Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 102 1807 699099 698751 2026-08-27T00:28:30Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 699099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q6256 . ?item wdt:P30 wd:Q46 } |columns=item,P41,P94,label,P242,P36,P2046,P38,P297,description |sort=P30,label |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! imagine del bandiera ! imagine del scuto ! label ! position geographic ! capital ! area ! moneta ! ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 ! description |- | [[:d:Q1246|Q1246]] | [[File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of the Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]] | [[Kosovo]] | [[File:Europe-Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]] | [[Pristina]] | 10909 kilometro quadrate | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:XK XK]<ref name="ref_340a4f838ffef57460c18ac702f8d4ac538781c29d17f9e24d207fe647cd3e76">http://www.ezv.admin.ch/pdf_linker.php?doc=Tares_Laenderverzeichnis</ref><ref name="ref_2d7b85f9baede4b2843ef9c22c3f0a2ff5e143eab24ab1ff68a9a202b342473a">http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/Service/Meldewesen/Aussenwirtschaft/Schluessel/laenderverzeichnis.pdf?__blob=publicationFile</ref><ref name="ref_af84e8830afff808014548c46f40338fe57f60774a9c843c57b8122296f7d0b7">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1116645/Kosovo_Toponymic_Factfile.pdf</ref><ref name="ref_a5a3f0808a59d4aa3f2da03504b739f49f185bafd529a0f5e9b47d8957853b5c">https://geonames.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/xk-country-code-for-kosovo/</ref><ref name="ref_937c6bbd6bfb69a4643c9d81b9091e467aaa0382019a79bd818515d4a82743c4">http://www.swift.com/dsp/resources/documents/IBAN_Registry.pdf</ref><ref name="ref_241b3c69b6162e9dfb245dd36516324f946f8a340e1ca856d2b8b741bff10a7d">http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Country_codes</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q23681|Q23681]] | [[File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q23681|Northern Cyprus]]'' | [[File:Northern Cyprus (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2762100|North Nicosia]]'' | 3355 kilometro quadrate | ''[[:d:Q172872|lira turc]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q29999|Q29999]] | [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]] | [[Regno del Paises Basse]] | [[File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region (special marker).svg|center|48px]] | [[Amsterdam]] | 42201 kilometro quadrate | [[Euro]]<br/>''[[:d:Q232270|Aruban florin]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q737779|Caribbean guilder]]''<br/>[[dollar statounitese]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NL NL]<ref name="ref_1ee5efeb77e0cbe3693cec1afddbd89041df9072c7d9d0d91d7eb2afadeb8725">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NL</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q756617|Q756617]] | [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National coat of arms of Denmark.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q756617|Kingdom of Denmark]]'' | [[File:Kingdom of Denmark (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Copenhagen]] | 2220930 kilometro quadrate | ''[[:d:Q25417|corona danese]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q191068|Faroese króna]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q20|Q20]] | [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|center|48px]] | [[Norvegia|Norvega]] | [[File:Europe-Norway.svg|center|48px]] | [[Oslo]]<ref name="ref_238811c00bbde06ebcef712fe55f6c4e005d6573d58ef9fc61e20136bd11c169">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html</ref> | 385207 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_f075e29ba400602608c9d0f2742b56de53a853804ebebcbdaa889a2bc9ca10eb">https://www.kartverket.no/kunnskap/Fakta-om-Norge/Arealstatistikk/Arealstatistikk-Norge/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q132643|corona norvegian]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NO NO] | pais in Europa |- | [[:d:Q27|Q27]] | [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Ireland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica de Irlanda]] | [[File:EU-Ireland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Dublin]] | 69797 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_1aca3d43d4cf0ba69f864fd92459be3c7e5347af31cbe9d7c89d86c03c615ca5">https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IE IE] | |- | [[:d:Q28|Q28]] | [[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Hungary.svg|center|48px]] | [[Hungaria]] | [[File:EU-Hungary.svg|center|48px]] | [[Budapest]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 93011.4 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_0e8a04ccdbb38c486094c3321971af7815300f2cf7c847a315389a4c541782fc">http://www.ksh.hu/apps/shop.kiadvany?p_kiadvany_id=81322</ref> | ''[[:d:Q47190|forint hungare]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HU HU] | |- | [[:d:Q29|Q29]] | [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de España (variant).svg|center|48px]] | [[Espania]] | [[File:Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Madrid]]<ref name="ref_71f48b845957dc61c36dc7c60d2661c2aebd68d9cc47907d548c76e59c9d3dc3">''[[:d:Q847664|constitution of Spain]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | 505990 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_71259f2df20025f4f6ebfbd2cea3654df36bc05b2af744c8bb54649653486875">http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]]<ref name="ref_a83b6ec5485bcf6625a88ed1d810e46891c86937cd293a13c9c96339df9ceb48">https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/html/index.en.html</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:ES ES] | |- | [[:d:Q31|Q31]] | [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Great coat of arms of Belgium.svg|center|48px]] | [[Belgica]] | [[File:EU-Belgium.svg|center|48px]] | [[Brussel]]<ref name="ref_effb07acb78b00e96857dd630ea9dbef3dfa2b85064c06fc36d489bac27ac036">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/be.html</ref><ref name="ref_cf8ffd9fa05b0d7e236b0e111cb1395c12ffa35206a807cfeae261a0752a11b4">http://www.traveldir.org/belgium/</ref> | 30688 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_b6045ba397001d57a685257fa78ba294520cf6abae5c822cb219ab67a689bfa0">''[[:d:Q12480|Statbel]]''</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BE BE] | |- | [[:d:Q32|Q32]] | [[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Greater coat of arms of the grand-duchy of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]] | [[Luxemburg]] | [[File:EU-Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]] | [[Luxemburg (citate)|Luxemburg]]<ref name="ref_31ff9a393dcba335ef95ebe7ec7b7cfaf816029e0c224a93b1ff9dea7ef2ae2b">https://luxembourg.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg-en.pdf</ref> | 2593.05 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_6052f11f70412f14b73f6ac107232bd631ec4d2207b1adbb4384ff5759b73e2e">https://data.public.lu/fr/datasets/r/3931f0cf-ebf9-4050-b71c-e1b61b1bfa2c</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LU LU] | |- | [[:d:Q33|Q33]] | [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Finland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Finlandia]] | [[File:Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Helsinki]]<ref name="ref_318da0135bfb25d1f42d651688f070b4056ca932b27cf562763c8b665a912c1c">''[[:d:Q14334357|Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen]]''</ref> | 338478.34 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_45fa35ad65f8e138eaadf805bf5345a74d1792fe016fc52eff727dd0c68b6042">''[[:d:Q117800624|Area of Finland's municipalities 2023-01-01]]''</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FI FI] | |- | [[:d:Q34|Q34]] | [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Great coat of arms of Sweden.svg|center|48px]] | [[Svedia]] | [[File:Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Stockholm]] | 447425.16 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_1124edc9963ca21ee5771ef0570e8118e27324d5bc4bc05d7f79c63b1f77925f">https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__MI__MI0802/Areal2012N/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q122922|Swedish krona]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SE SE] | |- | [[:d:Q35|Q35]] | [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National coat of arms of Denmark.svg|center|48px]] | [[Danmark]] | [[File:Denmark (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Copenhagen]]<ref name="ref_2ab2d3efd2b6883b381ce9a652bd0a5322344d6df7b3edab85734fc96927cc79">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/denmark</ref> | 42925.46 kilometro quadrate | ''[[:d:Q25417|corona danese]]''<ref name="ref_2ab2d3efd2b6883b381ce9a652bd0a5322344d6df7b3edab85734fc96927cc79">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/denmark</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:DK DK] | |- | [[:d:Q36|Q36]] | [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Herb Polski.svg|center|48px]] | [[Polonia]] | [[File:Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Varsovia]] | 312683 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_befea119af7b88a867f718383855db6d3f58746b050d5fd52e4d98760829a83e">''[[:d:Q9311474|Statistical Yearbook of Poland]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q123213|zloty polonese]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PL PL] | |- | [[:d:Q37|Q37]] | [[File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Lituania]] | [[File:Lithuania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Vilnius]]<ref name="ref_8733203edf880b0fdce16649f429617b8e0121a1c001d8d42e043cd1c7c14f6e">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lh.html</ref> | 65300 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_c92956357b061d1115c1d301b7b0e504d7c6d4547d6a61d3e759d4d2924cd32c">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17536867</ref> | [[Euro]]<ref name="ref_e85ecc421b867904b4d65f25ee53e62ee873d5ef5f84b05f1db692603bdafe46">https://lietuva.lt/en/about_lithuania/quick_facts</ref><ref name="ref_c92956357b061d1115c1d301b7b0e504d7c6d4547d6a61d3e759d4d2924cd32c">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17536867</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LT LT] | |- | [[:d:Q38|Q38]] | [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Italy.svg|center|48px]] | [[Italia]] | [[File:Italy on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Roma]]<ref name="ref_bc3d19d9b31811e635d1687f26f2bde9f4c377e9839a06c8c97a2e653aa9a4f3">http://www.governo.it/costituzione-italiana/parte-seconda-ordinamento-della-repubblica/titolo-v-le-regionile-province-e-i</ref> | 302068 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_8f75b8c83fc8103d6bd5bf19dd786289cda0d0b87d5a016400665bd155f6e6a5">https://www.tuttitalia.it/italia/</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IT IT] | Italia es un pais del sud de Europa, membro del Union Europee |- | [[:d:Q39|Q39]] | [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_ab7fc05533a6a1045f2ce8ad338b0792ed51296f1397b7e775499d19e43c8e57">https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20091656/index.html#app1ahref0</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Switza]] | [[File:Switzerland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Berna]]<ref name="ref_0080a764532c5d04f2a034ba39e581993e729ab6db18d709944b4f8bbb323f6a">https://www.bk.admin.ch/bk/de/home/dokumentation/gesetzgebung/rechtsbereiche-der-bk/abgeschlossene-gesetzgebungsprojekte/bundesstadtstatus-stadt-bern.html</ref> | 41291 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_5e2ad7e643fbd628f1fdbcaf44a25a09db7c28f256dd1b609e662806fb674840">https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/espace-environnement.html</ref> | ''[[:d:Q25344|franc switze]]''<ref name="ref_663e2930757545804a5b00c887b1bb8066e5be398347a05d0a012035d6dd16bb">http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19994336/index.html</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CH CH]<ref name="ref_6cd8801fcdcc31cbeca09b4fb996c0a9fb9114f78fcc46b30c1e4ff7835db233">https://www.rts.ch/decouverte/monde-et-societe/histoire/6218180-quel-est-le-sens-du-sigle-ch.html</ref><ref name="ref_8ea1db8b436db3de339e6cc0fce3cf4e8fc7b1e1fa5586be6d4084d4d9e3f99f">https://www.youtube.com/shorts/8Qz9dNZoU4U</ref> | republica federal in Europa occidental |- | [[:d:Q40|Q40]] | [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Austria.svg|center|48px]] | [[Austria]] | [[File:EU-Austria.svg|center|48px]] | [[Vienna]]<ref name="ref_8c9140023642283c5ce8f0054419301e4e661b4d544d74f911a04dbe4e1b2919">''[[:d:Q1005391|Federal Constitutional Law]]''</ref> | 83878.99 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_337104bf542d61ec28a5b64ad960c201fe14eae452e70f309dab87be0ecfd867">http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/k37_054436.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:AT AT] | |- | [[:d:Q41|Q41]] | [[File:Flag of Greece.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Greece.svg|center|48px]] | [[Grecia]] | [[File:Greece on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Athenas]]<ref name="ref_7f80c57339dd698c07901fec3c81610dd872f97c45364d2194c244d9e12c1466">http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/greece/index_en.htm</ref><ref name="ref_bbccf96b5d48698decad5413c8b90dacd924a8ba54e80d8c7e2a8f52fe06c774">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html</ref> | 131957 kilometro quadrate | [[Euro]]<ref name="ref_c4645e1075bcebd44aa84cbb4b0d6c0ecd4ae11e2ee35b3e82ae94f8ec7e4cc6">http://www.traveldir.org/greece/</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:GR GR] | |- | [[:d:Q43|Q43]] | [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Turchia]] | [[File:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Ankara]]<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 783562 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08">''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q172872|lira turc]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:TR TR] | |- | [[:d:Q45|Q45]] | [[File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Portugal.svg|center|48px]] | [[Portugal]] | [[File:Portugal on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Lisbona]]<ref name="ref_2274eec7680da6de2af360ad52dc0dcb205135a73c09adf2640233a86ab74895">https://lisbonne.net/lisbonne-pas-capitale-du-portugal</ref> | 92225 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_75175874fc4cffd6c95463ffa3b26c832005e827e7b1a3e1d02a14147ea413cd">https://www.pordata.pt/Municipios/Superf%C3%ADcie-57</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PT PT] | |- | [[:d:Q55|Q55]] | [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]] | [[Pais Basse|Paises Basse]] | [[File:Netherlands on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Amsterdam]]<ref name="ref_58dbd44dd08b9f37acd16121c2dec12ee17d24f5b3b22c695c03dcc4f9e05131">''[[:d:Q2299064|Constitution of the Netherlands]]''</ref> | 37378 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_1ad7e72c8eabebd651004f5afd9a520aeb1efbabe68278ff0b7c63c9610d120c">https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/netherlands_nl</ref> | [[Euro]] | | pais constitutive del Regno del Paises Basse |- | [[:d:Q142|Q142]] | [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_24586f4cbffe0665081df82c9c5e73f79348356487223b2dc34f514cfc958a02">https://www.europe1.fr/politique/info-e1-le-drapeau-francais-a-change-de-couleur-4076943</ref> | [[File:Arms of the French Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Francia]] | [[File:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Paris]] | 643801 kilometro quadrate | [[Euro]]<br/>''[[:d:Q214393|CFP Franc]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FR FR] | |- | [[:d:Q145|Q145]] | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_2e1423dcb8b790e2e90a3897a27b6871f1f66485f3fef42b8884658e2a229779">https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 2).svg|center|48px]] | [[Regno Unite]] | [[File:Europe-UK.svg|center|48px]] | [[London]] | 242495 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_0d356e1a2755f6d5be930f6bc59055a2c20ee6f0f75bdfd374f011057ad93137">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q25224|libra sterling]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:GB GB] | |- | [[:d:Q159|Q159]] | [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|center|48px]] | [[Russia]] | [[File:LocationRussia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Moscova]] | 17075400 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_37732cd1eab02c3a98ee9629d52854ad13f32935f90a43c8dbbe19b35ecdca91">https://www.britannica.com/facts/Russia</ref> | ''[[:d:Q41044|rublo russe]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RU RU] | |- | [[:d:Q183|Q183]] | [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_1d422822f174182146a3ebf7ed95f411618ba7c64ac7d21c1e4fe9147edeb999">''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_7b1be4b5c5406071713a14f29b675da8b4bf2fcf605c1e15c08f26ab8844ae1f">''[[:d:Q836156|Bundesgesetzblatt]]''</ref> | [[Germania]] | [[File:Germany (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Berlin]]<ref name="ref_1d422822f174182146a3ebf7ed95f411618ba7c64ac7d21c1e4fe9147edeb999">''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''</ref><ref name="ref_22390ecfe75e90e8a84d49610b605c042f29948974bc2059607ac63abe076a08">https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/verfassung/staatliche-symbole/hauptstadt/hauptstadt-artikel.html</ref><ref name="ref_28b4a876afe5bc29aa93ea5e1d077508e10499391b0dca5ba9a493d360bd35a8">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany</ref><br/>[[Berlin]] | 357587.77 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_c30c744cc8d1683921d063fbb9edf67b0445ec100626745fbcbc647782c7bed5">https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/85921/ssoar-2023-seeger_et_al-Kritische_Flachenfragen_-_Flachenveranderungen_und.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2023-seeger_et_al-Kritische_Flachenfragen_-_Flachenveranderungen_und.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]]<ref name="ref_77b266e4cc5fb09dbdf9c956f50431b24e8e5a75cb501b7a5917e6f4500c3898">http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/countries/germany_en.htm</ref><ref name="ref_a36f4ca850e6b07461d2a0bd7885dbac40af5d7888b33a82a5f0f2ed3dcd3848">http://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/lexikon-der-wirtschaft/19280/europaeische-wirtschafts-und-waehrungsunion</ref><ref name="ref_b6af13114b7c2e5ede55d0b35156b7579bea39bbba130ea00de400b2bbc4dd19">http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Web/DE/Themen/Europa/Euro_auf_einen_Blick/Europaeische_Wirtschafts_und_Waehrungsunion/europaeische_wirtschafts_und_waehrungsunion.html</ref><ref name="ref_28b4a876afe5bc29aa93ea5e1d077508e10499391b0dca5ba9a493d360bd35a8">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:DE DE] | |- | [[:d:Q184|Q184]] | [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Belarus (2020–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[Bielorussia]] | [[File:Belarus on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Minsk]]<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | 207596.76 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_19a0807314a71637fb0d564051152981a05e56273c4261bd3fdcb5e073d74eae">http://www.gki.gov.by/docs/gzk_2010.doc</ref> | ''[[:d:Q21531507|Belarusian ruble]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BY BY] | |- | [[:d:Q189|Q189]] | [[File:Flag of Iceland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Iceland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Islanda]] | [[File:Iceland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Reykjavík|Reykjavik]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 103004 kilometro quadrate | ''[[:d:Q131473|corona islandese]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IS IS]<ref name="ref_ccba58fac328c241efcff64a0bd89ed796d7a3c196fa3941e8ee5bb02a0c0e41">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IS</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q191|Q191]] | [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Estonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Estonia]] | [[File:EU-Estonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Tallinn]] | 45335 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_4653dfca016f1bd2f5883046c58081f4802a23cbdfacca99b1a6483a87daac2b">https://maaamet.ee/uudised/kingitus-eesti-sunnipaevaks-eesti-sai-95-saare-vorra-rikkamaks</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:EE EE] | |- | [[:d:Q211|Q211]] | [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Latvia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Lettonia]] | [[File:Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Riga]] | 64593.77 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_f15e7acdd449cf8bf828be04e7822998114a796fa4237c50bafc336afeb1a48b">https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/</ref><br/>61760.39 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_f15e7acdd449cf8bf828be04e7822998114a796fa4237c50bafc336afeb1a48b">https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LV LV] | republica in le nord de Europa |- | [[:d:Q212|Q212]] | [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_5ed3251867e0b91b05961b69a825c79af31d20592aa1b6c6c02c084f36419866">''[[:d:Q127974|flag of Ukraine]]''</ref> | [[File:Coat of Arms of Ukraine (Pantone).svg|center|48px]] | [[Ukraina]] | [[File:Ukraine (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Kiovia|Kiev]]<ref name="ref_d7f3fbf911ccc5e0cabba1efbe3a7d2fe53e36a359a9eb710109378e62030924">''[[:d:Q4041526|Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]]''</ref> | 603550 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_639b4cacb792146ec143caffa6445dcd00277784997c2ed13ebef532a6ddd8c4">https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/#geography</ref> | ''[[:d:Q81893|hryvnja ukrainian]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:UA UA] | pais de Europa oriental |- | [[:d:Q213|Q213]] | [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica Chec]] | [[File:EU-Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Praga]]<ref name="ref_3e5b9bab813465412853331eda013f076fbcdd7ad1a4220fc096b9ec9c3819bf">''[[:d:Q2948382|Constitution of the Czech Republic]]''</ref> | 78871 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_9ee41a8991616554164e89056c906d4d44818b64305baad938165ac299409ac2">https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-vyhledavani&vyhltext=plochy&bkvt=cGxvY2h5&katalog=all&pvo=ZPR15</ref> | ''[[:d:Q131016|corona tchec]]''<ref name="ref_7b8fee07168c08cd480effe044f8e06aaa0656a8fb3f22065da71124a1f9c99d">https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1993-60</ref><ref name="ref_1f537b300470e69ca83c592c2d0e0c61c5175033c847a9a1395af234e0b92efb">https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1993-61</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CZ CZ] | pais de Europa |- | [[:d:Q214|Q214]] | [[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Slovachia]] | [[File:EU-Slovakia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bratislava]]<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | 49033.720839 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_a7a4342b94af32933ebcce2cf712c39f8a59d3736f14ec754d7242dfd4f00729">''[[:d:Q125653046|Population density of Slovakia – SR-area-region-district, cities-rural [om7015rr] : Area (square meter)]]''</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SK SK] | |- | [[:d:Q215|Q215]] | [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Slovenia]] | [[File:EU-Slovenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Ljubljana]] | 20271 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_492e1685a33864a8ecd1ef9ca439efcffe18d8ae23067530c37b93bde4e62e2f">https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/File/DocSysFile/10033/Spremembe_povrsine_Slovenije.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SI SI] | |- | [[:d:Q217|Q217]] | [[File:Flag of Moldova.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Moldova.svg|center|48px]] | [[Moldavia]] | [[File:Location Moldova Europe.svg|center|48px]] | [[Chișinău]] | 33843.5 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_320523ebb83cf98848ef4bc8a90a8d71e83172da42f7fd7a46d9be6dab1189f1">https://moldova.md/en/content/geography</ref> | ''[[:d:Q181129|leu moldave]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MD MD] | pais de Europa |- | [[:d:Q218|Q218]] | [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Romania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Romania]] | [[File:Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Bucarest]] | 238397 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_540e176c09c27df8a6aaad20084302c1382c7ec4e715c970e1db69993d860bbc">http://www.ziare.com/stiri/eveniment/romania-si-a-marit-suprafata-la-238-397-kilometri-patrati-1470103</ref><ref name="ref_7470a15f5c308b39110d7bcaa354d77ec90926aff1f81c8c3758c255095f32e4">http://www.gandul.info/stiri/acesta-este-noul-teritoriu-al-romaniei-16481528</ref> | ''[[:d:Q131645|leu romanian]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RO RO] | |- | [[:d:Q219|Q219]] | [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bulgaria]] | [[File:Bulgaria (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Sofia]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 110993.6 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_b935a0a66833771bd7ab112d9853ebe1a287cd8e9aac1b6386fa9e1016b57022">http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0159&g=</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BG BG] | |- | [[:d:Q221|Q221]] | [[File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Macedonia del Nord|Republica del Macedonia del Nord]] | [[File:North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Skopje]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | 25713 kilometro quadrate | ''[[:d:Q177875|denar macedone]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MK MK] | |- | [[:d:Q222|Q222]] | [[File:Flag of Albania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Albania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Albania]] | [[File:Albania (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Tirana]] | 28748 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_1dce4a8b917510d678fa50fb5300544652cf231b551806ae27c17c359782f237">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html</ref> | [[Lek (moneta)|lek]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:AL AL] | |- | [[:d:Q224|Q224]] | [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Croatia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Croatia]] | [[File:EU-Croatia (orthographic projection).png|center|48px]] | [[Zagreb]] | 56594 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_bd55e0d1c81d14774f58559de438e4defda1e12d62864cdaa1d947db0f41b791">http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2011/SLJH2011.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HR HR] | |- | [[:d:Q225|Q225]] | [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bosnia e Herzegovina]] | [[File:Bosnia and Herzegovina (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Sarajevo]] | 51197 kilometro quadrate | ''[[:d:Q179620|mark convertibile de Bosnia-Herzegovina]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BA BA] | |- | [[:d:Q228|Q228]] | [[File:Flag of Andorra.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Andorra.svg|center|48px]] | [[Andorra]] | [[File:Andorra on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Andorra la Vella]] | 468 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_1dce4a8b917510d678fa50fb5300544652cf231b551806ae27c17c359782f237">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html</ref><ref name="ref_d356c59461c87c3d826cb972c8d71bc2087bff160c84a815a39a320a22612605">https://sig.govern.ad/SIGDDE.Public/Files/Documents/Publicacions/Andorra%20en%20xifres.%20Any%202024.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:AD AD] | |- | [[:d:Q229|Q229]] | [[File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Cyprus (2006).svg|center|48px]] | [[Cypro]] | [[File:EU-Cyprus highlighted.svg|center|48px]] | [[Nicosia]] | 9242.45 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_d9beda03a013a6c352d53ac5fb5688fc429b1fc4804c0e241d33df84f1b3b758">http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/F2876E52BD240C56C2257EB4003C3ED4/$file/DEGREE_URBANISATION-2016.xls?OpenElement</ref><ref name="ref_d9beda03a013a6c352d53ac5fb5688fc429b1fc4804c0e241d33df84f1b3b758">http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/F2876E52BD240C56C2257EB4003C3ED4/$file/DEGREE_URBANISATION-2016.xls?OpenElement</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CY CY] | |- | [[:d:Q230|Q230]] | [[File:Flag of Georgia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Georgia (pais)|Georgia]] | [[File:Europe-Georgia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Tbilisi]] | 69700 kilometro quadrate | [[Lari (moneta)|lari georgian]]<ref name="ref_312f6d64ce1c5c52c4aa9e17fd95220ac4afb3068300c70f3e98f47030824597">https://nbg.gov.ge/georgian-money/history</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:GE GE] | |- | [[:d:Q232|Q232]] | [[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of Kazakhstan latin.svg|center|48px]] | [[Qazaqstan|Kazakhstan]] | [[File:Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Astana]] | 2724900 kilometro quadrate | ''[[:d:Q173751|tenge kazakh]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:KZ KZ] | stato euroasiatic |- | [[:d:Q233|Q233]] | [[File:Flag of Malta.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Malta.svg|center|48px]] | [[Malta]] | [[File:EU-Malta.svg|center|48px]] | [[Valletta]] | 316 kilometro quadrate | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MT MT] | |- | [[:d:Q235|Q235]] | [[File:Flag of Monaco.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Monaco.svg|center|48px]] | [[Monaco (principato)|Monaco]] | [[File:Monaco on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Monaco (principato)|Monaco]] | 2.08 kilometro quadrate | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MC MC] | |- | [[:d:Q236|Q236]] | [[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | [[Montenegro]] | [[File:LocationMontenegro.svg|center|48px]] | [[Podgorica]]<ref name="ref_658e89be6b3befa7046c7406ff2da56adc938521f3ffca5509407b379c856cbc">https://codices.coe.int/codices/documents/constitution/5375375a-83ed-4e8a-8e0a-1bba2aa41f27</ref> | 13883 kilometro quadrate | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:ME ME] | |- | [[:d:Q237|Q237]] | [[File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[Citate Vatican]] | [[File:Location of the Vatican City in Europe.svg|center|48px]] | [[Citate Vatican]] | 0.49 kilometro quadrate | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:VA VA] | |- | [[:d:Q238|Q238]] | [[File:Flag of San Marino.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of San Marino.svg|center|48px]] | [[San Marino]] | [[File:Location San Marino Europe.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1848|San Marino]]'' | 61.2 kilometro quadrate | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SM SM] | |- | [[:d:Q347|Q347]] | [[File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg|center|48px]] | [[Liechtenstein]] | [[File:Liechtenstein on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Vaduz]] | 160 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_dc0531c9baebf3ff52b09c3ffe8a977fc1fb9512131cb80fc2011b77431c4b64">https://www.liechtenstein.li/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q25344|franc switze]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LI LI] | |- | [[:d:Q403|Q403]] | [[File:Flag of Serbia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Serbia]] | [[File:Europe-Serbia (2006–2008).svg|center|48px]] | [[Belgrad]]<ref name="ref_c45902245eea33e4f11d3bf6ef345c5456cb8bec6ea3278dc70af18b81bc8d86">''[[:d:Q1287641|Constitution of Serbia]]''</ref> | 88499 kilometro quadrate<ref name="ref_5dc6c90aa11e33f2f250e2ba6c7c763c70b43d6fc03e0cab6516dfeefe6d4081">https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2021/Pdf/G20212054.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q172524|dinar serbe]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RS RS] | |} {{Wikidata list end}} rv4fc3kw9g1n11d584qd78rmeaato1k 14 20252 699053 504656 2026-08-26T12:59:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 699053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Nationalismo]] [[Categoria:Historia politic de Espania]] jdnd5hylf49e1302ar49ui7509q1363 10 20256 699066 689284 2026-08-26T13:15:23Z Interlingvisto 60932 699066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation |name = Linguas romanic |state = collapsed |title = [[Linguas romanic]] |titlestyle = font-size:85%; |groupstyle = text-align:right; |group1 = Linguas de origine |list1 = [[Lingua latin|Latino classic]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]}{{·}}[[Latino vulgar]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]} |group2 = [[:Categoria:Linguas romanic|Sardo-romanic]] |list2 = [[Lingua sarde|Sardo]] (<small>[[Sardo campidanese]]{{·}}[[Sardo logudorese]]</small>) |group3 = Linguas romanic occidental |list3 = {{Navigation/subgruppo |groupstyle = text-align:left; width:25%; |liststyle = text-align:center; |group1 = [[:Categoria:Linguas ibero-romanic|Ibero-romanic]] |list1 = [[Lingua aragonese|Aragonese]]{{·}}[[Lingua astur-leonese|Astur-leonese]] ([[Lingua asturian|Asturian]]{{·}}[[Lingua leonese|Leonese]] (<small>[[Lingua mirandese|Mirandese]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua gallecian|Gallecian]]{{·}}[[Lingua portugese|Portugese]]{{·}}[[Lingua espaniol|Espaniol]] |group2 = [[:Categoria:Linguas galo-romanic|Galo-romanic]] |list2 = [[Galo-italic|Idiomes galo-italic^?]]{{·}}[[Lingua catalan|Catalano]]{{·}}(<small>[[Valenciano]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua francese|Francese]]{{·}}[[Lingua francoprovenzale|Franco-provenzale]] (<small>[[Dialetto valdostano|Patois valdostano]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua lombarda|Lombardo]]{{·}}[[Lingua occitan|Occitan]]{{·}}[[Lingua vallone|Vallone]]{{·}}[[Lingua venetian|Veneto/Venetian]]^?{{·}}[[Lingua pedemontese|Pedemontese]]{{·}}[[Romanzo britannico]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]} |group3 = [[:Categoria:Linguas retico-romanic|Reto-romanic]] |list3 = [[Lingua retoromancio|Rhetoromancio^?/Romancio]]{{·}}[[Lingua furlan|Furlano]]{{·}}[[Lingua ladina|Ladino]]{{·}}[[Lingua engadina|Engadino]] }} |group4 = Linguas romanic oriental |list4 = {{Navigation/subgruppo |groupstyle = text-align:left; width:25%; |liststyle = text-align:center; |group1 = [[:Categoria:Linguas italico-romanic|Italico-romanic]] |list1 = [[Lingua corsa|Corso]]{{·}}[[Lingua gallurese|Gallurese]]{{·}}[[Lingua sassarese|Sassarese]]{{·}}[[Lingua italian|Italiano]] (<small>[[Elenco dei dialetti d'Italia|Dialetti italiani]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua napoletana|Napoletano]] (<small>[[dialetti italiani meridionali|Italiano meridionale]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua siciliana|Siciliano]] |group2 = [[:Categoria:Linguas balcano-romanic|Balcano-romanic]] |list2 = [[Lingua aromanian|Arumeno/Aromanian]]^?{{·}}[[Lingua romanian|Romanian]]{{·}}[[Lingua dalmatian|Dalmatiano]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]}{{·}}[[Lingua istriota|Istriota]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]}{{·}}[[Lingua istrorumanian|Istrorumanian]] }} |group5 = Linguas romanic meridional?<!-- error?--> |list5 =[[Lingua mozarabica|Mozarabico]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]{{·}}}[[Lingua romance de Africa|Romancio^? de Africa]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]} |below = [[Lingua morte|† lingua extincte]] <small>(necun supervivente inter le parlantes native e necun inter le descendentes)</small> }}<noinclude> {{Revision}} {{documentation|Navigation re ''Linguas romanic''|A fin de un articulo re ''Lingua romanic''|<nowiki>{{Linguas romanic}}</nowiki>|probabilmente iste patrono es un traduction (non perfecte) del sito/pagina italian ([[:it:Template:Lingue romanze]], specialmente concernante le prime columna: )<br> Parameter: non cognoscite; possibilemente: ''<nowiki>state=collapsed</nowiki>''^?}} [[Categoria:Patronos de linguas romanic|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> r41clucgq1phvgvoqs3kskouu1nmgu2 699067 699066 2026-08-26T13:15:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 699067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation |name = Linguas romanic |state = collapsed |title = [[Linguas romanic]] |titlestyle = font-size:85%; |groupstyle = text-align:right; |group1 = Linguas de origine |list1 = [[Lingua latin|Latino classic]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]}{{·}}[[Latino vulgar]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]} |group2 = [[:Categoria:Linguas romanic|Sardo-romanic]] |list2 = [[Lingua sarde|Sardo]] (<small>[[Sardo campidanese]]{{·}}[[Sardo logudorese]]</small>) |group3 = Linguas romanic occidental |list3 = {{Navigation/subgruppo |groupstyle = text-align:left; width:25%; |liststyle = text-align:center; |group1 = [[:Categoria:Linguas ibero-romanic|Ibero-romanic]] |list1 = [[Lingua aragonese|Aragonese]]{{·}}[[Lingua astur-leonese|Astur-leonese]] ([[Lingua asturian|Asturian]]{{·}}[[Lingua leonese|Leonese]] (<small>[[Lingua mirandese|Mirandese]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua extremaduran|Extremadurano]]){{·}}[[Lingua gallecian|Gallecian]]{{·}}[[Lingua portugese|Portugese]]{{·}}[[Lingua espaniol|Espaniol]] |group2 = [[:Categoria:Linguas galo-romanic|Galo-romanic]] |list2 = [[Galo-italic|Idiomes galo-italic^?]]{{·}}[[Lingua catalan|Catalano]]{{·}}(<small>[[Valenciano]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua francese|Francese]]{{·}}[[Lingua francoprovenzale|Franco-provenzale]] (<small>[[Dialetto valdostano|Patois valdostano]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua lombarda|Lombardo]]{{·}}[[Lingua occitan|Occitan]]{{·}}[[Lingua vallone|Vallone]]{{·}}[[Lingua venetian|Veneto/Venetian]]^?{{·}}[[Lingua pedemontese|Pedemontese]]{{·}}[[Romanzo britannico]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]} |group3 = [[:Categoria:Linguas retico-romanic|Reto-romanic]] |list3 = [[Lingua retoromancio|Rhetoromancio^?/Romancio]]{{·}}[[Lingua furlan|Furlano]]{{·}}[[Lingua ladina|Ladino]]{{·}}[[Lingua engadina|Engadino]] }} |group4 = Linguas romanic oriental |list4 = {{Navigation/subgruppo |groupstyle = text-align:left; width:25%; |liststyle = text-align:center; |group1 = [[:Categoria:Linguas italico-romanic|Italico-romanic]] |list1 = [[Lingua corsa|Corso]]{{·}}[[Lingua gallurese|Gallurese]]{{·}}[[Lingua sassarese|Sassarese]]{{·}}[[Lingua italian|Italiano]] (<small>[[Elenco dei dialetti d'Italia|Dialetti italiani]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua napoletana|Napoletano]] (<small>[[dialetti italiani meridionali|Italiano meridionale]]</small>){{·}}[[Lingua siciliana|Siciliano]] |group2 = [[:Categoria:Linguas balcano-romanic|Balcano-romanic]] |list2 = [[Lingua aromanian|Arumeno/Aromanian]]^?{{·}}[[Lingua romanian|Romanian]]{{·}}[[Lingua dalmatian|Dalmatiano]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]}{{·}}[[Lingua istriota|Istriota]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]}{{·}}[[Lingua istrorumanian|Istrorumanian]] }} |group5 = Linguas romanic meridional?<!-- error?--> |list5 =[[Lingua mozarabica|Mozarabico]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]{{·}}}[[Lingua romance de Africa|Romancio^? de Africa]]^{[[Lingua morta|†]]} |below = [[Lingua morte|† lingua extincte]] <small>(necun supervivente inter le parlantes native e necun inter le descendentes)</small> }}<noinclude> {{Revision}} {{documentation|Navigation re ''Linguas romanic''|A fin de un articulo re ''Lingua romanic''|<nowiki>{{Linguas romanic}}</nowiki>|probabilmente iste patrono es un traduction (non perfecte) del sito/pagina italian ([[:it:Template:Lingue romanze]], specialmente concernante le prime columna: )<br> Parameter: non cognoscite; possibilemente: ''<nowiki>state=collapsed</nowiki>''^?}} [[Categoria:Patronos de linguas romanic|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> f64j88s9xxi4y665b2wczorqxn808s5 102 38466 699100 698902 2026-08-27T02:11:48Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 699100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?sl { ?item wdt:P171* wd:Q25306 . OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?sl } . FILTER (?sl >= 1) } ORDER BY DESC(?sl) |section= |sort= |columns=number:#,item,label:Article,P225,?sl,description,P18,P31,P279,P171,P361 |thumb=48 |min_section= |links=red_only |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! item ! Article ! nomine del taxon ! ?sl ! description ! imagine ! instantia de ! subclasse de ! taxon superior immediate ! parte de |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q33602|Q33602]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca | 146 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q42046|Q42046]] | [[Hyaenidae]] | Hyaenidae | 142 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Aeluroidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q36341|Q36341]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | Ursus arctos | 138 | | [[File:202309 Ezo brown bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[bear]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q30197|Q30197]] | [[Panthera uncia]] | Panthera uncia | 132 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[apex predator]]<br/>[[flagship species]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q27066|Q27066]] | [[Meles meles]] | Meles meles | 123 | | [[File:European badger (Meles meles taxus) Drenthe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q25311|Q25311]] | [[Mustela nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis | 122 | | [[File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q29995|Q29995]] | [[Lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra | 121 | | [[File:Otter.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q41960|Q41960]] | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens | 112 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q80479|Q80479]] | [[Herpestidae]] | Herpestidae | 111 | | [[File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Herpestoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q25345|Q25345]] | [[Mustela erminea]] | Mustela erminea | 109 | | [[File:Røyskatt (Mustela erminea erminea), Lista, Norway.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q30847|Q30847]] | [[Caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal | 109 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[big cat]] | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q30263|Q30263]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | Pinnipedia | 107 | | [[File:Common seal (Phoca vitulina) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q14334|Q14334]] | [[glutton]] | Gulo gulo | 106 | mammifero carnivore | [[File:Gulo gulo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q82738|Q82738]] | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus | 105 | | [[File:Vulpes lagopus in Iceland (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q25437|Q25437]] | [[Mustelidae]] | Mustelidae | 101 | | [[File:Marten with Flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q200184|Q200184]] | [[Lutrinae]] | Lutrinae | 101 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q128098|Q128098]] | [[Canis aureus]] | Canis aureus | 101 | | [[File:033 Golden jackal in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q125525|Q125525]] | [[jackal]] | | 100 | | [[File:Golden jackal (Canis aureus indicus) male head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[Canina]] | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q122783|Q122783]] | [[Ursus americanus]] | Ursus americanus | 99 | | [[File:American black bear (19647087094).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q26046|Q26046]] | [[Martes martes]] | Martes martes | 96 | | [[File:Pine Marten (48173751702).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q80952|Q80952]] | [[Panthera tigris tigris]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 93 | | [[File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 05.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[tigre]] | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q134015|Q134015]] | [[Suricata suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta | 92 | | [[File:Meerkat (Suricata suricatta).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q173128|Q173128]] | [[Mellivora capensis]] | Mellivora capensis | 91 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q173651|Q173651]] | [[Lycaon pictus]] | Lycaon pictus | 91 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q166794|Q166794]] | [[Otocolobus manul]] | Otocolobus manul | 90 | | [[File:Otocolobus manul -Zurich Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q124410|Q124410]] | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus | 90 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus 3 (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]]<br/>[[Selenarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q28521|Q28521]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 88 | | [[File:Mustela species mosaic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q38584|Q38584]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis familiaris dingo | 88 | | [[File:Dingo Side.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[racia can]]<br/>[[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[feral dog]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q132585|Q132585]] | [[Cuon alpinus]] | Cuon alpinus | 87 | | [[File:Dhole (Asiatic wild dog) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q26533|Q26533]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 86 | | [[File:Martes martes crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q26423|Q26423]] | [[Martes zibellina]] | Martes zibellina | 86 | | [[File:Sobol bur.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q185194|Q185194]] | [[Vulpes]] | Vulpes | 86 | | [[File:Genus vulpes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]]<br/>[[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q131564|Q131564]] | [[Vulpes zerda]] | Vulpes zerda | 86 | | [[File:Fennec Fox (9163009503).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q26582|Q26582]] | [[Mustela putorius]] | Mustela putorius | 85 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q69581|Q69581]] | [[Panthera tigris altaica]] | Panthera tigris altaica | 84 | | [[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q42627|Q42627]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis | 83 | | [[File:Close-up of a Leopard Cat in Sundarban.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q36135|Q36135]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa | 83 | | [[File:Clouded Leopard (205918213).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q27366|Q27366]] | [[Martes foina]] | Martes foina | 82 | | [[File:Beech Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q133189|Q133189]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides | 82 | | [[File:Енотовидная собака Гродно (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q129727|Q129727]] | [[Lynx pardinus]] | Lynx pardinus | 81 | | [[File:Lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), Almuradiel, Ciudad Real, España, 2021-12-19, DD 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q144923|Q144923]] | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus | 81 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q182347|Q182347]] | [[leon asiatic]] | Panthera leo persica | 80 | | [[File:Asiatic Lioness in Gir Forest.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q147114|Q147114]] | [[Procyonidae]] | Procyonidae | 79 | | [[File:Procyonidae-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q41407|Q41407]] | [[Enhydra lutris]] | Enhydra lutris | 79 | | [[File:Otter in Seward, Alaska, April 2017.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q185864|Q185864]] | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | 77 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q178089|Q178089]] | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | Crocuta crocuta | 77 | | [[File:Hiena manchada (Crocuta crocuta), parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q171004|Q171004]] | [[Ursus arctos horribilis]] | Ursus arctos horribilis | 77 | | [[File:Grizzly Denali edit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q185231|Q185231]] | [[Mirounga]] | Mirounga | 76 | | [[File:Mirounga leonina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q42602|Q42602]] | [[felinos]] | Felinae | 76 | | [[File:Felinae diversity 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q146457|Q146457]] | [[Lynx canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis | 76 | | [[File:Canada lynx by Michael Zahra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q27179|Q27179]] | [[Neovison vison]] | Neogale vison | 75 | | [[File:American Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison]]<br/>[[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q190674|Q190674]] | [[Prionailurus viverrinus]] | Prionailurus viverrinus | 75 | | [[File:Prionailurus viverrinus 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q192231|Q192231]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Profelis aurata | 75 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q26559|Q26559]] | [[Mustela lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola | 74 | | [[File:Europäischer Nerz.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q188657|Q188657]] | [[Hyaena hyaena]] | Hyaena hyaena | 74 | | [[File:Museo della Specola (Florence) - Hyaena hyaena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q182304|Q182304]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi | 73 | | [[File:Puma yagouaroundi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q26913|Q26913]] | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | 72 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q185295|Q185295]] | [[Proteles cristata]] | Proteles cristata | 72 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q145016|Q145016]] | [[Melursus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus | 72 | | [[File:SlothBear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q243359|Q243359]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 70 | | [[File:Black bear large.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q230177|Q230177]] | [[Pantherinae]] | Pantherinae | 69 | | [[File:Jaguar head shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q188717|Q188717]] | [[Smilodon]] | Smilodon | 69 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus mount.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q183330|Q183330]] | [[Cryptoprocta ferox]] | Cryptoprocta ferox | 68 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q18764|Q18764]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | 68 | | [[File:Asian palm civet in Rabindra Sarobar October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q213141|Q213141]] | [[Arctictis binturong]] | Arctictis binturong | 68 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q187024|Q187024]] | [[Vulpes corsac]] | Vulpes corsac | 68 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q214835|Q214835]] | [[Vulpes bengalensis]] | Vulpes bengalensis | 68 | | [[File:Bengal Fox - Shreeram M V - Rajasthan, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q182573|Q182573]] | [[liger]] | Panthera leo × Panthera tigris | 68 | | [[File:Liger couple.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q178973|Q178973]] | [[Mustela putorius furo]] | Mustela furo | 66 | | [[File:202305 Mustela putorius furo.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q80191|Q80191]] | [[catto marmorate]] | Pardofelis marmorata | 66 | | [[File:Marbled cat borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q27370|Q27370]] | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus | 64 | | [[File:Halichoerus grypus male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q186663|Q186663]] | [[Hydrurga leptonyx]] | Hydrurga leptonyx | 64 | | [[File:Hydrurga leptonyx edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrurga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q241256|Q241256]] | [[Civettictis civetta]] | Civettictis civetta | 64 | | [[File:African civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q191129|Q191129]] | [[Panthera tigris sumatrae]] | Panthera tigris sumatrae | 64 | | [[File:Sumatran Tiger Berlin Tierpark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q184389|Q184389]] | [[Chrysocyon brachyurus]] | Chrysocyon brachyurus | 63 | | [[File:Chrysocyon brachyurus no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra por Celso Ferrarezi Jr (07).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q204322|Q204322]] | [[Felis bieti]] | Felis bieti | 62 | | [[File:Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis Bieti) in XiNing Wild Zoo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q200400|Q200400]] | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis | 62 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q3887135|Q3887135]] | [[Otariinae]] | Otariinae | 61 | | [[File:California sea lion in La Jolla (70568).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Otariidae]] | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q208549|Q208549]] | [[Monachus monachus]] | Monachus monachus | 61 | | [[File:Billy monk seal 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q28157482|Q28157482]] | [[Parahyaena brunnea]] | Parahyaena brunnea | 61 | | [[File:Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) (6472940707).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q192742|Q192742]] | [[Panthera tigris corbetti]] | Panthera tigris corbetti | 61 | | [[File:Indochinese tiger in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q43221|Q43221]] | [[Genetta]] | Genetta | 60 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q149405|Q149405]] | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus | 60 | | [[File:Bartrobbe 3-2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | [[Erignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q254630|Q254630]] | [[kinkajou]] | Potos flavus | 60 | | [[File:Potos flavus (22985770100).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q185401|Q185401]] | [[Panthera tigris balica]] | Panthera tigris balica | 60 | | [[File:BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q191737|Q191737]] | [[Speothos venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus | 59 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q309274|Q309274]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus | 59 | | [[File:Rostkatze.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q188535|Q188535]] | [[Panthera tigris virgata]] | Panthera tigris virgata | 59 | | [[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q192967|Q192967]] | [[Panthera pardus orientalis]] | Panthera pardus orientalis | 59 | | [[File:Amur Leopard Panthera pardus orientalis Facing Forward 1761px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q237260|Q237260]] | [[Ursus arctos middendorffi]] | Ursus arctos middendorffi | 59 | | [[File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q188957|Q188957]] | [[Canis simensis]] | Canis simensis | 59 | | [[File:Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q271459|Q271459]] | [[Mustela sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica | 58 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica Russia5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q70529|Q70529]] | [[Vormela peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna | 58 | | [[File:Marbled Polecat, Suzakskiy, Kazakhstan 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q215250|Q215250]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus | 58 | | [[File:Gray fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q14592562|Q14592562]] | [[Bassaricyon neblina]] | Bassaricyon neblina | 58 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q203208|Q203208]] | [[Phoca hispida]] | Pusa hispida | 57 | | [[File:Phoca hispida.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q83774|Q83774]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis | 57 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q232129|Q232129]] | [[Taxidea taxus]] | Taxidea taxus | 57 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q200848|Q200848]] | [[Panthera tigris amoyensis]] | Panthera tigris amoyensis | 57 | | [[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q272933|Q272933]] | [[Vulpes chama]] | Vulpes chama | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes chama (Etosha).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q319070|Q319070]] | [[Vulpes ferrilata]] | Vulpes ferrilata | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes ferrilata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q200442|Q200442]] | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | Canis lupus rufus | 56 | | [[File:07-03-23RedWolfAlbanyGAChehaw.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q4535|Q4535]] | [[Pusa sibirica]] | Pusa sibirica | 55 | | [[File:Из жизни байкальской нерпы близ Ушканьих островов 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q244277|Q244277]] | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea | 55 | | [[File:Small-clawed otter from Western Ghats.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q373558|Q373558]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus | 55 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q200381|Q200381]] | [[Panthera tigris sondaica]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 55 | | [[File:Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q649306|Q649306]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon | 54 | | [[File:Herpestes ichneumon Египетский мангуст, или фараонова крыса, или ихневмо́н.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q215343|Q215343]] | [[Mirounga leonina]] | Mirounga leonina | 54 | | [[File:0046 Tiere der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q269871|Q269871]] | [[Neofelis]] | Neofelis | 54 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q217291|Q217291]] | [[Vulpes cana]] | Vulpes cana | 54 | | [[File:Blandford's fox 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q205935|Q205935]] | [[Dusicyon australis]] | Dusicyon australis | 54 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q321376|Q321376]] | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | Cerdocyon thous | 54 | | [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q274177|Q274177]] | [[Prionailurus planiceps]] | Prionailurus planiceps | 54 | | [[File:Flat-headed cat 1 Jim Sanderson 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q215836|Q215836]] | [[Panthera tigris jacksoni]] | Panthera tigris jacksoni | 54 | | [[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]]<br/>[[Mainland Asian tiger]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[:d:Q496689|Q496689]] | [[Aenocyon dirus]] | Aenocyon dirus | 54 | | [[File:Canis dirus Skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[:d:Q446882|Q446882]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 53 | | [[File:Fischotter Lutra lutra1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[:d:Q513081|Q513081]] | [[civetta de palma african]] | Nandinia binotata | 53 | specie de mammifero carnivore | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nandinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[:d:Q209324|Q209324]] | [[Pagophilus groenlandicus]] | Pagophilus groenlandicus | 53 | | [[File:Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), Greenland Sea IMG 5006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pagophilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[:d:Q220248|Q220248]] | [[Martes flavigula]] | Martes flavigula | 53 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]]<br/>[[Charronia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[:d:Q584064|Q584064]] | [[Martes pennanti]] | Martes pennanti | 53 | | [[File:Fisher (animal).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[:d:Q295994|Q295994]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii | 53 | | [[File:Rüppell's fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[:d:Q626023|Q626023]] | [[Mirounga angustirostris]] | Mirounga angustirostris | 52 | | [[File:Elephant seals fighting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[:d:Q42592|Q42592]] | [[Prionailurus]] | Prionailurus | 52 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[:d:Q270748|Q270748]] | [[Puma]] | Puma | 52 | | [[File:Puma - 49044464307.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[:d:Q275163|Q275163]] | [[Neofelis diardi]] | Neofelis diardi | 52 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[:d:Q1383362|Q1383362]] | [[tigon]] | Panthera tigris × Panthera leo | 52 | | [[File:Tigon4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[:d:Q221094|Q221094]] | [[leon berbere]] | Panthera leo leo | 52 | | [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[population]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[:d:Q613760|Q613760]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsi | 51 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[:d:Q322145|Q322145]] | [[Martes americana]] | Martes americana | 51 | | [[File:Marten bounding through the snow (512488bd-68e6-4b67-8e14-95657c022029).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[:d:Q734351|Q734351]] | [[Viverricula indica]] | Viverricula indica | 51 | | [[File:Small Indian Civet (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[:d:Q216441|Q216441]] | [[Canis lupus arctos]] | Canis lupus arctos | 51 | | [[File:Arctic Wolf in Aulavik National Park 04 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[:d:Q214287|Q214287]] | [[Cystophora cristata]] | Cystophora cristata | 50 | | [[File:2016-klappmützemuseumkoenig.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cystophora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[:d:Q434197|Q434197]] | [[Mustela altaica]] | Mustela altaica | 50 | | [[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[:d:Q757265|Q757265]] | [[Viverra zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha | 50 | | [[File:Large Indian Civet, Viverra zibetha in Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[:d:Q626049|Q626049]] | [[Paguma larvata]] | Paguma larvata | 50 | | [[File:202309 Masked palm civet.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[:d:Q148462|Q148462]] | [[Nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua | 50 | | [[File:Coati roux Amiens 4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[:d:Q832036|Q832036]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus | 50 | specie de mammal | [[File:Leão baio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[:d:Q745751|Q745751]] | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis | 50 | | [[File:San Joaquin kit fox male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[:d:Q626027|Q626027]] | [[Crabeater seal]] | Lobodon carcinophaga | 49 | | [[File:Lobodon carcinophagus on sea ice (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lobodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[:d:Q732127|Q732127]] | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | Mustela eversmanii | 49 | | [[File:Mustela putorius (Turkestan polecat) fur skins.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[:d:Q695199|Q695199]] | [[Monachus schauinslandi]] | Monachus schauinslandi | 49 | | [[File:Monachus schauinslandi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[:d:Q257432|Q257432]] | [[Lycalopex vetulus]] | Lycalopex vetulus | 49 | | [[File:Hoaryfox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[:d:Q263706|Q263706]] | [[Vulpes velox]] | Vulpes velox | 49 | | [[File:Swift Fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[:d:Q722180|Q722180]] | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | Urocyon littoralis | 49 | | [[File:Urocyon littoralis pair.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[:d:Q331850|Q331850]] | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | Atelocynus microtis | 49 | | [[File:Atelocynus microtis en Amazonie péruvienne.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[:d:Q379732|Q379732]] | [[Zalophus californianus]] | Zalophus californianus | 48 | | [[File:Kalifornischer Seelöwe (Zalophus californianus), Territorialverhalten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[:d:Q742727|Q742727]] | [[Pusa caspica]] | Pusa caspica | 48 | | [[File:Caspian seal 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[:d:Q466597|Q466597]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus | 48 | | [[File:Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape fur seals).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[:d:Q368495|Q368495]] | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | Mephitis mephitis | 48 | | [[File:Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) DSC 0030.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Mephitis (taxon)|Mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[:d:Q402885|Q402885]] | [[Mustela nigripes]] | Mustela nigripes | 48 | | [[File:Mustela nigripes 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[carnivoro]] | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[:d:Q744382|Q744382]] | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | Arctonyx collaris | 48 | | [[File:Arctonyx collaris - Sterndale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[:d:Q631167|Q631167]] | [[Lycalopex fulvipes]] | Lycalopex fulvipes | 48 | | [[File:Zorro de Darwin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[:d:Q1419858|Q1419858]] | [[Catopuma]] | Catopuma | 48 | | [[File:Catopuma temminckii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[:d:Q242358|Q242358]] | [[Panthera atrox]] | Panthera atrox | 48 | | [[File:Panthera Atrox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[:d:Q278912|Q278912]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus venaticus]] | Acinonyx jubatus venaticus | 48 | | [[File:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus 350833012.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[:d:Q23121|Q23121]] | [[Mungos mungo]] | Mungos mungo | 47 | | [[File:171 Banded mongoose standing at sunset in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[:d:Q247774|Q247774]] | [[Eira barbara]] | Eira barbara | 47 | | [[File:Tayra - Male, Brazil.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[:d:Q601913|Q601913]] | [[Lycalopex griseus]] | Lycalopex griseus | 47 | | [[File:South american grey fox (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[:d:Q754992|Q754992]] | [[Nasua narica]] | Nasua narica | 47 | | [[File:Coati Nasua narica Climbing Down 2048px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[:d:Q842467|Q842467]] | [[Lycalopex sechurae]] | Lycalopex sechurae | 47 | | [[File:Zorro costero (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[:d:Q261574|Q261574]] | [[Genetta genetta]] | Genetta genetta | 46 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[:d:Q333649|Q333649]] | [[Otaria flavescens]] | Otaria flavescens | 46 | | [[File:Leon marino.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[:d:Q431981|Q431981]] | [[Eumetopias jubatus]] | Eumetopias jubatus | 46 | | [[File:Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) on rocks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eumetopias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[:d:Q847194|Q847194]] | [[Prionodon]] | Prionodon | 46 | | [[File:Prionodon pardicolor - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02486.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[:d:Q313166|Q313166]] | [[Weddell seal]] | Leptonychotes weddellii | 46 | | [[File:Mikkelsen Harbour-2016-Trinity Island (D'Hainaut Island)–Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leptonychotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[:d:Q751763|Q751763]] | [[Lutra sumatrana]] | Lutra sumatrana | 46 | | [[File:Lutra sumatrana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[:d:Q729553|Q729553]] | [[Panthera pardus fusca]] | Panthera pardus fusca | 46 | | [[File:Indian leopard in Jawai Bandh April 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[:d:Q624310|Q624310]] | [[Canis lupus arabs]] | Canis lupus arabs | 46 | | [[File:Arabian wolf in Jordan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[:d:Q600530|Q600530]] | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | Herpestes javanicus | 45 | | [[File:Herpestes javanicus01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[:d:Q1762710|Q1762710]] | [[Viverra]] | Viverra | 45 | | [[File:Viverra zibetha ras.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[:d:Q571449|Q571449]] | [[Arctocephalus gazella]] | Arctocephalus gazella | 45 | | [[File:Antarcticfurseal kinggeorgeisland.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[:d:Q7966|Q7966]] | [[Callorhinus ursinus]] | Callorhinus ursinus | 45 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[:d:Q327028|Q327028]] | [[Lontra canadensis]] | Lontra canadensis | 45 | | [[File:Quidi Vidi Lake (14802227372).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[:d:Q729713|Q729713]] | [[Panthera pardus saxicolor]] | Panthera pardus saxicolor | 45 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[:d:Q641742|Q641742]] | [[Eupleridae]] | Eupleridae | 44 | | [[File:Eupleridae.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[:d:Q494968|Q494968]] | [[Phoca largha]] | Phoca largha | 44 | | [[File:Spotted seal mother and pup in the Bering Sea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[:d:Q1345042|Q1345042]] | [[Meles]] | Meles | 44 | | [[File:Meles (Genus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[:d:Q644224|Q644224]] | [[Lontra felina]] | Lontra felina | 44 | | [[File:Lfelina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[:d:Q855921|Q855921]] | [[Canis lupus pallipes]] | Canis lupus pallipes | 44 | | [[File:Genome Sequencing of a Gray Wolf from Peninsular India (2022) fig. 1A.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[:d:Q938494|Q938494]] | [[Herpestes urva]] | Herpestes urva | 43 | | [[File:Herpestes urva - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02477.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[:d:Q732544|Q732544]] | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | Cynictis penicillata | 43 | | [[File:082 Yellow mongoose in Khomas Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[:d:Q432513|Q432513]] | [[Phocarctos hookeri]] | Phocarctos hookeri | 43 | | [[File:Big male New Zealand Sea Lion walking on the beach.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[:d:Q738191|Q738191]] | [[Urocyon]] | Urocyon | 43 | | [[File:Urocyon cinereoargenteus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]]<br/>[[Urocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[:d:Q148628|Q148628]] | [[Nasua]] | Nasua | 43 | | [[File:CoatiNosara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[:d:Q600654|Q600654]] | [[Monachus tropicalis]] | Monachus tropicalis | 43 | | [[File:Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[:d:Q46148|Q46148]] | [[Aonyx capensis]] | Aonyx capensis | 43 | | [[File:Cape Clawless Otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[:d:Q525088|Q525088]] | [[Fossa fossana]] | Fossa fossana | 43 | | [[File:Spotted fanaloka (Fossa fossana).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fossa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[:d:Q39153|Q39153]] | [[Panthera pardus pardus]] | Panthera pardus pardus | 43 | | [[File:Leopard africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[:d:Q475046|Q475046]] | [[Panthera pardus kotiya]] | Panthera pardus kotiya | 43 | | [[File:Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) female 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[:d:Q839769|Q839769]] | [[Ursus arctos arctos]] | Ursus arctos arctos | 43 | | [[File:Майже воля.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[:d:Q1043473|Q1043473]] | [[Arctocephalinae]] | Arctocephalinae | 42 | | [[File:Adult male Northern Fur Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[:d:Q837610|Q837610]] | [[Ommatophoca rossii]] | Ommatophoca rossii | 42 | | [[File:Ommatophoca rossii (Ross Seal), off Wilkes Land, Antarctica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ommatophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[:d:Q1366503|Q1366503]] | [[Melogale]] | Melogale | 42 | | [[File:Formosan ferret-badger in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helictidinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[:d:Q756008|Q756008]] | [[Galictis]] | Galictis | 42 | | [[File:Galictis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[:d:Q602823|Q602823]] | [[Martes gwatkinsii]] | Martes gwatkinsii | 42 | | [[File:Nilgiri marten by N A Nazeer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[:d:Q839828|Q839828]] | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | Lontra longicaudis | 42 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis 2.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[:d:Q2937805|Q2937805]] | [[Caracal]] | Caracal | 42 | | [[File:Caracal in South Africa - by Shaun MItchem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[:d:Q405403|Q405403]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | Procyon cancrivorus | 42 | | [[File:Procyon cancrivorus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[:d:Q311417|Q311417]] | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | Leopardus pajeros | 42 | | [[File:Catpampaspajeros.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[:d:Q148833|Q148833]] | [[catto salvage europee]] | Felis silvestris silvestris | 42 | | [[File:Felis silvestris silvestris Luc Viatour.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[:d:Q376135|Q376135]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis | 42 | | [[File:Iriomote cat 1 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[:d:Q312207|Q312207]] | [[Herpestes]] | Herpestes | 41 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[:d:Q1777275|Q1777275]] | [[Lontra]] | Lontra | 41 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[:d:Q649127|Q649127]] | [[Arctocephalus australis]] | Arctocephalus australis | 41 | | [[File:Lobo-marinho-sul-americano-Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins-Jufranfe(001).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[:d:Q754895|Q754895]] | [[Histriophoca fasciata]] | Histriophoca fasciata | 41 | | [[File:Male Ribbon Sea Ozernoy Gulf Russia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Histriophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[:d:Q676454|Q676454]] | [[Monachus]] | Monachus | 41 | | [[File:Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[:d:Q744392|Q744392]] | [[Neophoca cinerea]] | Neophoca cinerea | 41 | | [[File:Neophoca cinerea-1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[:d:Q132687|Q132687]] | [[Lycalopex]] | Lycalopex | 41 | | [[File:Genus pseudalopex.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[:d:Q226735|Q226735]] | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | Ictonyx striatus | 41 | | [[File:Ictonyx striatus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02633.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[:d:Q944893|Q944893]] | [[Ursus arctos isabellinus]] | Ursus arctos isabellinus | 41 | | [[File:Medvěd plavý (Ursus arctos isabellinus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[:d:Q20744349|Q20744349]] | [[Canis anthus]] | Canis anthus | 41 | | [[File:Grey jackal from Haizer Algeria 10 (cropped).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[:d:Q27888|Q27888]] | [[Mustelinae]] | Mustelinae | 40 | | [[File:DirkvdM tayra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[:d:Q844643|Q844643]] | [[Arctocephalus tropicalis]] | Arctocephalus tropicalis | 40 | | [[File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[:d:Q855597|Q855597]] | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | Atilax paludinosus | 40 | | [[File:Marsh mongoose or water mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (22548192738).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[:d:Q1052830|Q1052830]] | [[Martes melampus]] | Martes melampus | 40 | | [[File:202310 Japanese marten.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[:d:Q842799|Q842799]] | [[Prionodon linsang]] | Prionodon linsang | 40 | | [[File:Prionodon linsang - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02704.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[:d:Q1414665|Q1414665]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni | 40 | | [[File:Brown palm civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[:d:Q389266|Q389266]] | [[Viverra civettina]] | Viverra civettina | 40 | | [[File:Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina) DSCN2359.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[:d:Q541053|Q541053]] | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | Cynogale bennettii | 40 | | [[File:Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[:d:Q577677|Q577677]] | [[Hydrictis maculicollis]] | Hydrictis maculicollis | 40 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[:d:Q719949|Q719949]] | [[Panthera pardus nimr]] | Panthera pardus nimr | 40 | | [[File:Arabian Leopard Panthera pardus nimr in Sharjah Photo Prof Dr Norman Ali Khalaf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[:d:Q695431|Q695431]] | [[Ursus arctos crowtheri]] | Ursus arctos crowtheri | 40 | | [[File:Atlasbear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[:d:Q2670845|Q2670845]] | [[Musteloidea]] | Musteloidea | 39 | | [[File:Mustela frenata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[:d:Q832379|Q832379]] | [[Arctocephalus forsteri]] | Arctocephalus forsteri | 39 | | [[File:Seal 0906.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[:d:Q332414|Q332414]] | [[Melogale moschata]] | Melogale moschata | 39 | | [[File:Melogale moschata (Ferret badger) fur skin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[:d:Q840714|Q840714]] | [[Lontra provocax]] | Lontra provocax | 39 | | [[File:Lontra provocax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[:d:Q754393|Q754393]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | Hemigalus derbyanus | 39 | | [[File:Banded Palm Civet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[:d:Q842805|Q842805]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata | 39 | | [[File:Small-toothed Palm Civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmatica) (8076736823) (cut).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[:d:Q839509|Q839509]] | [[Ursus arctos syriacus]] | Ursus arctos syriacus | 39 | | [[File:Ursus arctos syriacus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[:d:Q531300|Q531300]] | [[Canis lupus baileyi]] | Canis lupus baileyi | 39 | | [[File:Mexican Wolf 2 yfb-edit 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[:d:Q43230|Q43230]] | [[Genetta tigrina]] | Genetta tigrina | 38 | | [[File:Large-spotted Genet (Genetta tigrina) (17356502041) (crop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[:d:Q673700|Q673700]] | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | Galerella sanguinea | 38 | | [[File:Galerella sanguinea Zoo Praha 2011-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[:d:Q947395|Q947395]] | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | Herpestes brachyurus | 38 | | [[File:Herpestes brachyurus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[:d:Q571618|Q571618]] | [[Arctocephalus galapagoensis]] | Arctocephalus galapagoensis | 38 | | [[File:Galapagos Fur Seal, Santiago Island.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[:d:Q46144|Q46144]] | [[Mustela kathiah]] | Mustela kathiah | 38 | | [[File:Mustela kathiah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[:d:Q743563|Q743563]] | [[Helogale parvula]] | Helogale parvula | 38 | | [[File:Helogale parvula 4 (Piotr Kuczynski).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[:d:Q1344102|Q1344102]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | Prionodon pardicolor | 38 | | [[File:Prionodon pardicolor - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02486.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[:d:Q922292|Q922292]] | [[Viverra megaspila]] | Viverra megaspila | 38 | | [[File:Viverra megaspila ras.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[:d:Q966901|Q966901]] | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | Viverra tangalunga | 38 | | [[File:Malay civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[:d:Q1576038|Q1576038]] | [[Meles anakuma]] | Meles anakuma | 38 | | [[File:202309 Japanese badger.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[:d:Q838840|Q838840]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti | 38 | | [[File:Bassariscus sumichrasti geo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[:d:Q133763|Q133763]] | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | Leopardus braccatus | 38 | | [[File:Novos mamíferos são as atrações do mês no Jardim Zoológico.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[:d:Q841950|Q841950]] | [[Panthera pardus melas]] | Panthera pardus melas | 38 | | [[File:Panthera pardus close up.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[:d:Q840036|Q840036]] | [[Zalophus japonicus]] | Zalophus japonicus | 37 | | [[File:Zalophus japonicus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[:d:Q848780|Q848780]] | [[Arctocephalus philippii]] | Arctocephalus philippii | 37 | | [[File:Arctocephalus philippii 368442243 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[:d:Q887918|Q887918]] | [[Paradoxurus]] | Paradoxurus | 37 | | [[File:Marapatti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[:d:Q1417638|Q1417638]] | [[Hyaena]] | Hyaena | 37 | | [[File:Striped Hyena 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[:d:Q283426|Q283426]] | [[Galictis vittata]] | Galictis vittata | 37 | | [[File:Greater grison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[:d:Q852756|Q852756]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | Poecilogale albinucha | 37 | | [[File:Whitenapedweasellg2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[:d:Q932176|Q932176]] | [[Canis lupus albus]] | Canis lupus albus | 37 | | [[File:Волк 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[:d:Q17700|Q17700]] | [[Lutreola]] | Lutreola | 36 | | [[File:Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[:d:Q998769|Q998769]] | [[Zalophus wollebaeki]] | Zalophus wollebaeki | 36 | | [[File:Galapagos, sea-lion, female (by Casey Klebba).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[:d:Q221088|Q221088]] | [[Arctocephalus townsendi]] | Arctocephalus townsendi | 36 | | [[File:Arctocephalus townsendi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[:d:Q1142024|Q1142024]] | [[Mustela strigidorsa]] | Mustela strigidorsa | 36 | | [[File:Mustela strigidorsa.gif|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[:d:Q728454|Q728454]] | [[Meles leucurus]] | Meles leucurus | 36 | | [[File:Азиатский барсук (Meles leucurus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[:d:Q559050|Q559050]] | [[Diplogale hosei]] | Diplogale hosei | 36 | | [[File:HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Diplogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[:d:Q612589|Q612589]] | [[Macrogalidia musschenbroekii]] | Macrogalidia musschenbroekii | 36 | | [[File:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macrogalidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[:d:Q651814|Q651814]] | [[Procyon pygmaeus]] | Procyon pygmaeus | 36 | | [[File:Cozumel Raccoon2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[:d:Q1425180|Q1425180]] | [[Bassaricyon]] | Bassaricyon | 36 | | [[File:Bassaricyon gabbii's skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[:d:Q918089|Q918089]] | [[Bassaricyon gabbii]] | Bassaricyon gabbii | 36 | | [[File:Bassaricyon gabbii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[:d:Q208079|Q208079]] | [[Canis adustus]] | Canis adustus | 36 | | [[File:Side-striped Jackal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[:d:Q898061|Q898061]] | [[Canis lupus lupus]] | Canis lupus lupus | 36 | | [[File:Loup 13 copie.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[:d:Q776652|Q776652]] | [[Arctocephalus]] | Arctocephalus | 35 | | [[File:Arctocephalus forsteri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[:d:Q43226|Q43226]] | [[Genetta abyssinica]] | Genetta abyssinica | 35 | | [[File:Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig (1835) Genetta abyssinica.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[:d:Q735968|Q735968]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | Herpestes vitticollis | 35 | | [[File:2007-stripe-necked-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[:d:Q1535110|Q1535110]] | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | Herpestes fuscus | 35 | | [[File:Indian Brown Mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[:d:Q902901|Q902901]] | [[Ailuridae]] | Ailuridae | 35 | | [[File:Red Panda.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[:d:Q906945|Q906945]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | Ichneumia albicauda | 35 | | [[File:White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[:d:Q240167|Q240167]] | [[Mustela lutreolina]] | Mustela lutreolina | 35 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[:d:Q238561|Q238561]] | [[Galictis cuja]] | Galictis cuja | 35 | | [[File:Galictis cuja 365111146.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[:d:Q518580|Q518580]] | [[Galidia elegans]] | Galidia elegans | 35 | | [[File:Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[:d:Q181565|Q181565]] | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | Eupleres goudotii | 35 | | [[File:EupleresGoudotiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[:d:Q301014|Q301014]] | [[Chrotogale owstoni]] | Chrotogale owstoni | 35 | | [[File:Chrotogale owstoni PWP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Chrotogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[:d:Q375750|Q375750]] | [[Canis lupus hodophilax]] | Canis lupus hodophilax | 35 | | [[File:Japanese Wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[:d:Q688635|Q688635]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | Conepatus semistriatus | 34 | | [[File:Conepatus semistriatus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02689.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[:d:Q747238|Q747238]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | Conepatus humboldtii | 34 | | [[File:Brehms Het Leven der Dieren Zoogdieren Orde 4 Surilho (Mephitis suffocans).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[:d:Q570548|Q570548]] | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | Mydaus javanensis | 34 | | [[File:Mydaus javanensis lucifer 236799987.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[:d:Q971191|Q971191]] | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | Spilogale gracilis | 34 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis amphiala.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[:d:Q921373|Q921373]] | [[Ictonyx]] | Ictonyx | 34 | | [[File:Striped polecat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[:d:Q909694|Q909694]] | [[Mustela nudipes]] | Mustela nudipes | 34 | | [[File:Mustela nudipes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[:d:Q844662|Q844662]] | [[Melogale personata]] | Melogale personata | 34 | | [[File:Melogale personata (illustration).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[:d:Q583627|Q583627]] | [[Neovison macrodon]] | Neovison macrodon | 34 | | [[File:Neovison macrodon.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Neovison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[:d:Q853294|Q853294]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | Lyncodon patagonicus | 34 | | [[File:Lyncodon patagonicus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[:d:Q2900104|Q2900104]] | [[Nyctereutes]] | Nyctereutes | 34 | | [[File:Nyctereutes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[:d:Q525781|Q525781]] | [[Ursus americanus kermodei]] | Ursus americanus kermodei | 34 | | [[File:Spiritbear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[:d:Q188944|Q188944]] | [[Canis mesomelas]] | Canis mesomelas | 34 | | [[File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[:d:Q11846972|Q11846972]] | [[Poiana]] | Poiana | 33 | genere de mammiferos | [[File:African linsang 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]]<br/>[[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[:d:Q1291566|Q1291566]] | [[Aonyx]] | Aonyx | 33 | | [[File:Zagreb Zoo small-clawed otter 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[:d:Q1293310|Q1293310]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | Galerella pulverulenta | 33 | | [[File:Cape Gray Mongoose on Lion's Head (29813836777).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[:d:Q1968383|Q1968383]] | [[Herpestes smithii]] | Herpestes smithii | 33 | | [[File:Ruddy-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[:d:Q490248|Q490248]] | [[Conepatus chinga]] | Conepatus chinga | 33 | | [[File:Chingue (Conepatus chinga) Inao Vásquez 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[:d:Q307105|Q307105]] | [[Spilogale putorius]] | Spilogale putorius | 33 | | [[File:Spilogale putorius (2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[:d:Q922103|Q922103]] | [[Mydaus marchei]] | Mydaus marchei | 33 | | [[File:Mydaus marchei Palawan stink badger Huet 1887.