nonca, noncf, noncp'' || a vos ('c' molle) |- | ''amiran'' || vos mesme |- | ''z'' ([zə]) || illes |- | ''par'' || illes, los |} {{columns-end}} Pronomes demonstrative: ''oi'' 'iste', ''unal'' 'iste, ille', ''priaz(i)'' 'ille'.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=dictionary entries}} === Syntaxe === Le ordine del parolas seque de presso le anglese, excepte pro le penuria de articulos e prepositiones.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Le adjectivos, ben que rar, typicamente precede le nomine como in anglese.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=19–20}} == Vocabulario e corpore == Laycock nota que il ha circa 250 parolas differente in le [[corpore textual|corpore]] del textos enochian, plus del medie del qualles [[Hapax legomenon|ocurre solmente un vice]]. Alicun simila parolas in le Biblia – principalmente nomines proprie – in tanto sono como signification. Per exemplo, ''luciftias'' "brillantia" simila [[Lucifer]] "le portator de lumine"; ''[[Babalon#Magia enochian|babalond]]'' "malvage, meretrice" simila [[Putta de Babylon|Babylon]].{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=42}} Leitch nota un numero de parolas radice in enochian. Ille lista ''Doh'', ''I'', ''Ia'', ''Iad'',{{clarify|date=January 2022}} inter alteres, como probabile parolas radice.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=14–15}}{{fix|text=que significa illos?}} Ben que le ''Claves Angelic'' contine le major parte del vocabulario cognoscite del enochian, decenas de altere parolas se trova per tote le diarios de Dee. Milles de parolas addicional non definite es continite in le ''Liber Loagaeth''. Laycock nota que le material in ''Liber Loagaeth'' pare esser differente del lingua del 'Appellos' trovate in le ''Claves Angelic'', que pare haber essite generate ab le tabulas e quadratos del ''Loagaeth''.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Secundo Laycock: {{Blockquote|Le textos in le ''Loagaeth'' monstra patronos "characteristicamente trovate in certe typos de linguage sin senso (como le [[glossolalia]]), que es sovente producite sub conditiones simile a un [[trance]]. In altere parolas, Kelley pote haber essite 'parlar in linguas'. [...] il ha nulle evidentia que iste invocationes initial es alicun forma de 'lingua' [...] del toto.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=33–34}}}} === Dictionarios === Il ha habite plure compilationes de parolas enochian facite pro formar dictionarios enochian. Un studio academic es ''The Complete Enochian Dictionary'' de [[Donald Laycock]].{{sfnp|Laycock|2001}} Etiam utile es ''Gmicalzoma: An Enochian Dictionary'' de Vinci.{{sfnp|Vinci|1992}} == Representation de numeros == Le systema numeric es inexplicabile. Il pare possibile identificar le [[numeral (linguistica)|numerales]] de 0 a 10:{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=44}} *0 – T *1 – L, EL, L-O, ELO, LA, LI, LIL *2 – V, VI-I-V, VI-VI *3 – D, R *4 – S, ES *5 – O *6 – N, NORZ *7 – Q *8 – P *9 – M, EM *10 – X Totevia, le textos enochian contine numeros plus grande scribite in forma alphabetic, e il ha nulle systema discernibile detra los:{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=44}} {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} *12 – OS *19 – AF *22 – OP *24 – OL *26 – OX *28 – OB, NI *31 – GA *33 – PD *42 – VX *456 – CLA *1000 – MATB {{col-break}} *1,636 – QUAR *3,663 – MIAN *5,678 – DAOX *6,332 – ERAN *6,739 – DARG *7,336 – TAXS *7,699 – ACAM *8,763 – EMOD *9,639 – MAPM *9,996 – CIAL *69,636 – PEOAL {{col-end}} Como Laycock lo exprimeva, "le test de ulle future revelation spiritual del lingua enochian sera le explication de iste systema numeric."{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=44}} == Relation con altere linguas == Dee credeva que le enochian esseva le [[Lingua adamic|lingua adamic]] [[Lingua universal|universalmente parlate]] ante le [[confusion de linguas]]. Totevia, le analyse moderne monstra que le enochian es un [[lingua artificial]] simile al anglese.{{sfnp|Bowern|Lindemann|2021}} Le ordine del parolas seque de presso le anglese, excepte pro le penuria de articulos e prepositiones.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Le evidentia multo scarce del [[conjugation verbal]] enochian es similmente rememorative del anglese, plus tosto que con le [[linguas semitic]] como le hebraico, que Dee diceva esser versiones depravate del lingua enochian.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} == Vide etiam == {{Portal|Religion|Constructed languages}} * [[Lista de terminos e traditiones magic]] * [[Magia del Renascimento]] == Notas == {{notelist}} == Referentias == === Citationes === {{Reflist|2}} ===Obras citate=== ====Fontes primari==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite web |first=John |last=Dee |author-link=John Dee |title=Sloane MS 3188 |url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Sloane_MS_3188 |publisher=[[British Library]] |year=1582}} * {{cite book |last1=Dee |first1=John |title=A True & Faithful Relation of what Passed for Many Yeers Between Dr. John Dee and Some Spirits |date=1659 |publisher=Antonine Publishing Company}} * {{cite book |last=Dee |first=John |editor-first=Meric |editor-last=Casaubon |editor-link=Meric Casaubon |title=A True and Faithful Relation of What Passed for Many Years Between John Dee and Some Spirits |location=New York |publisher=Magickal Childe Publishing |year=1992}} * {{cite book |first1=John |last1=Dee |first2= Joseph H. |last2=Peterson | title = John Dee's Five Books of Mystery: Original Sourcebook of Enochian Magic: From the Collected Works Known as Mysteriorum Libri Quinque | publisher = Weiser Books | location = Boston | year = 2003 | isbn = 1578631785 }} * {{cite book |first=Johannes |last=Pantheus |title=Voarchadumia Contra Alchimiam |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/9925345/Voarchadumia-Contra-Alchimiam-Johannes-Pantheus |year=1550 |page=15v-16r |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308052242/https://www.scribd.com/doc/9925345/Voarchadumia-Contra-Alchimiam-Johannes-Pantheus |archive-date=2016-03-08 |via=Scribd.com}} {{refend}} ====Fontes secundari==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite journal |first1=Claire L. |last1=Bowern |first2=Luke |last2=Lindemann |title=The Linguistics of the Voynich Manuscript |journal=Annual Review of Linguistics |volume=7 |pages=285–308 |date=January 2021 |doi=10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030613|s2cid=228894621 }} * {{cite book |last=Churton |first=Tobias |title=The Golden Builders |publisher=Signal Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-9543309-0-0 }} * {{cite book |last=DuQuette |first=Lon Milo |author-link=Lon Milo DuQuette |year=2019 |title=Enochian Vision Magick: A Practical Guide to the Magick of Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser |isbn=978-1578636846}} * {{cite book |last=Harkness |first=Deborah |year=1999 |title=John Dee's Conversations with Angels: Cabala, Alchemy, and the End of Nature |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521622288}} * {{cite book |first=Donald |last=Laycock |author-link=Donald Laycock |title=The Complete Enochian Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Angelic Language As Revealed to Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley |publisher=Weiser |location=Boston |year=2001 |isbn=1578632544}} * {{cite book | last = Leitch | first = Aaron | title = The Angelical Language, Volume II: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the Tongue of Angels | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | location = Woodbury, MN | year = 2010b | isbn = 978-0738714912}} * {{cite web |editor=Magickal Review |title=The Angelic or Enochian Alphabet |url=http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/alphabet.php |website=The Magickal Review |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712100049/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/alphabet.php |archive-date=2011-07-12 |accessdate=2026-07-10 |archivedate=2011-07-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712100049/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/alphabet.php }} * {{cite book |first=Leon |last=Vinci |title=Gmicalzoma: An Enochian Dictionary |location=London |publisher=Neptune Press |orig-year=1976 |year=1992}} {{refend}} == Lectura additional == {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite magazine |first=Egil |last=Asprem |title="Enochian" language: A proof of the existence of angels? |url=https://www.skepsis.no/%e2%80%9cenochian%e2%80%9d-language-a-proof-of-the-existence-of-angels/ |magazine=Skepsis |date=December 13, 2006 |access-date=2022-01-17}} * {{cite book | last = Eco | first = Umberto | title = The Search for the Perfect Language | publisher = Fontana Press | location = London | year = 1997 | isbn = 0006863787 }} * {{citation |last=James |first=Geoffrey |title=The Enochian Evocation of Dr. John Dee |location=Newburyport, MA |publisher=Weiser Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-1578634538}}. * {{cite magazine |last = Johnson |first = Christopher Reed |title=Enochian Magick: Chris Johnson's Path into the Angelic Mysteries |magazine=Perseus Academy |url=https://perseusarcaneacademy.com/post/enochian-magick-chris-johnsons-path-into-the-angelic-mysteries/ |date=May 29, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-02}} * {{cite book | last = Leitch | first = Aaron | title = The Angelical Language, Volume I: The Complete History and Mythos of the Tongue of Angels | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | location = Woodbury, MN | year = 2010a | isbn = 978-0738714905 }} * {{cite journal |last=Norrgrén |first=H. |year=2005 |title=Interpretation and the Hieroglyphic Monad: John Dee's Reading of Pantheus's Voarchadumia |journal=[[Ambix]] |volume=52 |number=3 |pages=217–245 |doi=10.1179/000269805X77781|s2cid=170087190 }} * {{cite journal |last=Sledge |first=J. J. |year=2010 |title=Between Loagaeth and Cosening: Towards an Etiology of John Dee's Spirit Diaries |journal=[[Aries (journal)|Aries]] |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1163/156798910X12584583444835}} * {{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=P. S. |last2=Turner |first2=R. |last3=Cousins |first3=R. E. |year=1989 |title=Elizabethan Magic: The Art and the Magus |publisher=Element |isbn=978-1852300838}} * {{cite book | last = Tyson | first = Donald | title = Enochian Magic for Beginners: The Original System of Angel Magic | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | location = St. Paul, MN | year = 1997 | isbn = 1567187471 }} * {{cite book | last = Yates | first = Frances | title = The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age | publisher = Routledge |location=London | year = 1979 | author-link=Frances Yates | isbn = 0415254094 }} {{refend}} ==Ligamines externe== {{commonscat|Enochian language}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ns9zLz1x-y4 Le Lingua Enochian - Historia e Analyse del Alphabeto Magic Angelic revelate al Dr John Dee] sur YouTube {{Constructed languages}} {{Linguas artificial}} {{Authority control}} [[Categoria:Alphabetos]] [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] [[Categoria:Introductiones del decennio 1580]] [[Categoria:Magia enochian|*]] [[Categoria:Lingua e mystica]] [[Categoria:Linguas testificate desde le seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Linguas sacre]] [[Categoria:Linguas de Anglaterra]] 2spzduim19ha23q6icx3j5b5ilf0p4o 698454 698453 2026-08-11T07:52:01Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua |name = Enochian |image = Enochian letters (1583 manuscript).png |imagescale = 1.5 |imagecaption = Le diario manuscripto de John Dee pro le 6 de maio 1583, monstrante le 21 litteras del scriptura enochian | image_class = skin-invert-image |creator = [[John Dee]]<br />[[Edward Kelley]] |created = 1583–1584 |setting = Diarios occulte |fam1 = [[Lingua divin]] |script = [[Scriptura latin]], Scriptura enochian |iso3 = none |glotto=none |ietf=i-enochian ''(deprecated)''<ref name="ietf_depr1">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/lang-subtags-templates.xhtml |title=Language Subtag Registry|website=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority| access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="ietf_depr2">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/i-enochian.txt |title=Language Subtag Registration Form for 'i-enochian'|website=Internet Assigned Numbers Authority| access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> }} '''Enochian''' ({{IPAc-en|iː|'|n|ɒ|k|i|ə|n}} {{respell|ee|NOK|ee|ən}}) es un [[lingua artificial]] occulte{{sfnp|Bowern|Lindemann|2021}}—dicite per su originatores de haber essite recipite ab angelos—registrate in le diarios private de [[John Dee]] e su collega [[Edward Kelley]] in le Anglaterra del tardive seculo 16.<ref>{{gutenberg|no=19553|title=The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee by John Dee|bullet=none}}.</ref> Kelley esseva un [[scryer]] (vidente) qui laborava con Dee in su investigationes [[Magia del Renascimento|magic]]. Le lingua es integral al practica del [[magia enochian]]. Le lingua trovate in le diarios de Dee e Kelley comprende un limitate [[corpore textual|corpore textual]]. Le linguista [[Donald Laycock]], un [[Australian Skeptics|Sceptico australian]], studiava le diarios enochian, e argumenta contra qualcunque characteristicas extraordinari. Le textos non traducite del manuscripto ''Liber Loagaeth'' rememora le patrones de [[glossolalia]] plus tosto que un ver lingua. Dee non distingueva le material de ''Liber Loagaeth'' del lingua traducite del ''Appellos'' (Calls), que es plus simile a un lingua artificial. Iste lingua esseva appellate '''Angelical''' per Dee e plus tarde venie a esser referite como "enochian" per le scriptores subsequent. Le [[phonologia]] e le [[grammatica]] simila le anglese, ben que le traductiones non es sufficiente pro elaborar alicun [[morphologia (linguistica)|morphologia]] regular.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Alicun parolas enochian simila parolas e nomines proprie in le Biblia, ma le majoritate non ha un etymologia apparente.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=42}} Le diarios de Dee etiam refere a iste lingua como ''Discorso Celeste'', ''Prime Lingua de Deo-Christo'', ''Lingua Sancte'', o ''Lingua del Angelos''. Ille etiam se referiva a illo como ''[[Lingua adamic|Adamica]]'' perque, secundo le angelos de Dee, illo esseva usate per [[Adam]] in Paradiso pro nominar tote le cosas. Le termino "enochian" deriva del assertion de Dee que le patriarcha biblic [[Enoch]] habeva essite le ultime human (ante Dee e Kelley) a cognoscer le lingua. == Historia == [[File:John Dee Ashmolean.jpg|thumb|[[John Dee]] (in imagine) registrava le corpore enochian in su diarios con le assistentia de [[Edward Kelley]] como su vidente e collaborator.]] Secundo Tobias Churton in su texto ''The Golden Builders'',{{sfnp|Churton|2002}} le concepto de un lingua Angelic o [[antediluvian]] esseva commun durante le epocha de Dee. Si un persona poterea parlar le lingua del angelos, on credeva que ille poterea interager directemente con illos. === Cercar contacto e visiones reportate === In 1581, Dee mentionava in su diarios personal que Deo habeva inviate "bon angelos" pro communicar directemente con le prophetas. In 1582, Dee formava un equipa con le [[Clairvoyantia|vidente]] [[Edward Kelley]], ben que Dee habeva usate plure altere videntes previemente.{{sfnp|Harkness|1999|p=16-17}} Con le adjuta de Kelley como [[scryer]], Dee comenciava a stabilir un contacto durabile con le angelos. Lor labor resultava, inter altere cosas, in le reception del Angelical, nunc plus comunemente cognoscite como enochian.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b}} Le reception comenciava le 26 de martio 1583, quando Kelley reportava visiones in le crystal de un alphabeto de 21 litteras. Alicun dies plus tarde, Kelley comenciava a recipere lo que deveniva le libro ''Liber Loagaeth'' ("Libro [de] Discorso de Deo"). Le libro consiste de 98 grande tabulas de litteras, cata un quadrato de 49 per 49 litteras, sur le recto e verso de 49 [[folio (libros)|folios]]; Dee contava istos como 49 tabulas.{{efn|Iste libro es ora in le Bibliotheca Britannic, MS Sloane 3189.}} Dee e Kelley diceva que le angelos nunquam traduceva le textos in iste libro.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} === Receper le ''Claves Angelic'' === Circa un anno plus tarde, al corte del Rege [[Stephen Báthory]] in [[Kraków]], ubi ambe alchimistas se hospitava per alcun tempore, un altere insimul de textos esseva reportatemente recipite per Kelley.{{citation needed|date=February 2022} } Iste textos comprende 48 versos poetic con traductiones anglese, que in le manuscriptos de Dee es appellate {{lang|la|Claves Angelicae}}, o ''Claves Angelic''. Dee apparentemente intendeva usar istes ''Claves'' pro aperir le "Portas del Comprehension"{{sfnp|Dee|1659|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iikdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 77]}} representate per le quadratos magic in ''Liber Loagaeth'': {{Blockquote|Io es donc pro instruer e informar vos, secundo vostre Doctrina deliverate, que es continite in 49 Tabulas. In 49 voces, o appellos: que es le Claves Natural pro aperir illos, non 49 ma 48 (perque un non debe esser aperite) Portas de Comprehension, per le quales vos habera cognoscentia pro mover cata Porta...<ref>Le angelo Nalvage, citate in {{harvp|Dee|1992|p=77}}.</ref>|Le angelo Nalvage}} {{Blockquote|Ma vos comprendera que istes 19 Appellos es le Appellos, o entratas in le cognoscentia del Tabulas mystic. Cata Tabula continente un folio integre, al qual vos non necessita altere circumstantias.<ref>Le angelo Illemese, citate in {{harvp|Dee|1992|p=199}}.</ref>|Le angelo Illemese}} == Phonologia e systema de scriptura == Le [[phonologia]] del enochian es "completemente anglese", a parte le difficile [[Cluster de consonantes|sequentias]] como ''bdrios'', ''excolphabmartbh'', ''longamphlg'', ''lapch'', etc.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=33, 41}} === Alphabeto === Le lingua esseva registrate primarimente in [[scriptura latin]]. Totevia, parolas individual scribite in scriptura enochian "appare sporadicamente per tote le manuscriptos".{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=28}} Il ha 21 litteras in le scriptura; un de istes 21 pote apparer con o sin un puncto diacritic. Dee mappava istes litteras del "alphabeto adamico" sur 22 del litteras del alphabeto anglese, tractante U e V como variantes positional (como esseva commun al epocha) e omittente le litteras anglese J, K, e W.{{efn|name=alphabet|Le tabula de Dee in ''Loagaeth'' (MS Sloane 3189) como reproducite in {{harvp|Magickal Review|2005}}.}} Le scriptura enochian es scribite de dextera a sinistra in le diario de John Dee.{{sfnp|Dee|1582}} Diverse documentos ha formas legiermente differente del scriptura. Le alphabeto etiam comparti multes similitudines graphic con un scriptura, etiam attribuite al profeta Enoch, que appareva in le ''Voarchadumia Contra Alchimiam'' de Johannes Pantheus,{{sfnp|Pantheus|1550|p=15v-16r}} un copia del qual on sape que Dee possedeva.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=28}} Le orthographia enochian seque de presso le [[Anglese moderne initial|Orthographia anglese moderne initial]], per exemplo in haber c e g molle e dur, e in usar digraphos ch, ph, sh, e th pro le sonos {{IPA|/tʃ ~ k/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, e {{IPA|/θ/}}.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=23-24}} Laycock mappava le orthographia enochian a su systema sonor e dice, "le pronunciation resultante lo face sonar multo plus simile al anglese de lo que illo pare al prime vista".{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=46}}{{efn|{{harvp|Laycock|2001|p=45}}: "Como le textos dictate in enochian consiste de un serie de 'Appellos', o [[invocation]]es de esseres supernatural, illo esseva clarmente necessari pro Dee e Kelley saper como le parolas deberea esser pronunciate; in le major parte del systemas magic, un leve errore in le texto de un sortilegio o invocation es reguardate como potentialmente ducente a consequentias disastrose. Per consequente, Dee habeva le habitude de scriber le pronunciation del parolas enochian junto al texto. … su intention es usualmente bastante clar. Ille scribe ''dg'' quando ille significa 'g molle' (como in ''gem''); e ''s'' pro 'c molle'; e ille indica in alicun locos que ''ch'' debe esser pronunciate como ''k''. Ille marca le vocales accentuate in le major parte del parolas. … In casos plus difficile, ille da exemplos ab le anglese, assi, ''zorge'' se dice esser pronunciate pro rimer con 'George'. … Con tote istes instructiones, nos pote obtener un bastante bon idea de como le enochian sonava pro Dee e Kelley. Nos debe facer allowance, naturalmente, pro le facto que le duo homines parlava anglese de plus de quatro seculos retro … Felicemente, le linguistas es in possession de sufficiente evidentia … pro stabilir le pronunciation de le plus parte del formas de anglese elisabethan con un alte grado de exactitude."}} Totevia, le difficile catenas de consonantes e vocales in parolas como ''ooaona'', ''paombd'', ''smnad'' e ''noncf'' es le genere de patrono que on obtene per unir litteras de un texto insimul in un patrono arbitrarie. Como Laycock nota, "Le lector pote provar isto prenpente, per exemplo, cata decime littera sur iste pagina, e dividente le catena de litteras in parolas. Le 'texto' create tendera a semblar multo como enochian."{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=40-41}} Le litteras enochian, con lor nomines de littera e equivalentes anglese como date per Dee, e pronuncias como reconstructe per Laycock, es le sequente.{{efn|name=alphabet}} Le conventiones de pronunciation moderne varia, dependente del affiliationes del practicante.{{efn|{{harvp|DuQuette|2019|p=197}}: "[...] in general, nos magos moderne es lassate a nostre proprie dispositivos re como expedir istes parolas awkwardly constructe ex nostre buccas. [...] Le Aurora Auree e Crowley usa un pronunciation que illes sentiva rolaba plus fluidemente del lingua. Iste methodo obligava le mago a inserer un natural sono vocalic hebraic post cata consonante enochian. [...] Le alternative le plus obvious al pronunciation GA es simplemente sonar le parolas como illos es scribite [...] Isto es lo que io ha facite, e lo que io recommenda al studentes qui apprende magia enochian."