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[:d:Q1017414|Q1017414]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | Bdeogale crassicauda | 33 | | [[File:Bushy-tailed mongoose - Snapshot Safari Ruaha1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[:d:Q1482221|Q1482221]] | [[Bdeogale nigripes]] | Bdeogale nigripes | 33 | | [[File:Bdeogale nigripes Pucheran,1855 Holotype MNHN-ZM-MO-1854-1282.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[:d:Q778615|Q778615]] | [[Machairodontinae]] | Machairodontinae | 33 | | [[File:Smilodon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[:d:Q2474088|Q2474088]] | [[Caninae]] | Caninae | 33 | | [[File:Caninae (Canini, Vulpini, Urocyon).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[:d:Q628006|Q628006]] | [[Mustela itatsi]] | Mustela itatsi | 33 | | [[File:202310 Japanese weasel.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[:d:Q790653|Q790653]] | [[Salanoia concolor]] | Salanoia concolor | 33 | | [[File:Galidia olivacea Geoffroy.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Salanoia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[:d:Q912020|Q912020]] | [[Melogale orientalis]] | Melogale orientalis | 33 | | [[File:Melogale orientalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[:d:Q947671|Q947671]] | [[Crossarchus obscurus]] | Crossarchus obscurus | 33 | | [[File:Crossarchus obscurus Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[:d:Q1537751|Q1537751]] | [[Dologale dybowskii]] | Dologale dybowskii | 33 | | [[File:Dologale Dybowskii - Chinko Project Area - 20120516.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dologale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[:d:Q185677|Q185677]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | Mungotictis decemlineata | 33 | | [[File:Schmalstreifenmungo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[:d:Q535979|Q535979]] | [[Ailuropoda]] | Ailuropoda | 33 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]]<br/>[[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[:d:Q153061|Q153061]] | [[Panthera pardus delacouri]] | Panthera pardus delacouri | 33 | | [[File:Indochinese leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[:d:Q932079|Q932079]] | [[Ursus arctos beringianus]] | Ursus arctos beringianus | 33 | | [[File:Brown-bear-in-spring.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[:d:Q1997493|Q1997493]] | [[Ursus arctos pruinosus]] | Ursus arctos pruinosus | 33 | | [[File:Oji zoo, Kobe, Japan (6631356045).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[:d:Q677746|Q677746]] | [[Canis lupus lycaon]] | Canis lupus lycaon | 33 | | [[File:Eastern wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[:d:Q837741|Q837741]] | [[Canis lupus hattai]] | Canis lupus hattai | 33 | | [[File:エゾオオカミ剥製・開拓記念館１９８４０９１４.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[:d:Q1188023|Q1188023]] | [[Canis lupus italicus]] | Canis lupus italicus | 33 | | [[File:C. l. italicus in MNP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[:d:Q1154492|Q1154492]] | [[Spilogale]] | Spilogale | 32 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[:d:Q43214|Q43214]] | [[Genetta maculata]] | Genetta maculata | 32 | | [[File:Rusty-spotted Genet (Genetta maculata) (32484079077).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[:d:Q43215|Q43215]] | [[Genetta johnstoni]] | Genetta johnstoni | 32 | | [[File:PZSL1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | [[:d:Q43217|Q43217]] | [[Genetta angolensis]] | Genetta angolensis | 32 | | [[File:Genetta angolensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | [[:d:Q43222|Q43222]] | [[Genetta piscivora]] | Genetta piscivora | 32 | | [[File:Genetta piscivora.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | [[:d:Q267305|Q267305]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | Herpestes semitorquatus | 32 | | [[File:Herpestes semitorquatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[:d:Q135437653|Q135437653]] | [[Pusa saimensis]] | Pusa saimensis | 32 | | [[File:Pusa hispida saimensis 304551354.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | [[:d:Q1068616|Q1068616]] | [[Mephitis macroura]] | Mephitis macroura | 32 | | [[File:Hooded Skunk side (Gelsenkirchen).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis (taxon)|Mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | [[:d:Q981308|Q981308]] | [[Crossarchus]] | Crossarchus | 32 | | [[File:Cusimanse.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | [[:d:Q307068|Q307068]] | [[Helogale hirtula]] | Helogale hirtula | 32 | | [[File:Helogale hirtula 230649079.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 321 | [[:d:Q690765|Q690765]] | [[Melogale everetti]] | Melogale everetti | 32 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 322 | [[:d:Q7395585|Q7395585]] | [[Panthera spelaea]] | Panthera spelaea | 32 | | [[File:Panthera leo spelaea in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 323 | [[:d:Q688655|Q688655]] | [[Bassaricyon alleni]] | Bassaricyon alleni | 32 | | [[File:Bassaricyon alleni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 324 | [[:d:Q716620|Q716620]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa brachyura]] | Neofelis nebulosa brachyura | 32 | | [[File:LeopardusBrachyurusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 325 | [[:d:Q1507049|Q1507049]] | [[Mydaus]] | Mydaus | 31 | | [[File:Mydaus javanensis lucifer 236799987.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]]<br/>[[Mydainae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 326 | [[:d:Q135911|Q135911]] | [[Zalophus]] | Zalophus | 31 | | [[File:Lion de mer Amnéville 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 327 | [[:d:Q1516758|Q1516758]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | Spilogale angustifrons | 31 | | [[File:Southern spotted skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 328 | [[:d:Q189978|Q189978]] | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | Poiana richardsonii | 31 | | [[File:Em - Poiana richardsonii 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poiana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 329 | [[:d:Q244233|Q244233]] | [[Helogale]] | Helogale | 31 | | [[File:Bristol.zoo.dwarf.mongoose.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 330 | [[:d:Q254223|Q254223]] | [[Mustela subpalmata]] | Mustela subpalmata | 31 | | [[File:The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai) (1980) Fig. 124.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 331 | [[:d:Q1139935|Q1139935]] | [[Crocuta crocuta spelaea]] | Crocuta crocuta spelaea | 31 | | [[File:Crocuta crocuta spelea Cueva de los Moros.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 332 | [[:d:Q1464840|Q1464840]] | [[Mungos gambianus]] | Mungos gambianus | 31 | | [[File:The carnivores of West Africa BHL8726423, Mungos gambianus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 333 | [[:d:Q906970|Q906970]] | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | Galidictis fasciata | 31 | | [[File:Galidictis fasciata.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 334 | [[:d:Q30223|Q30223]] | [[Vulpini]] | Vulpini | 31 | | [[File:Vulpini.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 335 | [[:d:Q1164873|Q1164873]] | [[Panthera gombaszoegensis]] | Panthera gombaszoegensis | 31 | | [[File:Panthera toscana.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 336 | [[:d:Q132606|Q132606]] | [[Homotherium]] | Homotherium | 31 | | [[File:Homotherium latidens cub mummy fig2 (cropped).webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 337 | [[:d:Q844216|Q844216]] | [[Ursus arctos nelsoni]] | Ursus arctos nelsoni | 31 | | [[File:Mexico grizzlies.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 338 | [[:d:Q266883|Q266883]] | [[Canis lupus chanco]] | Canis lupus chanco | 31 | | [[File:Canis lupus chanco1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 339 | [[:d:Q1068694|Q1068694]] | [[Canis lupus signatus]] | lobo de punta de nabo | 31 | | [[File:Iberian Wolf AdF 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 340 | [[:d:Q43207|Q43207]] | [[Genetta thierryi]] | Genetta thierryi | 30 | | [[File:Genetta thierryi Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 341 | [[:d:Q43213|Q43213]] | [[Genetta pardina]] | Genetta pardina | 30 | | [[File:Genetta pardina.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 342 | [[:d:Q934487|Q934487]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | Conepatus leuconotus | 30 | | [[File:Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus 843835.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 343 | [[:d:Q1583150|Q1583150]] | [[Bdeogale jacksoni]] | Bdeogale jacksoni | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]]<br/>[[Galeriscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 344 | [[:d:Q1757286|Q1757286]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | Rhynchogale melleri | 30 | | [[File:Smit.m.rhinogale.melleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 345 | [[:d:Q791240|Q791240]] | [[Bassariscus]] | Bassariscus | 30 | | [[File:Bassariscus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 346 | [[:d:Q30772|Q30772]] | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | Ictonyx libyca | 30 | | [[File:Ictonyx libyca multivittata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 347 | [[:d:Q559044|Q559044]] | [[Paradoxurus zeylonensis]] | Paradoxurus zeylonensis | 30 | | [[File:Golden palm civet, a mammal endemic to Sri Lanka at Peak Wilderness Sanctuary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 348 | [[:d:Q541756|Q541756]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | Crossarchus ansorgei | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 349 | [[:d:Q1542671|Q1542671]] | [[Crossarchus alexandri]] | Crossarchus alexandri | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 350 | [[:d:Q1421926|Q1421926]] | [[Liberiictis kuhni]] | Liberiictis kuhni | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Liberiictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 351 | [[:d:Q125814326|Q125814326]] | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | Lupulella mesomelas | 30 | | [[File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 352 | [[:d:Q125815593|Q125815593]] | [[Lupulella adusta]] | Lupulella adusta | 30 | | [[File:Side-striped Jackal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 353 | [[:d:Q838517|Q838517]] | [[Panthera pardus japonensis]] | Panthera pardus japonensis | 30 | | [[File:Panthera pardus japonensis JdP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 354 | [[:d:Q776670|Q776670]] | [[Puma concolor coryi]] | Puma concolor coryi | 30 | | [[File:Everglades National Park Florida Panther.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 355 | [[:d:Q3278878|Q3278878]] | [[Ursus arctos lasiotus]] | Ursus arctos lasiotus | 30 | | [[File:Ussuri Brown Bear Noboribetsu 2019.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 356 | [[:d:Q716455|Q716455]] | [[Ursus thibetanus formosanus]] | Ursus thibetanus formosanus | 30 | | [[File:Formosan Black Bear.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 357 | [[:d:Q3116028|Q3116028]] | [[Canis lupus occidentalis]] | Canis lupus occidentalis | 30 | | [[File:Wolf in Yellowstone National Park NPS15047.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 358 | [[:d:Q1095105|Q1095105]] | [[Paradoxurinae]] | Paradoxurinae | 29 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 359 | [[:d:Q1145450|Q1145450]] | [[Conepatus]] | Conepatus | 29 | | [[File:Hog-nosed-skunk.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 360 | [[:d:Q43223|Q43223]] | [[Genetta cristata]] | Genetta cristata | 29 | | [[File:Genetta-cristata-rose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 361 | [[:d:Q764948|Q764948]] | [[Herpestes naso]] | Herpestes naso | 29 | | [[File:Long-nosed mongoose (without bg).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 362 | [[:d:Q243939|Q243939]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | Spilogale pygmaea | 29 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 363 | [[:d:Q944417|Q944417]] | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | Paracynictis selousi | 29 | | [[File:Paracynictis selousi Smit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 364 | [[:d:Q1968390|Q1968390]] | [[Poiana leightoni]] | Poiana leightoni | 29 | | [[File:1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria) Poiana leightoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[recombination]] | | [[Poiana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 365 | [[:d:Q135914|Q135914]] | [[Mungos]] | Mungos | 29 | | [[File:Mongoosecotswoldwildlifepark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 366 | [[:d:Q131697|Q131697]] | [[Salanoia durrelli]] | Salanoia durrelli | 29 | | [[File:Alaotra carnivore credit Fidimalala Bruno Ralainasolo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Salanoia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 367 | [[:d:Q2626037|Q2626037]] | [[Arctodus]] | Arctodus | 29 | | [[File:Arctodus simus Page.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 368 | [[:d:Q221247|Q221247]] | [[Panthera leo melanochaitus]] | Panthera leo melanochaitus | 29 | | [[File:Cape Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 369 | [[:d:Q2089056|Q2089056]] | [[Ursus maritimus × Ursus arctos]] | Ursus maritimus × Ursus arctos / Ursus arctos × maritimus | 29 | | [[File:Grolar.JPG|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 370 | [[:d:Q1533533|Q1533533]] | [[Ursus arctos gobiensis]] | Ursus arctos gobiensis | 29 | | [[File:Ursus arctos gobiensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 371 | [[:d:Q131889|Q131889]] | [[Nimravidae]] | Nimravidae | 28 | | [[File:Hoplophoneus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 372 | [[:d:Q2292156|Q2292156]] | [[Odobenidae]] | Odobenidae | 28 | | [[File:Noaa-walrus22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]]<br/>[[Pinnipedia]]<br/>[[Otarioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 373 | [[:d:Q43211|Q43211]] | [[Genetta servalina]] | Genetta servalina | 28 | | [[File:Servaline Genet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 374 | [[:d:Q2122042|Q2122042]] | [[Lutra nippon]] | Lutra nippon | 28 | | [[File:Lutra nippon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 375 | [[:d:Q912339|Q912339]] | [[Galidictis grandidieri]] | Galidictis grandidieri | 28 | | [[File:Mungo1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 376 | [[:d:Q134690|Q134690]] | [[Pardofelis]] | Pardofelis | 28 | | [[File:Lydekker - Marbled Cat.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 377 | [[:d:Q132036|Q132036]] | [[Proailurus]] | Proailurus | 28 | | [[File:Proailurus lemanensis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 378 | [[:d:Q149398|Q149398]] | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | Nasuella olivacea | 28 | | [[File:Nasua olivacea 112082177.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 379 | [[:d:Q956107|Q956107]] | [[leopon]] | Panthera pardus × Panthera leo | 28 | | [[File:Leopon04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 380 | [[:d:Q280189|Q280189]] | [[leopardo de Zanzibar]] | Panthera pardus adersi | 28 | | [[File:Zanzibar Leopard 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 381 | [[:d:Q1061290|Q1061290]] | [[Canis lupus campestris]] | Canis lupus campestris | 28 | | [[File:Wolf on alert.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 382 | [[:d:Q198350|Q198350]] | [[Viverrinae]] | Viverrinae | 27 | | [[File:AfricanCivet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 383 | [[:d:Q1546563|Q1546563]] | [[Bdeogale]] | Bdeogale | 27 | | [[File:Bdeogale crassicauda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 384 | [[:d:Q41133|Q41133]] | [[Genetta victoriae]] | Genetta victoriae | 27 | | [[File:GenettaVictoriaeSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 385 | [[:d:Q43208|Q43208]] | [[Genetta bourloni]] | Genetta bourloni | 27 | | [[File:Genetta bourloni.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 386 | [[:d:Q43209|Q43209]] | [[Genetta poensis]] | Genetta poensis | 27 | | [[File:PZSL1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 387 | [[:d:Q1426206|Q1426206]] | [[Crossarchus platycephalus]] | Crossarchus platycephalus | 27 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 388 | [[:d:Q16590235|Q16590235]] | [[Leopardus guttulus]] | Leopardus guttulus | 27 | | [[File:Leopardus guttulus-REBIO Municipal da Serra do Japi-Marcelo Figueiroa(001).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]]<br/>[[Oncifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 389 | [[:d:Q133364|Q133364]] | [[Dinofelis]] | Dinofelis | 27 | | [[File:Dinofelis barlowi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 390 | [[:d:Q2468673|Q2468673]] | [[Canis himalayensis]] | Canis himalayensis | 27 | | [[File:Wolf.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 391 | [[:d:Q118979|Q118979]] | [[Galerella]] | Galerella | 26 | | [[File:Slender Mongoose (Galerella sanguinea) (6026100674).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 392 | [[:d:Q2299553|Q2299553]] | [[Galerella ochracea]] | Galerella ochracea | 26 | | [[File:HerpestesOchraceusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 393 | [[:d:Q511072|Q511072]] | [[Panthera leo fossilis]] | Panthera fossilis | 26 | | [[File:Panthera fossilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 394 | [[:d:Q1274400|Q1274400]] | [[Machairodus]] | Machairodus | 26 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 395 | [[:d:Q670959|Q670959]] | [[Panthera pardus panthera]] | Panthera pardus panthera | 26 | | [[File:The last barbary leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 396 | [[:d:Q754336|Q754336]] | [[Panthera pardus tulliana]] | Panthera pardus tulliana | 26 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 397 | [[:d:Q1541406|Q1541406]] | [[Panthera tigris trinilensis]] | Panthera tigris trinilensis | 26 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 398 | [[:d:Q683207|Q683207]] | [[Arctodus simus]] | Arctodus simus | 26 | | [[File:ArctodusSimusSkeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 399 | [[:d:Q122835073|Q122835073]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus | 26 | | [[File:Tanuki in Higashiyama Zoo - 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 400 | [[:d:Q258485|Q258485]] | [[Salanoia]] | Salanoia | 25 | | [[File:Galidia olivacea Geoffroy.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 401 | [[:d:Q690677|Q690677]] | [[Galidictis]] | Galidictis | 25 | | [[File:Mungo1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 402 | [[:d:Q1137422|Q1137422]] | [[Mustela africana]] | Mustela africana | 25 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 403 | [[:d:Q337197|Q337197]] | [[Tremarctinae]] | Tremarctinae | 25 | | [[File:Spectacled Bear Tennoji 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 404 | [[:d:Q468586|Q468586]] | [[Miracinonyx]] | Miracinonyx | 25 | | [[File:Miracinonyx (american cheetah).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 405 | [[:d:Q2164570|Q2164570]] | [[Lynx lynx balcanicus]] | Lynx lynx balcanicus | 25 | | [[File:Balkan Lynx (Lynx lynx martinoi).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 406 | [[:d:Q2089426|Q2089426]] | [[Ursus arctos collaris]] | Ursus arctos collaris | 25 | | [[File:Ucollaris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 407 | [[:d:Q2360936|Q2360936]] | [[Ursus arctos marsicanus]] | Ursus arctos marsicanus | 25 | | [[File:Passeggiando semplicemente.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 408 | [[:d:Q3235669|Q3235669]] | [[Arctoidea]] | Arctoidea | 24 | | [[File:Procyon lotor 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 409 | [[:d:Q46605397|Q46605397]] | [[Aonyx congicus]] | Aonyx congicus | 24 | | [[File:Mazu from Congo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]]<br/>[[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 410 | [[:d:Q7901176|Q7901176]] | [[Ursinae]] | Ursinae | 24 | | [[File:Bär Züri.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 411 | [[:d:Q2164369|Q2164369]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus hecki]] | Acinonyx jubatus hecki | 24 | | [[File:Northeast African Cheetah (14846381095) 2013.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 412 | [[:d:Q2562912|Q2562912]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis | 24 | | [[File:Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 413 | [[:d:Q11954112|Q11954112]] | [[Ursus thibetanus laniger]] | Ursus thibetanus laniger | 24 | | [[File:Himalayan bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 414 | [[:d:Q576039|Q576039]] | [[Canis lupus tundrarum]] | Canis lupus tundrarum | 24 | | [[File:Canis lupus tundrarum Lobo Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 415 | [[:d:Q718688|Q718688]] | [[Canis lupus nubilus]] | Canis lupus nubilus | 24 | | [[File:Lobo wolf 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 416 | [[:d:Q10328397|Q10328397]] | [[Melinae]] | Melinae | 23 | | [[File:Badger 25-07-09 closer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 417 | [[:d:Q1088569|Q1088569]] | [[Galidiinae]] | Galidiinae | 23 | | [[File:Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 418 | [[:d:Q139110|Q139110]] | [[Amphicyon]] | Amphicyon | 23 | | [[File:Amphicyon ingens White Background.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 419 | [[:d:Q133084|Q133084]] | [[Barbourofelis]] | Barbourofelis | 23 | | [[File:Barbourofelis fricki.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 420 | [[:d:Q133945|Q133945]] | [[Megantereon]] | Megantereon | 23 | | [[File:Megantereon cultridens model.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 421 | [[:d:Q2272925|Q2272925]] | [[Acinonyx pardinensis]] | Acinonyx pardinensis | 23 | | [[File:Acinonyx pardinensis 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 422 | [[:d:Q2118614|Q2118614]] | [[Leon sudafrican]] | Panthera leo krugeri | 23 | | [[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004 edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 423 | [[:d:Q2262382|Q2262382]] | [[leon massai]] | Panthera leo massaica | 23 | | [[File:Lion in masai mara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 424 | [[:d:Q2620076|Q2620076]] | [[Felis silvestris caucasica]] | Felis silvestris caucasica | 23 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 425 | [[:d:Q2565286|Q2565286]] | [[Ursus arctos californicus]] | Ursus arctos californicus | 23 | | [[File:Monarch the bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 426 | [[:d:Q728631|Q728631]] | [[Canis aureus lupaster]] | Canis aureus lupaster | 23 | | [[File:Canis anthus - Cécile Bloch 5.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 427 | [[:d:Q132657|Q132657]] | [[Barbourofelidae]] | Barbourofelidae | 22 | | [[File:Barbourofelis loveorum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 428 | [[:d:Q135094|Q135094]] | [[Pachycrocuta]] | Pachycrocuta | 22 | | [[File:Zhoukoudian Pachycrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 429 | [[:d:Q1018988|Q1018988]] | [[Hemigalinae]] | Hemigalinae | 22 | | [[File:Banded Palm Civet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 430 | [[:d:Q1508910|Q1508910]] | [[Mustela felipei]] | Mustela felipei | 22 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 431 | [[:d:Q14617469|Q14617469]] | [[Bassaricyon medius]] | Bassaricyon medius | 22 | | [[File:Western Lowland Olingo (Bassaricyon medius orinomus) in life - ZooKeys-324-001-g023 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 432 | [[:d:Q221268|Q221268]] | [[Panthera leo sinhaleyus]] | Panthera leo sinhaleyus | 22 | | [[File:Panthera Leo Sinhayeus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 433 | [[:d:Q950590|Q950590]] | [[Leon senegalese]] | Panthera leo senegalensis | 22 | | [[File:West African male lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 434 | [[:d:Q3893464|Q3893464]] | [[Panthera leo azandica]] | Panthera leo azandica | 22 | | [[File:Lion in Murchison Falls National Park.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 435 | [[:d:Q2089432|Q2089432]] | [[Ursus americanus cinnamomum]] | Ursus americanus cinnamomum | 22 | | [[File:Cinnamon bear by J T Bowen after John James Audubon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 436 | [[:d:Q11954115|Q11954115]] | [[Ursus thibetanus japonicus]] | Ursus thibetanus japonicus | 22 | | [[File:202308 Japanese black bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 437 | [[:d:Q1576480|Q1576480]] | [[Galerella flavescens]] | Galerella flavescens | 21 | | [[File:Galerella flavescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 438 | [[:d:Q21223141|Q21223141]] | [[Lupulella]] | Lupulella | 21 | | [[File:Lupulella.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 439 | [[:d:Q1716674|Q1716674]] | [[Cryptoprocta spelea]] | Cryptoprocta spelea | 21 | | [[File:Fossa de les cavernes.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 440 | [[:d:Q3768986|Q3768986]] | [[Tremarctos]] | Tremarctos | 21 | | [[File:Urso de óculos.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 441 | [[:d:Q853117|Q853117]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | Lynx issiodorensis | 21 | | [[File:Lynx issiodorensis 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 442 | [[:d:Q192492|Q192492]] | [[Panthera leo spelaea]] | Panthera leo spelaea | 21 | | [[File:Hoehlenloewe CaveLion hharder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 443 | [[:d:Q33140849|Q33140849]] | [[Guloninae]] | Guloninae | 20 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 444 | [[:d:Q1352915|Q1352915]] | [[Eusmilus]] | Eusmilus | 20 | | [[File:Eusmilus adelosDB24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 445 | [[:d:Q745389|Q745389]] | [[Euplerinae]] | Euplerinae | 20 | | [[File:Fossa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 446 | [[:d:Q2600180|Q2600180]] | [[Neovison]] | Neovison | 20 | | [[File:American mink geograph.co.uk 2083077.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 447 | [[:d:Q141424|Q141424]] | [[Cryptoprocta]] | Cryptoprocta | 20 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 448 | [[:d:Q11906411|Q11906411]] | [[Arctonyx]] | Arctonyx | 20 | | [[File:Arctonyx collaris - Sterndale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 449 | [[:d:Q2729984|Q2729984]] | [[Borophaginae]] | Borophaginae | 20 | | [[File:Aelurodon stirtoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 450 | [[:d:Q123900653|Q123900653]] | [[Urva auropunctata]] | Urva auropunctata | 20 | | [[File:Astonished.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 451 | [[:d:Q2076664|Q2076664]] | [[Arctotherium]] | Arctotherium | 20 | | [[File:Arctotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 452 | [[:d:Q3893470|Q3893470]] | [[Panthera leo bleyenberghi]] | Panthera leo bleyenberghi | 20 | | [[File:Die pure Kraft - Löwe im Etosha-Nationalpark.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 453 | [[:d:Q42576|Q42576]] | [[Felis silvestris lybica]] | Felis silvestris lybica | 20 | | [[File:Felis silvestris lybica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[homotypic synonym]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 454 | [[:d:Q2985924|Q2985924]] | [[Ursus maritimus tyrannus]] | Ursus maritimus tyrannus | 20 | | [[File:Ursus maritimus tyrannus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso polar|Ursus maritimus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 455 | [[:d:Q4853062|Q4853062]] | [[Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus]] | Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus | 20 | | [[File:خرس سیاه - رودان.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 456 | [[:d:Q524436|Q524436]] | [[Dinictis]] | Dinictis | 19 | | [[File:Dinictis (37599002081).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 457 | [[:d:Q895480|Q895480]] | [[Puijila darwini]] | Puijila darwini | 19 | | [[File:Puijila BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puijila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 458 | [[:d:Q2898113|Q2898113]] | [[Speothos]] | Speothos | 19 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 459 | [[:d:Q12061410|Q12061410]] | [[Lycaon]] | Lycaon | 19 | | [[File:African wild dog (24273710124).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 460 | [[:d:Q213044|Q213044]] | [[Catopuma badia]] | Pardofelis badia | 19 | | [[File:Bay cat 1 Jim Sanderson-cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 461 | [[:d:Q20907997|Q20907997]] | [[Nasua narica nelsoni]] | Nasua narica nelsoni | 19 | | [[File:Cozumel Island Coati .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 462 | [[:d:Q122782184|Q122782184]] | [[Felis lybica cafra]] | Felis lybica cafra | 19 | | [[File:Felis silvestris cafra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 463 | [[:d:Q615621|Q615621]] | [[Canis lupus hudsonicus]] | Canis lupus hudsonicus | 19 | | [[File:Canis lupus hudsonicus Olomouc 2022.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 464 | [[:d:Q1197437|Q1197437]] | [[Fissipedia]] | Fissipedia | 18 | | [[File:Fissipedia portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 465 | [[:d:Q55333185|Q55333185]] | [[Ictonychinae]] | Ictonychinae | 18 | | [[File:Greater grison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 466 | [[:d:Q20721832|Q20721832]] | [[Neomonachus]] | Neomonachus | 18 | | [[File:Monachus schauinslandi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 467 | [[:d:Q2896244|Q2896244]] | [[Dusicyon]] | Dusicyon | 18 | | [[File:FalklandIslandFox2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 468 | [[:d:Q141533|Q141533]] | [[Xenosmilus]] | Xenosmilus | 18 | | [[File:Xenosmilus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 469 | [[:d:Q1194753|Q1194753]] | [[Panthera palaeosinensis]] | Panthera palaeosinensis | 18 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 470 | [[:d:Q150641|Q150641]] | [[Bassaricyon beddardi]] | Bassaricyon beddardi | 18 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 471 | [[:d:Q524040|Q524040]] | [[Canis lupus beothucus]] | Canis lupus beothucus | 18 | | [[File:NewfoundlandWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 472 | [[:d:Q1471138|Q1471138]] | [[Canis lupus irremotus]] | Canis lupus irremotus | 18 | | [[File:Canis lupus standing in snow.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 473 | [[:d:Q135088|Q135088]] | [[Hoplophoneus]] | Hoplophoneus | 17 | | [[File:Hoplophoneus primevus IMG 4443.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 474 | [[:d:Q2899249|Q2899249]] | [[Lutrogale]] | Lutrogale | 17 | | [[File:2006-kabini-otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 475 | [[:d:Q2500116|Q2500116]] | [[Kolponomos]] | Kolponomos | 17 | | [[File:Kolponomos clallamensis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 476 | [[:d:Q10748756|Q10748756]] | [[Melogale cucphuongensis]] | Melogale cucphuongensis | 17 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 477 | [[:d:Q107473331|Q107473331]] | [[Meles canescens]] | Meles canescens | 17 | | [[File:Badger Crete.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 478 | [[:d:Q930386|Q930386]] | [[Martes americana atrata]] | Martes americana atrata | 17 | | [[File:Newfoundland Pine Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 479 | [[:d:Q148240|Q148240]] | [[Puma pardoides]] | Puma pardoides | 17 | | [[File:Puma schaubi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 480 | [[:d:Q150587|Q150587]] | [[Bassaricyon pauli]] | Bassaricyon pauli | 17 | | [[File:Bushy tailed olingo-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 481 | [[:d:Q150602|Q150602]] | [[Bassaricyon lasius]] | Bassaricyon lasius | 17 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 482 | [[:d:Q2118534|Q2118534]] | [[Cynotherium sardous]] | Cynotherium sardous | 17 | | [[File:Cynotherium sardous restoration.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 483 | [[:d:Q2672197|Q2672197]] | [[Ursus etruscus]] | Ursus etruscus | 17 | | [[File:Ursusetrusc.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 484 | [[:d:Q137418|Q137418]] | [[Borophagus]] | Borophagus | 17 | | [[File:Borophagus cropped.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 485 | [[:d:Q1028402|Q1028402]] | [[Canis lupus orion]] | Canis lupus orion | 17 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) Greenland draught wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 486 | [[:d:Q135599|Q135599]] | [[Ictitherium]] | Ictitherium | 16 | | [[File:Ictitherium viverrinum.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 487 | [[:d:Q137581|Q137581]] | [[Chasmaporthetes]] | Chasmaporthetes | 16 | | [[File:Chasmaportethes lunensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 488 | [[:d:Q107548263|Q107548263]] | [[Neogale]] | Neogale | 16 | | [[File:I Am Weasel (15483000477).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 489 | [[:d:Q17509689|Q17509689]] | [[Eupleres]] | Eupleres | 16 | | [[File:EupleresGoudotiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 490 | [[:d:Q134562|Q134562]] | [[Nimravus]] | Nimravus | 16 | | [[File:Nimravus - Roger Witter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 491 | [[:d:Q2342656|Q2342656]] | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | Hesperocyoninae | 16 | | [[File:Mesocyon skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 492 | [[:d:Q3308205|Q3308205]] | [[Ursavus]] | Ursavus | 16 | | [[File:Ursavus tedforti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 493 | [[:d:Q30693726|Q30693726]] | [[Prionailurus javanensis]] | Prionailurus javanensis | 16 | | [[File:Lydekker - Leopard Cat (Javan variety).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 494 | [[:d:Q1002390|Q1002390]] | [[Metailurus]] | Metailurus | 16 | | [[File:Metailurus (Metailurus sp) Asenovgrad2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 495 | [[:d:Q20907096|Q20907096]] | [[Northern lynx]] | Lynx lynx lynx | 16 | | [[File:Gaupe - Lynx (24821467410).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 496 | [[:d:Q2415423|Q2415423]] | [[Epicyon]] | Epicyon | 16 | | [[File:Epicyon haydeni skeleton (white background).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 497 | [[:d:Q428078|Q428078]] | [[Canis lupus alces]] | Canis lupus alces | 16 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. alces ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 498 | [[:d:Q430115|Q430115]] | [[Canis lupus pambasileus]] | Canis lupus pambasileus | 16 | | [[File:Wolf on the move.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 499 | [[:d:Q719570|Q719570]] | [[Canis lupus columbianus]] | Canis lupus columbianus | 16 | | [[File:Black Canis lupus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 500 | [[:d:Q134908|Q134908]] | [[Percrocutidae]] | Percrocutidae | 15 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta gigantea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 501 | [[:d:Q1303308|Q1303308]] | [[Hyaeninae]] | Hyaeninae | 15 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 502 | [[:d:Q3605074|Q3605074]] | [[Adcrocuta]] | Adcrocuta | 15 | | [[File:Adcrocuta eximia, Asenovgrad.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 503 | [[:d:Q10750855|Q10750855]] | [[Crocuta]] | Crocuta | 15 | | [[File:2011-Spotted Hyena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]]<br/>[[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 504 | [[:d:Q9776562|Q9776562]] | [[Viverroidea]] | Viverroidea | 15 | | [[File:Viverroidea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 505 | [[:d:Q747851|Q747851]] | [[Enaliarctos]] | Enaliarctos | 15 | | [[File:Enaliarctos mealsi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enaliarctidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 506 | [[:d:Q1000261|Q1000261]] | [[Cynodictis]] | Cynodictis | 15 | | [[File:Cynodictis Natural History Museum Vienna.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 507 | [[:d:Q99217654|Q99217654]] | [[Urva]] | Urva | 15 | | [[File:Urva urva 77938111.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 508 | [[:d:Q132747|Q132747]] | [[Pseudaelurus]] | Pseudaelurus | 15 | | [[File:Pseudaelurus teeth.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 509 | [[:d:Q2566925|Q2566925]] | [[Chapalmalania]] | Chapalmalania | 15 | | [[File:Chapalmalania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 510 | [[:d:Q2333795|Q2333795]] | [[Agriotherium]] | Agriotherium | 15 | | [[File:Agriotherium maraghanus mandible.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 511 | [[:d:Q4119064|Q4119064]] | [[Ailurarctos]] | Ailurarctos | 15 | | [[File:Ailurarctos paleoart.webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 512 | [[:d:Q135227|Q135227]] | [[Metailurini]] | Metailurini | 15 | | [[File:Dinofelis15DB.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 513 | [[:d:Q2262856|Q2262856]] | [[Smilodontini]] | Smilodontini | 15 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 514 | [[:d:Q1947861|Q1947861]] | [[Hesperocyon]] | Hesperocyon | 15 | | [[File:Hesperocyon skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 515 | [[:d:Q292596|Q292596]] | [[Panthera zdanskyi]] | Panthera zdanskyi | 15 | | [[File:Panthera zdanskyi.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 516 | [[:d:Q5442094|Q5442094]] | [[Felis lunensis]] | Felis lunensis | 15 | e un felino estinto della sottofamiglia dei felinae | [[File:Felis lunensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 517 | [[:d:Q310780|Q310780]] | [[Tremarctos floridanus]] | Tremarctos floridanus | 15 | | [[File:Florida Spectacled Bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 518 | [[:d:Q20721337|Q20721337]] | [[Gepardo african del sud]] | Acinonyx jubatus jubatus | 15 | | [[File:Cheetah Umfolozi SouthAfrica MWegmann.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 519 | [[:d:Q26284377|Q26284377]] | [[Siberian lynx]] | Lynx lynx wrangeli | 15 | | [[File:Lynx de Sibérie à Saint Martin la Plaine (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 520 | [[:d:Q27627877|Q27627877]] | [[Caucasian lynx]] | Lynx lynx dinniki | 15 | | [[File:Darica Vashak 01157.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 521 | [[:d:Q27627917|Q27627917]] | [[Turkestan lynx]] | Lynx lynx isabellinus | 15 | | [[File:Parc des felins Felin 06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 522 | [[:d:Q255441|Q255441]] | [[Ursus deningeri]] | Ursus deningeri | 15 | | [[File:Atapuerca carnivore skull 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 523 | [[:d:Q311939|Q311939]] | [[Ursus minimus]] | Ursus minimus | 15 | | [[File:Ursus minimus 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 524 | [[:d:Q793475|Q793475]] | [[Ursus arctos piscator]] | Ursus arctos piscator | 15 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 525 | [[:d:Q11704938|Q11704938]] | [[Ursus arctos gyas]] | Ursus arctos gyas | 15 | | [[File:Brown bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 526 | [[:d:Q2840949|Q2840949]] | [[Ursus thibetanus ussuricus]] | Ursus thibetanus ussuricus | 15 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus ussuricus Kaliningrad Zoo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 527 | [[:d:Q3696387|Q3696387]] | [[coywolf]] | Canis latrans var. | 15 | | [[File:Captivecoywolfhybrid.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[canid hybrid]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 528 | [[:d:Q1127210|Q1127210]] | [[Canis lupus labradorius]] | Canis lupus labradorius | 15 | | [[File:Face à face (28711329178).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 529 | [[:d:Q1164673|Q1164673]] | [[Canis lupus griseoalbus]] | Canis lupus griseoalbus | 15 | | [[File:Commissioners' report (1892) (14569119587).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 530 | [[:d:Q9776204|Q9776204]] | [[Herpestoidea]] | Herpestoidea | 14 | | [[File:Herpestoidea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Viverroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 531 | [[:d:Q1636008|Q1636008]] | [[Potamotherium miocenicum]] | Potamotherium | 14 | | [[File:Potamotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 532 | [[:d:Q11905313|Q11905313]] | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | Amphicynodontidae | 14 | | [[File:Kolponomos NT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 533 | [[:d:Q13564654|Q13564654]] | [[Mellivora]] | Mellivora | 14 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 534 | [[:d:Q16894566|Q16894566]] | [[Gulo]] | Gulo | 14 | genere de mammifero | [[File:Gulo gulo 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 535 | [[:d:Q138900|Q138900]] | [[Leptocyon]] | Leptocyon | 14 | | [[File:Leptocyon gregorii holotype AMNH 12879.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 536 | [[:d:Q932165|Q932165]] | [[pumapard]] | Puma concolor × Panthera pardus | 14 | | [[File:Pumapard-1904.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Panthera hybrid]] | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 537 | [[:d:Q2895094|Q2895094]] | [[Nasuella]] | Nasuella | 14 | | [[File:Ulisse Aldrovandi - Mountain Coati.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 538 | [[:d:Q116894337|Q116894337]] | [[Neogale africana]] | Neogale africana | 14 | | [[File:Neogale africana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 539 | [[:d:Q2720989|Q2720989]] | [[Cozumel fox]] | No/unknown value | 14 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 540 | [[:d:Q2117758|Q2117758]] | [[Vulpes vulpes arabica]] | Vulpes vulpes arabica | 14 | | [[File:Arabian Red Fox 5 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 541 | [[:d:Q13410550|Q13410550]] | [[Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica]] | Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica | 14 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes Kurdistanica (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 542 | [[:d:Q2576461|Q2576461]] | [[Ailuropoda microta]] | Ailuropoda microta | 14 | | [[File:Ailuropoda microta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 543 | [[:d:Q1035243|Q1035243]] | [[Hemicyon]] | Hemicyon | 14 | | [[File:(MHNT) Hemicyon stehlini Hürzeler, 1944 - crâne.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 544 | [[:d:Q16615647|Q16615647]] | [[Panthera tigris soloensis]] | Panthera tigris soloensis | 14 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 545 | [[:d:Q20907143|Q20907143]] | [[Panthera leo melanochaita]] | Panthera leo melanochaita | 14 | | [[File:Panthera leo - Etosha 2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 546 | [[:d:Q57818409|Q57818409]] | [[Felis silvestris catus]] | Felis silvestris catus | 14 | | [[File:Cat November 2010-1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 547 | [[:d:Q2892917|Q2892917]] | [[Indarctos]] | Indarctos | 14 | | [[File:Indarctos atticus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotheriini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 548 | [[:d:Q11704940|Q11704940]] | [[Ursus arctos sitkensis]] | Ursus arctos sitkensis | 14 | | [[File:Sitka brown bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 549 | [[:d:Q790069|Q790069]] | [[Canis lupus bernardi]] | Canis lupus bernardi | 14 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 550 | [[:d:Q1635565|Q1635565]] | [[Percrocuta]] | Percrocuta | 13 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta101 flipped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Percrocutidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 551 | [[:d:Q2056160|Q2056160]] | [[Sansanosmilus]] | Sansanosmilus | 13 | | [[File:Comparison Sansanosmilus palmidens - Necromanis franconica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 552 | [[:d:Q5278579|Q5278579]] | [[Dinocrocuta]] | Dinocrocuta | 13 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Percrocutidae]]<br/>[[Percrocutinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 553 | [[:d:Q18604635|Q18604635]] | [[Acrophoca]] | Acrophoca | 13 | | [[File:Acrophoca longirostris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 554 | [[:d:Q5832825|Q5832825]] | [[Enhydra]] | Enhydra | 13 | | [[File:Sea otter cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 555 | [[:d:Q1791493|Q1791493]] | [[Eucyon]] | Eucyon | 13 | | [[File:Eucyon davisi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 556 | [[:d:Q19817113|Q19817113]] | [[Suricata]] | Suricata | 13 | | [[File:Meerkat feb 09.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 557 | [[:d:Q25427460|Q25427460]] | [[Martes caurina]] | Martes caurina | 13 | | [[File:Pacific marten Martes caurina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 558 | [[:d:Q1607239|Q1607239]] | [[Simocyon]] | Simocyon | 13 | | [[File:Simocyon primigenius.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 559 | [[:d:Q19817309|Q19817309]] | [[Ailurus]] | Ailurus | 13 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens Cerza.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 560 | [[:d:Q19717139|Q19717139]] | [[Arctonyx albogularis]] | Arctonyx albogularis | 13 | | [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 62) (7093196697).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 561 | [[:d:Q16974134|Q16974134]] | [[Amphimachairodus]] | Amphimachairodus | 13 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 562 | [[:d:Q848814|Q848814]] | [[Vulpes vulpes schrenckii]] | Vulpes vulpes schrenckii | 13 | | [[File:Ezo red fox, Japan; February 2021 (03).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 563 | [[:d:Q33229472|Q33229472]] | [[Canina]] | Canina | 13 | | [[File:Canina portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 564 | [[:d:Q2260339|Q2260339]] | [[Panthera youngi]] | Panthera youngi | 13 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 565 | [[:d:Q3768880|Q3768880]] | [[Panthera onca arizonensis]] | Panthera onca arizonensis | 13 | | [[File:El-jefe-jaguar-fws1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 566 | [[:d:Q948186|Q948186]] | [[Ursus americanus carlottae]] | Ursus americanus carlottae | 13 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 567 | [[:d:Q2333391|Q2333391]] | [[Melursus ursinus inornatus]] | Melursus ursinus inornatus | 13 | | [[File:Sri Lankan sloth bear (Melursus ursinus inornatus) male 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus ursinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 568 | [[:d:Q3622157|Q3622157]] | [[coydog]] | Canis latrans × Canis lupus familiaris | 13 | | [[File:The Clever Coyote (1951) Coydogs.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[dog hybrid]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 569 | [[:d:Q621631|Q621631]] | [[Canis lupus ligoni]] | Canis lupus ligoni | 13 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. ligoni ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 570 | [[:d:Q736878|Q736878]] | [[Canis lupus manningi]] | Canis lupus manningi | 13 | | [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. manningi mod.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 571 | [[:d:Q912965|Q912965]] | [[Canis lupus youngi]] | Canis lupus youngi | 13 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. youngi ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 572 | [[:d:Q2887172|Q2887172]] | [[Desmatophocidae]] | Desmatophocidae | 12 | | [[File:Skeleton of Allodesmus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 573 | [[:d:Q5361186|Q5361186]] | [[Odobenus]] | Odobenus | 12 | | [[File:Walrus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 574 | [[:d:Q28157277|Q28157277]] | [[Herpestes flavescens]] | Herpestes flavescens | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 575 | [[:d:Q856432|Q856432]] | [[Pogonodon]] | Pogonodon | 12 | | [[File:Pogonodon platycopis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 576 | [[:d:Q20672084|Q20672084]] | [[Dinaelurus crassus]] | Dinaelurus | 12 | | [[File:Dinaelurus crassus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 577 | [[:d:Q142407|Q142407]] | [[Protocyon]] | Protocyon | 12 | | [[File:MPCN Villa Escolar. Perro prehistórico. Fotografía 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 578 | [[:d:Q979764|Q979764]] | [[Archaeocyon]] | Archaeocyon | 12 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 579 | [[:d:Q2946611|Q2946611]] | [[Cerdocyon]] | Cerdocyon | 12 | | [[File:Maikong in Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 580 | [[:d:Q107657638|Q107657638]] | [[Mustela haidarum]] | Mustela haidarum | 12 | | [[File:Haida Ermine (Mustela haidarum).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 581 | [[:d:Q2558790|Q2558790]] | [[Pusa hispida ladogensis]] | Pusa hispida ladogensis | 12 | | [[File:Lake Ladoga Seal iNaturalist.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 582 | [[:d:Q19717143|Q19717143]] | [[Arctonyx hoevenii]] | Arctonyx hoevenii | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 583 | [[:d:Q17560554|Q17560554]] | [[Ailuropodinae]] | Ailuropodinae | 12 | | [[File:Panda ChiangMaiZoo humarkus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 584 | [[:d:Q27962593|Q27962593]] | [[Enhydriodon]] | Enhydriodon | 12 | | [[File:Enhydriodon Omoensis Femur Views.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydriodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 585 | [[:d:Q2051668|Q2051668]] | [[Paramachairodus]] | Paramachaerodus | 12 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 586 | [[:d:Q2060602|Q2060602]] | [[Aelurodon]] | Aelurodon | 12 | | [[File:Aelurodon taxoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 587 | [[:d:Q3122095|Q3122095]] | [[Speothos pacivorus]] | Speothos pacivorus | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 588 | [[:d:Q6707157|Q6707157]] | [[Lycaon sekowei]] | Lycaon sekowei | 12 | | [[File:Postcranial skeleton of a wild dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 589 | [[:d:Q6967764|Q6967764]] | [[Nasuella meridensis]] | Nasuella meridensis | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 590 | [[:d:Q3768566|Q3768566]] | [[Vulpes vulpes peculiosa]] | Vulpes vulpes peculiosa | 12 | | [[File:Korean fox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 591 | [[:d:Q19692941|Q19692941]] | [[Xenocyon]] | Xenocyon | 12 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 592 | [[:d:Q15149619|Q15149619]] | [[Panthera blytheae]] | Panthera blytheae | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 593 | [[:d:Q646185|Q646185]] | [[Nimravides]] | Nimravides | 12 | | [[File:Nimravides catacopis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotheriini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 594 | [[:d:Q3241792|Q3241792]] | [[Panthera leo nubica]] | Panthera leo nubica | 12 | | [[File:Annual report - New York Zoological Society (1903) (18243500220).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 595 | [[:d:Q6059906|Q6059906]] | [[Panthera tigris acutidens]] | Panthera tigris acutidens | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 596 | [[:d:Q20720735|Q20720735]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii]] | Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii | 12 | | [[File:Gepard soemmeringii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 597 | [[:d:Q29467104|Q29467104]] | [[Scottish wildcat]] | Felis silvestris grampia | 12 | | [[File:Scottish wildcat & kitten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 598 | [[:d:Q1988192|Q1988192]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus]] | Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus | 12 | | [[File:Tsushima Cat 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 599 | [[:d:Q521594|Q521594]] | [[Felis silvestris gordoni]] | Felis silvestris gordoni | 12 | | [[File:Felis silvestris gordoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 600 | [[:d:Q5032444|Q5032444]] | [[Canis lepophagus]] | Canis lepophagus | 12 | | [[File:Canis lepophagus Fossil.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 601 | [[:d:Q9092013|Q9092013]] | [[Ursus americanus emmonsii]] | Ursus americanus emmonsii | 12 | | [[File:Glacier Bear with cubs.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 602 | [[:d:Q718137|Q718137]] | [[Canis lupus monstrabilis]] | Canis lupus monstrabilis | 12 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. monstrabilis ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 603 | [[:d:Q719577|Q719577]] | [[Canis lupus mackenzii]] | Canis lupus mackenzii | 12 | | [[File:Lobo en el Zoo de Madrid 01 cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 604 | [[:d:Q846261|Q846261]] | [[Canis rufus floridanus]] | Canis rufus floridanus | 12 | | [[File:FloridaBlackWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 605 | [[:d:Q142046|Q142046]] | [[Protictitherium]] | Protictitherium | 11 | | [[File:Protictitherium crassum - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 606 | [[:d:Q17355875|Q17355875]] | [[Civettictis]] | Civettictis | 11 | | [[File:Civettictis civetta 11.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 607 | [[:d:Q1884323|Q1884323]] | [[Bdeogale omnivora]] | Bdeogale omnivora | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 608 | [[:d:Q4733042|Q4733042]] | [[Allodesmus]] | Allodesmus | 11 | | [[File:Allodesmus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 609 | [[:d:Q18510844|Q18510844]] | [[Proteles]] | Proteles | 11 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Protelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 610 | [[:d:Q4412222|Q4412222]] | [[Callorhinus]] | Callorhinus | 11 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callorhinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 611 | [[:d:Q612435|Q612435]] | [[Hemicyonidae]] | Hemicyonidae | 11 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 612 | [[:d:Q116894434|Q116894434]] | [[Neogale felipei]] | Neogale felipei | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 613 | [[:d:Q732045|Q732045]] | [[Cynodesmus]] | Cynodesmus | 11 | | [[File:A Lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota (1907) fig. 4.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 614 | [[:d:Q2193177|Q2193177]] | [[Tomarctus]] | Tomarctus | 11 | | [[File:Tomarctus temerarius.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 615 | [[:d:Q5815268|Q5815268]] | [[Dusicyon avus]] | Dusicyon avus | 11 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 616 | [[:d:Q431726|Q431726]] | [[Eastern American red fox]] | Vulpes vulpes fulva | 11 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes ssp fulvus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 617 | [[:d:Q790279|Q790279]] | [[Procyon lotor gloveralleni]] | Procyon lotor gloveralleni | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 618 | [[:d:Q12004829|Q12004829]] | [[South American canids]] | Cerdocyonina | 11 | | [[File:Cerdocyonina portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 619 | [[:d:Q146558|Q146558]] | [[Adelphailurus]] | Adelphailurus | 11 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 620 | [[:d:Q3836495|Q3836495]] | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | Lokotunjailurus | 11 | | [[File:Lokotunjailurus emageritus M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 8).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 621 | [[:d:Q18609695|Q18609695]] | [[Cephalogale]] | Cephalogale | 11 | | [[File:Phoberogale shareri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 622 | [[:d:Q2635292|Q2635292]] | [[Panthera pardus jarvisi]] | Panthera pardus jarvisi | 11 | | [[File:PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert leopard cropped.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 623 | [[:d:Q1759039|Q1759039]] | [[catto salvage cretese]] | Felis silvestris cretensis | 11 | | [[File:Felis silvestris cretensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 624 | [[:d:Q16981890|Q16981890]] | [[European Ice Age leopard]] | Panthera pardus spelaea | 11 | | [[File:Museo di storia naturale (Florence) - Panthera pardus spelaea 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 625 | [[:d:Q12642957|Q12642957]] | [[Neofelis diardi diardi]] | Neofelis diardi diardi | 11 | | [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een geschoten nevelpanter Deli TMnr 10017949.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis diardi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 626 | [[:d:Q3445718|Q3445718]] | [[Plionarctos]] | Plionarctos | 11 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 627 | [[:d:Q9092022|Q9092022]] | [[Ursus arctos stikeenensis]] | Ursus arctos stikeenensis | 11 | | [[File:GrizzlyMussel1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 628 | [[:d:Q858849|Q858849]] | [[Canis lupus fuscus]] | Canis lupus fuscus | 11 | | [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. fuscus mod.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 629 | [[:d:Q2044684|Q2044684]] | [[Canis aureus indicus]] | Canis aureus indicus | 11 | | [[File:Golden Jackal - Corbett National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 630 | [[:d:Q5413529|Q5413529]] | [[European jackal]] | Canis aureus moreoticus | 11 | | [[File:Davutoğlan kuş cennetinde, Çakal gezintide (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 631 | [[:d:Q1791637|Q1791637]] | [[Stenoplesictidae]] | Stenoplesictidae | 10 | | [[File:Stenoplesictis cayluxi mandibles.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 632 | [[:d:Q4687717|Q4687717]] | [[Aeluroidea]] | Aeluroidea | 10 | | [[File:Panthera tigris corbetti 090901.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 633 | [[:d:Q2621026|Q2621026]] | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | Prosansanosmilus | 10 | | [[File:Prosansanosmilus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 634 | [[:d:Q10736022|Q10736022]] | [[Atilax]] | Atilax | 10 | | [[File:Marsh mongoose or water mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (22548192738).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 635 | [[:d:Q28432755|Q28432755]] | [[Maofelis]] | Maofelis | 10 | | [[File:Maofelis cantonensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 636 | [[:d:Q19605886|Q19605886]] | [[Monachinae]] | Monachinae | 10 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 637 | [[:d:Q19715939|Q19715939]] | [[Neophoca]] | Neophoca | 10 | | [[File:Neophoca cinerea.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 638 | [[:d:Q10281053|Q10281053]] | [[Feloidea]] | Feloidea | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 639 | [[:d:Q4779771|Q4779771]] | [[Ysengrinia]] | Ysengrinia | 10 | | [[File:Ysengrinia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 640 | [[:d:Q3702459|Q3702459]] | [[Daphoenus]] | Daphoenus | 10 | | [[File:Daphoenus vetus head.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 641 | [[:d:Q2258308|Q2258308]] | [[Ekorus ekakeran]] | Ekorus ekakeran | 10 | | [[File:Ekorus ekakeran.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ekorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 642 | [[:d:Q30097|Q30097]] | [[Putorius]] | Putorius | 10 | | [[File:Polecat in denmark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 643 | [[:d:Q41085321|Q41085321]] | [[Mustela richardsonii]] | Mustela richardsonii | 10 | | [[File:Ermine- Bacon Fiend (14083889879).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 644 | [[:d:Q40529359|Q40529359]] | [[Nasua olivacea]] | Nasua olivacea | 10 | | [[File:Nasua olivacea 112082177.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 645 | [[:d:Q22286047|Q22286047]] | [[Sumatran dhole]] | Cuon alpinus sumatrensis | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 646 | [[:d:Q7994332|Q7994332]] | [[white-footed fox]] | Vulpes vulpes pusilla | 10 | | [[File:White Footed Fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 647 | [[:d:Q20908043|Q20908043]] | [[Procyon lotor maynardi]] | Procyon lotor maynardi | 10 | | [[File:Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. l. insularis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 648 | [[:d:Q2330531|Q2330531]] | [[Phlaocyon]] | Phlaocyon | 10 | | [[File:Phlaocyon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 649 | [[:d:Q16350420|Q16350420]] | [[Ailuropoda baconi]] | Ailuropoda baconi | 10 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 650 | [[:d:Q827183|Q827183]] | [[Lynx rufus escuinapae]] | Lynx rufus escuinapae | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 651 | [[:d:Q2164563|Q2164563]] | [[Felis silvestris reyi]] | Felis silvestris reyi | 10 | | [[File:Felis silvestris reyi 05 MWNH 453.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 652 | [[:d:Q30593711|Q30593711]] | [[Carpathian lynx]] | Lynx lynx carpathicus | 10 | | [[File:Lynx lynx carpathicus Germany (standing).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 653 | [[:d:Q2164302|Q2164302]] | [[Andean wolf]] | Dasycyon hagenbecki | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Dasycyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 654 | [[:d:Q3661310|Q3661310]] | [[Lupo de Edward]] | Canis edwardii | 10 | | [[File:Canis edwardii 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 655 | [[:d:Q30682478|Q30682478]] | [[Canis etruscus]] | Canis etruscus | 10 | | [[File:Canisetr.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 656 | [[:d:Q276979|Q276979]] | [[Kretzoiarctos beatrix]] | Kretzoiarctos beatrix | 10 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kretzoiarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 657 | [[:d:Q6707383|Q6707383]] | [[Lycophocyon]] | Lycophocyon | 9 | | [[File:Lycophocyon skull lateral.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 658 | [[:d:Q6808432|Q6808432]] | [[Megalictis]] | Megalictis | 9 | | [[File:Megalictis skull.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 659 | [[:d:Q7086805|Q7086805]] | [[Oligobuninae]] | Oligobuninae | 9 | | [[File:Megalictis.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 660 | [[:d:Q18577902|Q18577902]] | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | Pinnipedimorpha | 9 | | [[File:Puijila darwini (fossil).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]]<br/>[[Pan-Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 661 | [[:d:Q61159913|Q61159913]] | [[Lophocyonidae]] | Lophocyonidae | 9 | | [[File:Lophocyon-paraskevaidisi-maxilla-LGPUT-THB-12-and-mandible-LGPUT-THB-1-HOLOTYPE-Chios.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 662 | [[:d:Q4709265|Q4709265]] | [[Albanosmilus]] | Albanosmilus | 9 | | [[File:Albanosmilus jourdani - crani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 663 | [[:d:Q5381662|Q5381662]] | [[Eofelis]] | Eofelis | 9 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 664 | [[:d:Q20721907|Q20721907]] | [[Otarioidea]] | Otarioidea | 9 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 665 | [[:d:Q3285787|Q3285787]] | [[Galerella nigrata]] | Galerella nigrata | 9 | | [[File:Black mongoose waterberg.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 666 | [[:d:Q3699888|Q3699888]] | [[Cynelos]] | Cynelos | 9 | | [[File:Cynelos lemanensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 667 | [[:d:Q13644959|Q13644959]] | [[Lobodontini]] | Lobodontini | 9 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 668 | [[:d:Q10747776|Q10747776]] | [[Chrysocyon]] | Chrysocyon | 9 | | [[File:Maned Wolf 11, Beardsley Zoo, 2009-11-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 669 | [[:d:Q16535326|Q16535326]] | [[Pusa hispida botnica]] | Pusa hispida botnica | 9 | | [[File:Baltische ringelrob.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 670 | [[:d:Q18419730|Q18419730]] | [[Parailurus]] | Parailurus | 9 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 671 | [[:d:Q16916505|Q16916505]] | [[Hemicyoninae]] | Hemicyoninae | 9 | | [[File:Plithocyon armagnacensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]]<br/>[[Hemicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 672 | [[:d:Q20817937|Q20817937]] | [[Pontolis]] | Pontolis | 9 | | [[File:Pontolis magnus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Imagotariinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 673 | [[:d:Q24514438|Q24514438]] | [[Afrosmilus]] | Afrosmilus | 9 | | [[File:Afrosmilus africanus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 674 | [[:d:Q2623898|Q2623898]] | [[caraval]] | Caracal caracal × Leptailurus serval | 9 | | [[File:Caraval (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 675 | [[:d:Q12278450|Q12278450]] | [[Rhizosmilodon]] | Rhizosmilodon | 9 | | [[File:Rhizosmilodon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 676 | [[:d:Q15890081|Q15890081]] | [[Homotherini]] | Homotherini | 9 | | [[File:Homotheriumtex1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 677 | [[:d:Q20679564|Q20679564]] | [[Pristinailurus]] | Pristinailurus | 9 | | [[File:Skull of Pristinailurus bristoli.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 678 | [[:d:Q519097|Q519097]] | [[Vulpes vulpes ichnusae]] | Vulpes vulpes ichnusae | 9 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes ichnusae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 679 | [[:d:Q2164279|Q2164279]] | [[Procyon lotor insularis]] | Procyon lotor insularis | 9 | | [[File:Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. l. insularis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 680 | [[:d:Q2118325|Q2118325]] | [[Panthera toscana]] | Panthera toscana | 9 | | [[File:Panthera toscana 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 681 | [[:d:Q20907534|Q20907534]] | [[Ussuri dhole]] | Cuon alpinus alpinus | 9 | | [[File:Cuon alpinus alpinus.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 682 | [[:d:Q7901157|Q7901157]] | [[Ursavini]] | Ursavini | 9 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 683 | [[:d:Q56289810|Q56289810]] | [[Panthera leo leo]] | Panthera leo leo | 9 | | [[File:Adult Asiatic Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 684 | [[:d:Q10943942|Q10943942]] | [[Neofelis diardi borneensis]] | Neofelis diardi borneensis | 9 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis diardi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 685 | [[:d:Q13228332|Q13228332]] | [[Ursus rossicus]] | Ursus rossicus | 9 | | [[File:Ursus rossicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 686 | [[:d:Q5033519|Q5033519]] | [[Cantabrian brown bear]] | Ursus arctos pyrenaicus | 9 | | [[File:Ursus arctos 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 687 | [[:d:Q3884275|Q3884275]] | [[Lupo de Armbruster]] | Canis armbrusteri | 9 | | [[File:Canis ambrusteri skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 688 | [[:d:Q2936376|Q2936376]] | [[Lupo russe]] | Canis lupus communis | 9 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 689 | [[:d:Q4378383|Q4378383]] | [[Lupo del Caspio]] | Canis lupus cubanensis | 9 | | [[File:Tierpark Sababurg Wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 690 | [[:d:Q21357325|Q21357325]] | [[Tibetan wolf]] | Canis lupus filchneri | 9 | | [[File:Tibetan Wolf By Stanzin (Stakpa) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 691 | [[:d:Q7586107|Q7586107]] | [[Sri Lankan jackal]] | Canis aureus naria | 9 | | [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Golden Jackal Female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 692 | [[:d:Q1955091|Q1955091]] | [[Cyrnaonyx]] | Cyrnaonyx | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 693 | [[:d:Q2177148|Q2177148]] | [[Plesictis]] | Plesictis | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 694 | [[:d:Q3704481|Q3704481]] | [[Deccanolestes]] | Deccanolestes | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 695 | [[:d:Q3775516|Q3775516]] | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | Adapisoriculidae | 8 | | [[File:Bustylus marandati lower jaw fragment.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 696 | [[:d:Q27203130|Q27203130]] | [[Pekania]] | Pekania | 8 | | [[File:Fishers (14584727897).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]]<br/>[[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 697 | [[:d:Q33138060|Q33138060]] | [[Semantoridae]] | Semantoridae | 8 | | [[File:Puijila darwini (fossil).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 698 | [[:d:Q5563265|Q5563265]] | [[Ginsburgsmilus]] | Ginsburgsmilus | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 699 | [[:d:Q11884539|Q11884539]] | [[Nimravinae]] | Nimravinae | 8 | | [[File:Dinictis felina, South Dakota, USA, Early Oligocene - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00117.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 700 | [[:d:Q87582940|Q87582940]] | [[Genettinae]] | Genettinae | 8 | | [[File:Large-spotted Genet (Genetta tigrina) (17356502041) (crop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 701 | [[:d:Q593613|Q593613]] | [[Thalassoleon]] | Thalassoleon | 8 | | [[File:Thalassoleon mexicanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 702 | [[:d:Q3785908|Q3785908]] | [[Histriophoca]] | Histriophoca | 8 | | [[File:Bandrobbe2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 703 | [[:d:Q24000491|Q24000491]] | [[Phocinae]] | Phocinae | 8 | | [[File:Seal, Isle of Skye (2792634170).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 704 | [[:d:Q3702458|Q3702458]] | [[Daphoenodon]] | Daphoenodon | 8 | | [[File:Large osborn daphaenus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 705 | [[:d:Q4748243|Q4748243]] | [[Amphicyoninae]] | Amphicyoninae | 8 | | [[File:Ysengrinia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 706 | [[:d:Q5581272|Q5581272]] | [[Gomphotaria]] | Gomphotaria | 8 | | [[File:Gomphotaria pugnax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 707 | [[:d:Q41083655|Q41083655]] | [[Genetta felina]] | Genetta felina | 8 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo) (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 708 | [[:d:Q1635102|Q1635102]] | [[Desmatophoca]] | Desmatophoca | 8 | | [[File:Desmatophoca oregonensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 709 | [[:d:Q4779756|Q4779756]] | [[Pseudocyon]] | Pseudocyon | 8 | | [[File:Pseudocyon sansaniensis.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 710 | [[:d:Q28065031|Q28065031]] | [[Guangxicyon]] | Guangxicyon | 8 | | [[File:Guangxicyon sinoamericanus lower jaw 01.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 711 | [[:d:Q16863893|Q16863893]] | [[Quercylurus]] | Quercylurus | 8 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 712 | [[:d:Q12139554|Q12139554]] | [[Vormela]] | Vormela | 8 | | [[File:Marbled polecat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 713 | [[:d:Q3693628|Q3693628]] | [[Cormocyon]] | Cormocyon | 8 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 714 | [[:d:Q3976409|Q3976409]] | [[Styriofelis]] | Styriofelis | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 715 | [[:d:Q19817116|Q19817116]] | [[Cuon]] | Cuon | 8 | | [[File:Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 716 | [[:d:Q28432831|Q28432831]] | [[Yoshi]] | Yoshi | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 717 | [[:d:Q56328043|Q56328043]] | [[Stenogale]] | Stenogale | 8 | | [[File:Stenogale intermedia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 718 | [[:d:Q11905381|Q11905381]] | [[Amphictis]] | Amphictis | 8 | | [[File:Amphictis antiqua.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 719 | [[:d:Q1647846|Q1647846]] | [[Viverra leakeyi]] | Viverra leakeyi | 8 | | [[File:Viverra leakeyi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 720 | [[:d:Q28529641|Q28529641]] | [[Siamogale melilutra]] | Siamogale melilutra | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Siamogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 721 | [[:d:Q9029652|Q9029652]] | [[Martes zibellina brachyura]] | Martes zibellina brachyura | 8 | | [[File:Wiki-ezokuroten1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 722 | [[:d:Q3295059|Q3295059]] | [[Vulpes riffautae]] | Vulpes riffautae | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 723 | [[:d:Q17343027|Q17343027]] | [[Vulpes qiuzhudingi]] | Vulpes qiuzhudingi | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 724 | [[:d:Q6723386|Q6723386]] | [[Machairodontini]] | Machairodontini | 8 | | [[File:Homotheriumtex1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 725 | [[:d:Q583006|Q583006]] | [[Otarocyon]] | Otarocyon | 8 | | [[File:Otarocyon cooki.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 726 | [[:d:Q2486786|Q2486786]] | [[Phlaocyonini]] | Phlaocyonini | 8 | | [[File:Phlaocyon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 727 | [[:d:Q2712794|Q2712794]] | [[Cerdocyon avius]] | Cerdocyon avius | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 728 | [[:d:Q6808419|Q6808419]] | [[Megalenhydris barbaricina]] | Megalenhydris barbaricina | 8 | | [[File:D2627 Megalenhydris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megalenhydris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 729 | [[:d:Q89502501|Q89502501]] | [[Ailurus styani]] | Ailurus styani | 8 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens styani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 730 | [[:d:Q1039294|Q1039294]] | [[Vulpes vulpes japonica]] | Vulpes vulpes japonica | 8 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes japonica1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 731 | [[:d:Q7855432|Q7855432]] | [[Turkmenian fox]] | Vulpes vulpes flavescens | 8 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes flavescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 732 | [[:d:Q2569639|Q2569639]] | [[Oncifelis]] | Oncifelis | 8 | | [[File:Salzkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 733 | [[:d:Q96575311|Q96575311]] | [[Leopardus garleppi]] | Leopardus garleppi | 8 | | [[File:Leopardus garleppi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 734 | [[:d:Q120514490|Q120514490]] | [[Leopardus narinensis]] | Leopardus narinensis | 8 | | [[File:Leopardus narinensis and tigrina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 735 | [[:d:Q123039002|Q123039002]] | [[Leopardus fasciatus]] | Leopardus fasciatus | 8 | | [[File:Uruguayan Pantanal Cat imported from iNaturalist photo 117171659 on 2 August 2024.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 736 | [[:d:Q9293762|Q9293762]] | [[jaglion]] | Panthera onca × Panthera leo | 8 | | [[File:Jaglion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 737 | [[:d:Q19840927|Q19840927]] | [[Tien Shan dhole]] | Cuon alpinus hesperius | 8 | | [[File:Siberian wild dog.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 738 | [[:d:Q20720148|Q20720148]] | [[Somali wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus somalicus | 8 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02650.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 739 | [[:d:Q20907545|Q20907545]] | [[West African wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus manguensis | 8 | | [[File:West African Wild Dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 740 | [[:d:Q7205035|Q7205035]] | [[Plithocyon]] | Plithocyon | 8 | | [[File:Plithocyon armagnacensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 741 | [[:d:Q18202820|Q18202820]] | [[Ballusia]] | Ballusia | 8 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 742 | [[:d:Q3241788|Q3241788]] | [[Panthera leo vereshchagini]] | Panthera leo vereshchagini | 8 | | [[File:Panthera leo spelaea in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 743 | [[:d:Q3768957|Q3768957]] | [[Panthera onca palustris]] | Panthera onca palustris | 8 | | [[File:Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) female Piquiri River 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 744 | [[:d:Q20644616|Q20644616]] | [[Canis mosbachensis]] | Canis mosbachensis | 8 | | [[File:Canis lupus mosbachensis Würzburg-Schalksberg 1 (mod).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 745 | [[:d:Q20907605|Q20907605]] | [[Ursus americanus luteolus]] | Ursus americanus luteolus | 8 | | [[File:BlackBear2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 746 | [[:d:Q618005|Q618005]] | [[Canis lupus mogollonensis]] | Canis lupus mogollonensis | 8 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. mogollonensis ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 747 | [[:d:Q2118426|Q2118426]] | [[Canis lupus gregoryi]] | Canis lupus gregoryi | 8 | | [[File:Red Wolf LO5S5245 original.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 748 | [[:d:Q5402505|Q5402505]] | [[Lupo del planas]] | Canis latrans latrans | 8 | | [[File:Canis latrans latrans Pennington County SD.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 749 | [[:d:Q3516403|Q3516403]] | [[Taxidiinae]] | Taxidiinae | 7 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 750 | [[:d:Q3973471|Q3973471]] | [[Sthenictis]] | Sthenictis | 7 | | [[File:Sthenictis1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 751 | [[:d:Q3785314|Q3785314]] | [[Herpestinae]] | Herpestinae | 7 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 752 | [[:d:Q15039839|Q15039839]] | [[Lycyaena]] | Lycyaena | 7 | | [[File:Lycyaena gr choerotis macrostoma.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 753 | [[:d:Q5221764|Q5221764]] | [[Daphoeninae]] | Daphoeninae | 7 | | [[File:Large osborn daphaenus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 754 | [[:d:Q7095037|Q7095037]] | [[Ontocetus]] | Ontocetus | 7 | | [[File:Ontocetus emmonsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 755 | [[:d:Q7205024|Q7205024]] | [[Pliopedia]] | Pliopedia | 7 | | [[File:Pliopedia pacifica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 756 | [[:d:Q7698158|Q7698158]] | [[Temnocyon]] | Temnocyon | 7 | | [[File:Temnocyon ferox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 757 | [[:d:Q7910699|Q7910699]] | [[Valenictus]] | Valenictus | 7 | | [[File:Valenictus chulavistensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 758 | [[:d:Q27486944|Q27486944]] | [[Angelarctocyon]] | Angelarctocyon | 7 | | [[File:Angelarctocyon australis dentary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 759 | [[:d:Q18325178|Q18325178]] | [[Chrotogale]] | Chrotogale | 7 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 760 | [[:d:Q19817059|Q19817059]] | [[Arctictis]] | Arctictis | 7 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 761 | [[:d:Q19817068|Q19817068]] | [[Arctogalidia]] | Arctogalidia | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 762 | [[:d:Q4693297|Q4693297]] | [[Agnotherium]] | Agnotherium | 7 | | [[File:Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz- (8)-Bärenhund-Agnotherium antiquum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 763 | [[:d:Q11950979|Q11950979]] | [[Taxidea]] | Taxidea | 7 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Taxidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 764 | [[:d:Q115867490|Q115867490]] | [[Spilogale yucatanensis]] | Spilogale yucatanensis | 7 | | [[File:Southern spotted skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 765 | [[:d:Q2307664|Q2307664]] | [[Acrophoca longirostris]] | Acrophoca longirostris | 7 | | [[File:Acrophoca BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acrophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 766 | [[:d:Q4682833|Q4682833]] | [[Adilophontes]] | Adilophontes | 7 | | [[File:Adilophontes brachycolos.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 767 | [[:d:Q3909942|Q3909942]] | [[Pratifelis]] | Pratifelis | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 768 | [[:d:Q7782990|Q7782990]] | [[Theriodictis]] | Theriodictis | 7 | | [[File:Museo Malvinas - Cráneo fósil de Theriodictis platensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 769 | [[:d:Q21002394|Q21002394]] | [[Suphalak]] | Feline catus | 7 | | [[File:Suphalak Female in Thailand named AumDaengManee.jpg|center|48px]] | [[cat breed]] | [[catto domestic]] | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 770 | [[:d:Q30894451|Q30894451]] | [[Miopanthera]] | Miopanthera | 7 | | [[File:(MHNT) Miopanthera lorteti (Gaillard, 1899) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 771 | [[:d:Q104528100|Q104528100]] | [[Mustela aistoodonnivalis]] | Mustela aistoodonnivalis | 7 | | [[File:Mustela aistoodonnivalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 772 | [[:d:Q20679566|Q20679566]] | [[Ailurinae]] | Ailurinae | 7 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens - Karlsruhe Zoo 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 773 | [[:d:Q107473188|Q107473188]] | [[Melogale subaurantiaca]] | Melogale subaurantiaca | 7 | | [[File:Formosan ferret-badger in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 774 | [[:d:Q7423823|Q7423823]] | [[Sardolutra]] | Sardolutra | 7 | | [[File:D2740 Sardolutra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 775 | [[:d:Q3441656|Q3441656]] | [[Parictis]] | Parictis | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 776 | [[:d:Q11996479|Q11996479]] | [[Acinonychini]] | Acinonychini | 7 | | [[File:8th Place - Mountain Lion (7487178290).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 777 | [[:d:Q19817049|Q19817049]] | [[Profelis]] | Profelis | 7 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 778 | [[:d:Q2164552|Q2164552]] | [[Arctictis binturong whitei]] | Arctictis binturong whitei | 7 | | [[File:Palawan bearcat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 779 | [[:d:Q21968197|Q21968197]] | [[Procyon minor]] | Procyon minor | 7 | | [[File:Procyon minor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 780 | [[:d:Q3395884|Q3395884]] | [[Urocyon progressus]] | Urocyon progressus | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 781 | [[:d:Q3855276|Q3855276]] | [[Mesocyon]] | Mesocyon | 7 | | [[File:Mesocyon (white background).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 782 | [[:d:Q4946288|Q4946288]] | [[Borophagini]] | Borophagini | 7 | | [[File:Aelurodon taxoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 783 | [[:d:Q5045846|Q5045846]] | [[Carpocyon]] | Carpocyon | 7 | | [[File:Carpocyon webbi.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 784 | [[:d:Q16956581|Q16956581]] | [[Rhizocyon]] | Rhizocyon | 7 | | | [[taxon monotypic]]<br/>[[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 785 | [[:d:Q4117770|Q4117770]] | [[Vulpes vulpes barbara]] | Vulpes vulpes barbara | 7 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes barbara - Mourad Harzallah - 291657321.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 786 | [[:d:Q7511533|Q7511533]] | [[Sierra Nevada red fox]] | Vulpes vulpes necator | 7 | | [[File:Sierra Nevada Red Fox, Lassen Volcanic National Park- Keith Slausen USFS 2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 787 | [[:d:Q9095072|Q9095072]] | [[Vulpes vulpes crucigera]] | Vulpes vulpes crucigera | 7 | | [[File:Red Fox drinking from a lake in Gennevilliers, France.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 788 | [[:d:Q10803425|Q10803425]] | [[Otocyon]] | Otocyon | 7 | | [[File:Otocyon megalotis (Namibia).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | [[Vulpe]] | [[Vulpini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 789 | [[:d:Q16623301|Q16623301]] | [[Puma pumoides]] | Puma pumoides | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 790 | [[:d:Q112245916|Q112245916]] | [[Puma lacustris]] | Puma lacustris | 7 | | [[File:Puma lacustris holotype.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 791 | [[:d:Q124399735|Q124399735]] | [[Leopardus pardinoides]] | Leopardus pardinoides | 7 | | [[File:Leopardus pardinoides 338585769.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]]<br/>[[Oncifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 792 | [[:d:Q18926249|Q18926249]] | [[Cuon alpinus europaeus]] | Cuon alpinus europaeus | 7 | | [[File:Cuon alpinus Cova Negra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 793 | [[:d:Q20686185|Q20686185]] | [[Chadian wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus sharicus | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 794 | [[:d:Q20907543|Q20907543]] | [[Cape wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus pictus | 7 | | [[File:African wild dog lycaon pictus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 795 | [[:d:Q20907544|Q20907544]] | [[East African wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus lupinus | 7 | | [[File:Laika ac African Wild Dog (9882202246) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 796 | [[:d:Q20980826|Q20980826]] | [[Felis catus]] | Felis catus | 7 | | [[File:Cat November 2010-1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]]<br/>[[invasive species]]<br/>[[species aggregate]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 797 | [[:d:Q56605486|Q56605486]] | [[Panthera shawi]] | Panthera shawi | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 798 | [[:d:Q3699883|Q3699883]] | [[Cynarctoides]] | Cynarctoides | 7 | | [[File:Cynarctoides.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 799 | [[:d:Q4033270|Q4033270]] | [[Acinonyx aicha]] | Acinonyx aicha | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 800 | [[:d:Q7640416|Q7640416]] | [[Sunkahetanka geringensis]] | Sunkahetanka geringensis | 7 | | [[File:Sunkahetanka geringensis.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sunkahetanka]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 801 | [[:d:Q17024721|Q17024721]] | [[Dinocyon]] | Dinocyon | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 802 | [[:d:Q19817117|Q19817117]] | [[Helarctos]] | Helarctos | 7 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 803 | [[:d:Q3893467|Q3893467]] | [[Panthera leo verneyi]] | Panthera leo verneyi | 7 | | [[File:Lion at krugerpark.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 804 | [[:d:Q55435725|Q55435725]] | [[Sunda Island tiger]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 7 | | [[File:Sumatratiger-004.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 805 | [[:d:Q2710439|Q2710439]] | [[Panthera onca mesembrina]] | Panthera onca mesembrina | 7 | | [[File:Panthera onca mesembrina JF.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 806 | [[:d:Q3768960|Q3768960]] | [[Panthera onca hernandesii]] | Panthera onca hernandesii | 7 | | [[File:Panthera onca hernandesii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 807 | [[:d:Q5442079|Q5442079]] | [[Felis chaus affinis]] | Felis chaus affinis | 7 | | [[File:Felis chaus affinis (walk).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 808 | [[:d:Q9055126|Q9055126]] | [[Panthera onca veraecruscis]] | Panthera onca veraecruscis | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 809 | [[:d:Q1388482|Q1388482]] | [[Ursus inopinatus]] | Ursus inopinatus | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 810 | [[:d:Q30693320|Q30693320]] | [[Ursus ingressus]] | Ursus ingressus | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 811 | [[:d:Q61622321|Q61622321]] | [[Ursus arctos priscus]] | Ursus arctos priscus | 7 | | [[File:Fossil theriofauna from the Sudety Mts (SW Poland) (fig. 2).png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 812 | [[:d:Q5032447|Q5032447]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis lupus dingo | 7 | | [[File:Dingo on the road.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 813 | [[:d:Q20720561|Q20720561]] | [[Megafaunal wolf]] | Canis cf. lupus | 7 | | [[File:Canis lupus spelaeus holotype.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[prehistoric mammal]] | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 814 | [[:d:Q3655368|Q3655368]] | [[Canis aureus aureus]] | Canis aureus aureus | 7 | | [[File:Golden jackal in Otyrar District 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 815 | [[:d:Q7663269|Q7663269]] | [[Syrian jackal]] | Canis aureus syriacus | 7 | | [[File:Canis aureus syriacus 114837596.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 816 | [[:d:Q59507318|Q59507318]] | [[Sicilian wolf]] | Canis lupus cristaldii | 7 | | [[File:Canis lupus cristaldii distribution.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 817 | [[:d:Q309741|Q309741]] | [[Kanuites]] | Kanuites | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 818 | [[:d:Q5277916|Q5277916]] | [[Dinailurictis]] | Dinailurictis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 819 | [[:d:Q10772632|Q10772632]] | [[Ichneumia]] | Ichneumia | 6 | | [[File:White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 820 | [[:d:Q3906722|Q3906722]] | [[Pliophoca]] | Pliophoca | 6 | | [[File:Phocidae - Pliophoca etrusca-001.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 821 | [[:d:Q1113347|Q1113347]] | [[Stenoplesictis]] | Stenoplesictis | 6 | | [[File:Stenoplesictis cayluxi mandibles.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 822 | [[:d:Q4699376|Q4699376]] | [[Aivukus]] | Aivukus | 6 | | [[File:Aivukus cedrosensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 823 | [[:d:Q7698159|Q7698159]] | [[Temnocyoninae]] | Temnocyoninae | 6 | | [[File:Temnocyon ferox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 824 | [[:d:Q108462981|Q108462981]] | [[Gustafsonia]] | Gustafsonia | 6 | | [[File:Miacisreconstructedskull2.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 825 | [[:d:Q4723954|Q4723954]] | [[Algarolutra]] | Algarolutra | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 826 | [[:d:Q19817086|Q19817086]] | [[Viverricula]] | Viverricula | 6 | | [[File:Viverricula indica schlegelii 1868.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 827 | [[:d:Q27997794|Q27997794]] | [[Herpestes ochraceus]] | Herpestes ochraceus | 6 | | [[File:HerpestesOchraceusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 828 | [[:d:Q28533150|Q28533150]] | [[Siamogale]] | Siamogale | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 829 | [[:d:Q65120443|Q65120443]] | [[Semigenetta]] | Semigenetta | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 830 | [[:d:Q19817073|Q19817073]] | [[Macrogalidia]] | Macrogalidia | 6 | | [[File:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 831 | [[:d:Q19817078|Q19817078]] | [[Cynogale]] | Cynogale | 6 | | [[File:Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 832 | [[:d:Q19817081|Q19817081]] | [[Hemigalus]] | Hemigalus | 6 | | [[File:Hemigalus derbyanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 833 | [[:d:Q3363458|Q3363458]] | [[Parahyaena]] | Parahyaena | 6 | | [[File:Parahyaena brunnea 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 834 | [[:d:Q7254250|Q7254250]] | [[Pseudarctos]] | Pseudarctos | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 835 | [[:d:Q11683729|Q11683729]] | [[Ischyrocyon]] | Ischyrocyon | 6 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 836 | [[:d:Q25400575|Q25400575]] | [[Magericyon]] | Magericyon | 6 | | [[File:Magericyon anceps - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 837 | [[:d:Q31507|Q31507]] | [[Neotherium mirum]] | Neotherium mirum | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Neotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 838 | [[:d:Q7134070|Q7134070]] | [[Paradaphoenus]] | Paradaphoenus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 839 | [[:d:Q8073240|Q8073240]] | [[Zodiolestes]] | Zodiolestes | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 840 | [[:d:Q14943214|Q14943214]] | [[Ursoidea]] | Ursoidea | 6 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 841 | [[:d:Q17113931|Q17113931]] | [[Monotherium]] | Monotherium | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 842 | [[:d:Q3906719|Q3906719]] | [[Pliocrocuta perrieri]] | Pliocrocuta perrieri | 6 | | [[File:Pliocrocuta perrieri - skull.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pliocrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 843 | [[:d:Q3886374|Q3886374]] | [[Osbornodon]] | Osbornodon | 6 | | [[File:Osbornodon iamonensis FLMNH.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 844 | [[:d:Q1793106|Q1793106]] | [[Phoca vitulina stejnegeri]] | Phoca vitulina stejnegeri | 6 | | [[File:Antur 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 845 | [[:d:Q137294965|Q137294965]] | [[Mustela mopbie]] | Mustela mopbie | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 846 | [[:d:Q1607831|Q1607831]] | [[Herpestes javanicus palustris]] | Herpestes javanicus palustris | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 847 | [[:d:Q7134476|Q7134476]] | [[Paradoxurus aureus]] | Paradoxurus aureus | 6 | | [[File:Smit.Paradoxurus aureus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 848 | [[:d:Q18923190|Q18923190]] | [[Paradoxurus philippinensis]] | Paradoxurus philippinensis | 6 | | [[File:Paradoxurus philippinensis 166221506.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 849 | [[:d:Q19298222|Q19298222]] | [[Paradoxurus musanga]] | Paradoxurus musanga | 6 | | [[File:Paradoxurus musanga (side).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 850 | [[:d:Q22285838|Q22285838]] | [[Eupleres major]] | Eupleres major | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 851 | [[:d:Q9001446|Q9001446]] | [[Gulo gulo luscus]] | Gulo gulo luscus | 6 | | [[File:Wolverine on rock.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 852 | [[:d:Q9047282|Q9047282]] | [[Mustela erminea nippon]] | Mustela erminea nippon | 6 | | [[File:Mustela erminea nippon on backpack.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 853 | [[:d:Q25095338|Q25095338]] | [[Plesiogulo]] | Plesiogulo | 6 | | [[File:Plesiogulo brachygnathus - snhm191.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ischyrictini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 854 | [[:d:Q124254177|Q124254177]] | [[Magerifelis]] | Magerifelis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 855 | [[:d:Q5102561|Q5102561]] | [[Vulpes skinneri]] | Vulpes skinneri | 6 | | [[File:Vulpes skinneri mandible.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 856 | [[:d:Q11691227|Q11691227]] | [[Martes flavigula indochinensis]] | Martes flavigula indochinensis | 6 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 857 | [[:d:Q21368828|Q21368828]] | [[Promegantereon]] | Promegantereon | 6 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 858 | [[:d:Q55391043|Q55391043]] | [[Tchadailurus]] | Tchadailurus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 859 | [[:d:Q3699884|Q3699884]] | [[Cynarctus]] | Cynarctus | 6 | | [[File:Cynarctus.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 860 | [[:d:Q3718788|Q3718788]] | [[Ectopocynus]] | Ectopocynus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 861 | [[:d:Q5016794|Q5016794]] | [[Caedocyon]] | Caedocyon | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 862 | [[:d:Q5815270|Q5815270]] | [[Dusicyon cultridens]] | Dusicyon cultridens | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 863 | [[:d:Q16952940|Q16952940]] | [[Oxetocyon]] | Oxetocyon | 6 | | [[File:Oxetocyon range.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 864 | [[:d:Q773688|Q773688]] | [[Vulpes vulpes vulpes]] | Vulpes vulpes vulpes | 6 | | [[File:Portrait of a red fox in Rautas fjällurskog (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 865 | [[:d:Q9095066|Q9095066]] | [[Vulpes vulpes cascadensis]] | Vulpes vulpes cascadensis | 6 | | [[File:Cross fox in Lewis 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 866 | [[:d:Q9095106|Q9095106]] | [[Vulpes vulpes montana]] | Vulpes vulpes montana | 6 | | [[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) on a High-Altitude Road in India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 867 | [[:d:Q3021005|Q3021005]] | [[Panthera crassidens]] | Panthera crassidens | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 868 | [[:d:Q5230606|Q5230606]] | [[Felis attica]] | Felis attica | 6 | | [[File:Felis attica skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 869 | [[:d:Q15294488|Q15294488]] | [[Felis leo]] | Felis leo | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 870 | [[:d:Q21220510|Q21220510]] | [[Stenailurus]] | Stenailurus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 871 | [[:d:Q20907578|Q20907578]] | [[Urocyon littoralis santacruzae]] | Urocyon littoralis santacruzae | 6 | | [[File:Urocyon littoralis santacruzae (Santa Cruz island fox) FWS 007.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 872 | [[:d:Q30693238|Q30693238]] | [[Lynx spelaea]] | Lynx spelaea | 6 | | [[File:Lynx spelaea Cueva de los Moros.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 873 | [[:d:Q4946287|Q4946287]] | [[Borophagina]] | Borophagina | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 874 | [[:d:Q7186298|Q7186298]] | [[Philotrox condoni]] | Philotrox condoni | 6 | | [[File:Philotrox condoni.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Philotrox]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 875 | [[:d:Q8262837|Q8262837]] | [[Caracal caracal schmitzi]] | Caracal caracal schmitzi | 6 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 876 | [[:d:Q55621783|Q55621783]] | [[Mainland Asian tiger]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 6 | | [[File:Panthera tigris7.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 877 | [[:d:Q5471368|Q5471368]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi cacomitli]] | Puma yagouaroundi cacomitli | 6 | | [[File:Herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 878 | [[:d:Q2882076|Q2882076]] | [[Panthera onca goldmani]] | Panthera onca goldmani | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 879 | [[:d:Q3655943|Q3655943]] | [[Sardinian lynx]] | Lynx lynx sardiniae | 6 | | | [[extinct taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 880 | [[:d:Q3768893|Q3768893]] | [[Panthera onca paraguensis]] | Panthera onca paraguensis | 6 | | [[File:Panthera onca palustris (2).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 881 | [[:d:Q3768898|Q3768898]] | [[Panthera onca onca]] | Panthera onca onca | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 882 | [[:d:Q3768922|Q3768922]] | [[Panthera onca centralis]] | Panthera onca centralis | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 883 | [[:d:Q5035205|Q5035205]] | [[Leptailurus serval serval]] | Leptailurus serval serval | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 884 | [[:d:Q3621833|Q3621833]] | [[Arctodus pristinus]] | Arctodus pristinus | 6 | | [[File:Arctodus pristinus mandible ANSP 98.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 885 | [[:d:Q7071001|Q7071001]] | [[Nyctereutes abdeslami]] | Nyctereutes abdeslami | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 886 | [[:d:Q21356805|Q21356805]] | [[Agriarctos]] | Agriarctos | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 887 | [[:d:Q3752453|Q3752453]] | [[Ursus arctos alascensis]] | Ursus arctos alascensis | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 888 | [[:d:Q20717272|Q20717272]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | Canis familiaris | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 889 | [[:d:Q30682080|Q30682080]] | [[Canis arnensis]] | Canis arnensis | 6 | | [[File:Canis arnensis 4.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 890 | [[:d:Q6804141|Q6804141]] | [[Canis latrans mearnsi]] | Canis latrans mearnsi | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Canis latrans mearnsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 891 | [[:d:Q11911981|Q11911981]] | [[Canis latrans ochropus]] | Canis latrans ochropus | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Beverley Hills CA.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 892 | [[:d:Q18128816|Q18128816]] | [[Canis latrans thamnos]] | Canis latrans thamnos | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Union Station.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 893 | [[:d:Q20907491|Q20907491]] | [[Canis aureus cruesemanni]] | Canis aureus cruesemanni | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 894 | [[:d:Q48995852|Q48995852]] | [[Cave wolf]] | Canis lupus spelaeus | 6 | | [[File:Biochronology of Polish canids (late Pliocene to Holocene) - C. l. spelaeus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 895 | [[:d:Q3305190|Q3305190]] | [[Mellivorinae]] | Mellivorinae | 5 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 896 | [[:d:Q3605635|Q3605635]] | [[Asiavorator]] | Asiavorator | 5 | | [[File:Asiavorator gracilis limbs.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 897 | [[:d:Q3762001|Q3762001]] | [[Eosictis]] | Eosictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 898 | [[:d:Q9708646|Q9708646]] | [[Nandiniidae]] | Nandiniidae | 5 | | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 899 | [[:d:Q1328566|Q1328566]] | [[Promephitis]] | Promephitis | 5 | | [[File:Promephitis sp. skull - Batallones 3 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 900 | [[:d:Q3906723|Q3906723]] | [[Plioviverrops]] | Plioviverrops | 5 | | [[File:Plioviverrops faventinus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 901 | [[:d:Q16183098|Q16183098]] | [[Nanosmilus]] | Nanosmilus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 902 | [[:d:Q85989880|Q85989880]] | [[Oriensmilus]] | Oriensmilus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 903 | [[:d:Q114701730|Q114701730]] | [[Pangurban]] | Pangurban | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 904 | [[:d:Q137299275|Q137299275]] | [[Taotienimravus]] | Taotienimravus | 5 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 905 | [[:d:Q15115406|Q15115406]] | [[Hadrokirus]] | Hadrokirus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 906 | [[:d:Q16919139|Q16919139]] | [[Piscophoca]] | Piscophoca | 5 | | [[File:Piscophoca pacifica.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 907 | [[:d:Q19817140|Q19817140]] | [[Otaria]] | Otaria | 5 | | [[File:Mähnenrobben (auch Südamerikanischer Seelöwe - Otaria flavescens) (Peninsula de Valdes, Jan 1984).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 908 | [[:d:Q4690064|Q4690064]] | [[Africanictis]] | Africanictis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 909 | [[:d:Q7161149|Q7161149]] | [[Pelagiarctos]] | Pelagiarctos | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 910 | [[:d:Q29381283|Q29381283]] | [[Imagotaria]] | Imagotaria | 5 | | [[File:Imagotaria downsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 911 | [[:d:Q48557894|Q48557894]] | [[Archaeodobenus]] | Archaeodobenus | 5 | | [[File:Archaeodobenus restoration.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 912 | [[:d:Q67153819|Q67153819]] | [[Nanodobenus]] | Nanodobenus | 5 | | [[File:Nanodobenus arandai mandible.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 913 | [[:d:Q110266169|Q110266169]] | [[Dusignathus]] | Dusignathus | 5 | | [[File:Dusignathus santacruzensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 914 | [[:d:Q19758218|Q19758218]] | [[Satherium]] | Satherium | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 915 | [[:d:Q30892873|Q30892873]] | [[Herpestes auropunctatus]] | Herpestes auropunctatus | 5 | | [[File:Huirimongoose2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 916 | [[:d:Q10760579|Q10760579]] | [[Galidia]] | Galidia | 5 | | [[File:Stavenn Galidia elegans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 917 | [[:d:Q19817074|Q19817074]] | [[Paguma]] | Paguma | 5 | | [[File:Palm civet on tree (detail).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 918 | [[:d:Q19817094|Q19817094]] | [[Mungotictis]] | Mungotictis | 5 | | [[File:Schmalstreifenmungo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 919 | [[:d:Q4781890|Q4781890]] | [[Pliocyon]] | Pliocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 920 | [[:d:Q4953387|Q4953387]] | [[Brachycyon]] | Brachycyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 921 | [[:d:Q30592526|Q30592526]] | [[Eomellivora]] | Eomellivora | 5 | | [[File:Eomellivora species.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 922 | [[:d:Q55341828|Q55341828]] | [[Pliotaxidea]] | Pliotaxidea | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taxidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 923 | [[:d:Q6745736|Q6745736]] | [[Mammacyon]] | Mammacyon | 5 | | [[File:Mammacyon obtusidens.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Temnocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 924 | [[:d:Q7062942|Q7062942]] | [[Nothocyon geismarianus]] | Nothocyon geismarianus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nothocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 925 | [[:d:Q7086806|Q7086806]] | [[Oligobunis]] | Oligobunis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 926 | [[:d:Q16964564|Q16964564]] | [[Brachyrhynchocyon]] | Brachyrhynchocyon | 5 | | [[File:Brachyrhynchocyon cropped 2.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 927 | [[:d:Q41152037|Q41152037]] | [[Callophoca]] | Callophoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 928 | [[:d:Q15631638|Q15631638]] | [[Eira]] | Eira | 5 | | [[File:Eira barbara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 929 | [[:d:Q16948102|Q16948102]] | [[Leptophoca]] | Leptophoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 930 | [[:d:Q30693570|Q30693570]] | [[Platyphoca]] | Platyphoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 931 | [[:d:Q104530185|Q104530185]] | [[Jinomrefu]] | Jinomrefu | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 932 | [[:d:Q3893367|Q3893367]] | [[Pannonictis]] | Pannonictis | 5 | | [[File:Pannonictis nestii.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 933 | [[:d:Q3725386|Q3725386]] | [[Enhydrocyon]] | Enhydrocyon | 5 | | [[File:A Lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota (1907) fig. 6.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 934 | [[:d:Q3756923|Q3756923]] | [[Chailicyon]] | Chailicyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 935 | [[:d:Q12047050|Q12047050]] | [[Proailurinae]] | Proailurinae | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 936 | [[:d:Q48773165|Q48773165]] | [[Hyperailurictis]] | Hyperailurictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 937 | [[:d:Q1502692|Q1502692]] | [[Pusa hispida saimensis]] | Pusa hispida saimensis | 5 | | [[File:Pusa hispida saimensis 304551354.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 938 | [[:d:Q6048872|Q6048872]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus divergens]] | Odobenus rosmarus divergens | 5 | | [[File:Walrus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 939 | [[:d:Q6048875|Q6048875]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus]] | Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus | 5 | | [[File:'Thor' the Walrus at Blyth Harbour, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 940 | [[:d:Q5907226|Q5907226]] | [[Hose's mongoose]] | Herpestes brachyurus hosei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 941 | [[:d:Q18578655|Q18578655]] | [[Alopecocyon]] | Alopecocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 942 | [[:d:Q127599093|Q127599093]] | [[Lontra annectens]] | Lontra annectens | 5 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis 236215952.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 943 | [[:d:Q108422513|Q108422513]] | [[Mellivora benfieldi]] | Mellivora benfieldi | 5 | | [[File:Mellivora benfieldi mandible.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 944 | [[:d:Q9047257|Q9047257]] | [[Mustela erminea hibernica]] | Mustela erminea hibernica | 5 | | [[File:Mustela erminea hibernica - Shawn O'Donnell - 42129165.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 945 | [[:d:Q9047340|Q9047340]] | [[Mustela nivalis namiyei]] | Mustela nivalis namiyei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 946 | [[:d:Q9047344|Q9047344]] | [[Mustela nivalis nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis nivalis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 947 | [[:d:Q9047345|Q9047345]] | [[Mustela nivalis numidica]] | Mustela nivalis numidica | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 948 | [[:d:Q511973|Q511973]] | [[Meles meles meles]] | Meles meles meles | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 949 | [[:d:Q950379|Q950379]] | [[Martes zibellina princeps]] | Martes zibellina princeps | 5 | | [[File:Zibellino del Barguzin (2) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 950 | [[:d:Q3767894|Q3767894]] | [[Mustela lutreola turovi]] | Mustela lutreola turovi | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 951 | [[:d:Q9047305|Q9047305]] | [[Mustela erminea stabilis]] | Mustela erminea stabilis | 5 | | [[File:A pair of curious stoats (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 952 | [[:d:Q3264046|Q3264046]] | [[Aonyx capensis capensis]] | Aonyx capensis capensis | 5 | | [[File:Aonyx capensis ssp. capensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 953 | [[:d:Q30594557|Q30594557]] | [[Sivapanthera]] | Sivapanthera | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 954 | [[:d:Q48965927|Q48965927]] | [[Leptofelis]] | Leptofelis | 5 | | [[File:Leptofelis vallesiensis skull - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 955 | [[:d:Q9047216|Q9047216]] | [[Mustela altaica raddei]] | Mustela altaica raddei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 956 | [[:d:Q122092338|Q122092338]] | [[Pachypanthera]] | Pachypanthera | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 957 | [[:d:Q9029584|Q9029584]] | [[Martes flavigula borealis]] | Martes flavigula borealis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 958 | [[:d:Q9029588|Q9029588]] | [[Martes flavigula chrysospila]] | Martes flavigula chrysospila | 5 | | [[File:台灣黃喉貂Formosan yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 959 | [[:d:Q9029590|Q9029590]] | [[Martes flavigula flavigula]] | Martes flavigula flavigula | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 960 | [[:d:Q9029607|Q9029607]] | [[Martes flavigula saba]] | Martes flavigula saba | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 961 | [[:d:Q19818516|Q19818516]] | [[Hemimachairodus]] | Hemimachairodus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 962 | [[:d:Q4787629|Q4787629]] | [[Arctonasua]] | Arctonasua | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 963 | [[:d:Q6823285|Q6823285]] | [[Metatomarctus]] | Metatomarctus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 964 | [[:d:Q11681078|Q11681078]] | [[Desmocyon]] | Desmocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 965 | [[:d:Q65141542|Q65141542]] | [[Magerictis]] | Magerictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 966 | [[:d:Q2836818|Q2836818]] | [[Vulpes vulpes deletrix]] | Vulpes vulpes deletrix | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes deletrix (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 967 | [[:d:Q9095048|Q9095048]] | [[Vulpes vulpes alascensis]] | Vulpes vulpes alascensis | 5 | | [[File:Red Fox in Denali (43175455902).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 968 | [[:d:Q9095051|Q9095051]] | [[Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi]] | Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi | 5 | | [[File:Лиса в Актау-Бузачинском природном заказнике. 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 969 | [[:d:Q9095061|Q9095061]] | [[Vulpes vulpes beringiana]] | Vulpes vulpes beringiana | 5 | | [[File:Лиса-огневка в Южно-Камчатском природном парке.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 970 | [[:d:Q9095075|Q9095075]] | [[Vulpes vulpes daurica]] | Vulpes vulpes daurica | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes daurica in Olkhonsky (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 971 | [[:d:Q9095078|Q9095078]] | [[Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania]] | Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania | 5 | | [[File:Дикая свободная хитрая.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 972 | [[:d:Q9095093|Q9095093]] | [[Vulpes vulpes indutus]] | Vulpes vulpes indutus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 973 | [[:d:Q9095103|Q9095103]] | [[Vulpes vulpes macroura]] | Vulpes vulpes macroura | 5 | | [[File:Red fox runs in the road (55104387242).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 974 | [[:d:Q9095123|Q9095123]] | [[Vulpes vulpes rubricosa]] | Vulpes vulpes rubricosa | 5 | | [[File:PEI-002 - Red Fox (2015).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 975 | [[:d:Q9095125|Q9095125]] | [[Vulpes vulpes silacea]] | Vulpes vulpes silacea | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes 4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 976 | [[:d:Q11705189|Q11705189]] | [[Vulpes vulpes anatolica]] | Vulpes vulpes anatolica | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes anatolica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 977 | [[:d:Q11705191|Q11705191]] | [[Vulpes vulpes bangsi]] | Vulpes vulpes bangsi | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes bangsi in Quebec (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 978 | [[:d:Q11705192|Q11705192]] | [[Vulpes vulpes griffithi]] | Vulpes vulpes griffithi | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 979 | [[:d:Q11705194|Q11705194]] | [[Vulpes vulpes niloticus]] | Vulpes vulpes niloticus | 5 | | [[File:Red Fox in Egypt.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 980 | [[:d:Q11705195|Q11705195]] | [[Vulpes vulpes palaestina]] | Vulpes vulpes palaestina | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes at Eshel HaNasi3, israel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 981 | [[:d:Q111144936|Q111144936]] | [[Felis wenzensis]] | Felis wenzensis | 5 | | [[File:Felis wenzensis holotype 1961.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 982 | [[:d:Q65119065|Q65119065]] | [[Panthera balamoides]] | Panthera balamoides | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 983 | [[:d:Q4930837|Q4930837]] | [[Blynx]] | Lynx rufus × Lynx canadensis | 5 | | [[File:Ernest Ingersoll - lynx rufus & lynx canadensis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[hybrid]] | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 984 | [[:d:Q21366809|Q21366809]] | [[Ailuropoda wulingshanensis]] | Ailuropoda wulingshanensis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 985 | [[:d:Q56316534|Q56316534]] | [[Miracinonyx trumani]] | Miracinonyx trumani | 5 | | [[File:Miracinonyx (american cheetah).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miracinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 986 | [[:d:Q3762044|Q3762044]] | [[Prohesperocyon wilsoni]] | Prohesperocyon wilsoni | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prohesperocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 987 | [[:d:Q3922877|Q3922877]] | [[Promegantereon ogygia]] | Promegantereon ogygia | 5 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Promegantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 988 | [[:d:Q6871399|Q6871399]] | [[Miomachairodus]] | Miomachairodus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 989 | [[:d:Q7186602|Q7186602]] | [[Phoberogale]] | Phoberogale | 5 | | [[File:Phoberogale shareri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phoberocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 990 | [[:d:Q7251553|Q7251553]] | [[Protepicyon raki]] | Protepicyon raki | 5 | | [[File:Protepicyon raki.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protepicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 991 | [[:d:Q17484766|Q17484766]] | [[Melursus]] | Melursus | 5 | | [[File:Sloth Bear Washington DC.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 992 | [[:d:Q56326812|Q56326812]] | [[Protarctos]] | Protarctos | 5 | | [[File:Protarctos abstrusus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 993 | [[:d:Q3207725|Q3207725]] | [[Panthera leo hollisteri]] | Panthera leo hollisteri | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 994 | [[:d:Q3658126|Q3658126]] | [[Caracal caracal michaelis]] | Caracal caracal michaelis | 5 | | [[File:Caracal caracal michaelis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 995 | [[:d:Q8262825|Q8262825]] | [[Caracal caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal caracal | 5 | | [[File:Caracal caracal ssp. caracal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 996 | [[:d:Q8961145|Q8961145]] | [[Felis silvestris caudata]] | Felis silvestris caudata | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 997 | [[:d:Q4038688|Q4038688]] | [[Felis chaus kutas]] | Felis chaus kutas | 5 | | [[File:Jungle Cat Felis Chaus Sundarbans India 30.12.2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 998 | [[:d:Q5442078|Q5442078]] | [[Felis chaus chaus]] | Felis chaus chaus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 999 | [[:d:Q5442088|Q5442088]] | [[Felis chaus nilotica]] | Felis chaus nilotica | 5 | | [[File:Jungle cat at Giza Zoo by Hatem Moushir 81.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1000 | [[:d:Q9021709|Q9021709]] | [[Leptailurus serval constantinus]] | Leptailurus serval constantinus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1001 | [[:d:Q9021721|Q9021721]] | [[Leptailurus serval lipostictus]] | Leptailurus serval lipostictus | 5 | | [[File:Leptailurus serval lipostictus 451988107.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1002 | [[:d:Q9055122|Q9055122]] | [[Panthera onca peruviana]] | Panthera onca peruviana | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1003 | [[:d:Q2641484|Q2641484]] | [[Arctotherium angustidens]] | Arctotherium angustidens | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1004 | [[:d:Q7071002|Q7071002]] | [[Nyctereutes donnezani]] | Nyctereutes donnezani | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1005 | [[:d:Q18644716|Q18644716]] | [[Kretzoiarctos]] | Kretzoiarctos | 5 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix lower jaws.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1006 | [[:d:Q9092017|Q9092017]] | [[Ursus arctos dalli]] | Ursus arctos dalli | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1007 | [[:d:Q4246186|Q4246186]] | [[Canis apolloniensis]] | Canis apolloniensis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1008 | [[:d:Q5032440|Q5032440]] | [[Canis ferox]] | Canis ferox | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1009 | [[:d:Q5893611|Q5893611]] | [[Helarctos malayanus malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus malayanus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1010 | [[:d:Q9092015|Q9092015]] | [[Ursus americanus pugnax]] | Ursus americanus pugnax | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1011 | [[:d:Q39198|Q39198]] | [[Canis lupus palustris]] | Canis lupus palustris | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1012 | [[:d:Q1290602|Q1290602]] | [[Canis lupus deitanus]] | Canis lupus deitanus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1013 | [[:d:Q2365956|Q2365956]] | [[Canis lupus indica]] | Canis lupus indica | 5 | | [[File:Wolf Islamabad Pakistan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1014 | [[:d:Q26972265|Q26972265]] | [[Canis lupus familiaris]] | Canis lupus familiaris | 5 | | [[File:Karakatschan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1015 | [[:d:Q3655369|Q3655369]] | [[Canis aureus algirensis]] | Canis aureus algirensis | 5 | | [[File:Canis anthus algirensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1016 | [[:d:Q20720501|Q20720501]] | [[Canis latrans orcutti]] | Canis latrans orcutti | 5 | | [[File:Canis latrans orcutti.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1017 | [[:d:Q3530085|Q3530085]] | [[Afrodon]] | Afrodon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1018 | [[:d:Q3534841|Q3534841]] | [[Bustylus]] | Bustylus | 4 | | [[File:Bustylus marandati lower jaw fragment.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1019 | [[:d:Q10262706|Q10262706]] | [[Cynoidea]] | Cynoidea | 4 | | [[File:Asian red dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1020 | [[:d:Q30693680|Q30693680]] | [[Pteronarctos]] | Pteronarctos | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1021 | [[:d:Q1687644|Q1687644]] | [[Martinogale]] | Martinogale | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1022 | [[:d:Q3985453|Q3985453]] | [[Thalassictis]] | Thalassictis | 4 | | [[File:鼬鬣狗 Thalassictis sp..jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1023 | [[:d:Q10751356|Q10751356]] | [[Cynictis]] | Cynictis | 4 | | [[File:Vosmangoesten zoo Lille.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1024 | [[:d:Q15057297|Q15057297]] | [[Hyaenictis]] | Hyaenictis | 4 | | [[File:Hyaenictis graeca.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1025 | [[:d:Q17635404|Q17635404]] | [[Leptoplesictis]] | Leptoplesictis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1026 | [[:d:Q21446722|Q21446722]] | [[Protelinae]] | Protelinae | 4 | | [[File:Aardwolf ProtelesCristatus56.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1027 | [[:d:Q85990246|Q85990246]] | [[Syrtosmilus]] | Syrtosmilus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1028 | [[:d:Q85990324|Q85990324]] | [[Vampyrictis]] | Vampyrictis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1029 | [[:d:Q18520866|Q18520866]] | [[Eumetopias]] | Eumetopias | 4 | | [[File:Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) on rocks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1030 | [[:d:Q19817146|Q19817146]] | [[Phocarctos]] | Phocarctos | 4 | | [[File:New Zealand Sea Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1031 | [[:d:Q19817175|Q19817175]] | [[Erignathus]] | Erignathus | 4 | | [[File:Bearded Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1032 | [[:d:Q19817211|Q19817211]] | [[Leptonychotes]] | Leptonychotes | 4 | | [[File:Phoque de Weddell - Weddell Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1033 | [[:d:Q19817237|Q19817237]] | [[Lobodon]] | Lobodon | 4 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1034 | [[:d:Q19817251|Q19817251]] | [[Ommatophoca]] | Ommatophoca | 4 | | [[File:Rossrobbe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1035 | [[:d:Q21344958|Q21344958]] | [[Afrophoca]] | Afrophoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1036 | [[:d:Q53014899|Q53014899]] | [[Noriphoca]] | Noriphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1037 | [[:d:Q108635322|Q108635322]] | [[Oriensarctos]] | Oriensarctos | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1038 | [[:d:Q10388280|Q10388280]] | [[Ursida]] | Ursida | 4 | | [[File:Braunbär, Bärenrefugium von Kuterevo, Kroatien.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1039 | [[:d:Q21230720|Q21230720]] | [[Pseudotaria]] | Pseudotaria | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1040 | [[:d:Q33120866|Q33120866]] | [[Protodobenus]] | Protodobenus | 4 | | [[File:Protodobenus japonicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1041 | [[:d:Q64605261|Q64605261]] | [[Prototaria]] | Prototaria | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1042 | [[:d:Q64623706|Q64623706]] | [[Proneotherium]] | Proneotherium | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1043 | [[:d:Q10809475|Q10809475]] | [[Pteronura]] | Pteronura | 4 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1044 | [[:d:Q10960505|Q10960505]] | [[Herpestes lemanensis]] | Herpestes lemanensis | 4 | | [[File:Herpestes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1045 | [[:d:Q11802093|Q11802093]] | [[Pachycrocuta brevirostris]] | Pachycrocuta brevirostris | 4 | | [[File:Pachycrocuta brevirostris Orce pic1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pachycrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1046 | [[:d:Q19817088|Q19817088]] | [[Fossa]] | Fossa | 4 | | [[File:Fossa fossana (JoRoRe 2004-08-17 18h15m26s).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1047 | [[:d:Q7254717|Q7254717]] | [[Pseudocyonopsis]] | Pseudocyonopsis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1048 | [[:d:Q4953543|Q4953543]] | [[Brachypsalis]] | Brachypsalis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1049 | [[:d:Q5221762|Q5221762]] | [[Daphoenictis]] | Daphoenictis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1050 | [[:d:Q7249679|Q7249679]] | [[Promartes]] | Promartes | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1051 | [[:d:Q30693599|Q30693599]] | [[Homiphoca]] | Homiphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1052 | [[:d:Q25001246|Q25001246]] | [[Brachyprotoma obtusata]] | Brachyprotoma obtusata | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Brachyprotoma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1053 | [[:d:Q30693586|Q30693586]] | [[Praepusa]] | Praepusa | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1054 | [[:d:Q52987100|Q52987100]] | [[Frisiphoca]] | Frisiphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1055 | [[:d:Q19817304|Q19817304]] | [[Lyncodon]] | Lyncodon | 4 | | [[File:Lyncodon patagonicus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1056 | [[:d:Q4184819|Q4184819]] | [[Atelocynus]] | Atelocynus | 4 | | [[File:Short-eared Dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1057 | [[:d:Q7252154|Q7252154]] | [[Prototocyon]] | Prototocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1058 | [[:d:Q10786017|Q10786017]] | [[Liberiictis]] | Liberiictis | 4 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1059 | [[:d:Q59828609|Q59828609]] | [[Sivaelurus]] | Sivaelurus | 4 | | [[File:GSI-D 150.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1060 | [[:d:Q4499913|Q4499913]] | [[Polecat-ferret hybrid]] | Mustela putorius × Mustela putorius furo | 4 | | [[File:F1-Ferret-Hybrids.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1061 | [[:d:Q20907619|Q20907619]] | [[Halichoerus grypus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus grypus | 4 | | [[File:Two seals in the water.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1062 | [[:d:Q3267918|Q3267918]] | [[Lutra euxena]] | Lutra euxena | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1063 | [[:d:Q2165789|Q2165789]] | [[Genetta servalina archeri]] | Genetta servalina archeri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1064 | [[:d:Q12146924|Q12146924]] | [[Procyoninae]] | Procyoninae | 4 | | [[File:Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1065 | [[:d:Q16987391|Q16987391]] | [[Paradoxurus stenocephalus]] | Paradoxurus stenocephalus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1066 | [[:d:Q63464071|Q63464071]] | [[Simocyoninae]] | Simocyoninae | 4 | | [[File:Simocyon batalleri head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1067 | [[:d:Q7426144|Q7426144]] | [[Satherium piscinarium]] | Satherium piscinarium | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Satherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1068 | [[:d:Q108422392|Q108422392]] | [[Proteles amplidentus]] | Proteles amplidentus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1069 | [[:d:Q108486660|Q108486660]] | [[Suricata major]] | Suricata major | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1070 | [[:d:Q427373|Q427373]] | [[Mustela erminea minima]] | Mustela erminea minima | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1071 | [[:d:Q951014|Q951014]] | [[Mustela nivalis tonkinensis]] | Mustela nivalis tonkinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1072 | [[:d:Q5657825|Q5657825]] | [[Mustela erminea ricinae]] | Mustela erminea ricinae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1073 | [[:d:Q5796505|Q5796505]] | [[Mustela nivalis campestris]] | Mustela nivalis campestris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1074 | [[:d:Q5852088|Q5852088]] | [[Mustela erminea invicta]] | Mustela erminea invicta | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1075 | [[:d:Q9001438|Q9001438]] | [[Gulo gulo gulo]] | Gulo gulo gulo | 4 | | [[File:Wolverine (10597551303).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1076 | [[:d:Q9001440|Q9001440]] | [[Gulo gulo albus]] | Gulo gulo albus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1077 | [[:d:Q9001442|Q9001442]] | [[Gulo gulo katschemakensis]] | Gulo gulo katschemakensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1078 | [[:d:Q9001448|Q9001448]] | [[Gulo gulo vancouverensis]] | Gulo gulo vancouverensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1079 | [[:d:Q9047231|Q9047231]] | [[Mustela erminea aestiva]] | Mustela erminea aestiva | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1080 | [[:d:Q9047235|Q9047235]] | [[Mustela erminea alascensis]] | Mustela erminea alascensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1081 | [[:d:Q9047241|Q9047241]] | [[Mustela erminea anguinae]] | Mustela erminea anguinae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1082 | [[:d:Q9047246|Q9047246]] | [[Mustela erminea celenda]] | Mustela erminea celenda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1083 | [[:d:Q9047247|Q9047247]] | [[Mustela erminea cigognanii]] | Mustela erminea cigognanii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1084 | [[:d:Q9047252|Q9047252]] | [[Mustela erminea fallenda]] | Mustela erminea fallenda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1085 | [[:d:Q9047255|Q9047255]] | [[Mustela erminea gulosa]] | Mustela erminea gulosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1086 | [[:d:Q9047260|Q9047260]] | [[Mustela erminea kadiacensis]] | Mustela erminea kadiacensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1087 | [[:d:Q9047265|Q9047265]] | [[Mustela erminea kaneii]] | Mustela erminea kaneii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1088 | [[:d:Q9047267|Q9047267]] | [[Mustela erminea karaginensis]] | Mustela erminea karaginensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1089 | [[:d:Q9047272|Q9047272]] | [[Mustela erminea lymani]] | Mustela erminea lymani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1090 | [[:d:Q9047275|Q9047275]] | [[Mustela erminea mongolica]] | Mustela erminea mongolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1091 | [[:d:Q9047277|Q9047277]] | [[Mustela erminea muricus]] | Mustela erminea muricus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1092 | [[:d:Q9047286|Q9047286]] | [[Mustela erminea ognevi]] | Mustela erminea ognevi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1093 | [[:d:Q9047288|Q9047288]] | [[Mustela erminea olympica]] | Mustela erminea olympica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1094 | [[:d:Q9047290|Q9047290]] | [[Mustela erminea polaris]] | Mustela erminea polaris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1095 | [[:d:Q9047291|Q9047291]] | [[Mustela erminea richardsonii]] | Mustela erminea richardsonii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1096 | [[:d:Q9047295|Q9047295]] | [[Mustela erminea salva]] | Mustela erminea salva | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1097 | [[:d:Q9047298|Q9047298]] | [[Mustela erminea seclusa]] | Mustela erminea seclusa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1098 | [[:d:Q9047302|Q9047302]] | [[Mustela erminea semplei]] | Mustela erminea semplei | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1099 | [[:d:Q9047328|Q9047328]] | [[Mustela nivalis allegheniensis]] | Mustela nivalis allegheniensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1100 | [[:d:Q9047333|Q9047333]] | [[Mustela nivalis boccamela]] | Mustela nivalis boccamela | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1101 | [[:d:Q9047334|Q9047334]] | [[Mustela nivalis eskimo]] | Mustela nivalis eskimo | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1102 | [[:d:Q9047335|Q9047335]] | [[Mustela nivalis heptneri]] | Mustela nivalis heptneri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1103 | [[:d:Q9047349|Q9047349]] | [[Mustela nivalis pygmaea]] | Mustela nivalis pygmaea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1104 | [[:d:Q9047352|Q9047352]] | [[Mustela nivalis pallida]] | Mustela nivalis pallida | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1105 | [[:d:Q9047357|Q9047357]] | [[Mustela nivalis russelliana]] | Mustela nivalis russelliana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1106 | [[:d:Q9047360|Q9047360]] | [[Mustela nivalis stoliczkana]] | Mustela nivalis stoliczkana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1107 | [[:d:Q9047361|Q9047361]] | [[Mustela nivalis vulgaris]] | Mustela nivalis vulgaris | 4 | | [[File:Brehms Het Leven der Dieren Zoogdieren Orde 4 Wezel (Putorius vulgaris).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1108 | [[:d:Q11682279|Q11682279]] | [[Gulo gulo luteus]] | Gulo gulo luteus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1109 | [[:d:Q14531833|Q14531833]] | [[Mustela nivalis rixosa]] | Mustela nivalis rixosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1110 | [[:d:Q2879318|Q2879318]] | [[Martes zibellina zibellina]] | Martes zibellina zibellina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1111 | [[:d:Q2890761|Q2890761]] | [[Martes zibellina yeniseensis]] | Martes zibellina yeniseensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1112 | [[:d:Q5479287|Q5479287]] | [[Martes foina bunites]] | Martes foina bunites | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1113 | [[:d:Q5552433|Q5552433]] | [[Martes martes notialis]] | Martes martes notialis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1114 | [[:d:Q5555448|Q5555448]] | [[Martes foina syriaca]] | Martes foina syriaca | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1115 | [[:d:Q5798528|Q5798528]] | [[Martes zibellina ilimpiensis]] | Martes zibellina ilimpiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1116 | [[:d:Q5847312|Q5847312]] | [[Martes zibellina jakutensis]] | Martes zibellina jakutensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1117 | [[:d:Q9029611|Q9029611]] | [[Martes foina foina]] | Martes foina foina | 4 | | [[File:Martes foina 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1118 | [[:d:Q9029617|Q9029617]] | [[Martes foina kozlovi]] | Martes foina kozlovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1119 | [[:d:Q9029619|Q9029619]] | [[Martes foina mediterranea]] | Martes foina mediterranea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1120 | [[:d:Q9029623|Q9029623]] | [[Martes foina nehringi]] | Martes foina nehringi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1121 | [[:d:Q9029627|Q9029627]] | [[Martes foina toufoeus]] | Martes foina toufoeus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1122 | [[:d:Q9029630|Q9029630]] | [[Martes martes latinorum]] | Martes martes latinorum | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1123 | [[:d:Q9029633|Q9029633]] | [[Martes martes lorenzi]] | Martes martes lorenzi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1124 | [[:d:Q9029636|Q9029636]] | [[Martes martes martes]] | Martes martes martes | 4 | | [[File:Pine Marten BWC.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1125 | [[:d:Q9029642|Q9029642]] | [[Martes martes ruthena]] | Martes martes ruthena | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1126 | [[:d:Q9029645|Q9029645]] | [[Martes zibellina angarensis]] | Martes zibellina angarensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1127 | [[:d:Q9029647|Q9029647]] | [[Martes zibellina arsenjevi]] | Martes zibellina arsenjevi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1128 | [[:d:Q9029653|Q9029653]] | [[Martes zibellina kamtschadalica]] | Martes zibellina kamtschadalica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1129 | [[:d:Q9029655|Q9029655]] | [[Martes zibellina obscura]] | Martes zibellina obscura | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1130 | [[:d:Q9029659|Q9029659]] | [[Martes zibellina sahalinensis]] | Martes zibellina sahalinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1131 | [[:d:Q9029666|Q9029666]] | [[Martes zibellina tomensis]] | Martes zibellina tomensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1132 | [[:d:Q9031320|Q9031320]] | [[Meles meles arcalus]] | Meles meles arcalus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1133 | [[:d:Q9031324|Q9031324]] | [[Meles meles heptneri]] | Meles meles heptneri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1134 | [[:d:Q9031328|Q9031328]] | [[Meles meles milleri]] | Meles meles milleri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1135 | [[:d:Q9031329|Q9031329]] | [[Meles meles rhodius]] | Meles meles rhodius | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1136 | [[:d:Q9031330|Q9031330]] | [[Meles meles severzovi]] | Meles meles severzovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1137 | [[:d:Q9047309|Q9047309]] | [[Mustela erminea teberdina]] | Mustela erminea teberdina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1138 | [[:d:Q9047311|Q9047311]] | [[Mustela lutreola biedermanni]] | Mustela lutreola biedermanni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1139 | [[:d:Q9047312|Q9047312]] | [[Mustela lutreola binominata]] | Mustela lutreola binominata | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1140 | [[:d:Q9047316|Q9047316]] | [[Mustela lutreola cylipena]] | Mustela lutreola cylipena | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1141 | [[:d:Q9047318|Q9047318]] | [[Mustela lutreola lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola lutreola | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1142 | [[:d:Q9047319|Q9047319]] | [[Mustela lutreola novikovi]] | Mustela lutreola novikovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1143 | [[:d:Q9047322|Q9047322]] | [[Mustela lutreola transsylvanica]] | Mustela lutreola transsylvanica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1144 | [[:d:Q11691232|Q11691232]] | [[Martes foina bosniaca]] | Martes foina bosniaca | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1145 | [[:d:Q11691237|Q11691237]] | [[Martes foina intermedia]] | Martes foina intermedia | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1146 | [[:d:Q11691241|Q11691241]] | [[Martes foina milleri]] | Martes foina milleri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1147 | [[:d:Q11691246|Q11691246]] | [[Martes foina rosanowi]] | Martes foina rosanowi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1148 | [[:d:Q11691251|Q11691251]] | [[Martes martes borealis]] | Martes martes borealis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1149 | [[:d:Q11691256|Q11691256]] | [[Martes martes minoricensis]] | Martes martes minoricensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1150 | [[:d:Q11691261|Q11691261]] | [[Martes martes uralensis]] | Martes martes uralensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1151 | [[:d:Q11691266|Q11691266]] | [[Martes zibellina averini]] | Martes zibellina averini | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1152 | [[:d:Q11691271|Q11691271]] | [[Martes zibellina sajanensis]] | Martes zibellina sajanensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1153 | [[:d:Q11691276|Q11691276]] | [[Martes zibellina schantaricus]] | Martes zibellina schantaricus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1154 | [[:d:Q11691282|Q11691282]] | [[Martes zibellina tungussensis]] | Martes zibellina tungussensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1155 | [[:d:Q11691947|Q11691947]] | [[Meles meles marianensis]] | Meles meles marianensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1156 | [[:d:Q11694606|Q11694606]] | [[Mustela erminea arctica]] | Mustela erminea arctica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1157 | [[:d:Q11694611|Q11694611]] | [[Mustela erminea bangsi]] | Mustela erminea bangsi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1158 | [[:d:Q11694614|Q11694614]] | [[Mustela erminea erminea]] | Mustela erminea erminea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1159 | [[:d:Q11694618|Q11694618]] | [[Mustela erminea ferghanae]] | Mustela erminea ferghanae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1160 | [[:d:Q11694623|Q11694623]] | [[Mustela erminea haidarum]] | Mustela erminea haidarum | 4 | | [[File:Haida Ermine (Mustela haidarum).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1161 | [[:d:Q11694628|Q11694628]] | [[Mustela erminea initis]] | Mustela erminea initis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1162 | [[:d:Q11694635|Q11694635]] | [[Mustela erminea martinoi]] | Mustela erminea martinoi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1163 | [[:d:Q11694638|Q11694638]] | [[Mustela erminea streatori]] | Mustela erminea streatori | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1164 | [[:d:Q11694639|Q11694639]] | [[Mustela erminea tobolica]] | Mustela erminea tobolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1165 | [[:d:Q12185009|Q12185009]] | [[Mustela putorius caledoniae]] | Mustela putorius caledoniae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1166 | [[:d:Q122058803|Q122058803]] | [[Atopotarus]] | Atopotarus | 4 | | [[File:Atopotarus courseni LACM 1376.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesminae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1167 | [[:d:Q19819898|Q19819898]] | [[Otocolobus]] | Otocolobus | 4 | | [[File:Manoel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1168 | [[:d:Q20907659|Q20907659]] | [[Lutra lutra seistanica]] | Lutra lutra seistanica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1169 | [[:d:Q21368827|Q21368827]] | [[Pristifelis]] | Pristifelis | 4 | | [[File:Pristifelis attica - mandible and left metacarpus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1170 | [[:d:Q96405791|Q96405791]] | [[Sivapardus]] | Sivapardus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1171 | [[:d:Q5549250|Q5549250]] | [[Martes americana vulpina]] | Martes americana vulpina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1172 | [[:d:Q9029564|Q9029564]] | [[Martes americana americana]] | Martes americana americana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1173 | [[:d:Q9029566|Q9029566]] | [[Martes americana humboldtensis]] | Martes americana humboldtensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1174 | [[:d:Q9029569|Q9029569]] | [[Martes americana kenaiensis]] | Martes americana kenaiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1175 | [[:d:Q9029570|Q9029570]] | [[Martes americana nesophila]] | Martes americana nesophila | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1176 | [[:d:Q9029571|Q9029571]] | [[Martes americana origensis]] | Martes americana origensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1177 | [[:d:Q9029573|Q9029573]] | [[Martes americana sierrae]] | Martes americana sierrae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1178 | [[:d:Q9047211|Q9047211]] | [[Mustela altaica altaica]] | Mustela altaica altaica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1179 | [[:d:Q9047219|Q9047219]] | [[Mustela altaica temon]] | Mustela altaica temon | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1180 | [[:d:Q11691204|Q11691204]] | [[Martes americana abieticola]] | Martes americana abieticola | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1181 | [[:d:Q11691209|Q11691209]] | [[Martes americana actuosa]] | Martes americana actuosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1182 | [[:d:Q11691215|Q11691215]] | [[Martes americana vancourverensis]] | Martes americana vancourverensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1183 | [[:d:Q115800580|Q115800580]] | [[Leontoceryx]] | Leontoceryx | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1184 | [[:d:Q9029591|Q9029591]] | [[Martes flavigula hainana]] | Martes flavigula hainana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1185 | [[:d:Q9029592|Q9029592]] | [[Martes flavigula henrici]] | Martes flavigula henrici | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1186 | [[:d:Q9029599|Q9029599]] | [[Martes flavigula peninsularis]] | Martes flavigula peninsularis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1187 | [[:d:Q9029601|Q9029601]] | [[Martes flavigula robinsoni]] | Martes flavigula robinsoni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1188 | [[:d:Q20907775|Q20907775]] | [[Mellivora capensis cottoni]] | Mellivora capensis cottoni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1189 | [[:d:Q7186603|Q7186603]] | [[Phoberocyon]] | Phoberocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1190 | [[:d:Q11694601|Q11694601]] | [[Mustela altaica birulai]] | Mustela altaica birulai | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1191 | [[:d:Q20907645|Q20907645]] | [[Lontra longicaudis annectens]] | Lontra longicaudis annectens | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1192 | [[:d:Q3612250|Q3612250]] | [[Psalidocyon]] | Psalidocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1193 | [[:d:Q3729451|Q3729451]] | [[Paracynarctus]] | Paracynarctus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1194 | [[:d:Q5409872|Q5409872]] | [[Euoplocyon]] | Euoplocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1195 | [[:d:Q7252035|Q7252035]] | [[Protomarctus]] | Protomarctus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1196 | [[:d:Q7701327|Q7701327]] | [[Tephrocyon]] | Tephrocyon | 4 | | [[File:Tephrocyon (white background).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1197 | [[:d:Q10808340|Q10808340]] | [[Potos]] | Potos | 4 | | [[File:Kinkajou2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1198 | [[:d:Q11694596|Q11694596]] | [[Mustela africana stolzmanni]] | Mustela africana stolzmanni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela africana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1199 | [[:d:Q65141603|Q65141603]] | [[Protursus]] | Protursus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Simocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1200 | [[:d:Q1028475|Q1028475]] | [[Procyon lotor minor]] | Procyon lotor minor | 4 | | [[File:Procyon minor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1201 | [[:d:Q5800406|Q5800406]] | [[Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis]] | Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1202 | [[:d:Q9095047|Q9095047]] | [[Vulpes vulpes abietorum]] | Vulpes vulpes abietorum | 4 | | [[File:Red fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1203 | [[:d:Q9095054|Q9095054]] | [[Vulpes vulpes atlantica]] | Vulpes vulpes atlantica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1204 | [[:d:Q9095067|Q9095067]] | [[Vulpes vulpes caucasica]] | Vulpes vulpes caucasica | 4 | | [[File:Steppe Family by Mashin Rostislav.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1205 | [[:d:Q9095084|Q9095084]] | [[Vulpes vulpes harrimani]] | Vulpes vulpes harrimani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1206 | [[:d:Q9095088|Q9095088]] | [[Vulpes vulpes hoole]] | Vulpes vulpes hoole | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1207 | [[:d:Q9095098|Q9095098]] | [[Vulpes vulpes jakutensis]] | Vulpes vulpes jakutensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1208 | [[:d:Q9095099|Q9095099]] | [[Vulpes vulpes karagan]] | Vulpes vulpes karagan | 4 | | [[File:Лисица.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1209 | [[:d:Q9095115|Q9095115]] | [[Vulpes vulpes ochroxantha]] | Vulpes vulpes ochroxantha | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1210 | [[:d:Q9095118|Q9095118]] | [[Vulpes vulpes regalis]] | Vulpes vulpes regalis | 4 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes regalis (2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1211 | [[:d:Q9095135|Q9095135]] | [[Vulpes vulpes tobolica]] | Vulpes vulpes tobolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1212 | [[:d:Q11705193|Q11705193]] | [[Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis]] | Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1213 | [[:d:Q11705196|Q11705196]] | [[Vulpes vulpes splendidissima]] | Vulpes vulpes splendidissima | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1214 | [[:d:Q11705198|Q11705198]] | [[Vulpes vulpes stepensis]] | Vulpes vulpes stepensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1215 | [[:d:Q11955017|Q11955017]] | [[Vulpes vulpes dorsalis]] | Vulpes vulpes dorsalis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1216 | [[:d:Q5985095|Q5985095]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus magellanicus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus magellanicus | 4 | | [[File:Fox -Puerto Natales, Patagonia, Chile-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1217 | [[:d:Q5985097|Q5985097]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus reissii]] | Lycalopex culpaeus reissii | 4 | | [[File:Pes horský.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1218 | [[:d:Q39080924|Q39080924]] | [[Leopardus emiliae]] | Leopardus emiliae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1219 | [[:d:Q3362472|Q3362472]] | [[Panthera schreuderi]] | Panthera schreuderi | 4 | | [[File:Panthera schreuderi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1220 | [[:d:Q7228360|Q7228360]] | [[Pontosmilus]] | Pontosmilus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1221 | [[:d:Q9087635|Q9087635]] | [[tigard]] | Panthera pardus × Panthera tigris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1222 | [[:d:Q118612732|Q118612732]] | [[Panthera principialis]] | Panthera principialis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1223 | [[:d:Q56316454|Q56316454]] | [[Miracinonyx inexpectatus]] | Miracinonyx inexpectatus | 4 | | [[File:Miracinonyx inexpectatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miracinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1224 | [[:d:Q123260114|Q123260114]] | [[Acinonyx intermedius]] | Acinonyx intermedius | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1225 | [[:d:Q3879909|Q3879909]] | [[Nurocyon chonokhariensis]] | Nurocyon chonokhariensis | 4 | | [[File:Nurocyon.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nurocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1226 | [[:d:Q3922171|Q3922171]] | [[Pristifelis attica]] | Pristifelis attica | 4 | | [[File:Pristifelis attica - mandible and left metacarpus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pristifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1227 | [[:d:Q5199889|Q5199889]] | [[Cynarctina]] | Cynarctina | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1228 | [[:d:Q4173311|Q4173311]] | [[Panthera pardus sickenbergi]] | Panthera pardus sickenbergi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1229 | [[:d:Q8262823|Q8262823]] | [[Caracal caracal algira]] | Caracal caracal algira | 4 | | [[File:Caracal caracal algira - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02737.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1230 | [[:d:Q8262827|Q8262827]] | [[Caracal caracal damarensis]] | Caracal caracal damarensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1231 | [[:d:Q8262829|Q8262829]] | [[Caracal caracal limpopoensis]] | Caracal caracal limpopoensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1232 | [[:d:Q8262831|Q8262831]] | [[Caracal caracal lucani]] | Caracal caracal lucani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1233 | [[:d:Q8262833|Q8262833]] | [[Caracal caracal nubica]] | Caracal caracal nubica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1234 | [[:d:Q8262836|Q8262836]] | [[Caracal caracal poecilotis]] | Caracal caracal poecilotis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1235 | [[:d:Q5442092|Q5442092]] | [[Felis margarita harrisoni]] | Felis margarita harrisoni | 4 | | [[File:Felis margarita harrisoni - Sandkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1236 | [[:d:Q5442095|Q5442095]] | [[Felis margarita thinobia]] | Felis margarita thinobia | 4 | | [[File:Persian sand CAT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1237 | [[:d:Q5814436|Q5814436]] | [[Felis silvestris jordansi]] | Felis silvestris jordansi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1238 | [[:d:Q5901456|Q5901456]] | [[Homotherium latidens]] | Homotherium latidens | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium latidens cub mummy fig2 (cropped).webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1239 | [[:d:Q5901460|Q5901460]] | [[Homotherium serum]] | Homotherium serum | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium serum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1240 | [[:d:Q5901463|Q5901463]] | [[Homotherium venezuelensis]] | Homotherium venezuelensis | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium venezuelensis7.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1241 | [[:d:Q8961147|Q8961147]] | [[Felis silvestris foxi]] | Felis silvestris foxi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1242 | [[:d:Q8961157|Q8961157]] | [[Felis silvestris ocreata]] | Felis silvestris ocreata | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1243 | [[:d:Q2202668|Q2202668]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi]] | Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi | 4 | | [[File:Kočka palawanská Zoo Praha 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1244 | [[:d:Q2632995|Q2632995]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis rabori]] | Prionailurus bengalensis rabori | 4 | | [[File:Visayan Leopard Cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1245 | [[:d:Q5442081|Q5442081]] | [[Felis chaus fulvidina]] | Felis chaus fulvidina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1246 | [[:d:Q5442087|Q5442087]] | [[Felis chaus prateri]] | Felis chaus prateri | 4 | | [[File:Melanistic Jungle Cat Asani Bhaduri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1247 | [[:d:Q6092774|Q6092774]] | [[Puma concolor anthonyi]] | Puma concolor anthonyi | 4 | | [[File:Puma en reserva Guaycolec, Formosa, Argentina 06g.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1248 | [[:d:Q9064709|Q9064709]] | [[Puma concolor puma]] | Puma concolor puma | 4 | | [[File:Puma concolor puma 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1249 | [[:d:Q6158080|Q6158080]] | [[Ursus dolinensis]] | Ursus dolinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1250 | [[:d:Q16352096|Q16352096]] | [[Ursus savini]] | Ursus savini | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1251 | [[:d:Q4021771|Q4021771]] | [[Xenocyon lycaonoides]] | Xenocyon lycaonoides | 4 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1252 | [[:d:Q3742297|Q3742297]] | [[Felis lybica sarda]] | Felis lybica sarda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1253 | [[:d:Q5477997|Q5477997]] | [[Ursus americanus californiensis]] | Ursus americanus californiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1254 | [[:d:Q5674669|Q5674669]] | [[Ursus americanus vancouveri]] | Ursus americanus vancouveri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1255 | [[:d:Q9092007|Q9092007]] | [[Ursus americanus altifrontalis]] | Ursus americanus altifrontalis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1256 | [[:d:Q9092009|Q9092009]] | [[Ursus americanus americanus]] | Ursus americanus americanus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1257 | [[:d:Q111519517|Q111519517]] | [[Aenocyon]] | Aenocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1258 | [[:d:Q5032439|Q5032439]] | [[Canis cedazoensis]] | Canis cedazoensis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1259 | [[:d:Q5032445|Q5032445]] | [[Canis nehringi]] | Canis nehringi | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1260 | [[:d:Q9092014|Q9092014]] | [[Ursus americanus eremicus]] | Ursus americanus eremicus | 4 | | [[File:Ursus americanus eremicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1261 | [[:d:Q9092036|Q9092036]] | [[Ursus thibetanus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus thibetanus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1262 | [[:d:Q11704936|Q11704936]] | [[Ursus americanus amblyceps]] | Ursus americanus amblyceps | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1263 | [[:d:Q20907548|Q20907548]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1264 | [[:d:Q20907612|Q20907612]] | [[Ursus thibetanus mupinensis]] | Ursus thibetanus mupinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1265 | [[:d:Q105272263|Q105272263]] | [[Canis lupaster]] | Canis lupaster | 4 | | [[File:Grey jackal from Haizer Algeria 4.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1266 | [[:d:Q122839865|Q122839865]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus | 4 | | [[File:Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus - Timur Kalininsky - 114239829.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1267 | [[:d:Q18148124|Q18148124]] | [[Canis latrans lestes]] | Canis latrans lestes | 4 | | [[File:Coyote Yellowstone (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1268 | [[:d:Q18158082|Q18158082]] | [[Canis latrans incolatus]] | Canis latrans incolatus | 4 | | [[File:Coyote in Alaska.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1269 | [[:d:Q126678468|Q126678468]] | [[Canis lupaster soudanicus]] | Canis lupaster soudanicus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupaster]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1270 | [[:d:Q20721864|Q20721864]] | [[Helictidinae]] | Helictidinae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1271 | [[:d:Q21358817|Q21358817]] | [[Ferinestrix]] | Ferinestrix | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1272 | [[:d:Q56328384|Q56328384]] | [[Amphicticeps]] | Amphicticeps | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1273 | [[:d:Q85989123|Q85989123]] | [[Alagtsavbaatar]] | Alagtsavbaatar | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1274 | [[:d:Q119015399|Q119015399]] | [[Subparictidae]] | Subparictidae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1275 | [[:d:Q132170502|Q132170502]] | [[Peignictis]] | Peignictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1276 | [[:d:Q10803995|Q10803995]] | [[Paracynictis]] | Paracynictis | 3 | | [[File:Paracynictis selousi Smit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1277 | [[:d:Q21446410|Q21446410]] | [[Hoplophoninae]] | Hoplophoninae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1278 | [[:d:Q97372855|Q97372855]] | [[Mungotinae]] | Mungotinae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1279 | [[:d:Q3724927|Q3724927]] | [[Enaliarctidae]] | Enaliarctidae | 3 | | [[File:Enaliarctos mealsi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1280 | [[:d:Q16975912|Q16975912]] | [[Hydrurga]] | Hydrurga | 3 | | [[File:Seeleopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1281 | [[:d:Q18001682|Q18001682]] | [[Halichoerus]] | Halichoerus | 3 | | [[File:Foka szara mateusz wlodarczyk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1282 | [[:d:Q19817156|Q19817156]] | [[Cystophora]] | Cystophora | 3 | | [[File:Klappmuetze MK.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1283 | [[:d:Q19817285|Q19817285]] | [[Pagophilus]] | Pagophilus | 3 | | [[File:Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1284 | [[:d:Q30693564|Q30693564]] | [[Pontophoca]] | Pontophoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1285 | [[:d:Q105722413|Q105722413]] | [[Eotaria]] | Eotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1286 | [[:d:Q106209973|Q106209973]] | [[Oaxacagale]] | Oaxacagale | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1287 | [[:d:Q108146761|Q108146761]] | [[Corumictis]] | Corumictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1288 | [[:d:Q112959105|Q112959105]] | [[Vishnuonyx]] | Vishnuonyx | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1289 | [[:d:Q121397638|Q121397638]] | [[Pithanotaria]] | Pithanotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1290 | [[:d:Q123015506|Q123015506]] | [[Sivaonyx]] | Sivaonyx | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1291 | [[:d:Q131851334|Q131851334]] | [[Trochictis]] | Trochictis | 3 | | [[File:(MHNT) Trochictis artenensis (Ginsburg, 1968) Hémimandibule droite.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1292 | [[:d:Q4690268|Q4690268]] | [[Afrocyon]] | Afrocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1293 | [[:d:Q4748237|Q4748237]] | [[Amphicyanis]] | Amphicyanis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1294 | [[:d:Q4764524|Q4764524]] | [[Anictis]] | Anictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1295 | [[:d:Q5305892|Q5305892]] | [[Drassonax]] | Drassonax | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1296 | [[:d:Q6890585|Q6890585]] | [[Moghradictis]] | Moghradictis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1297 | [[:d:Q19817095|Q19817095]] | [[Nandinia]] | Nandinia | 3 | | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Nandiniidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1298 | [[:d:Q21446607|Q21446607]] | [[Canoidea]] | Canoidea | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1299 | [[:d:Q56328139|Q56328139]] | [[Necromites]] | Necromites | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1300 | [[:d:Q85989435|Q85989435]] | [[Haplogale]] | Haplogale | 3 | | [[File:Haplogale media.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1301 | [[:d:Q85989541|Q85989541]] | [[Izmirictis]] | Izmirictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1302 | [[:d:Q85990177|Q85990177]] | [[Shandgolictis]] | Shandgolictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1303 | [[:d:Q85990185|Q85990185]] | [[Sivanasua]] | Sivanasua | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1304 | [[:d:Q111620850|Q111620850]] | [[Osodobenus]] | Osodobenus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1305 | [[:d:Q111802261|Q111802261]] | [[Titanotaria]] | Titanotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1306 | [[:d:Q121409576|Q121409576]] | [[Palaeoprionodon]] | Palaeoprionodon | 3 | | [[File:Palaeoprionodon lamandini.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1307 | [[:d:Q123015318|Q123015318]] | [[Pinnarctidion]] | Pinnarctidion | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1308 | [[:d:Q18272206|Q18272206]] | [[Hydrictis]] | Hydrictis | 3 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1309 | [[:d:Q60978099|Q60978099]] | [[Paralutra]] | Paralutra | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1310 | [[:d:Q108030101|Q108030101]] | [[Genetta plesictoides]] | Genetta plesictoides | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1311 | [[:d:Q122070113|Q122070113]] | [[Vishnuictis]] | Vishnuictis | 3 | | [[File:Vishnuictis reconstruction.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1312 | [[:d:Q2166001|Q2166001]] | [[Conepatus mesoleucus]] | Conepatus mesoleucus | 3 | | [[File:Hog-nosed-skunk.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1313 | [[:d:Q19817079|Q19817079]] | [[Diplogale]] | Diplogale | 3 | | [[File:HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1314 | [[:d:Q3181107|Q3181107]] | [[Haplocyonopsis]] | Haplocyonopsis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1315 | [[:d:Q5411680|Q5411680]] | [[Euroamphicyon]] | Euroamphicyon | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1316 | [[:d:Q5651728|Q5651728]] | [[Haplocyon]] | Haplocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1317 | [[:d:Q5651730|Q5651730]] | [[Haplocyonoides]] | Haplocyonoides | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1318 | [[:d:Q55370786|Q55370786]] | [[Goupilictis]] | Goupilictis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1319 | [[:d:Q98456157|Q98456157]] | [[Conepatus amazonicus]] | Conepatus amazonicus | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus amazonicus - ....Christopher Borges.... - 533154117.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1320 | [[:d:Q107882731|Q107882731]] | [[Spilogale leucoparia]] | Spilogale leucoparia | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1321 | [[:d:Q108800477|Q108800477]] | [[Spilogale interrupta]] | Spilogale interrupta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1322 | [[:d:Q111280772|Q111280772]] | [[Namibiocyon]] | Namibiocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1323 | [[:d:Q123015110|Q123015110]] | [[Eodesmus]] | Eodesmus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1324 | [[:d:Q28182554|Q28182554]] | [[Pleistocene New Zealand sea lion]] | Neophoca palatina | 3 | | [[File:Neophoca palatina (AM LM76-8).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Neophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1325 | [[:d:Q55221346|Q55221346]] | [[Auroraphoca]] | Auroraphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1326 | [[:d:Q108422375|Q108422375]] | [[Atilax mesotes]] | Atilax mesotes | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Atilax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1327 | [[:d:Q765132|Q765132]] | [[Thaumastocyon]] | Thaumastocyon | 3 | | [[File:Thaumastocyon bourgeoisi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1328 | [[:d:Q2477712|Q2477712]] | [[Imagotaria downsi]] | Imagotaria downsi | 3 | | [[File:Imagotaria downsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Imagotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1329 | [[:d:Q4138182|Q4138182]] | [[Hyaenictitherium]] | Hyaenictitherium | 3 | | [[File:Hyaenictitherium DB24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictitheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1330 | [[:d:Q16929812|Q16929812]] | [[Hyaenotherium]] | Hyaenotherium | 3 | | [[File:似鬣狗鼬鬣狗 Hyaenotherium hyaeneides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictitheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1331 | [[:d:Q30693544|Q30693544]] | [[Nanophoca]] | Nanophoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1332 | [[:d:Q30693561|Q30693561]] | [[Phocanella]] | Phocanella | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1333 | [[:d:Q30693573|Q30693573]] | [[Gryphoca]] | Gryphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1334 | [[:d:Q135102360|Q135102360]] | [[Circamustela]] | Circamustela | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1335 | [[:d:Q10808040|Q10808040]] | [[Poecilogale]] | Poecilogale | 3 | | [[File:Whitenapedweasellg2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1336 | [[:d:Q16696649|Q16696649]] | [[Semantor macrurus]] | Semantor macrurus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1337 | [[:d:Q18002457|Q18002457]] | [[Palaeomephitis steinheimensis]] | Palaeomephitis steinheimensis | 3 | | [[File:Palaeomephitis steinheimensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Palaeomephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1338 | [[:d:Q25436860|Q25436860]] | [[Archaeodobenus akamatsui]] | Archaeodobenus akamatsui | 3 | | [[File:Archaeodobenus.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeodobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1339 | [[:d:Q33177251|Q33177251]] | [[Ictonychini]] | Ictonychini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1340 | [[:d:Q97370757|Q97370757]] | [[Pithanotaria starri]] | Pithanotaria starri | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pithanotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1341 | [[:d:Q108030483|Q108030483]] | [[Enhydrictis]] | Enhydrictis | 3 | | [[File:Enhydrictis galictoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1342 | [[:d:Q135257780|Q135257780]] | [[Lyncodontini]] | Lyncodontini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1343 | [[:d:Q5575498|Q5575498]] | [[Gobicyon]] | Gobicyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1344 | [[:d:Q11840392|Q11840392]] | [[Dologale]] | Dologale | 3 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1345 | [[:d:Q21368149|Q21368149]] | [[Asilifelis]] | Asilifelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1346 | [[:d:Q21368361|Q21368361]] | [[Diamantofelis]] | Diamantofelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1347 | [[:d:Q21368812|Q21368812]] | [[Namafelis]] | Namafelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1348 | [[:d:Q110967286|Q110967286]] | [[Katifelis]] | Katifelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1349 | [[:d:Q117815835|Q117815835]] | [[Vinayakia]] | Vinayakia | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1350 | [[:d:Q1571102|Q1571102]] | [[Grammogale]] | Grammogale | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1351 | [[:d:Q20907620|Q20907620]] | [[Halichoerus grypus macrorhynchus]] | Halichoerus grypus macrorhynchus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1352 | [[:d:Q20907621|Q20907621]] | [[Phoca vitulina vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina vitulina | 3 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1353 | [[:d:Q20907622|Q20907622]] | [[Phoca vitulina concolor]] | Phoca vitulina concolor | 3 | | [[File:Harbor seal in Holyoke, MA. Connecticut River. 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1354 | [[:d:Q20907624|Q20907624]] | [[Phoca vitulina richardii]] | Phoca vitulina richardii | 3 | | [[File:Phoca vitulina richardii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1355 | [[:d:Q5782651|Q5782651]] | [[Conepatus chinga chinga]] | Conepatus chinga chinga | 3 | | [[File:Chingue (Conepatus chinga) Inao Vásquez 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1356 | [[:d:Q5782653|Q5782653]] | [[Conepatus chinga rex]] | Conepatus chinga rex | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus chinga rex (8392210869).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1357 | [[:d:Q20907246|Q20907246]] | [[Genetta genetta felina]] | Genetta genetta felina | 3 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1358 | [[:d:Q20907613|Q20907613]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus | 3 | | [[File:Arctocephalus pusillus 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1359 | [[:d:Q20907614|Q20907614]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1360 | [[:d:Q20907920|Q20907920]] | [[Conepatus chinga suffocans]] | Conepatus chinga suffocans | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1361 | [[:d:Q20907943|Q20907943]] | [[Mephitis mephitis hudsonica]] | Mephitis mephitis hudsonica | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1362 | [[:d:Q20907945|Q20907945]] | [[Mephitis mephitis mesomelas]] | Mephitis mephitis mesomelas | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1363 | [[:d:Q20907946|Q20907946]] | [[Mephitis mephitis nigra]] | Mephitis mephitis nigra | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1364 | [[:d:Q20907970|Q20907970]] | [[Spilogale putorius interrupta]] | Spilogale putorius interrupta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1365 | [[:d:Q12116479|Q12116479]] | [[Potosinae]] | Potosinae | 3 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1366 | [[:d:Q20907625|Q20907625]] | [[Pusa hispida hispida]] | Pusa hispida hispida | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1367 | [[:d:Q13563535|Q13563535]] | [[Namaqua slender mongoose]] | Galerella sanguinea swalius | 3 | | [[File:2009-slender-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1368 | [[:d:Q20907922|Q20907922]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii castaneus]] | Conepatus humboldtii castaneus | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus humboldtii 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1369 | [[:d:Q16987383|Q16987383]] | [[Paradoxurus montanus]] | Paradoxurus montanus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1370 | [[:d:Q20907925|Q20907925]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus]] | Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1371 | [[:d:Q20907962|Q20907962]] | [[Spilogale gracilis amphialus]] | Spilogale gracilis amphialus | 3 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis amphiala.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1372 | [[:d:Q135249380|Q135249380]] | [[Ictonyx harrisoni]] | Ictonyx harrisoni | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1373 | [[:d:Q92891178|Q92891178]] | [[Enhydra macrodonta]] | Enhydra macrodonta | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1374 | [[:d:Q107994795|Q107994795]] | [[Cretan otter]] | Lutrogale cretensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1375 | [[:d:Q108422524|Q108422524]] | [[Callorhinus gilmorei]] | Callorhinus gilmorei | 3 | | [[File:Callorhinus gilmorei.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Callorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1376 | [[:d:Q3497608|Q3497608]] | [[Chamitataxus avitus]] | Chamitataxus avitus | 3 | | [[File:Chamitataxus BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Chamitataxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1377 | [[:d:Q108422505|Q108422505]] | [[Mellivora sivalensis]] | Mellivora sivalensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1378 | [[:d:Q9047364|Q9047364]] | [[Mustela putorius anglia]] | Mustela putorius anglia | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1379 | [[:d:Q9047369|Q9047369]] | [[Mustela putorius mosquensis]] | Mustela putorius mosquensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1380 | [[:d:Q12185005|Q12185005]] | [[Mustela putorius rothschildi]] | Mustela putorius rothschildi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1381 | [[:d:Q20907655|Q20907655]] | [[Lutra lutra meridionalis]] | Lutra lutra meridionalis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1382 | [[:d:Q20907870|Q20907870]] | [[Mustela putorius putorius]] | Mustela putorius putorius | 3 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1383 | [[:d:Q30693567|Q30693567]] | [[Pachyphoca]] | Pachyphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cystophorini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1384 | [[:d:Q121348857|Q121348857]] | [[Paludocyon]] | Paludocyon | 3 | | [[File:Paludocyon moyasolai skull - Morales et al 2026.webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1385 | [[:d:Q125749307|Q125749307]] | [[Neogale frenata]] | Neogale frenata | 3 | | [[File:Mustela frenata new.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1386 | [[:d:Q869465|Q869465]] | [[Nasua nelsoni]] | Nasua nelsoni | 3 | | [[File:Cozumel Island Coati .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1387 | [[:d:Q2857972|Q2857972]] | [[Aonyx capensis hindei]] | Aonyx capensis hindei | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1388 | [[:d:Q2857973|Q2857973]] | [[Aonyx capensis meneleki]] | Aonyx capensis meneleki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1389 | [[:d:Q11908163|Q11908163]] | [[Barbourofelis fricki]] | Barbourofelis fricki | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1390 | [[:d:Q16595094|Q16595094]] | [[Lycalopex ensenadensis]] | Lycalopex ensenadensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1391 | [[:d:Q20907635|Q20907635]] | [[Enhydra lutris nereis]] | Enhydra lutris nereis | 3 | | [[File:California Sea Otters - Enhydra lutris nereis, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, California.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1392 | [[:d:Q28432836|Q28432836]] | [[Felini]] | Felini | 3 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1393 | [[:d:Q121339769|Q121339769]] | [[Vishnufelis]] | Vishnufelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1394 | [[:d:Q920221|Q920221]] | [[Martes americana caurina]] | Martes americana caurina | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1395 | [[:d:Q9029559|Q9029559]] | [[Martes americana abietinoides]] | Martes americana abietinoides | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1396 | [[:d:Q4064599|Q4064599]] | [[Mustela eversmanii amurensis]] | Mustela eversmanii amurensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1397 | [[:d:Q118469371|Q118469371]] | [[Sivasmilus]] | Sivasmilus | 3 | | [[File:Sivasmilus holotype Pilgrim1915.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1398 | [[:d:Q2303349|Q2303349]] | [[Cyonasua argentina]] | Cyonasua argentina | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cyonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1399 | [[:d:Q6840433|Q6840433]] | [[Microtomarctus]] | Microtomarctus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1400 | [[:d:Q7105820|Q7105820]] | [[Osbornodon iamonensis]] | Osbornodon iamonensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Osbornodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1401 | [[:d:Q7134499|Q7134499]] | [[Paraenhydrocyon]] | Paraenhydrocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1402 | [[:d:Q11318742|Q11318742]] | [[Martes melampus tsuensis]] | Martes melampus tsuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1403 | [[:d:Q11338316|Q11338316]] | [[Martes melampus melampus]] | Martes melampus melampus | 3 | | [[File:Japanese Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1404 | [[:d:Q3853467|Q3853467]] | [[Mececyon trinilensis]] | Mececyon trinilensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mececyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1405 | [[:d:Q3853916|Q3853916]] | [[Megacyon merriami]] | Megacyon merriami | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Megacyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1406 | [[:d:Q5378828|Q5378828]] | [[Enhydritherium terraenovae]] | Enhydritherium terraenovae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydritherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1407 | [[:d:Q60741848|Q60741848]] | [[Enhydriodon dikikae]] | Enhydriodon dikikae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydriodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1408 | [[:d:Q65141617|Q65141617]] | [[Actiocyon]] | Actiocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Simocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1409 | [[:d:Q20908036|Q20908036]] | [[Procyon lotor hernandezii]] | Procyon lotor hernandezii | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1410 | [[:d:Q20908051|Q20908051]] | [[Ailurus fulgens fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens fulgens | 3 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1411 | [[:d:Q131304188|Q131304188]] | [[Prionailurus kurteni]] | Prionailurus kurteni | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1412 | [[:d:Q5985089|Q5985089]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus andinus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus andinus | 3 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1413 | [[:d:Q5985091|Q5985091]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus | 3 | | [[File:Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus, Pseudalopex culpaeus culpaeus zorro culpeo (Chile central) 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1414 | [[:d:Q5985093|Q5985093]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides]] | Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides | 3 | | [[File:Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides in Ushuaia, Argentina..jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1415 | [[:d:Q5985099|Q5985099]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus smithersi]] | Lycalopex culpaeus smithersi | 3 | | [[File:Keulemans Culpeo.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1416 | [[:d:Q7838042|Q7838042]] | [[Tremarctini]] | Tremarctini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1417 | [[:d:Q16590238|Q16590238]] | [[Leopardus vorohuensis]] | Leopardus vorohuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1418 | [[:d:Q118612748|Q118612748]] | [[Puma incurva]] | Puma incurva | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1419 | [[:d:Q20907580|Q20907580]] | [[Vulpes corsac corsac]] | Vulpes corsac corsac | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac corsac 409278970.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes corsac]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1420 | [[:d:Q20907582|Q20907582]] | [[Vulpes corsac kalmykorum]] | Vulpes corsac kalmykorum | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac 127174928.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes corsac]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1421 | [[:d:Q2322950|Q2322950]] | [[Vulpes macrotis mutica]] | Vulpes macrotis mutica | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes macrotis mutica with pups.