}} {| class="wikitable" ! style="text-align: center;" | Littera ! style="text-align: center;" | Nomine del<br />littera ! style="text-align: center;" | Equivalente<br />[[Alphabeto anglese|anglese]] ! style="text-align: center;" | Phonologia enochian{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=46–47}} ! style="text-align: center;" | Lectura syllabic<br />Aurora Auree{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=60}}{{efn-lg|name=Golden Dawn}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Un.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Un | style="text-align: center;" | A | longe {{IPA blink|ɑ|ɑː}} (accentuate), curte {{IPA blink|a}} (non accentuate; le [[ensemble lexical|vocal TRAP]]) | {{IPA|[ɑː]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Pa.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Pa | style="text-align: center;" | B | {{IPA blink|b}}; mute post ''m'' quando ante un altere consonante o final | {{IPA|[beɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Veh.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Veh | style="text-align: center;" | C | {{IPA blink|k}} ante a, o, u; {{IPA blink|s}} ante ''e'', ''i'' e in clusteres de consonantes, con multe exceptiones;<br /> {{angbr|ch}} como {{IPA blink|k}} in le major parte del positiones ma {{IPA blink|tʃ}} finalmente. | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Gal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Gal | style="text-align: center;" | D | {{IPA blink|d}} | {{IPA|[deɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Graph.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Graph | style="text-align: center;" | E | {{IPA blink|e|eː}} (accentuate), {{IPA blink|ɛ}} (non accentuate) | {{IPA|[eɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Or.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Or | style="text-align: center;" | F | {{IPA blink|f}} | {{IPA|[ɛf]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Ged.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Ged | style="text-align: center;" | G | {{IPA blink|ɡ}} ante ''a'', ''o'', ''u''; {{IPA blink|dʒ}} ante ''e'', ''i'', finalmente, post ''d'', e in clusteres de consonantes. | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Na.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Na | style="text-align: center;" | H | {{IPA blink|h}} excepte in ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨th⟩; mute post un vocal<br />(in qual caso le vocal es "allongate" – isto es, ha le sono que illo haberea si illo esseva accentuate) | {{IPA|[heɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Gon.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2 | Gon | style="text-align: center;" | I | {{IPA blink|j}} al initio del parola ante un vocal; como un vocal: {{IPA blink|i|iː}} (accentuate), {{IPA blink|ɪ}} (non accentuate),<br />plus diphthongos ''ai'' {{IPA|[aɪ]}}, ''ei'' {{IPA|[eɪ]}}, ''oi'' {{IPA|[oɪ]}} | {{IPA|[iː]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Gon (with point).svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Y | {{IPA blink|j}} | (idem como I) |- | [[File:Enochian - Ur.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Ur | style="text-align: center;" | L | {{IPA blink|l}} | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Tal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Tal | style="text-align: center;" | M | {{IPA blink|m}} | {{IPA|[ɛm]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Drux.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Drux | style="text-align: center;" | N | {{IPA blink|n}} | {{IPA|[ɛn], [nuː]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Med.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Med | style="text-align: center;" | O | {{IPA blink|o|oː}} (accentuate), {{IPA blink|ɒ}} (non accentuate), ma pro ⟨oo⟩ que es {{IPA blink|uː}} | {{IPA|[oʊ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Mals.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Mals | style="text-align: center;" | P | {{IPA blink|p}} ma pro ⟨ph⟩, que es {{IPA blink|f}} | {{IPA|[peɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Ger.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Ger | style="text-align: center;" | Q | {{IPA|[kw]}}; le parola ''q'' es {{IPA|[kwɑː]}} | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Don.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Don | style="text-align: center;" | R | {{IPA blink|r}} | {{IPA|[ɑː(r)], [rɑː]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Fam.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Fam | style="text-align: center;" | S | {{IPA blink|s}} o {{IPA blink|z}} como esserea natural in anglese, ma pro ⟨sh⟩, que es {{IPA blink|ʃ}} | {{IPA|[ɛs]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Gisg.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Gisg | style="text-align: center;" | T | {{IPA blink|t}} ma pro ⟨th⟩, que es {{IPA blink|θ}} | {{IPA|[teɪ]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Van.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Van | style="text-align: center;" | U/V | {{IPA blink|u|uː}} (accentuate) o {{IPA blink|ʊ}} (non accentuate); {{IPA|[juː]}} in position initial; {{IPA blink|v}} o {{IPA blink|w}} ante un altere vocal e al fine del parola,<br />plus diphthongo ''ou'' {{IPA|[aʊ]}} | ? |- | [[File:Enochian - Pal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Pal | style="text-align: center;" | X | {{IPA|[ks]}} | {{IPA|[ɛks]}} |- | [[File:Enochian - Ceph.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]] | style="text-align: center;" | Ceph | style="text-align: center;" | Z | {{IPA blink|z}}, rarmente {{IPA|[zɒd]}}, le nomine anglese del seculo 16 del littera | {{IPA|[zɒd]}} |} {{notelist-lg|refs= {{efn-lg|name=Golden Dawn|Secundo [[Wynn Wescott]], cata littera pote esser pronunciate separatemente como su nomine in anglese o a vices como le prime consonante e vocal de su nomine hebraic, p.ex. N pote esser {{IPA|[ɛn]}} o {{IPA|[nu]}} (ab ''[[Nun_(littera)|nun]]''). Totevia, le sequentias consonante-vocal pote optionalmente esser unite in syllabos singule. P.ex. ''ta'' pote esser pronunciate {{IPA|[teɪ ɑː]}} o {{IPA|[tɑː]}}; ''co'', {{IPA|[koʊ]}}; ''ar'', {{IPA|[ɑːr]}}; ''re'', {{IPA|[reɪ]}}.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=60}}}} }} Un numero de fontes pro le scriptura enochian es disponibile. Illos usa le intervallo [[ASCII]], con le litteras assignate al punctos de codice de lor equivalentes anglese.<ref>{{cite web |title=Enochian Materials |url=http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/ |publisher=The Magickal Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826140151/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/ |archive-date=2007-08-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gerald J. Schueler, Betty Jane Schueler|title=Download fonts|url=http://www.schuelers.com/enochian/fonts.htm|publisher=Schueler's Online|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=James A. Eshelman|title=Enochian Elemental Tablets|url=http://www.aumha.org/arcane/enoch.htm|publisher=AumHa|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enochian Font |url=http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm |publisher=Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927183854/http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 |accessdate=2026-07-10 |archivedate=2011-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927183854/http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sara Barkat|title=Pixel Enochian Font|url=https://sarabarkat.itch.io/pixel-enochian|publisher=Itch.io|year=2023}}</ref> == Grammatica == === Morphologia === Le grammatica es pro le major parte sin articulos o prepositiones.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}}{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=20}} Le adjectivos es bastante rar.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=19–20}} Aaron Leitch identifica plure affixos in enochian, includente ''-o'' (indicante 'de') e ''-ax'' (que functiona como ''-ing'' in anglese).{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=18–19}} Leitch observa que, differentemente del anglese, le enochian pare haber un [[caso vocative]], citante le nota de Dee in le margine del Prime Tabula de ''Loagaeth''{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=21}} – "Befes le caso vocative de Befafes".{{sfnp|Dee|Peterson|2003|p=310}} ==== Compositos ==== Le compositos es frequente in le corpore enochian. Modificatores e indicatores es tipicamente composite con le nomines e verbos modificate o indicate. Iste compositos pote occurrer con pronomines demonstrative e conjunctiones, assi como con diverse formas del verbo 'esser'. Le composition de nomines con adjectivos o altere verbos es minus commun. Le compositos pote exhibir orthographias variante del parolas combinate.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=15–17}} ==== Conjugation ==== Le conjugation pote resultar in cambiamentos orthographic que pote apparer random o disordinate. Pro isto, Aaron Leitch ha exprimite dubitas re si le enochian ha realmente conjugationes.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=17–18}} Le evidentia multo scarce del [[conjugation verbal]] enochian pare bastante rememorative del anglese, includente le verbo 'esser' que es multo irregular.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Laycock reporta que le maxime numero de formas es registrate pro 'esser' e pro ''goh-'' 'dicer':{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} {{columns-start|width=40em}} ::{| !'esser' |- |''zir, zirdo'' || io es |- |''geh'' || tu es |- |''i'' || ille/illa/illo es |- |''chiis, chis, chiso'' || illes es |- |''as, zirop'' || esseva |- |''zirom'' || esseva (pl.) |- |''trian'' || sera |- |''christeos'' || lassar esser |- |''bolp'' || sia tu! |- |''ipam'' || non es |- |''ipamis'' || non pote esser |} {{column}} {| !'dicer' |- |''gohus'' || io dice |- |''gohe, goho'' || ille dice |- |''gohia'' || nos dice |- |''gohol'' || dicente |- |''gohon'' || illes ha parlate |- |''gohulim'' || illo es dicite |} {{columns-end}} Nota que ''christeos'' 'lassar esser' poterea esser de 'Christo', e si assi non es parte de un conjugation.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=42}} Pro le negation de verbos, duo constructiones es testificate: p.ex. ''chis ge'' 'non es' (''chis'' 'illes es') e ''ip uran'' 'non vider' (''uran'' 'vider').{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} ==== Pronomes ==== Ben que le enochian ha pronomines personal, illos es rar e usate in modos que pote esser difficile a comprender. Pronomes possessive relative existe ma es usate parsimoniosemente.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=19–20}} Pronomes personal testificate (solmente material de Dee):{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43 and dictionary entries}} {{columns-start|width=60em}} ::{| | ''ol'' || io, me, mi, me mesme |- | ''il, ils, yls, ylsi'' || tu, te |- | ''q'' ([kwɑ]) || tu (possessive) |- | ''tia'' || su (de ille) |- | ''tox'' || de ille, su |- | ''pi'' || illa |- | ''tlb'' = ''tilb'', ''tbl'' ([tibl]) || la, de illa |- | ''tiobl'' || in illa |- | ''t'' ([ti]) || illo |} {{column}} {| | ''zylna'' || se mesme |- | ''ge'' || nos, nos, nostre ('g' molle) |- | ''helech'' || in nostre (?) |- | ''g'' = ''gi'' || vos, vostre ('g' molle) |- | ''nonci'' || vos ('c' molle) |- | ''nonca, noncf, noncp'' || a vos ('c' molle) |- | ''amiran'' || vos mesme |- | ''z'' ([zə]) || illes |- | ''par'' || illes, los |} {{columns-end}} Pronomes demonstrative: ''oi'' 'iste', ''unal'' 'iste, ille', ''priaz(i)'' 'ille'.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=dictionary entries}} === Syntaxe === Le ordine del parolas seque de presso le anglese, excepte pro le penuria de articulos e prepositiones.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Le adjectivos, ben que rar, typicamente precede le nomine como in anglese.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=19–20}} == Vocabulario e corpore == Laycock nota que il ha circa 250 parolas differente in le [[corpore textual|corpore]] del textos enochian, plus del medie del qualles [[Hapax legomenon|ocurre solmente un vice]]. Alicun simila parolas in le Biblia – principalmente nomines proprie – in tanto sono como signification. Per exemplo, ''luciftias'' "brillantia" simila [[Lucifer]] "le portator de lumine"; ''[[Babalon#Magia enochian|babalond]]'' "malvage, meretrice" simila [[Putta de Babylon|Babylon]].{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=42}} Leitch nota un numero de parolas radice in enochian. Ille lista ''Doh'', ''I'', ''Ia'', ''Iad'',{{clarify|date=January 2022}} inter alteres, como probabile parolas radice.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|pp=14–15}}{{fix|text=que significa illos?}} Ben que le ''Claves Angelic'' contine le major parte del vocabulario cognoscite del enochian, decenas de altere parolas se trova per tote le diarios de Dee. Milles de parolas addicional non definite es continite in le ''Liber Loagaeth''. Laycock nota que le material in ''Liber Loagaeth'' pare esser differente del lingua del 'Appellos' trovate in le ''Claves Angelic'', que pare haber essite generate ab le tabulas e quadratos del ''Loagaeth''.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Secundo Laycock: {{Blockquote|Le textos in le ''Loagaeth'' monstra patronos "characteristicamente trovate in certe typos de linguage sin senso (como le [[glossolalia]]), que es sovente producite sub conditiones simile a un [[trance]]. In altere parolas, Kelley pote haber essite 'parlar in linguas'. [...] il ha nulle evidentia que iste invocationes initial es alicun forma de 'lingua' [...] del toto.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=33–34}}}} === Dictionarios === Il ha habite plure compilationes de parolas enochian facite pro formar dictionarios enochian. Un studio academic es ''The Complete Enochian Dictionary'' de [[Donald Laycock]].{{sfnp|Laycock|2001}} Etiam utile es ''Gmicalzoma: An Enochian Dictionary'' de Vinci.{{sfnp|Vinci|1992}} == Representation de numeros == Le systema numeric es inexplicabile. Il pare possibile identificar le [[numeral (linguistica)|numerales]] de 0 a 10:{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=44}} *0 – T *1 – L, EL, L-O, ELO, LA, LI, LIL *2 – V, VI-I-V, VI-VI *3 – D, R *4 – S, ES *5 – O *6 – N, NORZ *7 – Q *8 – P *9 – M, EM *10 – X Totevia, le textos enochian contine numeros plus grande scribite in forma alphabetic, e il ha nulle systema discernibile detra los:{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=44}} {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} *12 – OS *19 – AF *22 – OP *24 – OL *26 – OX *28 – OB, NI *31 – GA *33 – PD *42 – VX *456 – CLA *1000 – MATB {{col-break}} *1,636 – QUAR *3,663 – MIAN *5,678 – DAOX *6,332 – ERAN *6,739 – DARG *7,336 – TAXS *7,699 – ACAM *8,763 – EMOD *9,639 – MAPM *9,996 – CIAL *69,636 – PEOAL {{col-end}} Como Laycock lo exprimeva, "le test de ulle future revelation spiritual del lingua enochian sera le explication de iste systema numeric."{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=44}} == Relation con altere linguas == Dee credeva que le enochian esseva le [[Lingua adamic|lingua adamic]] [[Lingua universal|universalmente parlate]] ante le [[confusion de linguas]]. Totevia, le analyse moderne monstra que le enochian es un [[lingua artificial]] simile al anglese.{{sfnp|Bowern|Lindemann|2021}} Le ordine del parolas seque de presso le anglese, excepte pro le penuria de articulos e prepositiones.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} Le evidentia multo scarce del [[conjugation verbal]] enochian es similmente rememorative del anglese, plus tosto que con le [[linguas semitic]] como le hebraico, que Dee diceva esser versiones depravate del lingua enochian.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=43}} == Vide etiam == {{Portal|Religion|Constructed languages}} * [[Lista de terminos e traditiones magic]] * [[Magia del Renascimento]] == Notas == {{notelist}} == Referentias == === Citationes === {{Reflist|2}} ===Obras citate=== ====Fontes primari==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite web |first=John |last=Dee |author-link=John Dee |title=Sloane MS 3188 |url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Sloane_MS_3188 |publisher=[[British Library]] |year=1582}} * {{cite book |last1=Dee |first1=John |title=A True & Faithful Relation of what Passed for Many Yeers Between Dr. John Dee and Some Spirits |date=1659 |publisher=Antonine Publishing Company}} * {{cite book |last=Dee |first=John |editor-first=Meric |editor-last=Casaubon |editor-link=Meric Casaubon |title=A True and Faithful Relation of What Passed for Many Years Between John Dee and Some Spirits |location=New York |publisher=Magickal Childe Publishing |year=1992}} * {{cite book |first1=John |last1=Dee |first2= Joseph H. |last2=Peterson | title = John Dee's Five Books of Mystery: Original Sourcebook of Enochian Magic: From the Collected Works Known as Mysteriorum Libri Quinque | publisher = Weiser Books | location = Boston | year = 2003 | isbn = 1578631785 }} * {{cite book |first=Johannes |last=Pantheus |title=Voarchadumia Contra Alchimiam |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/9925345/Voarchadumia-Contra-Alchimiam-Johannes-Pantheus |year=1550 |page=15v-16r |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308052242/https://www.scribd.com/doc/9925345/Voarchadumia-Contra-Alchimiam-Johannes-Pantheus |archive-date=2016-03-08 |via=Scribd.com}} {{refend}} ====Fontes secundari==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite journal |first1=Claire L. |last1=Bowern |first2=Luke |last2=Lindemann |title=The Linguistics of the Voynich Manuscript |journal=Annual Review of Linguistics |volume=7 |pages=285–308 |date=January 2021 |doi=10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030613|s2cid=228894621 }} * {{cite book |last=Churton |first=Tobias |title=The Golden Builders |publisher=Signal Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-9543309-0-0 }} * {{cite book |last=DuQuette |first=Lon Milo |author-link=Lon Milo DuQuette |year=2019 |title=Enochian Vision Magick: A Practical Guide to the Magick of Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser |isbn=978-1578636846}} * {{cite book |last=Harkness |first=Deborah |year=1999 |title=John Dee's Conversations with Angels: Cabala, Alchemy, and the End of Nature |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521622288}} * {{cite book |first=Donald |last=Laycock |author-link=Donald Laycock |title=The Complete Enochian Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Angelic Language As Revealed to Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley |publisher=Weiser |location=Boston |year=2001 |isbn=1578632544}} * {{cite book | last = Leitch | first = Aaron | title = The Angelical Language, Volume II: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the Tongue of Angels | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | location = Woodbury, MN | year = 2010b | isbn = 978-0738714912}} * {{cite web |editor=Magickal Review |title=The Angelic or Enochian Alphabet |url=http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/alphabet.php |website=The Magickal Review |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712100049/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/alphabet.php |archive-date=2011-07-12 |accessdate=2026-07-10 |archivedate=2011-07-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712100049/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/alphabet.php }} * {{cite book |first=Leon |last=Vinci |title=Gmicalzoma: An Enochian Dictionary |location=London |publisher=Neptune Press |orig-year=1976 |year=1992}} {{refend}} == Lectura additional == {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite magazine |first=Egil |last=Asprem |title="Enochian" language: A proof of the existence of angels? |url=https://www.skepsis.no/%e2%80%9cenochian%e2%80%9d-language-a-proof-of-the-existence-of-angels/ |magazine=Skepsis |date=December 13, 2006 |access-date=2022-01-17}} * {{cite book | last = Eco | first = Umberto | title = The Search for the Perfect Language | publisher = Fontana Press | location = London | year = 1997 | isbn = 0006863787 }} * {{citation |last=James |first=Geoffrey |title=The Enochian Evocation of Dr. John Dee |location=Newburyport, MA |publisher=Weiser Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-1578634538}}. * {{cite magazine |last = Johnson |first = Christopher Reed |title=Enochian Magick: Chris Johnson's Path into the Angelic Mysteries |magazine=Perseus Academy |url=https://perseusarcaneacademy.com/post/enochian-magick-chris-johnsons-path-into-the-angelic-mysteries/ |date=May 29, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-02}} * {{cite book | last = Leitch | first = Aaron | title = The Angelical Language, Volume I: The Complete History and Mythos of the Tongue of Angels | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | location = Woodbury, MN | year = 2010a | isbn = 978-0738714905 }} * {{cite journal |last=Norrgrén |first=H. |year=2005 |title=Interpretation and the Hieroglyphic Monad: John Dee's Reading of Pantheus's Voarchadumia |journal=[[Ambix]] |volume=52 |number=3 |pages=217–245 |doi=10.1179/000269805X77781|s2cid=170087190 }} * {{cite journal |last=Sledge |first=J. J. |year=2010 |title=Between Loagaeth and Cosening: Towards an Etiology of John Dee's Spirit Diaries |journal=[[Aries (journal)|Aries]] |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1163/156798910X12584583444835}} * {{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=P. S. |last2=Turner |first2=R. |last3=Cousins |first3=R. E. |year=1989 |title=Elizabethan Magic: The Art and the Magus |publisher=Element |isbn=978-1852300838}} * {{cite book | last = Tyson | first = Donald | title = Enochian Magic for Beginners: The Original System of Angel Magic | publisher = Llewellyn Publications | location = St. Paul, MN | year = 1997 | isbn = 1567187471 }} * {{cite book | last = Yates | first = Frances | title = The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age | publisher = Routledge |location=London | year = 1979 | author-link=Frances Yates | isbn = 0415254094 }} {{refend}} ==Ligamines externe== {{commonscat|Enochian language}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ns9zLz1x-y4 Le Lingua Enochian - Historia e Analyse del Alphabeto Magic Angelic revelate al Dr John Dee] sur YouTube {{Constructed languages}} {{Linguas artificial}} {{Authority control}} [[Categoria:Alphabetos]] [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] [[Categoria:Introductiones del decennio 1580]] [[Categoria:Magia enochian|*]] [[Categoria:Lingua e mystica]] [[Categoria:Linguas testificate desde le seculo 16]] [[Categoria:Linguas sacre]] [[Categoria:Linguas de Anglaterra]] ln2cc0lv5kmc409sp1cu90v6o1le3vf 0 61113 698437 698388 2026-08-11T00:43:21Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 698437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | name = palawa kani | creator = [[Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian]] | created = 1992<ref name=Berk>{{cite journal |last1=Berk |first1=Christopher D. |title=''Palawa Kani'' and the Value of Language in Aboriginal Tasmania |journal=Oceania |date=2017 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=2–20 |doi=10.1002/ocea.5148|doi-access=free }}</ref> | ethnicity = [[Aboriginales Tasmanian]] | familycolor = Australian | fam1 = [[Lingua construite]] | posteriori = Tradition oral e fragmentos del 8 a 16 [[linguas tasmanian]] registrate per europeos precoce.<ref name=Berk/><ref name=TACPK2024/> | script = [[Alphabeto latin]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/sep/03/ya-pulingina-bringing-these-words-to-life-is-an-extension-of-our-identity |title=Ya pulingina. Bringing these words to life is an extension of our identity |date=2 September 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> | iso3 = none | iso3comment = [[Codices pro linguas construite|Necun]] (<code>qpa</code> non official<ref name="CCR" />) | glotto = pala1356 | aiatsis = T16 | ietf = art-x-palawa (non official)<ref name="CCR">{{cite web |title=ConLang Code Registry |url=https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/ |website=www.kreativekorp.com |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> | setting = [[Tasmania]] | fam2 = [[Lingua auxiliar zonal]] | fam3 = [[Lingua a posteriori]] | speakers = 251-500 (2018)<ref name=AIATSIS/> }} '''Palawa kani'''<!-- majusculas al initio de phrases prende precedentia super nomines proprie minuscule. --> es un [[lingua construite]]<ref name=Berk/> create per le [[Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian]] como un composite del [[linguas tasmanian|lingua tasmanian]], basate sur vocabulario reconstruite del contos limitate del varie linguas unquam parlate per le [[Aboriginales Tasmanian|populo aboriginal]] de lo que nunc es [[Tasmania]] (palawa kani: {{Lang|mis|Lutruwita}}).<ref name=AIATSIS/><ref name="TAC">{{cite web |title=palawa kani, le unic lingua aboriginal in lutruwita hodie |url=http://tacinc.com.au/programs/palawa-kani/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804033546/http://tacinc.com.au/programs/palawa-kani |archive-date=2018-08-04 |website=[[Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian]]}}</ref><ref name="TACPK2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=palawa kani |url=https://tacinc.com.au/programs/palawa-kani/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428053222/https://tacinc.com.au/programs/palawa-kani/ |archive-date=2024-04-28 |access-date= |website=[[Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Conversation>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/explainer-how-tasmanias-aboriginal-people-reclaimed-a-language-palawa-kani-99764 |title=Explainer: how Tasmania's Aboriginal people reclaimed a language, palawa kani |first=Kristyn |last=Harman |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|date=19 July 2018 }}</ref> Le centro desira restringer le disponibilitate del lingua usque illo es establite in le communitate aboriginal tasmanian e reclama [[copyright]].<ref name=Verge>{{cite web|first=Adi |last=Robertson |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/13/5998273/who-owns-a-language-wikipedia-palawa-kani-raises-old-debate |title=Can you own a language? |website=[[The Verge]] |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> Le [[Declaration del Derectos del Populos Indigene|Declaration del Nationes Unite sur le Derectos del Populos Indigene]] (UNDRIP) es usate pro supportar iste claimo al copyright pois que illo declara que le populos indigene ha le derecto de controlar lor "patrimonio cultural, cognoscentia traditional, e expressiones cultural traditional" e que le statos debe "recognoscer e proteger le exercitio de iste derectos".<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/un-declaration-rights-indigenous-peoples-1 |website=Australian Human Rights Commission |at=article 31 |quote=1. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions ... including ... oral traditions [and] literatures... They also have the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions. 2. In conjunction with indigenous peoples, States shall take effective measures to recognize and protect the exercise of these rights.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Janke |first=Terri |title=True Tracks |publisher=[[UNSW Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=9781742236810 |location=Sydney |pages=32}}</ref> Tamen, le declaration es legalmente non vincolante e le linguas non pote reciper protection de copyright in multe paises, includente Australia e le Statos Unite.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Janke |first1=Terri |last2=Broughton |first2=Adam |date=2019-02-27 |title=Who owns Indigenous languages? Indigenous Language Materials and Copyright |url=https://www.terrijanke.com.au/post/2019/02/27/who-owns-indigenous-languages-indigenous-language-materials-and-copyright |access-date= |website=Terri Janke and Company Lawyers and Consultants |language=en |quote=Generally, there is no copyright in languages unless they are expressed in material form, being either written or recorded. Even then, the copyright protects the expression and not the underlying language. This can be an issue for Indigenous peoples and language centres as their language is oral, in that it is passed down through generations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions – Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |access-date=5 March 2012 |author=United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115004932/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/FAQsindigenousdeclaration.pdf |archive-date=January 15, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=Verge/> Le centro tamen provide un lista de nomines de loco in palawa kani e consenti a lor uso libere per le publico.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Policy and Protocol for Use of palawa kani Aboriginal Language, 2019 |url=https://tacinc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Policy-and-Protocol-for-Use-of-palawa-kani-Aboriginal-Language-2019-1.pdf |publisher=Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre |accessdate=2026-08-07 |archivedate=2024-03-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313232851/http://tacinc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Policy-and-Protocol-for-Use-of-palawa-kani-Aboriginal-Language-2019-1.pdf }}</ref> Dictionarios e altere ressources protegibile per copyright pro apprender le lingua es solmente providite al communitate [[Aboriginales australian|aboriginal]].<ref name="protocol2019">{{cite web |url=http://tacinc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Policy-and-Protocol-for-Use-of-palawa-kani-Aboriginal-Language-2019-1.pdf |title=Policy and Protocol for Use of palawa kani Aboriginal Language, 2019 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114013119/http://tacinc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/POLICY-PROTOCOL-for-use-of-palawa-kani-Aboriginal-Language.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2016 |accessdate=7 August 2026 |archivedate=14 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114013119/http://tacinc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/POLICY-PROTOCOL-for-use-of-palawa-kani-Aboriginal-Language.pdf }}</ref> == Contexto == [[File:Tasmanian tribes.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Mappa monstrante le divisiones ethnic approximate in Tasmania pre-europee.]] Le [[linguas tasmanian]] esseva exterminate post le [[colonisation britannic de Tasmania#Impacto sur le population native|colonisation britannic de Tasmania]] e le [[Guerra Nigre]]. Le ultime parlante native de alcun del linguas, [[Fanny Cochrane Smith], moriva in 1905.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter52/6-Tasmania-language/language.htm |title=language |date=6 June 2013 |access-date=9 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606012600/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter52/6-Tasmania-language/language.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> In 1972, [[Robert M. W. Dixon]] e [[Terry Crowley (linguista)|Terry Crowley]] investigava le reconstruction del linguas tasmanian ex registros existente, in un projecto fundate per le [[Instituto Australian de Studios Aboriginal e Insulari del Strait Torres|Instituto Australian de Studios Aboriginal]]. Isto includeva interviewar duo nepotes de Fanny Cochrane Smith, qui provideva "cinque parolas, un phrase, e un canto breve". Illes esseva capace de trovar "virtualmente nulle datos sur le grammatica e nulle [[wikt:running text|textos continue]]" e declarava "es impossibile dicer multo de interesse linguistic sur le linguas tasmanian", e illos non procedeva con le projecto.<ref>{{cite news |title=Letters to the Editor: Tasmanian language |first=R. M. W. |last=Dixon |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110823780 |date=1 September 1976}}</ref> In le tarde seculo vinti, como parte de effortios communitari pro recuperar tante del cultura tasmanian original como possibile, le [[Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian]] tentava reconstruer un lingua pro le communitate indigene. A causa del raritate del registros, palawa kani esseva construite como un composite de plure del estimatemente dozena linguas tasmanian original.<ref name=AIATSIS/> == Fontes == Le duo fontes primari de material lexical e linguistic es le listas de parolas de Brian Plomley de 1976 e le capitulo de Crowley e Dixon de 1981 sur le tasmanian. Istos es supplementate per recerca archival. Le linguas fonte es illos del familias [[tasmanian nord-est]] e [[tasmanian est]], pois que istos es ancestral al population palawa moderne e etiam es le linguas tasmanian le melio attestate. Tamen, le major parte del nomines de loco es reconstruite usando linguas parlate circa le localitate como fontes. Usualmente un sol parola tasmanian es seligite pro un concepto anglese, ma duplicatos occasional occurre, como {{lang|art-AU|palawa}} e {{lang|art-AU|pakana}}, que veni de differente linguas e ambe significa '(persona) tasmanian'.<ref name=Berk/> Le parolas debe esser reconstruite del [[orthographia de pronunciation]] anglese in que illos esseva registrate. Per exemplo, in 1830 le nomine local pro [[Hobart]] esseva registrate como {{lang|mis-AU|nib.ber.loon.ne}} e {{lang|mis-AU|niberlooner}}. Permittente le distortiones que occurreva quando europeos sin formation linguistic tentava registrar parolas tasmanian, le centro reconstructe le nomine como {{lang|art-AU|nipaluna}}.<ref name=Conversation/> == Stato del lingua == Le Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian comenciava a disveloppar palawa kani in le annos 1990, con lideres clave del processo includente Theresa Sainty, Jenny Longey e June Sculthorpe.<ref name=Conversation/> Le centro desira mantener controlo super le lingua usque le communitate aboriginal es familiar e competente con illo.<ref name=Verge/> Le lingua es solmente inseniate per organisationes communitari e non per scholas statal. Depois que le lingua esseva construite, un numero crescente de personas es capace de usar le lingua a un certe grado, alcun a grande fluential.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/encounters/encounters_films/videos/palawa_kani_teaching_tasmanian_aboriginal_languages|title=National Museum of Australia - palawa kani – teaching Tasmanian Aboriginal languages|website=www.nma.gov.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605094032/https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/encounters/encounters_films/videos/palawa_kani_teaching_tasmanian_aboriginal_languages|archive-date=Jun 5, 2019|accessdate=7 August 2026|archivedate=5 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605094032/https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/encounters/encounters_films/videos/palawa_kani_teaching_tasmanian_aboriginal_languages}}</ref> Tamen, le centro requesta que non-aboriginales qui vole usar le lingua face prime un application formal al centro.<ref name=":0" /> Le centro rejecta le classification de "lingua construite" pro palawa kani. In 2012, le centro filed un requesta pro remover le articulos Wikipedia sur iste lingua sur base de copyright. Tamen, isto esseva refusate.<ref name=Verge/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Foundation Transparency Report/2014/Requests for Content Alteration & Takedown |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Transparency_Report/2014/Requests_for_Content_Alteration_%26_Takedown |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Le serie televisive animate ''[[Little J & Big Cuz]]'' esseva le prime show televisive con un episodio integre in palawa kani, que esseva diffundite super le rete [[National Indigenous Television|NITV]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKC-vmiZ8dM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/bKC-vmiZ8dM |archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Little J and Big Cuz 'Hopalong' episode in Palawa kani |author=Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre |date=30 May 2017 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[The Nightingale (film 2018)|The Nightingale]]'' deveniva le prime film major con palawa kani, con consultation de lideres aboriginal tasmanian.<ref>{{cite web |last=Singleton |first=Julian |title=Interview: Baykali Ganambarr on The Nightingale |website=Cinapse |url=https://cinapse.co/interview-baykali-ganambarr-on-the-nightingale-9a0b36d3eb09 |date=8 August 2019 |access-date=18 September 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In plus, palawa kani es usate sur un numero de signos in [[areas protegite de Tasmania]], per exemplo ''kunanyi'' ha essite publicate como un nomine official pro [[Monte Wellington (Tasmania)|Monte Wellington]],<ref name=abcname>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2013/03/13/3714934.htm |title=Tasmanian dual naming policy announced atop Kunanyi |date=13 March 2013 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=kunanyi / Mount Wellington |url=http://www.hobartcity.com.au/Recreation/kunanyi_Mount_Wellington |publisher=[[Hobart City Council]] |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> e lo que antea esseva cognoscite como Parque National Asbestos Range es ora cognoscite como [[Parco National Narawntapu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tacinc.com.au/official-aboriginal-and-dual-names/ |title=Aboriginal and Dual Names of places in lutruwita (Tasmania) |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925075102/http://tacinc.com.au/official-aboriginal-and-dual-names/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 August 2026 |archivedate=25 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925075102/http://tacinc.com.au/official-aboriginal-and-dual-names/ }}</ref> === Nomines de loco official === {{main|Tasmania#Toponymia}} Le politica governamental tasmanian de Nomines Aboriginal e Dual de 2013 ha formalmente legitimate palawa kani, permittente "un nomine aboriginal e un nomine introducite esser usate insimul como le nomine official e que nove landmarkes sia nominate secundo lor patrimonio aboriginal".<ref name=Berk/> Isto include [[Fluvio Tamar|kanamaluka / Fluvio Tamar]] e [[Monte Wellington (Tasmania)|kunanyi / Monte Wellington]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tacinc.com.au/official-aboriginal-and-dual-names/ |title=Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre – Official Aboriginal and Dual Names of places |website=tacinc.com.au |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925075102/http://tacinc.com.au/official-aboriginal-and-dual-names/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 August 2026 |archivedate=25 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925075102/http://tacinc.com.au/official-aboriginal-and-dual-names/ }}</ref> Ubi necun nomine historic registrate pote esser trovate, le politica permitte que nomines novemente create sia recognoscite como official.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2017 |title=palawa kani names for two waterfalls |url=http://tacinc.com.au/palawa-kani-names-for-two-waterfalls/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320090613/http://tacinc.com.au/palawa-kani-names-for-two-waterfalls/ |archive-date=20 March 2021 |website=Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre |accessdate=7 August 2026 |archivedate=20 March 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320090613/http://tacinc.com.au/palawa-kani-names-for-two-waterfalls/ }}</ref> Un numero de altere nomines de loco palawa kani existe, ma non es in uso official.<ref name="ABC">{{cite news|title=Breathing new life into Indigenous language |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2012/06/15/3526278.htm |access-date=11 November 2015 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Hobart]] |date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Al fin de 2024 le Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian (TAC) requestava le governamento tasmanian cambiar dece-tres nomines de loco aboriginal publicate scripte in le lingua reconstruite palawa kani, con le cambio essente que le prime littera esseva cambiate de minuscule a majuscule.<ref name="Upperlower">{{cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=Adam |title=Tasmanian Aboriginal place names for major landmarks to change as part of 'evolution' of reconstructed palawa kani |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-12/tasmanian-palawa-kani-place-names-change/104913992 |access-date=12 February 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=12 February 2025 |language=en-AU}}</ref> Un coordinator del lingua palawa kani diceva que isto esseva un resultato del evolution del uso del lingua in le communitate con le major parte del aboriginales nunc usante iste formato, e le cambio de minuscule a majuscule reflecteva cambios in alcun linguas aboriginal del continente.<ref name=Upperlower/> Alcun del dece-tres nomines de loco aboriginal esseva Kunanyi/Mt Wellington, Takayna/Tarkine, Yingina/Great Lake e Truwana/Cape Barren Island.<ref name=Upperlower/> Le sito web del Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian (TAC) declara que 'le majusculas initial pro nomines de loco es nunc practica standard' e lor mapa interactive ha plus de 200 nomines de loco con un prime littera majuscule.<ref name=Upperlower/><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=pulingina – welcome to Lutruwita/Tasmania place names map |url=https://tacinc.com.au/pulingina-to-lutruwita-place-names-map/|work=[[Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre]] |date=2025|accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref> Le Departimento de Ressources Natural e Ambiente Tasmania ha etiam cambiate le 44 nomines aboriginal e dual como habente un prime littera majuscule.<ref name=Upperlower/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania |date=2024 |title=ABORIGINAL AND DUAL NAMES |url=https://nre.tas.gov.au/Documents/Aboriginal%20Place%20Names.pdf |access-date=12 February 2025 |publisher=Tasmanian Government}}</ref> == Phonologia == In le tabella sequente, le [[Alphabeto Phonetic International|API]] es listate primo. Le orthographia es listate {{Angle bracket|in angle brackets} si illo differe del API. === Vocales === Le vocales es {{IPAslink|a}}, {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAslink|u}} e le diphthongos /ei/ {{angbr|ay}} e /oi/ {{angbr|uy}}. === Consonantes === {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="1" |[[Consonante labial|Labial]] ! colspan="3" |[[Consonante coronal|Coronal]] ! colspan="2" |[[Consonante velar|Velar]] |- !<small>plan</small> !<small>[[Consonante dental|dental]]</small> !<small>plan</small> !<small>[[Palatalisation (phonetica)|palatalisate]]</small> !<small>[[Palatalisation (phonetica)|palatalisate]]</small> !<small>plan</small> |- ! colspan="2" |[[Consonante occlusive|Occlusive]] |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t̪}} {{angbr|th}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|tʲ}} {{angbr|tj}} | |{{IPA link|k}} |- ! colspan="2" |[[Consonante nasal|Nasal]] |{{IPA link|m}} | |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|nʲ}} {{angbr|ny}} | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}} |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Sonorante]] !<small>[[consonante median|median]]</small> |{{IPA link|w}} | |{{IPA link|r}}/{{IPA link|ɹ}} {{angbr|rr/r}} | |{{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}} | |- !<small>[[Consonante lateral|lateral]]</small> | | |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|lʲ}} {{angbr|ly}} | | |} Gruppos consonantic include ''pr'', ''tr'' e ''kr''. Como le major parte del linguas del continente, le linguas tasmanian careva [[sibilante]]s (que es apparente in le pronunciation aboriginal de parolas anglese como ''sugar'', ubi le 's' esseva reimplaciate per un ''t'' in [[pidgin]] anglese), e isto es reflectite in palawa kani. Le pronunciation de palawa kani pote reflecter ille parolas preservate in le communitate palawa nunc anglophone, ma non reflecte como le parolas tasmanian original probabilemente esseva pronunciate. Taylor (2006) declara que "le personas qui contribueva al projecto pare haber acceptate acriticamente characteristicas phonologic del linguas del Continente Australian como un guida al phonologia palawa sin traher un analyse comparative adequate del orthographias usate per le registratores europee", e da tres exemplos:<ref>{{Cite web |last=JA |first=Taylor |date=2006 |title=The Palawa (Tasmanian aboriginal) languages : a preliminary discussion |url=https://eprints.utas.edu.au/15805/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929172359/https://eprints.utas.edu.au/15805/ |archive-date=2022-09-29 |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=eprints.utas.edu.au |language=en}}</ref> *In transcriptiones con consonante + 'y', le 'y' es prendite como le vocal ''i'' o ''ay'' nonobstante le declaration de Milligan que illo esseva un sono como 'y' (~{{IPAslink|ɪ}}). In position final de parola, 'y' non indicava un vocal, como palawa kani assume, ma plus tosto forma un digrapho pro un del consonantes ''ty'' ({{IPAslink|tʲ}}), ''ny'', ''ly'', etc. *Le sequentia 'tr' es tractate como un gruppo consonantic, quando illo esseva presumibilemente un [[affricata postalveolar]] plus proxime al anglese ''j'' ({{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}}) o ''ch'' ({{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}}). *'r' transcribite ante un consonante o al fin de un parola es prendite pro indicar un vocal longe o le typo de qualitate vocal trovate in parolas anglese australian moderne con tal orthographias, ma le transcriptores anglophone de tasmanian parlava dialectos [[rhotic]] del anglese, durante que alteres parlava danese o francese, e apparentemente le r's debeva esser pronunciate. 