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1422 | [[:d:Q20907574|Q20907574]] | [[Urocyon littoralis littoralis]] | Urocyon littoralis littoralis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1423 | [[:d:Q20907575|Q20907575]] | [[Urocyon littoralis catalinae]] | Urocyon littoralis catalinae | 3 | | [[File:CatalinaIslandFox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1424 | [[:d:Q20907576|Q20907576]] | [[Urocyon littoralis clementae]] | Urocyon littoralis clementae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1425 | [[:d:Q20907577|Q20907577]] | [[Urocyon littoralis dickeyi]] | Urocyon littoralis dickeyi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1426 | [[:d:Q20907579|Q20907579]] | [[Urocyon littoralis santarosae]] | Urocyon littoralis santarosae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1427 | [[:d:Q23752930|Q23752930]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Caracal aurata | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1428 | [[:d:Q23772769|Q23772769]] | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | Catopuma temminckii | 3 | | [[File:Asian Golden cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1429 | [[:d:Q4287837|Q4287837]] | [[Alopex lagopus semenovi]] | Alopex lagopus semenovi | 3 | | [[File:ArcticFoxSummer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alopex lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1430 | [[:d:Q8066568|Q8066568]] | [[Zaragocyon daamsi]] | Zaragocyon daamsi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Zaragocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1431 | [[:d:Q21369112|Q21369112]] | [[Adelpharctos]] | Adelpharctos | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1432 | [[:d:Q106199641|Q106199641]] | [[Miomaci]] | Miomaci | 3 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1433 | [[:d:Q110448412|Q110448412]] | [[Aurorarctos]] | Aurorarctos | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1434 | [[:d:Q112147455|Q112147455]] | [[Taowu]] | Taowu | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1435 | [[:d:Q120024195|Q120024195]] | [[Huracan]] | Huracan | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1436 | [[:d:Q16615644|Q16615644]] | [[Panthera tigris oxygnatha]] | Panthera tigris oxygnatha | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1437 | [[:d:Q22285672|Q22285672]] | [[Ethiopian lion]] | Panthera leo roosevelti | 3 | | [[File:Lion zoo Addis Ababa 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[leon]] | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1438 | [[:d:Q5985179|Q5985179]] | [[Lynx rufus gigas]] | Lynx rufus gigas | 3 | | [[File:Bobcat2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1439 | [[:d:Q8961149|Q8961149]] | [[Felis silvestris griselda]] | Felis silvestris griselda | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1440 | [[:d:Q8961150|Q8961150]] | [[Felis silvestris haussa]] | Felis silvestris haussa | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1441 | [[:d:Q8961152|Q8961152]] | [[Felis silvestris iraki]] | Felis silvestris iraki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1442 | [[:d:Q8961153|Q8961153]] | [[Felis silvestris mellandi]] | Felis silvestris mellandi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1443 | [[:d:Q8961155|Q8961155]] | [[Felis silvestris nesterovi]] | Felis silvestris nesterovi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1444 | [[:d:Q8961158|Q8961158]] | [[Felis silvestris tristrami]] | Felis silvestris tristrami | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1445 | [[:d:Q8961159|Q8961159]] | [[Felis silvestris rubida]] | Felis silvestris rubida | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1446 | [[:d:Q8961160|Q8961160]] | [[Felis silvestris ugandae]] | Felis silvestris ugandae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1447 | [[:d:Q11681812|Q11681812]] | [[Felis silvestris chutuchta]] | Felis silvestris chutuchta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1448 | [[:d:Q582960|Q582960]] | [[Leptailurus serval phillipsi]] | Leptailurus serval phillipsi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1449 | [[:d:Q966549|Q966549]] | [[Leptailurus serval kivuensis]] | Leptailurus serval kivuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1450 | [[:d:Q5392035|Q5392035]] | [[Leptailurus serval pococki]] | Leptailurus serval pococki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1451 | [[:d:Q5442082|Q5442082]] | [[Felis chaus furax]] | Felis chaus furax | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1452 | [[:d:Q5442083|Q5442083]] | [[Felis chaus kelaarti]] | Felis chaus kelaarti | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1453 | [[:d:Q5442084|Q5442084]] | [[Felis chaus maimanah]] | Felis chaus maimanah | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1454 | [[:d:Q5442085|Q5442085]] | [[Felis chaus oxiana]] | Felis chaus oxiana | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1455 | [[:d:Q5477080|Q5477080]] | [[Leptailurus serval lonnbergi]] | Leptailurus serval lonnbergi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1456 | [[:d:Q9021703|Q9021703]] | [[Leptailurus serval beirae]] | Leptailurus serval beirae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1457 | [[:d:Q9021710|Q9021710]] | [[Leptailurus serval faradjius]] | Leptailurus serval faradjius | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1458 | [[:d:Q9021712|Q9021712]] | [[Leptailurus serval ferrarii]] | Leptailurus serval ferrarii | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1459 | [[:d:Q9021713|Q9021713]] | [[Leptailurus serval hamiltoni]] | Leptailurus serval hamiltoni | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1460 | [[:d:Q9021716|Q9021716]] | [[Leptailurus serval hindei]] | Leptailurus serval hindei | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1461 | [[:d:Q9021724|Q9021724]] | [[Leptailurus serval pantastictus]] | Leptailurus serval pantastictus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1462 | [[:d:Q9021728|Q9021728]] | [[Leptailurus serval robertsi]] | Leptailurus serval robertsi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1463 | [[:d:Q9021732|Q9021732]] | [[Leptailurus serval togoensis]] | Leptailurus serval togoensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1464 | [[:d:Q11688829|Q11688829]] | [[Leptailurus serval brachyurus]] | Leptailurus serval brachyurus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1465 | [[:d:Q11688832|Q11688832]] | [[Leptailurus serval kempi]] | Leptailurus serval kempi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1466 | [[:d:Q11688834|Q11688834]] | [[Leptailurus serval mababiensis]] | Leptailurus serval mababiensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1467 | [[:d:Q20907115|Q20907115]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis | 3 | | [[File:Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis 2-Découpe.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1468 | [[:d:Q20907141|Q20907141]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides]] | Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides | 3 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1469 | [[:d:Q4006547|Q4006547]] | [[Ursus ladinicus]] | Ursus ladinicus | 3 | | [[File:Ursus ladinicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1470 | [[:d:Q9367140|Q9367140]] | [[Ursus wenzensis]] | Ursus wenzensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1471 | [[:d:Q4043537|Q4043537]] | [[Machairodus aphanistus]] | Machairodus aphanistus | 3 | | [[File:Machairodus aphanistus female skull - Batallones fossil sites, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1472 | [[:d:Q15695549|Q15695549]] | [[Nyctereutes tingi]] | Nyctereutes tingi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1473 | [[:d:Q122936769|Q122936769]] | [[Stenailurus teilhardi]] | Stenailurus teilhardi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Stenailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1474 | [[:d:Q120765693|Q120765693]] | [[Taowu liui]] | Taowu liui | 3 | | [[File:Taowu liui skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taowu]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1475 | [[:d:Q128263021|Q128263021]] | [[North African wildcat]] | Felis lybica lybica | 3 | | [[File:Felis silvestris lybica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1476 | [[:d:Q5893608|Q5893608]] | [[Helarctos malayanus euryspilus]] | Helarctos malayanus euryspilus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1477 | [[:d:Q6741612|Q6741612]] | [[Borophagus parvus]] | Borophagus parvus | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus cyonoides 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1478 | [[:d:Q16975227|Q16975227]] | [[Borophagus diversidens]] | Borophagus diversidens | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus diversidens.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1479 | [[:d:Q16975237|Q16975237]] | [[Borophagus hilli]] | Borophagus hilli | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1480 | [[:d:Q16975242|Q16975242]] | [[Borophagus littoralis]] | Borophagus littoralis | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus littoralis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1481 | [[:d:Q16975253|Q16975253]] | [[Borophagus pugnator]] | Borophagus pugnator | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1482 | [[:d:Q16975257|Q16975257]] | [[Borophagus secundus]] | Borophagus secundus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1483 | [[:d:Q20907551|Q20907551]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1484 | [[:d:Q20907603|Q20907603]] | [[Melursus ursinus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus ursinus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus ursinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1485 | [[:d:Q20907606|Q20907606]] | [[Ursus americanus machetes]] | Ursus americanus machetes | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1486 | [[:d:Q20907607|Q20907607]] | [[Ursus americanus perniger]] | Ursus americanus perniger | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1487 | [[:d:Q55693842|Q55693842]] | [[Canis lycaon]] | Canis lycaon | 3 | | [[File:Eastern wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1488 | [[:d:Q110266161|Q110266161]] | [[Canis borjgali]] | Canis borjgali | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1489 | [[:d:Q20907552|Q20907552]] | [[Otocyon megalotis megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis megalotis | 3 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1490 | [[:d:Q122840720|Q122840720]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus albus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus albus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1491 | [[:d:Q20720126|Q20720126]] | [[Canis lupus variabilis]] | Canis mosbachensis variabilis | 3 | | [[File:Canis variabilis mandible.tif|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis mosbachensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1492 | [[:d:Q20907492|Q20907492]] | [[Canis aureus ecsedensis]] | Canis aureus ecsedensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1493 | [[:d:Q20907500|Q20907500]] | [[Canis latrans clepticus]] | Canis latrans clepticus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1494 | [[:d:Q20907513|Q20907513]] | [[Canis latrans texensis]] | Canis latrans texensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1495 | [[:d:Q20907515|Q20907515]] | [[Canis latrans umpquensis]] | Canis latrans umpquensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1496 | [[:d:Q20907516|Q20907516]] | [[Canis latrans vigilis]] | Canis latrans vigilis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1497 | [[:d:Q20907522|Q20907522]] | [[Canis mesomelas mesomelas]] | Canis mesomelas mesomelas | 3 | | [[File:L. m. mesomelas, Sunday's River Valley Local Municipality 1.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1498 | [[:d:Q20907523|Q20907523]] | [[Canis mesomelas schmidti]] | Canis mesomelas schmidti | 3 | | [[File:Lupulella mesomelas schmidti Kenya 2020 1.jpg (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1499 | [[:d:Q16993011|Q16993011]] | [[Teruelictis]] | Teruelictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1500 | [[:d:Q17465087|Q17465087]] | [[Prionodontidae]] | Prionodontidae | 2 | | [[File:Prionodon maculosus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1501 | [[:d:Q21661407|Q21661407]] | [[Parataxidea]] | Parataxidea | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1502 | [[:d:Q28031449|Q28031449]] | [[Ekorus]] | Ekorus | 2 | | [[File:Ekorus and Viverra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1503 | [[:d:Q33139904|Q33139904]] | [[Leptarctinae]] | Leptarctinae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1504 | [[:d:Q59780239|Q59780239]] | [[Plesiogale]] | Plesiogale | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1505 | [[:d:Q61474546|Q61474546]] | [[Leptarctus]] | Leptarctus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1506 | [[:d:Q85989920|Q85989920]] | [[Palaeogalidae]] | Palaeogalidae | 2 | | [[File:Palaeogale skull lateral Matthew 1902.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1507 | [[:d:Q105658688|Q105658688]] | [[Zanclonychopus]] | Zanclonychopus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1508 | [[:d:Q10811693|Q10811693]] | [[Rhynchogale]] | Rhynchogale | 2 | | [[File:Smit.m.rhinogale.melleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1509 | [[:d:Q16983083|Q16983083]] | [[Herpestides]] | Herpestides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1510 | [[:d:Q21446239|Q21446239]] | [[Barbourofelinae]] | Barbourofelinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1511 | [[:d:Q28309613|Q28309613]] | [[Xenogale]] | Xenogale | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1512 | [[:d:Q85989669|Q85989669]] | [[Legetetia]] | Legetetia | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1513 | [[:d:Q85989765|Q85989765]] | [[Mioprionodon]] | Mioprionodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1514 | [[:d:Q106918005|Q106918005]] | [[Dunictis]] | Dunictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1515 | [[:d:Q116761711|Q116761711]] | [[Allohyaena]] | Allohyaena | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1516 | [[:d:Q125902653|Q125902653]] | [[Buisnictis]] | Buisnictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1517 | [[:d:Q126888234|Q126888234]] | [[Mephitinae]] | Mephitinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1518 | [[:d:Q136655510|Q136655510]] | [[Kichechia]] | Kichechia | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1519 | [[:d:Q136680096|Q136680096]] | [[Mungosinae]] | Mungosinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1520 | [[:d:Q108475852|Q108475852]] | [[Kawas]] | Kawas | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1521 | [[:d:Q110448466|Q110448466]] | [[Baranogale]] | Baranogale | 2 | | [[File:Baranogale helbingi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1522 | [[:d:Q112959022|Q112959022]] | [[Aragonictis]] | Aragonictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1523 | [[:d:Q121345006|Q121345006]] | [[Plionictis]] | Plionictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1524 | [[:d:Q123015011|Q123015011]] | [[Miophoca]] | Miophoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1525 | [[:d:Q123015038|Q123015038]] | [[Virginiaphoca]] | Virginiaphoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1526 | [[:d:Q123015074|Q123015074]] | [[Properiptychus]] | Properiptychus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1527 | [[:d:Q123015092|Q123015092]] | [[Messiphoca]] | Messiphoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1528 | [[:d:Q131160761|Q131160761]] | [[Hoplictis]] | Hoplictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1529 | [[:d:Q5663088|Q5663088]] | [[Harpagophagus]] | Harpagophagus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1530 | [[:d:Q7254211|Q7254211]] | [[Pseudamphicyon]] | Pseudamphicyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1531 | [[:d:Q10334025|Q10334025]] | [[Mustelida]] | Mustelida | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1532 | [[:d:Q18001804|Q18001804]] | [[Neotherium]] | Neotherium | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1533 | [[:d:Q19758225|Q19758225]] | [[Trigonictis]] | Trigonictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1534 | [[:d:Q21344937|Q21344937]] | [[Arctomeles]] | Arctomeles | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1535 | [[:d:Q33147923|Q33147923]] | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | Thaumastocyoninae | 2 | | [[File:Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz- (8)-Bärenhund-Agnotherium antiquum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1536 | [[:d:Q48465840|Q48465840]] | [[Kamtschatarctos]] | Kamtschatarctos | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1537 | [[:d:Q48528770|Q48528770]] | [[Semantor]] | Semantor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1538 | [[:d:Q85989695|Q85989695]] | [[Lophocyon]] | Lophocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1539 | [[:d:Q119320064|Q119320064]] | [[Subparictis]] | Subparictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1540 | [[:d:Q119332064|Q119332064]] | [[Eoarctos]] | Eoarctos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1541 | [[:d:Q122216409|Q122216409]] | [[Lonchocyon]] | Lonchocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1542 | [[:d:Q123015160|Q123015160]] | [[Pacificotaria]] | Pacificotaria | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1543 | [[:d:Q3757593|Q3757593]] | [[Galerella swalius]] | Galerella swalius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1544 | [[:d:Q21445893|Q21445893]] | [[Osbornictis]] | Osbornictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1545 | [[:d:Q135973229|Q135973229]] | [[Megencephalon]] | Megencephalon | 2 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1546 | [[:d:Q16988557|Q16988557]] | [[Prosansanosmilus peregrinus]] | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1547 | [[:d:Q33176727|Q33176727]] | [[Monachini]] | Monachini | 2 | | [[File:Hawaiian monk seal at French Frigate Shoals 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1548 | [[:d:Q33177856|Q33177856]] | [[Miroungini]] | Miroungini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1549 | [[:d:Q56328001|Q56328001]] | [[Melodon]] | Melodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1550 | [[:d:Q85989383|Q85989383]] | [[Euboictis]] | Euboictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1551 | [[:d:Q131905160|Q131905160]] | [[Saketoteron]] | Saketoteron | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1552 | [[:d:Q135095196|Q135095196]] | [[Pachycynodon]] | Pachycynodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1553 | [[:d:Q3999197|Q3999197]] | [[Trocharion albanense]] | Trocharion albanense | 2 | | [[File:Trocharion.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Trocharion]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1554 | [[:d:Q30893535|Q30893535]] | [[Protodobenus japonicus]] | Protodobenus japonicus | 2 | | [[File:Protodobenus japonicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protodobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1555 | [[:d:Q33176599|Q33176599]] | [[Phocini]] | Phocini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1556 | [[:d:Q33177423|Q33177423]] | [[Cystophorini]] | Cystophorini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1557 | [[:d:Q33177565|Q33177565]] | [[Erignathini]] | Erignathini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1558 | [[:d:Q115382200|Q115382200]] | [[Ammitocyon]] | Ammitocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1559 | [[:d:Q123015101|Q123015101]] | [[Devinophoca]] | Devinophoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1560 | [[:d:Q25436875|Q25436875]] | [[Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae]] | Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kamtschatarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1561 | [[:d:Q28936311|Q28936311]] | [[Eotaria citrica]] | Eotaria citrica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1562 | [[:d:Q108635403|Q108635403]] | [[Oriensarctos watasei]] | Oriensarctos watasei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oriensarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1563 | [[:d:Q111034276|Q111034276]] | [[Oriensmilus liupanensis]] | Oriensmilus liupanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oriensmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1564 | [[:d:Q223410|Q223410]] | [[Alopex]] | Alopex | 2 | | [[File:Eisfuchscele4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1565 | [[:d:Q6992706|Q6992706]] | [[Neocynodesmus]] | Neocynodesmus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1566 | [[:d:Q16963604|Q16963604]] | [[Metalopex]] | Metalopex | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1567 | [[:d:Q21368804|Q21368804]] | [[Mececyon]] | Mececyon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1568 | [[:d:Q21368805|Q21368805]] | [[Megacyon]] | Megacyon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1569 | [[:d:Q21445604|Q21445604]] | [[Acinonychinae]] | Acinonychinae | 2 | | [[File:Cheetah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1570 | [[:d:Q55374881|Q55374881]] | [[Protemnocyon]] | Protemnocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1571 | [[:d:Q85989052|Q85989052]] | [[Aeluropsis]] | Aeluropsis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1572 | [[:d:Q4499772|Q4499772]] | [[Polecat-mink hybrid]] | Mustela putorius × Mustela lutreola | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1573 | [[:d:Q20907623|Q20907623]] | [[Phoca vitulina mellonae]] | Phoca vitulina mellonae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1574 | [[:d:Q24694602|Q24694602]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 2 | | [[File:American Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1575 | [[:d:Q27898163|Q27898163]] | [[Kolonokus]] | Kolonokus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1576 | [[:d:Q27898177|Q27898177]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1577 | [[:d:Q59420993|Q59420993]] | [[Halichoerus grypus atlantica]] | Halichoerus grypus atlantica | 2 | | [[File:Grey Seals, Rathlin Island.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1578 | [[:d:Q104841186|Q104841186]] | [[Phoca vitulina mellonae]] | Phoca vitulina mellonae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1579 | [[:d:Q131451883|Q131451883]] | [[Martes crassidens]] | Martes crassidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1580 | [[:d:Q138664073|Q138664073]] | [[Charronia]] | Charronia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1581 | [[:d:Q20907243|Q20907243]] | [[Genetta genetta genetta]] | Genetta genetta genetta | 2 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1582 | [[:d:Q20907915|Q20907915]] | [[Conepatus chinga budini]] | Conepatus chinga budini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1583 | [[:d:Q20907916|Q20907916]] | [[Conepatus chinga gibsoni]] | Conepatus chinga gibsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1584 | [[:d:Q20907917|Q20907917]] | [[Conepatus chinga inca]] | Conepatus chinga inca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1585 | [[:d:Q20907918|Q20907918]] | [[Conepatus chinga mendosus]] | Conepatus chinga mendosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1586 | [[:d:Q20907938|Q20907938]] | [[Mephitis mephitis mephitis]] | Mephitis mephitis mephitis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1587 | [[:d:Q20907939|Q20907939]] | [[Mephitis mephitis avia]] | Mephitis mephitis avia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1588 | [[:d:Q20907940|Q20907940]] | [[Mephitis mephitis elongata]] | Mephitis mephitis elongata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1589 | [[:d:Q20907941|Q20907941]] | [[Mephitis mephitis estor]] | Mephitis mephitis estor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1590 | [[:d:Q20907942|Q20907942]] | [[Mephitis mephitis holzneri]] | Mephitis mephitis holzneri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1591 | [[:d:Q20907944|Q20907944]] | [[Mephitis mephitis major]] | Mephitis mephitis major | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1592 | [[:d:Q20907947|Q20907947]] | [[Mephitis mephitis notata]] | Mephitis mephitis notata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1593 | [[:d:Q20907948|Q20907948]] | [[Mephitis mephitis occidentalis]] | Mephitis mephitis occidentalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1594 | [[:d:Q20907949|Q20907949]] | [[Mephitis mephitis spissigrada]] | Mephitis mephitis spissigrada | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1595 | [[:d:Q20907950|Q20907950]] | [[Mephitis mephitis varians]] | Mephitis mephitis varians | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1596 | [[:d:Q20907951|Q20907951]] | [[Mydaus javanensis javanensis]] | Mydaus javanensis javanensis | 2 | | [[File:Zoological researches in Java, and the neighbouring islands BHL47293032.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1597 | [[:d:Q20907952|Q20907952]] | [[Mydaus javanensis lucifer]] | Mydaus javanensis lucifer | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1598 | [[:d:Q20907968|Q20907968]] | [[Spilogale putorius putorius]] | Spilogale putorius putorius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1599 | [[:d:Q20907969|Q20907969]] | [[Spilogale putorius ambarvalis]] | Spilogale putorius ambarvalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1600 | [[:d:Q41084394|Q41084394]] | [[Lutra simplicidens]] | Lutra simplicidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1601 | [[:d:Q107987062|Q107987062]] | [[Lutra castiglionis]] | Lutra castiglionis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1602 | [[:d:Q124036891|Q124036891]] | [[Lutra franconica]] | Lutra franconica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1603 | [[:d:Q138589737|Q138589737]] | [[Lutrogale]] | Lutrogale | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1604 | [[:d:Q17620514|Q17620514]] | [[Amphicyon ingens]] | Amphicyon ingens | 2 | | [[File:Amphicyon ingens White Background.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1605 | [[:d:Q20907615|Q20907615]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus laptevi]] | Odobenus rosmarus laptevi | 2 | | [[File:RR5109-0037R Лаптевский морж.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1606 | [[:d:Q20907616|Q20907616]] | [[Erignathus barbatus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus barbatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1607 | [[:d:Q20907618|Q20907618]] | [[Erignathus barbatus nautica]] | Erignathus barbatus nautica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1608 | [[:d:Q20907626|Q20907626]] | [[Pusa hispida ochotensis]] | Pusa hispida ochotensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1609 | [[:d:Q20907971|Q20907971]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea pygmaea]] | Spilogale pygmaea pygmaea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1610 | [[:d:Q20907972|Q20907972]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea australis]] | Spilogale pygmaea australis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1611 | [[:d:Q20907973|Q20907973]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea intermedia]] | Spilogale pygmaea intermedia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1612 | [[:d:Q63525119|Q63525119]] | [[Crocuta crocuta ultima]] | Crocuta crocuta ultima | 2 | | [[File:最后的鬣狗 大庆.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1613 | [[:d:Q138497596|Q138497596]] | [[Pocockictis]] | Pocockictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1614 | [[:d:Q20907321|Q20907321]] | [[Cynictis penicillata bradfieldi]] | Cynictis penicillata bradfieldi | 2 | | [[File:082 Yellow mongoose in Khomas Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1615 | [[:d:Q20907921|Q20907921]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii humboldtii]] | Conepatus humboldtii humboldtii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1616 | [[:d:Q20907924|Q20907924]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii proteus]] | Conepatus humboldtii proteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1617 | [[:d:Q20907928|Q20907928]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus]] | Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1618 | [[:d:Q20907930|Q20907930]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus taxinus]] | Conepatus semistriatus taxinus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1619 | [[:d:Q20907931|Q20907931]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus trichurus]] | Conepatus semistriatus trichurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1620 | [[:d:Q20907932|Q20907932]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus yucatanicus]] | Conepatus semistriatus yucatanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1621 | [[:d:Q20907933|Q20907933]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus zorrino]] | Conepatus semistriatus zorrino | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1622 | [[:d:Q20907953|Q20907953]] | [[Mydaus javanensis ollula]] | Mydaus javanensis ollula | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1623 | [[:d:Q14136913|Q14136913]] | [[Pogonodon pseudocanaricus]] | Pogonodon pseudocanaricus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pogonodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1624 | [[:d:Q20907926|Q20907926]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus figginsi]] | Conepatus leuconotus figginsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1625 | [[:d:Q20907927|Q20907927]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus telmalestes]] | Conepatus leuconotus telmalestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1626 | [[:d:Q20907960|Q20907960]] | [[Spilogale gracilis gracilis]] | Spilogale gracilis gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1627 | [[:d:Q6009542|Q6009542]] | [[Meles iberica]] | Meles iberica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1628 | [[:d:Q20907934|Q20907934]] | [[Mephitis macroura macroura]] | Mephitis macroura macroura | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1629 | [[:d:Q20907935|Q20907935]] | [[Mephitis macroura eximius]] | Mephitis macroura eximius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1630 | [[:d:Q20907936|Q20907936]] | [[Mephitis macroura milleri]] | Mephitis macroura milleri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1631 | [[:d:Q20907937|Q20907937]] | [[Mephitis macroura richardsoni]] | Mephitis macroura richardsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1632 | [[:d:Q20907954|Q20907954]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons]] | Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1633 | [[:d:Q20907955|Q20907955]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons celeris]] | Spilogale angustifrons celeris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1634 | [[:d:Q20907956|Q20907956]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons elata]] | Spilogale angustifrons elata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1635 | [[:d:Q20907957|Q20907957]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons tropicalis]] | Spilogale angustifrons tropicalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1636 | [[:d:Q20907958|Q20907958]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons yucatanensis]] | Spilogale angustifrons yucatanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1637 | [[:d:Q20907963|Q20907963]] | [[Spilogale gracilis latifrons]] | Spilogale gracilis latifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1638 | [[:d:Q20907964|Q20907964]] | [[Spilogale gracilis leucoparia]] | Spilogale gracilis leucoparia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1639 | [[:d:Q20907965|Q20907965]] | [[Spilogale gracilis lucasana]] | Spilogale gracilis lucasana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1640 | [[:d:Q20907966|Q20907966]] | [[Spilogale gracilis martirensis]] | Spilogale gracilis martirensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1641 | [[:d:Q20907967|Q20907967]] | [[Spilogale gracilis phenax]] | Spilogale gracilis phenax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1642 | [[:d:Q135914448|Q135914448]] | [[Meles amurensis]] | Meles amurensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1643 | [[:d:Q6427869|Q6427869]] | [[Kolponomos clallamensis]] | Kolponomos clallamensis | 2 | | [[File:Kolponomos clallamensis mandible.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kolponomos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1644 | [[:d:Q108872331|Q108872331]] | [[Allodesmus uraiporensis]] | Allodesmus uraiporensis | 2 | | [[File:Allodesmus uraiporensis — skull of holotype AMP 25 (Royal Society Open Science).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1645 | [[:d:Q7271357|Q7271357]] | [[Quercylurus major]] | Quercylurus major | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Quercylurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1646 | [[:d:Q108422364|Q108422364]] | [[Civettictis braini]] | Civettictis braini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1647 | [[:d:Q124282736|Q124282736]] | [[Gulo sudorus]] | Gulo sudorus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1648 | [[:d:Q125026543|Q125026543]] | [[Gulo minor]] | Gulo minor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1649 | [[:d:Q135942454|Q135942454]] | [[Mionictis]] | Mionictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1650 | [[:d:Q11694640|Q11694640]] | [[Mustela nivalis aistoodonnivalis]] | Mustela nivalis aistoodonnivalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1651 | [[:d:Q20907861|Q20907861]] | [[Mustela nivalis caucasica]] | Mustela nivalis caucasica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1652 | [[:d:Q20907862|Q20907862]] | [[Mustela nivalis mosanensis]] | Mustela nivalis mosanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1653 | [[:d:Q20907865|Q20907865]] | [[Mustela nivalis rossica]] | Mustela nivalis rossica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1654 | [[:d:Q11691942|Q11691942]] | [[Meles meles canescens]] | Meles meles canescens | 2 | | [[File:MelesCanescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1655 | [[:d:Q20907648|Q20907648]] | [[Lutra lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra lutra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1656 | [[:d:Q20907649|Q20907649]] | [[Lutra lutra angustifrons]] | Lutra lutra angustifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1657 | [[:d:Q20907650|Q20907650]] | [[Lutra lutra aurobrunneus]] | Lutra lutra aurobrunneus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1658 | [[:d:Q20907651|Q20907651]] | [[Lutra lutra barang]] | Lutra lutra barang | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1659 | [[:d:Q20907652|Q20907652]] | [[Lutra lutra chinensis]] | Lutra lutra chinensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1660 | [[:d:Q20907653|Q20907653]] | [[Lutra lutra hainana]] | Lutra lutra hainana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1661 | [[:d:Q20907654|Q20907654]] | [[Lutra lutra kutab]] | Lutra lutra kutab | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1662 | [[:d:Q20907656|Q20907656]] | [[Lutra lutra monticolus]] | Lutra lutra monticolus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1663 | [[:d:Q20907657|Q20907657]] | [[Lutra lutra nair]] | Lutra lutra nair | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1664 | [[:d:Q20907801|Q20907801]] | [[Mustela erminea augustidens]] | Mustela erminea augustidens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1665 | [[:d:Q20907871|Q20907871]] | [[Mustela putorius aureola]] | Mustela putorius aureola | 2 | | [[File:Mustelaputoriusaureola.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1666 | [[:d:Q20907885|Q20907885]] | [[Neovison vison vison]] | Neovison vison vison | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1667 | [[:d:Q20907886|Q20907886]] | [[Neovison vison aestuarina]] | Neovison vison aestuarina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1668 | [[:d:Q20907887|Q20907887]] | [[Neovison vison aniakensis]] | Neovison vison aniakensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1669 | [[:d:Q20907888|Q20907888]] | [[Neovison vison energumenos]] | Neovison vison energumenos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1670 | [[:d:Q20907889|Q20907889]] | [[Neovison vison evagor]] | Neovison vison evagor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1671 | [[:d:Q20907890|Q20907890]] | [[Neovison vison evergladensis]] | Neovison vison evergladensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1672 | [[:d:Q20907891|Q20907891]] | [[Neovison vison ingens]] | Neovison vison ingens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1673 | [[:d:Q20907892|Q20907892]] | [[Neovison vison lacustris]] | Neovison vison lacustris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1674 | [[:d:Q20907893|Q20907893]] | [[Neovison vison letifera]] | Neovison vison letifera | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1675 | [[:d:Q20907894|Q20907894]] | [[Neovison vison lowii]] | Neovison vison lowii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1676 | [[:d:Q20907895|Q20907895]] | [[Neovison vison lutensis]] | Neovison vison lutensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1677 | [[:d:Q20907896|Q20907896]] | [[Neovison vison melampeplus]] | Neovison vison melampeplus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1678 | [[:d:Q20907897|Q20907897]] | [[Neovison vison mink]] | Neovison vison mink | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1679 | [[:d:Q20907898|Q20907898]] | [[Neovison vison nesolestes]] | Neovison vison nesolestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1680 | [[:d:Q20907899|Q20907899]] | [[Neovison vison vulgivaga]] | Neovison vison vulgivaga | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1681 | [[:d:Q109264590|Q109264590]] | [[Ammitocyon kainos]] | Ammitocyon kainos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ammitocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1682 | [[:d:Q123014947|Q123014947]] | [[Proterozetes]] | Proterozetes | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Zalophini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1683 | [[:d:Q123862361|Q123862361]] | [[Urva edwardsii]] | Urva edwardsii | 2 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1684 | [[:d:Q20907479|Q20907479]] | [[Suricata suricatta suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta suricatta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1685 | [[:d:Q20907628|Q20907628]] | [[Aonyx capensis microdon]] | Aonyx capensis microdon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1686 | [[:d:Q20907629|Q20907629]] | [[Aonyx capensis philippsi]] | Aonyx capensis philippsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1687 | [[:d:Q20907633|Q20907633]] | [[Enhydra lutris lutris]] | Enhydra lutris lutris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1688 | [[:d:Q20907634|Q20907634]] | [[Enhydra lutris kenyoni]] | Enhydra lutris kenyoni | 2 | | [[File:Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) - Flickr - Gregory "Slobirdr" Smith.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1689 | [[:d:Q20907662|Q20907662]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1690 | [[:d:Q20907663|Q20907663]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1691 | [[:d:Q20907698|Q20907698]] | [[Ictonyx libyca libyca]] | Ictonyx libyca libyca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1692 | [[:d:Q20907700|Q20907700]] | [[Ictonyx libyca multivittata]] | Ictonyx libyca multivittata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1693 | [[:d:Q20907703|Q20907703]] | [[Ictonyx libyca oralis]] | Ictonyx libyca oralis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1694 | [[:d:Q20907705|Q20907705]] | [[Ictonyx libyca rothschildi]] | Ictonyx libyca rothschildi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1695 | [[:d:Q20907857|Q20907857]] | [[Mustela kathiah kathiah]] | Mustela kathiah kathiah | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela kathiah]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1696 | [[:d:Q20907858|Q20907858]] | [[Mustela kathiah caporiaccoi]] | Mustela kathiah caporiaccoi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela kathiah]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1697 | [[:d:Q20907910|Q20907910]] | [[Vormela peregusna peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna peregusna | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1698 | [[:d:Q20907911|Q20907911]] | [[Vormela peregusna koshewnikowi]] | Vormela peregusna koshewnikowi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1699 | [[:d:Q20907912|Q20907912]] | [[Vormela peregusna negans]] | Vormela peregusna negans | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1700 | [[:d:Q20907913|Q20907913]] | [[Vormela peregusna pallidior]] | Vormela peregusna pallidior | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1701 | [[:d:Q20907914|Q20907914]] | [[Vormela peregusna syriaca]] | Vormela peregusna syriaca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1702 | [[:d:Q27450850|Q27450850]] | [[Herpailurus]] | Herpailurus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1703 | [[:d:Q9047225|Q9047225]] | [[Mustela altaica tsaidamensis]] | Mustela altaica tsaidamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1704 | [[:d:Q20907630|Q20907630]] | [[Aonyx cinerea cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea cinerea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1705 | [[:d:Q20907631|Q20907631]] | [[Aonyx cinerea concolor]] | Aonyx cinerea concolor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1706 | [[:d:Q20907632|Q20907632]] | [[Aonyx cinerea nirnai]] | Aonyx cinerea nirnai | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1707 | [[:d:Q20907636|Q20907636]] | [[Lontra canadensis canadensis]] | Lontra canadensis canadensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1708 | [[:d:Q20907637|Q20907637]] | [[Lontra canadensis kodiacensis]] | Lontra canadensis kodiacensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1709 | [[:d:Q20907638|Q20907638]] | [[Lontra canadensis lataxina]] | Lontra canadensis lataxina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1710 | [[:d:Q20907639|Q20907639]] | [[Lontra canadensis mira]] | Lontra canadensis mira | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1711 | [[:d:Q20907640|Q20907640]] | [[Lontra canadensis pacifica]] | Lontra canadensis pacifica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1712 | [[:d:Q20907641|Q20907641]] | [[Lontra canadensis periclyzomae]] | Lontra canadensis periclyzomae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1713 | [[:d:Q20907643|Q20907643]] | [[Lontra canadensis sonora]] | Lontra canadensis sonora | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1714 | [[:d:Q20907671|Q20907671]] | [[Eira barbara barbara]] | Eira barbara barbara | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1715 | [[:d:Q20907672|Q20907672]] | [[Eira barbara biologiae]] | Eira barbara biologiae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1716 | [[:d:Q20907673|Q20907673]] | [[Eira barbara inserta]] | Eira barbara inserta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1717 | [[:d:Q20907674|Q20907674]] | [[Eira barbara madeirensis]] | Eira barbara madeirensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1718 | [[:d:Q20907675|Q20907675]] | [[Eira barbara peruana]] | Eira barbara peruana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1719 | [[:d:Q20907676|Q20907676]] | [[Eira barbara poliocephala]] | Eira barbara poliocephala | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1720 | [[:d:Q20907677|Q20907677]] | [[Eira barbara senex]] | Eira barbara senex | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1721 | [[:d:Q20907678|Q20907678]] | [[Eira barbara senilis]] | Eira barbara senilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1722 | [[:d:Q20907679|Q20907679]] | [[Eira barbara sinuensis]] | Eira barbara sinuensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1723 | [[:d:Q20907681|Q20907681]] | [[Galictis cuja cuja]] | Galictis cuja cuja | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1724 | [[:d:Q20907683|Q20907683]] | [[Galictis cuja furax]] | Galictis cuja furax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1725 | [[:d:Q20907685|Q20907685]] | [[Galictis cuja huronax]] | Galictis cuja huronax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1726 | [[:d:Q20907687|Q20907687]] | [[Galictis cuja luteola]] | Galictis cuja luteola | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1727 | [[:d:Q20907689|Q20907689]] | [[Galictis vittata vittata]] | Galictis vittata vittata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1728 | [[:d:Q20907691|Q20907691]] | [[Galictis vittata andina]] | Galictis vittata andina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1729 | [[:d:Q20907692|Q20907692]] | [[Galictis vittata brasiliensis]] | Galictis vittata brasiliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1730 | [[:d:Q20907694|Q20907694]] | [[Galictis vittata canaster]] | Galictis vittata canaster | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1731 | [[:d:Q20907724|Q20907724]] | [[Ictonyx striatus lancasteri]] | Ictonyx striatus lancasteri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1732 | [[:d:Q20907726|Q20907726]] | [[Ictonyx striatus limpopoensis]] | Ictonyx striatus limpopoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1733 | [[:d:Q20907728|Q20907728]] | [[Ictonyx striatus maximus]] | Ictonyx striatus maximus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1734 | [[:d:Q20907730|Q20907730]] | [[Ictonyx striatus obscuratus]] | Ictonyx striatus obscuratus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1735 | [[:d:Q20907732|Q20907732]] | [[Ictonyx striatus orangiae]] | Ictonyx striatus orangiae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1736 | [[:d:Q20907734|Q20907734]] | [[Ictonyx striatus ovamboensis]] | Ictonyx striatus ovamboensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1737 | [[:d:Q20907736|Q20907736]] | [[Ictonyx striatus pretoriae]] | Ictonyx striatus pretoriae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1738 | [[:d:Q20907737|Q20907737]] | [[Ictonyx striatus senegalensis]] | Ictonyx striatus senegalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1739 | [[:d:Q20907739|Q20907739]] | [[Ictonyx striatus shoae]] | Ictonyx striatus shoae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1740 | [[:d:Q20907741|Q20907741]] | [[Ictonyx striatus shortridgei]] | Ictonyx striatus shortridgei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1741 | [[:d:Q20907783|Q20907783]] | [[Melogale moschata moschata]] | Melogale moschata moschata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1742 | [[:d:Q20907784|Q20907784]] | [[Melogale moschata ferreogrisea]] | Melogale moschata ferreogrisea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1743 | [[:d:Q20907785|Q20907785]] | [[Melogale moschata hainanensis]] | Melogale moschata hainanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1744 | [[:d:Q20907786|Q20907786]] | [[Melogale moschata millsi]] | Melogale moschata millsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1745 | [[:d:Q20907788|Q20907788]] | [[Melogale moschata sorella]] | Melogale moschata sorella | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1746 | [[:d:Q20907789|Q20907789]] | [[Melogale moschata subaurantiaca]] | Melogale moschata subaurantiaca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1747 | [[:d:Q20907790|Q20907790]] | [[Melogale moschata taxilla]] | Melogale moschata taxilla | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1748 | [[:d:Q20907873|Q20907873]] | [[Mustela sibirica sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica sibirica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1749 | [[:d:Q20907874|Q20907874]] | [[Mustela sibirica canigula]] | Mustela sibirica canigula | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1750 | [[:d:Q20907875|Q20907875]] | [[Mustela sibirica charbinensis]] | Mustela sibirica charbinensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1751 | [[:d:Q20907877|Q20907877]] | [[Mustela sibirica coreanus]] | Mustela sibirica coreana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1752 | [[:d:Q20907878|Q20907878]] | [[Mustela sibirica davidiana]] | Mustela sibirica davidiana | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica davidiana.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1753 | [[:d:Q20907879|Q20907879]] | [[Mustela sibirica fontanierii]] | Mustela sibirica fontanierii | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica fontanierii.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1754 | [[:d:Q20907880|Q20907880]] | [[Mustela sibirica hodgsoni]] | Mustela sibirica hodgsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1755 | [[:d:Q20907881|Q20907881]] | [[Mustela sibirica manchurica]] | Mustela sibirica manchurica | 2 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica 230828854.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1756 | [[:d:Q20907882|Q20907882]] | [[Mustela sibirica moupinensis]] | Mustela sibirica moupinensis | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica moupinensis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1757 | [[:d:Q20907883|Q20907883]] | [[Mustela sibirica quelpartis]] | Mustela sibirica quelpartis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1758 | [[:d:Q20907884|Q20907884]] | [[Mustela sibirica subhemachalana]] | Mustela sibirica subhemachalana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1759 | [[:d:Q20907905|Q20907905]] | [[Taxidea taxus taxus]] | Taxidea taxus taxus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1760 | [[:d:Q20907907|Q20907907]] | [[Taxidea taxus jacksoni]] | Taxidea taxus jacksoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1761 | [[:d:Q20907908|Q20907908]] | [[Taxidea taxus jeffersonii]] | Taxidea taxus jeffersonii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1762 | [[:d:Q20907909|Q20907909]] | [[Taxidea taxus marylandica]] | Taxidea taxus marylandica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1763 | [[:d:Q122095502|Q122095502]] | [[Palaeopanthera]] | Palaeopanthera | 2 | | [[File:Panthera blytheae NT.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1764 | [[:d:Q9029580|Q9029580]] | [[Martes flavigula aterrima]] | Martes flavigula aterrima | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1765 | [[:d:Q20907706|Q20907706]] | [[Ictonyx striatus striatus]] | Ictonyx striatus striatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1766 | [[:d:Q20907708|Q20907708]] | [[Ictonyx striatus albescens]] | Ictonyx striatus albescens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1767 | [[:d:Q20907710|Q20907710]] | [[Ictonyx striatus arenarius]] | Ictonyx striatus arenarius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1768 | [[:d:Q20907711|Q20907711]] | [[Ictonyx striatus elgonis]] | Ictonyx striatus elgonis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1769 | [[:d:Q20907713|Q20907713]] | [[Ictonyx striatus erythreae]] | Ictonyx striatus erythreae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1770 | [[:d:Q20907715|Q20907715]] | [[Ictonyx striatus ghansiensis]] | Ictonyx striatus ghansiensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1771 | [[:d:Q20907719|Q20907719]] | [[Ictonyx striatus giganteus]] | Ictonyx striatus giganteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1772 | [[:d:Q20907721|Q20907721]] | [[Ictonyx striatus intermedius]] | Ictonyx striatus intermedius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1773 | [[:d:Q20907723|Q20907723]] | [[Ictonyx striatus kalaharicus]] | Ictonyx striatus kalaharicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1774 | [[:d:Q20907770|Q20907770]] | [[Mellivora capensis capensis]] | Mellivora capensis capensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1775 | [[:d:Q20907771|Q20907771]] | [[Mellivora capensis abyssinica]] | Mellivora capensis abyssinica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1776 | [[:d:Q20907772|Q20907772]] | [[Mellivora capensis buechneri]] | Mellivora capensis buechneri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1777 | [[:d:Q20907774|Q20907774]] | [[Mellivora capensis concisa]] | Mellivora capensis concisa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1778 | [[:d:Q20907776|Q20907776]] | [[Mellivora capensis inaurita]] | Mellivora capensis inaurita | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1779 | [[:d:Q20907777|Q20907777]] | [[Mellivora capensis indica]] | Mellivora capensis indica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1780 | [[:d:Q20907778|Q20907778]] | [[Mellivora capensis leuconota]] | Mellivora capensis leuconota | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1781 | [[:d:Q20907779|Q20907779]] | [[Mellivora capensis maxwelli]] | Mellivora capensis maxwelli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1782 | [[:d:Q20907780|Q20907780]] | [[Mellivora capensis pumilio]] | Mellivora capensis pumilio | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1783 | [[:d:Q20907781|Q20907781]] | [[Mellivora capensis signata]] | Mellivora capensis signata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1784 | [[:d:Q20907782|Q20907782]] | [[Mellivora capensis wilsoni]] | Mellivora capensis wilsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1785 | [[:d:Q21349881|Q21349881]] | [[Vulpes hassani]] | Vulpes hassani | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1786 | [[:d:Q121910826|Q121910826]] | [[Vulpes alopecoides]] | Vulpes alopecoides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1787 | [[:d:Q126858050|Q126858050]] | [[Vulpes mathisoni]] | Vulpes mathisoni | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1788 | [[:d:Q20907184|Q20907184]] | [[Paguma larvata taivana]] | Paguma larvata taivana | 2 | | [[File:Formosan Masked Palm Civet in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1789 | [[:d:Q20907186|Q20907186]] | [[Paguma larvata tytlerii]] | Paguma larvata tytlerii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1790 | [[:d:Q20907758|Q20907758]] | [[Martes pennanti pennanti]] | Martes pennanti pennanti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1791 | [[:d:Q20907759|Q20907759]] | [[Martes pennanti columbiana]] | Martes pennanti columbiana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1792 | [[:d:Q20907760|Q20907760]] | [[Martes pennanti pacifica]] | Martes pennanti pacifica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1793 | [[:d:Q20907765|Q20907765]] | [[Meles leucurus leucurus]] | Meles leucurus leucurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1794 | [[:d:Q20907767|Q20907767]] | [[Meles leucurus arenarius]] | Meles leucurus arenarius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1795 | [[:d:Q20907768|Q20907768]] | [[Meles leucurus sibiricus]] | Meles leucurus sibiricus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1796 | [[:d:Q20907769|Q20907769]] | [[Meles leucurus tianschanensis]] | Meles leucurus tianschanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1797 | [[:d:Q20907805|Q20907805]] | [[Mustela eversmanii eversmanii]] | Mustela eversmanii eversmanii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1798 | [[:d:Q20907806|Q20907806]] | [[Mustela eversmanii admirata]] | Mustela eversmanii admirata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1799 | [[:d:Q20907808|Q20907808]] | [[Mustela eversmanii hungarica]] | Mustela eversmanii hungarica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1800 | [[:d:Q20907809|Q20907809]] | [[Mustela eversmanii larvatus]] | Mustela eversmanii larvatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1801 | [[:d:Q20907810|Q20907810]] | [[Mustela eversmanii michnoi]] | Mustela eversmanii michnoi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1802 | [[:d:Q20907811|Q20907811]] | [[Mustela eversmanii talassicus]] | Mustela eversmanii talassicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1803 | [[:d:Q20907812|Q20907812]] | [[Mustela frenata frenata]] | Mustela frenata frenata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1804 | [[:d:Q20907814|Q20907814]] | [[Mustela frenata affinis]] | Mustela frenata affinis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1805 | [[:d:Q20907815|Q20907815]] | [[Mustela frenata agilis]] | Mustela frenata agilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1806 | [[:d:Q20907816|Q20907816]] | [[Mustela frenata alleni]] | Mustela frenata alleni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1807 | [[:d:Q20907817|Q20907817]] | [[Mustela frenata altifrontalis]] | Mustela frenata altifrontalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1808 | [[:d:Q20907818|Q20907818]] | [[Mustela frenata arizonensis]] | Mustela frenata arizonensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1809 | [[:d:Q20907819|Q20907819]] | [[Mustela frenata arthuri]] | Mustela frenata arthuri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1810 | [[:d:Q20907820|Q20907820]] | [[Mustela frenata aureoventris]] | Mustela frenata aureoventris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1811 | [[:d:Q20907821|Q20907821]] | [[Mustela frenata boliviensis]] | Mustela frenata boliviensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1812 | [[:d:Q20907822|Q20907822]] | [[Mustela frenata costaricensis]] | Mustela frenata costaricensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1813 | [[:d:Q20907823|Q20907823]] | [[Mustela frenata effera]] | Mustela frenata effera | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1814 | [[:d:Q20907824|Q20907824]] | [[Mustela frenata goldmani]] | Mustela frenata goldmani | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1815 | [[:d:Q20907825|Q20907825]] | [[Mustela frenata gracilis]] | Mustela frenata gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1816 | [[:d:Q20907826|Q20907826]] | [[Mustela frenata helleri]] | Mustela frenata helleri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1817 | [[:d:Q20907827|Q20907827]] | [[Mustela frenata inyoensis]] | Mustela frenata inyoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1818 | [[:d:Q20907828|Q20907828]] | [[Mustela frenata latirostra]] | Mustela frenata latirostra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1819 | [[:d:Q20907829|Q20907829]] | [[Mustela frenata leucoparia]] | Mustela frenata leucoparia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1820 | [[:d:Q20907830|Q20907830]] | [[Mustela frenata longicauda]] | Mustela frenata longicauda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1821 | [[:d:Q20907831|Q20907831]] | [[Mustela frenata macrophonius]] | Mustela frenata macrophonius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1822 | [[:d:Q20907832|Q20907832]] | [[Mustela frenata munda]] | Mustela frenata munda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1823 | [[:d:Q20907833|Q20907833]] | [[Mustela frenata neomexicanus]] | Mustela frenata neomexicanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1824 | [[:d:Q20907834|Q20907834]] | [[Mustela frenata nevadensis]] | Mustela frenata nevadensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1825 | [[:d:Q20907836|Q20907836]] | [[Mustela frenata nigriauris]] | Mustela frenata nigriauris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1826 | [[:d:Q20907837|Q20907837]] | [[Mustela frenata notius]] | Mustela frenata notius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1827 | [[:d:Q20907838|Q20907838]] | [[Mustela frenata noveboracensis]] | Mustela frenata noveboracensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1828 | [[:d:Q20907839|Q20907839]] | [[Mustela frenata occisor]] | Mustela frenata occisor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1829 | [[:d:Q20907840|Q20907840]] | [[Mustela frenata olivacea]] | Mustela frenata olivacea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1830 | [[:d:Q20907841|Q20907841]] | [[Mustela frenata oregonensis]] | Mustela frenata oregonensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1831 | [[:d:Q20907842|Q20907842]] | [[Mustela frenata oribasus]] | Mustela frenata oribasus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1832 | [[:d:Q20907843|Q20907843]] | [[Mustela frenata panamensis]] | Mustela frenata panamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1833 | [[:d:Q20907844|Q20907844]] | [[Mustela frenata peninsulae]] | Mustela frenata peninsulae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1834 | [[:d:Q20907845|Q20907845]] | [[Mustela frenata perda]] | Mustela frenata perda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1835 | [[:d:Q20907846|Q20907846]] | [[Mustela frenata perotae]] | Mustela frenata perotae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1836 | [[:d:Q20907847|Q20907847]] | [[Mustela frenata primulina]] | Mustela frenata primulina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1837 | [[:d:Q20907849|Q20907849]] | [[Mustela frenata pulchra]] | Mustela frenata pulchra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1838 | [[:d:Q20907850|Q20907850]] | [[Mustela frenata saturata]] | Mustela frenata saturata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1839 | [[:d:Q20907851|Q20907851]] | [[Mustela frenata spadix]] | Mustela frenata spadix | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1840 | [[:d:Q20907852|Q20907852]] | [[Mustela frenata texensis]] | Mustela frenata texensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1841 | [[:d:Q20907854|Q20907854]] | [[Mustela frenata tropicalis]] | Mustela frenata tropicalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1842 | [[:d:Q20907855|Q20907855]] | [[Mustela frenata washingtoni]] | Mustela frenata washingtoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1843 | [[:d:Q20907856|Q20907856]] | [[Mustela frenata xanthogenys]] | Mustela frenata xanthogenys | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1844 | [[:d:Q3786481|Q3786481]] | [[Homotheriini]] | Homotheriini | 2 | | [[File:Homotherium serum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1845 | [[:d:Q20907263|Q20907263]] | [[Viverra zibetha ashtoni]] | Viverra zibetha ashtoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1846 | [[:d:Q20907264|Q20907264]] | [[Viverra zibetha hainana]] | Viverra zibetha hainana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1847 | [[:d:Q20907266|Q20907266]] | [[Viverra zibetha picta]] | Viverra zibetha picta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1848 | [[:d:Q20907267|Q20907267]] | [[Viverra zibetha pruinosus]] | Viverra zibetha pruinosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1849 | [[:d:Q20907644|Q20907644]] | [[Lontra longicaudis longicaudis]] | Lontra longicaudis longicaudis | 2 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis longicaudis 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1850 | [[:d:Q20907647|Q20907647]] | [[Lontra longicaudis enudris]] | Lontra longicaudis enudris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1851 | [[:d:Q20907660|Q20907660]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata perspicillata]] | Lutrogale perspicillata perspicillata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1852 | [[:d:Q20907661|Q20907661]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata sindica]] | Lutrogale perspicillata sindica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1853 | [[:d:Q20907664|Q20907664]] | [[Arctonyx collaris collaris]] | Arctonyx collaris collaris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1854 | [[:d:Q20907665|Q20907665]] | [[Arctonyx collaris albogularis]] | Arctonyx collaris albogularis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1855 | [[:d:Q20907666|Q20907666]] | [[Arctonyx collaris consul]] | Arctonyx collaris consul | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1856 | [[:d:Q20907667|Q20907667]] | [[Arctonyx collaris dictator]] | Arctonyx collaris dictator | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1857 | [[:d:Q20907669|Q20907669]] | [[Arctonyx collaris hoevenii]] | Arctonyx collaris hoevenii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1858 | [[:d:Q20907670|Q20907670]] | [[Arctonyx collaris leucolaemus]] | Arctonyx collaris leucolaemus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1859 | [[:d:Q20907743|Q20907743]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus]] | Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1860 | [[:d:Q20907745|Q20907745]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus thomasi]] | Lyncodon patagonicus thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1861 | [[:d:Q20907791|Q20907791]] | [[Melogale orientalis orientalis]] | Melogale orientalis orientalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale orientalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1862 | [[:d:Q20907792|Q20907792]] | [[Melogale orientalis sundaicus]] | Melogale orientalis sundaicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale orientalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1863 | [[:d:Q20907793|Q20907793]] | [[Melogale personata personata]] | Melogale personata personata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1864 | [[:d:Q20907794|Q20907794]] | [[Melogale personata laotum]] | Melogale personata laotum | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1865 | [[:d:Q20907796|Q20907796]] | [[Melogale personata nipalensis]] | Melogale personata nipalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1866 | [[:d:Q20907797|Q20907797]] | [[Melogale personata pierrei]] | Melogale personata pierrei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1867 | [[:d:Q20907798|Q20907798]] | [[Melogale personata tonquinia]] | Melogale personata tonquinia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1868 | [[:d:Q20907868|Q20907868]] | [[Mustela nudipes nudipes]] | Mustela nudipes nudipes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nudipes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1869 | [[:d:Q20907869|Q20907869]] | [[Mustela nudipes leucocephalus]] | Mustela nudipes leucocephalus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nudipes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1870 | [[:d:Q20907900|Q20907900]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha albinucha]] | Poecilogale albinucha albinucha | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1871 | [[:d:Q20907901|Q20907901]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha bechuanae]] | Poecilogale albinucha bechuanae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1872 | [[:d:Q20907902|Q20907902]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha doggetti]] | Poecilogale albinucha doggetti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1873 | [[:d:Q20907903|Q20907903]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha lebombo]] | Poecilogale albinucha lebombo | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1874 | [[:d:Q20907904|Q20907904]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha transvaalensis]] | Poecilogale albinucha transvaalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1875 | [[:d:Q40521214|Q40521214]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli]] | Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1876 | [[:d:Q1815757|Q1815757]] | [[Archaeocyon falkenbachi]] | Archaeocyon falkenbachi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1877 | [[:d:Q2194817|Q2194817]] | [[Archaeocyon leptodus]] | Archaeocyon leptodus | 2 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1878 | [[:d:Q2862449|Q2862449]] | [[Archaeocyon pavidus]] | Archaeocyon pavidus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1879 | [[:d:Q3015313|Q3015313]] | [[Simocyon batalleri]] | Simocyon batalleri | 2 | | [[File:Simocyon batalleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Simocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1880 | [[:d:Q18578603|Q18578603]] | [[Cynotherium]] | Cynotherium | 2 | | [[File:Cynotherium.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1881 | [[:d:Q20907259|Q20907259]] | [[Viverra tangalunga tangalunga]] | Viverra tangalunga tangalunga | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1882 | [[:d:Q20907260|Q20907260]] | [[Viverra tangalunga lankavensis]] | Viverra tangalunga lankavensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1883 | [[:d:Q20907756|Q20907756]] | [[Martes melampus coreensis]] | Martes melampus coreensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1884 | [[:d:Q20907799|Q20907799]] | [[Mustela africana africana]] | Mustela africana africana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela africana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1885 | [[:d:Q110969473|Q110969473]] | [[Pratifelis martini]] | Pratifelis martini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pratifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1886 | [[:d:Q111033557|Q111033557]] | [[Parailurus anglicus]] | Parailurus anglicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1887 | [[:d:Q3625119|Q3625119]] | [[Asilifelis coteae]] | Asilifelis coteae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Asilifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1888 | [[:d:Q3706712|Q3706712]] | [[Diamantofelis ferox]] | Diamantofelis ferox | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Diamantofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1889 | [[:d:Q3870029|Q3870029]] | [[Namafelis minor]] | Namafelis minor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Namafelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1890 | [[:d:Q56326409|Q56326409]] | [[Katifelis nightingalei]] | Katifelis nightingalei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Katifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1891 | [[:d:Q56327289|Q56327289]] | [[Dromopanthera leiodon]] | Dromopanthera leiodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dromopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1892 | [[:d:Q107417536|Q107417536]] | [[Miopanthera lorteti]] | Miopanthera lorteti | 2 | | [[File:(MHNT) Miopanthera lorteti (Gaillard, 1899) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1893 | [[:d:Q20907583|Q20907583]] | [[Vulpes lagopus lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus lagopus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1894 | [[:d:Q20907584|Q20907584]] | [[Vulpes lagopus beringensis]] | Vulpes lagopus beringensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1895 | [[:d:Q20907585|Q20907585]] | [[Vulpes lagopus fuliginosus]] | Vulpes lagopus fuliginosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1896 | [[:d:Q20907586|Q20907586]] | [[Vulpes lagopus pribilofensis]] | Vulpes lagopus pribilofensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1897 | [[:d:Q20908032|Q20908032]] | [[Procyon lotor elucus]] | Procyon lotor elucus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1898 | [[:d:Q20908052|Q20908052]] | [[Ailurus fulgens refulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens refulgens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1899 | [[:d:Q12203786|Q12203786]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii cyrenaica]] | Vulpes rueppellii cyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1900 | [[:d:Q20907482|Q20907482]] | [[Atelocynus microtis microtis]] | Atelocynus microtis microtis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1901 | [[:d:Q20907483|Q20907483]] | [[Atelocynus microtis sclateri]] | Atelocynus microtis sclateri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1902 | [[:d:Q20907526|Q20907526]] | [[Cerdocyon thous thous]] | Cerdocyon thous thous | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1903 | [[:d:Q20907527|Q20907527]] | [[Cerdocyon thous aquilus]] | Cerdocyon thous aquilus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1904 | [[:d:Q20907529|Q20907529]] | [[Cerdocyon thous azarae]] | Cerdocyon thous azarae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1905 | [[:d:Q20907530|Q20907530]] | [[Cerdocyon thous entrerianus]] | Cerdocyon thous entrerianus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1906 | [[:d:Q20907531|Q20907531]] | [[Cerdocyon thous germanus]] | Cerdocyon thous germanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1907 | [[:d:Q20907532|Q20907532]] | [[Cerdocyon thous soudanicus]] | Cerdocyon thous soudanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1908 | [[:d:Q20907592|Q20907592]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii rueppellii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1909 | [[:d:Q20907593|Q20907593]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii caesia]] | Vulpes rueppellii caesia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1910 | [[:d:Q20907596|Q20907596]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii sabaea]] | Vulpes rueppellii sabaea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1911 | [[:d:Q20907598|Q20907598]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii zarudnyi]] | Vulpes rueppellii zarudnyi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1912 | [[:d:Q138662753|Q138662753]] | [[Lynchailurus]] | Lynchailurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1913 | [[:d:Q5160551|Q5160551]] | [[Congolese spotted lion]] | Panthera leo♂ × Panthera pardus × Panthera onca♀ | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1914 | [[:d:Q10977278|Q10977278]] | [[lipard]] | Panthera leo × Panthera pardus | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1915 | [[:d:Q20907554|Q20907554]] | [[Speothos venaticus venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus venaticus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1916 | [[:d:Q20907555|Q20907555]] | [[Speothos venaticus panamensis]] | Speothos venaticus panamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1917 | [[:d:Q20907556|Q20907556]] | [[Speothos venaticus wingei]] | Speothos venaticus wingei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1918 | [[:d:Q20907557|Q20907557]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1919 | [[:d:Q20907558|Q20907558]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1920 | [[:d:Q20907559|Q20907559]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1921 | [[:d:Q20907560|Q20907560]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1922 | [[:d:Q20907561|Q20907561]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1923 | [[:d:Q20907562|Q20907562]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1924 | [[:d:Q20907563|Q20907563]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1925 | [[:d:Q20907564|Q20907564]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1926 | [[:d:Q20907565|Q20907565]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1927 | [[:d:Q20907566|Q20907566]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1928 | [[:d:Q20907567|Q20907567]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1929 | [[:d:Q20907570|Q20907570]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1930 | [[:d:Q20907572|Q20907572]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1931 | [[:d:Q20907573|Q20907573]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1932 | [[:d:Q22112446|Q22112446]] | [[Proailurus lemanensis]] | Proailurus lemanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1933 | [[:d:Q121036111|Q121036111]] | [[Panthera dhokpathanensis]] | Panthera dhokpathanensis | 2 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1934 | [[:d:Q122026707|Q122026707]] | [[Fortunictis]] | Fortunictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1935 | [[:d:Q20907538|Q20907538]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus gymnocercus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1936 | [[:d:Q20907539|Q20907539]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus antiquus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus antiquus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1937 | [[:d:Q20907540|Q20907540]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus domeykoanus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus domeykoanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1938 | [[:d:Q20907541|Q20907541]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus gracilis]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1939 | [[:d:Q20907542|Q20907542]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus maullinicus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus maullinicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1940 | [[:d:Q20907587|Q20907587]] | [[Vulpes pallida pallida]] | Vulpes pallida pallida | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1941 | [[:d:Q20907588|Q20907588]] | [[Vulpes pallida cyrenaica]] | Vulpes pallida cyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1942 | [[:d:Q20907589|Q20907589]] | [[Vulpes pallida edwardsi]] | Vulpes pallida edwardsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1943 | [[:d:Q20907590|Q20907590]] | [[Vulpes pallida harterti]] | Vulpes pallida harterti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1944 | [[:d:Q20907591|Q20907591]] | [[Vulpes pallida oertzeni]] | Vulpes pallida oertzeni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1945 | [[:d:Q20907986|Q20907986]] | [[Bassariscus astutus saxicola]] | Bassariscus astutus saxicola | 2 | | [[File:Bassariscus astutus saxicola 293508486.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1946 | [[:d:Q20907996|Q20907996]] | [[Nasua narica molaris]] | Nasua narica molaris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1947 | [[:d:Q20907998|Q20907998]] | [[Nasua narica yucatanica]] | Nasua narica yucatanica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1948 | [[:d:Q112892960|Q112892960]] | [[Ailuropoda fovealis]] | Ailuropoda fovealis | 2 | | [[File:Ailuropoda fovealis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1949 | [[:d:Q121010961|Q121010961]] | [[Lynx hei]] | Lynx hei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1950 | [[:d:Q121011228|Q121011228]] | [[Lynx thomasi]] | Lynx thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1951 | [[:d:Q126372014|Q126372014]] | [[Acinonyx pleistocaenicus]] | Acinonyx pleistocaenicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1952 | [[:d:Q18644718|Q18644718]] | [[Ailuropodini]] | Ailuropodini | 2 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix lower jaws.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1953 | [[:d:Q19717304|Q19717304]] | [[Ursulus stehlini]] | Ursulus stehlini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursulus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1954 | [[:d:Q33177334|Q33177334]] | [[Agriotheriini]] | Agriotheriini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1955 | [[:d:Q47249071|Q47249071]] | [[Edaphocyon]] | Edaphocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1956 | [[:d:Q111745070|Q111745070]] | [[Longchuansmilus]] | Longchuansmilus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[saber-toothed cat]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1957 | [[:d:Q122092402|Q122092402]] | [[Pachypanthera piriyai]] | Pachypanthera piriyai | 2 | | [[File:Pachypanthera piriyai Skull Reconstruction.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pachypanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1958 | [[:d:Q122096627|Q122096627]] | [[Palaeopanthera blytheae]] | Palaeopanthera blytheae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Palaeopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1959 | [[:d:Q122711684|Q122711684]] | [[Vishnufelis laticeps]] | Vishnufelis laticeps | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnufelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1960 | [[:d:Q122961405|Q122961405]] | [[Sivapardus punjabiensis]] | Sivapardus punjabiensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sivapardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1961 | [[:d:Q133258041|Q133258041]] | [[Paranasua]] | Paranasua | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1962 | [[:d:Q133799716|Q133799716]] | [[Nasua olivacea meridensis]] | Nasua olivacea meridensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1963 | [[:d:Q134355622|Q134355622]] | [[Caracal auratus]] | Caracal auratus | 2 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1964 | [[:d:Q3893465|Q3893465]] | [[Panthera leo somaliensis]] | Panthera leo somaliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1965 | [[:d:Q6059901|Q6059901]] | [[Panthera pardus pernigra]] | Panthera pardus pernigra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1966 | [[:d:Q6059904|Q6059904]] | [[Balochistan leopard]] | Panthera pardus sindica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1967 | [[:d:Q9055129|Q9055129]] | [[Panthera pardus ciscaucasica]] | Panthera pardus ciscaucasica | 2 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1968 | [[:d:Q17581454|Q17581454]] | [[Panthera tigris lecoqi]] | Panthera tigris lecoqi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1969 | [[:d:Q20907067|Q20907067]] | [[Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis]] | Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1970 | [[:d:Q20907142|Q20907142]] | [[Panthera leo kamptzi]] | Panthera leo kamptzi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1971 | [[:d:Q21401249|Q21401249]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1972 | [[:d:Q111781346|Q111781346]] | [[Panthera uncia pyrenaica]] | Panthera uncia pyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera uncia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1973 | [[:d:Q124254179|Q124254179]] | [[Magerifelis peignei]] | Magerifelis peignei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Magerifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1974 | [[:d:Q132147256|Q132147256]] | [[Cape black-backed jackal]] | Lupulella mesomelas mesomelas | 2 | | [[File:135 Black-backed jackal hunting for food at Cape cross Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1975 | [[:d:Q132147283|Q132147283]] | [[Lupulella mesomelas schmidti]] | Lupulella mesomelas schmidti | 2 | | [[File:Chacal chabraque.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1976 | [[:d:Q2715753|Q2715753]] | [[Dinofelis barlowi]] | Dinofelis barlowi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1977 | [[:d:Q5442089|Q5442089]] | [[Felis margarita airensis]] | Felis margarita airensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1978 | [[:d:Q5442090|Q5442090]] | [[Felis margarita margarita]] | Felis margarita margarita | 2 | | [[File:Felis margarita 12.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1979 | [[:d:Q5442091|Q5442091]] | [[Felis margarita meinertzhageni]] | Felis margarita meinertzhageni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1980 | [[:d:Q5442093|Q5442093]] | [[Felis margarita scheffeli]] | Felis margarita scheffeli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1981 | [[:d:Q8961162|Q8961162]] | [[Felis silvestris vellerosa]] | Felis silvestris vellerosa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1982 | [[:d:Q20716453|Q20716453]] | [[Adelphailurus kansensis]] | Adelphailurus kansensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adelphailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1983 | [[:d:Q20907093|Q20907093]] | [[Lynx canadensis canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis canadensis | 2 | | [[File:Lynx du Canada .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1984 | [[:d:Q20907094|Q20907094]] | [[Lynx canadensis mollipilosus]] | Lynx canadensis mollipilosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1985 | [[:d:Q20907095|Q20907095]] | [[Lynx canadensis subsolanus]] | Lynx canadensis subsolanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1986 | [[:d:Q20907100|Q20907100]] | [[Lynx rufus rufus]] | Lynx rufus rufus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1987 | [[:d:Q20907104|Q20907104]] | [[Lynx rufus fasciatus]] | Lynx rufus fasciatus | 2 | | [[File:Lynx rufus fasciatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1988 | [[:d:Q20907112|Q20907112]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata marmorata]] | Pardofelis marmorata marmorata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1989 | [[:d:Q20907113|Q20907113]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata charltonii]] | Pardofelis marmorata charltonii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1990 | [[:d:Q20907129|Q20907129]] | [[Profelis aurata aurata]] | Profelis aurata aurata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1991 | [[:d:Q20907130|Q20907130]] | [[Profelis aurata cottoni]] | Profelis aurata cottoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1992 | [[:d:Q20907118|Q20907118]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1993 | [[:d:Q20907121|Q20907121]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1994 | [[:d:Q20907139|Q20907139]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1995 | [[:d:Q21355721|Q21355721]] | [[Puma concolor greeni]] | Puma concolor greeni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1996 | [[:d:Q2881618|Q2881618]] | [[Leopardus pajeros steinbachi]] | Leopardus pajeros steinbachi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1997 | [[:d:Q20907046|Q20907046]] | [[Felis nigripes nigripes]] | Felis nigripes nigripes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto a pedes nigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1998 | [[:d:Q20907047|Q20907047]] | [[Felis nigripes thomasi]] | Felis nigripes thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto a pedes nigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1999 | [[:d:Q20907079|Q20907079]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides]] | Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides | 2 | | [[File:Leopardus pardinoides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2000 | [[:d:Q20907090|Q20907090]] | [[Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus]] | Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2001 | [[:d:Q5703270|Q5703270]] | [[Arctotherium tarijense]] | Arctotherium tarijense | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2002 | [[:d:Q5703273|Q5703273]] | [[Arctotherium vetustum]] | Arctotherium vetustum | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2003 | [[:d:Q6169186|Q6169186]] | [[Xenocyon africanus]] | Xenocyon africanus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2004 | [[:d:Q6169188|Q6169188]] | [[Xenocyon antonii]] | Xenocyon antonii | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2005 | [[:d:Q6169190|Q6169190]] | [[Xenocyon falconeri]] | Xenocyon falconeri | 2 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2006 | [[:d:Q6387853|Q6387853]] | [[Arctotherium bonariense]] | Arctotherium bonariense | 2 | | [[File:Arctotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2007 | [[:d:Q7186480|Q7186480]] | [[Phlaocyon achoros]] | Phlaocyon achoros | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2008 | [[:d:Q7186481|Q7186481]] | [[Phlaocyon annectens]] | Phlaocyon annectens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2009 | [[:d:Q7186482|Q7186482]] | [[Phlaocyon latidens]] | Phlaocyon latidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2010 | [[:d:Q7186483|Q7186483]] | [[Phlaocyon mariae]] | Phlaocyon mariae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2011 | [[:d:Q16667334|Q16667334]] | [[Nyctereutes lockwoodi]] | Nyctereutes lockwoodi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2012 | [[:d:Q18388298|Q18388298]] | [[Phlaocyon minor]] | Phlaocyon minor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2013 | [[:d:Q18392570|Q18392570]] | [[Phlaocyon yatkolai]] | Phlaocyon yatkolai | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2014 | [[:d:Q111032084|Q111032084]] | [[Miomachairodus pseudailuroides]] | Miomachairodus pseudailuroides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2015 | [[:d:Q131742962|Q131742962]] | [[Filholictis]] | Filholictis | 2 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Cephalogalini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2016 | [[:d:Q21401250|Q21401250]] | [[Ursus arctos yesoensis]] | Ursus arctos yesoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2017 | [[:d:Q63525329|Q63525329]] | [[Miomaci pannonicum]] | Miomaci pannonicum | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomaci]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2018 | [[:d:Q116547814|Q116547814]] | [[cyonarctos dessei]] | Cyonarctos dessei | 2 | | [[File:Cyonarctos dessei.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[cyonarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2019 | [[:d:Q5747530|Q5747530]] | [[Canis gezi]] | Canis gezi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2020 | [[:d:Q16975232|Q16975232]] | [[Borophagus dudleyi]] | Borophagus dudleyi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2021 | [[:d:Q16975248|Q16975248]] | [[Borophagus orc]] | Borophagus orc | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2022 | [[:d:Q20907547|Q20907547]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides | 2 | | [[File:Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2023 | [[:d:Q20907550|Q20907550]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides orestes]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides orestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2024 | [[:d:Q97126596|Q97126596]] | [[Canis adoxus]] | Canis adoxus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2025 | [[:d:Q20907519|Q20907519]] | [[Canis lupus floridanus]] | Canis lupus floridanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2026 | [[:d:Q20907553|Q20907553]] | [[Otocyon megalotis canescens]] | Otocyon megalotis canescens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2027 | [[:d:Q21400754|Q21400754]] | [[Smilodon fatalis californicus]] | Smilodon fatalis californicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodon fatalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2028 | [[:d:Q113407746|Q113407746]] | [[Agriarctos nikolovi]] | Agriarctos nikolovi | 2 | | [[File:Teeth of Agriarctos nikolovi.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2029 | [[:d:Q139959555|Q139959555]] | [[Vitasta Wolf]] | Canis vitastensis | 2 | | [[File:Canis vitastensis fossil fragments.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | [[Canides|Canidae]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2030 | [[:d:Q7915859|Q7915859]] | [[Variegated jackal]] | Canis aureus soudanicus | 2 | | [[File:Paintedthousdog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2031 | [[:d:Q20907484|Q20907484]] | [[Canis adustus adustus]] | Canis adustus adustus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2032 | [[:d:Q20907485|Q20907485]] | [[Canis adustus bweha]] | Canis adustus bweha | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2033 | [[:d:Q20907486|Q20907486]] | [[Canis adustus grayi]] | Canis adustus grayi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2034 | [[:d:Q20907487|Q20907487]] | [[Canis adustus kaffensis]] | Canis adustus kaffensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2035 | [[:d:Q20907488|Q20907488]] | [[Canis adustus lateralis]] | Canis adustus lateralis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2036 | [[:d:Q20907489|Q20907489]] | [[Canis adustus notatus]] | Canis adustus notatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2037 | [[:d:Q20907490|Q20907490]] | [[Canis aureus bea]] | Canis aureus bea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2038 | [[:d:Q20907496|Q20907496]] | [[Canis aureus riparius]] | Canis aureus riparius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2039 | [[:d:Q20907499|Q20907499]] | [[Canis latrans cagottis]] | Canis latrans cagottis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2040 | [[:d:Q20907501|Q20907501]] | [[Canis latrans dickeyi]] | Canis latrans dickeyi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2041 | [[:d:Q20907502|Q20907502]] | [[Canis latrans frustror]] | Canis latrans frustror | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2042 | [[:d:Q20907504|Q20907504]] | [[Canis latrans goldmani]] | Canis latrans goldmani | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2043 | [[:d:Q20907505|Q20907505]] | [[Canis latrans hondurensis]] | Canis latrans hondurensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2044 | [[:d:Q20907506|Q20907506]] | [[Canis latrans impavidus]] | Canis latrans impavidus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2045 | [[:d:Q20907508|Q20907508]] | [[Canis latrans jamesi]] | Canis latrans jamesi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2046 | [[:d:Q20907511|Q20907511]] | [[Canis latrans microdon]] | Canis latrans microdon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2047 | [[:d:Q20907512|Q20907512]] | [[Canis latrans peninsulae]] | Canis latrans peninsulae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2048 | [[:d:Q20907524|Q20907524]] | [[Canis simensis simensis]] | Canis simensis simensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis simensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2049 | [[:d:Q30062848|Q30062848]] | [[Lupo aurate senegalese]] | Canis anthus anthus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2050 | [[:d:Q126678458|Q126678458]] | [[Canis anthus soudanicus]] | Canis anthus soudanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2051 | [[:d:Q135219483|Q135219483]] | [[Serengeti wolf]] | Canis lupaster bea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupaster]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2052 | [[:d:Q7250487|Q7250487]] | [[Proremiculus]] | Proremiculus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2053 | [[:d:Q21359045|Q21359045]] | [[Trichomanis]] | Trichomanis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2054 | [[:d:Q21368849|Q21368849]] | [[Trocharion]] | Trocharion | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2055 | [[:d:Q25606482|Q25606482]] | [[Grison]] | Grison | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2056 | [[:d:Q38456345|Q38456345]] | [[Marcetia]] | Marcetia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2057 | [[:d:Q41157347|Q41157347]] | [[Poecilictis]] | Poecilictis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2058 | [[:d:Q85989033|Q85989033]] | [[Adracon]] | Adracon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2059 | [[:d:Q85989290|Q85989290]] | [[Cryptailurus]] | Cryptailurus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2060 | [[:d:Q85989733|Q85989733]] | [[Mellivorodon]] | Mellivorodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2061 | [[:d:Q85990097|Q85990097]] | [[Pseudictis]] | Pseudictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2062 | [[:d:Q107658391|Q107658391]] | [[Ailuridae]] | Ailuridae | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[former entity]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2063 | [[:d:Q119810865|Q119810865]] | [[Pinnipediformes]] | Pinnipediformes | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[clado]] | | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2064 | [[:d:Q121795517|Q121795517]] | [[Ursavinae]] | Ursavinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2065 | [[:d:Q132190887|Q132190887]] | [[Nimravoidea]] | Nimravoidea | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2066 | [[:d:Q18003134|Q18003134]] | [[Mephitini]] | Mephitini | 1 | | [[File:Striped Skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2067 | [[:d:Q21368778|Q21368778]] | [[Ikelohyaena]] | Ikelohyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2068 | [[:d:Q85989065|Q85989065]] | [[Afrosmilinae]] | Afrosmilinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2069 | [[:d:Q85989326|Q85989326]] | [[Dinailurictinae]] | Dinailurictinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2070 | [[:d:Q122070164|Q122070164]] | [[Tugenictis]] | Tugenictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2071 | [[:d:Q125857211|Q125857211]] | [[Osmotherium]] | Osmotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2072 | [[:d:Q134625973|Q134625973]] | [[Belbus]] | Belbus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2073 | [[:d:Q134697831|Q134697831]] | [[Werdelinus]] | Werdelinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2074 | [[:d:Q134892962|Q134892962]] | [[Metahyaena]] | Metahyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2075 | [[:d:Q135008938|Q135008938]] | [[Tongxinictis]] | Tongxinictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2076 | [[:d:Q135090907|Q135090907]] | [[Tungurictis]] | Tungurictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2077 | [[:d:Q138656105|Q138656105]] | [[Mydainae]] | Mydainae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2078 | [[:d:Q33142418|Q33142418]] | [[Devinophocinae]] | Devinophocinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2079 | [[:d:Q41153969|Q41153969]] | [[Gryphoca]] | Gryphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2080 | [[:d:Q41155783|Q41155783]] | [[Monachopsis]] | Monachopsis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2081 | [[:d:Q41157012|Q41157012]] | [[Phocanella]] | Phocanella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2082 | [[:d:Q41157488|Q41157488]] | [[Prophoca]] | Prophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2083 | [[:d:Q107272854|Q107272854]] | [[Amblonyx]] | Amblonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2084 | [[:d:Q116788226|Q116788226]] | [[Sonitictis]] | Sonitictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2085 | [[:d:Q116788227|Q116788227]] | [[Magnotherium]] | Magnotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2086 | [[:d:Q119809215|Q119809215]] | [[Phocoidea]] | Phocoidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pinnipedia]]<br/>[[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2087 | [[:d:Q121338703|Q121338703]] | [[Planopusa]] | Planopusa | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2088 | [[:d:Q121410416|Q121410416]] | [[Craterogale]] | Craterogale | 1 | | [[File:Craterogale simus skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2089 | [[:d:Q121539482|Q121539482]] | [[Pristiphoca]] | Pristiphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2090 | [[:d:Q122084103|Q122084103]] | [[Erokomellivora]] | Erokomellivora | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2091 | [[:d:Q123014800|Q123014800]] | [[Australophoca]] | Australophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2092 | [[:d:Q123014818|Q123014818]] | [[Cryptophoca]] | Cryptophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2093 | [[:d:Q123014940|Q123014940]] | [[Hydrarctos]] | Hydrarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2094 | [[:d:Q123015025|Q123015025]] | [[Sarmatonectes]] | Sarmatonectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2095 | [[:d:Q123015048|Q123015048]] | [[Terranectes]] | Terranectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2096 | [[:d:Q123015063|Q123015063]] | [[Sarcodectes]] | Sarcodectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2097 | [[:d:Q123015085|Q123015085]] | [[Palmidophoca]] | Palmidophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2098 | [[:d:Q125622520|Q125622520]] | [[Magophoca]] | Magophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2099 | [[:d:Q126698037|Q126698037]] | [[Promellivora]] | Promellivora | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2100 | [[:d:Q126708170|Q126708170]] | [[Dinogale]] | Dinogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2101 | [[:d:Q132156979|Q132156979]] | [[Shansictis]] | Shansictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2102 | [[:d:Q135160819|Q135160819]] | [[Paratethyphoca]] | Paratethyphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2103 | [[:d:Q136655494|Q136655494]] | [[Floridictis]] | Floridictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2104 | [[:d:Q136655544|Q136655544]] | [[Legionarictis]] | Legionarictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2105 | [[:d:Q136655560|Q136655560]] | [[Lartetictis]] | Lartetictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2106 | [[:d:Q136655625|Q136655625]] | [[Promeles]] | Promeles | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2107 | [[:d:Q138497907|Q138497907]] | [[Canimartes]] | Canimartes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2108 | [[:d:Q138507147|Q138507147]] | [[Matanomictis]] | Matanomictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2109 | [[:d:Q139570330|Q139570330]] | [[Galanthisictis]] | Galanthisictis | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2110 | [[:d:Q11757624|Q11757624]] | [[Prionodontinae]] | Prionodontinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2111 | [[:d:Q16948001|Q16948001]] | [[Nothocyon]] | Nothocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2112 | [[:d:Q16983499|Q16983499]] | [[Ictiocyon]] | Ictiocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2113 | [[:d:Q21361392|Q21361392]] | [[Deccanolestes narmadensis]] | Deccanolestes narmadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Deccanolestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2114 | [[:d:Q25101708|Q25101708]] | [[Vishnucyon]] | Vishnucyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2115 | [[:d:Q107290797|Q107290797]] | [[Afrodon ivani]] | Afrodon ivani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Afrodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2116 | [[:d:Q113900911|Q113900911]] | [[Odobeninae]] | Odobeninae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2117 | [[:d:Q116223872|Q116223872]] | [[Myacyon]] | Myacyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2118 | [[:d:Q119809978|Q119809978]] | [[Pan-Pinnipedia]] | Pan-Pinnipedia | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[clado]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2119 | [[:d:Q122070604|Q122070604]] | [[Ketketictis]] | Ketketictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2120 | [[:d:Q130342018|Q130342018]] | [[Megaviverra]] | Megaviverra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2121 | [[:d:Q131825406|Q131825406]] | [[Nandinioidea]] | Nandinioidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2122 | [[:d:Q133282075|Q133282075]] | [[Mioparadoxurus]] | Mioparadoxurus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2123 | [[:d:Q3812870|Q3812870]] | [[Kanuites lewisae]] | Kanuites lewisae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Kanuites]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2124 | [[:d:Q20717547|Q20717547]] | [[Chasmaporthetes ossifragus]] | Chasmaporthetes ossifragus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Chasmaporthetes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2125 | [[:d:Q27994178|Q27994178]] | [[Herpestes sanguineus]] | Herpestes sanguineus | 1 | | [[File:Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig (Taf. 8 Fig.1,2) (6961545439).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2126 | [[:d:Q27998228|Q27998228]] | [[Herpestes pulverulentus]] | Herpestes pulverulentus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2127 | [[:d:Q41083658|Q41083658]] | [[Genetta letabae]] | Genetta letabae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2128 | [[:d:Q85989480|Q85989480]] | [[Hoplophoneus strigidens]] | Hoplophoneus strigidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hoplophoneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2129 | [[:d:Q112899114|Q112899114]] | [[Lutraeximia]] | Lutraeximia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2130 | [[:d:Q118852976|Q118852976]] | [[Genetta nyakitongwer]] | Genetta nyakitongwer | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2131 | [[:d:Q125459871|Q125459871]] | [[Genetta fieldiana]] | Genetta fieldiana | 1 | | [[File:Genetta fieldinana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2132 | [[:d:Q133271769|Q133271769]] | [[Tyrrhenolutra]] | Tyrrhenolutra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2133 | [[:d:Q133277781|Q133277781]] | [[Tisisthenes]] | Tisisthenes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2134 | [[:d:Q139645718|Q139645718]] | [[Viverrictis]] | Viverrictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2135 | [[:d:Q140402596|Q140402596]] | [[ermine]] | | 1 | | [[File:L’Hermine & Le Rosselet - Ermine & Stoat - Galica - Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, t. 7, Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1758.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2136 | [[:d:Q5703256|Q5703256]] | [[Arctophoca]] | Arctophoca | 1 | | [[File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2137 | [[:d:Q76763353|Q76763353]] | [[Conepatus carloschebezi]] | Conepatus carloschebezi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2138 | [[:d:Q85989592|Q85989592]] | [[Stenoplesictis muhoronii]] | Stenoplesictis muhoronii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Stenoplesictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2139 | [[:d:Q124837460|Q124837460]] | [[Phoca procaspica]] | Phoca procaspica | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2140 | [[:d:Q140311946|Q140311946]] | [[Paradoxurini]] | Paradoxurini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2141 | [[:d:Q7711432|Q7711432]] | [[Thaumastocyonini]] | Thaumastocyonini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2142 | [[:d:Q18002428|Q18002428]] | [[Martinogale alveodens]] | Martinogale alveodens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martinogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2143 | [[:d:Q76763364|Q76763364]] | [[Conepatus feuillei]] | Conepatus feuillei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2144 | [[:d:Q85924242|Q85924242]] | [[Adcrocuta eximia]] | Adcrocuta eximia | 1 | | [[File:Adcrocuta eximia, Asenovgrad.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adcrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2145 | [[:d:Q108030083|Q108030083]] | [[Conepatus robustus]] | Conepatus robustus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2146 | [[:d:Q108804968|Q108804968]] | [[Africanictis meini]] | Africanictis meini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2147 | [[:d:Q108805049|Q108805049]] | [[Africanictis schmidtkittleri]] | Africanictis schmidtkittleri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2148 | [[:d:Q108805170|Q108805170]] | [[Africanictis hyaenoides]] | Africanictis hyaenoides | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2149 | [[:d:Q110390918|Q110390918]] | [[Pliophoca etrusca]] | Pliophoca etrusca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pliophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2150 | [[:d:Q111034865|Q111034865]] | [[Albanosmilus jourdani]] | Albanosmilus jourdani | 1 | | [[File:Albanosmilus jourdani - crani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Albanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2151 | [[:d:Q111036376|Q111036376]] | [[Sansanosmilus palmidens]] | Sansanosmilus palmidens | 1 | | [[File:Sansanosmilus palmidens skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2152 | [[:d:Q116969147|Q116969147]] | [[Bonisicyon]] | Bonisicyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2153 | [[:d:Q119132618|Q119132618]] | [[Prosansanosmilus eggeri]] | Prosansanosmilus eggeri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2154 | [[:d:Q138657888|Q138657888]] | [[Bdeogale]] | Bdeogale | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2155 | [[:d:Q138657890|Q138657890]] | [[Galeriscus]] | Galeriscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2156 | [[:d:Q139959735|Q139959735]] | [[Dehmictis]] | Dehmictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2157 | [[:d:Q139959817|Q139959817]] | [[Namibictis]] | Namibictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2158 | [[:d:Q3553549|Q3553549]] | [[Valenictus chulavistensis]] | Valenictus chulavistensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Valenictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2159 | [[:d:Q10354179|Q10354179]] | [[Procyonoidea]] | Procyonoidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2160 | [[:d:Q16613229|Q16613229]] | [[Teruelictis riparius]] | Teruelictis riparius | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Teruelictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2161 | [[:d:Q21230314|Q21230314]] | [[Mydeus]] | Mydeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2162 | [[:d:Q85990402|Q85990402]] | [[Viretictis]] | Viretictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2163 | [[:d:Q108680579|Q108680579]] | [[Eumetopias ojiyaensis]] | Eumetopias ojiyaensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eumetopias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2164 | [[:d:Q108698491|Q108698491]] | [[Odobenus mandanoensis]] | Odobenus mandanoensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2165 | [[:d:Q111038014|Q111038014]] | [[Ginsburgsmilus napakensis]] | Ginsburgsmilus napakensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ginsburgsmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2166 | [[:d:Q117312355|Q117312355]] | [[Delotrochanter]] | Delotrochanter | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Temnocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2167 | [[:d:Q123080822|Q123080822]] | [[Dinocrocuta gigantea]] | Dinocrocuta gigantea | 1 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinocrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2168 | [[:d:Q126811602|Q126811602]] | [[Hyaenictis graeca]] | Hyaenictis graeca | 1 | | [[File:Hyaenictis graeca.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2169 | [[:d:Q134168438|Q134168438]] | [[Crocuta dietrichi]] | Crocuta dietrichi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2170 | [[:d:Q134725561|Q134725561]] | [[Piscophoca pacifica]] | Piscophoca pacifica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Piscophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2171 | [[:d:Q134740719|Q134740719]] | [[Pseudarctini]] | Pseudarctini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2172 | [[:d:Q135237645|Q135237645]] | [[Askazansoria]] | Askazansoria | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2173 | [[:d:Q136746351|Q136746351]] | [[Allocyon]] | Allocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2174 | [[:d:Q139414568|Q139414568]] | [[Crocuta eturono]] | Crocuta eturono | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2175 | [[:d:Q3792499|Q3792499]] | [[Ikelohyaena abronia]] | Ikelohyaena abronia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ikelohyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2176 | [[:d:Q21236814|Q21236814]] | [[Afrophoca libyca]] | Afrophoca libyca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2177 | [[:d:Q27440964|Q27440964]] | [[Xenogale naso]] | Xenogale naso | 1 | | [[File:Long-nosed mongoose (without bg).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Xenogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2178 | [[:d:Q108670197|Q108670197]] | [[Pseudotaria muramotoi]] | Pseudotaria muramotoi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pseudotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2179 | [[:d:Q123014993|Q123014993]] | [[Batavipusa]] | Batavipusa | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2180 | [[:d:Q126687247|Q126687247]] | [[Mustelavus]] | Mustelavus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelavinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2181 | [[:d:Q130356555|Q130356555]] | [[Peignecyon]] | Peignecyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2182 | [[:d:Q132883666|Q132883666]] | [[Gansuyaena]] | Gansuyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2183 | [[:d:Q139959705|Q139959705]] | [[Iberictis]] | Iberictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2184 | [[:d:Q4359298|Q4359298]] | [[Perunium ursogulo]] | Perunium ursogulo | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Perunium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2185 | [[:d:Q97371092|Q97371092]] | [[Craterogale simus]] | Craterogale simus | 1 | | [[File:Craterogale simus skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Craterogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2186 | [[:d:Q109264769|Q109264769]] | [[Vishnuonyx neptuni]] | Vishnuonyx neptuni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2187 | [[:d:Q112867515|Q112867515]] | [[Prototaria planicephala]] | Prototaria planicephala | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prototaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2188 | [[:d:Q112867572|Q112867572]] | [[Prototaria primigena]] | Prototaria primigena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prototaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2189 | [[:d:Q112959024|Q112959024]] | [[Aragonictis araid]] | Aragonictis araid | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aragonictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2190 | [[:d:Q114975699|Q114975699]] | [[Oaxacagale ruizi]] | Oaxacagale ruizi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oaxacagale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2191 | [[:d:Q116630687|Q116630687]] | [[Dusignathus seftoni]] | Dusignathus seftoni | 1 | | [[File:Dusignathus seftoni SDNHM 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2192 | [[:d:Q116631155|Q116631155]] | [[Dusignathus santacruzensis]] | Dusignathus santacruzensis | 1 | | [[File:Dusignathus santacruzensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2193 | [[:d:Q116761715|Q116761715]] | [[Allohyaena kadici]] | Allohyaena kadici | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allohyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2194 | [[:d:Q116788436|Q116788436]] | [[Sonitictis moralesi]] | Sonitictis moralesi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sonitictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2195 | [[:d:Q116788439|Q116788439]] | [[Magnotherium johnsii]] | Magnotherium johnsii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Magnotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2196 | [[:d:Q116944503|Q116944503]] | [[Titanotaria orangensis]] | Titanotaria orangensis | 1 | | [[File:Titanotaria skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Titanotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2197 | [[:d:Q121338708|Q121338708]] | [[Planopusa semenovi]] | Planopusa semenovi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Planopusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2198 | [[:d:Q133150883|Q133150883]] | [[Propoecilogale]] | Propoecilogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2199 | [[:d:Q134725558|Q134725558]] | [[Miophoca vetusta]] | Miophoca vetusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Miophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2200 | [[:d:Q135189133|Q135189133]] | [[Odobenini]] | Odobenini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2201 | [[:d:Q138732872|Q138732872]] | [[Vishnuonyx chinjiensis]] | Vishnuonyx chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Vishnuonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2202 | [[:d:Q60978126|Q60978126]] | [[Tungurictis spocki]] | Tungurictis spocki | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tungurictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2203 | [[:d:Q113011945|Q113011945]] | [[Adeilosmilus]] | Adeilosmilus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2204 | [[:d:Q135702373|Q135702373]] | [[Messiphoca mauretanica]] | Messiphoca mauretanica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Messiphoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2205 | [[:d:Q137325126|Q137325126]] | [[Pliogale]] | Pliogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2206 | [[:d:Q137325217|Q137325217]] | [[Miomustela madisonae]] | Miomustela madisonae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2207 | [[:d:Q137592820|Q137592820]] | [[Taotienimravus songi]] | Taotienimravus songi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taotienimravus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2208 | [[:d:Q140460422|Q140460422]] | [[Brachyopsigale]] | Brachyopsigale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2209 | [[:d:Q10915457|Q10915457]] | [[Mustela formosana]] | Mustela formosana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2210 | [[:d:Q10960092|Q10960092]] | [[Mustela amurensis]] | Mustela amurensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2211 | [[:d:Q27898194|Q27898194]] | [[Gale]] | Gale | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2212 | [[:d:Q55636015|Q55636015]] | [[Tonkin weasel]] | Mustela tonkinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2213 | [[:d:Q108939086|Q108939086]] | [[Martes ten]] | Martes ten | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2214 | [[:d:Q122171688|Q122171688]] | [[Mustela furo]] | Mustela furo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2215 | [[:d:Q131451931|Q131451931]] | [[Martes ginsburgi]] | Martes ginsburgi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2216 | [[:d:Q132643625|Q132643625]] | [[Martes vetus]] | Martes vetus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2217 | [[:d:Q20907244|Q20907244]] | [[Genetta genetta afra]] | Genetta genetta afra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2218 | [[:d:Q20907245|Q20907245]] | [[Genetta genetta dongolana]] | Genetta genetta dongolana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2219 | [[:d:Q20907247|Q20907247]] | [[Genetta genetta senegalensis]] | Genetta genetta senegalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2220 | [[:d:Q20907292|Q20907292]] | [[Nandinia binotata binotata]] | Nandinia binotata binotata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2221 | [[:d:Q20907293|Q20907293]] | [[Nandinia binotata arborea]] | Nandinia binotata arborea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2222 | [[:d:Q20907295|Q20907295]] | [[Nandinia binotata gerrardi]] | Nandinia binotata gerrardi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2223 | [[:d:Q20907296|Q20907296]] | [[Nandinia binotata intensa]] | Nandinia binotata intensa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2224 | [[:d:Q20907436|Q20907436]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus semitorquatus]] | Herpestes semitorquatus semitorquatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2225 | [[:d:Q20907437|Q20907437]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus uniformis]] | Herpestes semitorquatus uniformis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2226 | [[:d:Q24266216|Q24266216]] | [[Lutra maculicollis]] | Lutra maculicollis | 1 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2227 | [[:d:Q61885243|Q61885243]] | [[Lutra canadensis]] | Lutra canadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2228 | [[:d:Q109647346|Q109647346]] | [[Lutra piscinaria]] | Lutra piscinaria | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2229 | [[:d:Q122889511|Q122889511]] | [[Lutra capensis]] | Lutra capensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2230 | [[:d:Q123080462|Q123080462]] | [[Lutra trinacriae]] | Lutra trinacriae | 1 | | [[File:Lutra trinacriae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2231 | [[:d:Q124036776|Q124036776]] | [[Lutra palaeoleptonyx]] | Lutra palaeoleptonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2232 | [[:d:Q124036877|Q124036877]] | [[Lutra lybica]] | Lutra lybica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2233 | [[:d:Q124036883|Q124036883]] | [[Lutra licenti]] | Lutra licenti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2234 | [[:d:Q124036908|Q124036908]] | [[Lutra fatimazohrae]] | Lutra fatimazohrae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2235 | [[:d:Q124036923|Q124036923]] | [[Lutra bressana]] | Lutra bressana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2236 | [[:d:Q124036933|Q124036933]] | [[Lutra bravardi]] | Lutra bravardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2237 | [[:d:Q124036937|Q124036937]] | [[Lutra affinis]] | Lutra affinis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2238 | [[:d:Q124039976|Q124039976]] | [[Lutra hessica]] | Lutra hessica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2239 | [[:d:Q132457290|Q132457290]] | [[Lutra hearsti]] | Lutra hearsti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2240 | [[:d:Q138589738|Q138589738]] | [[Aonyx]] | Aonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2241 | [[:d:Q138589739|Q138589739]] | [[Amblonyx]] | Amblonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2242 | [[:d:Q138589741|Q138589741]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2243 | [[:d:Q696562|Q696562]] | [[Amphicyon major]] | Amphicyon major | 1 | | [[File:Amphicyon major jaw.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2244 | [[:d:Q11910009|Q11910009]] | [[Broiliana]] | Broiliana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2245 | [[:d:Q19716898|Q19716898]] | [[Stromeriella]] | Stromeriella | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2246 | [[:d:Q20907248|Q20907248]] | [[Genetta servalina servalina]] | Genetta servalina servalina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2247 | [[:d:Q20907249|Q20907249]] | [[Genetta servalina bettoni]] | Genetta servalina bettoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2248 | [[:d:Q20907250|Q20907250]] | [[Genetta servalina lowei]] | Genetta servalina lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2249 | [[:d:Q20907251|Q20907251]] | [[Genetta servalina schwarzi]] | Genetta servalina schwarzi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2250 | [[:d:Q20907252|Q20907252]] | [[Genetta tigrina tigrina]] | Genetta tigrina tigrina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta tigrina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2251 | [[:d:Q20907253|Q20907253]] | [[Genetta tigrina methi]] | Genetta tigrina methi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta tigrina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2252 | [[:d:Q20907255|Q20907255]] | [[Poiana richardsonii richardsonii]] | Poiana richardsonii richardsonii | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[recombination]] | | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2253 | [[:d:Q20907257|Q20907257]] | [[Poiana richardsonii ochracea]] | Poiana richardsonii ochracea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2254 | [[:d:Q21357705|Q21357705]] | [[Mungos minutus]] | Mungos minutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2255 | [[:d:Q21418779|Q21418779]] | [[Bassariscinae]] | Bassariscinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2256 | [[:d:Q28549487|Q28549487]] | [[Bassaricyonoides]] | Bassaricyonoides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2257 | [[:d:Q55350625|Q55350625]] | [[Amphicyon giganteus]] | Amphicyon giganteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2258 | [[:d:Q55518697|Q55518697]] | [[Amphicyon galushai]] | Amphicyon galushai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2259 | [[:d:Q55593487|Q55593487]] | [[Amphicyon frendens]] | Amphicyon frendens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2260 | [[:d:Q55593524|Q55593524]] | [[Amphicyon palaeindicus]] | Amphicyon palaeindicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2261 | [[:d:Q55593573|Q55593573]] | [[Amphicyon lydekkeri]] | Amphicyon lydekkeri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2262 | [[:d:Q105722164|Q105722164]] | [[Parahyaenodon]] | Parahyaenodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2263 | [[:d:Q123471619|Q123471619]] | [[Angustictis]] | Angustictis | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2264 | [[:d:Q131406234|Q131406234]] | [[Mustela stromeri]] | Mustela stromeri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2265 | [[:d:Q133042723|Q133042723]] | [[Tetraprothomo]] | Tetraprothomo | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2266 | [[:d:Q136655585|Q136655585]] | [[Protoprocyon]] | Protoprocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2267 | [[:d:Q136655692|Q136655692]] | [[Parapotos]] | Parapotos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2268 | [[:d:Q5703259|Q5703259]] | [[Arctophoca australis australis]] | Arctophoca australis australis | 1 | | [[File:Arctophoca australis australis (3).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus australis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2269 | [[:d:Q20907317|Q20907317]] | [[Cynictis penicillata penicillata]] | Cynictis penicillata penicillata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2270 | [[:d:Q20907318|Q20907318]] | [[Cynictis penicillata bechuanae]] | Cynictis penicillata bechuanae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2271 | [[:d:Q20907319|Q20907319]] | [[Cynictis penicillata brachyura]] | Cynictis penicillata brachyura | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2272 | [[:d:Q20907324|Q20907324]] | [[Cynictis penicillata cinderella]] | Cynictis penicillata cinderella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2273 | [[:d:Q20907326|Q20907326]] | [[Cynictis penicillata coombsi]] | Cynictis penicillata coombsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2274 | [[:d:Q20907328|Q20907328]] | [[Cynictis penicillata intensa]] | Cynictis penicillata intensa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2275 | [[:d:Q20907329|Q20907329]] | [[Cynictis penicillata kalaharica]] | Cynictis penicillata kalaharica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2276 | [[:d:Q20907330|Q20907330]] | [[Cynictis penicillata karasensis]] | Cynictis penicillata karasensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2277 | [[:d:Q20907332|Q20907332]] | [[Cynictis penicillata lepturus]] | Cynictis penicillata lepturus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2278 | [[:d:Q20907333|Q20907333]] | [[Cynictis penicillata ogilbyii]] | Cynictis penicillata ogilbyii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2279 | [[:d:Q20907334|Q20907334]] | [[Cynictis penicillata pallidior]] | Cynictis penicillata pallidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2280 | [[:d:Q20907350|Q20907350]] | [[Galerella sanguinea sanguinea]] | Galerella sanguinea sanguinea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2281 | [[:d:Q20907352|Q20907352]] | [[Galerella sanguinea canus]] | Galerella sanguinea canus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2282 | [[:d:Q20907353|Q20907353]] | [[Galerella sanguinea cauui]] | Galerella sanguinea cauui | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2283 | [[:d:Q20907354|Q20907354]] | [[Galerella sanguinea dasilvai]] | Galerella sanguinea dasilvai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2284 | [[:d:Q20907355|Q20907355]] | [[Galerella sanguinea dentifer]] | Galerella sanguinea dentifer | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2285 | [[:d:Q20907356|Q20907356]] | [[Galerella sanguinea fulvidior]] | Galerella sanguinea fulvidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2286 | [[:d:Q20907357|Q20907357]] | [[Galerella sanguinea galbus]] | Galerella sanguinea galbus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2287 | [[:d:Q20907358|Q20907358]] | [[Galerella sanguinea gracilis]] | Galerella sanguinea gracilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2288 | [[:d:Q20907359|Q20907359]] | [[Galerella sanguinea grantii]] | Galerella sanguinea grantii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2289 | [[:d:Q20907361|Q20907361]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ibeae]] | Galerella sanguinea ibeae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2290 | [[:d:Q20907364|Q20907364]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ignitus]] | Galerella sanguinea ignitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2291 | [[:d:Q20907367|Q20907367]] | [[Galerella sanguinea lancasteri]] | Galerella sanguinea lancasteri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2292 | [[:d:Q20907369|Q20907369]] | [[Galerella sanguinea melanura]] | Galerella sanguinea melanura | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2293 | [[:d:Q20907372|Q20907372]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mossambica]] | Galerella sanguinea mossambica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2294 | [[:d:Q20907374|Q20907374]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mustela]] | Galerella sanguinea mustela | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2295 | [[:d:Q20907375|Q20907375]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mutgigella]] | Galerella sanguinea mutgigella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2296 | [[:d:Q20907377|Q20907377]] | [[Galerella sanguinea orestes]] | Galerella sanguinea orestes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2297 | [[:d:Q20907378|Q20907378]] | [[Galerella sanguinea parvipes]] | Galerella sanguinea parvipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2298 | [[:d:Q20907380|Q20907380]] | [[Galerella sanguinea perfulvidus]] | Galerella sanguinea perfulvidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2299 | [[:d:Q20907382|Q20907382]] | [[Galerella sanguinea phoenicurus]] | Galerella sanguinea phoenicurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2300 | [[:d:Q20907383|Q20907383]] | [[Galerella sanguinea proteus]] | Galerella sanguinea proteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2301 | [[:d:Q20907384|Q20907384]] | [[Galerella sanguinea rendilis]] | Galerella sanguinea rendilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2302 | [[:d:Q20907385|Q20907385]] | [[Galerella sanguinea saharae]] | Galerella sanguinea saharae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2303 | [[:d:Q20907386|Q20907386]] | [[Galerella sanguinea swinnyi]] | Galerella sanguinea swinnyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2304 | [[:d:Q20907387|Q20907387]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ugandae]] | Galerella sanguinea ugandae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2305 | [[:d:Q20907412|Q20907412]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon ichneumon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2306 | [[:d:Q20907413|Q20907413]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon angolensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon angolensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2307 | [[:d:Q20907414|Q20907414]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon cafra]] | Herpestes ichneumon cafra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2308 | [[:d:Q20907415|Q20907415]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon centralis]] | Herpestes ichneumon centralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2309 | [[:d:Q20907416|Q20907416]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon funestus]] | Herpestes ichneumon funestus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2310 | [[:d:Q20907417|Q20907417]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon mababiensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon mababiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2311 | [[:d:Q20907418|Q20907418]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon numidicus]] | Herpestes ichneumon numidicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2312 | [[:d:Q20907419|Q20907419]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon parvidens]] | Herpestes ichneumon parvidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2313 | [[:d:Q20907420|Q20907420]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon sabiensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon sabiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2314 | [[:d:Q20907421|Q20907421]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon sangronizi]] | Herpestes ichneumon sangronizi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2315 | [[:d:Q20907422|Q20907422]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon widdringtonii]] | Herpestes ichneumon widdringtonii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2316 | [[:d:Q20907423|Q20907423]] | [[Herpestes javanicus javanicus]] | Herpestes javanicus javanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2317 | [[:d:Q20907424|Q20907424]] | [[Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus]] | Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2318 | [[:d:Q20907425|Q20907425]] | [[Herpestes javanicus exilis]] | Herpestes javanicus exilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2319 | [[:d:Q20907428|Q20907428]] | [[Herpestes javanicus orientalis]] | Herpestes javanicus orientalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2320 | [[:d:Q20907429|Q20907429]] | [[Herpestes javanicus pallipes]] | Herpestes javanicus pallipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2321 | [[:d:Q20907430|Q20907430]] | [[Herpestes javanicus peninsulae]] | Herpestes javanicus peninsulae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2322 | [[:d:Q20907431|Q20907431]] | [[Herpestes javanicus perakensis]] | Herpestes javanicus perakensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2323 | [[:d:Q20907432|Q20907432]] | [[Herpestes javanicus rafflesii]] | Herpestes javanicus rafflesii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2324 | [[:d:Q20907433|Q20907433]] | [[Herpestes javanicus rubrifrons]] | Herpestes javanicus rubrifrons | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2325 | [[:d:Q20907434|Q20907434]] | [[Herpestes javanicus siamensis]] | Herpestes javanicus siamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2326 | [[:d:Q20907435|Q20907435]] | [[Herpestes javanicus tjerapai]] | Herpestes javanicus tjerapai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2327 | [[:d:Q20907447|Q20907447]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis vitticollis]] | Herpestes vitticollis vitticollis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2328 | [[:d:Q20907448|Q20907448]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis inornatus]] | Herpestes vitticollis inornatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2329 | [[:d:Q20907929|Q20907929]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus]] | Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus | 1 | | [[File:Conepatus amazonicus - ....Christopher Borges.... - 533154117.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2330 | [[:d:Q20916509|Q20916509]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsi edwardsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2331 | [[:d:Q20916511|Q20916511]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi ferrugineus]] | Herpestes edwardsi ferrugineus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2332 | [[:d:Q20916514|Q20916514]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi lanka]] | Herpestes edwardsi lanka | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2333 | [[:d:Q20916516|Q20916516]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi montanus]] | Herpestes edwardsi montanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2334 | [[:d:Q20916518|Q20916518]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi nyula]] | Herpestes edwardsi nyula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2335 | [[:d:Q108060418|Q108060418]] | [[Enaliarctos mealsi]] | Enaliarctos mealsi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enaliarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2336 | [[:d:Q135649961|Q135649961]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus elieceri]] | Conepatus semistriatus elieceri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2337 | [[:d:Q3363349|Q3363349]] | [[Paradoxurus niger]] | Paradoxurus niger | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2338 | [[:d:Q20907297|Q20907297]] | [[Atilax paludinosus paludinosus]] | Atilax paludinosus paludinosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2339 | [[:d:Q20907299|Q20907299]] | [[Atilax paludinosus macrodon]] | Atilax paludinosus macrodon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2340 | [[:d:Q20907300|Q20907300]] | [[Atilax paludinosus mitis]] | Atilax paludinosus mitis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2341 | [[:d:Q20907301|Q20907301]] | [[Atilax paludinosus mordax]] | Atilax paludinosus mordax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2342 | [[:d:Q20907302|Q20907302]] | [[Atilax paludinosus nigerianus]] | Atilax paludinosus nigerianus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2343 | [[:d:Q20907304|Q20907304]] | [[Atilax paludinosus pluto]] | Atilax paludinosus pluto | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2344 | [[:d:Q20907305|Q20907305]] | [[Atilax paludinosus robustus]] | Atilax paludinosus robustus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2345 | [[:d:Q20907306|Q20907306]] | [[Atilax paludinosus rubellus]] | Atilax paludinosus rubellus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2346 | [[:d:Q20907307|Q20907307]] | [[Atilax paludinosus rubescens]] | Atilax paludinosus rubescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2347 | [[:d:Q20907308|Q20907308]] | [[Atilax paludinosus spadiceus]] | Atilax paludinosus spadiceus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2348 | [[:d:Q20907309|Q20907309]] | [[Atilax paludinosus transvaalensis]] | Atilax paludinosus transvaalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2349 | [[:d:Q20907400|Q20907400]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus brachyurus]] | Herpestes brachyurus brachyurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2350 | [[:d:Q20907403|Q20907403]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus javanensis]] | Herpestes brachyurus javanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2351 | [[:d:Q20907404|Q20907404]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus palawanus]] | Herpestes brachyurus palawanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2352 | [[:d:Q20907405|Q20907405]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus parvus]] | Herpestes brachyurus parvus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2353 | [[:d:Q20907406|Q20907406]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus sumatrius]] | Herpestes brachyurus sumatrius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2354 | [[:d:Q20907441|Q20907441]] | [[Herpestes urva urva]] | Herpestes urva urva | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2355 | [[:d:Q20907442|Q20907442]] | [[Herpestes urva annamensis]] | Herpestes urva annamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2356 | [[:d:Q20907444|Q20907444]] | [[Herpestes urva formosanus]] | Herpestes urva formosanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2357 | [[:d:Q20907445|Q20907445]] | [[Herpestes urva sinensis]] | Herpestes urva sinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2358 | [[:d:Q20907449|Q20907449]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda albicauda]] | Ichneumia albicauda albicauda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2359 | [[:d:Q20907450|Q20907450]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda dialeucos]] | Ichneumia albicauda dialeucos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2360 | [[:d:Q20907451|Q20907451]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda grandis]] | Ichneumia albicauda grandis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2361 | [[:d:Q20907452|Q20907452]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda haagneri]] | Ichneumia albicauda haagneri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2362 | [[:d:Q20907453|Q20907453]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda ibeanus]] | Ichneumia albicauda ibeanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2363 | [[:d:Q20907454|Q20907454]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda loandae]] | Ichneumia albicauda loandae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2364 | [[:d:Q20907455|Q20907455]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda loempo]] | Ichneumia albicauda loempo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2365 | [[:d:Q20907473|Q20907473]] | [[Paracynictis selousi selousi]] | Paracynictis selousi selousi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2366 | [[:d:Q20907474|Q20907474]] | [[Paracynictis selousi bechuanae]] | Paracynictis selousi bechuanae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2367 | [[:d:Q20907475|Q20907475]] | [[Paracynictis selousi ngamiensis]] | Paracynictis selousi ngamiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2368 | [[:d:Q20907476|Q20907476]] | [[Paracynictis selousi sengaani]] | Paracynictis selousi sengaani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2369 | [[:d:Q41086461|Q41086461]] | [[Paradoxurus macrodus]] | Paradoxurus macrodus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2370 | [[:d:Q65144472|Q65144472]] | [[Amphictinae]] | Amphictinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2371 | [[:d:Q3143618|Q3143618]] | [[Hyaena perrieri]] | Hyaena perrieri | 1 | | [[File:Paleozoological exhibition, 2009, in the Gravensteen, Zierikzee 08.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2372 | [[:d:Q20907310|Q20907310]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda crassicauda]] | Bdeogale crassicauda crassicauda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2373 | [[:d:Q20907311|Q20907311]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda nigrescens]] | Bdeogale crassicauda nigrescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2374 | [[:d:Q20907312|Q20907312]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora]] | Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2375 | [[:d:Q20907313|Q20907313]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda puisa]] | Bdeogale crassicauda puisa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2376 | [[:d:Q20907314|Q20907314]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda tenuis]] | Bdeogale crassicauda tenuis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2377 | [[:d:Q20907344|Q20907344]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta pulverulenta]] | Galerella pulverulenta pulverulenta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2378 | [[:d:Q20907347|Q20907347]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta basuticus]] | Galerella pulverulenta basuticus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2379 | [[:d:Q20907349|Q20907349]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta ruddi]] | Galerella pulverulenta ruddi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2380 | [[:d:Q20907407|Q20907407]] | [[Herpestes fuscus fuscus]] | Herpestes fuscus fuscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2381 | [[:d:Q20907408|Q20907408]] | [[Herpestes fuscus flavidens]] | Herpestes fuscus flavidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2382 | [[:d:Q20907409|Q20907409]] | [[Herpestes fuscus maccarthiae]] | Herpestes fuscus maccarthiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2383 | [[:d:Q20907410|Q20907410]] | [[Herpestes fuscus rubidior]] | Herpestes fuscus rubidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2384 | [[:d:Q20907411|Q20907411]] | [[Herpestes fuscus siccatus]] | Herpestes fuscus siccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2385 | [[:d:Q20907477|Q20907477]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri melleri]] | Rhynchogale melleri melleri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2386 | [[:d:Q20907478|Q20907478]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri langi]] | Rhynchogale melleri langi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2387 | [[:d:Q21360327|Q21360327]] | [[Cynodictis elegans]] | Cynodictis elegans | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynodictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2388 | [[:d:Q125569584|Q125569584]] | [[Meles thorali]] | Meles thorali | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2389 | [[:d:Q132731439|Q132731439]] | [[Meles magnus]] | Meles magnus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2390 | [[:d:Q5782647|Q5782647]] | [[Conepatus castaneus castaneus]] | Conepatus castaneus castaneus | 1 | | [[File:Conepatus humboldtii 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus castaneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2391 | [[:d:Q5782649|Q5782649]] | [[Conepatus castaneus proteus]] | Conepatus castaneus proteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus castaneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2392 | [[:d:Q6427870|Q6427870]] | [[Kolponomos newportensis]] | Kolponomos newportensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kolponomos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2393 | [[:d:Q18479382|Q18479382]] | [[Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes]] | Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus mesoleucus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2394 | [[:d:Q20907335|Q20907335]] | [[Galerella ochracea ochracea]] | Galerella ochracea ochracea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2395 | [[:d:Q20907336|Q20907336]] | [[Galerella ochracea bocagei]] | Galerella ochracea bocagei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2396 | [[:d:Q20907338|Q20907338]] | [[Galerella ochracea fulvidior]] | Galerella ochracea fulvidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2397 | [[:d:Q20907342|Q20907342]] | [[Galerella ochracea perfulvidus]] | Galerella ochracea perfulvidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2398 | [[:d:Q20907438|Q20907438]] | [[Herpestes smithii smithii]] | Herpestes smithii smithii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2399 | [[:d:Q20907439|Q20907439]] | [[Herpestes smithii thysanurus]] | Herpestes smithii thysanurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2400 | [[:d:Q20907440|Q20907440]] | [[Herpestes smithii zeylanius]] | Herpestes smithii zeylanius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2401 | [[:d:Q55621237|Q55621237]] | [[Lontra weiri]] | Lontra weiri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2402 | [[:d:Q108872622|Q108872622]] | [[Allodesmus kernensis]] | Allodesmus kernensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2403 | [[:d:Q108872886|Q108872886]] | [[Allodesmus naorai]] | Allodesmus naorai | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2404 | [[:d:Q112796039|Q112796039]] | [[Allodesmus sinanoensis]] | Allodesmus sinanoensis | 1 | | [[File:Allodesmus sinanoensis 『Eumetopias sinanoensis』1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2405 | [[:d:Q115597690|Q115597690]] | [[Adilophontes brachykolos]] | Adilophontes brachykolos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adilophontes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2406 | [[:d:Q115607206|Q115607206]] | [[Daphoenictis tedfordi]] | Daphoenictis tedfordi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoenictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2407 | [[:d:Q115607436|Q115607436]] | [[Euroamphicyon olisiponensis]] | Euroamphicyon olisiponensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Euroamphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2408 | [[:d:Q115619198|Q115619198]] | [[Pseudarctos bavaricus]] | Pseudarctos bavaricus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pseudarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2409 | [[:d:Q124036227|Q124036227]] | [[Enhydra reevei]] | Enhydra reevei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2410 | [[:d:Q134499808|Q134499808]] | [[Viverra zeylonensis]] | Viverra zeylonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2411 | [[:d:Q136815570|Q136815570]] | [[Parahyaena howelli]] | Parahyaena howelli | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2412 | [[:d:Q6652290|Q6652290]] | [[Cynogale lowei]] | Cynogale lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2413 | [[:d:Q7841789|Q7841789]] | [[Trigonitis macrodon]] | Trigonictis macrodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Trigonictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2414 | [[:d:Q20718776|Q20718776]] | [[Monotherium delognii]] | Monotherium delognii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2415 | [[:d:Q21237227|Q21237227]] | [[Arctomeles dimolodontus]] | Arctomeles dimolodontus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctomeles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2416 | [[:d:Q29578874|Q29578874]] | [[Megalenhydris]] | Megalenhydris | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2417 | [[:d:Q115607913|Q115607913]] | [[Guangxicyon sinoamericanus]] | Guangxicyon sinoamericanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guangxicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2418 | [[:d:Q125026524|Q125026524]] | [[Gulo schlosseri]] | Gulo schlosseri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2419 | [[:d:Q125226254|Q125226254]] | [[Proteles septentrionalis]] | Proteles septentrionalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2420 | [[:d:Q126811409|Q126811409]] | [[Proteles transvaalensis]] | Proteles transvaalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2421 | [[:d:Q126817535|Q126817535]] | [[Civettictis howelli]] | Civettictis howelli | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2422 | [[:d:Q131451924|Q131451924]] | [[Hydrictis gudho]] | Hydrictis gudho | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hydrictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2423 | [[:d:Q133865750|Q133865750]] | [[Limnonyx]] | Limnonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2424 | [[:d:Q20907188|Q20907188]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2425 | [[:d:Q20907189|Q20907189]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus balicus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus balicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2426 | [[:d:Q20907190|Q20907190]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar | 1 | | [[File:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2427 | [[:d:Q20907191|Q20907191]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canescens]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2428 | [[:d:Q20907192|Q20907192]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2429 | [[:d:Q20907193|Q20907193]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus cochinensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus cochinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2430 | [[:d:Q20907194|Q20907194]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus dongfangensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus dongfangensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2431 | [[:d:Q20907195|Q20907195]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2432 | [[:d:Q20907196|Q20907196]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus exitus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus exitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2433 | [[:d:Q20907197|Q20907197]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus javanica]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus javanica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2434 | [[:d:Q20907198|Q20907198]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus kangeanus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus kangeanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2435 | [[:d:Q20907199|Q20907199]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus laotum]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus laotum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2436 | [[:d:Q20907200|Q20907200]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2437 | [[:d:Q20907201|Q20907201]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus milleri]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus milleri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2438 | [[:d:Q20907202|Q20907202]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2439 | [[:d:Q20907203|Q20907203]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus musanga]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus musanga | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2440 | [[:d:Q20907204|Q20907204]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus nictitans]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus nictitans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2441 | [[:d:Q20907205|Q20907205]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallasii]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallasii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2442 | [[:d:Q20907206|Q20907206]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallens]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2443 | [[:d:Q20907207|Q20907207]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus parvus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus parvus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2444 | [[:d:Q20907208|Q20907208]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippinensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippinensis | 1 | | [[File:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2445 | [[:d:Q20907209|Q20907209]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pugnax]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pugnax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2446 | [[:d:Q20907211|Q20907211]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pulcher]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pulcher | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2447 | [[:d:Q20907213|Q20907213]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sacer]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sacer | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2448 | [[:d:Q20907214|Q20907214]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus scindiae]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus scindiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2449 | [[:d:Q20907215|Q20907215]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus senex]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus senex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2450 | [[:d:Q20907217|Q20907217]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus setosus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus setosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2451 | [[:d:Q20907218|Q20907218]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus simplex]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus simplex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2452 | [[:d:Q20907219|Q20907219]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sumbanus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sumbanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2453 | [[:d:Q20907222|Q20907222]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vellerosus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vellerosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2454 | [[:d:Q20907456|Q20907456]] | [[Mungos mungo mungo]] | Mungos mungo mungo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2455 | [[:d:Q20907457|Q20907457]] | [[Mungos mungo adailensis]] | Mungos mungo adailensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2456 | [[:d:Q20907458|Q20907458]] | [[Mungos mungo bororensis]] | Mungos mungo bororensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2457 | [[:d:Q20907459|Q20907459]] | [[Mungos mungo caurinus]] | Mungos mungo caurinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2458 | [[:d:Q20907460|Q20907460]] | [[Mungos mungo colonus]] | Mungos mungo colonus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2459 | [[:d:Q20907461|Q20907461]] | [[Mungos mungo grisonax]] | Mungos mungo grisonax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2460 | [[:d:Q20907462|Q20907462]] | [[Mungos mungo mandjarum]] | Mungos mungo mandjarum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2461 | [[:d:Q20907463|Q20907463]] | [[Mungos mungo marcrurus]] | Mungos mungo macrurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2462 | [[:d:Q20907464|Q20907464]] | [[Mungos mungo ngamiensis]] | Mungos mungo ngamiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2463 | [[:d:Q20907465|Q20907465]] | [[Mungos mungo pallidipes]] | Mungos mungo pallidipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2464 | [[:d:Q20907466|Q20907466]] | [[Mungos mungo rossi]] | Mungos mungo rossi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2465 | [[:d:Q20907468|Q20907468]] | [[Mungos mungo senescens]] | Mungos mungo senescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2466 | [[:d:Q20907469|Q20907469]] | [[Mungos mungo somalicus]] | Mungos mungo somalicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2467 | [[:d:Q20907470|Q20907470]] | [[Mungos mungo talboti]] | Mungos mungo talboti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2468 | [[:d:Q20907471|Q20907471]] | [[Mungos mungo zebra]] | Mungos mungo zebra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2469 | [[:d:Q20907472|Q20907472]] | [[Mungos mungo zebroides]] | Mungos mungo zebroides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2470 | [[:d:Q4389469|Q4389469]] | [[Lutra lutra whiteleyi]] | Lutra lutra whiteleyi | 1 | | [[File:Japanese otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2471 | [[:d:Q11290156|Q11290156]] | [[Mustela erminea orientalis]] | Mustela erminea orientalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2472 | [[:d:Q41163124|Q41163124]] | [[Callophoca obscura]] | Callophoca obscura | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Callophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2473 | [[:d:Q41167209|Q41167209]] | [[Platyphoca vulgaris]] | Platyphoca vulgaris | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Platyphoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2474 | [[:d:Q55348097|Q55348097]] | [[Howellictis valentini]] | Howellictis valentini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Howellictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2475 | [[:d:Q60840033|Q60840033]] | [[Paralutra garganensis]] | Paralutra garganensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paralutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2476 | [[:d:Q97290828|Q97290828]] | [[Lutraeximia umbra]] | Lutraeximia umbra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutraeximia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2477 | [[:d:Q99217642|Q99217642]] | [[Urva semitorquata]] | Urva semitorquata | 1 | | [[File:Herpestes semitorquatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2478 | [[:d:Q101765792|Q101765792]] | [[Eomonachus]] | Eomonachus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2479 | [[:d:Q115607931|Q115607931]] | [[Goupilictis minor]] | Goupilictis minor | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Goupilictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2480 | [[:d:Q122759313|Q122759313]] | [[Urva javanica]] | Urva javanica | 1 | | [[File:Small asian mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2481 | [[:d:Q123913995|Q123913995]] | [[Urva urva]] | Urva urva | 1 | | [[File:Urva urva 77938111.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2482 | [[:d:Q126718606|Q126718606]] | [[Devinophoca emryi]] | Devinophoca emryi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2483 | [[:d:Q126718837|Q126718837]] | [[Devinophoca claytoni]] | Devinophoca claytoni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2484 | [[:d:Q131624490|Q131624490]] | [[Vishnuictis durandi]] | Vishnuictis durandi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2485 | [[:d:Q131787805|Q131787805]] | [[Vishnuictis salmontanus]] | Vishnuictis salmontanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2486 | [[:d:Q131808847|Q131808847]] | [[Vishnuictis hariensis]] | Vishnuictis hariensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2487 | [[:d:Q131824716|Q131824716]] | [[Vishnuictis chinjiensis]] | Vishnuictis chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2488 | [[:d:Q131824739|Q131824739]] | [[Vishnuictis africana]] | Vishnuictis africana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2489 | [[:d:Q131905086|Q131905086]] | [[Saketoteron tatroinse]] | Saketoteron tatroinse | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Saketoteron]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2490 | [[:d:Q136746071|Q136746071]] | [[Martellictis]] | Martellictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Galictini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2491 | [[:d:Q137210550|Q137210550]] | [[Vishnuictis hasnoti]] | Vishnuictis hasnoti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2492 | [[:d:Q137210673|Q137210673]] | [[Vishnuictis plectilodous]] | Vishnuictis plectilodous | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2493 | [[:d:Q138835710|Q138835710]] | [[Laphictis mustelinus]] | Laphictis mustelinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Laphictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2494 | [[:d:Q5399006|Q5399006]] | [[Protocyon scagliorum]] | Protocyon scagliorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2495 | [[:d:Q6088658|Q6088658]] | [[Protocyon tarijensis]] | Protocyon tarijensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2496 | [[:d:Q6088661|Q6088661]] | [[Protocyon troglodytes]] | Protocyon troglodytes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2497 | [[:d:Q20907480|Q20907480]] | [[Suricata suricatta iona]] | Suricata suricatta iona | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2498 | [[:d:Q20907481|Q20907481]] | [[Suricata suricatta marjoriae]] | Suricata suricatta marjoriae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2499 | [[:d:Q21360683|Q21360683]] | [[Leptocyon douglassi]] | Leptocyon douglassi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2500 | [[:d:Q21360688|Q21360688]] | [[Leptocyon leidyi]] | Leptocyon leidyi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2501 | [[:d:Q21360693|Q21360693]] | [[Leptocyon matthewi]] | Leptocyon matthewi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2502 | [[:d:Q21360698|Q21360698]] | [[Leptocyon tejonensis]] | Leptocyon tejonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2503 | [[:d:Q27150056|Q27150056]] | [[Pseudaelurus turnauensis]] | Pseudaelurus turnauensis | 1 | | [[File:(MHNT) Pseudaelurus turnauensis (Hoernes, 1882) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudaelurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2504 | [[:d:Q111039026|Q111039026]] | [[Barbourofelis morrisi]] | Barbourofelis morrisi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2505 | [[:d:Q111039508|Q111039508]] | [[Barbourofelis piveteaui]] | Barbourofelis piveteaui | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2506 | [[:d:Q111040147|Q111040147]] | [[Barbourofelis whitfordi]] | Barbourofelis whitfordi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2507 | [[:d:Q118645088|Q118645088]] | [[Barbourofelis loveorum]] | Barbourofelis loveorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2508 | [[:d:Q126896083|Q126896083]] | [[Lycalopex cultridens]] | Lycalopex cultridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2509 | [[:d:Q133861149|Q133861149]] | [[Poecilictis libyca oralis]] | Poecilictis libyca oralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2510 | [[:d:Q19817052|Q19817052]] | [[Uncia]] | Uncia | 1 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2511 | [[:d:Q20907236|Q20907236]] | [[Civettictis civetta civetta]] | Civettictis civetta civetta | 1 | | [[File:Civettictis civetta 12.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2512 | [[:d:Q20907237|Q20907237]] | [[Civettictis civetta australis]] | Civettictis civetta australis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2513 | [[:d:Q20907238|Q20907238]] | [[Civettictis civetta congica]] | Civettictis civetta congica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2514 | [[:d:Q20907239|Q20907239]] | [[Civettictis civetta pauli]] | Civettictis civetta pauli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2515 | [[:d:Q20907240|Q20907240]] | [[Civettictis civetta schwarzi]] | Civettictis civetta schwarzi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2516 | [[:d:Q20907241|Q20907241]] | [[Civettictis civetta volkmanni]] | Civettictis civetta volkmanni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2517 | [[:d:Q20907388|Q20907388]] | [[Helogale hirtula hirtula]] | Helogale hirtula hirtula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2518 | [[:d:Q20907389|Q20907389]] | [[Helogale hirtula ahlselli]] | Helogale hirtula ahlselli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2519 | [[:d:Q20907390|Q20907390]] | [[Helogale hirtula annulata]] | Helogale hirtula annulata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2520 | [[:d:Q20907391|Q20907391]] | [[Helogale hirtula lutescens]] | Helogale hirtula lutescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2521 | [[:d:Q20907392|Q20907392]] | [[Helogale hirtula powelli]] | Helogale hirtula powelli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2522 | [[:d:Q20907906|Q20907906]] | [[Taxidea taxus berlandieri]] | Taxidea taxus berlandieri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2523 | [[:d:Q21356760|Q21356760]] | [[Martes americana albeietinoides]] | Martes americana albeietinoides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2524 | [[:d:Q21359274|Q21359274]] | [[Taxidea taxus berlanderi]] | Taxidea taxus berlanderi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2525 | [[:d:Q119166409|Q119166409]] | [[Civettictis civetta europaeus]] | Civettictis civetta europaeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2526 | [[:d:Q122602504|Q122602504]] | [[Tigris]] | Tigris | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2527 | [[:d:Q16689175|Q16689175]] | [[Vulpes praeglacialis]] | Vulpes praeglacialis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2528 | [[:d:Q20907145|Q20907145]] | [[Arctictis binturong binturong]] | Arctictis binturong binturong | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2529 | [[:d:Q20907146|Q20907146]] | [[Arctictis binturong albifrons]] | Arctictis binturong albifrons | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2530 | [[:d:Q20907147|Q20907147]] | [[Arctictis binturong kerkhoveni]] | Arctictis binturong kerkhoveni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2531 | [[:d:Q20907148|Q20907148]] | [[Arctictis binturong menglaensis]] | Arctictis binturong menglaensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2532 | [[:d:Q20907149|Q20907149]] | [[Arctictis binturong penicillatus]] | Arctictis binturong penicillatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2533 | [[:d:Q20907281|Q20907281]] | [[Eupleres goudotii goudotii]] | Eupleres goudotii goudotii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2534 | [[:d:Q20907283|Q20907283]] | [[Eupleres goudotii major]] | Eupleres goudotii major | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2535 | [[:d:Q20907290|Q20907290]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata decemlineata]] | Mungotictis decemlineata decemlineata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2536 | [[:d:Q20907291|Q20907291]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata lineatus]] | Mungotictis decemlineata lineatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2537 | [[:d:Q121911931|Q121911931]] | [[Vulpes praecorsac]] | Vulpes praecorsac | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2538 | [[:d:Q126857734|Q126857734]] | [[Vulpes stenognathus]] | Vulpes stenognathus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2539 | [[:d:Q126857899|Q126857899]] | [[Vulpes kernensis]] | Vulpes kernensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2540 | [[:d:Q126858238|Q126858238]] | [[Vulpes rooki]] | Vulpes rooki | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2541 | [[:d:Q126858440|Q126858440]] | [[Vulpes angustidens]] | Vulpes angustidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2542 | [[:d:Q126858566|Q126858566]] | [[Vulpes chikushanensis]] | Vulpes chikushanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2543 | [[:d:Q126858675|Q126858675]] | [[Vulpes galaticus]] | Vulpes galaticus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2544 | [[:d:Q126858811|Q126858811]] | [[Vulpes beihaiensis]] | Vulpes beihaiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2545 | [[:d:Q126870810|Q126870810]] | [[Nasua pronarica]] | Nasua pronarica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2546 | [[:d:Q132337392|Q132337392]] | [[Nasua meridensis]] | Nasua meridensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2547 | [[:d:Q140562249|Q140562249]] | [[Procyon rexroadensis]] | Procyon rexroadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2548 | [[:d:Q20907167|Q20907167]] | [[Paguma larvata larvata]] | Paguma larvata larvata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2549 | [[:d:Q20907168|Q20907168]] | [[Paguma larvata chichingensis]] | Paguma larvata chichingensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2550 | [[:d:Q20907169|Q20907169]] | [[Paguma larvata grayi]] | Paguma larvata grayi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2551 | [[:d:Q20907170|Q20907170]] | [[Paguma larvata hainana]] | Paguma larvata hainana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2552 | [[:d:Q20907172|Q20907172]] | [[Paguma larvata intrudens]] | Paguma larvata intrudens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2553 | [[:d:Q20907173|Q20907173]] | [[Paguma larvata janetta]] | Paguma larvata janetta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2554 | [[:d:Q20907174|Q20907174]] | [[Paguma larvata jourdanii]] | Paguma larvata jourdanii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2555 | [[:d:Q20907175|Q20907175]] | [[Paguma larvata lanigera]] | Paguma larvata lanigera | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2556 | [[:d:Q20907177|Q20907177]] | [[Paguma larvata leucomystax]] | Paguma larvata leucomystax | 1 | | [[File:Paguma larvata leucomystax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2557 | [[:d:Q20907178|Q20907178]] | [[Paguma larvata neglecta]] | Paguma larvata neglecta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2558 | [[:d:Q20907179|Q20907179]] | [[Paguma larvata nigriceps]] | Paguma larvata nigriceps | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2559 | [[:d:Q20907181|Q20907181]] | [[Paguma larvata ogilbyi]] | Paguma larvata ogilbyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2560 | [[:d:Q20907182|Q20907182]] | [[Paguma larvata robusta]] | Paguma larvata robusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2561 | [[:d:Q20907187|Q20907187]] | [[Paguma larvata wroughtoni]] | Paguma larvata wroughtoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2562 | [[:d:Q20907225|Q20907225]] | [[Cynogale bennettii bennettii]] | Cynogale bennettii bennettii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2563 | [[:d:Q20907226|Q20907226]] | [[Cynogale bennettii lowei]] | Cynogale bennettii lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2564 | [[:d:Q20907268|Q20907268]] | [[Viverricula indica indica]] | Viverricula indica indica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2565 | [[:d:Q20907269|Q20907269]] | [[Viverricula indica atchinensis]] | Viverricula indica atchinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2566 | [[:d:Q20907271|Q20907271]] | [[Viverricula indica baliensis]] | Viverricula indica baliensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2567 | [[:d:Q20907272|Q20907272]] | [[Viverricula indica baptistae]] | Viverricula indica baptistae | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica baptistae Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2568 | [[:d:Q20907273|Q20907273]] | [[Viverricula indica deserti]] | Viverricula indica deserti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2569 | [[:d:Q20907274|Q20907274]] | [[Viverricula indica klossi]] | Viverricula indica klossi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2570 | [[:d:Q20907275|Q20907275]] | [[Viverricula indica mayori]] | Viverricula indica mayori | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2571 | [[:d:Q20907284|Q20907284]] | [[Galidia elegans elegans]] | Galidia elegans elegans | 1 | | [[File:Ring-tailed Mongoose (Galidia elegans) (30504192017).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2572 | [[:d:Q20907285|Q20907285]] | [[Galidia elegans dambrensis]] | Galidia elegans dambrensis | 1 | | [[File:Northern Ring-tailed Mongoose (Galidia elegans dambrensis) (44337443224).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2573 | [[:d:Q20907286|Q20907286]] | [[Galidia elegans occidentalis]] | Galidia elegans occidentalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2574 | [[:d:Q20907315|Q20907315]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei]] | Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2575 | [[:d:Q20907316|Q20907316]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei nigricolor]] | Crossarchus ansorgei nigricolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2576 | [[:d:Q20907766|Q20907766]] | [[Meles leucurus amurensis]] | Meles leucurus amurensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2577 | [[:d:Q20907835|Q20907835]] | [[Mustela frenata nicaraguae]] | Mustela frenata nicaraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2578 | [[:d:Q21358523|Q21358523]] | [[Mustela frenata nicaraquae]] | Mustela frenata nicaraquae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2579 | [[:d:Q135225872|Q135225872]] | [[Mustela eversmanii beringiae]] | Mustela eversmanii beringiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2580 | [[:d:Q20907150|Q20907150]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata trivirgata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata trivirgata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2581 | [[:d:Q20907151|Q20907151]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata bancana]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata bancana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2582 | [[:d:Q20907152|Q20907152]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata fusca]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata fusca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2583 | [[:d:Q20907153|Q20907153]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata inornata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata inornata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2584 | [[:d:Q20907154|Q20907154]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata leucotis]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata leucotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2585 | [[:d:Q20907156|Q20907156]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata macra]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata macra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2586 | [[:d:Q20907157|Q20907157]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata major]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata major | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2587 | [[:d:Q20907158|Q20907158]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata millsi]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata millsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2588 | [[:d:Q20907160|Q20907160]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata minor]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2589 | [[:d:Q20907161|Q20907161]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata simplex]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata simplex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2590 | [[:d:Q20907162|Q20907162]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2591 | [[:d:Q20907163|Q20907163]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata sumatrana]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata sumatrana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2592 | [[:d:Q20907164|Q20907164]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata tingia]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata tingia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2593 | [[:d:Q20907166|Q20907166]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2594 | [[:d:Q20907227|Q20907227]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus]] | Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2595 | [[:d:Q20907228|Q20907228]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus boiei]] | Hemigalus derbyanus boiei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2596 | [[:d:Q20907229|Q20907229]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus minor]] | Hemigalus derbyanus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2597 | [[:d:Q20907230|Q20907230]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus sipora]] | Hemigalus derbyanus sipora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2598 | [[:d:Q20907231|Q20907231]] | [[Prionodon linsang linsang]] | Prionodon linsang linsang | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2599 | [[:d:Q20907232|Q20907232]] | [[Prionodon linsang fredericae]] | Prionodon linsang fredericae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2600 | [[:d:Q20907233|Q20907233]] | [[Prionodon linsang gracilis]] | Prionodon linsang gracilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2601 | [[:d:Q20907261|Q20907261]] | [[Viverra zibetha zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha zibetha | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2602 | [[:d:Q20907276|Q20907276]] | [[Viverricula indica muriavensis]] | Viverricula indica muriavensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2603 | [[:d:Q20907277|Q20907277]] | [[Viverricula indica pallida]] | Viverricula indica pallida | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica pallida Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2604 | [[:d:Q20907278|Q20907278]] | [[Viverricula indica schlegelii]] | Viverricula indica schlegelii | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica schlegelii 1868.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2605 | [[:d:Q20907279|Q20907279]] | [[Viverricula indica thai]] | Viverricula indica thai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2606 | [[:d:Q20907280|Q20907280]] | [[Viverricula indica wellsi]] | Viverricula indica wellsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2607 | [[:d:Q20907287|Q20907287]] | [[Galidictis fasciata fasciata]] | Galidictis fasciata fasciata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2608 | [[:d:Q20907288|Q20907288]] | [[Galidictis fasciata striatus]] | Galidictis fasciata striatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2609 | [[:d:Q20907393|Q20907393]] | [[Helogale parvula parvula]] | Helogale parvula parvula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2610 | [[:d:Q20907394|Q20907394]] | [[Helogale parvula ivori]] | Helogale parvula ivori | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2611 | [[:d:Q20907395|Q20907395]] | [[Helogale parvula mimetra]] | Helogale parvula mimetra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2612 | [[:d:Q20907396|Q20907396]] | [[Helogale parvula nero]] | Helogale parvula nero | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2613 | [[:d:Q20907397|Q20907397]] | [[Helogale parvula ruficeps]] | Helogale parvula ruficeps | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2614 | [[:d:Q20907398|Q20907398]] | [[Helogale parvula undulatus]] | Helogale parvula undulatus | 1 | | [[File:Helogale parvula undulata - Zoo Frankfurt 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2615 | [[:d:Q20907399|Q20907399]] | [[Helogale parvula varia]] | Helogale parvula varia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2616 | [[:d:Q124610884|Q124610884]] | [[Urocyon webbi]] | Urocyon webbi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2617 | [[:d:Q124610886|Q124610886]] | [[Urocyon citrinus]] | Urocyon citrinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2618 | [[:d:Q124610887|Q124610887]] | [[Urocyon seminolensis]] | Urocyon seminolensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2619 | [[:d:Q124610888|Q124610888]] | [[Urocyon minicephalus]] | Urocyon minicephalus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2620 | [[:d:Q124610889|Q124610889]] | [[Urocyon galushai]] | Urocyon galushai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2621 | [[:d:Q5378831|Q5378831]] | [[Enhydrocyon basilatus]] | Enhydrocyon basilatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydrocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2622 | [[:d:Q20907223|Q20907223]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni jerdoni]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni jerdoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2623 | [[:d:Q20907224|Q20907224]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2624 | [[:d:Q20907234|Q20907234]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor pardicolor]] | Prionodon pardicolor pardicolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2625 | [[:d:Q20907235|Q20907235]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor presina]] | Prionodon pardicolor presina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2626 | [[:d:Q21078784|Q21078784]] | [[Protepicyon]] | Protepicyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2627 | [[:d:Q111033552|Q111033552]] | [[Parailurus baikalicus]] | Parailurus baikalicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2628 | [[:d:Q111033555|Q111033555]] | [[Parailurus hungaricus]] | Parailurus hungaricus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2629 | [[:d:Q117008010|Q117008010]] | [[Lycaon chakowheon]] | Lycaon chakowheon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2630 | [[:d:Q119139126|Q119139126]] | [[Styriofelis turnauensis]] | Styriofelis turnauensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Styriofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2631 | [[:d:Q124605078|Q124605078]] | [[Chapalmalania altaefrontis]] | Chapalmalania altaefrontis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chapalmalania]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2632 | [[:d:Q5703261|Q5703261]] | [[Arctophoca philippii philippii]] | Arctophoca philippii philippii | 1 | | [[File:Lobo fino.