'r' transcribite ante un consonante es probabilemente parte de un digrapho pro un [[consonante retroflexe]], como "rl" ({{IPAslink|ɭ}}) o "rn" ({{IPAslink|ɳ}}). == Orthographia == Le Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian ha decidite que palawa kani deberea [[Unicase|esser scripte solmente]] in litteras minuscule.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harman |first1=Kristyn |title=Explainer: how Tasmania's Aboriginal people reclaimed a language, palawa kani |url=https://theconversation.com/explainer-how-tasmanias-aboriginal-people-reclaimed-a-language-palawa-kani-99764 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> Majusculas initial pote esser usate pro nomines de locos e personas e "collectivos familial/ancestral".<ref name="Upperlower" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wukalinawalk.com.au/our-language|title=our language|website=www.wukalinawalk.com.au|access-date=2023-01-29}}</ref> == Grammatica == Substantivos non ha numero, e verbos non indica persona o tempore, e.g. ''waranta takara milaythina nara takara'' 'nos cammina ubi (loco) illes camminava'. In le stadios initial del projecto ''palawa kani'', il esseva assumite que virtualmente necun information grammatical habeva essite preservate del linguas tasmanian original, e que ''palawa kani'' deberea traher fortemente de characteristicas grammatical del anglese. Depois, un analyse plus thorough per le Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian de parolas e phrases colligite in listas de parolas del linguas tasmanian ha provide evidentia de ordines de parolas differente del anglese, parolas prestate, adaptation de parolas pro parlar de conceptos introducite, e suffixos. Iste characteristicas grammatical e de vocabulario ha essite incorporate in ''palawa kani''.<ref name = TAC/> Le unic [[wikt:running text|texto continue]] registrate pro le linguas tasmanian original es un predica predicte per [[George Augustus Robinson|George Robinson]] in Bruny Island in 1829, post esser sur le insula pro solmente octo septimanas. Su "tasmanian" esseva actually anglese reimplaciate parola-per-parola con parolas tasmanian que habeva essite private de lor grammatica, multo como occurre in un [[pidgin]] de contacto. Robinson es un del fontes primari principal pro palawa kani.<ref>{{cite book |first=Terry |last=Crowley |year=2011 |chapter=Early Language Contact in Tasmania |editor-last1=Wurm |editor-last2=Mühlhäusler |editor-last3=Tryon |title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas}}</ref> === Pronomines === Il ha duo insimules de pronomines,<ref name=ABC/> {| class=wikitable |+Subjecto/objecto ! !!sg!!pl |- !1 |mina |waranta |- !2 |nina |nina-mapali |- !3 |nara |nara-mapali |} Le pronomines plural de secunde e tertie persona es formate per adder ''mapali'' ("multe") al respective pronomines singular; necun pronomines plural de secunde o tertie persona es attestate in le documentation cognoscite del linguas tasmanian original. {| class=wikitable |+Possessive ! !!sg!!pl |- !1 |mana |rowspan=2|mana |- !2 |rowspan=2|nanya |- !3 |nika |} ''mapali'' 'multe' pote esser usate pro distinguer ''mana'' 'mi' de ''mana-mapali'' 'nostre, vostre'. ''nika'' etiam significa 'iste', como in ''milaythina nika'' 'lor terras / iste terra'. === Numeros === Le numeros es,<ref name=ABC/> {| class=wikitable |- ! !1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9 |- !x1 |pama||paya||luwa||wulya||mara||nana||tura||pula||tali |- !x10 |kati |payaka |luwaka |*wulyaka |*maraka |*nanaka |*turaka |*pulaka |*talika |- !x100 |pamaki |*payaki |*luwaki |*wulyaki |maraki |*nanaki |*turaki |*pulaki |*taliki |- !x1000 |pamaku |*payaku |*luwaku |*wulyaku |*maraku |*nanaku |*turaku |*pulaku |taliku |} Pro le decenas, numeros de un digito es conjuncte a ''kati'' pro ''pamakati'' 11, ''payakati'' 12, etc. Pro le decenas, -ka es addite al digito, pro ''payaka'' 20, ''luwaka'' 30, etc. Pro le centenas e milles, -ki e -ku es addite, pro ''pamaki'' 100, ''maraki'' 500, ''pamaku'' 1000, ''taliku'' 9000, etc. == Texto sample == Iste sample es un eulogia per le Programma de Lingua del Centro Aboriginal Tasmanian usate primo al anniversario 2004 del [[massacro de Risdon Cove de 1804|massacro de Risdon Cove de 1804]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/StudyLanguages/TasmanianAboriginalCentreApp.1.doc |title=The Invasion of Northern Territory Aboriginal Communities and its Implications for Tasmania |last=Sculthorpe |first=Heather |website=[[United Nations Office of the High Commissioner Human Rights]] |publisher=OHCHR |access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |{{lang|art-AU|ya pulingina milaythina mana-mapali-tu}} |''Salutes a tote vos hic sur nostre terra'' |- |{{lang|art-AU|mumirimina laykara milaythina mulaka tara}} |''Il esseva hic que le populo Mumirima{{efn|Populo del pais circa Pittwater e Risdon.<ref name=Berk/>}} chassava canguros super tote lor terras'' |- |{{lang|art-AU|raytji mulaka mumirimina}} |''Il esseva hic que le homines blanc{{efn|{{lang|art-AU|raytji}}.<ref name=Berk/>}} chassava le Mumirimina'' |- |{{lang|art-AU|mumirimina-mapali krakapaka laykara}} |''Multe Mumirimina moriva durante que illes curreva'' |- |{{lang|art-AU|krakapaka milaythina nika-ta}} |''Moriva hic sur lor terras'' |- |{{lang|art-AU|waranta takara milaythina nara takara}} |''Nos cammina ubi illes unquam camminava'' |- |{{lang|art-AU|waranta putiya nayri}} |''E lor absentia nos attrista'' |- |{{lang|art-AU|nara laymi krakapaka waranta-tu manta waranta tunapri nara.}} |''Ma illes non essera jammais morte pro nos si longe que nos les memora.'' |} Altere versiones es disponibile,<ref>{{cite book|first=Greg |last=Lehman |date=2008 |chapter=Duo Millennios de Creation de Locos |editor-first=Frank |editor-last=Valclay |title=Facie Sentimento de Loco |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |location=Canberra}}</ref> includente un con un registration audio.<ref>{{cite web |website=Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre |url=https://tacinc.com.au/3rd-may-1804/ |title=3me Maio 1804 waranta tangara takariliya mumirimina, lungkana risdon cove-ta/Nos plange nostre familias Mumirimina, assassinate a Risdon Cove le 3me Maio 1804 |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629010409/https://tacinc.com.au/3rd-may-1804/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 August 2026 |archivedate=29 June 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629010409/https://tacinc.com.au/3rd-may-1804/ }}</ref> == Vide etiam == * [[Linguas aborigine australian]] == Referentias == {{notelist}} {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == * T. Crowley & R.M.W. Dixon (1981) 'Tasmanian'. In Dixon & Blake (eds.), ''Handbook of Australian Languages'', pp.&nbsp;395–427. The Australian National University Press. * Plomley, N. J. B. (1976), ''Un lista de parolas del linguas tasmanian'', N. J. B. Plomley e le Governamento de Tasmania * "Pakana Luwana Liyini" 2005 (CD), Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre Inc * Sainty, T., "Locos tasmanian e lingua aborigine tasmanian" 2005, ''Placenames Australia Newsletter del Survey National Australian de Nomines de Locos'' == Ligamines externe == *[http://tacinc.com.au/programs/palawa-kani/ Programma palawa-kani al Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090712001738/http://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=2759 Dewayne Everettsmith cantante un canto Palawa-kani] *[http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2012/06/15/3526278.htm Respirar nove vita in lingua indigene], [[936 ABC Hobart]], 15 Junio 2012 {{Australian Aboriginal languages|state=collapsed}} {{Aboriginal peoples in Tasmania}} {{Linguas artificial}} [[Category:Linguas indigene australian in Tasmania]] [[Category:Linguas auxiliar zonal]] [[Category:Linguas construite introducite in le annos 1990]] [[Category:Revivification linguistic]] [[Category:Indigenes australian in Tasmania]] [[Category:Establimentos de 1992 in Australia]] hgakp61w77vhavro6djz58t9qe49pqy 0 61119 698438 698399 2026-08-11T01:31:55Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 698438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Lingua auxiliar international pro Europa}} {{Infobox |name=Uropi |image=Flag of Uropi.svg |imagescale=0.7 |creator=Joël Landais |setting=[[Lingua auxiliar international]] |speakers= |fam2=[[Lingua auxiliar international]] |fam3=[[Lingua a posteriori]] |fam4=[[lingua planate naturalistic]](?) |posteriori=basate super [[linguas indoeuropee]] |agency= Joël Landais [http://uropi.free.fr/index1.html Sito web official] |iso3=none |glotto=none |ietf = [https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/ art-x-uropi] }} '''Uropi''' es un [[lingua construite]] que esseva create per Joël Landais, un professor de anglese francese. Uropi es un synthese del linguas europee, explicitemente basate super lor [[Radices indoeuropee|radices indoeuropee]] commun, e visa a esser usate como un [[lingua auxiliar international]] pro Europa e thus contribuer a construir un identitate europee. Uropi esseva comenciate in 1986; desde alora, illo ha subite certe modificationes durante que su vocabulario continua a crescer (le dictionario francese-uropi ha plus de 10,000 parolas). Uropi deveniva cognoscite in Europa in le prime annos 1990.<ref>Ducos, Étienne, «''Joël Landais invente la 251e langue''», in ''Libération'', October 16, 1986</ref><ref>Bremer, Hans-Hagen, «''Vok vu Uropi: Ein Lehrer träumt nachts auf europäisch''» in ''Frankfurter Rundschau'', November 24, 1986</ref><ref>Долгополов, Николай, «''Уроки Уропи''» in ''Комсомольская Правда'', November 21, 1987</ref><ref>Étienne Ducos, «''Des lettres russes arrivent par centaines chez Joël Landais''», in ''L'Écho républicain'', December 15, 1987</ref><ref>Webster, Paul, «''Uropi, the new lingua franca''», in ''The Guardian Weekly'', week of January 15, 1989</ref><ref>Singer, Enrico, «''Uropi, una nuova lingua per l'Europa''», in ''La Stampa'', February 24, 1989</ref><ref>Tabone, Bénédicte, «''L'Uropi n'est pas une utopie''», in ''La Nouvelle République du Centre Ouest'', July 2, 1989</ref><ref>Author non mentionate, «''Uropi, mehr als eine private Geheimsprache - Ein Chance in Europa''» in ''Tagespost'', October 28–29, 1989</ref><ref>Долгополов, Николай, «''Мы снова говорим на разных языках''» in ''Комсомольская Правда'', April 29, 1990</ref><ref>Hrabovský, Jiří, «''Vok vu Uròpi? Hovoříte po Evropsku?''» in ''Svět v Obrazech'', November 29, 1990</ref><ref>Tribout, Carole, «''Les Suisses se penchent sur l'Uropi''», in ''République du Centre'', October 23, 1991</ref> ==Creator== [[File:UK2.jpg|thumb|Joël Landais, {{lang|mis|Uropi Kreator}}, creator del auxlang Uropi.]] Post studiar linguas al [[Universitate de Orléans]], puis al [[Universitate de Paris|Sorbonne]] e al ''[[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École Normale Supérieure]]'' in Paris, Joël Landais obtineva le diploma de [[Agrégation]] in anglese. Ille parla francese, anglese, italiano, espaniol e german e ha un cognoscentia practic de grec moderne e russe. Hodie, ille insenia anglese in un collegio de [[Chartres]]. Parallelmente a su formation como linguista, le viages de Landais per Europa, Senegal, le Maghreb, Egypto, Mexico, le ex-URSS, Vietnam e le Indias Occidental, insimul con un passion pro le linguas, le conducira a crear Uropi. ## Orthographia e phonologia {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; table-layout:fixed" |+ Alphabeto de Uropi <ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/uropivordar/uropi-gramatik/small-uropi-grammar-rn/1---en |title=1 - Generalitates - Uropi Vordar id Gramatik |website=sites.google.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009112939/https://sites.google.com/site/uropivordar/uropi-gramatik/small-uropi-grammar-rn/1---en |archive-date=2020-10-09 |accessdate=2026-08-08 |archivedate=2020-10-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009112939/https://sites.google.com/site/uropivordar/uropi-gramatik/small-uropi-grammar-rn/1---en }}</ref> |- ![[Littera majuscule]] |[[A]]||[[B]]||[[C]]||[[D]]||[[E]]||[[F]]||[[G]]||[[H]]||[[I]]||[[J]]||[[K]]||[[L]]||[[M]]||[[N]]||[[O]]||[[P]]||[[R]]||[[S]]||[[T]]||[[U]]||[[V]]||[[W]]||[[X]]||[[Y]]||[[Z]]||[[Ezh|Ʒ]] |- ![[Littera minuscule]] |a||b||c||d||e||f||g||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||p||r||s||t||u||v||w||x||y||z||ʒ |- ![[Alphabeto phonetic international|IPA]] [[phonemas]] |{{IPAlink|a}} |{{IPAlink|b}} |style="background-color:#fcc"|{{IPAlink|ʃ}} |{{IPAlink|d}} |{{IPAlink|e}} |{{IPAlink|f}} |{{IPAlink|g}} |{{IPAlink|h}} |{{IPAlink|i}} |{{IPAlink|j}} |{{IPAlink|k}} |{{IPAlink|l}} |{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n}} |{{IPAlink|o}} |{{IPAlink|p}} |{{IPAlink|r}} |{{IPAlink|s}} |{{IPAlink|t}} |{{IPAlink|u}} |{{IPAlink|v}} |{{IPAlink|w}} |{{IPAlink|x}} |{{IPAlink|y}} |{{IPAlink|z}} |{{IPAlink|ʒ}} |} Le alphabeto de Uropi ha 26 litteras, le 26 litteras del [[alphabeto latin basic ISO]] minus q, plus le littera ʒ, que proveni del [[Alphabeto phonetic international]]. Cata littera corresponde a un sono e cata sono a un littera. Tote le consonantes se pronuncia como in anglese excepte: * {{lang|mis|c}} = {{IPAblink|ʃ}}, que se pronuncia sempre como ''sh'' * {{lang|mis|g}} = {{IPAblink|g}}, que se pronuncia sempre como in "give" * {{lang|mis|j}} = {{IPAblink|j}}, que se pronuncia como y in "you" o "boy" * {{lang|mis|ʒ}} = {{IPAblink|ʒ}} que se pronuncia como ''s'' in "pleasure, measure, leisure" * {{lang|mis|r}} = {{IPAblink|r}}, que se pronuncia rollate como in italiano, espaniol o [[anglese scotese]] * {{lang|mis|s}} = {{IPAblink|s}}, que se pronuncia sempre como ''s'' in "this" o ''ss'' in "boss'", e nunquam como ''z''. * {{lang|mis|x}} = {{IPAblink|x}}, usate in nomines estranier, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/uropi/permalink/1536687813017246/?comment_id=1537560332929994&reply_comment_id=1537581006261260] * {{lang|mis|y}} = {{IPAblink|y}}, usate in nomines estranier, [https://www.facebook.com/groups/uropi/permalink/1536687813017246/?comment_id=1537560332929994&reply_comment_id=1537581006261260] Le [[vocales]] {{lang|mis|a, e, i, o, u}} se pronuncia como in italiano o espaniol, e.g., {{lang|es|casa}}, {{lang|es|vino}}, {{lang|es|luna}} e {{lang|es|pepe}}. Le [[stress (linguistics)|accento]] normalmente cade super le [[Root (linguistics)|radice principal]]. Per exemplo, in {{lang|mis|apkebo}} "decapitar", le accento cade super {{lang|mis|keb}} "capite". Tamen alcun suffixos (como {{lang|mis|-èl}} que indica un instrumento) e le termination {{lang|mis|-ì}} pro le passato es sempre accentuate; quando duo o plus suffixos es combinate, le accento cade sempre super le [[Penult|penultime]] suffixo. Le accento es marcate con un accento scripte ({{lang|mis|à}} {{lang|mis|è}} {{lang|mis|ì}} {{lang|mis|ò}} {{lang|mis|ù}}) super le vocal accentuate quando illo cade super le ultime syllaba. Per exemplo: {{lang|mis|kotèl}} "cultello", {{lang|mis|perì}} "portate", {{lang|mis|fotò}} "photo", {{lang|mis|menù}} "menu". ## Vocabulario {{refimprove section|date=January 2026}} ### Radices Le [[Root (linguistics)|radices]] de Uropi pote esser dividite in tres categorias: #### Radices indoeuropee Prime e ante toto Uropi se declara esser un maniera de recrear un unitate inter le [[linguas indoeuropee]]. Con iste objectivo, un grande numero de radices de Uropi corresponde a radices indoeuropee commun que ha essite simplificate, in lor pronunciation e longitude (multo frequentemente le radices de Uropi ha un o duo syllabas). Assi, "matre" es {{lang|mis|mata}} (del indoeuropee: {{lang|ine-x-proto|mātēr}}); "sol" es {{lang|mis|sol}} (del indoeuropee: {{lang|ine-x-proto|sāwel}}). Iste simplification corresponde al evolution natural del radices indoeuropee que ha date nascimento al parolas que es usate hodie in le linguas indoeuropee moderne. Assi {{lang|mis|mata}} corresponde al hindi {{lang|hi|माता|}} ({{transliteration|Deva|mātā}}), e {{lang|mis|sol}} al espaniol, portugese, galiciano e islandese {{lang|ine|sol}}. #### Radices "hybrid" Quando il non ha un radice indoeuropee commun o quando il ha plure radices pro exprimer le mesme realitate in varie linguas, Uropi pote usar parolas "hybrid", cruciante duo radices differente prendite de differente linguas pro crear le termino le plus facilemente recognoscibile pro parlantes del major numero de linguas indoeuropee. Assi, in {{lang|mis|liamo}} "amar", le {{lang|mis|li-}} proveni del [[linguas germanic|linguas germanic]] e [[linguas slave|slave]] (cf. [[german]] {{lang|de|lieben}} e [[russe]] {{lang|ru|любить}}), e le {{lang|mis|-am}}, del [[linguas romanic|linguas romanic]] ({{lang|roa|amar}}, {{lang|roa|amare}}, {{lang|roa|amo}}); o in {{lang|mis|mand}} "mano", le {{lang|mis|ma-}} proveni del [[linguas romanic|linguas romanic]] e le {{lang|mis|-and}}, del [[linguas germanic|linguas germanic]] (cf. [[latin]] {{lang|la|manus}} e [[german]] {{lang|de|Hand}}, respectivemente). Iste processo non es si artificial como illo pare a prime vista: illo ha essite observate in linguas natural, per exemplo, le [[francese]] {{lang|fr|haut}} "alte" proveni del cruciamento inter le ancian francese {{lang|fro|aut}} (del latin {{lang|la|altus}}) e le [[franconian|franconian]] {{lang|frk|hōh}}. Equalmente, le anglese ''island'' proveni del cruciamento del anglese ancian {{lang|ang|īeġland}} (del proto-germanic {{lang|gem-x-proto|awjōlandą}}) e del ancian francese {{lang|fro|isle}} (del latin {{lang|la|insula}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=island {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of island by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/island|access-date=2022-02-25|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en}}</ref> Illo ha etiam essite deliberate usate in linguas como le anglese pro formar nove parolas, appellate [[portmanteau]]s, per exemplo, le parola "smog" proveni del cruciamento de "smoke" e "fog". Alteres include {{lang|fr|franglais}} (de {{lang|fr|français}} + {{lang|fr|anglais}}), {{lang|de|denglisch}} (de {{lang|de|Deutsch}} + {{lang|de|Englisch}}), e ''spanglish'' (de ''Spanish'' + ''English''). Iste parolas "hybrid" representa solmente 3% del vocabulario de Uropi. #### Parolas international Uropi usa etiam multe parolas que es ja "international", como {{lang|mis|taksì}}, {{lang|mis|skol}} "schola", {{lang|mis|bus, art, matc}} "partita", {{lang|mis|polìz}} "police", {{lang|mis|simfonij}} "symphonia", e {{lang|mis|tabàk}} "tabaco". ### Compositos Como multe altere [[conlangs]], Uropi usa multe [[Composito (linguistica)|compositos]], o combinante duo radices, o usante [[prefixos]] e [[suffixo]]s. Inter le prime, il ha le sequente exemplos: {{lang|mis|lucitòr}} "pharo" de {{lang|mis|luc}} "luce" e {{lang|mis|tor}} "turre"; o, de {{lang|mis|sopo}} "dormir", {{lang|mis|sopisàk}} "sac de dormir" e {{lang|mis|sopivagòn}}, "wagon-dormitorio". Il ha etiam numerose exemplos de compositos construite con prefixos o suffixos: per exemplo con {{lang|mis|davo}} "dar", {{lang|mis|disdavo}} "distribuer" pote esser formate; con {{lang|mis|tel}} "scopo, proposito", {{lang|mis|atelo}} "finir in, arrivar a", pote esser formate; con {{lang|mis|breko}} "rumper" e {{lang|mis|us}} "foras", {{lang|mis|usbreko}} "erumper", pote esser formate; con {{lang|mis|apel}} "pomo", {{lang|mis|aplar}} "pomiero" e {{lang|mis|aplaria}} "pomereto", pote esser formate. In le major parte del casos, iste compositos revela le radices e dunque le significato del composito. Tamen, alcun de iste compositos, mesmo si illos segue le [[etymologia]] de parolas equivalente in linguas europee vive, ha un significato plus obscure, plus tosto metaphorical. Assi, {{lang|mis|ruspeko}}, literalmente "reguardar retro", significa "respectar"; o {{lang|mis|incepo}}, literalmente "capear, prender intra", significa "comprender" (reminiscente de "prender (un concepto)"). ## Grammatica {{refimprove section|date=January 2026}} ### Substantivos Como alcun linguas [[indoeuropee]] moderne, Uropi ha un [[declination]] multo limitate con solmente duo [[Grammatical case|casos]]: [[nominative]] e [[genitive]] in le [[Grammatical number|singular]] e le [[plural]]. Le [[noun|substantivos]] de Uropi es dividite in tres gruppos: illos que termina in un [[consonante]], illos que termina in ''-a'' e illos que termina in un altere [[vocal]]. Inter illos que termina in un consonante es tote le [[Masculine (grammar)|substantivos masculin]], ''i.e.,'' substantivos que denota homines o animales mascule: {{lang|mis|man}} "homine"; {{lang|mis|kat}} "catto". Iste substantivos prende un ''-e'' in le plural; le genitive singular es marcate con un ''-i'', e le genitive plural con ''-is'': {{lang|mis|man, mane, mani, manis}} "homine, homines, del homine, del homines". Tote le [[Feminine (grammar)|substantivos feminin]], ''i.e.,'' substantivos que denota feminas o animales femine, termina in ''-a'': {{lang|mis|ʒina}} "femina", {{lang|mis|kata}} "catta". Iste substantivos prende un '''-s''' in le plural. Le ''-a'' deveni ''-u'' in le genitive singular, ''-us'' in le genitive plural: {{lang|mis|gala, galas, galu, galus}} "gallina, gallinas, del gallina, del gallinas". Tote le altere substantivos es neutre: illos pote equalmente terminar con un consonante o con un ''-a'': per exemplo, {{lang|mis|tab}} "tabula", {{lang|mis|ment}} "mente", {{lang|mis|teatra}} "theatro", {{lang|mis|centra}} "centro". Illos corresponde al pronomine personal neutre {{lang|mis|je}} "illo". Le substantivos que termina con un altere vocal es essentialmente parolas "international" como {{lang|mis|taksì, eurò, menù}}. Illos prende un ''-s'' in le plural, ma nulle marca specific in le genitive. ### Adjectivos Como in anglese, le [[adjectivos]] qualificative es invariabile. Illos es placiate ante le substantivo que illos qualifica. Alcun es adjectivos "pur": {{lang|mis|bun}} "bon", {{lang|mis|glen}} "verde", {{lang|mis|kurti}} "curte"; alteres es derivate de substantivos. In iste caso, lor forma es identic a illo del genitive singular del substantivo: {{lang|mis|mani}} "viril, del homine", {{lang|mis|ʒinu}} "feminin, del femina". Un pauc de [[Quantifier (linguistics)|adjectivos indefinite]] quantitative que es etiam [[pronomines]] prende un ''-e'' in le plural: {{lang|mis|mol, mole}} "multo, multe"; {{lang|mis|poj, poje}} "pauc, pauc (plural)"; {{lang|mis|tal, tale}} "cata, omne"; {{lang|mis|ek, eke}} "alcun, alcun (plural)". ### Pronomines Le [[pronomines personal]] ha tres [[Grammatical case|casos]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]] (etiam usate con tote le [[prepositiones]]) e [[Dative case|dative]]. Le [[Possessive determiner|adjectivos possessive]] es usate pro le [[genitive]]. Como in anglese, il ha tres pronomines in le tertie persona singular (masculin: {{lang|mis|he}}; feminin: {{lang|mis|ce}}; [[Grammatical gender|neutre]]: {{lang|mis|je}}) assi como un [[pronomine reflexive]]. Per exemplo: {{lang|mis|i}} "io" (nominative), {{lang|mis|ma}} "me" (accusative), {{lang|mis|mo}} "a me" (dative); {{lang|mis|tu, ta, to}} "tu", etc. Le insimul complete del pronomines personal: {| class="wikitable" |- | &nbsp; | singular | plural |- | prime persona | {{lang|mis|i}}&nbsp;"io" | {{lang|mis|nu}}&nbsp;"nos" |- | secunde persona | {{lang|mis|tu}}&nbsp;"tu" | {{lang|mis|vu}}&nbsp;"vos" ''(usate tanto como plural como forma de cortesia)'' |- | tertie persona masc. | {{lang|mis|he}}&nbsp;"ille" | {{lang|mis|lu}}&nbsp;"illes" |- | tertie persona fem. | {{lang|mis|ce}}&nbsp;"illa" | {{lang|mis|lu}}&nbsp;"illes" |- | tertie persona neutre | {{lang|mis|je}}&nbsp;"illo" | {{lang|mis|lu}}&nbsp;"illes" |- |} Pronomine reflexive: {{lang|mis|sia}} "se". ### Verbos Le [[verbo]]s de Uropi ha modos [[indicative]], [[Imperative mood|imperative]] e [[conditional mood|conditional]], assi como un forma simple, un forma [[progressive aspect|durative]] (continue) e un forma [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]]. * Excepte in le [[Imperative mood|imperative]], le forma verbal remane le mesme qualcunque sia le persona. * Le [[infinitive]] termina in ''-o'': {{lang|mis|jedo}} "mangiar", {{lang|mis|sopo}} "dormir", {{lang|mis|avo}} "haber". * Le forma del [[present tense|presente simple]] es illo del radical: {{lang|mis|i jed}} "io mangia", {{lang|mis|tu sop}} "tu dormi". * Le [[preterite|passato simple]] se forma per adder un ''-ì'' accentuate: {{lang|mis|i jedì}} "io mangiava", {{lang|mis|he avì}} "ille habeva". * Pro formar le [[future tense|futuro]] on usa le particula ''ve'' con le [[infinitive]]: {{lang|mis|i ve jedo}} "io mangiarà"; {{lang|mis|ve tu sopo?