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctophoca philippii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2633 | [[:d:Q16360463|Q16360463]] | [[Cubacyon transversidens]] | Cubacyon transversidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cubacyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2634 | [[:d:Q61714762|Q61714762]] | [[Parahyaenodon argentinus]] | Parahyaenodon argentinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parahyaenodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2635 | [[:d:Q101768609|Q101768609]] | [[Eomonachus belegaerensis]] | Eomonachus belegaerensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eomonachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2636 | [[:d:Q107410997|Q107410997]] | [[Yoshi garevskii]] | Yoshi garevskii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2637 | [[:d:Q107411031|Q107411031]] | [[Yoshi minor]] | Yoshi minor | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2638 | [[:d:Q110461396|Q110461396]] | [[Paludocyon bohemicus]] | Paludocyon bohemicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paludocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2639 | [[:d:Q111038372|Q111038372]] | [[Afrosmilus turkanae]] | Afrosmilus turkanae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2640 | [[:d:Q111038430|Q111038430]] | [[Afrosmilus hispanicus]] | Afrosmilus hispanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2641 | [[:d:Q111038672|Q111038672]] | [[Afrosmilus africanus]] | Afrosmilus africanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2642 | [[:d:Q115619210|Q115619210]] | [[Protemnocyon inflatus]] | Protemnocyon inflatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protemnocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2643 | [[:d:Q119122831|Q119122831]] | [[Miopanthera pamiri]] | Miopanthera pamiri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Miopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2644 | [[:d:Q120433497|Q120433497]] | [[Yoshi faie]] | Yoshi faie | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2645 | [[:d:Q120433536|Q120433536]] | [[Yoshi yongdengensis]] | Yoshi yongdengensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2646 | [[:d:Q123169212|Q123169212]] | [[Sivaelurus chinjiensis]] | Sivaelurus chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sivaelurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2647 | [[:d:Q123205003|Q123205003]] | [[Vinayakia nocturna]] | Vinayakia nocturna | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2648 | [[:d:Q123471632|Q123471632]] | [[Angustictis mayri]] | Angustictis mayri | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Angustictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2649 | [[:d:Q126418855|Q126418855]] | [[Cuon priscus]] | Cuon priscus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2650 | [[:d:Q126738250|Q126738250]] | [[Urva urva sinensis]] | Urva urva sinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2651 | [[:d:Q126739319|Q126739319]] | [[Urva urva formosanus]] | Urva urva formosanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2652 | [[:d:Q126739709|Q126739709]] | [[Urva urva annamensis]] | Urva urva annamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2653 | [[:d:Q126740382|Q126740382]] | [[Urva urva urva]] | Urva urva urva | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2654 | [[:d:Q132063888|Q132063888]] | [[Vinayakia sarcophaga]] | Vinayakia sarcophaga | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2655 | [[:d:Q132069947|Q132069947]] | [[Vinayakia intermedia]] | Vinayakia intermedia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2656 | [[:d:Q20908029|Q20908029]] | [[Procyon lotor lotor]] | Procyon lotor lotor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2657 | [[:d:Q20908031|Q20908031]] | [[Procyon lotor auspicatus]] | Procyon lotor auspicatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2658 | [[:d:Q20908033|Q20908033]] | [[Procyon lotor excelsus]] | Procyon lotor excelsus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2659 | [[:d:Q20908034|Q20908034]] | [[Procyon lotor fuscipes]] | Procyon lotor fuscipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2660 | [[:d:Q20908035|Q20908035]] | [[Procyon lotor grinnelli]] | Procyon lotor grinnelli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2661 | [[:d:Q20908037|Q20908037]] | [[Procyon lotor hirtus]] | Procyon lotor hirtus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2662 | [[:d:Q20908038|Q20908038]] | [[Procyon lotor incautus]] | Procyon lotor incautus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2663 | [[:d:Q20908040|Q20908040]] | [[Procyon lotor inesperatus]] | Procyon lotor inesperatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2664 | [[:d:Q20908041|Q20908041]] | [[Procyon lotor litoreus]] | Procyon lotor litoreus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2665 | [[:d:Q20908042|Q20908042]] | [[Procyon lotor marinus]] | Procyon lotor marinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2666 | [[:d:Q20908044|Q20908044]] | [[Procyon lotor megalodous]] | Procyon lotor megalodous | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2667 | [[:d:Q20908045|Q20908045]] | [[Procyon lotor pacificus]] | Procyon lotor pacificus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2668 | [[:d:Q20908046|Q20908046]] | [[Procyon lotor pallidus]] | Procyon lotor pallidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2669 | [[:d:Q20908047|Q20908047]] | [[Procyon lotor psora]] | Procyon lotor psora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2670 | [[:d:Q20908048|Q20908048]] | [[Procyon lotor pumilus]] | Procyon lotor pumilus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2671 | [[:d:Q20908049|Q20908049]] | [[Procyon lotor simus]] | Procyon lotor simus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2672 | [[:d:Q20908050|Q20908050]] | [[Procyon lotor vancouverensis]] | Procyon lotor vancouverensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2673 | [[:d:Q23772782|Q23772782]] | [[Felis temminckii]] | Felis temminckii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2674 | [[:d:Q111144853|Q111144853]] | [[Felis rexroadensis]] | Felis rexroadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2675 | [[:d:Q111146975|Q111146975]] | [[Felis obscura]] | Felis obscura | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2676 | [[:d:Q3895278|Q3895278]] | [[Pararctotherium]] | Pararctotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2677 | [[:d:Q20908025|Q20908025]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus cancrivorus]] | Procyon cancrivorus cancrivorus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2678 | [[:d:Q21355817|Q21355817]] | [[Puma jagouaroundi]] | Puma jagouaroundi | 1 | | [[File:Puma yaguarondi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2679 | [[:d:Q49560916|Q49560916]] | [[Vulpes velox macrotis]] | Vulpes velox macrotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes velox]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2680 | [[:d:Q96575733|Q96575733]] | [[Leopardus munoai]] | Leopardus munoai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2681 | [[:d:Q135553622|Q135553622]] | [[Leopardus jacobitus]] | Leopardus jacobitus | 1 | | [[File:Andean cat 1 Jim Sanderson.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2682 | [[:d:Q138662749|Q138662749]] | [[Leopardus]] | Leopardus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2683 | [[:d:Q138662755|Q138662755]] | [[Margay]] | Margay | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2684 | [[:d:Q138662760|Q138662760]] | [[Oreailurus]] | Oreailurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2685 | [[:d:Q20719562|Q20719562]] | [[Xenosmilus hodsonae]] | Xenosmilus hodsonae | 1 | | [[File:Xenosmilus hodsonae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2686 | [[:d:Q20907568|Q20907568]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2687 | [[:d:Q20907571|Q20907571]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii | 1 | | [[File:Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2688 | [[:d:Q20908000|Q20908000]] | [[Nasua nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua nasua | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2689 | [[:d:Q20908001|Q20908001]] | [[Nasua nasua aricana]] | Nasua nasua aricana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2690 | [[:d:Q20908002|Q20908002]] | [[Nasua nasua boliviensis]] | Nasua nasua boliviensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2691 | [[:d:Q20908003|Q20908003]] | [[Nasua nasua candace]] | Nasua nasua candace | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2692 | [[:d:Q20908004|Q20908004]] | [[Nasua nasua cinerascens]] | Nasua nasua cinerascens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2693 | [[:d:Q20908005|Q20908005]] | [[Nasua nasua dorsalis]] | Nasua nasua dorsalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2694 | [[:d:Q20908006|Q20908006]] | [[Nasua nasua manium]] | Nasua nasua manium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2695 | [[:d:Q20908007|Q20908007]] | [[Nasua nasua molaris]] | Nasua nasua molaris | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2696 | [[:d:Q20908008|Q20908008]] | [[Nasua nasua montana]] | Nasua nasua montana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2697 | [[:d:Q20908009|Q20908009]] | [[Nasua nasua quichua]] | Nasua nasua quichua | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2698 | [[:d:Q20908010|Q20908010]] | [[Nasua nasua solitaria]] | Nasua nasua solitaria | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2699 | [[:d:Q20908012|Q20908012]] | [[Nasua nasua spadicea]] | Nasua nasua spadicea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2700 | [[:d:Q20908013|Q20908013]] | [[Nasua nasua vittata]] | Nasua nasua vittata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2701 | [[:d:Q20908014|Q20908014]] | [[Nasuella olivacea olivacea]] | Nasuella olivacea olivacea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2702 | [[:d:Q20908016|Q20908016]] | [[Nasuella olivacea quitensis]] | Nasuella olivacea quitensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2703 | [[:d:Q21357303|Q21357303]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomous]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomous | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2704 | [[:d:Q21357310|Q21357310]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2705 | [[:d:Q138662846|Q138662846]] | [[Jaguarius]] | Jaguarius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2706 | [[:d:Q138662847|Q138662847]] | [[Leo]] | Leo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2707 | [[:d:Q138662848|Q138662848]] | [[Panthera]] | Panthera | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2708 | [[:d:Q138662851|Q138662851]] | [[Uncia]] | Uncia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2709 | [[:d:Q1863207|Q1863207]] | [[Otarocyon macdonaldi]] | Otarocyon macdonaldi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otarocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2710 | [[:d:Q3051678|Q3051678]] | [[Otarocyon cooki]] | Otarocyon cooki | 1 | | [[File:Otarocyon cooki.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otarocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2711 | [[:d:Q20907974|Q20907974]] | [[Bassariscus astutus astutus]] | Bassariscus astutus astutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2712 | [[:d:Q20907975|Q20907975]] | [[Bassariscus astutus arizonensis]] | Bassariscus astutus arizonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2713 | [[:d:Q20907976|Q20907976]] | [[Bassariscus astutus bolei]] | Bassariscus astutus bolei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2714 | [[:d:Q20907978|Q20907978]] | [[Bassariscus astutus consitus]] | Bassariscus astutus consitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2715 | [[:d:Q20907979|Q20907979]] | [[Bassariscus astutus flavus]] | Bassariscus astutus flavus | 1 | | [[File:Bassariscus astutus flavus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2716 | [[:d:Q20907980|Q20907980]] | [[Bassariscus astutus insulicola]] | Bassariscus astutus insulicola | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2717 | [[:d:Q20907981|Q20907981]] | [[Bassariscus astutus macdougalli]] | Bassariscus astutus macdougalli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2718 | [[:d:Q20907982|Q20907982]] | [[Bassariscus astutus nevadensis]] | Bassariscus astutus nevadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2719 | [[:d:Q20907983|Q20907983]] | [[Bassariscus astutus octavus]] | Bassariscus astutus octavus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2720 | [[:d:Q20907984|Q20907984]] | [[Bassariscus astutus palmarius]] | Bassariscus astutus palmarius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2721 | [[:d:Q20907985|Q20907985]] | [[Bassariscus astutus raptor]] | Bassariscus astutus raptor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2722 | [[:d:Q20907987|Q20907987]] | [[Bassariscus astutus willetti]] | Bassariscus astutus willetti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2723 | [[:d:Q20907988|Q20907988]] | [[Bassariscus astutus yumanensis]] | Bassariscus astutus yumanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2724 | [[:d:Q20907990|Q20907990]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2725 | [[:d:Q20907991|Q20907991]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti latrans]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti latrans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2726 | [[:d:Q20907992|Q20907992]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2727 | [[:d:Q20907993|Q20907993]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti oaxacensis]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2728 | [[:d:Q20907994|Q20907994]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2729 | [[:d:Q20907995|Q20907995]] | [[Nasua narica narica]] | Nasua narica narica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2730 | [[:d:Q20908026|Q20908026]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus aequatorialis]] | Procyon cancrivorus aequatorialis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2731 | [[:d:Q20908027|Q20908027]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus nigripes]] | Procyon cancrivorus nigripes | 1 | | [[File:Mano pelada (Procyon cancrivorus nigripes).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2732 | [[:d:Q20908028|Q20908028]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus panamensis]] | Procyon cancrivorus panamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2733 | [[:d:Q21070611|Q21070611]] | [[Agriotherium inexpectans]] | Agriotherium inexpectans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Agriotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2734 | [[:d:Q97374060|Q97374060]] | [[Gepard abisyński]] | Gepard abisyński | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2735 | [[:d:Q111025870|Q111025870]] | [[Caracal depereti]] | Caracal depereti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2736 | [[:d:Q124799012|Q124799012]] | [[Acinonyx venator]] | Acinonyx venator | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2737 | [[:d:Q137674958|Q137674958]] | [[Vulpes macrotis macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis macrotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2738 | [[:d:Q2496604|Q2496604]] | [[Oxetocyon cuspidatus]] | Oxetocyon cuspidatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oxetocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2739 | [[:d:Q7134501|Q7134501]] | [[Paraenhydrocyon josephi]] | Paraenhydrocyon josephi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paraenhydrocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2740 | [[:d:Q12823232|Q12823232]] | [[Uncia uncia]] | Uncia uncia | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Uncia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2741 | [[:d:Q15041370|Q15041370]] | [[Microtomarctus conferta]] | Microtomarctus conferta | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Microtomarctus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2742 | [[:d:Q18420311|Q18420311]] | [[Pristinailurus bristoli]] | Pristinailurus bristoli | 1 | | [[File:Skull of Pristinailurus bristoli 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pristinailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2743 | [[:d:Q24910173|Q24910173]] | [[Cynarctus wangi]] | Cynarctus wangi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2744 | [[:d:Q25585437|Q25585437]] | [[Dinobastis]] | Dinobastis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2745 | [[:d:Q27450846|Q27450846]] | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi]] | Herpailurus yagouaroundi | 1 | | [[File:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 26409745.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2746 | [[:d:Q33176416|Q33176416]] | [[Cephalogalini]] | Cephalogalini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2747 | [[:d:Q79136002|Q79136002]] | [[Leptofelis vallesiensis]] | Leptofelis vallesiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2748 | [[:d:Q107410903|Q107410903]] | [[Tchadailurus adei]] | Tchadailurus adei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tchadailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2749 | [[:d:Q110473411|Q110473411]] | [[Phoberocyon hispanicus]] | Phoberocyon hispanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phoberocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2750 | [[:d:Q110971730|Q110971730]] | [[Amphimachairodus alvarezi]] | Amphimachairodus alvarezi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2751 | [[:d:Q110973654|Q110973654]] | [[Amphimachairodus kurteni]] | Amphimachairodus kurteni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2752 | [[:d:Q110973970|Q110973970]] | [[Amphimachairodus coloradensis]] | Amphimachairodus coloradensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2753 | [[:d:Q110974030|Q110974030]] | [[Amphimachairodus kabir]] | Amphimachairodus kabir | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2754 | [[:d:Q110979133|Q110979133]] | [[Amphimachairodus giganteus]] | Amphimachairodus giganteus | 1 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2755 | [[:d:Q111033701|Q111033701]] | [[Rhizosmilodon fiteae]] | Rhizosmilodon fiteae | 1 | | [[File:Rhizosmilodon UF 124634 01.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Rhizosmilodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2756 | [[:d:Q116547818|Q116547818]] | [[cyonarctos]] | Cyonarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2757 | [[:d:Q118242375|Q118242375]] | [[Protursus simpsoni]] | Protursus simpsoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Protursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2758 | [[:d:Q119105084|Q119105084]] | [[Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii]] | Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2759 | [[:d:Q140835452|Q140835452]] | [[Leontoceryx bessarabiae]] | Leontoceryx bessarabiae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leontoceryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2760 | [[:d:Q3893455|Q3893455]] | [[Panthera leo goojratensis]] | Panthera leo goojratensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2761 | [[:d:Q10317429|Q10317429]] | [[Panthera pardus ciscaucasia]] | Panthera pardus ciscaucasia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2762 | [[:d:Q12843808|Q12843808]] | [[Kashmir leopard]] | Panthera pardus millardi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2763 | [[:d:Q20907037|Q20907037]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus velox]] | Acinonyx jubatus velox | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2764 | [[:d:Q20907066|Q20907066]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pardalis]] | Leopardus pardalis pardalis | 1 | | [[File:Leopardus pardalis pardalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2765 | [[:d:Q20907068|Q20907068]] | [[Leopardus pardalis albescens]] | Leopardus pardalis albescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2766 | [[:d:Q20907069|Q20907069]] | [[Leopardus pardalis melanurus]] | Leopardus pardalis melanurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2767 | [[:d:Q20907070|Q20907070]] | [[Leopardus pardalis mitis]] | Leopardus pardalis mitis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2768 | [[:d:Q20907071|Q20907071]] | [[Leopardus pardalis nelsoni]] | Leopardus pardalis nelsoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2769 | [[:d:Q20907072|Q20907072]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis]] | Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2770 | [[:d:Q20907073|Q20907073]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pusaeus]] | Leopardus pardalis pusaeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2771 | [[:d:Q20907074|Q20907074]] | [[Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis]] | Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2772 | [[:d:Q20907075|Q20907075]] | [[Leopardus pardalis steinbachi]] | Leopardus pardalis steinbachi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2773 | [[:d:Q20907144|Q20907144]] | [[Panthera leo nyanzae]] | Panthera leo nyanzae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2774 | [[:d:Q25685473|Q25685473]] | [[Panthera leo mesopotamica]] | Panthera leo mesopotamica | 1 | | [[File:Iranian - Cylinder Seal with a Lion Hunt - Walters 42797.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2775 | [[:d:Q132147252|Q132147252]] | [[Lupulella adusta kaffensis]] | Lupulella adusta kaffensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2776 | [[:d:Q132147254|Q132147254]] | [[Lupulella adusta adusta]] | Lupulella adusta adusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2777 | [[:d:Q132147257|Q132147257]] | [[Lupulella adusta lateralis]] | Lupulella adusta lateralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2778 | [[:d:Q132147266|Q132147266]] | [[Lupulella adusta notata]] | Lupulella adusta notata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2779 | [[:d:Q132147269|Q132147269]] | [[Lupulella adusta grayi]] | Lupulella adusta grayi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2780 | [[:d:Q132147302|Q132147302]] | [[Lupulella adusta bweha]] | Lupulella adusta bweha | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2781 | [[:d:Q5278583|Q5278583]] | [[Dinofelis paleoonca]] | Dinofelis paleoonca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Dinofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2782 | [[:d:Q9338658|Q9338658]] | [[Smilodon neogaeus]] | Smilodon neogaeus | 1 | | [[File:Smilodon skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2783 | [[:d:Q18746553|Q18746553]] | [[Homotherium crusafonti]] | Homotherium crusafonti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2784 | [[:d:Q20907051|Q20907051]] | [[Leopardus braccatus braccatus]] | Leopardus braccatus braccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2785 | [[:d:Q20907052|Q20907052]] | [[Leopardus braccatus munoai]] | Leopardus braccatus munoai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2786 | [[:d:Q20907080|Q20907080]] | [[Leopardus wiedii wiedii]] | Leopardus wiedii wiedii | 1 | | [[File:Leopardus wiedii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2787 | [[:d:Q20907081|Q20907081]] | [[Leopardus wiedii amazonicus]] | Leopardus wiedii amazonicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2788 | [[:d:Q20907082|Q20907082]] | [[Leopardus wiedii boliviae]] | Leopardus wiedii boliviae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2789 | [[:d:Q20907083|Q20907083]] | [[Leopardus wiedii cooperi]] | Leopardus wiedii cooperi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2790 | [[:d:Q20907102|Q20907102]] | [[Lynx rufus baileyi]] | Lynx rufus baileyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2791 | [[:d:Q20907103|Q20907103]] | [[Lynx rufus californicus]] | Lynx rufus californicus | 1 | | [[File:Bobcat in the Santa Monica foothills. (14534364089).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2792 | [[:d:Q20907105|Q20907105]] | [[Lynx rufus floridanus]] | Lynx rufus floridanus | 1 | | [[File:Florida Bobcat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2793 | [[:d:Q20907106|Q20907106]] | [[Lynx rufus oaxacensis]] | Lynx rufus oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2794 | [[:d:Q20907107|Q20907107]] | [[Lynx rufus pallescens]] | Lynx rufus pallescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2795 | [[:d:Q20907108|Q20907108]] | [[Lynx rufus peninsularis]] | Lynx rufus peninsularis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2796 | [[:d:Q20907109|Q20907109]] | [[Lynx rufus superiorensis]] | Lynx rufus superiorensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2797 | [[:d:Q20907110|Q20907110]] | [[Lynx rufus texensis]] | Lynx rufus texensis | 1 | | [[File:Lynx rufus texensis - Mount Angel Abbey Museum - Mount Angel Abbey - Mount Angel, Oregon - DSC00081.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2798 | [[:d:Q20907132|Q20907132]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi yagouaroundi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2799 | [[:d:Q20907133|Q20907133]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi ameghinoi]] | Puma yagouaroundi ameghinoi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2800 | [[:d:Q20907134|Q20907134]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi eyra]] | Puma yagouaroundi eyra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2801 | [[:d:Q20907135|Q20907135]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi fossata]] | Puma yagouaroundi fossata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2802 | [[:d:Q20907136|Q20907136]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi melantho]] | Puma yagouaroundi melantho | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2803 | [[:d:Q20907137|Q20907137]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi panamensis]] | Puma yagouaroundi panamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2804 | [[:d:Q20907138|Q20907138]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi tolteca]] | Puma yagouaroundi tolteca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2805 | [[:d:Q21353187|Q21353187]] | [[Felis silvestris brockmani]] | Felis silvestris brockmani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2806 | [[:d:Q21353941|Q21353941]] | [[Felis silvestris euxina]] | Felis silvestris euxina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2807 | [[:d:Q21353946|Q21353946]] | [[Felis silvestris molisana]] | Felis silvestris molisana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2808 | [[:d:Q21353951|Q21353951]] | [[Felis silvestris morea]] | Felis silvestris morea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2809 | [[:d:Q21353957|Q21353957]] | [[Felis silvestris pyrrhus]] | Felis silvestris pyrrhus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2810 | [[:d:Q21353961|Q21353961]] | [[Felis silvestris shawiana]] | Felis silvestris shawiana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2811 | [[:d:Q21353966|Q21353966]] | [[Felis silvestris tartesia]] | Felis silvestris tartesia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2812 | [[:d:Q23047459|Q23047459]] | [[Felis silvestris sarda]] | Felis silvestris sarda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2813 | [[:d:Q111017868|Q111017868]] | [[Otocolobus manul manul]] | Otocolobus manul manul | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2814 | [[:d:Q111017909|Q111017909]] | [[Otocolobus manul ferrugineus]] | Otocolobus manul ferrugineus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2815 | [[:d:Q111017929|Q111017929]] | [[Otocolobus manul nigripectus]] | Otocolobus manul nigripectus | 1 | | [[File:Felis nigripectus (Otocolobus manul nigripectus) by Raj Man Singh.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2816 | [[:d:Q111520503|Q111520503]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata longicaudata]] | Pardofelis marmorata longicaudata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2817 | [[:d:Q122841708|Q122841708]] | [[Megantereon cultridens]] | Megantereon cultridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2818 | [[:d:Q131624461|Q131624461]] | [[Megantereon falconeri]] | Megantereon falconeri | 1 | | [[File:Left maxilla of Megantereon falconeri.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2819 | [[:d:Q131841517|Q131841517]] | [[Megantereon adroveri]] | Megantereon adroveri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2820 | [[:d:Q131841541|Q131841541]] | [[Megantereon hesperus]] | Megantereon hesperus | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2821 | [[:d:Q131841563|Q131841563]] | [[Megantereon vakshensis]] | Megantereon vakshensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2822 | [[:d:Q131841571|Q131841571]] | [[Megantereon whitei]] | Megantereon whitei | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2823 | [[:d:Q20021838|Q20021838]] | [[Panthera onca georgica]] | Panthera onca georgica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2824 | [[:d:Q20907055|Q20907055]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi geoffroyi]] | Leopardus geoffroyi geoffroyi | 1 | | [[File:Geoffroy's Cat 1d.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2825 | [[:d:Q20907056|Q20907056]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi euxanthus]] | Leopardus geoffroyi euxanthus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2826 | [[:d:Q20907057|Q20907057]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi leucobaptus]] | Leopardus geoffroyi leucobaptus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2827 | [[:d:Q20907058|Q20907058]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi paraguae]] | Leopardus geoffroyi paraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2828 | [[:d:Q20907059|Q20907059]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi salinarum]] | Leopardus geoffroyi salinarum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2829 | [[:d:Q20907098|Q20907098]] | [[Lynx lynx kozlovi]] | Lynx lynx kozlovi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2830 | [[:d:Q20907099|Q20907099]] | [[Lynx lynx stroganovi]] | Lynx lynx stroganovi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2831 | [[:d:Q20907116|Q20907116]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis alleni]] | Prionailurus bengalensis alleni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2832 | [[:d:Q20907119|Q20907119]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2833 | [[:d:Q20907120|Q20907120]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldii]] | Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2834 | [[:d:Q20907123|Q20907123]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus]] | Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2835 | [[:d:Q20907124|Q20907124]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani]] | Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2836 | [[:d:Q21355717|Q21355717]] | [[Puma concolor capricornensis]] | Puma concolor capricornensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2837 | [[:d:Q22977963|Q22977963]] | [[Panthera pardus adusta]] | Panthera pardus adusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2838 | [[:d:Q40494132|Q40494132]] | [[Felis chaus valbalala]] | Felis chaus valbalala | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2839 | [[:d:Q102849874|Q102849874]] | [[Puma concolor shorgeri]] | Puma concolor shorgeri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2840 | [[:d:Q139764685|Q139764685]] | [[Panthera pardus antiqua]] | Panthera pardus antiqua | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2841 | [[:d:Q139765127|Q139765127]] | [[Panthera pardus begoueni]] | Panthera pardus begoueni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2842 | [[:d:Q20907053|Q20907053]] | [[Leopardus colocolo colocolo]] | Leopardus colocolo colocolo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2843 | [[:d:Q20907054|Q20907054]] | [[Leopardus colocolo wolffsohni]] | Leopardus colocolo wolffsohni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2844 | [[:d:Q20907060|Q20907060]] | [[Leopardus guigna guigna]] | Leopardus guigna guigna | 1 | | [[File:Guigna 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guigna|Leopardus guigna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2845 | [[:d:Q20907061|Q20907061]] | [[Leopardus guigna tigrillo]] | Leopardus guigna tigrillo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Guigna|Leopardus guigna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2846 | [[:d:Q20907062|Q20907062]] | [[Leopardus pajeros pajeros]] | Leopardus pajeros pajeros | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2847 | [[:d:Q20907063|Q20907063]] | [[Leopardus pajeros budini]] | Leopardus pajeros budini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2848 | [[:d:Q20907064|Q20907064]] | [[Leopardus pajeros garleppi]] | Leopardus pajeros garleppi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2849 | [[:d:Q20907065|Q20907065]] | [[Leopardus pajeros thomasi]] | Leopardus pajeros thomasi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2850 | [[:d:Q20907076|Q20907076]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus]] | Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2851 | [[:d:Q20907077|Q20907077]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus guttulus]] | Leopardus tigrinus guttulus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2852 | [[:d:Q20907078|Q20907078]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus oncilla]] | Leopardus tigrinus oncilla | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2853 | [[:d:Q20907084|Q20907084]] | [[Leopardus wiedii glauculus]] | Leopardus wiedii glauculus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2854 | [[:d:Q20907085|Q20907085]] | [[Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae]] | Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2855 | [[:d:Q20907086|Q20907086]] | [[Leopardus wiedii oaxacensis]] | Leopardus wiedii oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2856 | [[:d:Q20907087|Q20907087]] | [[Leopardus wiedii pirrensis]] | Leopardus wiedii pirrensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2857 | [[:d:Q20907088|Q20907088]] | [[Leopardus wiedii salvinius]] | Leopardus wiedii salvinius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2858 | [[:d:Q20907089|Q20907089]] | [[Leopardus wiedii vigens]] | Leopardus wiedii vigens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2859 | [[:d:Q20907127|Q20907127]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2860 | [[:d:Q20907128|Q20907128]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2861 | [[:d:Q20908017|Q20908017]] | [[Potos flavus flavus]] | Potos flavus flavus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2862 | [[:d:Q20908018|Q20908018]] | [[Potos flavus chapadensis]] | Potos flavus chapadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2863 | [[:d:Q20908019|Q20908019]] | [[Potos flavus chiriquensis]] | Potos flavus chiriquensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2864 | [[:d:Q20908020|Q20908020]] | [[Potos flavus megalotus]] | Potos flavus megalotus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2865 | [[:d:Q20908021|Q20908021]] | [[Potos flavus meridensis]] | Potos flavus meridensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2866 | [[:d:Q20908023|Q20908023]] | [[Potos flavus modestus]] | Potos flavus modestus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2867 | [[:d:Q20908024|Q20908024]] | [[Potos flavus nocturnus]] | Potos flavus nocturnus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2868 | [[:d:Q40719646|Q40719646]] | [[Ursus lasiotus]] | Ursus lasiotus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2869 | [[:d:Q40719711|Q40719711]] | [[Ursus nasutus]] | Ursus nasutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2870 | [[:d:Q107421814|Q107421814]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis valdarnensis]] | Lynx issiodorensis valdarnensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2871 | [[:d:Q107421860|Q107421860]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis kurteni]] | Lynx issiodorensis kurteni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2872 | [[:d:Q111041029|Q111041029]] | [[Nimravides hibbardi]] | Nimravides hibbardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2873 | [[:d:Q111041041|Q111041041]] | [[Nimravides galiani]] | Nimravides galiani | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2874 | [[:d:Q111041069|Q111041069]] | [[Nimravides pedionomus]] | Nimravides pedionomus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2875 | [[:d:Q111041238|Q111041238]] | [[Nimravides thinobates]] | Nimravides thinobates | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2876 | [[:d:Q122127214|Q122127214]] | [[Metailurus boodon]] | Metailurus boodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2877 | [[:d:Q123037942|Q123037942]] | [[Leopardus colocolo braccatus]] | Leopardus colocola braccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2878 | [[:d:Q126723012|Q126723012]] | [[Ursus kokeni]] | Ursus kokeni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2879 | [[:d:Q130243529|Q130243529]] | [[Ursus kudarensis]] | Ursus kudarensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2880 | [[:d:Q130243540|Q130243540]] | [[Ursus kanivetz]] | Ursus kanivetz | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2881 | [[:d:Q133820498|Q133820498]] | [[Ursus praekudarensis]] | Ursus praekudarensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2882 | [[:d:Q138497627|Q138497627]] | [[Euarctos]] | Euarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2883 | [[:d:Q138497629|Q138497629]] | [[Selenarctos]] | Selenarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2884 | [[:d:Q138497631|Q138497631]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2885 | [[:d:Q5199891|Q5199891]] | [[Cynarctoides gawnae]] | Cynarctoides gawnae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2886 | [[:d:Q5199892|Q5199892]] | [[Cynarctoides emryi]] | Cynarctoides emryi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2887 | [[:d:Q5199894|Q5199894]] | [[Cynarctoides harlowi]] | Cynarctoides harlowi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2888 | [[:d:Q5199895|Q5199895]] | [[Cynarctoides lemur]] | Cynarctoides lemur | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2889 | [[:d:Q5199896|Q5199896]] | [[Cynarctoides luskensis]] | Cynarctoides luskensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2890 | [[:d:Q5199897|Q5199897]] | [[Cynarctoides roii]] | Cynarctoides roii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2891 | [[:d:Q5278577|Q5278577]] | [[Dinocyon thenardi]] | Dinocyon thenardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2892 | [[:d:Q5489312|Q5489312]] | [[Arctotherium wingei]] | Arctotherium wingei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2893 | [[:d:Q11765234|Q11765234]] | [[Machairodus africanus]] | Machairodus africanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2894 | [[:d:Q16667336|Q16667336]] | [[Nyctereutes terblanchei]] | Nyctereutes terblanchei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2895 | [[:d:Q19755931|Q19755931]] | [[Cynarctoides acridens]] | Cynarctoides acridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2896 | [[:d:Q20907038|Q20907038]] | [[Catopuma temminckii temminckii]] | Catopuma temminckii temminckii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2897 | [[:d:Q20907040|Q20907040]] | [[Catopuma temminckii dominicanorum]] | Catopuma temminckii dominicanorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2898 | [[:d:Q20907041|Q20907041]] | [[Catopuma temminckii tristis]] | Catopuma temminckii tristis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2899 | [[:d:Q20907043|Q20907043]] | [[Felis manul manul]] | Felis manul manul | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2900 | [[:d:Q20907044|Q20907044]] | [[Felis manul ferruginea]] | Felis manul ferruginea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2901 | [[:d:Q20907045|Q20907045]] | [[Felis manul nigripecta]] | Felis manul nigripecta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2902 | [[:d:Q107412464|Q107412464]] | [[Lokotunjailurus emageritus]] | Lokotunjailurus emageritus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2903 | [[:d:Q107412507|Q107412507]] | [[Lokotunjailurus fanonei]] | Lokotunjailurus fanonei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2904 | [[:d:Q108583865|Q108583865]] | [[Arctotherium latidens]] | Arctotherium latidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2905 | [[:d:Q109312424|Q109312424]] | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi ameghinoi]] | Herpailurus yagouaroundi ameghinoi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2906 | [[:d:Q111027511|Q111027511]] | [[Caracal aurata celidogaster]] | Caracal aurata celidogaster | 1 | | [[File:Felis celidogaster - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ22100376.tif|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2907 | [[:d:Q111027611|Q111027611]] | [[Caracal aurata aurata]] | Caracal aurata aurata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2908 | [[:d:Q112863605|Q112863605]] | [[Hemicyon barbouri]] | Hemicyon barbouri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2909 | [[:d:Q120277194|Q120277194]] | [[Plithocyon ursinus]] | Plithocyon ursinus | 1 | | [[File:Plithocyon ursinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plithocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2910 | [[:d:Q131981277|Q131981277]] | [[Helarctos namadicus]] | Helarctos namadicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2911 | [[:d:Q139470334|Q139470334]] | [[Nyctereutes urartuensis]] | Nyctereutes urartuensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2912 | [[:d:Q139818767|Q139818767]] | [[Nyctereutes vulpinus]] | Nyctereutes vulpinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2913 | [[:d:Q140381432|Q140381432]] | [[Xenocyon trinilensis]] | Xenocyon trinilensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2914 | [[:d:Q140906498|Q140906498]] | [[Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus]] | Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2915 | [[:d:Q21353356|Q21353356]] | [[Panthera sondaica sondaica]] | Panthera sondaica sondaica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera sondaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2916 | [[:d:Q40685874|Q40685874]] | [[Ursus arctos shanorum]] | Ursus arctos shanorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2917 | [[:d:Q56313824|Q56313824]] | [[Protarctos abstrusus]] | Protarctos abstrusus | 1 | | [[File:Protarctos abstrusus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Protarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2918 | [[:d:Q124668428|Q124668428]] | [[Ursus arctos penghuensis]] | Ursus arctos penghuensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2919 | [[:d:Q5032443|Q5032443]] | [[Canis falconeri]] | Canis falconeri | 1 | | [[File:Canisfalc.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2920 | [[:d:Q6111761|Q6111761]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus | 1 | | [[File:202308 Japanese raccoon dog.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2921 | [[:d:Q21354981|Q21354981]] | [[Canis ursinus]] | Canis ursinus | 1 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2922 | [[:d:Q21399595|Q21399595]] | [[Canis group]] | Canis group | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2923 | [[:d:Q107368660|Q107368660]] | [[Canis antonii]] | Canis antonii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2924 | [[:d:Q109647079|Q109647079]] | [[Canis alpinus]] | Canis alpinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2925 | [[:d:Q6080752|Q6080752]] | [[Plionarctos edensis]] | Plionarctos edensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plionarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2926 | [[:d:Q6080755|Q6080755]] | [[Plionarctos harroldorum]] | Plionarctos harroldorum | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plionarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2927 | [[:d:Q22286695|Q22286695]] | [[Austro-hungarian wolf]] | Canis lupus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2928 | [[:d:Q122069773|Q122069773]] | [[Indarctos arctoides]] | Indarctos arctoides | 1 | | [[File:Indarctos arctoides skull - Batallones 3 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Indarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2929 | [[:d:Q126893244|Q126893244]] | [[Ursus spelaeus eremus]] | Ursus spelaeus eremus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso del cavernas|Ursus spelaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2930 | [[:d:Q126893260|Q126893260]] | [[Ursus spelaeus ladinicus]] | Ursus spelaeus ladinicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso del cavernas|Ursus spelaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2931 | [[:d:Q133853184|Q133853184]] | [[Canis dirus]] | Canis dirus | 1 | | [[File:Aenocyon dirus restoration & skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2932 | [[:d:Q140590815|Q140590815]] | [[Xenocyon]] | Xenocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2933 | [[:d:Q5032446|Q5032446]] | [[Canis rufus rufus]] | Canis rufus rufus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2934 | [[:d:Q20907493|Q20907493]] | [[Canis aureus moreotica]] | Canis aureus moreotica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2935 | [[:d:Q20907525|Q20907525]] | [[Canis simensis citernii]] | Canis simensis citernii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis simensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2936 | [[:d:Q140590792|Q140590792]] | [[Canis trinilensis]] | Canis trinilensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |} ---- &sum; 2936 items. {{Wikidata list end}} nonme6r08si46llwvt63cu7bzgs0vc5 102 38839 699094 698893 2026-08-26T18:35:21Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 699094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?sl { ?item wdt:P171* wd:Q5113 . OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?sl } . FILTER (?sl >= 40) } ORDER BY DESC(?sl) |section= |sort= |columns=number:#,item,label:Article,P225,?sl,description,P18,P31,P279,P171,P361 |thumb=48 |min_section= |links=red_only |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! item ! Article ! nomine del taxon ! ?sl ! description ! imagine ! instantia de ! subclasse de ! taxon superior immediate ! parte de |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q25222|Q25222]] | [[Strigiformes]] | Strigiformes | 186 | | [[File:Northern Spotted Owl.USFWS.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[ave]] | [[Afroaves]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q29564928|Q29564928]] | [[Cygnus]] | Cygnus | 151 | | [[File:Cygnus olor 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anserinae]]<br/>[[Cygnini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q9147|Q9147]] | [[Spheniscidae]] | Spheniscidae | 150 | | [[File:00 2304 Eselspinguine in der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[ave marin]]<br/>[[flightless bird]]<br/>[[piscivore]] | [[Sphenisciformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q17592|Q17592]] | [[Struthio camelus]] | Struthio camelus | 149 | | [[File:North African Ostrich - Masai Ostrich (Struthio camelus massaicus) - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Struthio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q43365|Q43365]] | [[Corvus]] | Corvus | 146 | | [[File:Corvus brachyrhynchos 30196.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvidae]]<br/>[[Corvinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q14683|Q14683]] | [[Passer domesticus]] | Passer domesticus | 142 | | [[File:House Sparrow, England - May 09.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passer]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q39861|Q39861]] | [[Hirundinidae]] | Hirundinidae | 139 | | [[File:House Martin, Delichon urbicum...mud collecting - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q25307|Q25307]] | [[Pica]] | Pica pica | 135 | | [[File:Eurasian magpie 2024 03 03 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pica]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q25439|Q25439]] | [[Picidae]] | Picidae | 134 | | [[File:2014-04-14 Picus viridis, Gosforth Park 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Piciformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q25348|Q25348]] | [[Anas platyrhynchos]] | Anas platyrhynchos | 134 | | [[File:Anas platyrhynchos (mixed pair) (32428014687).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q25247|Q25247]] | [[Upupa epops]] | Upupa epops | 133 | | [[File:Common Hoopoe Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Upupa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q43794|Q43794]] | [[Meleagris]] | Meleagris | 129 | | [[File:Wild Turkey.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meleagridinae]]<br/>[[Tetraonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q25234|Q25234]] | [[merla]] | Turdus merula | 128 | specie de ave | [[File:20190722 Turdus Merula 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q25341|Q25341]] | [[Passeriformes]] | Passeriformes | 127 | | [[File:Cuervo grande (Corvus corax), Arcos de la Frontera, Cádiz, España, 2015-12-08, DD 07.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parapasseres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q28922|Q28922]] | [[Passeridae]] | Passeridae | 126 | | [[File:House sparrowIII.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q28507|Q28507]] | [[Ciconiidae]] | Ciconiidae | 122 | | [[File:00 4083 Storch (Ciconiidae).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ciconiiformes]]<br/>[[piscivore]]<br/>[[ave]]<br/>[[wading bird]] | [[Ciconiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q27589|Q27589]] | [[Laridae]] | Laridae | 118 | | [[File:Great Black Backed Gull, Fowey, Cornwall - UK, July 25 2012. (7668580890).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lari]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q19413|Q19413]] | [[Pelecanus]] | Pelecanus | 118 | | [[File:Pelecanus conspicillatus -Brisbane Water, Broken Bay, New South Wales, Australia -colony-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[pelicans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q18845|Q18845]] | [[Cuculus canorus]] | Cuculus canorus | 117 | | [[File:Cuculus canorus vogelartinfo chris romeiks CHR0791 cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuculus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q42326|Q42326]] | [[Columba livia]] | Columba livia | 117 | | [[File:Columba livia (Rock Dove, wild), Duncansby Head, Caithness, Scotland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columba]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q25388|Q25388]] | [[Oriolus oriolus]] | Oriolus oriolus | 116 | | [[File:Loriot d'Europe by Michel Idre.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oriolus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q43489|Q43489]] | [[Falco]] | Falco | 115 | | [[File:Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) male (16794543415).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[bird of prey]] | [[Falconinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q43624|Q43624]] | [[Trochilidae]] | Trochilidae | 114 | | [[File:Golden-tailed sapphire (Chrysuronia oenone oenone) male in flight Sumaco.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apodiformes]]<br/>[[Trochiliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q25273|Q25273]] | [[Ardea cinerea]] | Ardea cinerea | 113 | | [[File:Ardea cinerea EM1A2714 (27349354381).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q25354|Q25354]] | [[Garrulus glandarius]] | Garrulus glandarius | 113 | | [[File:Garrulus glandarius - Eurasian Jay 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Garrulus]] | [[jay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q29858|Q29858]] | [[Alaudidae]] | Alaudidae | 112 | | [[File:Crested Lark (22026336489).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q25485|Q25485]] | [[Parus major]] | Parus major | 112 | | [[File:Great tit (Parus major), Parc de Woluwé, Brussels (13042792905).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q25429|Q25429]] | [[Hirundo rustica]] | Hirundo rustica | 111 | | [[File:Barn Swallow (95504589).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hirundo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q41181|Q41181]] | [[Aquila chrysaetos]] | Aquila chrysaetos | 110 | | [[File:Maakotka (Aquila chrysaetos) by Jarkko Järvinen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aquila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q25440|Q25440]] | [[Phalacrocorax carbo]] | Phalacrocorax carbo | 108 | | [[File:2021-05-05 Phalacrocorax carbo carbo, Killingworth Lake, Northumberland 1-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phalacrocorax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q130933|Q130933]] | [[Bubo bubo]] | Bubo bubo | 108 | | [[File:Hubro (Bubo bubo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Bubo]] | [[Bubo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q25352|Q25352]] | [[Ciconia ciconia]] | Ciconia ciconia | 108 | | [[File:00 4439 Storchennest mit Küken.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ciconia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q30535|Q30535]] | [[Falco peregrinus]] | Falco peregrinus | 108 | | [[File:American Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) (10700651733).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q26490|Q26490]] | [[Falco tinnunculus]] | Falco tinnunculus | 106 | | [[File:Common kestrel falco tinnunculus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q25380|Q25380]] | [[Accipiter nisus]] | Accipiter nisus | 106 | | [[File:Accipiter nisus Meneer Zjeroen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipiter]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q25418|Q25418]] | [[Carduel]] | Carduelis carduelis | 105 | | [[File:Carduelis carduelis (2012).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Carduelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q25376|Q25376]] | [[Fulica atra]] | Fulica atra | 104 | | [[File:Eurasian Coot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fulica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q25317|Q25317]] | [[Tyto alba]] | Tyto alba | 104 | | [[File:Tyto alba tylluan wen detail.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tyto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q137474876|Q137474876]] | [[Eurasian Goshawk]] | Astur gentilis | 104 | | [[File:Northern Goshawk ad M2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Astur]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q21659|Q21659]] | [[Galliformes]] | Galliformes | 103 | | [[File:Meleagris ocellata1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[ave]]<br/>[[Pangalliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q25392|Q25392]] | [[Vanellus vanellus]] | Vanellus vanellus | 103 | | [[File:Northern-Lapwing-Vanellus-vanellus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vanellus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q25386|Q25386]] | [[Corvus frugilegus]] | Corvus frugilegus | 103 | | [[File:Corvus frugilegus -Dartmoor, Devon, England-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | [[crow]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q80362|Q80362]] | [[Milvus migrans]] | Milvus migrans | 102 | | [[File:2007-black-kite.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Milvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q25565|Q25565]] | [[Corvidae]] | Corvidae | 102 | | [[File:Blue jay in PP (30960).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q25968|Q25968]] | [[Passer montanus]] | Passer montanus | 102 | | [[File:Eurasian Tree Sparrow (3352252620).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passer]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q41994|Q41994]] | [[Phoenicopterus]] | Phoenicopterus | 101 | | [[File:20170425 131 Camargue Flamingo (33654108203).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoenicopteridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q168473|Q168473]] | [[Paridae]] | Paridae | 101 | | [[File:Parus major 4 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sylvioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q25393|Q25393]] | [[rossiniolo]] | Luscinia megarhynchos | 101 | specie de ave | [[File:Luscinia megarhynchos - Common nightingale - Nachtegaal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Luscinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q61865|Q61865]] | [[Pavo cristatus]] | Pavo cristatus | 100 | | [[File:Indian Peacock in Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary 01.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pavo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q25405|Q25405]] | [[Corvus cornix]] | Corvus cornix | 100 | | [[File:Corvus cornix (33515567265).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q25365|Q25365]] | [[Gruidae]] | Gruidae | 99 | | [[File:Demoiselle Cranes at Tal Chappar.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[water bird]] | [[Gruiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q55805|Q55805]] | [[Diomedeidae]] | Diomedeidae | 99 | | [[File:Short tailed Albatross1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procellariiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q25398|Q25398]] | [[Ciconia nigra]] | Ciconia nigra | 99 | | [[File:Ciconia nigra -Kruger National Park-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ciconia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q171953|Q171953]] | [[Numididae]] | Numididae | 98 | | [[File:Acryllium vulturinum -Samburu National Reserve, Kenya -several-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[poultry]] | [[Galliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q129059|Q129059]] | [[Tetrao urogallus]] | Tetrao urogallus | 98 | | [[File:Auerhuhn Schweden P1130026.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tetrao]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q21651|Q21651]] | [[Anseriformes]] | Anseriformes | 98 | | [[File:Cygnus olor 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anserimorphae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q26050|Q26050]] | [[Turdidae]] | Turdidae | 98 | | [[File:Turdus viscivorus Brych y coed.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscicapoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q25404|Q25404]] | [[Cyanistes caeruleus]] | Cyanistes caeruleus | 98 | | [[File:Parus caeruleus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cyanistes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q25432|Q25432]] | [[faisan commun]] | Phasianus colchicus | 97 | specie de ave | [[File:00 4488 Hühnervogel - Edelfasan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[poultry]] | [[Phasianus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q93208|Q93208]] | [[Dromaius novaehollandiae]] | Dromaius novaehollandiae | 97 | | [[File:Dromaius novaehollandiae (29619237017).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[flightless bird]] | [[Dromaius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q25438|Q25438]] | [[Haliaeetus albicilla]] | Haliaeetus albicilla | 97 | | [[File:Adult White-tailed Eagle defending prey, Rezerwat Gostynin-Wloclawek, Poland.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haliaeetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q25383|Q25383]] | [[Fringilla coelebs]] | Fringilla coelebs | 97 | | [[File:Fringilla coelebs (5577610542).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fringilla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q43642|Q43642]] | [[Apteryx]] | Apteryx | 96 | | [[File:Kiwifugl.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apterygidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q25510|Q25510]] | [[Accipitridae]] | Accipitridae | 96 | | [[File:Spizaetus-ornatus-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[bird of prey]] | [[Accipitriformes]]<br/>[[Accipitroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q129958|Q129958]] | [[Athene noctua]] | Athene noctua | 96 | | [[File:Athene noctua, Ambula, Montenegro 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Athene]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q185237|Q185237]] | [[Sturnidae]] | Sturnidae | 96 | | [[File:Common starling in london.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q21695|Q21695]] | [[Podicipedidae]] | Podicipedidae | 95 | | [[File:Podiceps cristatus 2 - Lake Dulverton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[water bird]] | [[Podicipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q25700|Q25700]] | [[Anas crecca]] | Anas crecca | 95 | | [[File:Common Teal Male (8602525826).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q25961|Q25961]] | [[Alauda arvensis]] | Alauda arvensis | 94 | | [[File:Alouette des champs Zaghouan001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q26375|Q26375]] | [[Phasianidae]] | Phasianidae | 93 | | [[File:Green Pheasant.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phasianoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q26106|Q26106]] | [[Perdix perdix]] | Perdix perdix | 93 | | [[File:Nurmkana (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Perdix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q26381|Q26381]] | [[Cuculidae]] | Cuculidae | 93 | | [[File:Greater Roadrunner-JRO.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuculiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q209239|Q209239]] | [[Columba]] | Columba | 93 | | [[File:2017-03-05 Columba oenas, Armstrong Park 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columba|Columbidae]]<br/>[[Columbinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q130730|Q130730]] | [[Ardea alba]] | Ardea alba | 93 | | [[File:Ardea alba - Sydney Olympic Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[egret]] | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q127216|Q127216]] | [[Haliaeetus leucocephalus]] | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | 93 | | [[File:Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Kachemak Bay, Alaska.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haliaeetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q33504|Q33504]] | [[Neophron percnopterus]] | Neophron percnopterus | 93 | | [[File:Egyptian Vulture, Socotra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neophron]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q3917160|Q3917160]] | [[Pavo]] | Pavo | 92 | | [[File:Green Peafowl - Baluran NP - East Java MG 7995 (29726908551).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pavonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q26026|Q26026]] | [[Columba palumbus]] | Columba palumbus | 92 | | [[File:Columba palumbus -garden post-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columba]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q106447604|Q106447604]] | [[Ardea ibis]] | Ardea ibis | 92 | | [[File:Héron garde boeufs à Oued Mejerda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q179333|Q179333]] | [[Paradisaeidae]] | Paradisaeidae | 92 | | [[File:Lesser Bird of Paradise.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q25984|Q25984]] | [[Motacilla flava]] | Motacilla flava | 92 | | [[File:Schafstelze - Auenlandschaft Hohenrode HA 222 Landkreis Schaumburg.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Motacilla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q25377|Q25377]] | [[Apus apus]] | Apus apus | 91 | | [[File:Common Swift 2025 07 18 02 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q126216|Q126216]] | [[Nycticorax nycticorax]] | Nycticorax nycticorax | 91 | | [[File:Black-crowned night heron in PP (36399).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nycticorax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q170177|Q170177]] | [[Bubo scandiacus]] | Bubo scandiacus | 91 | | [[File:Bubo scandiacus male Muskegon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[owl]] | [[Bubo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q131709|Q131709]] | [[Egretta garzetta]] | Egretta garzetta | 90 | | [[File:Aigrette garzette au lac sud de Tunis (site RAMSAR).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Egretta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q54696|Q54696]] | [[Streptopelia decaocto]] | Streptopelia decaocto | 90 | | [[File:Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN2357 (3).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Streptopelia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q177856|Q177856]] | [[Gyps fulvus]] | Gyps fulvus | 90 | | [[File:Gyps fulvus -Basque Country-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[ave]]<br/>[[scavenger]]<br/>[[necrophage]] | | [[Gyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q28106966|Q28106966]] | [[Gadwall]] | Mareca strepera | 90 | | [[File:Anas strepera pair.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mareca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q160835|Q160835]] | [[Fringillidae]] | Fringillidae | 90 | | [[File:Fringilla coelebs chaffinch male edit2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q25612|Q25612]] | [[Cygnus cygnus]] | Cygnus cygnus | 90 | | [[File:Cygnus cygnus 070416 IOL.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cygnus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q26114|Q26114]] | [[Scolopax rusticola]] | Scolopax rusticola | 89 | | [[File:Waldschnepfe (scolopax rusticola) - Spiekeroog, Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scolopax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q199427|Q199427]] | [[Pelecanus onocrotalus]] | Pelecanus onocrotalus | 89 | | [[File:Great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pelecanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q160488|Q160488]] | [[Ardea purpurea]] | Ardea purpurea | 89 | | [[File:2010-kabini-purple-heron.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q170718|Q170718]] | [[Merops apiaster]] | Merops apiaster | 89 | | [[File:Бджолоїдка звичайна або щурка європейська.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Merops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q171052|Q171052]] | [[Laniidae]] | Laniidae | 89 | | [[File:Lanius excubitor, Chilham, Kent 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvoidea]] | [[:Template:Laniidae|Laniidae]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q26198|Q26198]] | [[Corvus corone]] | Corvus corone | 89 | | [[File:Carrion crow 2022 04 05 05 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q26017|Q26017]] | [[Crex crex]] | Crex crex | 88 | specie de ave | [[File:Corncrake2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q28106837|Q28106837]] | [[Eurasian Wigeon]] | Mareca penelope | 88 | | [[File:1994. Марка России 0170 hi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mareca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q26773|Q26773]] | [[Bucerotidae]] | Bucerotidae | 88 | | [[File:Great hornbill Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bucerotiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q25876|Q25876]] | [[Falco subbuteo]] | Falco subbuteo | 88 | | [[File:Eurasian Hobby (14574008925) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hypotriorchis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q121221|Q121221]] | [[Melopsittacus undulatus]] | Melopsittacus undulatus | 88 | | [[File:Budgerigar-male-strzelecki-qld.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melopsittacus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q200989|Q200989]] | [[Muscicapidae]] | Muscicapidae | 88 | | [[File:2019-08-23 Spotted Flycatcher, Town Moor, Newcastle, Northumberland 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscicapoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q26617|Q26617]] | [[Apodidae]] | Apodidae | 87 | | [[File:Apus apus 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apodiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q25978|Q25978]] | [[Charadriiformes]] | Charadriiformes | 87 | | [[File:Crestedauklet41.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aequorlitornithes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q168514|Q168514]] | [[Streptopelia turtur]] | Streptopelia turtur | 87 | | [[File:2015-05-21 Streptopelia turtur, Sutton Bank, Yorkshire 06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Streptopelia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q168748|Q168748]] | [[Sagittarius serpentarius]] | Sagittarius serpentarius | 87 | | [[File:Secretario (Sagittarius serpentarius), parque nacional de Amboseli, Kenia, 2024-05-23, DD 13.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sagittarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q25909|Q25909]] | [[Riparia riparia]] | Riparia riparia | 87 | | [[File:Riparia riparia -Markinch, Fife, Scotland -flying-8-4c.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Riparia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q18859|Q18859]] | [[Tringa totanus]] | Tringa totanus | 86 | | [[File:Common Redshank Tringa totanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tringa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q25692|Q25692]] | [[Gallinago gallinago]] | Gallinago gallinago | 86 | | [[File:Bekassine (Blick nach oben).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gallinago]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q179863|Q179863]] | [[Phoenicopterus roseus]] | Phoenicopterus roseus | 86 | | [[File:Flamant rose Thyna009.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoenicopterus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q25384|Q25384]] | [[Asio otus]] | Asio otus | 86 | | [[File:Asio otus Downsview Park Toronto2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Asio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q25740|Q25740]] | [[Troglodytes troglodytes]] | Troglodytes troglodytes | 86 | | [[File:Eurasian wren (Troglodytes troglodytes).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Troglodytes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q26012|Q26012]] | [[Strigidae]] | Strigidae | 85 | | [[File:Eastern Screech Owl.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Strigiformes]] | [[Strigiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q178811|Q178811]] | [[Plegadis falcinellus]] | Plegadis falcinellus | 85 | | [[File:Plegadis falcinellus Syracuse.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Plegadis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[:d:Q168677|Q168677]] | [[Aegypius monachus]] | Aegypius monachus | 85 | | [[File:Buitre negro.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aegypius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[:d:Q183147|Q183147]] | [[Meropidae]] | Meropidae | 85 | | [[File:Bee eater in Selous Game Reserve.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coraciiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[:d:Q26209|Q26209]] | [[Dendrocopos major]] | Dendrocopos major | 85 | | [[File:Dendrocopos major EM1B2679 (35219263071).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocopos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[:d:Q25557|Q25557]] | [[Gruiformes]] | Gruiformes | 84 | | [[File:Balearica regulorum 1 Luc Viatour.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neoaves]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[:d:Q19338|Q19338]] | [[Pelecaniformes]] | Pelecaniformes | 84 | | [[File:Pelican 4995.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[water bird]] | [[Aequornithes]]<br/>[[Pelecanes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[:d:Q18850|Q18850]] | [[Actitis hypoleucos]] | Actitis hypoleucos | 84 | | [[File:Actitis hypoleucos - Laem Pak Bia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Actitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[:d:Q178821|Q178821]] | [[Himantopus himantopus]] | Himantopus himantopus | 84 | | [[File:Himantopus himantopus - Pak Thale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Himantopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[:d:Q25634|Q25634]] | [[Chroicocephalus ridibundus]] | Chroicocephalus ridibundus | 84 | | [[File:Black-headed Gull - St James's Park, London - Nov 2006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chroicocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[:d:Q25572|Q25572]] | [[Circus cyaneus]] | Circus cyaneus | 84 | | [[File:Circus cyaneus 265961899.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Circus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[:d:Q156250|Q156250]] | [[Milvus milvus]] | Milvus milvus | 84 | | [[File:Milvus milvus Jura.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Milvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[:d:Q170598|Q170598]] | [[Vultur gryphus]] | Vultur gryphus | 84 | | [[File:204 - Canyon de Colca - Condor des Andes - Juin 2010.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vultur]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[:d:Q131918|Q131918]] | [[Falco columbarius]] | Falco columbarius | 84 | | [[File:Falco columbarius PP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[:d:Q183361|Q183361]] | [[Anser]] | Anser | 84 | genere de aves | [[File:Anser anser 2 (Piotr Kuczynski).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anserini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[:d:Q26444|Q26444]] | [[Aythya fuligula]] | Aythya fuligula | 84 | | [[File:Tufted Duck 09 05 2025 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aythya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[:d:Q26205|Q26205]] | [[Emberiza citrinella]] | Emberiza citrinella | 84 | | [[File:Emberiza citrinella -Midtjylland, Denmark -male-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[:d:Q28753|Q28753]] | [[Passer]] | Passer | 84 | | [[File:Male House Sparrow 2 - crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[ave]] | [[Passerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[:d:Q26626|Q26626]] | [[Scolopacidae]] | Scolopacidae | 83 | | [[File:Bristle-thighed Curlew.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[:d:Q171360|Q171360]] | [[Platalea leucorodia]] | Platalea leucorodia | 83 | | [[File:Eurasian Spoonbill.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[cultural heritage]] | | [[Platalea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[:d:Q26742|Q26742]] | [[Aythya ferina]] | Aythya ferina | 83 | | [[File:Aythya ferina Gentofte 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aythya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[:d:Q131044|Q131044]] | [[Cygnus atratus]] | Cygnus atratus | 83 | | [[File:00 2102 Trauerschwäne (Breisach am Rhein).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cygnus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[:d:Q143284|Q143284]] | [[Dryocopus martius]] | Dryocopus martius | 83 | | [[File:2016.08.27.-14-Viernheimer Heide-Viernheim--Schwarzspecht-Weibchen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dryocopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[:d:Q230042|Q230042]] | [[Motacilla]] | Motacilla | 83 | | [[File:20180415 015 Winterswijk Witte kwikstaart (40785272624).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Motacillidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[:d:Q155878|Q155878]] | [[Lyrurus tetrix]] | Lyrurus tetrix | 82 | | [[File:Birkhahn.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyrurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[:d:Q184774|Q184774]] | [[Gallus gallus]] | Gallus gallus | 82 | | [[File:Gallus gallus -Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gallus (taxon)|Gallus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[:d:Q28122714|Q28122714]] | [[Philomachus pugnax]] | Calidris pugnax | 82 | | [[File:Philomachus pugnaxRuffKampfläufer.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[:d:Q18854|Q18854]] | [[Numenius arquata]] | Numenius arquata | 82 | | [[File:Eurasian Curlew.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Numenius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[:d:Q18700|Q18700]] | [[Balaeniceps rex]] | Balaeniceps rex | 82 | | [[File:Entebbe Shoe Bill Stork.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaeniceps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[:d:Q25756|Q25756]] | [[Strix aluco]] | Strix aluco | 82 | | [[File:Strix aluco aluco.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[:d:Q26431|Q26431]] | [[Circus aeruginosus]] | Circus aeruginosus | 82 | | [[File:Busard des roseaux Circus aeruginosus DSC 3073-p (48841507981).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Circus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[:d:Q170251|Q170251]] | [[Circaetus gallicus]] | Circaetus gallicus | 82 | | [[File:Circaetus gallicus - Short-toed snake-eagleı 02-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Circaetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[:d:Q25934|Q25934]] | [[Piciformes]] | Piciformes | 82 | | [[File:Red-bellied woodpecker on railing.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Picocoraciae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[:d:Q179359|Q179359]] | [[Aquila nipalensis]] | Aquila nipalensis | 82 | | [[File:Мангистауская область, степной орёл.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aquila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[:d:Q200339|Q200339]] | [[Aix galericulata]] | Aix galericulata | 82 | | [[File:Mandarin ducks by the Weiming Lake of Peking University 09.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[:d:Q8154335|Q8154335]] | [[Alcedinidae]] | Alcedinidae | 82 | | [[File:SL Bundala NP asv2020-01 img20.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[water bird]] | [[Alcedines]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[:d:Q21744|Q21744]] | [[Falconidae]] | Falconidae | 81 | | [[File:Brown-Falcon,-Vic,-3.1.2008.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falconiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[:d:Q25769|Q25769]] | [[Asio flammeus]] | Asio flammeus | 81 | | [[File:Asio flammeus -Fazenda Campo de Ouro, Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brasil-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Asio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[:d:Q26147|Q26147]] | [[Recurvirostra avosetta]] | Recurvirostra avosetta | 80 | | [[File:Avocette élégante Thyna019.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Recurvirostra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[:d:Q21736|Q21736]] | [[Accipitriformes]] | Accipitriformes | 80 | | [[File:Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Full Body 1880px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitrimorphae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[:d:Q28236|Q28236]] | [[Larus argentatus]] | Larus argentatus | 80 | | [[File:European herring gull vocalizing (00170).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[:d:Q484131|Q484131]] | [[Coraciiformes]] | Coraciiformes | 80 | | [[File:European roller.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Picocoraciae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[:d:Q25678|Q25678]] | [[Jynx torquilla]] | Jynx torquilla | 80 | | [[File:Jynx torquilla (34536504885).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Jynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[:d:Q174088|Q174088]] | [[Coccothraustes coccothraustes]] | Coccothraustes coccothraustes | 80 | | [[File:Coccothraustes coccothraustes 1 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coccothraustes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[:d:Q21716|Q21716]] | [[Ciconiiformes]] | Ciconiiformes | 79 | | [[File:Saddle-Billed Stork.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | [[ave]] | [[Aequornithes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[:d:Q21755|Q21755]] | [[Otididae]] | Otididae | 79 | | [[File:Ardeotis kori Etosha.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otidiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[:d:Q18851|Q18851]] | [[Charadrius dubius]] | Charadrius dubius | 79 | | [[File:Charadrius dubius (49820761043).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadrius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[:d:Q26717|Q26717]] | [[Caprimulgus europaeus]] | Caprimulgus europaeus | 79 | | [[File:Caprimulgus europaeus g.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caprimulgus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[:d:Q188601|Q188601]] | [[Tetrax tetrax]] | Tetrax tetrax | 79 | | [[File:Tetrax tetrax, Castuera, Estremadura, Spain 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tetrax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[:d:Q26982|Q26982]] | [[Galerida cristata]] | Galerida cristata | 79 | | [[File:Galerida cristata - Crested lark 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[:d:Q25777|Q25777]] | [[Turdus pilaris]] | Turdus pilaris | 79 | | [[File:Björktrast (Turdus pilaris)-4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[:d:Q26620|Q26620]] | [[Phoenicurus phoenicurus]] | Phoenicurus phoenicurus | 79 | | [[File:Gartenrotschwanz 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoenicurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[:d:Q26578|Q26578]] | [[Luscinia svecica]] | Luscinia svecica | 79 | | [[File:Blåhake - bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)-5 - Flickr - Ragnhild & Neil Crawford.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Luscinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[:d:Q179983|Q179983]] | [[Pteroclidae]] | Pteroclidae | 78 | | [[File:Double-banded Sandgrouse.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pterocliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[:d:Q33140745|Q33140745]] | [[Sterninae]] | Sterninae | 78 | | [[File:3-point tern (Sandwich, Common & Roseate Terns, St Mary's Island, Northumberland).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Laridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[:d:Q25928|Q25928]] | [[Haematopus ostralegus]] | Haematopus ostralegus | 78 | | [[File:Haematopus ostralegus He.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haematopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[:d:Q171655|Q171655]] | [[Otis tarda]] | Otis tarda | 78 | | [[File:Dévaványa, Hungary – Great bustard 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[:d:Q184432|Q184432]] | [[Gavia arctica]] | Gavia arctica | 78 | | [[File:Gavia arctica1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[:d:Q26685|Q26685]] | [[Fratercula arctica]] | Fratercula arctica | 78 | | [[File:Puffin (Fratercula arctica).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fratercula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[:d:Q188737|Q188737]] | [[Accipiter]] | Accipiter | 78 | | [[File:Brown Goshawk kur.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[:d:Q170466|Q170466]] | [[Pernis apivorus]] | Pernis apivorus | 78 | | [[File:Herilaseviu..jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pernis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[:d:Q26135|Q26135]] | [[Bombycilla garrulus]] | Bombycilla garrulus | 78 | | [[File:Bohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus), Uitkerke, Belgium (16366736689).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bombycilla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[:d:Q166171|Q166171]] | [[Picus viridis]] | Picus viridis | 78 | | [[File:Green woodpecker Franconville 2022 01 21 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Picus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[:d:Q156767|Q156767]] | [[Sitta europaea]] | Sitta europaea | 78 | | [[File:Kleiber (Sitta europaea caesia) Val Roseg.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sitta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[:d:Q184820|Q184820]] | [[Nucifraga caryocatactes]] | Nucifraga caryocatactes | 78 | | [[File:Nucifraga caryocatactes, Kotka, Finland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nucifraga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[:d:Q201831|Q201831]] | [[Cinclus cinclus]] | Cinclus cinclus | 78 | | [[File:Cinclus cinclus R(ThKraft).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cinclus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[:d:Q26623|Q26623]] | [[Rallidae]] | Rallidae | 77 | | [[File:Dusky moorhen442.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gruiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[:d:Q18840|Q18840]] | [[Tringa nebularia]] | Tringa nebularia | 77 | | [[File:Greenshank (Tringa nebularia).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tringa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[:d:Q18875|Q18875]] | [[Sterna hirundo]] | Sterna hirundo | 77 | | [[File:Common tern 2025 07 08 08.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sterna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[:d:Q185183|Q185183]] | [[Podiceps nigricollis]] | Podiceps nigricollis | 77 | | [[File:Eared Grebe, breeding plumage (33774036404).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Podiceps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[:d:Q26427|Q26427]] | [[Larus canus]] | Larus canus | 77 | | [[File:Larus canus Common Gull in Norway.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[:d:Q191125|Q191125]] | [[Anser indicus]] | Anser indicus | 77 | | [[File:Bar-headed Goose by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN7530 (23).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anser]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[:d:Q515217|Q515217]] | [[Agapornis]] | Agapornis | 77 | | [[File:Fischer's Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) (24041406070) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Psittaculini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[:d:Q170831|Q170831]] | [[Aegithalos caudatus]] | Aegithalos caudatus | 77 | | [[File:Long-tailed tit (74940).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aegithalos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[:d:Q185099|Q185099]] | [[Rallus aquaticus]] | Rallus aquaticus | 76 | | [[File:Wasserralle Bodensee.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rallus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[:d:Q25370|Q25370]] | [[Falconiformes]] | Falconiformes | 76 | | [[File:Brown-Falcon,-Vic,-3.1.2008.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Eufalconimorphae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[:d:Q184834|Q184834]] | [[Burhinus oedicnemus]] | Burhinus oedicnemus | 76 | | [[File:Burhinus oedicnemus insularum Lanzarote 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Burhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[:d:Q18841|Q18841]] | [[Limosa limosa]] | Limosa limosa | 76 | | [[File:.00 2789 Uferschnepfe (Limosa limosa).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Limosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[:d:Q26711|Q26711]] | [[Lymnocryptes minimus]] | Lymnocryptes minimus | 76 | | [[File:Lymnocryptes minimus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lymnocryptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[:d:Q28294|Q28294]] | [[Alcidae]] | Alcidae | 76 | | [[File:Parakeetauklets2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pan-Alcidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[:d:Q26691|Q26691]] | [[Gavia stellata]] | Gavia stellata | 76 | | [[File:Gavia stellata -Iceland -swimming-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[:d:Q171563|Q171563]] | [[Otus scops]] | Otus scops | 76 | | [[File:Scops Owl (Otus scops), Kalloni, Lesvos, Greece, 19.04.2015 (16773748434).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[:d:Q177688|Q177688]] | [[Falco rusticolus]] | Falco rusticolus | 76 | | [[File:Falco rusticolus white cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[:d:Q179625|Q179625]] | [[Falco vespertinus]] | Falco vespertinus | 76 | | [[File:Rotfußfalke Falco vespertinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[:d:Q26597|Q26597]] | [[Clangula hyemalis]] | Clangula hyemalis | 76 | | [[File:Clangula-hyemalis-011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Clangula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[:d:Q179367|Q179367]] | [[Coracias garrulus]] | Coracias garrulus | 76 | | [[File:Coracias garrulus in Shirahmad wildlife refuge of Sabzevar 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coracias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[:d:Q20823352|Q20823352]] | [[Rosy Starling]] | Pastor roseus | 76 | | [[File:Pastor roseus - Rosenstar (Jungvogel).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pastor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[:d:Q26420|Q26420]] | [[Oenanthe oenanthe]] | Oenanthe oenanthe | 76 | | [[File:Northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oenanthe]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[:d:Q178942|Q178942]] | [[Turdus viscivorus]] | Turdus viscivorus | 76 | | [[File:Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) (33847459792).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[:d:Q26755|Q26755]] | [[Phoenicurus ochruros]] | Phoenicurus ochruros | 76 | | [[File:Black Redstart bird.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoenicurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[:d:Q182761|Q182761]] | [[Tetrastes bonasia]] | Tetrastes bonasia | 75 | | [[File:Haselhuhn-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tetrastes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[:d:Q19171|Q19171]] | [[Rhea]] | Rhea | 75 | | [[File:RheaamericanaHahn.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rheidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[:d:Q3901247|Q3901247]] | [[Phalacrocoracidae]] | Phalacrocoracidae | 75 | | [[File:Phalacrocorax aristotelis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[:d:Q28450|Q28450]] | [[Tringa ochropus]] | Tringa ochropus | 75 | | [[File:Green Sandpiper ( Tringa ochropus ) ... Tophill Low , Yorkshire (53182606905).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tringa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[:d:Q18858|Q18858]] | [[Numenius phaeopus]] | Numenius phaeopus | 75 | | [[File:Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Numenius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[:d:Q182971|Q182971]] | [[Hieraaetus pennatus]] | Hieraaetus pennatus | 75 | | [[File:Booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus, at Kgalagadi Transfrontier Pa (32334023348).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hieraaetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[:d:Q229408|Q229408]] | [[Falco naumanni]] | Falco naumanni | 75 | | [[File:A Lesser Kestrel on a Weak Perch (49591372658).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[:d:Q194024|Q194024]] | [[Porzana porzana]] | Porzana porzana | 74 | | [[File:Porzana porzana 3 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Porzana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[:d:Q188660|Q188660]] | [[Opisthocomus hoazin]] | Opisthocomus hoazin | 74 | | [[File:Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) Rio Napo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Opisthocomus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[:d:Q26140|Q26140]] | [[Columba oenas]] | Columba oenas | 74 | | [[File:2019-03-17 Columba oenas, Jesmond Dene 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columba]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[:d:Q27160|Q27160]] | [[Larus fuscus]] | Larus fuscus | 74 | | [[File:Larus fuscus Finnboda 2012.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[:d:Q184751|Q184751]] | [[Pelecanus crispus]] | Pelecanus crispus | 74 | | [[File:Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN6899 (3).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pelecanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[:d:Q26129|Q26129]] | [[Ixobrychus minutus]] | Botaurus minutus | 74 | | [[File:47-090506-little-bittern-at-upper-ford-near-Sigri-.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ixobrychus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[:d:Q30085|Q30085]] | [[Aquila]] | Aquila | 74 | | [[File:Aquila chrysaetos Flickr.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aquilinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[:d:Q165974|Q165974]] | [[Falco cherrug]] | Falco cherrug | 74 | | [[File:Falco cherrug 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[:d:Q29865|Q29865]] | [[Bucephala clangula]] | Bucephala clangula | 74 | | [[File:Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)- female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bucephala]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[:d:Q189609|Q189609]] | [[Mergus serrator]] | Mergus serrator | 74 | | [[File:Merganser (53630992394).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mergus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[:d:Q26657|Q26657]] | [[Regulus regulus]] | Regulus regulus | 74 | | [[File:Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) (15954267973).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Regulus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[:d:Q26552|Q26552]] | [[Loxia curvirostra]] | Loxia curvirostra | 74 | | [[File:Cruza-bico comum, fêmea, Red Crossbill, female (51692602998).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Loxia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[:d:Q199758|Q199758]] | [[Cyanocitta cristata]] | Cyanocitta cristata | 74 | | [[File:Blue jay fledgling (53513).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cyanocitta]] | [[jay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[:d:Q188446|Q188446]] | [[Sylvia atricapilla]] | Sylvia atricapilla | 74 | | [[File:Sylvia atricapilla -Lullington Heath, East Sussex, England -male-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sylvia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[:d:Q452969|Q452969]] | [[Dinornithiformes]] | Dinornithiformes | 73 | | [[File:Giant Haasts eagle attacking New Zealand moa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Palaeognathae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[:d:Q26844|Q26844]] | [[Meleagris gallopavo]] | Meleagris gallopavo | 73 | | [[File:Wild Turkey (female) - Meleagris gallopavo, Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meleagris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[:d:Q58958|Q58958]] | [[Calidris alba]] | Calidris alba | 73 | | [[File:2014-05-25 Sanderling, Paignton Beach, Devon 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[:d:Q18864|Q18864]] | [[Limosa lapponica]] | Limosa lapponica | 73 | | [[File:Bar-tailed Godwit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Limosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[:d:Q26800|Q26800]] | [[Sterna paradisaea]] | Sterna paradisaea | 73 | | [[File:00 3786. Küstenseeschwalbe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sterna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[:d:Q179919|Q179919]] | [[Podiceps grisegena]] | Podiceps grisegena | 73 | | [[File:Podiceps grisegena (33665871935).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Podiceps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[:d:Q192058|Q192058]] | [[Podiceps auritus]] | Podiceps auritus | 73 | | [[File:Podiceps auritus (13909575538) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Podiceps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[:d:Q191723|Q191723]] | [[Aythya nyroca]] | Aythya nyroca | 73 | | [[File:Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca Male by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN2746 (12).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aythya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[:d:Q8327|Q8327]] | [[Psittacidae]] | Psittacidae | 73 | | [[File:Scarlet-Macaw-cr.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Psittacoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[:d:Q180991|Q180991]] | [[Mergus merganser]] | Mergus merganser | 73 | | [[File:Female Mergus merganser americanus at Las Gallinas Wildlife Ponds.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mergus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[:d:Q116667|Q116667]] | [[Acridotheres tristis]] | Acridotheres tristis | 73 | | [[File:Common Myna in Rabindra Sarobar February 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acridotheres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[:d:Q188854|Q188854]] | [[Pycnonotidae]] | Pycnonotidae | 73 | | [[File:Brown-eared Bulbul 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[:d:Q26698|Q26698]] | [[Prunella modularis]] | Prunella modularis | 73 | | [[File:Dunnock crop2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prunella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[:d:Q25950|Q25950]] | [[Apodiformes]] | Apodiformes | 72 | | [[File:Rubythroathummer65.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cypselomorphae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[:d:Q191683|Q191683]] | [[Grus virgo]] | Anthropoides virgo | 72 | | [[File:Demoiselle Cranes at Tal Chappar.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthropoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[:d:Q18837|Q18837]] | [[Tringa glareola]] | Tringa glareola | 72 | | [[File:Wood Sandpiper (50206067826), crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tringa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[:d:Q26892|Q26892]] | [[Arenaria interpres]] | Arenaria interpres | 72 | | [[File:Arenaria interpres (habitus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arenaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[:d:Q27129|Q27129]] | [[Hydroprogne caspia]] | Hydroprogne caspia | 72 | | [[File:Sterna-caspia-010.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydroprogne]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[:d:Q182209|Q182209]] | [[Aptenodytes patagonicus]] | Aptenodytes patagonicus | 72 | | [[File:King Penguins on Saunders Island (5586254113).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Spheniscidae]] | [[Aptenodytes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[:d:Q21090684|Q21090684]] | [[Greater Spotted Eagle]] | Clanga clanga | 72 | | [[File:Great spotted Eagle I2 IMG 8358.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Clanga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[:d:Q208221|Q208221]] | [[Nectariniidae]] | Nectariniidae | 72 | | [[File:Crimson Sunbird (Aethopyga siparaja) male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[:d:Q27074540|Q27074540]] | [[Anser caerulescens]] | Anser caerulescens | 72 | | [[File:Snow Goose (24510697391).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anser]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[:d:Q185784|Q185784]] | [[Common Chiffchaff]] | Phylloscopus collybita | 72 | | [[File:Common Chiffchaff 2025 04 04 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[:d:Q205943|Q205943]] | [[Motacillidae]] | Motacillidae | 72 | | [[File:Anthus-rubescens-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[:d:Q206540|Q206540]] | [[Motacilla citreola]] | Motacilla citreola | 72 | | [[File:Citrine Wagtail (Motacilla citreola)- Breeding Male of calcarata race at Bharatpur I IMG 5752.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Motacilla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[:d:Q191096|Q191096]] | [[Periparus ater]] | Periparus ater | 72 | | [[File:Coal Tit - Dugalbitta, Uttarakhand, India (15143483976).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Periparus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[:d:Q202478|Q202478]] | [[Sylvia borin]] | Sylvia borin | 72 | | [[File:Sylvia borin (Örebro County).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sylvia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[:d:Q27244|Q27244]] | [[Caprimulgidae]] | Caprimulgidae | 71 | | [[File:Common Nighthawk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caprimulgiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[:d:Q21685|Q21685]] | [[Procellariiformes]] | Procellariiformes | 71 | | [[File:Damier du Cap - Cape Petrel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[ave marin]] | [[Austrodyptornithes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[:d:Q18835|Q18835]] | [[Pluvialis squatarola]] | Pluvialis squatarola | 71 | | [[File:Pluvialis squatarola (summer plumage).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pluvialis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[:d:Q12267692|Q12267692]] | [[Little Tern]] | Sternula albifrons | 71 | | [[File:Sternula albifrons - Boat Harbour.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sternula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[:d:Q208488|Q208488]] | [[Platalea]] | Platalea | 71 | | [[File:Royal Spoonbill mouth open.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Plateinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[:d:Q230837|Q230837]] | [[Circus macrourus]] | Circus macrourus | 71 | | [[File:Pallid Harrier Adult Male (46333226825).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Circus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[:d:Q185213|Q185213]] | [[Pithecophaga jefferyi]] | Pithecophaga jefferyi | 71 | | [[File:Pamarayeg IIIx2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pithecophaga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[:d:Q26635|Q26635]] | [[Aythya marila]] | Aythya marila | 71 | | [[File:2014-04-14 Aythya marila, female, Killingworth Lake, Northumberland 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aythya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[:d:Q208304|Q208304]] | [[Troglodytidae]] | Troglodytidae | 71 | | [[File:Troglodytidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[:d:Q26416|Q26416]] | [[Plectrophenax nivalis]] | Plectrophenax nivalis | 71 | | [[File:Plectrophenax nivalis P3130099.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Plectrophenax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[:d:Q514809|Q514809]] | [[Nymphicus hollandicus]] | Nymphicus hollandicus | 71 | | [[File:Cockateil.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nymphicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[:d:Q115661|Q115661]] | [[Turdus]] | Turdus | 71 | | [[File:American Robin Close-Up.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdidae]]<br/>[[Turdinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[:d:Q201316|Q201316]] | [[Motacilla cinerea]] | Motacilla cinerea | 71 | | [[File:Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea (39682090233).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Motacilla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[:d:Q26607|Q26607]] | [[Muscicapa striata]] | Muscicapa striata | 71 | | [[File:SpottedFlycatcheronfence.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscicapa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[:d:Q251842|Q251842]] | [[Numida meleagris]] | Numida meleagris | 70 | | [[File:Guinea fowl at Mole National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Numida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[:d:Q162085|Q162085]] | [[Threskiornithidae]] | Threskiornithidae | 70 | | [[File:African Sacred Ibis in Lake Ziway.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pelecaniformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[:d:Q26650|Q26650]] | [[Calidris alpina]] | Calidris alpina | 70 | | [[File:Calidris alpina alpina, Riga, Latvia 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[:d:Q27124|Q27124]] | [[Calidris canutus]] | Calidris canutus | 70 | | [[File:Calidris canutus (summer).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[:d:Q193833|Q193833]] | [[Threskiornithinae]] | Threskiornithinae | 70 | | [[File:Australian white ibis in tree.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Threskiornithidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[:d:Q26816|Q26816]] | [[Charadrius hiaticula]] | Charadrius hiaticula | 70 | | [[File:Charadrius hiaticula 3 breeding.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadrius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[:d:Q184858|Q184858]] | [[Cathartidae]] | Cathartidae | 70 | | [[File:Coragyps-atratus-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[:d:Q214293|Q214293]] | [[Bubo]] | Bubo | 70 | | [[File:Spottedeagleowl.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Strigidae]] | [[Strigidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[:d:Q26574|Q26574]] | [[Circus pygargus]] | Circus pygargus | 70 | | [[File:Circus pygargus (33541975444).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Circus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[:d:Q53745|Q53745]] | [[Harpia harpyja]] | Harpia harpyja | 70 | | [[File:Harpia-harpyja-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Harpia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[:d:Q202955|Q202955]] | [[Oriolidae]] | Oriolidae | 70 | | [[File:Black-naped Oriole.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[:d:Q188877|Q188877]] | [[Fringilla montifringilla]] | Fringilla montifringilla | 70 | | [[File:Fringilla montifringilla -Poland -male-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fringilla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[:d:Q184518|Q184518]] | [[Dendrocopos minor]] | Dryobates minor | 70 | | [[File:PicoidesMinorBack.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dryobates]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[:d:Q237670|Q237670]] | [[Porzana pusilla]] | Zapornia pusilla | 69 | | [[File:Baillon's Crake in Baruipur February 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zapornia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[:d:Q27232|Q27232]] | [[Calidris minuta]] | Calidris minuta | 69 | | [[File:Little Stint (Calidris minuta) (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[:d:Q27112|Q27112]] | [[Tytonidae]] | Tytonidae | 69 | | [[File:Ceylon Bay Owl1 Abhilash Arjunan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strigiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[:d:Q19401|Q19401]] | [[Phalacrocorax]] | Phalacrocorax | 69 | | [[File:Great Cormorant is a beautiful bird, crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phalacrocoracidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[:d:Q190342|Q190342]] | [[Gavia immer]] | Gavia immer | 69 | | [[File:Gavia immer -Minocqua, Wisconsin, USA -swimming-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[:d:Q187958|Q187958]] | [[Pygoscelis adeliae]] | Pygoscelis adeliae | 69 | | [[File:Adeliepinguin-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pygoscelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[:d:Q26407|Q26407]] | [[Buteo lagopus]] | Buteo lagopus | 69 | | [[File:Buteo lagopus 29283.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Buteo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[:d:Q205477|Q205477]] | [[Ara ararauna]] | Ara ararauna | 69 | | [[File:Ara ararauna (Costa Rica).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[:d:Q192524|Q192524]] | [[Serinus canaria]] | Serinus canaria | 69 | | [[File:Serinus canaria -Parque Rural del Nublo, Gran Canaria, Spain -male-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Serinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[:d:Q26969|Q26969]] | [[Lullula arborea]] | Lullula arborea | 69 | | [[File:Lullula arborea (Ján Svetlík).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lullula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[:d:Q26641|Q26641]] | [[Turdus torquatus]] | Turdus torquatus | 69 | | [[File:2015-04-20 Turdus torquatus torquatus Cairngorm 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]]<br/>[[Merula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[:d:Q143313|Q143313]] | [[Anthus trivialis]] | Anthus trivialis | 69 | | [[File:2015-04-21 Anthus trivialis, Abernethy Forest 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[:d:Q178702|Q178702]] | [[Lagopus lagopus]] | Lagopus lagopus | 68 | | [[File:Lagopus lagopus - adult (Denali, 2010).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[:d:Q28103|Q28103]] | [[Tringa erythropus]] | Tringa erythropus | 68 | | [[File:Dunkler Wasserläufer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tringa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[:d:Q58921|Q58921]] | [[Calidris temminckii]] | Calidris temminckii | 68 | | [[File:Temminck's Stint in Bakkhali September 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[:d:Q18855|Q18855]] | [[Charadrius alexandrinus]] | Charadrius alexandrinus | 68 | | [[File:Charadrius alexandrinus - Kentish Plover 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadrius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[:d:Q26675|Q26675]] | [[Morus bassanus]] | Morus bassanus | 68 | | [[File:2015-06-22 Morus bassanus on Bass Rock 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[:d:Q174466|Q174466]] | [[Aegolius funereus]] | Aegolius funereus | 68 | | [[File:Aegolius-funereus-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aegolius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[:d:Q208763|Q208763]] | [[Threskiornis aethiopicus]] | Threskiornis aethiopicus | 68 | | [[File:Threskiornis aethiopicus -Mida Creek mud flats, Kenya-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Threskiornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[:d:Q26680|Q26680]] | [[Branta leucopsis]] | Branta leucopsis | 68 | | [[File:Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Branta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[:d:Q244350|Q244350]] | [[Netta rufina]] | Netta rufina | 68 | | [[File:Netta rufina - Jona (SG) Stampf 2011-04-24 15-55-58.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Netta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[:d:Q44245|Q44245]] | [[Coraciidae]] | Coraciidae | 68 | | [[File:Coracias garrulus - European roller 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coraciiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[:d:Q220328|Q220328]] | [[Psittacus erithacus]] | Psittacus erithacus | 68 | | [[File:Perroquet à Yampopo Beach - Douala.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Psittacus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[:d:Q191386|Q191386]] | [[Pyrrhocorax graculus]] | Pyrrhocorax graculus | 68 | | [[File:Alpine Chough by Jim Higham.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pyrrhocorax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[:d:Q207831|Q207831]] | [[Lophophanes cristatus]] | Lophophanes cristatus | 68 | | [[File:Lophophanes cristatus - 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lophophanes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[:d:Q152144|Q152144]] | [[Monticola solitarius]] | Monticola solitarius | 68 | | [[File:Monticola solitarius 29-August-2015.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monticola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[:d:Q19172|Q19172]] | [[Tinamidae]] | Tinamidae | 67 | | [[File:Stavenn Eudromia elegans 00.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tinamiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[:d:Q205930|Q205930]] | [[Lagopus muta]] | Lagopus muta | 67 | | [[File:Lagopus muta2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[:d:Q28449|Q28449]] | [[Charadriidae]] | Charadriidae | 67 | | [[File:Ringed Plover (8899210257).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[:d:Q205323|Q205323]] | [[Stercorariidae]] | Stercorariidae | 67 | | [[File:Stercorarius pomarinusPCCA20070623-3985B.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | [[ave marin]]<br/>[[piscivore]] | [[Charadriiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[:d:Q26125|Q26125]] | [[Caprimulgiformes]] | Caprimulgiformes | 67 | | [[File:Caprimulgus macrurus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cypselomorphae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[:d:Q28355|Q28355]] | [[Tringa stagnatilis]] | Tringa stagnatilis | 67 | | [[File:Tringa stagnatilis 2 - Laem Pak Bia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tringa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[:d:Q62345|Q62345]] | [[Calidris ferruginea]] | Calidris ferruginea | 67 | | [[File:Calidris ferruginea (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[:d:Q21148|Q21148]] | [[Pluvialis apricaria]] | Pluvialis apricaria | 67 | | [[File:.00 3155 Goldregenpfeifer (Pluvialis apricaria).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pluvialis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[:d:Q321267|Q321267]] | [[Alpine Swift]] | Tachymarptis melba | 67 | | [[File:Alpine. Swift at kattampally.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tachymarptis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[:d:Q26612|Q26612]] | [[Rissa tridactyla]] | Rissa tridactyla | 67 | | [[File:Black-legged-Kittiwake.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rissa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | [[:d:Q191394|Q191394]] | [[Ardeola ralloides]] | Ardeola ralloides | 67 | | [[File:Papa-ratos-PE do Cocó-Levi Adriano Dias(002).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardeola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | [[:d:Q27102|Q27102]] | [[Alca torda]] | Alca torda | 67 | | [[File:Razorbill with a nice catch.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | [[:d:Q189193|Q189193]] | [[Pinguinus impennis]] | Pinguinus impennis | 67 | | [[File:Alca impennisAMF064LB.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Pinguinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[:d:Q193192|Q193192]] | [[Surnia ulula]] | Surnia ulula | 67 | | [[File:Surnia-ulula-002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Surnia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | [[:d:Q214264|Q214264]] | [[Anas]] | Anas | 67 | | [[File:Female mallard nest - natures pics edit2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anatinae]]<br/>[[Anatini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | [[:d:Q232523|Q232523]] | [[Clanga pomarina]] | Clanga pomarina | 67 | | [[File:Aquila pomarina orlik krzykliwyAM.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Clanga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | [[:d:Q26696|Q26696]] | [[Somateria mollissima]] | Somateria mollissima | 67 | | [[File:Common eider female at Jones Beach (04713).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Somateria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 321 | [[:d:Q26961|Q26961]] | [[Emberiza schoeniclus]] | Emberiza schoeniclus | 67 | | [[File:2014-06-01 Emberiza schoeniclus, Swallow Pond, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 322 | [[:d:Q208060|Q208060]] | [[Psittacula krameri]] | Psittacula krameri | 67 | | [[File:African Rose-ringed Parakeet, Tamanrasset, Algeria 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Psittacula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 323 | [[:d:Q46143|Q46143]] | [[Carpodacus erythrinus]] | Carpodacus erythrinus | 67 | | [[File:Carpodacus erythrinus 20060623.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Carpodacus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 324 | [[:d:Q26671|Q26671]] | [[Lanius collurio]] | Lanius collurio | 67 | | [[File:Lanius collurio - Red-backed shrike 09.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lanius]] | [[pie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 325 | [[:d:Q187014|Q187014]] | [[Sylviidae]] | Sylviidae | 67 | | [[File:Tallareta vulgar 01 (Sylvia communis).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sylvioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 326 | [[:d:Q643836|Q643836]] | [[Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax]] | Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax | 67 | | [[File:Alpenkrähe-Pyrrhocorax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pyrrhocorax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 327 | [[:d:Q241499|Q241499]] | [[Ficedula parva]] | Ficedula parva | 67 | | [[File:Ficedula parva мухоловка мала.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ficedula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 328 | [[:d:Q213827|Q213827]] | [[Musophagidae]] | Musophagidae | 66 | | [[File:Corythaixoides leucogaster -Kambi ya Tembo, Tanzania -female-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musophagiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 329 | [[:d:Q21949185|Q21949185]] | [[Leucogeranus leucogeranus]] | Leucogeranus leucogeranus | 66 | | [[File:Schneekranich Grus leucogeranus 090501 We 147.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leucogeranus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 330 | [[:d:Q241753|Q241753]] | [[Chlidonias leucopterus]] | Chlidonias leucopterus | 66 | | [[File:Chlidonias leucopterus Mai Po.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chlidonias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 331 | [[:d:Q191968|Q191968]] | [[Ectopistes migratorius]] | Ectopistes migratorius | 66 | | [[File:Bird lore (1913) (14562557107).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ectopistes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 332 | [[:d:Q242851|Q242851]] | [[Cairina moschata]] | Cairina moschata | 66 | | [[File:Muskovy duck (Cairina moschata).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cairina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 333 | [[:d:Q191155|Q191155]] | [[Glaucidium passerinum]] | Glaucidium passerinum | 66 | | [[File:Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum) Białowieza.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glaucidium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 334 | [[:d:Q211601|Q211601]] | [[Ploceidae]] | Ploceidae | 66 | | [[File:Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus)- Male W IMG 0709.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 335 | [[:d:Q200646|Q200646]] | [[Mergellus albellus]] | Mergellus albellus | 66 | | [[File:Mergellus albellus, Killingworth Lake, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mergellus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 336 | [[:d:Q26603|Q26603]] | [[Cygnus columbianus]] | Cygnus columbianus | 66 | | [[File:Cygnus bewickii 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cygnus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 337 | [[:d:Q194240|Q194240]] | [[Passeri]] | Passeri | 66 | | [[File:Eastern yellow robin (Victoria, Australia 2008).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupasseres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 338 | [[:d:Q27220|Q27220]] | [[Emberiza calandra]] | Emberiza calandra | 66 | | [[File:Miliaria calandra-Corn Bunting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 339 | [[:d:Q180835|Q180835]] | [[Acrocephalus arundinaceus]] | Acrocephalus arundinaceus | 66 | | [[File:Drosselrohrsänger Great reed warbler.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 340 | [[:d:Q201106|Q201106]] | [[Picus canus]] | Picus canus | 66 | | [[File:Grey-headed Woodpecker - Italy S4E5692.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Picus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 341 | [[:d:Q27239|Q27239]] | [[Phylloscopus trochilus]] | Phylloscopus trochilus | 66 | | [[File:Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 342 | [[:d:Q184508|Q184508]] | [[Lanius excubitor]] | Lanius excubitor | 66 | | [[File:Great Grey Shrike in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lanius]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 343 | [[:d:Q192817|Q192817]] | [[Panurus biarmicus]] | Panurus biarmicus | 66 | | [[File:Bartmeise(Cropped) by Wolfram Riech.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Panurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 344 | [[:d:Q187902|Q187902]] | [[Porphyrio porphyrio]] | Porphyrio porphyrio | 65 | | [[File:Purpurhuhn.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Porphyrio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 345 | [[:d:Q233616|Q233616]] | [[Chlidonias hybrida]] | Chlidonias hybrida | 65 | | [[File:Chlidonias hybrida 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chlidonias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 346 | [[:d:Q18834|Q18834]] | [[Gelochelidon nilotica]] | Gelochelidon nilotica | 65 | | [[File:Gelochelidon nilotica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gelochelidon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 347 | [[:d:Q233684|Q233684]] | [[Buteo rufinus]] | Buteo rufinus | 65 | | [[File:Long-legged Buzzard (24521858347).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Buteo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 348 | [[:d:Q192705|Q192705]] | [[Sarcoramphus papa]] | Sarcoramphus papa | 65 | | [[File:Sarcoramphus papa -National Zoo -Washington -USA-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sarcoramphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 349 | [[:d:Q28486|Q28486]] | [[Emberizidae]] | Emberizidae | 65 | | [[File:2014-06-01 Emberiza schoeniclus, Swallow Pond, Northumberland 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 350 | [[:d:Q234722|Q234722]] | [[Aquila fasciata]] | Aquila fasciata | 65 | | [[File:Bonelli's Eagle.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aquila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 351 | [[:d:Q201300|Q201300]] | [[Melanitta fusca]] | Melanitta fusca | 65 | | [[File:Velvet Scoter, Eyebrook Reservoir, Leics.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melanitta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 352 | [[:d:Q274179|Q274179]] | [[Alopochen aegyptiaca]] | Alopochen aegyptiaca | 65 | | [[File:Egyptian goose (05659).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alopochen]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 353 | [[:d:Q184825|Q184825]] | [[Turdus iliacus]] | Turdus iliacus | 65 | | [[File:Redwing Turdus iliacus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 354 | [[:d:Q206130|Q206130]] | [[Luscinia luscinia]] | Luscinia luscinia | 65 | | [[File:Luscinia luscinia vogelartinfo chris romeiks CHR3635.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Luscinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 355 | [[:d:Q28114227|Q28114227]] | [[Broad-billed Sandpiper]] | Calidris falcinellus | 64 | | [[File:Broad billed sandpiper by Sreedev Puthur.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 356 | [[:d:Q18856|Q18856]] | [[Xenus cinereus]] | Xenus cinereus | 64 | | [[File:Xenus cinereus (Alnus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Xenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 357 | [[:d:Q30944|Q30944]] | [[Streptopelia]] | Streptopelia | 64 | | [[File:Collared Dove, La Gomera, Canary Islands (8525817722).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columbinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 358 | [[:d:Q208004|Q208004]] | [[Phoenicopterus ruber]] | Phoenicopterus ruber | 64 | | [[File:Caribbean Flamingo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoenicopterus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 359 | [[:d:Q191469|Q191469]] | [[Trogonidae]] | Trogonidae | 64 | | [[File:Trogon-viridis-002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Trogoniformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 360 | [[:d:Q191628|Q191628]] | [[Anser erythropus]] | Anser erythropus | 64 | | [[File:Anser erythropus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.14.6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anser]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 361 | [[:d:Q206630|Q206630]] | [[Emberiza hortulana]] | Emberiza hortulana | 64 | | [[File:Ortolan bunting in Sierra de Guara, Aragon, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 362 | [[:d:Q334183|Q334183]] | [[Emberiza melanocephala]] | Emberiza melanocephala | 64 | | [[File:28-090504-black-headed-bunting-at-first-layby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 363 | [[:d:Q167230|Q167230]] | [[Tichodroma muraria]] | Tichodroma muraria | 64 | | [[File:Tichodrome échelette Tichodroma muraria aDSC 1009 (50997238804).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tichodroma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 364 | [[:d:Q26956|Q26956]] | [[Anthus pratensis]] | Anthus pratensis | 64 | | [[File:Meadow-Pipit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 365 | [[:d:Q27171|Q27171]] | [[Gallinago media]] | Gallinago media | 63 | | [[File:Gallinago media kilnsea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gallinago]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 366 | [[:d:Q26629|Q26629]] | [[Larus marinus]] | Larus marinus | 63 | | [[File:Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 367 | [[:d:Q512737|Q512737]] | [[Leptoptilos crumeniferus]] | Leptoptilos crumenifer | 63 | | [[File:Leptoptilos crumeniferus -near Kwara Camp, North-West District, Botswana-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ciconiidae]] | [[Leptoptilos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 368 | [[:d:Q190083|Q190083]] | [[Strix uralensis]] | Strix uralensis | 63 | | [[File:2012-11-01 Ural Owl, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 369 | [[:d:Q20977|Q20977]] | [[Upupidae]] | Upupidae | 63 | | [[File:Hoopoe100.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Bucerotiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 370 | [[:d:Q205938|Q205938]] | [[Certhiidae]] | Certhiidae | 63 | | [[File:Certhia-americana-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 371 | [[:d:Q214137|Q214137]] | [[Indicatoridae]] | Indicatoridae | 63 | | [[File:Wahlberg's Honeyguide (Prodotiscus regulus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Piciformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 372 | [[:d:Q27434|Q27434]] | [[Melanitta nigra]] | Melanitta nigra | 63 | | [[File:Männliche Trauerente (Melanitta nigra) - Spiekeroog, Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melanitta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 373 | [[:d:Q213216|Q213216]] | [[Eurasian Crag Martin]] | Ptyonoprogne rupestris | 63 | | [[File:Ptyonoprogne rupestris -Europe-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ptyonoprogne]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 374 | [[:d:Q159080|Q159080]] | [[Acrocephalus scirpaceus]] | Acrocephalus scirpaceus | 63 | | [[File:Eurasian Reed Warbler.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 375 | [[:d:Q155869|Q155869]] | [[Saxicola rubetra]] | Saxicola rubetra | 63 | | [[File:Saxicola rubetra poklaskwa AM.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Saxicola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 376 | [[:d:Q207838|Q207838]] | [[Poecile palustris]] | Poecile palustris | 63 | | [[File:Sumpfmeise im NSG Hirschacker und Dossenwald 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecile]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 377 | [[:d:Q201240|Q201240]] | [[Tetraoninae]] | Tetraoninae | 62 | | [[File:SageGrouse21.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phasianidae]]<br/>[[Galliformes]]<br/>[[Phasianinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 378 | [[:d:Q2576337|Q2576337]] | [[Struthio]] | Struthio | 62 | | [[File:Couple autruche eco-ferme lokoli a sinemantiali.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Struthionidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 379 | [[:d:Q28078|Q28078]] | [[Columbiformes]] | Columbiformes | 62 | | [[File:Witvleugduif.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | [[Columbimorphae]] | [[Columbimorphae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 380 | [[:d:Q206840|Q206840]] | [[Phalaropus lobatus]] | Phalaropus lobatus | 62 | | [[File:Phalaropus lobatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phalaropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 381 | [[:d:Q203053|Q203053]] | [[Stercorarius parasiticus]] | Stercorarius parasiticus | 62 | | [[File:2021-07-11 Parasitic jaeger chick.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stercorarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 382 | [[:d:Q180691|Q180691]] | [[Coliidae]] | Coliidae | 62 | | [[File:Colius striatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coliiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 383 | [[:d:Q180360|Q180360]] | [[Pelecanus philippensis]] | Pelecanus philippensis | 62 | | [[File:Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) with nesting material W IMG 2806.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pelecanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 384 | [[:d:Q244813|Q244813]] | [[Spheniscus demersus]] | Spheniscus demersus | 62 | | [[File:Pingüino de El Cabo (Spheniscus demersus), Playa de Boulders, Simon's Town, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-23, DD 11.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Spheniscidae]] | [[Spheniscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 385 | [[:d:Q194314|Q194314]] | [[Gymnogyps californianus]] | Gymnogyps californianus | 62 | | [[File:California-Condor3-Szmurlo edit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gymnogyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 386 | [[:d:Q715710|Q715710]] | [[Accipiter badius]] | Accipiter badius | 62 | | [[File:Shikra1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipiter]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 387 | [[:d:Q187852|Q187852]] | [[Branta ruficollis]] | Branta ruficollis | 62 | | [[File:Brantha ruficollis In Taimyr Reserve.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Branta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 388 | [[:d:Q27471|Q27471]] | [[Regulus ignicapillus]] | Regulus ignicapilla | 62 | | [[File:Regulus ignicapilla Frank Vassen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Regulus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 389 | [[:d:Q193593|Q193593]] | [[Certhia familiaris]] | Certhia familiaris | 62 | | [[File:Certhia familiaris 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Certhia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 390 | [[:d:Q193337|Q193337]] | [[Nestor notabilis]] | Nestor notabilis | 62 | | [[File:Kea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nestor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 391 | [[:d:Q328982|Q328982]] | [[Luscinia]] | Luscinia | 62 | | [[File:Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) (25936816473).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Saxicolinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 392 | [[:d:Q27442|Q27442]] | [[Ficedula hypoleuca]] | Ficedula hypoleuca | 62 | | [[File:Ficedula hypoleuca -Wood of Cree Nature Reserve, Scotland -male-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ficedula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 393 | [[:d:Q110257516|Q110257516]] | [[Curruca communis]] | Curruca communis | 62 | | [[File:Dorngrasmücke im Geo-Naturpark Bergstraße-Odenwald.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Curruca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 394 | [[:d:Q19168|Q19168]] | [[Neognathae]] | Neognathae | 61 | | [[File:House sparrow (Passer domesticus) male 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neornithes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 395 | [[:d:Q145854|Q145854]] | [[Burhinidae]] | Burhinidae | 61 | | [[File:Burhinus grallarius - AndrewMercer IMG27414.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 396 | [[:d:Q208492|Q208492]] | [[Sulidae]] | Sulidae | 61 | | [[File:Brown booby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suliformes]]<br/>[[Pelecaniformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 397 | [[:d:Q1887740|Q1887740]] | [[Larus]] | Larus | 61 | | [[File:00 0946 Möwe im Flug.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Laridae]]<br/>[[Larinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 398 | [[:d:Q202504|Q202504]] | [[Charadrius morinellus]] | Charadrius morinellus | 61 | | [[File:Charadrius morinellus male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadrius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 399 | [[:d:Q311761|Q311761]] | [[Fratercula]] | Fratercula | 61 | | [[File:Puffin002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alcidae]]<br/>[[Fraterculini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 400 | [[:d:Q27215|Q27215]] | [[Chlidonias niger]] | Chlidonias niger | 61 | | [[File:Chlidonias niger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chlidonias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 401 | [[:d:Q147403|Q147403]] | [[Haliaeetus]] | Haliaeetus | 61 | | [[File:Adult White-tailed Eagle defending prey, Rezerwat Gostynin-Wloclawek, Poland.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 402 | [[:d:Q235152|Q235152]] | [[Buteo]] | Buteo | 61 | | [[File:Buteo buteo -Netherlands-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitridae]]<br/>[[Buteoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 403 | [[:d:Q6471715|Q6471715]] | [[Ciconia]] | Ciconia | 61 | | [[File:White Stork-Mindaugas Urbonas-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ciconiini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 404 | [[:d:Q27236|Q27236]] | [[Acrocephalus schoenobaenus]] | Acrocephalus schoenobaenus | 61 | | [[File:Acrocephalus schoenobaenus -Sweden-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 405 | [[:d:Q243761|Q243761]] | [[Ara macao]] | Ara macao | 61 | | [[File:Ara macao -Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 406 | [[:d:Q210418|Q210418]] | [[Picoides tridactylus]] | Picoides tridactylus | 61 | | [[File:Three-toed Woodpecker - Finlandia 0005 (3).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Picoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 407 | [[:d:Q27226|Q27226]] | [[Anthus campestris]] | Anthus campestris | 61 | | [[File:Anthus campestris-3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 408 | [[:d:Q110257504|Q110257504]] | [[Curruca curruca]] | Curruca curruca | 61 | | [[File:Klappergrasmücke (Curruca curruca) 3, Filey, North Yorkshire.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Curruca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 409 | [[:d:Q1869243|Q1869243]] | [[Coturnix]] | Coturnix | 60 | | [[File:Coturnix coturnix (Lmbuga).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Perdicinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 410 | [[:d:Q270680|Q270680]] | [[Porzana parva]] | Zapornia parva | 60 | | [[File:Porzana parva (50).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zapornia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 411 | [[:d:Q254636|Q254636]] | [[Pavo muticus]] | Pavo muticus | 60 | | [[File:Green Peafowl - Baluran NP - East Java MG 7995 (29726908551).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pavo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 412 | [[:d:Q207767|Q207767]] | [[Procellariidae]] | Procellariidae | 60 | | [[File:Damier du Cap - Cape Petrel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procellariiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 413 | [[:d:Q3758978|Q3758978]] | [[Gavia]] | Gavia | 60 | | [[File:PacificLoon24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[water bird]] | [[Gaviidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 414 | [[:d:Q244319|Q244319]] | [[Microcarbo pygmeus]] | Microcarbo pygmaeus | 60 | | [[File:Microcarbo pygmaeus - Pygmy cormorant.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Microcarbo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 415 | [[:d:Q276189|Q276189]] | [[Ichthyaetus melanocephalus]] | Ichthyaetus melanocephalus | 60 | | [[File:2013-08-01 Ichthyaetus melanocephalus, Brierdene, Whitley Bay, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichthyaetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 416 | [[:d:Q116686|Q116686]] | [[Spilopelia chinensis]] | Spilopelia chinensis | 60 | | [[File:Spilopelia chinensis Zhengzhou 20210607.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilopelia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 417 | [[:d:Q164467|Q164467]] | [[Hydrocoloeus minutus]] | Hydrocoloeus minutus | 60 | | [[File:Bird Yyterin lietteet 4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrocoloeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 418 | [[:d:Q208714|Q208714]] | [[Pelecanus occidentalis]] | Pelecanus occidentalis | 60 | | [[File:Brown Pelican21K.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pelecanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 419 | [[:d:Q200724|Q200724]] | [[Strix nebulosa]] | Strix nebulosa | 60 | | [[File:Strix nebulosa CT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 420 | [[:d:Q203628|Q203628]] | [[Eudyptula minor]] | Eudyptula minor | 60 | | [[File:Eudyptula minor Bruny 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudyptula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 421 | [[:d:Q20740|Q20740]] | [[Bucerotiformes]] | Bucerotiformes | 60 | | [[File:Buceros bicornis -Köln Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Picocoraciae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 422 | [[:d:Q27050|Q27050]] | [[Branta bernicla]] | Branta bernicla | 60 | | [[File:Branta bernicla bernicla Norfolk 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Branta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 423 | [[:d:Q241399|Q241399]] | [[Oxyura leucocephala]] | Oxyura leucocephala | 60 | | [[File:Oxyura leucocephala, Clot-de-Galvany, Alicante 16.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oxyura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 424 | [[:d:Q20754771|Q20754771]] | [[Redpoll]] | Acanthis flammea | 60 | | [[File:Acanthis flammea, Kotka, Finland 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acanthis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 425 | [[:d:Q207290|Q207290]] | [[Dendrocopos leucotos]] | Dendrocopos leucotos | 60 | | [[File:Dendrocopos leucotos 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocopos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 426 | [[:d:Q207249|Q207249]] | [[Eremophila alpestris]] | Eremophila alpestris | 60 | | [[File:Eremophila alpestris flava, Blyth 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eremophila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 427 | [[:d:Q460967|Q460967]] | [[Turdus migratorius]] | Turdus migratorius | 60 | | [[File:American robin (71307).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 428 | [[:d:Q213536|Q213536]] | [[Megapodiidae]] | Megapodiidae | 59 | | [[File:Australian Brush turkey2.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 429 | [[:d:Q194043|Q194043]] | [[Alectoris chukar]] | Alectoris chukar | 59 | | [[File:Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) (39660989151).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alectoris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 430 | [[:d:Q335992|Q335992]] | [[Balearica regulorum]] | Balearica regulorum | 59 | | [[File:Balearica regulorum regulorum, South Africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balearica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 431 | [[:d:Q208335|Q208335]] | [[Phalaropus fulicarius]] | Phalaropus fulicarius | 59 | | [[File:Grey Phalarope.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phalaropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 432 | [[:d:Q18865|Q18865]] | [[Pluvialis fulva]] | Pluvialis fulva | 59 | | [[File:Pacific Golden Plover - March 4, 2025.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pluvialis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 433 | [[:d:Q207760|Q207760]] | [[Stercorarius skua]] | Stercorarius skua | 59 | | [[File:GreatSkuaInWater.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stercorarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 434 | [[:d:Q203472|Q203472]] | [[Fregata]] | Fregata | 59 | | [[File:Fregata magnificens Islas Galápagos.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fregatidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 435 | [[:d:Q27547|Q27547]] | [[Thalasseus sandvicensis]] | Thalasseus sandvicensis | 59 | | [[File:2020-07-18 Thalasseus sandvicensis, St Marys Island, Northumberland 05.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Thalasseus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 436 | [[:d:Q389505|Q389505]] | [[Larus cachinnans]] | Larus cachinnans | 59 | | [[File:Larus cachinnans 3 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 437 | [[:d:Q213021|Q213021]] | [[Pygoscelis papua]] | Pygoscelis papua | 59 | | [[File:"0 0578 Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis) - Antarctic Peninsula.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pygoscelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 438 | [[:d:Q21062|Q21062]] | [[Uria aalge]] | Uria aalge | 59 | | [[File:Guillemot (Uria aalge) in flight.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Uria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 439 | [[:d:Q271462|Q271462]] | [[Haliaeetus leucoryphus]] | Haliaeetus leucoryphus | 59 | | [[File:Pallas's Fish Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucoryphus) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haliaeetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 440 | [[:d:Q208710|Q208710]] | [[Locustella naevia]] | Locustella naevia | 59 | | [[File:Grashoppsangare-070512.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Locustella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 441 | [[:d:Q193807|Q193807]] | [[Anthus]] | Anthus | 59 | | [[File:Wiesenpieper Anthus pratensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Motacillidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 442 | [[:d:Q241347|Q241347]] | [[Anthus cervinus]] | Anthus cervinus | 59 | | [[File:Anthus cervinus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 443 | [[:d:Q273067|Q273067]] | [[Remiz pendulinus]] | Remiz pendulinus | 59 | | [[File:Remiz pendulinus (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Remiz]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 444 | [[:d:Q19166|Q19166]] | [[Palaeognathae]] | Palaeognathae | 58 | | [[File:Double-Wattled Cassowary (Casuarius bicarunculatus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[ave]]<br/>[[Neornithes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 445 | [[:d:Q840849|Q840849]] | [[Struthioniformes]] | Struthioniformes | 58 | | [[File:Avestruz de cuello azul (Struthio camelus australis), cabo de Buena Esparanza, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-23, DD 87.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Palaeognathae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 446 | [[:d:Q213036|Q213036]] | [[Mellisuga helenae]] | Mellisuga helenae | 58 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellisuga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 447 | [[:d:Q47549|Q47549]] | [[Grus]] | Grus | 58 | | [[File:Common crane grus grus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gruidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 448 | [[:d:Q335113|Q335113]] | [[Chrysolophus pictus]] | Chrysolophus pictus | 58 | | [[File:Golden Pheasant, Tangjiahe Nature Reserve.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysolophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 449 | [[:d:Q183364|Q183364]] | [[Cuculiformes]] | Cuculiformes | 58 | | [[File:Chestnut-breasted Malkoha2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otidimorphae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 450 | [[:d:Q232906|Q232906]] | [[Grus japonensis]] | Grus japonensis | 58 | | [[File:Grus japonensis 102480624.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Grus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 451 | [[:d:Q215166|Q215166]] | [[Numenius]] | Numenius | 58 | | [[File:2020-01-02 Curlew Numenius arquata, River Tyne at Elswick, Northumberland.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scolopacidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 452 | [[:d:Q379761|Q379761]] | [[Balearica pavonina]] | Balearica pavonina | 58 | | [[File:Венценосный журавль I.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balearica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 453 | [[:d:Q212767|Q212767]] | [[Stercorarius pomarinus]] | Stercorarius pomarinus | 58 | | [[File:Pomarine Skua ( Stercorarius pomarinus ) Adult summer ... Coatham Sands , Redcar (53247051024).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stercorarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 454 | [[:d:Q241515|Q241515]] | [[Strix]] | Strix | 58 | | [[File:Tawny Owl (4003694892).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strigidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 455 | [[:d:Q208328|Q208328]] | [[Gavia adamsii]] | Gavia adamsii | 58 | | [[File:Yellow-billed Loon Chipp South 8-12-13 Ryan Askren.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 456 | [[:d:Q27375|Q27375]] | [[Larus hyperboreus]] | Larus hyperboreus | 58 | | [[File:Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) with offspring, Liefdefjord, Svalbard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 457 | [[:d:Q213366|Q213366]] | [[Coragyps atratus]] | Coragyps atratus | 58 | | [[File:APA Campos do Jordão-Wdiane(045).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coragyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 458 | [[:d:Q27674|Q27674]] | [[Hippolais icterina]] | Hippolais icterina | 58 | | [[File:Hippolais icterina, Riga, Latvia 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippolais]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 459 | [[:d:Q208703|Q208703]] | [[Calcarius lapponicus]] | Calcarius lapponicus | 58 | | [[File:Calcarius lapponicus (female) 1996-07-25.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calcarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 460 | [[:d:Q271807|Q271807]] | [[Serinus serinus]] | Serinus serinus | 58 | | [[File:Serin cini mars.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Serinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 461 | [[:d:Q27075477|Q27075477]] | [[Wood Warbler]] | Phylloscopus sibilatrix | 58 | | [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 462 | [[:d:Q747686|Q747686]] | [[Oenanthe isabellina]] | Oenanthe isabellina | 58 | | [[File:Isabelline wheatear (Oenanthe isabellina) male, non-breeding.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oenanthe]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 463 | [[:d:Q235057|Q235057]] | [[Monticola saxatilis]] | Monticola saxatilis | 58 | | [[File:Common rock thrush.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monticola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 464 | [[:d:Q214508|Q214508]] | [[Aepyornithidae]] | Aepyornithidae | 57 | | [[File:Aepyornis maximus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aepyornithiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 465 | [[:d:Q192044|Q192044]] | [[Rhea americana]] | Rhea americana | 57 | | [[File:Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) (28234029614).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 466 | [[:d:Q205320|Q205320]] | [[Turnicidae]] | Turnicidae | 57 | | [[File:Turnix sylvatica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 467 | [[:d:Q338996|Q338996]] | [[Afropavo congensis]] | Afropavo congensis | 57 | | [[File:Afropavo congensis -Antwerp Zoo -pair-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Afropavo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 468 | [[:d:Q28114126|Q28114126]] | [[Sarus crane]] | Antigone antigone | 57 | | [[File:Sarus crane (Grus antigone).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antigone]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 469 | [[:d:Q193404|Q193404]] | [[Hydrobatidae]] | Hydrobatidae | 57 | | [[File:European Storm-petrel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procellariiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 470 | [[:d:Q212937|Q212937]] | [[Anseranas semipalmata]] | Anseranas semipalmata | 57 | | [[File:Magpie goose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anseranas]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 471 | [[:d:Q126630|Q126630]] | [[Gyps]] | Gyps | 57 | | [[File:Gyps fulvus - 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitridae]]<br/>[[Aegypiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 472 | [[:d:Q83020448|Q83020448]] | [[Gulosus aristotelis]] | Gulosus aristotelis | 57 | | [[File:Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 473 | [[:d:Q26896|Q26896]] | [[Fulmarus glacialis]] | Fulmarus glacialis | 57 | | [[File:Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) on water.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fulmarus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 474 | [[:d:Q602496|Q602496]] | [[Anastomus oscitans]] | Anastomus oscitans | 57 | | [[File:Anastomus oscitans - Bueng Boraphet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anastomus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 475 | [[:d:Q206668|Q206668]] | [[Spheniscus mendiculus]] | Spheniscus mendiculus | 57 | | [[File:Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) -Isabela2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spheniscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 476 | [[:d:Q224151|Q224151]] | [[Spheniscus humboldti]] | Spheniscus humboldti | 57 | | [[File:Spheniscus humboldti (54905367722).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spheniscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 477 | [[:d:Q27461|Q27461]] | [[Hydrobates pelagicus]] | Hydrobates pelagicus | 57 | | [[File:Hydrobates pelagicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrobates]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 478 | [[:d:Q44327|Q44327]] | [[Ciconia episcopus]] | Ciconia episcopus | 57 | | [[File:White necked stork (Ciconia episcopus) 21-Mar-2007 7-37-51 AM 21-Mar-2007 7-37-52.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ciconia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 479 | [[:d:Q431212|Q431212]] | [[Spilornis cheela]] | Spilornis cheela | 57 | | [[File:Crested Sperpent Eagle 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 480 | [[:d:Q27227|Q27227]] | [[Elanus caeruleus]] | Elanus caeruleus | 57 | | [[File:Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) in Kawal WS, AP W IMG 1681.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Elanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 481 | [[:d:Q209419|Q209419]] | [[Anser brachyrhynchus]] | Anser brachyrhynchus | 57 | | [[File:2019-03-25 Anser brachyrhynchus, Killingworth Lake, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anser]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 482 | [[:d:Q207107|Q207107]] | [[Cacatua galerita]] | Cacatua galerita | 57 | | [[File:Cacatua galerita Tas 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cacatua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 483 | [[:d:Q208940|Q208940]] | [[Bombycilla]] | Bombycilla | 57 | | [[File:Bohemian Wax Wing.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bombycillidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 484 | [[:d:Q214096|Q214096]] | [[Menura]] | Menura | 57 | | [[File:Lantfarku.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Menuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 485 | [[:d:Q459267|Q459267]] | [[Pharomachrus mocinno]] | Pharomachrus mocinno | 57 | | [[File:Pharomachrus mocinno 189344785.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pharomachrus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 486 | [[:d:Q477133|Q477133]] | [[Coracias benghalensis]] | Coracias benghalensis | 57 | | [[File:Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis)2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coracias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 487 | [[:d:Q232768|Q232768]] | [[Buceros bicornis]] | Buceros bicornis | 57 | | [[File:Great Hornbill Goa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Buceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 488 | [[:d:Q239393|Q239393]] | [[Lanius minor]] | Lanius minor | 57 | | [[File:Lesser Grey Shrike by Daniel Bastaja.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lanius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 489 | [[:d:Q208707|Q208707]] | [[Anthus spinoletta]] | Anthus spinoletta | 57 | | [[File:Anthus spinoletta - Water Pipit, Kahramanmaraş 2016-11-18 01-10.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 490 | [[:d:Q266761|Q266761]] | [[Copsychus saularis]] | Copsychus saularis | 57 | | [[File:Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis)- Male at Kolkata I IMG 3003.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Copsychus]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 491 | [[:d:Q466200|Q466200]] | [[Passer hispaniolensis]] | Passer hispaniolensis | 57 | | [[File:Passer hispaniolensis -Canary Islands, Spain -female-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passer]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 492 | [[:d:Q27043839|Q27043839]] | [[King Quail]] | Synoicus chinensis | 56 | | [[File:Synoicus chinensis chinensis, Tanglin, Singapore 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Synoicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 493 | [[:d:Q216921|Q216921]] | [[Stercorarius longicaudus]] | Stercorarius longicaudus | 56 | | [[File:Long-tailed Skua (js) 26.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stercorarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 494 | [[:d:Q457267|Q457267]] | [[Sula nebouxii]] | Sula nebouxii | 56 | | [[File:Alcatraz Patiazul.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 495 | [[:d:Q310853|Q310853]] | [[Ardea]] | Ardea | 56 | | [[File:Goliath Heron, Ardea goliath at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauten (43682842260).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardeinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 496 | [[:d:Q476356|Q476356]] | [[Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus]] | Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus | 56 | | [[File:Larus ichthyaetus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichthyaetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 497 | [[:d:Q242369|Q242369]] | [[Phoeniconaias minor]] | Phoeniconaias minor | 56 | | [[File:Flamingo in Amboseli National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoeniconaias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 498 | [[:d:Q652151|Q652151]] | [[Scopus umbretta]] | Scopus umbretta | 56 | | [[File:Hamerkop standing in a stream in Zambia.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 499 | [[:d:Q290871|Q290871]] | [[Chlamydotis undulata]] | Chlamydotis undulata | 56 | | [[File:Houbara035.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chlamydotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 500 | [[:d:Q605804|Q605804]] | [[Caloenas nicobarica]] | Caloenas nicobarica | 56 | | [[File:Caloenas nicobarica, Ko Miang, Thailand 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caloenas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 501 | [[:d:Q206654|Q206654]] | [[Megadyptes antipodes]] | Megadyptes antipodes | 56 | | [[File:Yellow-eyed Penguin MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Megadyptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 502 | [[:d:Q207246|Q207246]] | [[Spheniscus magellanicus]] | Spheniscus magellanicus | 56 | | [[File:Magellanic penguin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spheniscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 503 | [[:d:Q643101|Q643101]] | [[Gyps himalayensis]] | Gyps himalayensis | 56 | | [[File:Himalayan Vulture (by a road) (2926948182).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 504 | [[:d:Q27461190|Q27461190]] | [[Baikal Teal]] | Sibirionetta formosa | 56 | | [[File:Anas.formosa.4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[recombination]] | | [[Sibirionetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 505 | [[:d:Q374141|Q374141]] | [[Aquila rapax]] | Aquila rapax | 56 | | [[File:Aquila rapax Simien Mountains, Ethiopia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aquila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 506 | [[:d:Q31354|Q31354]] | [[Anser cygnoides]] | Anser cygnoides | 56 | | [[File:Anser cygnoides Qiqihar 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[goose]] | [[Anser]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 507 | [[:d:Q253789|Q253789]] | [[Mergus]] | Mergus | 56 | | [[File:Mergus serrator.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mergini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 508 | [[:d:Q27075446|Q27075446]] | [[Eastern Red-rumped Swallow]] | Cecropis daurica | 56 | | [[File:Cecropis daurica, Fufeng County, Baoji, Shaanxi, China 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cecropis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 509 | [[:d:Q337416|Q337416]] | [[Gracula religiosa]] | Gracula religiosa | 56 | | [[File:Common Hill Myna, Satchari NP, Bangladesh 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gracula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 510 | [[:d:Q47501|Q47501]] | [[Ramphastos sulfuratus]] | Ramphastos sulfuratus | 56 | | [[File:Keel billed toucan costa rica (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ramphastos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 511 | [[:d:Q739089|Q739089]] | [[Ara chloropterus]] | Ara chloropterus | 56 | | [[File:189 Red-and-green macaw couple flying in Chapada dos Guimarães National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 512 | [[:d:Q46435|Q46435]] | [[Dicrurus macrocercus]] | Dicrurus macrocercus | 56 | | [[File:Black Drongo in Purulia June 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dicrurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 513 | [[:d:Q214627|Q214627]] | [[Phylloscopus]] | Phylloscopus | 56 | | [[File:BG Phylloscopus sibilatrix 2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 514 | [[:d:Q10965357|Q10965357]] | [[Twite]] | Linaria flavirostris | 56 | | [[File:Carduelis flavirostris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Linaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 515 | [[:d:Q320043|Q320043]] | [[Ceryle rudis]] | Ceryle rudis | 56 | | [[File:Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ceryle]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 516 | [[:d:Q507383|Q507383]] | [[Corvus splendens]] | Corvus splendens | 56 | | [[File:House-Crow444.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 517 | [[:d:Q330318|Q330318]] | [[Phylloscopus inornatus]] | Phylloscopus inornatus | 56 | | [[File:Phylloscopus inornatus 456140817.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 518 | [[:d:Q460229|Q460229]] | [[Phylloscopus trochiloides]] | Phylloscopus trochiloides | 56 | | [[File:Greenish Warbler Sikkim India 11.05.2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 519 | [[:d:Q214281|Q214281]] | [[Perisoreus infaustus]] | Perisoreus infaustus | 56 | | [[File:Siberian Jay Kittila 20100312.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Perisoreus]] | [[jay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 520 | [[:d:Q690826|Q690826]] | [[Ficedula albicollis]] | Ficedula albicollis | 56 | | [[File:Collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ficedula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 521 | [[:d:Q732487|Q732487]] | [[Perdix]] | Perdix | 55 | | [[File:Perdix perdix (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Perdicinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 522 | [[:d:Q217484|Q217484]] | [[Anhimidae]] | Anhimidae | 55 | | [[File:Anhima cornuta -near Manu Wildlife Center, Manu National Park, Peru -three-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anseriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 523 | [[:d:Q213785|Q213785]] | [[Steatornis caripensis]] | Steatornis caripensis | 55 | | [[File:Oilbirds.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Steatornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 524 | [[:d:Q752398|Q752398]] | [[Vanellus indicus]] | Vanellus indicus | 55 | | [[File:Red-wattled Lapwing denoised.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vanellus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 525 | [[:d:Q126643|Q126643]] | [[Pygoscelis antarcticus]] | Pygoscelis antarcticus | 55 | | [[File:A chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) on Deception Island in Antarctica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pygoscelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 526 | [[:d:Q245414|Q245414]] | [[Geronticus eremita]] | Geronticus eremita | 55 | | [[File:Geronticus eremita.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Geronticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 527 | [[:d:Q17970|Q17970]] | [[Jabiru mycteria]] | Jabiru mycteria | 55 | | [[File:Jabiru Mato Grosso Pantanal Brazil-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Jabiru]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 528 | [[:d:Q690813|Q690813]] | [[Somateria]] | Somateria | 55 | | [[File:048 - SPECTACLED EIDER (6-17-2016) barrow, alaska -05 (27890171860).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anatinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 529 | [[:d:Q269896|Q269896]] | [[Haliaeetus pelagicus]] | Haliaeetus pelagicus | 55 | | [[File:Haliaeetus pelagicus (Rausu, Japan).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haliaeetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 530 | [[:d:Q645755|Q645755]] | [[Haliastur indus]] | Haliastur indus | 55 | | [[File:Brahminy Kite in Sundarbans National Park February 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haliastur]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 531 | [[:d:Q114338|Q114338]] | [[Accipiter brevipes]] | Accipiter brevipes | 55 | | [[File:Accipiter brevipes, male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipiter]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 532 | [[:d:Q244432|Q244432]] | [[Cygnus melancoryphus]] | Cygnus melancoryphus | 55 | | [[File:Blackneck swan pair hornopiren chile feb 2010.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cygnus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 533 | [[:d:Q205857|Q205857]] | [[Sittidae]] | Sittidae | 55 | | [[File:Brhlík lesní.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Passeri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 534 | [[:d:Q335535|Q335535]] | [[Emberiza aureola]] | Emberiza aureola | 55 | | [[File:Wiki-simaaoji-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 535 | [[:d:Q210422|Q210422]] | [[Acrocephalus palustris]] | Acrocephalus palustris | 55 | | [[File:Acrocephalus palustris (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 536 | [[:d:Q339517|Q339517]] | [[Loxia]] | Loxia | 55 | | [[File:Loxia curvirostra -Karwendel mountains, Austria.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Carduelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 537 | [[:d:Q470853|Q470853]] | [[Melanocorypha calandra]] | Melanocorypha calandra | 55 | | [[File:Bereşe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melanocorypha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 538 | [[:d:Q719380|Q719380]] | [[Parus]] | Parus | 55 | | [[File:Parus major male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 539 | [[:d:Q736313|Q736313]] | [[Petronia petronia]] | Petronia petronia | 55 | | [[File:Petronia petronia -Ariege, Midi-Pyrenee, France-8-4c.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Petronia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 540 | [[:d:Q104867606|Q104867606]] | [[Curruca nisoria]] | Curruca nisoria | 55 | | [[File:Curruca nisoria 378155893 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Curruca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 541 | [[:d:Q637533|Q637533]] | [[Fulica]] | Fulica | 54 | | [[File:American coot in Prospect Park (06152).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rallidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 542 | [[:d:Q375790|Q375790]] | [[Casuarius casuarius]] | Casuarius casuarius | 54 | | [[File:Double-wattled Cassowary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Casuario|Casuarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 543 | [[:d:Q786045|Q786045]] | [[Gallinago]] | Gallinago | 54 | | [[File:Gallinago gallinago a1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scolopacidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 544 | [[:d:Q18857|Q18857]] | [[Charadrius leschenaultii]] | Charadrius leschenaultii | 54 | | [[File:2024-07-26 Anarhynchus leschenaultii leschenaultii, Newbiggin, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadrius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 545 | [[:d:Q330310|Q330310]] | [[Glareola pratincola]] | Glareola pratincola | 54 | | [[File:Collared pratincole (Glareola pratincola).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glareola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 546 | [[:d:Q391198|Q391198]] | [[Streptopelia senegalensis]] | Spilopelia senegalensis | 54 | | [[File:140 Laughing dove in Twyfelfontein Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilopelia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 547 | [[:d:Q128002|Q128002]] | [[Syrrhaptes paradoxus]] | Syrrhaptes paradoxus | 54 | | [[File:Syrrhapte paradoxal (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Syrrhaptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 548 | [[:d:Q798401|Q798401]] | [[Eudynamys scolopaceus]] | Eudynamys scolopaceus | 54 | | [[File:Asian koel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Koel]]<br/>[[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 549 | [[:d:Q1219291|Q1219291]] | [[Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis]] | Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis | 54 | | [[File:Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis -Kruger National Park, Limpopo, South Africa-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ciconiiformes]] | [[Ephippiorhynchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 550 | [[:d:Q217497|Q217497]] | [[Haliaeetus vocifer]] | Haliaeetus vocifer | 54 | | [[File:African fish eagle just caught fish.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haliaeetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 551 | [[:d:Q331447|Q331447]] | [[Marmaronetta angustirostris]] | Marmaronetta angustirostris | 54 | | [[File:Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris) RWD2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Marmaronetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 552 | [[:d:Q322159|Q322159]] | [[Aix sponsa]] | Aix sponsa | 54 | | [[File:Wood duck druid ridge cemetery 10.10.20 DSC 5487.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Aix]] | [[Aix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 553 | [[:d:Q244284|Q244284]] | [[Dendrocygna javanica]] | Dendrocygna javanica | 54 | | [[File:Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling Duck - Zwergpfeifgans) Weltvogelpark Walsrode 2012-009.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocygna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 554 | [[:d:Q331179|Q331179]] | [[Histrionicus histrionicus]] | Histrionicus histrionicus | 54 | | [[File:Histrionicus histrionicus drake Barnegat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Histrionicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 555 | [[:d:Q614481|Q614481]] | [[Emberiza]] | Emberiza | 54 | | [[File:Goldammer Emberiza citrinella.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberizidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 556 | [[:d:Q751036|Q751036]] | [[Buceros rhinoceros]] | Buceros rhinoceros | 54 | | [[File:Hornbill 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Buceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 557 | [[:d:Q242599|Q242599]] | [[Acrocephalus paludicola]] | Acrocephalus paludicola | 54 | | [[File:Seggenrohrsaenger hand.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 558 | [[:d:Q208334|Q208334]] | [[Prunella collaris]] | Prunella collaris | 54 | | [[File:Alpine accentor saganta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prunella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 559 | [[:d:Q376038|Q376038]] | [[Ramphastos toco]] | Ramphastos toco | 54 | | [[File:006 Toco toucan in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ramphastos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 560 | [[:d:Q463154|Q463154]] | [[Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus]] | Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus | 54 | | [[File:104 Hyacinth macaw with Pink Ipê tree in background in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anodorhynchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 561 | [[:d:Q215603|Q215603]] | [[Ptilonorhynchidae]] | Ptilonorhynchidae | 54 | | [[File:Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Climacterida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 562 | [[:d:Q499290|Q499290]] | [[Montifringilla nivalis]] | Montifringilla nivalis | 54 | | [[File:Montifringilla nivalis Francer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Montifringilla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 563 | [[:d:Q215211|Q215211]] | [[Willow Tit]] | Poecile montanus | 54 | | [[File:Parus atricapillus 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecile]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 564 | [[:d:Q27042|Q27042]] | [[Recurvirostridae]] | Recurvirostridae | 53 | | [[File:Black-necked Stilt.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 565 | [[:d:Q21728|Q21728]] | [[Suliformes]] | Suliformes | 53 | | [[File:Northern Gannet 2006 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[ave marin]] | [[Aequornithes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 566 | [[:d:Q716869|Q716869]] | [[Coturnix japonica]] | Coturnix japonica | 53 | | [[File:Coturnix japonica, Yehliu, Taiwan 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coturnix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 567 | [[:d:Q261445|Q261445]] | [[Grus nigricollis]] | Grus nigricollis | 53 | | [[File:Black necked crane at Hanle.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Grus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 568 | [[:d:Q30838|Q30838]] | [[Calidris]] | Calidris | 53 | | [[File:Purple Sandpiper winter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scolopacidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 569 | [[:d:Q27515|Q27515]] | [[Haematopus]] | Haematopus | 53 | | [[File:American oystercatchers at Fort Tilden (60747).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haematopodidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 570 | [[:d:Q213836|Q213836]] | [[Dromas ardeola]] | Dromas ardeola | 53 | | [[File:Crab plover 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dromas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 571 | [[:d:Q270722|Q270722]] | [[Butorides striata]] | Butorides striata | 53 | | [[File:Butorides striata Garcita rayada Striated Heron (6549356697).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Butorides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 572 | [[:d:Q832329|Q832329]] | [[Otus]] | Otus | 53 | | [[File:Otus bakkamoena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strigidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 573 | [[:d:Q320193|Q320193]] | [[Sula leucogaster]] | Sula leucogaster | 53 | | [[File:Atobá-pardo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 574 | [[:d:Q602084|Q602084]] | [[Sula dactylatra]] | Sula dactylatra | 53 | | [[File:Atobá.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 575 | [[:d:Q279307|Q279307]] | [[Vanellus gregarius]] | Vanellus gregarius | 53 | | [[File:Sociable Lapwing, Korgalzhynskiy, Kazakhstan 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vanellus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 576 | [[:d:Q26902|Q26902]] | [[Anastomus lamelligerus]] | Anastomus lamelligerus | 53 | | [[File:African Openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anastomus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 577 | [[:d:Q467996|Q467996]] | [[Eudocimus ruber]] | Eudocimus ruber | 53 | | [[File:Eudocimus ruber Corocora Scarlet Ibis (6264848783).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudocimus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 578 | [[:d:Q327118|Q327118]] | [[Gyps bengalensis]] | Gyps bengalensis | 53 | | [[File:Gyps bengalensis PLoS.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 579 | [[:d:Q245181|Q245181]] | [[Cathartes aura]] | Cathartes aura | 53 | | [[File:Cathartes aura -Mexico-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cathartes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 580 | [[:d:Q243451|Q243451]] | [[Harpagornis moorei]] | Harpagornis moorei | 53 | | [[File:Canterbury Museum, Christchurch - Joy of Museums - Haast's Eagle.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Harpagornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 581 | [[:d:Q839526|Q839526]] | [[Dicruridae]] | Dicruridae | 53 | | [[File:Black Drongo I IMG 7924.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 582 | [[:d:Q33554|Q33554]] | [[Falco biarmicus]] | Falco biarmicus | 53 | | [[File:Lanner falcon, Falco biarmicus, at Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Northern Cape, South Africa (34447024871).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 583 | [[:d:Q207846|Q207846]] | [[Somateria spectabilis]] | Somateria spectabilis | 53 | | [[File:049 - KING EIDER (6-15-2016) barrow, alaska -06 (27577003883).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Somateria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 584 | [[:d:Q333842|Q333842]] | [[Sturnus]] | Sturnus | 53 | | [[File:Star Sturnus vulgaris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sturnidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 585 | [[:d:Q742292|Q742292]] | [[domestic duck]] | | 53 | | [[File:Witte kwaker.jpg|center|48px]] | [[animal productive]]<br/>[[duck breed]] | [[duck]] | [[Anas platyrhynchos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 586 | [[:d:Q213984|Q213984]] | [[Ara]] | Ara | 53 | | [[File:Ara macao -Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arinae]]<br/>[[Arini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 587 | [[:d:Q217472|Q217472]] | [[Pittidae]] | Pittidae | 53 | | [[File:Pitta brachyura.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tyranni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 588 | [[:d:Q321272|Q321272]] | [[Locustella luscinioides]] | Locustella luscinioides | 53 | | [[File:Rohrschwirl Chiemgau.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Locustella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 589 | [[:d:Q205491|Q205491]] | [[Emberiza cia]] | Emberiza cia | 53 | | [[File:Rock Bunting (Cochem).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 590 | [[:d:Q216855|Q216855]] | [[Emberiza pusilla]] | Emberiza pusilla | 53 | | [[File:Zwergammer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 591 | [[:d:Q31818|Q31818]] | [[Jynx]] | Jynx | 53 | | [[File:Red-throated Wryneck, Jynx ruficollis at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (14897405378).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Jynginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 592 | [[:d:Q210791|Q210791]] | [[Cisticola juncidis]] | Cisticola juncidis | 53 | | [[File:Cisticola juncidis, El Qanater el Khayreyya, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cisticola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 593 | [[:d:Q214571|Q214571]] | [[Pinicola enucleator]] | Pinicola enucleator | 53 | | [[File:Pinicola enucleator, Kotka, Finland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pinicola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 594 | [[:d:Q235052|Q235052]] | [[Lanius senator]] | Lanius senator | 53 | | [[File:Lanius senator01 new.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lanius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 595 | [[:d:Q28915|Q28915]] | [[Oenanthe]] | Oenanthe | 53 | | [[File:Oenanthe oenanthe 01 II.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscicapidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 596 | [[:d:Q726389|Q726389]] | [[Cardinalis cardinalis]] | Cardinalis cardinalis | 53 | | [[File:Cardinal couple - Feb. 2018 (watermark removed).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cardinalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 597 | [[:d:Q725342|Q725342]] | [[Cracidae]] | Cracidae | 52 | | [[File:Crax daubentoni -Philadelphia Zoo -female-8a-4c.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 598 | [[:d:Q162029|Q162029]] | [[Lagopus]] | Lagopus | 52 | | [[File:Lagopus muta2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tetraoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 599 | [[:d:Q19370|Q19370]] | [[Anhingidae]] | Anhingidae | 52 | | [[File:African darter preening (38184856351).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 600 | [[:d:Q736322|Q736322]] | [[Charadrius]] | Charadrius | 52 | | [[File:Charadrius hiaticula Oulu 20120628 01.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 601 | [[:d:Q2699803|Q2699803]] | [[Larinae]] | Larinae | 52 | | [[File:Larus argentatus, at Oslo Opera House.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[ave marin]]<br/>[[piscivore]] | [[Laridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 602 | [[:d:Q76411|Q76411]] | [[Numenius tenuirostris]] | Numenius tenuirostris | 52 | | [[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.AVES.1670 - Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot, 1817 - Scolopacidae - skin specimen, right lateral view (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[extincte]] | | [[Numenius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 603 | [[:d:Q695729|Q695729]] | [[Glareola nordmanni]] | Glareola nordmanni | 52 | | [[File:Black-winged pratincole (Glareola nordmanni) at Mkhombo Dam, Mpumalanga (36861637734).