}} "dormira tu?"; {{lang|mis|lu v'ne veno}} "illes non venira". * Le [[conditional mood|conditional]] se forma per adder ''-ev'' al radice: {{lang|mis|Is i sev fami, i jedev}} "Si io esserea famelic, io mangerea". * Le [[perfect (grammar)|perfecto]] usa le auxiliar {{lang|mis|avo}} "haber" e le [[participio]] passate que termina in ''-en'': {{lang|mis|i av jeden}} "io ha mangiate"; {{lang|mis|ce av venen}} "illa ha venite". * Le forma [[progressive aspect|durative]] (''continue'') usa le auxiliar {{lang|mis|so}} "esser" e le [[participio]] presente, que termina in ''-an'': {{lang|mis|i se jedan}} "io mangia (in curso)", {{lang|mis|se he sopan?}} "dormi ille?" * Le [[Imperative mood|imperative]]: {{lang|mis|jed, jede, jedem}} "mangia!" (singular/plural), "mangiamos!" * Le [[Passive voice|passive]] usa le [[Auxiliary verb|auxiliar]] {{lang|mis|vido}} "reciper, devenir" e le [[participio]] passate: {{lang|mis|De mus vid jeden pa de kat}} "Le mus es mangiate per le catto". ### Numeros {| class="wikitable" |- ! Numeral ! Cardinal ! Ordinal |- | 1 | {{lang|mis|un}} | {{lang|mis|pri}} |- | 2 | {{lang|mis|du}} | {{lang|mis|duj}} |- | 3 | {{lang|mis|tri}} | {{lang|mis|trij}} |- | 4 | {{lang|mis|kwer}} | {{lang|mis|kweri}} |- | 5 | {{lang|mis|pin}} | {{lang|mis|pini}} |- | 6 | {{lang|mis|ses}} | |- | 7 | {{lang|mis|sep}} | |- | 8 | {{lang|mis|oc}} | |- | 9 | {{lang|mis|nev}} | |- | 10 | {{lang|mis|des}} | |- | 100 | {{lang|mis|sunte}} | |- | 357 | {{lang|mis|trisunte pindes-sep}} | |- | 1000 | {{lang|mis|tilie}} | |} Le [[Ordinal number (linguistics)|numeros ordinal]] se forma per adder ''-i'' o ''-j'' (post un vocal): ''duj'': "secunde"; ''trij'': "tertie", ''kweri'': "quarte", ''pini'': "quinte"; le exception es ''pri'': "prime". Le [[Fraction (mathematics)|fractiones]] se forma per adder ''-t'' al numeros: {{lang|mis|u trit}} "un tertio", {{lang|mis|u kwert}} "un quarto, un quarte"; le exception es {{lang|mis|mij}} "medietate". ## Exemplo {{Verse translation |lang2=mis |head2={{Lang|mis|U Men Kidi}} |2= Be sep, wan i it a led, I find sul’ imaʒe in mi ment, Ki dragone valgan aròn kastele, Gardine wo un find maʒiki frute; Lovi damas in u tor inkarsen, O perlasen in u fost insaren; Wo galan kwalore rait su ber rijis We se de frontias da landi soinis. I find ja, sa klarim in mi ment Be sep, wan i it a led. Be sep, revos ma vekan De maʒiki land i cek in van; U sel se stan za wo stì de kastèl, De gardini bod wen u tapìz cel. Nun feja se vadan tra de plor, Bote, ne kwalore, se stan ner de dor, Id wo de blu rije sì flujan ki rikle Num u banar id vodikrùg je ste; I cek de maʒiki land in van Be sep, revos ma vekan. |lang1=en |head1=Un Pensamento de Infante |1= A septe annos, quando io va al lecto, Io trova tal imagines in mi testa: Castellos con dragones que ronda circum, Gardens ubi on trova fructos magic; Damas belle prisonate in un turre, O perdite in un pergula incantate; Durante que cavalleros galante cavalca per rivos Que borda tote iste terra de sonios Io trova, si clarmente in mi testa A septe annos, quando io va al lecto. A septe annos, quando io me revigila, Le terra magic io cerca in van; Un sede sta ubi le castello se aggrottava, Le tapete cela le solo del jardin, Nulle fadas passa super le solo, Botas, e non cavalleros, flanca le porta, E ubi le rivos azur curreva undulante Es ora un banio e un regador; Io cerca le terra magic in van A septe annos, quando io me revigila. |attr1="A Child's Thought", per [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] }} ## Vide etiam * [[wikt:ru:Приложение:Списки Сводеша для искусственных языков|Listas Swadesh pro auxlang]] (ru) ## Referentias {{reflist|25em}} ## Ligamines externe * {{Official website|http://uropi.free.fr/index1.html}} * [http://uropi.canalblog.com/ Blog del autor de Uropi (in Uropi, francese, anglese e a veces altere linguas)] * [https://cals.conlang.org/language/uropi/feature/ Caracteristicas de Uropi] in le [[Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]]. {{Linguas artificial}} [[Category:Linguas auxiliar international]] [[Category:Linguas construite introducite in le annos 1980]] [[Category:Introductiones de 1986]] [[Category:Linguas construite]] 5hupbcumyslm9joeuaxqh5w0eu8rkwp 0 61121 698426 2026-08-10T19:29:19Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 Pagina create con “In julio 2026, [[Arabia Saudita]] e le [[Statos Unite]] signava un [[Acordo del Section 123]] permittente a Arabia Saudita de establir un [[Programma nuclear de Arabia Saudita|programma nuclear civil]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/21/us/politics/trump-saudi-nuclear-deal.html |title=Trump Administration Is Said to Reach Broad Nuclear Deal With Saudis |date=July 21, 2026 |last1=Sanger |first1=David |last2=Wong |first2=Edward |last3=Broad |first3...” 698426 wikitext text/x-wiki In julio 2026, [[Arabia Saudita]] e le [[Statos Unite]] signava un [[Acordo del Section 123]] permittente a Arabia Saudita de establir un [[Programma nuclear de Arabia Saudita|programma nuclear civil]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/21/us/politics/trump-saudi-nuclear-deal.html |title=Trump Administration Is Said to Reach Broad Nuclear Deal With Saudis |date=July 21, 2026 |last1=Sanger |first1=David |last2=Wong |first2=Edward |last3=Broad |first3=William |author-link1=David E. Sanger |author-link2=Edward Wong |author-link3=William Broad |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 21, 2026}}</ref> Illo esseva signate per le [[Secretario de Energia del Statos Unite]] [[Chris Wright]] e le [[Ministerio de Energia (Arabia Saudita)|Ministro de Energia de Arabia Saudita]] [[Abdulaziz bin Salman Al Saud]] le 22 de julio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2026 |title=United States and Saudi Arabia Reach Historic Nuclear Cooperation Agreement |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/united-states-and-saudi-arabia-reach-historic-nuclear-cooperation-agreement |access-date=July 22, 2026 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Le accordo debe esser approbate per le [[Congresso del Statos Unite]] pro que illo deveni official. Le [[Departamento de Energia del Statos Unite]] debe enviar le accordo al Congresso pro un votation. Secundo le [[Lege de Energia Atomic de 1946]], le accordo debe esser approbate intra 90 dies post su submission al Congresso, e le Congresso debe o adoptar un resolution conjuncte que disapproba le accordo o lassar lo entrar in vigor automaticamente.<ref name="Semafor">{{cite web|url=https://www.semafor.com/article/07/22/2026/democrats-prepare-to-resist-saudi-nuclear-deal|title=Democrats prepare to resist Saudi nuclear deal|work=Semafor|date=July 22, 2026|access-date=July 24, 2026}}</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:2026 in Washington, D.C.]] [[Categoria:Annos 2020 in Riad]] [[Categoria:Julio 2026 in Arabia Saudita|Accordo nuclear del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Julio 2026 in le Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Tractatos concludite in 2026]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Arabia Saudita|Accordo nuclear del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Tractatos bilateral del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de energia]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de technologia nuclear]] [[Categoria:Historia nuclear del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Technologia nuclear in Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Impactos del guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Departimento de Energia del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Secunde presidentia de Donald Trump]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Arabia Saudita e le Statos Unite|Accordo nuclear de 2026]] blabton2y0c3gxskq04zelcbesz2roe 698427 698426 2026-08-10T19:34:47Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698427 wikitext text/x-wiki In julio 2026, [[Arabia Saudita]] e le [[Statos Unite]] signava un [[Acordo del Section 123]] permittente a Arabia Saudita de establir un [[Programma nuclear de Arabia Saudita|programma nuclear civil]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/21/us/politics/trump-saudi-nuclear-deal.html |title=Trump Administration Is Said to Reach Broad Nuclear Deal With Saudis |date=July 21, 2026 |last1=Sanger |first1=David |last2=Wong |first2=Edward |last3=Broad |first3=William |author-link1=David E. Sanger |author-link2=Edward Wong |author-link3=William Broad |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 21, 2026}}</ref> Illo esseva signate per le [[Secretario de Energia del Statos Unite]] [[Chris Wright]] e le [[Ministerio de Energia (Arabia Saudita)|Ministro de Energia de Arabia Saudita]] [[Abdulaziz bin Salman Al Saud]] le 22 de julio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2026 |title=United States and Saudi Arabia Reach Historic Nuclear Cooperation Agreement |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/united-states-and-saudi-arabia-reach-historic-nuclear-cooperation-agreement |access-date=July 22, 2026 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref> Le accordo debe esser approbate per le [[Congresso del Statos Unite]] pro que illo deveni official. Le [[Departamento de Energia del Statos Unite]] debe enviar le accordo al Congresso pro un votation. Secundo le [[Lege de Energia Atomic de 1946]], le accordo debe esser approbate intra 90 dies post su submission al Congresso, e le Congresso debe o adoptar un resolution conjuncte que disapproba le accordo o lassar lo entrar in vigor automaticamente.<ref name="Semafor">{{cite web|url=https://www.semafor.com/article/07/22/2026/democrats-prepare-to-resist-saudi-nuclear-deal|title=Democrats prepare to resist Saudi nuclear deal|work=Semafor|date=July 22, 2026|access-date=July 24, 2026}}</ref> ==Negotiationes== Secundo ''[[The New York Times]]'', le [[administration de Biden]] originalmente comenciava a cercar un accordo nuclear con Arabia Saudita como parte de un accordo plus ample pro que le pais recognoscesse [[Israel]]. In april 2025, le Secretario de Energia del Statos Unite [[Chris Wright]] diceva a jornalistas que le administration de Trump parlava con officiales saudita sur dar a Arabia Saudita accesso al technologia nuclear del Statos Unite e potentialmente permitter al pais de enrichir uranium. Ambe partes concludeva le negotiationes in octobre 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/13/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-nuclear-talks-trump.html |title=U.S. Revives Talks With Saudi Arabia on Transfer of Nuclear Technology |date=April 13, 2025 |last=Nereim |first=Vivian |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 21, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/07/18/politics/saudi-arabia-trump-nuclear-enrichment|title=Nuclear deal that would permit uranium enrichment by Saudi Arabia in limbo awaiting Trump admin sign-off|work=CNN|date=July 18, 2026|access-date=July 24, 2026}}</ref> In februario 2026, le presidente del Statos Unite [[Donald Trump]] diceva al Congresso que ille cercava un accordo nuclear civil con Arabia Saudita.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-removing-guardrails-proposed-saudi-nuclear-deal-document-says-2026-02-19/ |title=US removing guardrails from proposed Saudi nuclear deal, document says |date=February 19, 2026 |last1=Gardner |first1=Timothy |last2=Landay |first2=Jonathan |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=July 21, 2026}}</ref> ==Accordo== [[File:President Donald Trump participates in a bilateral meeting with Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud of Saudi Arabia, Tuesday, November 18, 2025 52 ite 19.jpg|thumb|Le presidente Donald Trump e le [[Principe Hereditari de Arabia Saudita|Principe Hereditari]] e [[Prime Ministro de Arabia Saudita|Prime Ministro]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]] de Arabia Saudita al Casa Blanca durante le visita de iste ultime al Statos Unite le 18 de novembre 2025, un mense post que le negotiationes pro le accordo se concludeva in octobre 2025.]] In julio 2026, le presidente del Statos Unite, Donald Trump, approbava un accordo con Arabia Saudita que providerá al regno le capacitate de inricchimento de uranium pro su programma nuclear civil. Le accordo durará 30 annos e on expecta tamben que illo implicara firmas statounitese in le disveloppamento del programma. Le accordo permitterea le construction de un installation de inricchimento de uranium in Arabia Saudita. Le accordo non include le [[Garantias del AIEA|«Protocollo Additional» del AIEA]] que concede al [[Agentia International de Energia Atomic]] del O.N.U. un supervision ample e plus intrusive del activitates nuclear de un pais, tal como le poter de realisar inspectiones inopinate in locos non declarate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |last2=Wong |first2=Edward |last3=Broad |first3=William J. |date=2026-07-22 |title=Saudis Reach Deal With U.S. That Could Let Them Enrich Nuclear Fuel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/21/us/politics/trump-saudi-nuclear-deal.html |access-date=2026-07-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhani |first=Aamer |last2=Price |first2=Michelle L. |last3=Gambrell |first3=Jon |date=2026-07-22 |title=Trump approves nuclear agreement that may allow Saudi Arabia to enrich uranium, 2 AP sources say |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-saudi-arabia-nuclear-program-uranium-6bb82164c890a7dc335cbfc2c628a3da |access-date=2026-07-23 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gardner |first=Timothy |date=22 July 2026 |title=Trump to seek Congress approval for Saudi Arabia nuclear energy pact that lacks safeguards, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/trump-seek-congress-approval-saudi-arabia-nuclear-energy-pact-that-lacks-2026-07-22/ |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cn5n725lkg7o |title=Watch: What we know about the US-Saudi nuclear deal |date=2026-07-22 |language=en-GB |access-date=2026-07-23 |via=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Le AIEA declarava le 23 de julio que illo attendeva que ambe paises solicitase le verification pro le implementation del accordo, sed que illo esseva conscie de lor plano de peter que le AIEA realisase le processo de verification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iaea-says-awaiting-us-saudi-request-nuclear-deal-verification-2026-07-23/|title=IAEA says awaiting US-Saudi request on nuclear deal verification|work=Reuters|date=July 23, 2026|access-date=July 24, 2026}}</ref> In julio 2026, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reportava que le Statos Unite e Arabia Saudita habeva convenite un accordo nuclear super le programma nuclear de Arabia Saudita, permittente al pais de haber un programma nuclear civil e permittente le inricchimento nuclear. Le accordo non include le [[Uranium inricchite|inricchimento de uranium]] secundo Trump.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/trump-approves-landmark-nuclear-deal-with-saudi-arabia-in-big-win-for-kingdom-2ed77584 |title=Trump Approves Landmark Nuclear Deal With Saudi Arabia in Big Win for Kingdom |date=July 21, 2026 |last=Gordon |first=Michael |author-link=Michael R. Gordon |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=July 21, 2026}}</ref> Le accordo non include le normalisation inter Israel e Arabia Saudita.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/23/trump-saudi-arabia-nuclear-power.html|title=Trump says Saudi nuclear deal contingent on relations with Israel, does not include enrichment|work=CNBC|date=July 23, 2026|access-date=July 23, 2026}}</ref> Al initio, le administration de Trump abandonava le condition del recognition de Israel per le sauditas, lo que esseva persequite durante le administration de Biden como parte del formation del accordo nuclear.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/23/world/europe/us-saudi-deal-nuclear-hedging.html?eafs_enabled=false|title=U.S.-Saudi Deal Prompts Fears of a Global Nuclear Arms Race|work=The New York Times|date=July 23, 2026|access-date=July 24, 2026}}</ref> Trump declarava que, pro que le accordo progrede con le Statos Unite, Arabia Saudita debe establir [[Relationes inter Israel e Arabia Saudita|relationes diplomatic con Israel]] como parte del [[Accordos de Abraham]], pro le quales Trump habeva mediate accordos de normalisation inter Israel e le [[Accordo de normalisation inter Israel e le Emiratos Arabe Unite|Emiratos Arabe Unite]], [[Accordo de normalisation inter Bahrain e Israel|Bahrain]], [[Accordo de normalisation inter Israel e Marocco|Marocco]], e [[Accordo de normalisation inter Israel e Sudan|Sudan]] in 2020 durante [[Prime presidentia de Donald Trump|su prime mandato]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhani |first=Aamer |last2=Binkley |first2=Collin |last3=español |first3=MICHELLE L. PRICE Leer en |date=2026-07-23 |title=Trump adds new condition to Saudi nuclear deal, says kingdom must normalize relations with Israel |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-saudia-arabia-nuclear-israel-abraham-accords-6d498a1e851f226c04831bbedf979ec9 |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> ==Reactiones== Le accordo ha essite recipite con critica e scepticismo concernente le terminos del pacto e le repercussiones potential de un [[cursa al armamento]] in le [[Oriente Medie]] in le contexto del [[guerra de Iran de 2026]] e de su implementation.<ref name="NYTimes"/> Le accordo ha essite criticate per [[Partito Democratic (Statos Unite)|membros democratic]] del Congresso del Statos Unite. Le senator democratic [[Ed Markey]] criticava le accordo proponite in maio, dicente que illo significava «vender le securitate national» a causa del manco de salveguardas sufficiente.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-896780|title=US-Saudi civil nuclear pact nears signing without toughest safeguards urged by Democrats|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=May 20, 2026|access-date=July 24, 2026}}</ref> Le membro del Congresso de New York [[Gregory Meeks]] declarava: «Io es multo preocupate. Le momento pare estranie. Pare que illo poterea esser qualcosa que le administration Trump face pro pagar le sauditas pro facer qualcosa in le region». Le senator de Virginia [[Tim Kaine]] compartiva anxietates simile, dicente que ille esseva «bastante nervose» e que le accordo non superava le criterio stabilite per le [[Accordo 123 inter le Statos Unite e le Emiratos Arabe Unite pro le Cooperation in Energia Nuclear Civil Pacific]] de 2009 concernente le supervision del AIEA durante le [[Presidentia de Barack Obama|administration Obama]].<ref name="Semafor"/> Figuras del medios conservative american etiam criticava le accordo pro le facto que illo non includeva le normalisation del relationes inter Israel e Arabia Saudita. Secundo [[CNN]], tensiones surgeva in le administration post que functionarios del Casa Blanca blamava functionarios del Departimento de Energia pro revelar le accordo malgrado le instruction de non facer lo. Le portavoce del Casa Blanca, Taylor Rogers, respondeva in un declaration super le tensiones reportate: «Le equipa de energia del presidente Trump es completemente aliniate, e sempre lo ha essite: le accordo nuclear civil que se negotia inter le Statos Unite e Arabia Saudita es contingente al adhesion de Arabia Saudita al succedite Accordos de Abraham, lo que adjutara a ducer un ver pace al Oriente Medie».<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/07/23/politics/saudi-nuclear-deal-trump-conservatives|title=How Trump upended the Saudi nuclear deal less than 24 hours after its signing|work=CNN|date=July 24, 2026|access-date=July 24, 2026}}</ref> [[Nir Barkat]], le [[Ministerio de Economia (Israel)|ministro de economia de Israel]], declarava in un entrevista de radio le 22 de julio: «Si illes lo vole pro scopos pacific, pro necessitates energetic, nos pote gerer lo». Barkat esseva le unic alte functionario del governamento israelian qui commentava le accordo. Tamen, le accordo ha essite criticate per ancian functionarios del governamento israelian e membros del opposition. Le ancian prime ministro [[Naftali Bennett]] diceva que «enricchir material nuclear in territorio saudita poterea provocar un cursa nuclear in le region, ducente a un collapso total». [[Avigdor Lieberman]] declarava: «Chascun programma nuclear militar comencia con un civil», demandante simultaneemente que le governamento israelian facer pression super le Congresso del SUA pro rejectar le accordo. Le ancian [[Lista de ambasciatores de Israel in le Statos Unite|ambassadore de Israel in le Statos Unite]] [[Michael Herzog (ambassator)|Michael Herzog]] initialmente criticava le accordo pro non ligar lo al normalisation inter Israel e Arabia Saudita e pro le absentia de barrieras de securitate pro impedir que le programma sia convertite pro scopos militar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/22/world/middleeast/saudi-nuclear-deal-israel.html|title=U.S.-Saudi Nuclear Deal Stokes Israeli Concerns of Mideast Arms Race|work=The New York Times|date=July 22, 2026|access-date=July 24, 2026}}</ref> In responsa al preocupationes super le accordo, le [[Secretario de Stato del Statos Unite]] [[Marco Rubio]] asseverava que le Statos Unite «non va concluder alcun accordo con alcun pais in le mundo que duce al risco de proliferation».<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jul/23/what-is-the-us-saudi-arabia-nuclear-power-deal-explained|title=What is the US-Saudi Arabia nuclear deal and why is it causing concern?|work=The Guardian|date=July 22, 2026|access-date=July 24, 2026}}</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:2026 in Washington, D.C.]] [[Categoria:Annos 2020 in Riad]] [[Categoria:Julio 2026 in Arabia Saudita|Accordo nuclear del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Julio 2026 in le Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Tractatos concludite in 2026]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Arabia Saudita|Accordo nuclear del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Tractatos bilateral del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de energia]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de technologia nuclear]] [[Categoria:Historia nuclear del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Technologia nuclear in Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Impactos del guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Departimento de Energia del Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Secunde presidentia de Donald Trump]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Arabia Saudita e le Statos Unite|Accordo nuclear de 2026]] rhnevj63tymd4w9awozezq4nwzvy0gk 3 61122 698428 2026-08-10T20:01:24Z Tortoise0308 17411 benvenite 698428 wikitext text/x-wiki == Benvenite a [[Wikipedia in interlingua]]! == Salute, '''{{PAGENAME}}''', e benvenite a [[Wikipedia]] in [[interlingua]]! Gratias pro participar in iste projecto. Isto es tu '''pagina de discussion''', ubi tu pote reciper messages de altere wikipedistas. Es un bon idea leger le sequente topicos ante que tu initia tu contributiones a Wikipedia: <br/>[[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|36px]] '''[[Wikipedia:Le cinque pilares|Le cinque pilares]]''', un summario del principios fundamental de Wikipedia. <br/>[[File:Help-browser.svg|36px]] '''[[Wikipedia:Adjuta|Adjuta de Wikipedia]]''', pro apprender plus a proposito de iste projecto. <br/>[[File:Vista-Community Help.png|36px]] '''[[Wikipedia:Questiones frequente|Questiones frequente]]''', pro un lista del questiones plus frequente super le projecto. <br/>[[File:Comment icon crystal.png|36px]] '''[[Wikipedia:Taverna|Taverna]]''', ubi tu pote commentar e facer questiones a altere [[Wikipedia:Usator|usatores]]. <br/>[[File:Nuvola apps kate.png|36px]] '''[[Wikipedia:Sabliera|Le sabliera]]''', pro facer probas de modification. <br/>Nos desira que tu frue de tu experientia in Wikipedia! <br/>Cordialmente, [[Usator:Tortoise0308|Tortoise0308]] ([[Discussion Usator:Tortoise0308|discussion]]) 20:01, 10 augusto 2026 (UTC) ltb7iqwbmr8rny9ayswet27fuzxzcj1 0 61123 698440 2026-08-11T06:52:47Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 Pagina create con “Le '''Accordo de Defensa Conjuncte de Mecca''',{{efn|{{unbulleted list|{{langx|ar|اِتِّفَاقِيَّةُ مَكَّةَ لِلدِّفَاعِ الْمُشْتَرَكِ|translit=Itiifāqiyaiyatu Makaata Lildiifāʻi Almushtaraki}}|{{langx|ur|مکہ مشترکہ دفاعی معاہدہ|translit=Makah Mashtarkah Dafai Maahidah}}|{{langx|tr|Mekke Ortak Savunma Antlaşması}}}}}} tamben cognoscite como le '''Accordo de Mecca''', es un Pacto de defensa|pacto de...” 698440 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''Accordo de Defensa Conjuncte de Mecca''',{{efn|{{unbulleted list|{{langx|ar|اِتِّفَاقِيَّةُ مَكَّةَ لِلدِّفَاعِ الْمُشْتَرَكِ|translit=Itiifāqiyaiyatu Makaata Lildiifāʻi Almushtaraki}}|{{langx|ur|مکہ مشترکہ دفاعی معاہدہ|translit=Makah Mashtarkah Dafai Maahidah}}|{{langx|tr|Mekke Ortak Savunma Antlaşması}}}}}} tamben cognoscite como le '''Accordo de Mecca''', es un [[Pacto de defensa|pacto de defensa mutue]] trilateral signate le 7 de augusto 2026 in [[Mecca]] per [[Arabia Saudita]], [[Pakistan]], e [[Turchia]].<ref name="france24">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-06 |title=PM Shehbaz arrives in Saudi Arabia on 3-day visit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |access-date=2026-08-10 |website=Dawn |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809232317/https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Azhari |first1=Timour |last2=Shahid |first2=Ariba |last3=Gumrukcu |first3=Tuvan |title=Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan pledge mutual defence as Middle East turmoil escalates |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/saudi-arabia-turkey-pakistan-sign-joint-defence-deal-amid-regional-turmoil-2026-08-07/ |access-date=10 August 2026 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Signate per le [[Principe hereditari de Arabia Saudita|principe hereditari]] e [[Prime ministro de Arabia Saudita|prime ministro saudita]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]], le [[Prime ministro de Pakistan|prime ministro pakistani]] [[Shehbaz Sharif]], e le [[Presidente de Turchia|presidente turco]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], le accordo establi un arrangiamento de defensa collective sub le qual un attacco armate contra qualcunque del tres statos debe esser considerate como un attacco contra tote le tres.<ref name="Reuters" /> Le accordo se basa super le bilateral [[Accordo de Defensa Mutue Strategic]] concludite inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e [[Pakistan]] in septembre 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRH the Crown Prince, Pakistan Prime Minister Hold Official Talks, Sign Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/N2399714 |access-date=2026-08-09 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=en}}</ref> extendente un comparabile compromisso de defensa mutue pro includer Turchia.<ref name="csis">{{cite web |title=Could the Pakistani-Saudi Defense Pact Be the First Step Toward a NATO-Style Alliance? |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies|CSIS]] |date=14 October 2025 |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |access-date=7 August 2026 |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723011538/https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mee">{{cite web |title=Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia sign "Mecca Joint Defence Agreement" |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=7 August 2026 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/turkey-pakistan-saudi-arabia-sign-mecca-joint-defence-agreement |access-date=7 August 2026}}</ref> Illo esseva signate in le contexto del [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] que comenciava in februario 2026, assi como del [[Conflicto houthi-saudita|combates renovate]] inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e le [[Consilio de Liderato Presidential|governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite]] contra le [[Houthi|militia houthi]] in le vicin [[Yemen]].<ref name="Reuters"/> [[Nawaf Obaid]], un cercator senior al [[Departimento de Studios de Guerra de King's College London]], commentava que le accordo es le initio de un nove structura de defensa pro le region. Ille lo appellava "le initio del Oriente Medie post-american – non un region sin le Statos Unite, ma un que non es plus dependente del potentia american pro organisar su securitate".<ref name="Obaid 2026">{{cite web |last=Obaid |first=Nawaf |author-link=Nawaf Obaid |title=The post-American Middle East is beginning to take shape |publisher= |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |access-date=9 August 2026 |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809005812/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |url-status=live |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> [[Category:2026 in Pakistan]] -> [[Categoria:2026 in Pakistan]] [[Category:2026 in Saudi Arabia]] -> [[Categoria:2026 in Arabia Saudita]] [[Category:2026 in Turkey]] -> [[Categoria:2026 in Turchia]] [[Category:21st century in Mecca|Joint Defence Agreement]] -> [[Categoria:Seculo 21 in Mecca|Accordo de defensa conjuncte]] [[Category:August 2026 in Asia]] -> [[Categoria:Augusto 2026 in Asia]] [[Category:Defense policy]] -> [[Categoria:Politica de defensa]] [[Category:Impacts of the 2026 Iran war]] -> [[Categoria:Impactos del guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Category:Military alliances involving Pakistan]] -> [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Pakistan]] [[Category:Military alliances involving Saudi Arabia]] -> [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Arabia Saudita]] [[Category:Military alliances involving Turkey]] -> [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Turchia]] [[Category:Mohammed bin Salman]] -> [[Categoria:Mohammed bin Salman]] [[Category:Pakistan in the 2026 Iran war]] -> [[Categoria:Pakistan in le guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Category:Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations]] -> [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Arabia Saudita]] [[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations]] -> [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Turchia]] [[Category:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] -> [[Categoria:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] [[Category:Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations]] -> [[Categoria:Relationes inter Arabia Saudita e Turchia]] [[Category:Shehbaz Sharif]] -> [[Categoria:Shehbaz Sharif]] [[Category:Treaties concluded in 2026]] -> [[Categoria:Tractatos concludite in 2026]] [[Category:Treaties of Pakistan]] -> [[Categoria:Tractatos de Pakistan]] [[Category:Treaties of Saudi Arabia]] -> [[Categoria:Tractatos de Arabia Saudita]] [[Category:Treaties of Turkey]] -> [[Categoria:Tractatos de Turchia]] [[Category:Trilateral relations]] -> [[Categoria:Relationes trilateral]] Let's format it exactly as requested (only the translation, line by line): [[Categoria:2026 in Pakistan]] [[Categoria:2026 in Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:2026 in Turchia]] [[Categoria:Seculo 21 in Mecca|Accordo de defensa conjuncte]] [[Categoria:Augusto 2026 in Asia]] [[Categoria:Politica de defensa]] [[Categoria:Impactos del guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Turchia]] [[Categoria:Mohammed bin Salman]] [[Categoria:Pakistan in le guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Arabia Saudita e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Shehbaz Sharif]] [[Categoria:Tractatos concludite in 2026]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Turchia]] [[Categoria:Relationes trilateral]] 60uydyach7mwijvnj5ts03tit9qu4ei 698441 698440 2026-08-11T06:53:02Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698441 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''Accordo de Defensa Conjuncte de Mecca''',{{efn|{{unbulleted list|{{langx|ar|اِتِّفَاقِيَّةُ مَكَّةَ لِلدِّفَاعِ الْمُشْتَرَكِ|translit=Itiifāqiyaiyatu Makaata Lildiifāʻi Almushtaraki}}|{{langx|ur|مکہ مشترکہ دفاعی معاہدہ|translit=Makah Mashtarkah Dafai Maahidah}}|{{langx|tr|Mekke Ortak Savunma Antlaşması}}}}}} tamben cognoscite como le '''Accordo de Mecca''', es un [[Pacto de defensa|pacto de defensa mutue]] trilateral signate le 7 de augusto 2026 in [[Mecca]] per [[Arabia Saudita]], [[Pakistan]], e [[Turchia]].<ref name="france24">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-06 |title=PM Shehbaz arrives in Saudi Arabia on 3-day visit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |access-date=2026-08-10 |website=Dawn |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809232317/https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Azhari |first1=Timour |last2=Shahid |first2=Ariba |last3=Gumrukcu |first3=Tuvan |title=Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan pledge mutual defence as Middle East turmoil escalates |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/saudi-arabia-turkey-pakistan-sign-joint-defence-deal-amid-regional-turmoil-2026-08-07/ |access-date=10 August 2026 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Signate per le [[Principe hereditari de Arabia Saudita|principe hereditari]] e [[Prime ministro de Arabia Saudita|prime ministro saudita]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]], le [[Prime ministro de Pakistan|prime ministro pakistani]] [[Shehbaz Sharif]], e le [[Presidente de Turchia|presidente turco]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], le accordo establi un arrangiamento de defensa collective sub le qual un attacco armate contra qualcunque del tres statos debe esser considerate como un attacco contra tote le tres.<ref name="Reuters" /> Le accordo se basa super le bilateral [[Accordo de Defensa Mutue Strategic]] concludite inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e [[Pakistan]] in septembre 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRH the Crown Prince, Pakistan Prime Minister Hold Official Talks, Sign Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/N2399714 |access-date=2026-08-09 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=en}}</ref> extendente un comparabile compromisso de defensa mutue pro includer Turchia.<ref name="csis">{{cite web |title=Could the Pakistani-Saudi Defense Pact Be the First Step Toward a NATO-Style Alliance? |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies|CSIS]] |date=14 October 2025 |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |access-date=7 August 2026 |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723011538/https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mee">{{cite web |title=Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia sign "Mecca Joint Defence Agreement" |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=7 August 2026 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/turkey-pakistan-saudi-arabia-sign-mecca-joint-defence-agreement |access-date=7 August 2026}}</ref> Illo esseva signate in le contexto del [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] que comenciava in februario 2026, assi como del [[Conflicto houthi-saudita|combates renovate]] inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e le [[Consilio de Liderato Presidential|governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite]] contra le [[Houthi|militia houthi]] in le vicin [[Yemen]].<ref name="Reuters"/> [[Nawaf Obaid]], un cercator senior al [[Departimento de Studios de Guerra de King's College London]], commentava que le accordo es le initio de un nove structura de defensa pro le region. Ille lo appellava "le initio del Oriente Medie post-american – non un region sin le Statos Unite, ma un que non es plus dependente del potentia american pro organisar su securitate".<ref name="Obaid 2026">{{cite web |last=Obaid |first=Nawaf |author-link=Nawaf Obaid |title=The post-American Middle East is beginning to take shape |publisher= |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |access-date=9 August 2026 |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809005812/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |url-status=live |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> [[Categoria:2026 in Pakistan]] [[Categoria:2026 in Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:2026 in Turchia]] [[Categoria:Seculo 21 in Mecca|Accordo de defensa conjuncte]] [[Categoria:Augusto 2026 in Asia]] [[Categoria:Politica de defensa]] [[Categoria:Impactos del guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Turchia]] [[Categoria:Mohammed bin Salman]] [[Categoria:Pakistan in le guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Arabia Saudita e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Shehbaz Sharif]] [[Categoria:Tractatos concludite in 2026]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Turchia]] [[Categoria:Relationes trilateral]] skcilai6w74i3arhnwxthyzexb5e1i3 698442 698441 2026-08-11T06:53:21Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698442 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''Accordo de Defensa Conjuncte de Mecca''',{{efn|{{unbulleted list|{{langx|ar|اِتِّفَاقِيَّةُ مَكَّةَ لِلدِّفَاعِ الْمُشْتَرَكِ|translit=Itiifāqiyaiyatu Makaata Lildiifāʻi Almushtaraki}}|{{langx|ur|مکہ مشترکہ دفاعی معاہدہ|translit=Makah Mashtarkah Dafai Maahidah}}|{{langx|tr|Mekke Ortak Savunma Antlaşması}}}}}} tamben cognoscite como le '''Accordo de Mecca''', es un [[Pacto de defensa|pacto de defensa mutue]] trilateral signate le 7 de augusto 2026 in [[Mecca]] per [[Arabia Saudita]], [[Pakistan]], e [[Turchia]].<ref name="france24">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-06 |title=PM Shehbaz arrives in Saudi Arabia on 3-day visit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |access-date=2026-08-10 |website=Dawn |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809232317/https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Azhari |first1=Timour |last2=Shahid |first2=Ariba |last3=Gumrukcu |first3=Tuvan |title=Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan pledge mutual defence as Middle East turmoil escalates |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/saudi-arabia-turkey-pakistan-sign-joint-defence-deal-amid-regional-turmoil-2026-08-07/ |access-date=10 August 2026 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Signate per le [[Principe hereditari de Arabia Saudita|principe hereditari]] e [[Prime ministro de Arabia Saudita|prime ministro saudita]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]], le [[Prime ministro de Pakistan|prime ministro pakistani]] [[Shehbaz Sharif]], e le [[Presidente de Turchia|presidente turco]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], le accordo establi un arrangiamento de defensa collective sub le qual un attacco armate contra qualcunque del tres statos debe esser considerate como un attacco contra tote le tres.<ref name="Reuters" /> Le accordo se basa super le bilateral [[Accordo de Defensa Mutue Strategic]] concludite inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e [[Pakistan]] in septembre 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRH the Crown Prince, Pakistan Prime Minister Hold Official Talks, Sign Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/N2399714 |access-date=2026-08-09 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=en}}</ref> extendente un comparabile compromisso de defensa mutue pro includer Turchia.<ref name="csis">{{cite web |title=Could the Pakistani-Saudi Defense Pact Be the First Step Toward a NATO-Style Alliance? |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies|CSIS]] |date=14 October 2025 |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |access-date=7 August 2026 |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723011538/https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mee">{{cite web |title=Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia sign "Mecca Joint Defence Agreement" |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=7 August 2026 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/turkey-pakistan-saudi-arabia-sign-mecca-joint-defence-agreement |access-date=7 August 2026}}</ref> Illo esseva signate in le contexto del [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] que comenciava in februario 2026, assi como del [[Conflicto houthi-saudita|combates renovate]] inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e le [[Consilio de Liderato Presidential|governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite]] contra le [[Houthi|militia houthi]] in le vicin [[Yemen]].<ref name="Reuters"/> [[Nawaf Obaid]], un cercator senior al [[Departimento de Studios de Guerra de King's College London]], commentava que le accordo es le initio de un nove structura de defensa pro le region. Ille lo appellava "le initio del Oriente Medie post-american – non un region sin le Statos Unite, ma un que non es plus dependente del potentia american pro organisar su securitate".<ref name="Obaid 2026">{{cite web |last=Obaid |first=Nawaf |author-link=Nawaf Obaid |title=The post-American Middle East is beginning to take shape |publisher= |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |access-date=9 August 2026 |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809005812/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |url-status=live |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[Categoria:2026 in Pakistan]] [[Categoria:2026 in Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:2026 in Turchia]] [[Categoria:Seculo 21 in Mecca|Accordo de defensa conjuncte]] [[Categoria:Augusto 2026 in Asia]] [[Categoria:Politica de defensa]] [[Categoria:Impactos del guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Alianzas militar que involve Turchia]] [[Categoria:Mohammed bin Salman]] [[Categoria:Pakistan in le guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Arabia Saudita e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Shehbaz Sharif]] [[Categoria:Tractatos concludite in 2026]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Turchia]] [[Categoria:Relationes trilateral]] tfisl662hciaal69cyvn6sezxw6tjvo 698443 698442 2026-08-11T06:53:54Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 /* Notas */ 698443 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''Accordo de Defensa Conjuncte de Mecca''',{{efn|{{unbulleted list|{{langx|ar|اِتِّفَاقِيَّةُ مَكَّةَ لِلدِّفَاعِ الْمُشْتَرَكِ|translit=Itiifāqiyaiyatu Makaata Lildiifāʻi Almushtaraki}}|{{langx|ur|مکہ مشترکہ دفاعی معاہدہ|translit=Makah Mashtarkah Dafai Maahidah}}|{{langx|tr|Mekke Ortak Savunma Antlaşması}}}}}} tamben cognoscite como le '''Accordo de Mecca''', es un [[Pacto de defensa|pacto de defensa mutue]] trilateral signate le 7 de augusto 2026 in [[Mecca]] per [[Arabia Saudita]], [[Pakistan]], e [[Turchia]].<ref name="france24">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-06 |title=PM Shehbaz arrives in Saudi Arabia on 3-day visit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |access-date=2026-08-10 |website=Dawn |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809232317/https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Azhari |first1=Timour |last2=Shahid |first2=Ariba |last3=Gumrukcu |first3=Tuvan |title=Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan pledge mutual defence as Middle East turmoil escalates |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/saudi-arabia-turkey-pakistan-sign-joint-defence-deal-amid-regional-turmoil-2026-08-07/ |access-date=10 August 2026 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Signate per le [[Principe hereditari de Arabia Saudita|principe hereditari]] e [[Prime ministro de Arabia Saudita|prime ministro saudita]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]], le [[Prime ministro de Pakistan|prime ministro pakistani]] [[Shehbaz Sharif]], e le [[Presidente de Turchia|presidente turco]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], le accordo establi un arrangiamento de defensa collective sub le qual un attacco armate contra qualcunque del tres statos debe esser considerate como un attacco contra tote le tres.<ref name="Reuters" /> Le accordo se basa super le bilateral [[Accordo de Defensa Mutue Strategic]] concludite inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e [[Pakistan]] in septembre 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRH the Crown Prince, Pakistan Prime Minister Hold Official Talks, Sign Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/N2399714 |access-date=2026-08-09 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=en}}</ref> extendente un comparabile compromisso de defensa mutue pro includer Turchia.<ref name="csis">{{cite web |title=Could the Pakistani-Saudi Defense Pact Be the First Step Toward a NATO-Style Alliance? |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies|CSIS]] |date=14 October 2025 |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |access-date=7 August 2026 |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723011538/https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mee">{{cite web |title=Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia sign "Mecca Joint Defence Agreement" |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=7 August 2026 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/turkey-pakistan-saudi-arabia-sign-mecca-joint-defence-agreement |access-date=7 August 2026}}</ref> Illo esseva signate in le contexto del [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] que comenciava in februario 2026, assi como del [[Conflicto houthi-saudita|combates renovate]] inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e le [[Consilio de Liderato Presidential|governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite]] contra le [[Houthi|militia houthi]] in le vicin [[Yemen]].<ref name="Reuters"/> [[Nawaf Obaid]], un cercator senior al [[Departimento de Studios de Guerra de King's College London]], commentava que le accordo es le initio de un nove structura de defensa pro le region. Ille lo appellava "le initio del Oriente Medie post-american – non un region sin le Statos Unite, ma un que non es plus dependente del potentia american pro organisar su securitate".<ref name="Obaid 2026">{{cite web |last=Obaid |first=Nawaf |author-link=Nawaf Obaid |title=The post-American Middle East is beginning to take shape |publisher= |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |access-date=9 August 2026 |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809005812/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |url-status=live |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[Categoria:Politica de defensa]] [[Categoria:Impactos del guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Aliantias militar que involve Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Aliantias militar que involve Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Aliantias militar que involve Turchia]] [[Categoria:Mohammed bin Salman]] [[Categoria:Pakistan in le guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Arabia Saudita e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Shehbaz Sharif]] [[Categoria:Tractatos concludite in 2026]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Turchia]] [[Categoria:Relationes trilateral]] p4yk9hy3k4w4gggjvqkeust5daxa0v4 698449 698443 2026-08-11T07:42:43Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Accordo de Defensa Conjuncte de Mecca''',{{efn|{{unbulleted list|{{langx|ar|اِتِّفَاقِيَّةُ مَكَّةَ لِلدِّفَاعِ الْمُشْتَرَكِ|translit=Itiifāqiyaiyatu Makaata Lildiifāʻi Almushtaraki}}|{{langx|ur|مکہ مشترکہ دفاعی معاہدہ|translit=Makah Mashtarkah Dafai Maahidah}}|{{langx|tr|Mekke Ortak Savunma Antlaşması}}}}}} tamben cognoscite como le '''Accordo de Mecca''', es un [[Pacto de defensa|pacto de defensa mutue]] trilateral signate le 7 de augusto 2026 in [[Mecca]] per [[Arabia Saudita]], [[Pakistan]], e [[Turchia]].<ref name="france24">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-06 |title=PM Shehbaz arrives in Saudi Arabia on 3-day visit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |access-date=2026-08-10 |website=Dawn |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809232317/https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Azhari |first1=Timour |last2=Shahid |first2=Ariba |last3=Gumrukcu |first3=Tuvan |title=Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan pledge mutual defence as Middle East turmoil escalates |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/saudi-arabia-turkey-pakistan-sign-joint-defence-deal-amid-regional-turmoil-2026-08-07/ |access-date=10 August 2026 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Signate per le [[Principe hereditari de Arabia Saudita|principe hereditari]] e [[Prime ministro de Arabia Saudita|prime ministro saudita]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]], le [[Prime ministro de Pakistan|prime ministro pakistani]] [[Shehbaz Sharif]], e le [[Presidente de Turchia|presidente turco]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], le accordo establi un arrangiamento de defensa collective sub le qual un attacco armate contra qualcunque del tres statos debe esser considerate como un attacco contra tote le tres.<ref name="Reuters" /> Le accordo se basa super le bilateral [[Accordo de Defensa Mutue Strategic]] concludite inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e [[Pakistan]] in septembre 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRH the Crown Prince, Pakistan Prime Minister Hold Official Talks, Sign Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/N2399714 |access-date=2026-08-09 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=en}}</ref> extendente un comparabile compromisso de defensa mutue pro includer Turchia.<ref name="csis">{{cite web |title=Could the Pakistani-Saudi Defense Pact Be the First Step Toward a NATO-Style Alliance? |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies|CSIS]] |date=14 October 2025 |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |access-date=7 August 2026 |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723011538/https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mee">{{cite web |title=Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia sign "Mecca Joint Defence Agreement" |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=7 August 2026 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/turkey-pakistan-saudi-arabia-sign-mecca-joint-defence-agreement |access-date=7 August 2026}}</ref> Illo esseva signate in le contexto del [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] que comenciava in februario 2026, assi como del [[Conflicto houthi-saudita|combates renovate]] inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e le [[Consilio de Liderato Presidential|governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite]] contra le [[Houthi|militia houthi]] in le vicin [[Yemen]].<ref name="Reuters"/> [[Nawaf Obaid]], un cercator senior al [[Departimento de Studios de Guerra de King's College London]], commentava que le accordo es le initio de un nove structura de defensa pro le region. Ille lo appellava "le initio del Oriente Medie post-american – non un region sin le Statos Unite, ma un que non es plus dependente del potentia american pro organisar su securitate".<ref name="Obaid 2026">{{cite web |last=Obaid |first=Nawaf |author-link=Nawaf Obaid |title=The post-American Middle East is beginning to take shape |publisher= |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |access-date=9 August 2026 |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809005812/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |url-status=live |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[Categoria:Politica de defensa]] [[Categoria:Impactos del guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Aliantias militar que involve Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Aliantias militar que involve Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Aliantias militar que involve Turchia]] [[Categoria:Mohammed bin Salman]] [[Categoria:Pakistan in le guerra de Iran de 2026]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Pakistan e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] [[Categoria:Relationes inter Arabia Saudita e Turchia]] [[Categoria:Shehbaz Sharif]] [[Categoria:Tractatos concludite in 2026]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Arabia Saudita]] [[Categoria:Tractatos de Turchia]] [[Categoria:Relationes trilateral]] e8gzuraf0nsew8y9o9bs4orun21k5ol 698465 698449 2026-08-11T08:15:01Z Tortoise0308 17411 etiam: evitar iberismo; commonscat; categorias. 698465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Accordo de Defensa Conjuncte de Mecca''',{{efn|{{unbulleted list|{{langx|ar|اِتِّفَاقِيَّةُ مَكَّةَ لِلدِّفَاعِ الْمُشْتَرَكِ|translit=Itiifāqiyaiyatu Makaata Lildiifāʻi Almushtaraki}}|{{langx|ur|مکہ مشترکہ دفاعی معاہدہ|translit=Makah Mashtarkah Dafai Maahidah}}|{{langx|tr|Mekke Ortak Savunma Antlaşması}}}}}} etiam cognoscite como le '''Accordo de Mecca''', es un [[Pacto de defensa|pacto de defensa mutue]] trilateral signate le 7 de augusto 2026 in [[Mecca]] per [[Arabia Saudita]], [[Pakistan]], e [[Turchia]].<ref name="france24">{{Cite web |date=2026-08-06 |title=PM Shehbaz arrives in Saudi Arabia on 3-day visit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |access-date=2026-08-10 |website=Dawn |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809232317/https://www.dawn.com/news/2020987 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Azhari |first1=Timour |last2=Shahid |first2=Ariba |last3=Gumrukcu |first3=Tuvan |title=Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Pakistan pledge mutual defence as Middle East turmoil escalates |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/saudi-arabia-turkey-pakistan-sign-joint-defence-deal-amid-regional-turmoil-2026-08-07/ |access-date=10 August 2026 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Signate per le [[Principe hereditari de Arabia Saudita|principe hereditari]] e [[Prime ministro de Arabia Saudita|prime ministro saudita]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]], le [[Prime ministro de Pakistan|prime ministro pakistani]] [[Shehbaz Sharif]], e le [[Presidente de Turchia|presidente turco]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], le accordo establi un arrangiamento de defensa collective sub le qual un attacco armate contra qualcunque del tres statos debe esser considerate como un attacco contra tote le tres.<ref name="Reuters" /> Le accordo se basa super le bilateral [[Accordo de Defensa Mutue Strategic]] concludite inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e [[Pakistan]] in septembre 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=HRH the Crown Prince, Pakistan Prime Minister Hold Official Talks, Sign Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/N2399714 |access-date=2026-08-09 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=en}}</ref> extendente un comparabile compromisso de defensa mutue pro includer Turchia.<ref name="csis">{{cite web |title=Could the Pakistani-Saudi Defense Pact Be the First Step Toward a NATO-Style Alliance? |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies|CSIS]] |date=14 October 2025 |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |access-date=7 August 2026 |archive-date=23 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260723011538/https://www.csis.org/analysis/could-pakistani-saudi-defense-pact-be-first-step-toward-nato-style-alliance |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mee">{{cite web |title=Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia sign "Mecca Joint Defence Agreement" |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=7 August 2026 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/turkey-pakistan-saudi-arabia-sign-mecca-joint-defence-agreement |access-date=7 August 2026}}</ref> Illo esseva signate in le contexto del [[Guerra de Iran de 2026]] que comenciava in februario 2026, assi como del [[Conflicto houthi-saudita|combates renovate]] inter [[Arabia Saudita]] e le [[Consilio de Liderato Presidential|governamento yemenita internationalmente recognoscite]] contra le [[Houthi|militia houthi]] in le vicin [[Yemen]].<ref name="Reuters"/> [[Nawaf Obaid]], un cercator senior al [[Departimento de Studios de Guerra de King's College London]], commentava que le accordo es le initio de un nove structura de defensa pro le region. Ille lo appellava "le initio del Oriente Medie post-american – non un region sin le Statos Unite, ma un que non es plus dependente del potentia american pro organisar su securitate".<ref name="Obaid 2026">{{cite web |last=Obaid |first=Nawaf |author-link=Nawaf Obaid |title=The post-American Middle East is beginning to take shape |publisher= |date=8 August 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |access-date=9 August 2026 |archive-date=9 August 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260809005812/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2026/8/8/the-post-american-middle-east-is-beginning-to-take-shape |url-status=live |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Notas == {{commonscat|Mecca Joint Defence Agreement}}, <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[Categoria:Arabia Saudi]] [[Categoria:Pakistan]] [[Categoria:Turchia]] 794c6thjxcgk8a78kiop6ccz1d36zuv 0 61124 698444 2026-08-11T07:00:54Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Odyssea de Manchester''', designate '''P. Ryl. Gr. I 53''', es un [[codice]] del [[Egypto roman]] scripte in [[greco koine|greco]] que olim esseva un manuscripto complete del ''[[Odyssea]]'' de [[Homero]]. Documentate pro le prime vice in 1899 in un stato fragmentari, se crede que illo esseva scripte al initio del seculo IV p.C. Desde 1908, illo face parte del [[Bibliotheca John Rylands]] al [[Universitate de Manchester]] como parte...” 698444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Odyssea de Manchester''', designate '''P. Ryl. Gr. I 53''', es un [[codice]] del [[Egypto roman]] scripte in [[greco koine|greco]] que olim esseva un manuscripto complete del ''[[Odyssea]]'' de [[Homero]]. Documentate pro le prime vice in 1899 in un stato fragmentari, se crede que illo esseva scripte al initio del seculo IV p.C. Desde 1908, illo face parte del [[Bibliotheca John Rylands]] al [[Universitate de Manchester]] como parte de su [[Papyros de Rylands|corpus de papyros]]. Illo es considerate un del plus antique [[velino|codices de velino]] supervivente in existentia, e, per consequente, tamben le plus antique libro supervivente del ''Odyssea''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Papyri : Odyssey |url=https://www.digitalcollections.manchester.ac.uk/view/MS-GREEK-P-00053/4 |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=Manchester Digital Collections |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Homer |first=Christopher Pressler, Jeremy Penner, Kristian Scott, Hannah Goodwin, Andrew Ross |title=The Manchester Odyssey |url=https://stories.manchester.ac.uk/the-manchester-odyssey/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=stories.manchester.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Provenientia == Le plus ancian documentation del papyro data del hiberno de 1899, como parte de un acquisition per le [[Papyrologia|papyrologos]] britannic [[Arthur Surridge Hunt]] e [[Bernard Pyne Grenfell]], famose pro lor labor de documentar le [[Papyros de Oxyrhyncho]] de 1896 a 1907.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://oxyrhynchus.web.ox.ac.uk/home |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=oxyrhynchus.web.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Illes acquireva le obra de [[James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford|James Lindsay, 26e Conte de Crawford]] in le hiberno de 1899, e duo annos plus tarde, illo entrava in le collection Rylands per un emption per [[Enriqueta Augustina Rylands]], le qual esseva postea transferite al Bibliotheca in 1908.<ref name=":0" /> Hunt postea catalogava le collectiones de papyros grec del Bibliotheca (incluse iste manuscripto) in 1911 in le ''Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester Volume I.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=John Rylands Library |url=http://archive.org/details/catalogueofgreek01johnuoft |title=Catalogue of the Greek papyri in the John Rylands library, Manchester .. |last2=Roberts |first2=Colin H. (Colin Henderson) |last3=Johnson |first3=John de Monins |last4=Hunt |first4=Arthur S. (Arthur Surridge) |date=1911 |publisher=Manchester: University press; London: B. Quaritch; [etc., etc.] |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> == Description == Catalogate como '''P. Ryl. Gr. I 53,''' le codice es facite de pergamena de vitello que mesura 16,8 cm × 13,0 cm, e le fragmentos de folio supervivente consiste de Folios 1–30 e 52–101 in varie conditiones, de multo fragmentate a paginas in grande parte preservate con foramines in le medio.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=John Rylands Library |url=http://archive.org/details/catalogueofgreek01johnuoft |title=Catalogue of the Greek papyri in the John Rylands library, Manchester .. |last2=Roberts |first2=Colin H. (Colin Henderson) |last3=Johnson |first3=John de Monins |last4=Hunt |first4=Arthur S. (Arthur Surridge) |date=1911 |publisher=Manchester, University press; London, B. Quaritch; [etc., etc.] |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |page=91–93}}</ref> Marcas de quaderno — "κδ" sur le Folio 79 recto e "κε" sur le Folio 87 — combinate con un standard de 29 lineas de texto per pagina, indica que le manuscripto originalmente consisteva de 207 folios.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Le texto es scribite a mano in greco, con [[Scriptura uncial|formato de typo uncial]] in tinta brun con correctiones facite in tinta nigre.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Globalmente, le textos supervivente consisteva de Libros XIII–XV e Libros XX–XXIV, con le fin del historia in melior condition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1900, su tunc proprietario, Crawford, notava a su bibliothecario que le centro del manuscripto esseva putrescite a causa del humiditate, e que le melior practica a ille tempore serea disponer cata folio inter placas de vitro.<ref name=":1" /> Studios posterior del condition per Hunt in 1911 notava que alcun del folios deteriorate adhereva le unes al alteres, con "duo o tres parve grumos coagulate que defiava le tractamento".<ref name=":2" /> Le labor de conservation per le National Manuscripts Conservation Trust implicava stabilisar e realojar le codice. In plus, le imagineria digital esseva utilisate pro capturar tanto le portiones preservate como le deteriorate del texto.<ref name=":2" /> Le travalio de preservation coincideva con le lanciamento in 2026 del film de [[Christopher Nolan]] [[Le Odyssea (2026 film)|''Le Odyssea'']], e como parte de un collaboration inter [[Universal Pictures]] e le [[Universitate de Manchester]], le codice esseva exponite in junkets de pressa in New York e Londra con le elenco e le equipa, ante le exhibition in le bibliotheca le 15 de julio 2026, duo dies ante le premiere mundial del film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Homer to Hollywood: The Manchester Odyssey goes on public display as The John Rylands Library showcases its special collections on the global stage |url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/from-homer-to-hollywood-the-manchester-odyssey/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=From Homer to Hollywood: The Manchester Odyssey goes on public display as The John Rylands Library showcases its special collections on the global stage |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-06 |title=Christopher Nolan's 'The Odyssey' Junket Just Featured a 1,700 Year Old Book, And It Perfectly Captures The Film's Ambition |url=https://www.comicbasics.com/christopher-nolans-the-odyssey-junket-just-featured-a-1700-year-old-book-and-it-perfectly-captures-the-films-ambition/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Instituto de Recerca e Bibliotheca John Rylands]] [[Categoria:Odyssea]] [[Categoria:Manuscriptos del seculo 4]] [[Categoria:Discopertas archeologic de 1899]] [[Categoria:Manuscriptos in greco]] [[Categoria:Manuscriptos egyptie]] [[Categoria:Corpora archeologic]] 802a4kutbih28c6tu8ho6bo2ctro62w 698445 698444 2026-08-11T07:01:30Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Odyssea de Manchester''', designate '''P. Ryl. Gr. I 53''', es un [[codice]] del [[Egypto roman]] scripte in [[greco koine|greco]] que olim esseva un manuscripto complete del ''[[Odyssea]]'' de [[Homero]]. Documentate pro le prime vice in 1899 in un stato fragmentari, se crede que illo esseva scripte al initio del 4e seculo p.Chr. Desde 1908, illo face parte del [[Bibliotheca John Rylands]] al [[Universitate de Manchester]] como parte de su [[Papyros de Rylands|corpus de papyros]]. Illo es considerate un del plus antique [[velino|codices de velino]] supervivente in existentia, e, per consequente, tamben le plus antique libro supervivente del ''Odyssea''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Papyri : Odyssey |url=https://www.digitalcollections.manchester.ac.uk/view/MS-GREEK-P-00053/4 |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=Manchester Digital Collections |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Homer |first=Christopher Pressler, Jeremy Penner, Kristian Scott, Hannah Goodwin, Andrew Ross |title=The Manchester Odyssey |url=https://stories.manchester.ac.uk/the-manchester-odyssey/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=stories.manchester.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Provenientia == Le plus ancian documentation del papyro data del hiberno de 1899, como parte de un acquisition per le [[Papyrologia|papyrologos]] britannic [[Arthur Surridge Hunt]] e [[Bernard Pyne Grenfell]], famose pro lor labor de documentar le [[Papyros de Oxyrhyncho]] de 1896 a 1907.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://oxyrhynchus.web.ox.ac.uk/home |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=oxyrhynchus.web.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Illes acquireva le obra de [[James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford|James Lindsay, 26e Conte de Crawford]] in le hiberno de 1899, e duo annos plus tarde, illo entrava in le collection Rylands per un emption per [[Enriqueta Augustina Rylands]], le qual esseva postea transferite al Bibliotheca in 1908.<ref name=":0" /> Hunt postea catalogava le collectiones de papyros grec del Bibliotheca (incluse iste manuscripto) in 1911 in le ''Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester Volume I.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=John Rylands Library |url=http://archive.org/details/catalogueofgreek01johnuoft |title=Catalogue of the Greek papyri in the John Rylands library, Manchester .. |last2=Roberts |first2=Colin H. (Colin Henderson) |last3=Johnson |first3=John de Monins |last4=Hunt |first4=Arthur S. (Arthur Surridge) |date=1911 |publisher=Manchester: University press; London: B. Quaritch; [etc., etc.] |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> == Description == Catalogate como '''P. Ryl. Gr. I 53,''' le codice es facite de pergamena de vitello que mesura 16,8 cm × 13,0 cm, e le fragmentos de folio supervivente consiste de Folios 1–30 e 52–101 in varie conditiones, de multo fragmentate a paginas in grande parte preservate con foramines in le medio.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=John Rylands Library |url=http://archive.org/details/catalogueofgreek01johnuoft |title=Catalogue of the Greek papyri in the John Rylands library, Manchester .. |last2=Roberts |first2=Colin H. (Colin Henderson) |last3=Johnson |first3=John de Monins |last4=Hunt |first4=Arthur S. (Arthur Surridge) |date=1911 |publisher=Manchester, University press; London, B. Quaritch; [etc., etc.] |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |page=91–93}}</ref> Marcas de quaderno — "κδ" sur le Folio 79 recto e "κε" sur le Folio 87 — combinate con un standard de 29 lineas de texto per pagina, indica que le manuscripto originalmente consisteva de 207 folios.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Le texto es scribite a mano in greco, con [[Scriptura uncial|formato de typo uncial]] in tinta brun con correctiones facite in tinta nigre.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Globalmente, le textos supervivente consisteva de Libros XIII–XV e Libros XX–XXIV, con le fin del historia in melior condition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1900, su tunc proprietario, Crawford, notava a su bibliothecario que le centro del manuscripto esseva putrescite a causa del humiditate, e que le melior practica a ille tempore serea disponer cata folio inter placas de vitro.<ref name=":1" /> Studios posterior del condition per Hunt in 1911 notava que alcun del folios deteriorate adhereva le unes al alteres, con "duo o tres parve grumos coagulate que defiava le tractamento".<ref name=":2" /> Le labor de conservation per le National Manuscripts Conservation Trust implicava stabilisar e realojar le codice. In plus, le imagineria digital esseva utilisate pro capturar tanto le portiones preservate como le deteriorate del texto.<ref name=":2" /> Le travalio de preservation coincideva con le lanciamento in 2026 del film de [[Christopher Nolan]] [[Le Odyssea (2026 film)|''Le Odyssea'']], e como parte de un collaboration inter [[Universal Pictures]] e le [[Universitate de Manchester]], le codice esseva exponite in junkets de pressa in New York e Londra con le elenco e le equipa, ante le exhibition in le bibliotheca le 15 de julio 2026, duo dies ante le premiere mundial del film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Homer to Hollywood: The Manchester Odyssey goes on public display as The John Rylands Library showcases its special collections on the global stage |url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/from-homer-to-hollywood-the-manchester-odyssey/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=From Homer to Hollywood: The Manchester Odyssey goes on public display as The John Rylands Library showcases its special collections on the global stage |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-06 |title=Christopher Nolan's 'The Odyssey' Junket Just Featured a 1,700 Year Old Book, And It Perfectly Captures The Film's Ambition |url=https://www.comicbasics.com/christopher-nolans-the-odyssey-junket-just-featured-a-1700-year-old-book-and-it-perfectly-captures-the-films-ambition/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Instituto de Recerca e Bibliotheca John Rylands]] [[Categoria:Odyssea]] [[Categoria:Manuscriptos]] [[Categoria:Discopertas archeologic de 1899]] [[Categoria:Manuscriptos in greco]] [[Categoria:Manuscriptos egyptie]] [[Categoria:Corpora archeologic]] 7pmi0ju0150kscwbbh608g8vtfqr0z1 698468 698445 2026-08-11T10:25:09Z Tortoise0308 17411 participio: scribite; designation del seculo; grammatica: considerate como; etiam: evitar iberismo; categorias. 698468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Odyssea de Manchester''', designate '''P. Ryl. Gr. I 53''', es un [[codice]] del [[Egypto roman]] scribite in [[greco koine|greco]] que olim esseva un manuscripto complete del ''[[Odyssea]]'' de [[Homero]]. Documentate pro le prime vice in 1899 in un stato fragmentari, se crede que illo esseva scribite al initio del seculo 4 EC. Desde 1908, illo face parte del [[Bibliotheca John Rylands]] al [[Universitate de Manchester]] como parte de su [[Papyros de Rylands|corpus de papyros]]. Illo es considerate como un del plus antique [[velino|codices de velino]] supervivente in existentia, e, per consequente, etiam le plus antique libro supervivente del ''Odyssea''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Papyri : Odyssey |url=https://www.digitalcollections.manchester.ac.uk/view/MS-GREEK-P-00053/4 |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=Manchester Digital Collections |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Homer |first=Christopher Pressler, Jeremy Penner, Kristian Scott, Hannah Goodwin, Andrew Ross |title=The Manchester Odyssey |url=https://stories.manchester.ac.uk/the-manchester-odyssey/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=stories.manchester.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Provenientia == Le plus ancian documentation del papyro data del hiberno de 1899, como parte de un acquisition per le [[Papyrologia|papyrologos]] britannic [[Arthur Surridge Hunt]] e [[Bernard Pyne Grenfell]], famose pro lor labor de documentar le [[Papyros de Oxyrhyncho]] de 1896 a 1907.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://oxyrhynchus.web.ox.ac.uk/home |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=oxyrhynchus.web.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Illes acquireva le obra de [[James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford|James Lindsay, 26e Conte de Crawford]] in le hiberno de 1899, e duo annos plus tarde, illo entrava in le collection Rylands per un emption per [[Enriqueta Augustina Rylands]], le qual esseva postea transferite al Bibliotheca in 1908.<ref name=":0" /> Hunt postea catalogava le collectiones de papyros grec del Bibliotheca (incluse iste manuscripto) in 1911 in le ''Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester Volume I.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=John Rylands Library |url=http://archive.org/details/catalogueofgreek01johnuoft |title=Catalogue of the Greek papyri in the John Rylands library, Manchester .. |last2=Roberts |first2=Colin H. (Colin Henderson) |last3=Johnson |first3=John de Monins |last4=Hunt |first4=Arthur S. (Arthur Surridge) |date=1911 |publisher=Manchester: University press; London: B. Quaritch; [etc., etc.] |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> == Description == Catalogate como '''P. Ryl. Gr. I 53,''' le codice es facite de pergamena de vitello que mesura 16,8 cm × 13,0 cm, e le fragmentos de folio supervivente consiste de Folios 1–30 e 52–101 in varie conditiones, de multo fragmentate a paginas in grande parte preservate con foramines in le medio.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=John Rylands Library |url=http://archive.org/details/catalogueofgreek01johnuoft |title=Catalogue of the Greek papyri in the John Rylands library, Manchester .. |last2=Roberts |first2=Colin H. (Colin Henderson) |last3=Johnson |first3=John de Monins |last4=Hunt |first4=Arthur S. (Arthur Surridge) |date=1911 |publisher=Manchester, University press; London, B. Quaritch; [etc., etc.] |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |page=91–93}}</ref> Marcas de quaderno — "κδ" sur le Folio 79 recto e "κε" sur le Folio 87 — combinate con un standard de 29 lineas de texto per pagina, indica que le manuscripto originalmente consisteva de 207 folios.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Le texto es scribite a mano in greco, con [[Scriptura uncial|formato de typo uncial]] in tinta brun con correctiones facite in tinta nigre.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Globalmente, le textos supervivente consisteva de Libros XIII–XV e Libros XX–XXIV, con le fin del historia in melior condition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1900, su tunc proprietario, Crawford, notava a su bibliothecario que le centro del manuscripto esseva putrescite a causa del humiditate, e que le melior practica a ille tempore serea disponer cata folio inter placas de vitro.<ref name=":1" /> Studios posterior del condition per Hunt in 1911 notava que alcun del folios deteriorate adhereva le unes al alteres, con "duo o tres parve grumos coagulate que defiava le tractamento".<ref name=":2" /> Le labor de conservation per le National Manuscripts Conservation Trust implicava stabilisar e realojar le codice. In plus, le imagineria digital esseva utilisate pro capturar tanto le portiones preservate como le deteriorate del texto.<ref name=":2" /> Le travalio de preservation coincideva con le lanciamento in 2026 del film de [[Christopher Nolan]] [[Le Odyssea (2026 film)|''Le Odyssea'']], e como parte de un collaboration inter [[Universal Pictures]] e le [[Universitate de Manchester]], le codice esseva exponite in junkets de pressa in New York e Londra con le elenco e le equipa, ante le exhibition in le bibliotheca le 15 de julio 2026, duo dies ante le premiere mundial del film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Homer to Hollywood: The Manchester Odyssey goes on public display as The John Rylands Library showcases its special collections on the global stage |url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/from-homer-to-hollywood-the-manchester-odyssey/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=From Homer to Hollywood: The Manchester Odyssey goes on public display as The John Rylands Library showcases its special collections on the global stage |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-06 |title=Christopher Nolan's 'The Odyssey' Junket Just Featured a 1,700 Year Old Book, And It Perfectly Captures The Film's Ambition |url=https://www.comicbasics.com/christopher-nolans-the-odyssey-junket-just-featured-a-1700-year-old-book-and-it-perfectly-captures-the-films-ambition/ |access-date=2026-07-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Archeologia]] 0fd7m088kjedi3whvjnw1gvnn80jkqx 0 61125 698446 2026-08-11T07:31:46Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''''In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers who Tried to Build a Perfect Language'''''<ref>In le terra del linguas inventate: Stellas de rock de esperanto, poetas klingon, amantes de loglan, e le soniatores folle qui essayava construer un lingua perfecte</ref> es un libro de non-fiction de 2009 per le linguista [[Arika Okrent]] super le historia e le cultura del lingua...” 698446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''''In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers who Tried to Build a Perfect Language'''''<ref>In le terra del linguas inventate: Stellas de rock de esperanto, poetas klingon, amantes de loglan, e le soniatores folle qui essayava construer un lingua perfecte</ref> es un libro de non-fiction de 2009 per le linguista [[Arika Okrent]] super le historia e le cultura del [[lingua construite|linguas construite]], o conlangs, linguas create per individuos. Okrent explora le motivationes pro crear un lingua, le defias affrontate per tal projectos, e le resultatos de un numero de conlangs de alte profilo. Le libro gira circa sex conlangs: le '[[An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language|lingua philosophic]]' sin nomine de [[John Wilkins]], le [[Esperanto]], le [[Blissymbols|blissymbolos]], le [[Loglan]] e su descendente [[Lojban]], e le [[Klingon language|lingua klingon]] create pro le universo de ''[[Star Trek]]''. Okrent describe su experientias personal de apprender e interagir con iste linguas e lor parlatores, e provide analyses historic e linguistic de lor structuras e characteristicas. ''In the Land of Invented Languages'' esseva publicate per [[Spiegel & Grau]], a ille tempore un marca editorial de [[Random House]], le 19 de maio 2009. Le libro recipeva un reception generalmente positive tanto de criticos litterari como de enthusiastas de linguas construite. Illo esseva laudate pro su stilo humoristic, intelligente e informative, assi como pro le profunditate de su recerca e su accessibilitate a un ample publico. Illo esseva etiam notate pro su perspectiva super le successos e fracassos de conlinguas, e le paradoxos e dilemmas que illos presenta a lor creadores e usatores. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Libros de non-fiction]] [[Categoria:Libros de linguistica]] [[Categoria:Libros re linguas construite]] dlebmeiwjf1jqokewjqyuue2zke3o5s 698447 698446 2026-08-11T07:32:23Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''''In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers who Tried to Build a Perfect Language'''''<ref>In le terra del linguas inventate: Stellas de rock de esperanto, poetas klingon, amantes de loglan, e le soniatores folle qui essayava construer un lingua perfecte</ref> es un libro de non-fiction de 2009 per le linguista [[Arika Okrent]] super le historia e le cultura del [[lingua construite|linguas construite]], o conlangs, linguas create per individuos. Okrent explora le motivationes pro crear un lingua, le defias affrontate per tal projectos, e le resultatos de un numero de conlangs de alte profilo. Le libro gira circa sex conlangs: le '[[An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language|lingua philosophic]]' sin nomine de [[John Wilkins]], le [[Esperanto]], le [[Blissymbolics]], le [[Loglan]] e su descendente [[Lojban]], e le [[Klingon|lingua klingon]] create pro le universo de ''[[Star Trek]]''. Okrent describe su experientias personal de apprender e interagir con iste linguas e lor parlatores, e provide analyses historic e linguistic de lor structuras e characteristicas. ''In the Land of Invented Languages'' esseva publicate per [[Spiegel & Grau]], a ille tempore un marca editorial de [[Random House]], le 19 de maio 2009. Le libro recipeva un reception generalmente positive tanto de criticos litterari como de enthusiastas de linguas construite. Illo esseva laudate pro su stilo humoristic, intelligente e informative, assi como pro le profunditate de su recerca e su accessibilitate a un ample publico. Illo esseva etiam notate pro su perspectiva super le successos e fracassos de conlinguas, e le paradoxos e dilemmas que illos presenta a lor creadores e usatores. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Libros de non-fiction]] [[Categoria:Libros de linguistica]] [[Categoria:Libros re linguas construite]] 851mjgxuct23yoq5frv5m1j625gm4xw 698448 698447 2026-08-11T07:32:45Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 698448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''''In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers who Tried to Build a Perfect Language'''''<ref>In le terra del linguas inventate: Stellas de rock de esperanto, poetas klingon, amantes de loglan, e le soniatores folle qui essayava construer un lingua perfecte</ref> es un libro de non-fiction de 2009 per le linguista [[Arika Okrent]] super le historia e le cultura del [[lingua construite|linguas construite]], o conlangs, linguas create per individuos. Okrent explora le motivationes pro crear un lingua, le defias affrontate per tal projectos, e le resultatos de un numero de conlangs de alte profilo. Le libro gira circa sex conlangs: le '[[An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language|lingua philosophic]]' sin nomine de [[John Wilkins]], le [[Esperanto]], le [[Blissymbolics]], le [[Loglan]] e su descendente [[Lojban]], e le [[Klingon|lingua klingon]] create pro le universo de ''[[Star Trek]]''. Okrent describe su experientias personal de apprender e interagir con iste linguas e lor parlatores, e provide analyses historic e linguistic de lor structuras e characteristicas. ''In the Land of Invented Languages'' esseva publicate per [[Spiegel & Grau]], a ille tempore un marca editorial de [[Random House]], le 19 de maio 2009. Le libro recipeva un reception generalmente positive tanto de criticos litterari como de enthusiastas de linguas construite. Illo esseva laudate pro su stilo humoristic, intelligente e informative, assi como pro le profunditate de su recerca e su accessibilitate a un ample publico. Illo esseva etiam notate pro su perspectiva super le successos e fracassos de conlinguas, e le paradoxos e dilemmas que illos presenta a lor creadores e usatores. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Libros de non-fiction]] [[Categoria:Libros de linguistica]] [[Categoria:Libros re linguas construite]] guqavke8x9ovd8wdad6vi54l99eqmj9 0 61126 698469 2026-08-11T10:55:12Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} Le '''Economist Intelligence Unit''' ('''EIU''') es le division de recerca e analyse del compania de media britannic [[The Economist Group]], providente servicios de prevision e de consultentia per medio de recerca e analyse, tal como reportos mensual de paises, previsiones economic quinquennal de paises, reportos del servicio de risco de paises, e reportos de industria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eiu.com/public/who-we-are.aspx|title=Co...” 698469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/lingua}} Le '''Economist Intelligence Unit''' ('''EIU''') es le division de recerca e analyse del compania de media britannic [[The Economist Group]], providente servicios de prevision e de consultentia per medio de recerca e analyse, tal como reportos mensual de paises, previsiones economic quinquennal de paises, reportos del servicio de risco de paises, e reportos de industria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eiu.com/public/who-we-are.aspx|title=Country analysis, industry analysis - Market risk assessment|publisher=www.eiu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/05/15/npp-will-secure-re-election-in-2020-eiu-report/ |title=NPP will secure re-election in 2020 – EIU Report |date=2019-05-15 |publisher=Citi Newsroom |language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-20}}</ref> Le EIU provide analyse de paises, de industrias e de gestion in toto le mundo e incorpora le ancian [[Business International Corporation]], un compania britannic acquirite per su compania matre in 1986. Le EIU ha su sedes principal in quatro citates — [[London|Londre]], [[NYC|New York]], [[Hong Kong]] e [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us eiu.com |url=https://www.eiu.com/public/marketing/ContactUs.aspx}}</ref> Le Director Gerente del EIU es Leon Calvert, qui esseva nominate in april 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive leadership team |url=https://www.economistgroup.com/esg/executive-leadership}}</ref> Le anterior director gerente esseva Robin Bew, anteriormente director editorial e economista-chef. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Economist Intelligence Unit| ]] [[Categoria:The Economist|*]] [[Categoria:Companias de medios de communication de massa del Regno Unite]] [[Categoria:Companias de recerca e analyse del Regno Unite]] k3xhr8jd3o32oeic1pspw1jdgezjb5h 0 61127 698474 2026-08-11T11:18:24Z ~2026-43617-84 60827 Pagina create con “'''Anidros''' es un libro publicate originalmente in [[Interlingue]] per [[Vicente Costalago]] in 2022. Illo esseva traducite e publicate in [[Interlingua]] per le mesme autor in 2026. Dave MacLeod revisava le texto in Occidental e [[Martin Lavallée]], celle in Interlingua. == Ligamines externe == * {{ie}} [https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-4p69v7.html?q=anidros&page=1&pageSize=4 Libro in Occidental] * {{ia}} [https://www...” 698474 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anidros''' es un libro publicate originalmente in [[Interlingue]] per [[Vicente Costalago]] in 2022. Illo esseva traducite e publicate in [[Interlingua]] per le mesme autor in 2026. Dave MacLeod revisava le texto in Occidental e [[Martin Lavallée]], celle in Interlingua. == Ligamines externe == * {{ie}} [https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-4p69v7.html?q=anidros&page=1&pageSize=4 Libro in Occidental] * {{ia}} [https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-kvge78p.html?q=anidros&page=1&pageSize=4 Libro in Interlingua] {{Vicente Costalago}} [[Categoria:Vicente Costalago]] [[Categoria:Litteratura in le lingua interlingua]] 69mzk4550z4cjuidvbxhzitoq4x9lkn