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glareola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 604 | [[:d:Q18861|Q18861]] | [[Hydrophasianus chirurgus]] | Hydrophasianus chirurgus | 52 | | [[File:Hydrophasianus chirurgus P6273470.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrophasianus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 605 | [[:d:Q317220|Q317220]] | [[Phoenicopterus chilensis]] | Phoenicopterus chilensis | 52 | | [[File:Phoenicopterus chilensis -Tavares, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil -flying-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoenicopterus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 606 | [[:d:Q321293|Q321293]] | [[Sterna dougallii]] | Sterna dougallii | 52 | | [[File:2020-07-18 Sterna dougallii, St Marys Island, Northumberland 19.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sterna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 607 | [[:d:Q217122|Q217122]] | [[Sula sula]] | Sula sula | 52 | | [[File:Male Galápagos red-footed booby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 608 | [[:d:Q498428|Q498428]] | [[Ardeola grayii]] | Ardeola grayii | 52 | | [[File:Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) @ Chavakkad.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardeola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 609 | [[:d:Q26063|Q26063]] | [[Pelecanus conspicillatus]] | Pelecanus conspicillatus | 52 | | [[File:00 3804 Water bird pelican.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pelecanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 610 | [[:d:Q207796|Q207796]] | [[Circus]] | Circus | 52 | | [[File:Circus approximans -New Zealand-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 611 | [[:d:Q204111|Q204111]] | [[Ixobrychus cinnamomeus]] | Ixobrychus cinnamomeus | 52 | | [[File:Cinnamon bittern or chestnut bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ixobrychus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 612 | [[:d:Q391421|Q391421]] | [[Chroicocephalus genei]] | Chroicocephalus genei | 52 | | [[File:Goéland railleur Thyna012.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chroicocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 613 | [[:d:Q373114|Q373114]] | [[Threskiornis melanocephalus]] | Threskiornis melanocephalus | 52 | | [[File:SL Bundala NP asv2020-01 img03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Threskiornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 614 | [[:d:Q655510|Q655510]] | [[Mycteria ibis]] | Mycteria ibis | 52 | | [[File:Yellow-billed Stork (Mycteria ibis) (6045310265).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ciconiidae]] | [[Mycteria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 615 | [[:d:Q26470|Q26470]] | [[Alle alle]] | Alle alle | 52 | | [[File:AlleAlle 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alle]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 616 | [[:d:Q208682|Q208682]] | [[Diomedea exulans]] | Diomedea exulans | 52 | | [[File:070226 wandering albatross off Kaikoura 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Diomedea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 617 | [[:d:Q46316|Q46316]] | [[Tadorna]] | Tadorna | 52 | genere de aves | [[File:2014-04-18 Tadorna tadorna pair, Swallow Pond.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tadorninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 618 | [[:d:Q45974|Q45974]] | [[Haliaeetus leucogaster]] | Haliaeetus leucogaster | 52 | | [[File:Ceylon Fish Eagle At Yala National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haliaeetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 619 | [[:d:Q666222|Q666222]] | [[Thraupidae]] | Thraupidae | 52 | | [[File:Green-headed Tanager Ubatuba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]]<br/>[[Emberizoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 620 | [[:d:Q426968|Q426968]] | [[Sarkidiornis melanotos]] | Sarkidiornis melanotos | 52 | | [[File:Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos, female, by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN8938 (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sarkidiornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 621 | [[:d:Q788544|Q788544]] | [[Strigopidae]] | Strigopidae | 52 | | [[File:Kaka-Parrots.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strigopoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 622 | [[:d:Q637716|Q637716]] | [[Acrocephalus]] | Acrocephalus | 52 | | [[File:Australianreedwarbler.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 623 | [[:d:Q747787|Q747787]] | [[Locustella fluviatilis]] | Locustella fluviatilis | 52 | | [[File:Flodsangare.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Locustella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 624 | [[:d:Q286809|Q286809]] | [[Emberiza rustica]] | Emberiza rustica | 52 | | [[File:Kashiradaka-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 625 | [[:d:Q312779|Q312779]] | [[Acrocephalus dumetorum]] | Acrocephalus dumetorum | 52 | | [[File:Blyth's Reed Warbler in Baruipur December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 626 | [[:d:Q271634|Q271634]] | [[Pica]] | Pica | 52 | | [[File:Black-billed Magpie.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvidae]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 627 | [[:d:Q211670|Q211670]] | [[Meliphagidae]] | Meliphagidae | 52 | | [[File:Noisy-Miner-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meliphagoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 628 | [[:d:Q331190|Q331190]] | [[Loxia leucoptera]] | Loxia leucoptera | 52 | | [[File:Whitewingedcrossbillmale09.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Loxia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 629 | [[:d:Q24843|Q24843]] | [[Calandrella brachydactyla]] | Calandrella brachydactyla | 52 | | [[File:Alondra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calandrella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 630 | [[:d:Q632213|Q632213]] | [[Agapornis roseicollis]] | Agapornis roseicollis | 52 | | [[File:162 Rosy-faced lovebird in flight in Damaraland Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Agapornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 631 | [[:d:Q473939|Q473939]] | [[Aegithalidae]] | Aegithalidae | 52 | | [[File:Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sylvioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 632 | [[:d:Q275591|Q275591]] | [[Dendrocopos medius]] | Dendrocoptes medius | 52 | | [[File:Middle-spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius), Parc du Rouge-Cloître, Brussels (49179578882) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocoptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 633 | [[:d:Q769934|Q769934]] | [[Oenanthe deserti]] | Oenanthe deserti | 52 | | [[File:Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN9430 (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oenanthe]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 634 | [[:d:Q285165|Q285165]] | [[Francolinus francolinus]] | Francolinus francolinus | 51 | | [[File:Francolinus francolinus, Azerbaijan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Francolinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 635 | [[:d:Q304434|Q304434]] | [[Gallus sonneratii]] | Gallus sonneratii | 51 | | [[File:Gallus sonneratii (Bandipur).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gallus (taxon)|Gallus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 636 | [[:d:Q585636|Q585636]] | [[Limosa]] | Limosa | 51 | | [[File:Black-tailed Godwit Uferschnepfe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scolopacidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 637 | [[:d:Q862825|Q862825]] | [[Amaurornis phoenicurus]] | Amaurornis phoenicurus | 51 | | [[File:White breasted Waterhen I4-Bhopal IMG 0515.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Amaurornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 638 | [[:d:Q3901583|Q3901583]] | [[Phoenicopteridae]] | Phoenicopteridae | 51 | | [[File:Greater Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus roseus) W2 IMG 0072.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[water bird]] | [[Phoenicopteriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 639 | [[:d:Q260716|Q260716]] | [[Calidris melanotos]] | Calidris melanotos | 51 | | [[File:Pectoral Sandpiper3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 640 | [[:d:Q648422|Q648422]] | [[Asio]] | Asio | 51 | | [[File:Waldohreule in freier Wildbahn.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strigidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 641 | [[:d:Q704982|Q704982]] | [[Larus michahellis]] | Larus michahellis | 51 | | [[File:Larus michahellis LC0046.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 642 | [[:d:Q431179|Q431179]] | [[Treron]] | Treron | 51 | | [[File:Thick-billed Green Pigeon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Treroninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 643 | [[:d:Q212047|Q212047]] | [[Xema sabini]] | Xema sabini | 51 | | [[File:Sabine's gull (53706724037).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Xema]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 644 | [[:d:Q600204|Q600204]] | [[Milvus]] | Milvus | 51 | | [[File:Milvus migrans front(ThKraft).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 645 | [[:d:Q527830|Q527830]] | [[Pelecanus rufescens]] | Pelecanus rufescens | 51 | | [[File:Pelecanus rufescens.001 - Zoo Aquarium de Madrid.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pelecanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 646 | [[:d:Q118608|Q118608]] | [[Ardea goliath]] | Ardea goliath | 51 | | [[File:Ardea goliath.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 647 | [[:d:Q704987|Q704987]] | [[Streptopelia orientalis]] | Streptopelia orientalis | 51 | | [[File:Oriental Turtle Dove (Streptopelia orientalis) (52502770215).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Streptopelia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 648 | [[:d:Q644012|Q644012]] | [[Leptoptilos dubius]] | Leptoptilos dubius | 51 | | [[File:Greater Adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leptoptilos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 649 | [[:d:Q467068|Q467068]] | [[Athene cunicularia]] | Athene cunicularia | 51 | | [[File:Athene cunicularia -Vale do Ribeira, Juquia, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Athene]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 650 | [[:d:Q998703|Q998703]] | [[Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus]] | Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus | 51 | | [[File:Black-necked Stork in Kaziranga National Park March 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ephippiorhynchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 651 | [[:d:Q631805|Q631805]] | [[Mycteria leucocephala]] | Mycteria leucocephala | 51 | | [[File:Mycteria leucocephala - Pak Thale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mycteria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 652 | [[:d:Q248086|Q248086]] | [[Gyps indicus]] | Gyps indicus | 51 | | [[File:Indian vulture on cliff.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 653 | [[:d:Q501733|Q501733]] | [[Polemaetus bellicosus]] | Polemaetus bellicosus | 51 | | [[File:Martial Eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) (51854471490).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Polemaetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 654 | [[:d:Q247412|Q247412]] | [[Plectropterus gambensis]] | Plectropterus gambensis | 51 | | [[File:Spur-winged Geese (Plectropterus gambensis niger) male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Plectropterus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 655 | [[:d:Q740741|Q740741]] | [[Dendrocygna bicolor]] | Dendrocygna bicolor | 51 | | [[File:Marrecas-caneleiras - Dendrocygna bicolor.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocygna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 656 | [[:d:Q210954|Q210954]] | [[Polysticta stelleri]] | Polysticta stelleri | 51 | | [[File:047 - STELLER'S EIDER (6-16-2016) barrow, alaska -02 (27539228164).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Polysticta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 657 | [[:d:Q31501|Q31501]] | [[Probosciger aterrimus]] | Probosciger aterrimus | 51 | | [[File:Probosciger aterrimus, Cape York 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Probosciger]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 658 | [[:d:Q208716|Q208716]] | [[Regulus]] | Regulus | 51 | | [[File:Goldcrest, male (Regulus regulus) (40047182502).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Regulidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 659 | [[:d:Q1253755|Q1253755]] | [[Eolophus roseicapilla]] | Eolophus roseicapilla | 51 | | [[File:Eolophus roseicapilla AF.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eolophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 660 | [[:d:Q27757|Q27757]] | [[Carduelis]] | Carduelis | 51 | | [[File:0 Carduelis carduelis, East Chevington.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Carduelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 661 | [[:d:Q753746|Q753746]] | [[Psittacula eupatria]] | Psittacula eupatria | 51 | | [[File:Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria eupatria) male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Psittacula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 662 | [[:d:Q723059|Q723059]] | [[Dendrocopos]] | Dendrocopos | 51 | | [[File:Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) (13667857655).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melanerpini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 663 | [[:d:Q790616|Q790616]] | [[Lanius cristatus]] | Lanius cristatus | 51 | | [[File:Brown Shrike I IMG 7367.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lanius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 664 | [[:d:Q240088|Q240088]] | [[Phoenicurus]] | Phoenicurus | 51 | | [[File:Black Redstart I2 IMG 0862.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscicapidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 665 | [[:d:Q1293045|Q1293045]] | [[Sylvia]] | Sylvia | 51 | | [[File:Sylvia atricapilla - Burgenland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sylviidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 666 | [[:d:Q503804|Q503804]] | [[Grus canadensis]] | Grus canadensis | 50 | | [[File:Grus canadensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Grus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 667 | [[:d:Q41972|Q41972]] | [[Tringa]] | Tringa | 50 | | [[File:Wood Sandpiper (Breeding)- Bharatpur I2 IMG 8646.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scolopacidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 668 | [[:d:Q253776|Q253776]] | [[Phalaropus]] | Phalaropus | 50 | | [[File:Phalaropus lobatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scolopacidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 669 | [[:d:Q642855|Q642855]] | [[Scolopax]] | Scolopax | 50 | | [[File:Woodcock earthworm.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scolopacidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 670 | [[:d:Q62359|Q62359]] | [[Calidris maritima]] | Calidris maritima | 50 | | [[File:Purple Sandpiper ( Calidris maritima ) ... Filey Brig , Yorkshire (53266204391).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 671 | [[:d:Q305255|Q305255]] | [[Charadrius mongolus]] | Charadrius mongolus | 50 | | [[File:Charadrius mongolus - Laem Phak Bia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadrius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 672 | [[:d:Q423800|Q423800]] | [[Phoenicopterus andinus]] | Phoenicoparrus andinus | 50 | | [[File:Andean Flamingo Salar De Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoenicoparrus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 673 | [[:d:Q392570|Q392570]] | [[Egretta gularis]] | Egretta gularis | 50 | | [[File:Western Reef heron (Egretta gularis).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Egretta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 674 | [[:d:Q27725|Q27725]] | [[Anatinae]] | Anatinae | 50 | | [[File:Anas platyrhynchos male female quadrat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anatidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 675 | [[:d:Q888559|Q888559]] | [[Ixobrychus flavicollis]] | Ixobrychus flavicollis | 50 | | [[File:Black Bittern by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN6890 (4).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ixobrychus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 676 | [[:d:Q389664|Q389664]] | [[Platalea ajaja]] | Platalea ajaja | 50 | | [[File:Roseate Spoonbill - Myakka River State Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Platalea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 677 | [[:d:Q831376|Q831376]] | [[Glaucidium]] | Glaucidium | 50 | | [[File:Glaucidium capense.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Surniinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 678 | [[:d:Q208405|Q208405]] | [[Puffinus puffinus]] | Puffinus puffinus | 50 | | [[File:Manx Shearwater.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puffinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 679 | [[:d:Q214300|Q214300]] | [[Aythya]] | Aythya | 50 | | [[File:Canvasback pair2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anatinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 680 | [[:d:Q310868|Q310868]] | [[Bucephala]] | Bucephala | 50 | | [[File:Bucephala clangula Oulu Finland 2021-04-26.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anatinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 681 | [[:d:Q628068|Q628068]] | [[Sarcogyps calvus]] | Sarcogyps calvus | 50 | | [[File:Red-headed Vulture, Kanha National Park 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sarcogyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 682 | [[:d:Q212243|Q212243]] | [[Falco eleonorae]] | Falco eleonorae | 50 | | [[File:Eleonorenfalke1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 683 | [[:d:Q581391|Q581391]] | [[Fringilla]] | Fringilla | 50 | | [[File:Fringilla coelebs chaffinch male edit2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fringillidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 684 | [[:d:Q463135|Q463135]] | [[Cacatua alba]] | Cacatua alba | 50 | | [[File:White cockatoo (Cacatua alba).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cacatua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 685 | [[:d:Q420840|Q420840]] | [[Merops orientalis]] | Merops orientalis | 50 | | [[File:Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis) @ Madayippara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Merops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 686 | [[:d:Q214621|Q214621]] | [[Eurylaimidae]] | Eurylaimidae | 50 | | [[File:Eurylaimus javanicus wild.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tyranni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 687 | [[:d:Q752513|Q752513]] | [[Phylloscopus proregulus]] | Phylloscopus proregulus | 50 | | [[File:Goldhähnchen-Laubsänger, Heligoland, Germany 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 688 | [[:d:Q735158|Q735158]] | [[Halcyon smyrnensis]] | Halcyon smyrnensis | 50 | | [[File:Halcyon smyrnensis - White-throated kingfisher 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halcyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 689 | [[:d:Q129219|Q129219]] | [[Tarsiger cyanurus]] | Tarsiger cyanurus | 50 | | [[File:Ruribitakif1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tarsiger]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 690 | [[:d:Q36197|Q36197]] | [[Lonchura punctulata]] | Lonchura punctulata | 50 | | [[File:Scaly Brested Munia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lonchura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 691 | [[:d:Q1988064|Q1988064]] | [[Struthio molybdophanes]] | Struthio molybdophanes | 49 | | [[File:Somali ostrich.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Struthio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 692 | [[:d:Q212929|Q212929]] | [[Jacanidae]] | Jacanidae | 49 | | [[File:Irediparra gallinacea1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 693 | [[:d:Q217272|Q217272]] | [[Glareolidae]] | Glareolidae | 49 | | [[File:Small pranticole.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 694 | [[:d:Q742818|Q742818]] | [[Lophophorus impejanus]] | Lophophorus impejanus | 49 | | [[File:Himalayan Monal Adult Female Tungnath Rudraprayag Uttarakhand India 14.06.2013.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lophophorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 695 | [[:d:Q165923|Q165923]] | [[Apus pallidus]] | Apus pallidus | 49 | | [[File:Apus pallidus -Greece-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 696 | [[:d:Q663507|Q663507]] | [[Athene]] | Athene | 49 | | [[File:Athene noctua, Ambula, Montenegro 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strigidae]]<br/>[[Surniinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 697 | [[:d:Q652976|Q652976]] | [[Aptenodytes]] | Aptenodytes | 49 | genere de aves | [[File:Emperor penguin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spheniscidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 698 | [[:d:Q282242|Q282242]] | [[Anhinga melanogaster]] | Anhinga melanogaster | 49 | | [[File:Darter I IMG 8195.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anhinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 699 | [[:d:Q723064|Q723064]] | [[Pagophila eburnea]] | Pagophila eburnea | 49 | | [[File:Ivory Gull Portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pagophila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 700 | [[:d:Q174232|Q174232]] | [[Larus glaucoides]] | Larus glaucoides | 49 | | [[File:Adult Larus glaucoides, Swallow Pond 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 701 | [[:d:Q620938|Q620938]] | [[Anserinae]] | Anserinae | 49 | | [[File:Geese Fruggo01.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anatidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 702 | [[:d:Q333796|Q333796]] | [[Ardea herodias]] | Ardea herodias | 49 | | [[File:Great blue heron in GWC (21718).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 703 | [[:d:Q308199|Q308199]] | [[Ciconia abdimii]] | Ciconia abdimii | 49 | | [[File:Ciconia abdimii -London Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ciconia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 704 | [[:d:Q55111925|Q55111925]] | [[Gyps rueppelli]] | Gyps rueppelli | 49 | | [[File:Rüppell's Vulture (Gyps rueppelli) (21160089681).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 705 | [[:d:Q256760|Q256760]] | [[Melanitta]] | Melanitta | 49 | | [[File:Melanitta perspicillata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anatinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 706 | [[:d:Q795439|Q795439]] | [[Ictinaetus malayensis]] | Ictinaetus malaiensis | 49 | | [[File:Black Eagle DSC5485 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictinaetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 707 | [[:d:Q28106778|Q28106778]] | [[Blue-winged Teal]] | Spatula discors | 49 | | [[File:Blue-wingedTeal-16DEC2017(2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spatula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 708 | [[:d:Q366974|Q366974]] | [[Acrocephalidae]] | Acrocephalidae | 49 | | [[File:Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 1 (Marek Szczepanek)-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 709 | [[:d:Q371086|Q371086]] | [[Zosteropidae]] | Zosteropidae | 49 | | [[File:Zosterops japonicus 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 710 | [[:d:Q537702|Q537702]] | [[Acanthisittidae]] | Acanthisittidae | 49 | | [[File:XenicusLongipesBuller.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 711 | [[:d:Q651545|Q651545]] | [[Falco sparverius]] | Falco sparverius | 49 | | [[File:American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) (14547482002).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 712 | [[:d:Q647461|Q647461]] | [[Oxyura jamaicensis]] | Oxyura jamaicensis | 49 | | [[File:065 - RUDDY DUCK (11-27-07) fem, oso flaco, sloco, ca oso (1) (8718083235).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oxyura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 713 | [[:d:Q601055|Q601055]] | [[Aythya collaris]] | Aythya collaris | 49 | | [[File:Ring-necked Duck (f) (26058476660).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aythya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 714 | [[:d:Q1951359|Q1951359]] | [[Merops persicus]] | Merops persicus | 49 | | [[File:Guepier de Perse Jebil NP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Merops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 715 | [[:d:Q650114|Q650114]] | [[Cettia cetti]] | Cettia cetti | 49 | | [[File:Cettia cetti orientalis, Bismil, Turkey.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cettia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 716 | [[:d:Q626289|Q626289]] | [[Nestor meridionalis]] | Nestor meridionalis | 49 | | [[File:Kaka-Parrots.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nestor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 717 | [[:d:Q757116|Q757116]] | [[Iduna caligata]] | Iduna caligata | 49 | | [[File:Booted warbler 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Iduna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 718 | [[:d:Q311248|Q311248]] | [[Garrulus]] | Garrulus | 49 | | [[File:Sójka na Łąkach Pychowickich w Krakowie, 20210421 1206 6369.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 719 | [[:d:Q503807|Q503807]] | [[Cyanopica cyanus]] | Cyanopica cyanus | 49 | | [[File:ANR00921(cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cyanopica]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 720 | [[:d:Q385723|Q385723]] | [[Oenanthe hispanica]] | Oenanthe hispanica | 49 | | [[File:CollalbaRubia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oenanthe]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 721 | [[:d:Q763538|Q763538]] | [[Oenanthe pleschanka]] | Oenanthe pleschanka | 49 | | [[File:Oenanthe pleschanka.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oenanthe]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 722 | [[:d:Q499283|Q499283]] | [[Cyanistes cyanus]] | Cyanistes cyanus | 49 | | [[File:Azure Tit - Cyanistes cyanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cyanistes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 723 | [[:d:Q853653|Q853653]] | [[Gallinula]] | Gallinula | 48 | | [[File:Dusky Moorhen, Gallinula tenebrosa in Victoria, Australia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[water bird]] | [[Rallidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 724 | [[:d:Q740872|Q740872]] | [[Francolinus]] | Francolinus | 48 | | [[File:Black Francolin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Perdicinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 725 | [[:d:Q829334|Q829334]] | [[Tetraogallus]] | Tetraogallus | 48 | | [[File:Tetraogallus tibetanus hm.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Perdicinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 726 | [[:d:Q492684|Q492684]] | [[Alectoris graeca]] | Alectoris graeca | 48 | | [[File:Alectoris graeca (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alectoris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 727 | [[:d:Q21346306|Q21346306]] | [[Sri Lanka Junglefowl]] | Gallus lafayettii | 48 | | [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon Junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) Male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gallus (taxon)|Gallus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 728 | [[:d:Q756674|Q756674]] | [[Anthropoides paradiseus]] | Anthropoides paradiseus | 48 | | [[File:Blue Cranes (Anthropoides paradiseus) couple (32611106035).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthropoides]]<br/>[[Grus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 729 | [[:d:Q310465|Q310465]] | [[Apus]] | Apus | 48 | | [[File:Apus apus -Barcelona, Spain-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apodidae]]<br/>[[Apodini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 730 | [[:d:Q659657|Q659657]] | [[Mesitornithidae]] | Mesitornithidae | 48 | | [[File:Subdesert Mesite.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mesitornithiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 731 | [[:d:Q132201|Q132201]] | [[Actophilornis africanus]] | Actophilornis africanus | 48 | | [[File:African Jacana (Actophilornis africanus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Actophilornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 732 | [[:d:Q219199|Q219199]] | [[Cursorius cursor]] | Cursorius cursor | 48 | | [[File:Cream-coloured Courser, Wadi Degla, Egypt.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cursorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 733 | [[:d:Q13426919|Q13426919]] | [[Vanellus]] | Vanellus | 48 | | [[File:Northern Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), Katingsiel, Tönning, Germany.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vanellinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 734 | [[:d:Q216836|Q216836]] | [[Pluvialis dominica]] | Pluvialis dominica | 48 | | [[File:Pluvialis dominica1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pluvialis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 735 | [[:d:Q31769|Q31769]] | [[Hirundapus caudacutus]] | Hirundapus caudacutus | 48 | | [[File:White-throated Needletail 09a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hirundapus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 736 | [[:d:Q28482|Q28482]] | [[Onychoprion fuscatus]] | Onychoprion fuscatus | 48 | | [[File:Onychoprion fuscatus Ascension Island 7.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Onychoprion]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 737 | [[:d:Q558990|Q558990]] | [[Gavia pacifica]] | Gavia pacifica | 48 | | [[File:PacificLoon24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 738 | [[:d:Q218312|Q218312]] | [[Agamia agami]] | Agamia agami | 48 | | [[File:Garça-da-mata - PE Encontro das Águas-Erisvaldo Almeida(001).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Agamia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 739 | [[:d:Q669634|Q669634]] | [[Rhynochetos jubatus]] | Rhynochetos jubatus | 48 | | [[File:Kagu 0A2A3921.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynochetos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 740 | [[:d:Q392232|Q392232]] | [[Egretta sacra]] | Egretta sacra | 48 | | [[File:Eastern Reef Egret - dark and light morphs-trim.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Egretta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 741 | [[:d:Q739050|Q739050]] | [[Botaurus]] | Botaurus | 48 | | [[File:Bittern - Botaurus stellaris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Botaurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 742 | [[:d:Q735190|Q735190]] | [[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos]] | Pelecanus erythrorhynchos | 48 | | [[File:American White Pelican.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pelecanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 743 | [[:d:Q888536|Q888536]] | [[Ixobrychus sinensis]] | Ixobrychus sinensis | 48 | | [[File:Hong Kong - Yellow Bittern - Ixobrychus sinensis - 2017.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ixobrychus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 744 | [[:d:Q27074615|Q27074615]] | [[Ardea intermedia]] | Ardea intermedia | 48 | | [[File:Egretta intermedia.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 745 | [[:d:Q839535|Q839535]] | [[Clamator jacobinus]] | Clamator jacobinus | 48 | | [[File:Pied Cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus) in AP W IMG 3978.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Clamator]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 746 | [[:d:Q212055|Q212055]] | [[Cepphus grylle]] | Cepphus grylle | 48 | | [[File:Tystie1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cepphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 747 | [[:d:Q217494|Q217494]] | [[Eudyptes chrysolophus]] | Eudyptes chrysolophus | 48 | | [[File:Macaroni Penguins (js).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudyptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 748 | [[:d:Q607893|Q607893]] | [[Leptoptilos javanicus]] | Leptoptilos javanicus | 48 | | [[File:Lesser Adjutant Chonburi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leptoptilos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 749 | [[:d:Q839524|Q839524]] | [[Athene brama]] | Athene brama | 48 | | [[File:Athene brama 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Athene]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 750 | [[:d:Q81515|Q81515]] | [[Bubo virginianus]] | Bubo virginianus | 48 | | [[File:Bubo virginianus -Canada-6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bubo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 751 | [[:d:Q845946|Q845946]] | [[Pseudibis papillosa]] | Pseudibis papillosa | 48 | | [[File:Red-naped Ibis in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudibis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 752 | [[:d:Q131450|Q131450]] | [[Aix]] | Aix | 48 | | [[File:Woodduck95.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anatinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 753 | [[:d:Q210341|Q210341]] | [[Cochlearius cochlearius]] | Cochlearius cochlearius | 48 | | [[File:Cochlearius cochleariaPCCA20071227-8443B.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cochlearius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 754 | [[:d:Q605431|Q605431]] | [[Pernis ptilorhynchus]] | Pernis ptilorhynchus | 48 | | [[File:Oriental honey buzzard Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01405.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pernis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 755 | [[:d:Q28106685|Q28106685]] | [[American wigeon]] | Mareca americana | 48 | | [[File:Anas americana - drake.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mareca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 756 | [[:d:Q742574|Q742574]] | [[Dendrocygna viduata]] | Dendrocygna viduata | 48 | | [[File:Dendrocygna viduata (Vincent Vos).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocygna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 757 | [[:d:Q71118|Q71118]] | [[Cuckoo-roller]] | Leptosomus discolor | 48 | | [[File:Male cuckoo roller.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leptosomus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 758 | [[:d:Q755653|Q755653]] | [[Chen canagica]] | Anser canagicus | 48 | | [[File:An emperor goose in flight (53706721602).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anser]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 759 | [[:d:Q310935|Q310935]] | [[Picus]] | Picus | 48 | | [[File:Grünspecht Picus viridis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Picinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 760 | [[:d:Q125895|Q125895]] | [[Certhia brachydactyla]] | Certhia brachydactyla | 48 | | [[File:Short-toed treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla brachydactyla).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Certhia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 761 | [[:d:Q74092|Q74092]] | [[Oriolus chinensis]] | Oriolus chinensis | 48 | | [[File:Black-naped Oriole eyeing on Lannea coromandelica fruits W IMG 7449.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oriolus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 762 | [[:d:Q378278|Q378278]] | [[Alauda]] | Alauda | 48 | | [[File:Alauda arvensis 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alaudidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 763 | [[:d:Q824974|Q824974]] | [[Dacelo novaeguineae]] | Dacelo novaeguineae | 48 | | [[File:Dacelo novaeguineae waterworks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dacelo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 764 | [[:d:Q217478|Q217478]] | [[Tyrannidae]] | Tyrannidae | 48 | | [[File:Tyrannidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tyrannida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 765 | [[:d:Q949603|Q949603]] | [[Corvus albus]] | Corvus albus | 48 | | [[File:Corvus albus -Etosha National Park, Namibia-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | [[crow]]<br/>[[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 766 | [[:d:Q214462|Q214462]] | [[Estrildidae]] | Estrildidae | 48 | | [[File:Paxaro GDFL27.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 767 | [[:d:Q282256|Q282256]] | [[Dendrocitta vagabunda]] | Dendrocitta vagabunda | 48 | | [[File:Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocitta]] | [[treepie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 768 | [[:d:Q73741|Q73741]] | [[Amandava amandava]] | Amandava amandava | 48 | | [[File:Red Avadavat in Baruipur September 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Amandava]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 769 | [[:d:Q904790|Q904790]] | [[Anthus richardi]] | Anthus richardi | 48 | | [[File:Anthus richardi - Laem Pak Bia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 770 | [[:d:Q838665|Q838665]] | [[Saxicola rubicola]] | Saxicola rubicola | 48 | | [[File:Saxicola rubicola -Belgium -female-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Saxicola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 771 | [[:d:Q27075678|Q27075678]] | [[Siberian Rubythroat]] | Calliope calliope | 48 | | [[File:Luscinia calliope - Pak Chong 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calliope]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 772 | [[:d:Q72968|Q72968]] | [[Odontophoridae]] | Odontophoridae | 47 | | [[File:Callipepla californica2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 773 | [[:d:Q756174|Q756174]] | [[Tetrao]] | Tetrao | 47 | | [[File:Tetrao urogallus Richard Bartz.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phasianidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 774 | [[:d:Q737426|Q737426]] | [[Phasianus]] | Phasianus | 47 | | [[File:Pheasant.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phasianinae]]<br/>[[Phasianini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 775 | [[:d:Q788536|Q788536]] | [[Podargidae]] | Podargidae | 47 | | [[File:Tawny frogmouth wholebody444.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Podargiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 776 | [[:d:Q596325|Q596325]] | [[Gallus varius]] | Gallus varius | 47 | | [[File:Green Junglefowl - Baluran NP - East Java MG 7948 (29183361863) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gallus (taxon)|Gallus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 777 | [[:d:Q4865776|Q4865776]] | [[Arenaria]] | Arenaria | 47 | | [[File:Arenaria interpres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Scolopacidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 778 | [[:d:Q725276|Q725276]] | [[Aramus guarauna]] | Aramus guarauna | 47 | | [[File:Aramus guarauna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aramus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 779 | [[:d:Q1651414|Q1651414]] | [[Morus]] | Morus | 47 | | [[File:Morus bassanus 9.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sulidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 780 | [[:d:Q76366|Q76366]] | [[Sterna]] | Sterna | 47 | | [[File:Sterna hirundo (adult).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Laridae]]<br/>[[Sternidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 781 | [[:d:Q476350|Q476350]] | [[Limnodromus scolopaceus]] | Limnodromus scolopaceus | 47 | | [[File:Limnodromus scolopaceus Mike Baird crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Limnodromus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 782 | [[:d:Q571268|Q571268]] | [[Stercorarius maccormicki]] | Stercorarius maccormicki | 47 | | [[File:Skua Terra Nova Bay 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stercorarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 783 | [[:d:Q217704|Q217704]] | [[Ibidorhyncha struthersii]] | Ibidorhyncha struthersii | 47 | | [[File:Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii by Dr Raju Kasambe (4).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ibidorhyncha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 784 | [[:d:Q72260|Q72260]] | [[Microcarbo niger]] | Microcarbo niger | 47 | | [[File:Little Cormorant, Balapitiya, Sri Lanka (7568505286).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Microcarbo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 785 | [[:d:Q648494|Q648494]] | [[Fregata minor]] | Fregata minor | 47 | | [[File:Fragata común (Fregata minor), isla Lobos, islas Galápagos, Ecuador, 2015-07-25, DD 55.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fregata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 786 | [[:d:Q795565|Q795565]] | [[Chalcophaps indica]] | Chalcophaps indica | 47 | | [[File:Asian Emerald Dove in Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary March 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chalcophaps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 787 | [[:d:Q423782|Q423782]] | [[Phoenicopterus jamesi]] | Phoenicoparrus jamesi | 47 | | [[File:James Flamingo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoenicoparrus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 788 | [[:d:Q747817|Q747817]] | [[Rhodostethia rosea]] | Rhodostethia rosea | 47 | | [[File:Rhodostethia rosea, Shiretoko, Japan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhodostethia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 789 | [[:d:Q827245|Q827245]] | [[Vanellus leucurus]] | Vanellus leucurus | 47 | | [[File:Vanellus leucurus, Ag-Gel National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vanellus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 790 | [[:d:Q754885|Q754885]] | [[Larus delawarensis]] | Larus delawarensis | 47 | | [[File:Larus delawarensis -Lake Erie, Ohio, USA -adult non-breeding-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 791 | [[:d:Q665363|Q665363]] | [[Clamator glandarius]] | Clamator glandarius | 47 | | [[File:Clamator glandarius (juvenile).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Clamator]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 792 | [[:d:Q745262|Q745262]] | [[Eudyptes schlegeli]] | Eudyptes schlegeli | 47 | | [[File:RoyalPenguins2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudyptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 793 | [[:d:Q767112|Q767112]] | [[Centropus sinensis]] | Centropus sinensis | 47 | | [[File:Greater Coucal I IMG 7775.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Centropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 794 | [[:d:Q743017|Q743017]] | [[Botaurus lentiginosus]] | Botaurus lentiginosus | 47 | | [[File:American bittern in flight (53726569227) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Botaurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 795 | [[:d:Q216850|Q216850]] | [[Calonectris diomedea]] | Calonectris diomedea | 47 | | [[File:Calonectris diomedea, Cabrera National Park (12076283283).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calonectris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 796 | [[:d:Q211986|Q211986]] | [[Oceanodroma leucorhoa]] | Hydrobates leucorhous | 47 | | [[File:Leach's Storm-petrel Saint-Jean-de-Monts 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrobates]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 797 | [[:d:Q734720|Q734720]] | [[Momotidae]] | Momotidae | 47 | | [[File:Blue-crowned Motmot back 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coraciiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 798 | [[:d:Q827657|Q827657]] | [[Acrocephalus agricola]] | Acrocephalus agricola | 47 | | [[File:Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus agricola by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN8336 (11).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 799 | [[:d:Q756868|Q756868]] | [[Leucopsar rothschildi]] | Leucopsar rothschildi | 47 | | [[File:Bali Myna 0A2A9443.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leucopsar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 800 | [[:d:Q754657|Q754657]] | [[Lanius]] | Lanius | 47 | | [[File:Lanius excubitor 1 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Laniidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 801 | [[:d:Q647533|Q647533]] | [[Cotingidae]] | Cotingidae | 47 | | [[File:Cotingidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tyrannida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 802 | [[:d:Q111674|Q111674]] | [[Corvus macrorhynchos]] | Corvus macrorhynchos | 47 | | [[File:Large-billed Crow in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 803 | [[:d:Q720497|Q720497]] | [[Phylloscopus borealis]] | Phylloscopus borealis | 47 | | [[File:Arctic Warbler 4683b.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 804 | [[:d:Q223402|Q223402]] | [[Cardinalidae]] | Cardinalidae | 47 | | [[File:Northern Cardinal Male-27527-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 805 | [[:d:Q752481|Q752481]] | [[Dendrocopos syriacus]] | Dendrocopos syriacus | 47 | | [[File:Dendrocopos syriacus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocopos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 806 | [[:d:Q692828|Q692828]] | [[Remizidae]] | Remizidae | 47 | | [[File:Auriparus flaviceps.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sylvioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 807 | [[:d:Q642685|Q642685]] | [[Anthus petrosus]] | Anthus petrosus | 47 | | [[File:2015-04-22 Anthus petrosus, Portsoy.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 808 | [[:d:Q500278|Q500278]] | [[Padda oryzivora]] | Padda oryzivora | 47 | | [[File:Java Sparrow - Baluran NP - East Java MG 8207 (29696610022).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Padda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 809 | [[:d:Q607027|Q607027]] | [[Cercotrichas galactotes]] | Cercotrichas galactotes | 47 | | [[File:Agrobate roux au Parc National de l'Ichkeul (Tunisia), crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercotrichas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 810 | [[:d:Q19173|Q19173]] | [[Casuariiformes]] | Casuariiformes | 46 | | [[File:Darica Cossowary 00975.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Novaeratitae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 811 | [[:d:Q652266|Q652266]] | [[Argusianus argus]] | Argusianus argus | 46 | | [[File:Argusianus argus -Lok Kawi Wildlife Park, Malaysia -male-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Argusianus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 812 | [[:d:Q286072|Q286072]] | [[Recurvirostra]] | Recurvirostra | 46 | | [[File:Avocet Fledglings Learning to Hunt Insects (19116147220).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Recurvirostridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 813 | [[:d:Q457477|Q457477]] | [[Grus americana]] | Grus americana | 46 | | [[File:Grus americana Sasata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Grus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 814 | [[:d:Q926178|Q926178]] | [[Grus rubicunda]] | Grus rubicunda | 46 | | [[File:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008 edit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Grus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 815 | [[:d:Q212941|Q212941]] | [[Rynchops]] | Rynchops | 46 | | [[File:Black Skimmer by Dan Pancamo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Laridae]]<br/>[[Rynchopidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 816 | [[:d:Q1267654|Q1267654]] | [[Crex egregia]] | Crex egregia | 46 | | [[File:CrakeAfrican2(byMarkTittley).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crecopsis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 817 | [[:d:Q845969|Q845969]] | [[Calidris subminuta]] | Calidris subminuta | 46 | | [[File:Calidris subminuta - Pak Thale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 818 | [[:d:Q18836|Q18836]] | [[Turnix sylvaticus]] | Turnix sylvaticus | 46 | | [[File:Kurrichane Buttonquail 2016 01 01 2734.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turnix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 819 | [[:d:Q611324|Q611324]] | [[Apus affinis]] | Apus affinis | 46 | | [[File:Little Swift - Aberdares - Kenya.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 820 | [[:d:Q749326|Q749326]] | [[Phalacrocorax fuscicollis]] | Phalacrocorax fuscicollis | 46 | | [[File:Indian Cormorant (Br.) I IMG 8092.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phalacrocorax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 821 | [[:d:Q498102|Q498102]] | [[Ardeola bacchus]] | Ardeola bacchus | 46 | | [[File:Ardeola bacchus (19169872143).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardeola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 822 | [[:d:Q383182|Q383182]] | [[Pterocles orientalis]] | Pterocles orientalis | 46 | | [[File:Pterocles orientalis 1921.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pterocles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 823 | [[:d:Q688641|Q688641]] | [[Eudyptes chrysocome]] | Eudyptes chrysocome | 46 | | [[File:Gorfou sauteur - Rockhopper Penguin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudyptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 824 | [[:d:Q494544|Q494544]] | [[Platalea minor]] | Platalea minor | 46 | | [[File:Platalea minor okinawa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Platalea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 825 | [[:d:Q589171|Q589171]] | [[Eudocimus albus]] | Eudocimus albus | 46 | | [[File:Eudocimus albus (4111616588).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudocimus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 826 | [[:d:Q990175|Q990175]] | [[Mycteria americana]] | Mycteria americana | 46 | | [[File:WoodStorkWhole.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mycteria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 827 | [[:d:Q375716|Q375716]] | [[Tyto]] | Tyto | 46 | | [[File:Tyto alba tylluan wen detail.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tytoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 828 | [[:d:Q281874|Q281874]] | [[Gyps africanus]] | Gyps africanus | 46 | | [[File:2012-white-backed-vulture.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 829 | [[:d:Q607024|Q607024]] | [[Oceanites oceanicus]] | Oceanites oceanicus | 46 | | [[File:Oceanites oceanicus - SE Tasmania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oceanites]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 830 | [[:d:Q726387|Q726387]] | [[Terathopius ecaudatus]] | Terathopius ecaudatus | 46 | | [[File:Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Terathopius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 831 | [[:d:Q257006|Q257006]] | [[Cereopsis novaehollandiae]] | Cereopsis novaehollandiae | 46 | | [[File:Cereopsis novaehollandiae 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cereopsis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 832 | [[:d:Q732881|Q732881]] | [[Campephagidae]] | Campephagidae | 46 | | [[File:Blackfacedcuckooshrike.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 833 | [[:d:Q752529|Q752529]] | [[Phoeniculidae]] | Phoeniculidae | 46 | | [[File:There's something in this....jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bucerotiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 834 | [[:d:Q499568|Q499568]] | [[Aquila adalberti]] | Aquila adalberti | 46 | | [[File:Aguila imperial iberica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aquila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 835 | [[:d:Q839542|Q839542]] | [[Anas poecilorhyncha]] | Anas poecilorhyncha | 46 | | [[File:Pair Indian Spot-billed Duck Karanji Mysore Dec23 A7C 08342.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 836 | [[:d:Q687695|Q687695]] | [[Branta sandvicensis]] | Branta sandvicensis | 46 | | [[File:Branta sandvicensis -Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii, USA-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Branta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 837 | [[:d:Q733375|Q733375]] | [[Cygnus buccinator]] | Cygnus buccinator | 46 | | [[File:NPS Wildlife. Trumpeter Swan on Nest.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cygnus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 838 | [[:d:Q28135|Q28135]] | [[Hirundo]] | Hirundo | 46 | | [[File:Hirundo neoxena risdon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hirundinidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 839 | [[:d:Q372906|Q372906]] | [[Cacatua sulphurea]] | Cacatua sulphurea | 46 | | [[File:Gelbwangenkakadu 8559.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cacatua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 840 | [[:d:Q735231|Q735231]] | [[Cacatua moluccensis]] | Cacatua moluccensis | 46 | | [[File:Cacatua moluccensis -Cincinnati Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cacatua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 841 | [[:d:Q456513|Q456513]] | [[Amazona]] | Amazona | 46 | | [[File:Amazona amazonica 2c.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 842 | [[:d:Q480086|Q480086]] | [[Bucorvus abyssinicus]] | Bucorvus abyssinicus | 46 | | [[File:Abyssinian ground-hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bucorvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 843 | [[:d:Q367327|Q367327]] | [[Quelea quelea]] | Quelea quelea | 46 | | [[File:Quelea quelea -Limpopo, South Africa-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Quelea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 844 | [[:d:Q148583|Q148583]] | [[Emberiza cirlus]] | Emberiza cirlus | 46 | | [[File:Cirl Bunting Chiker Morocco Nov25 A7CR 09378.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 845 | [[:d:Q583551|Q583551]] | [[Alcedo]] | Alcedo | 46 | | [[File:European Kingfisher at Mesologgi, by Antonis Tsaknakis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alcedinidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 846 | [[:d:Q476593|Q476593]] | [[Ara glaucogularis]] | Ara glaucogularis | 46 | | [[File:Ara glaucogularis -Chester Zoo -upper body-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 847 | [[:d:Q1971364|Q1971364]] | [[Pyrrhocorax]] | Pyrrhocorax | 46 | | [[File:Alpine Chough by Jim Higham.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 848 | [[:d:Q223574|Q223574]] | [[Ocyceros birostris]] | Ocyceros birostris | 46 | | [[File:Indian Grey Hornbill I IMG 4048.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ocyceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 849 | [[:d:Q739200|Q739200]] | [[Parulidae]] | Parulidae | 46 | | [[File:Parulidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 850 | [[:d:Q749701|Q749701]] | [[Sitta neumayer]] | Sitta neumayer | 46 | | [[File:Sitta neumayer 0.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sitta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 851 | [[:d:Q509455|Q509455]] | [[Pycnonotus cafer]] | Pycnonotus cafer | 46 | | [[File:Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) in Tirunelveli, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pycnonotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 852 | [[:d:Q906092|Q906092]] | [[Saxicola]] | Saxicola | 46 | | [[File:European Stonechat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscicapidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 853 | [[:d:Q752146|Q752146]] | [[Chloebia gouldiae]] | Chloebia gouldiae | 46 | | [[File:Chloebia gouldiae, Elsey, Northern Territory, Australia 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chloebia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 854 | [[:d:Q19163|Q19163]] | [[Neornithes]] | Neornithes | 45 | | [[File:Afrikanischer Strauss Portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[ave]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 855 | [[:d:Q1569770|Q1569770]] | [[Struthionidae]] | Struthionidae | 45 | | [[File:Struthio camelus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Struthioniformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 856 | [[:d:Q667778|Q667778]] | [[Apteryx australis]] | Apteryx australis | 45 | | [[File:Tokoeka.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apteryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 857 | [[:d:Q31836|Q31836]] | [[Hemiprocnidae]] | Hemiprocnidae | 45 | | [[File:Crestedtreeswift.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Apodiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 858 | [[:d:Q733120|Q733120]] | [[Pterocnemia pennata]] | Rhea pennata | 45 | | [[File:Pterocnemia pennata qtl1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 859 | [[:d:Q385750|Q385750]] | [[Chrysolophus amherstiae]] | Chrysolophus amherstiae | 45 | | [[File:Chrysolophus amherstiae, Garzê Tibetan AP, Sichuan 9S3A2641.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysolophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 860 | [[:d:Q848706|Q848706]] | [[domesticated turkey]] | Meleagris gallopavo domesticus | 45 | | [[File:Male north american turkey supersaturated.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[poultry]]<br/>[[animal productive]] | [[Meleagris gallopavo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 861 | [[:d:Q2814783|Q2814783]] | [[Gaviiformes]] | Gaviiformes | 45 | | [[File:Common Loon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aequornithes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 862 | [[:d:Q839539|Q839539]] | [[Ithaginis cruentus]] | Ithaginis cruentus | 45 | | [[File:Blood Pheasant.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ithaginis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 863 | [[:d:Q551092|Q551092]] | [[Raphinae]] | Raphidae | 45 | | [[File:Dodo-Skeleton Natural History Museum London England.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columbiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 864 | [[:d:Q494424|Q494424]] | [[Gallicrex cinerea]] | Gallicrex cinerea | 45 | | [[File:Watercock (Gallicrex cinerea).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gallicrex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 865 | [[:d:Q18876|Q18876]] | [[Calidris tenuirostris]] | Calidris tenuirostris | 45 | | [[File:Calidris tenuirostris - Laem Phak Bia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 866 | [[:d:Q28000|Q28000]] | [[Tringa flavipes]] | Tringa flavipes | 45 | | [[File:Lesser Yellowlegs.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tringa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 867 | [[:d:Q27452709|Q27452709]] | [[Buff-breasted Sandpiper]] | Calidris subruficollis | 45 | | [[File:Grasläufer (Calidris subruficollis) am Strand im Willapa National Wildlife Refuge.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 868 | [[:d:Q198823|Q198823]] | [[Caprimulgus]] | Caprimulgus | 45 | | [[File:Caprimulgus aegyptius.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caprimulginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 869 | [[:d:Q45696|Q45696]] | [[Phalaropus tricolor]] | Phalaropus tricolor | 45 | | [[File:Phalaropus tricolor Ork 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phalaropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 870 | [[:d:Q31617|Q31617]] | [[Rostratula benghalensis]] | Rostratula benghalensis | 45 | | [[File:Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) male, Kruger NP (53247730001).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rostratula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 871 | [[:d:Q753755|Q753755]] | [[Metopidius indicus]] | Metopidius indicus | 45 | | [[File:Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Metopidius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 872 | [[:d:Q752485|Q752485]] | [[Anarhynchus asiaticus]] | Anarhynchus asiaticus | 45 | | [[File:Caspian Plover in Koonthalulam Tamilnadu, India, by Dr. Tejinder Singh Rawal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anarhynchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 873 | [[:d:Q18866|Q18866]] | [[Thalasseus bergii]] | Thalasseus bergii | 45 | | [[File:Crested Tern Tasmania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Thalasseus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 874 | [[:d:Q756640|Q756640]] | [[Phaethon rubricauda]] | Phaethon rubricauda | 45 | | [[File:Red-tail.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phaethon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 875 | [[:d:Q525717|Q525717]] | [[Anous stolidus]] | Anous stolidus | 45 | | [[File:Anous stolidus by Gregg Yan 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 876 | [[:d:Q647512|Q647512]] | [[Fregata magnificens]] | Fregata magnificens | 45 | | [[File:Fregata magnificens -Galapagos, Ecuador -male-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fregata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 877 | [[:d:Q28490|Q28490]] | [[Onychoprion anaethetus]] | Onychoprion anaethetus | 45 | | [[File:Bridled Tern ( Sterna anaethetus ) ... Great Barrier Reef , Australia (53374667291).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Onychoprion]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 878 | [[:d:Q469940|Q469940]] | [[Anhinga anhinga]] | Anhinga anhinga | 45 | | [[File:Anhinga anhinga -Costa Rica-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anhinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 879 | [[:d:Q782094|Q782094]] | [[Morus serrator]] | Morus serrator | 45 | | [[File:Gannet standing in Black Reef colony.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 880 | [[:d:Q59785|Q59785]] | [[Egretta thula]] | Egretta thula | 45 | | [[File:Aigrette neigeuse.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Egretta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 881 | [[:d:Q579213|Q579213]] | [[Goura victoria]] | Goura victoria | 45 | | [[File:Bristol.zoo.victoria.crowned.pigeon.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Goura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 882 | [[:d:Q844860|Q844860]] | [[Ducula aenea]] | Ducula aenea | 45 | | [[File:DuculaAenea.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ducula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 883 | [[:d:Q839854|Q839854]] | [[Papasula abbotti]] | Papasula abbotti | 45 | | [[File:Abbott's Booby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papasula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 884 | [[:d:Q864359|Q864359]] | [[Ardeotis nigriceps]] | Ardeotis nigriceps | 45 | | [[File:Ardeotis nigriceps, Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardeotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 885 | [[:d:Q1094736|Q1094736]] | [[Yellow-footed Green Pigeon]] | Treron phoenicopterus | 45 | | [[File:Yellow-footed Green Pigeons (Treron phoenicoptera)- chlorigaster race at Sultanpur I Picture 014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Treron]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 886 | [[:d:Q750027|Q750027]] | [[Zenaida macroura]] | Zenaida macroura | 45 | | [[File:Mourning dove perched (61179).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zenaida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 887 | [[:d:Q828255|Q828255]] | [[Ketupa zeylonensis]] | Ketupa zeylonensis | 45 | | [[File:Brown fishing owl.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ketupa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 888 | [[:d:Q622637|Q622637]] | [[Eudyptes pachyrhynchus]] | Eudyptes pachyrhynchus | 45 | | [[File:Eudyptes pachyrhynchus 4342035.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudyptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 889 | [[:d:Q602598|Q602598]] | [[Black-browed Albatross]] | Thalassarche melanophris | 45 | | [[File:Black-browed albatross.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Thalassarche]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 890 | [[:d:Q728682|Q728682]] | [[Uria lomvia]] | Uria lomvia | 45 | | [[File:A Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) with prey.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Uria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 891 | [[:d:Q27074603|Q27074603]] | [[Ardenna grisea]] | Ardenna grisea | 45 | | [[File:Sooty Shearwater.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardenna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 892 | [[:d:Q998495|Q998495]] | [[Ciconia boyciana]] | Ciconia boyciana | 45 | | [[File:Bocian czarnodzioby Ciconia boyciana RB3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ciconia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 893 | [[:d:Q457471|Q457471]] | [[Buteo jamaicensis]] | Buteo jamaicensis | 45 | | [[File:Red-tailed hawk (44371).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[hawk]] | [[Buteo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 894 | [[:d:Q241349|Q241349]] | [[Lophodytes cucullatus]] | Lophodytes cucullatus | 45 | | [[File:Hooded merganser female in CP (40676).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lophodytes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 895 | [[:d:Q529857|Q529857]] | [[Thalassornis leuconotus]] | Thalassornis leuconotus | 45 | | [[File:White-backed Duck (Thalassornis leuconotus) 1 (46494351142).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Thalassornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 896 | [[:d:Q25495361|Q25495361]] | [[White-winged Duck]] | Asarcornis scutulata | 45 | | [[File:White-winged wood duck.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Asarcornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 897 | [[:d:Q408457|Q408457]] | [[Timaliidae]] | Timaliidae | 45 | | [[File:Macronus gularis chersonesophilus - Kaeng Krachan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 898 | [[:d:Q420841|Q420841]] | [[Maluridae]] | Maluridae | 45 | | [[File:Superb blue Wren1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 899 | [[:d:Q501063|Q501063]] | [[Pycnonotus jocosus]] | Pycnonotus jocosus | 45 | | [[File:Pycnonotus jocosus jocosus, Nanning, Guangxi, China.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pycnonotus]]<br/>[[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 900 | [[:d:Q748159|Q748159]] | [[Icteridae]] | Icteridae | 45 | | [[File:Bullock's Oriole.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 901 | [[:d:Q481742|Q481742]] | [[Falco amurensis]] | Falco amurensis | 45 | | [[File:Amur Falcon (F).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 902 | [[:d:Q576762|Q576762]] | [[Bucephala albeola]] | Bucephala albeola | 45 | | [[File:Bucephala-albeola-007.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bucephala]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 903 | [[:d:Q833243|Q833243]] | [[Aythya affinis]] | Aythya affinis | 45 | | [[File:Aythya affinis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aythya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 904 | [[:d:Q839532|Q839532]] | [[Nettapus coromandelianus]] | Nettapus coromandelianus | 45 | | [[File:Cotton Pygmy-goose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nettapus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 905 | [[:d:Q144218|Q144218]] | [[Coscoroba coscoroba]] | Coscoroba coscoroba | 45 | | [[File:Coscoroba coscoroba -Pineyro, Buenos Aires, Argentina-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coscoroba]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 906 | [[:d:Q244320|Q244320]] | [[Anser rossii]] | Anser rossii | 45 | | [[File:Chen rossii1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anser]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 907 | [[:d:Q755540|Q755540]] | [[Dicaeidae]] | Dicaeidae | 45 | | [[File:Dicaeum trigonostigma 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 908 | [[:d:Q924326|Q924326]] | [[Aceros nipalensis]] | Aceros nipalensis | 45 | | [[File:Rufous necked Hornbill female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 909 | [[:d:Q461021|Q461021]] | [[Formicariidae]] | Formicariidae | 45 | | [[File:Chamaeza nobilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tyranni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 910 | [[:d:Q385273|Q385273]] | [[Acrocephalus melanopogon]] | Acrocephalus melanopogon | 45 | | [[File:Acrocephalus melanopogon ad03 CB.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 911 | [[:d:Q568512|Q568512]] | [[Terpsiphone paradisi]] | Terpsiphone paradisi | 45 | | [[File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) (45839175624).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Terpsiphone]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 912 | [[:d:Q373031|Q373031]] | [[Ramphastos dicolorus]] | Ramphastos dicolorus | 45 | | [[File:Tucano de bico verde (Ramphastos dicolorus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ramphastos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 913 | [[:d:Q827170|Q827170]] | [[Serinus]] | Serinus | 45 | | [[File:Serin cini mars.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Carduelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 914 | [[:d:Q843173|Q843173]] | [[Pyrrhula]] | Pyrrhula | 45 | | [[File:Pyrrhula pyrrhula bl1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Carduelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 915 | [[:d:Q838924|Q838924]] | [[Ara militaris]] | Ara militaris | 45 | | [[File:Ara militaris -London Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 916 | [[:d:Q748861|Q748861]] | [[Callocephalon fimbriatum]] | Callocephalon fimbriatum | 45 | | [[File:Callocephalon fimbriatum (pair) -NSW -Australia-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callocephalon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 917 | [[:d:Q645055|Q645055]] | [[Loxia pytyopsittacus]] | Loxia pytyopsittacus | 45 | | [[File:Furukorsnebb. Hann.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Loxia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 918 | [[:d:Q267735|Q267735]] | [[Corvus brachyrhynchos]] | Corvus brachyrhynchos | 45 | | [[File:Corvus-brachyrhynchos-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 919 | [[:d:Q368505|Q368505]] | [[Phylloscopus fuscatus]] | Phylloscopus fuscatus | 45 | | [[File:Dusky Warbler in Baruipur October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 920 | [[:d:Q809446|Q809446]] | [[Phylloscopus schwarzi]] | Phylloscopus schwarzi | 45 | | [[File:Radde's Warbler (Phylloscopus schwarzi).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 921 | [[:d:Q752678|Q752678]] | [[Lanius isabellinus]] | Lanius isabellinus | 45 | | [[File:Basai Wetland Gurgaon DSC9380 Isabelline shrike.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lanius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 922 | [[:d:Q795567|Q795567]] | [[Lanius schach]] | Lanius schach | 45 | | [[File:Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN8981 (92).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lanius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 923 | [[:d:Q192575|Q192575]] | [[Cinclus]] | Cinclus | 45 | | [[File:Cinclus mexicanus FWS.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[water bird]] | [[Cinclidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 924 | [[:d:Q726873|Q726873]] | [[Anthus hodgsoni]] | Anthus hodgsoni | 45 | | [[File:Anthus hodgsoni (singing s2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 925 | [[:d:Q94601|Q94601]] | [[Meleagris ocellata]] | Meleagris ocellata | 44 | | [[File:Meleagris ocellata -Guatemala-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meleagris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 926 | [[:d:Q845408|Q845408]] | [[Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi]] | Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi | 44 | | [[File:Tetras du caucase jogo 0g.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyrurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 927 | [[:d:Q526626|Q526626]] | [[Alectoris]] | Alectoris | 44 | | [[File:Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) (39660989151).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Perdicinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 928 | [[:d:Q425900|Q425900]] | [[Phasianus versicolor]] | Phasianus versicolor | 44 | | [[File:Phasianus versicolor female.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phasianus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 929 | [[:d:Q7512165|Q7512165]] | [[Phoenicopteriformes]] | Phoenicopteriformes | 44 | | [[File:Flamingo.greater.flaps.750pix.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirandornithes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 930 | [[:d:Q843182|Q843182]] | [[Casuarius unappendiculatus]] | Casuarius unappendiculatus | 44 | | [[File:Casuarius unappendiculatus -Northern Cassowary -head to toe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Casuario|Casuarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 931 | [[:d:Q494983|Q494983]] | [[Grus monacha]] | Grus monacha | 44 | | [[File:Grus monacha Phila Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Grus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 932 | [[:d:Q2359014|Q2359014]] | [[Pluvialis]] | Pluvialis | 44 | | [[File:Pluvialis dominica1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 933 | [[:d:Q18860|Q18860]] | [[Calidris ruficollis]] | Calidris ruficollis | 44 | | [[File:Calidris ruficollis - Marion Bay.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 934 | [[:d:Q599749|Q599749]] | [[Calidris fuscicollis]] | Calidris fuscicollis | 44 | | [[File:Calidris fuscicollis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 935 | [[:d:Q753760|Q753760]] | [[Calidris acuminata]] | Calidris acuminata | 44 | | [[File:Calidris acuminata - Hexham Swamp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 936 | [[:d:Q612817|Q612817]] | [[Sula]] | Sula | 44 | | [[File:Atobá-pardo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sulidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 937 | [[:d:Q389691|Q389691]] | [[Actitis macularius]] | Actitis macularius | 44 | | [[File:Actitis-macularia-005.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Actitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 938 | [[:d:Q312272|Q312272]] | [[Egretta]] | Egretta | 44 | | [[File:Western Reef heron (Egretta gularis).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hairon|Ardeidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 939 | [[:d:Q18839|Q18839]] | [[Thalasseus bengalensis]] | Thalasseus bengalensis | 44 | | [[File:Lesser crested terns (Thalasseus bengalensis) by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Thalasseus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 940 | [[:d:Q591480|Q591480]] | [[Eudyptes]] | Eudyptes | 44 | | [[File:MacaroniPenguinJM.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spheniscidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 941 | [[:d:Q609432|Q609432]] | [[Pygoscelis]] | Pygoscelis | 44 | | [[File:Manchot 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spheniscidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 942 | [[:d:Q841221|Q841221]] | [[Columba leuconota]] | Columba leuconota | 44 | | [[File:Snow Pigeon (Columba leuconota) (19589090133).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columba]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 943 | [[:d:Q387379|Q387379]] | [[Anhinga rufa]] | Anhinga rufa | 44 | | [[File:African darter (Anhinga rufa) drying wings.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anhinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 944 | [[:d:Q528764|Q528764]] | [[Leucophaeus atricilla]] | Leucophaeus atricilla | 44 | | [[File:Laughing Gull adult summer, Daytona Beach, Florida.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leucophaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 945 | [[:d:Q753741|Q753741]] | [[Pterocles alchata]] | Pterocles alchata | 44 | | [[File:Pterocles alchata (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pterocles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 946 | [[:d:Q220578|Q220578]] | [[Ardea melanocephala]] | Ardea melanocephala | 44 | | [[File:2009-black-headed-heron.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 947 | [[:d:Q757350|Q757350]] | [[Ardea sumatrana]] | Ardea sumatrana | 44 | | [[File:Ardea sumatrana 195843670.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 948 | [[:d:Q145593|Q145593]] | [[Streptopelia tranquebarica]] | Streptopelia tranquebarica | 44 | | [[File:Red Collared Dove, Tamil Nadu IMG 4960.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Streptopelia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 949 | [[:d:Q753758|Q753758]] | [[Eudyptes robustus]] | Eudyptes robustus | 44 | | [[File:SnaresPenguin (Mattern) large.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudyptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 950 | [[:d:Q764171|Q764171]] | [[Gorsachius melanolophus]] | Gorsachius melanolophus | 44 | | [[File:55594021 Yongfu Bridge, Taipei City +ID 2411215+002 0005.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gorsachius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 951 | [[:d:Q1145127|Q1145127]] | [[Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae]] | Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae | 44 | | [[File:Kereru profile.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemiphaga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 952 | [[:d:Q748236|Q748236]] | [[Diomedea epomophora]] | Diomedea epomophora | 44 | | [[File:Diomedea epomophora - SE Tasmania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Diomedea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 953 | [[:d:Q844655|Q844655]] | [[Netta]] | Netta | 44 | | [[File:Netta peposaca, Costanera Sur 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anatinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 954 | [[:d:Q1006681|Q1006681]] | [[Dendrocygna]] | Dendrocygna | 44 | | [[File:Whistling duck flight02 - natures pics-edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocygninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 955 | [[:d:Q382321|Q382321]] | [[Stictonetta naevosa]] | Stictonetta naevosa | 44 | | [[File:Freckled-Duck-male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stictonetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 956 | [[:d:Q597144|Q597144]] | [[Rhodonessa caryophyllacea]] | Rhodonessa caryophyllacea | 44 | | [[File:Rhodonessa caryophyllacea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhodonessa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 957 | [[:d:Q838162|Q838162]] | [[Torgos tracheliotos]] | Torgos tracheliotos | 44 | | [[File:Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos), Kgalagadi, South Africa (6526355327).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Torgos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 958 | [[:d:Q752465|Q752465]] | [[Aquila audax]] | Aquila audax | 44 | | [[File:Aquila audax - Captain's Flat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aquila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 959 | [[:d:Q845292|Q845292]] | [[Anas rubripes]] | Anas rubripes | 44 | | [[File:028 - AMERICAN BLACK DUCK (2-19-11) Quidi Vidi Lake, St John's, Newfoundland (8710694225).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 960 | [[:d:Q244189|Q244189]] | [[Branta hutchinsii]] | Branta hutchinsii | 44 | | [[File:AleutianCanadaGoose2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Branta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 961 | [[:d:Q740680|Q740680]] | [[Aythya baeri]] | Aythya baeri | 44 | | [[File:Aythya baeri female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aythya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 962 | [[:d:Q269203|Q269203]] | [[Merops]] | Merops | 44 | | [[File:Merops apiaster 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meropidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 963 | [[:d:Q644135|Q644135]] | [[Cacatua leadbeateri]] | Cacatua leadbeateri | 44 | | [[File:Cacatua leadbeateri -SW Queensland-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cacatua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 964 | [[:d:Q757360|Q757360]] | [[Cacatua haematuropygia]] | Cacatua haematuropygia | 44 | | [[File:Red Vented Cockatoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cacatua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 965 | [[:d:Q2090536|Q2090536]] | [[Oriolus]] | Oriolus | 44 | | [[File:Black-naped Oriole.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oriolidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 966 | [[:d:Q212942|Q212942]] | [[Galbulidae]] | Galbulidae | 44 | | [[File:Galbula ruficauda - front.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galbuloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 967 | [[:d:Q31884|Q31884]] | [[Merops philippinus]] | Merops philippinus | 44 | | [[File:Blue-tailed Bee-eater in Sundarbans National Park July 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Merops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 968 | [[:d:Q756777|Q756777]] | [[Philepittidae]] | Philepittidae | 44 | | [[File:Philepitta castanea 1868.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tyranni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 969 | [[:d:Q221423|Q221423]] | [[Emberiza leucocephalos]] | Emberiza leucocephalos | 44 | | [[File:Emberiza leucocephalos; Baikonur-town 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 970 | [[:d:Q653246|Q653246]] | [[Oriolus xanthornus]] | Oriolus xanthornus | 44 | | [[File:Black-hooded Oriole in Purbasthali June 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oriolus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 971 | [[:d:Q1951909|Q1951909]] | [[Nucifraga]] | Nucifraga | 44 | | [[File:Clark's Nutcracker - Nucifraga columbiana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 972 | [[:d:Q16819|Q16819]] | [[Colaptes auratus]] | Colaptes auratus | 44 | | [[File:Northern Flicker.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Colaptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 973 | [[:d:Q559883|Q559883]] | [[Bucanetes githagineus]] | Bucanetes githagineus | 44 | | [[File:Bucanetes githagineus amantum 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bucanetes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 974 | [[:d:Q379200|Q379200]] | [[Pipridae]] | Pipridae | 44 | | [[File:Pipridae diversity.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tyrannida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 975 | [[:d:Q27075856|Q27075856]] | [[Arctic Redpoll]] | Acanthis hornemanni | 44 | | [[File:Acanthis hornemanni hornemanni, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acanthis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 976 | [[:d:Q603875|Q603875]] | [[Agapornis fischeri]] | Agapornis fischeri | 44 | | [[File:046 Fischer's lovebird in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Agapornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 977 | [[:d:Q655145|Q655145]] | [[Pitta brachyura]] | Pitta brachyura | 44 | | [[File:Pitta brachyura.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pitta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 978 | [[:d:Q753221|Q753221]] | [[Mimidae]] | Mimidae | 44 | | [[File:Curve-billed Thrasher.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscicapoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 979 | [[:d:Q27075635|Q27075635]] | [[Copsychus malabaricus]] | Copsychus malabaricus | 44 | | [[File:Copsychus malabaricus - Khao Yai.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Copsychus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 980 | [[:d:Q574939|Q574939]] | [[Lonchura striata]] | Lonchura striata | 44 | | [[File:White-rumped Munia (Lonchura striata) (5780780488).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lonchura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 981 | [[:d:Q266107|Q266107]] | [[Dendronanthus indicus]] | Dendronanthus indicus | 44 | | [[File:Forest Wagtail 4024.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendronanthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 982 | [[:d:Q2330918|Q2330918]] | [[Neoaves]] | Neoaves | 43 | | [[File:Common Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[clado]] | | [[Neognathae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 983 | [[:d:Q836291|Q836291]] | [[Macrocephalon maleo]] | Macrocephalon maleo | 43 | | [[File:Maleo bird.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macrocephalon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 984 | [[:d:Q730091|Q730091]] | [[Apteryx haastii]] | Apteryx haastii | 43 | | [[File:Apteryx haastii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apteryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 985 | [[:d:Q564265|Q564265]] | [[Calypte anna]] | Calypte anna | 43 | | [[File:Anna's Hummingbird - 0L8A9194.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calypte]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 986 | [[:d:Q220705|Q220705]] | [[Rallus]] | Rallus | 43 | | [[File:Rallus aquaticus 4 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rallidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 987 | [[:d:Q833453|Q833453]] | [[Lerwa lerwa]] | Lerwa lerwa | 43 | | [[File:Lerwa lerwa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lerwa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 988 | [[:d:Q756714|Q756714]] | [[Gallirallus australis]] | Gallirallus australis | 43 | | [[File:Gallirallus australis 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gallirallus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 989 | [[:d:Q793068|Q793068]] | [[Casuarius bennetti]] | Casuarius bennetti | 43 | | [[File:Dwarf Cassowary Lae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Casuario|Casuarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 990 | [[:d:Q316342|Q316342]] | [[Himantopus]] | Himantopus | 43 | | [[File:Black winged Stilt I MG 9747.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Recurvirostridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 991 | [[:d:Q470016|Q470016]] | [[Fulica americana]] | Fulica americana | 43 | | [[File:American coot in Prospect Park (06152).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fulica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 992 | [[:d:Q1207101|Q1207101]] | [[Cariamiformes]] | Cariamiformes | 43 | | [[File:Andalgalornis jconway.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Australavis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 993 | [[:d:Q27452479|Q27452479]] | [[Antigone vipio]] | Antigone vipio | 43 | | [[File:Grus Vipio (Aqua Zoo).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antigone]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 994 | [[:d:Q28065684|Q28065684]] | [[Spoon-billed Sandpiper]] | Calidris pygmaea | 43 | | [[File:Eurynorhynchus pygmeus 2 - Pak Thale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 995 | [[:d:Q31866|Q31866]] | [[Apus pacificus]] | Apus pacificus | 43 | | [[File:ApusPacificus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 996 | [[:d:Q755737|Q755737]] | [[Charadrius vociferus]] | Charadrius vociferus | 43 | | [[File:Juvenile killdeer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadrius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 997 | [[:d:Q856201|Q856201]] | [[Jacana jacana]] | Jacana jacana | 43 | | [[File:Acana jacana -near Yarina Lodge, Napo Province, Ecuador -adult-8 cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Jacana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 998 | [[:d:Q528117|Q528117]] | [[Phaethon lepturus]] | Phaethon lepturus | 43 | | [[File:Phaethon lepturus, Seychelles.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phaethon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 999 | [[:d:Q686600|Q686600]] | [[Phaethon aethereus]] | Phaethon aethereus | 43 | | [[File:20180811-Red-billed tropicbird at Plaza Sur (0374).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phaethon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1000 | [[:d:Q310862|Q310862]] | [[Aegolius]] | Aegolius | 43 | | [[File:Aegolius-funereus-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strigidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1001 | [[:d:Q28514|Q28514]] | [[Sterna aurantia]] | Sterna aurantia | 43 | | [[File:River tern (Sterna aurantia).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sterna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1002 | [[:d:Q870775|Q870775]] | [[Fregata ariel]] | Fregata ariel | 43 | | [[File:Lesser frigatebird lei.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fregata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1003 | [[:d:Q754662|Q754662]] | [[Columba rupestris]] | Columba rupestris | 43 | | [[File:Hill Pigeon, near Dras, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columba]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1004 | [[:d:Q392139|Q392139]] | [[Egretta tricolor]] | Egretta tricolor | 43 | | [[File:Adult Tricolored Heron.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Egretta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1005 | [[:d:Q577346|Q577346]] | [[Leptoptilos]] | Leptoptilos | 43 | | [[File:Leptoptilos crumeniferus -Brevard Zoo, Florida, USA-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leptoptilini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1006 | [[:d:Q735296|Q735296]] | [[Phoebastria irrorata]] | Phoebastria irrorata | 43 | | [[File:Waved Albatross in flight, Española Island 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoebastria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1007 | [[:d:Q853412|Q853412]] | [[Phoebastria albatrus]] | Phoebastria albatrus | 43 | | [[File:Short tailed Albatross1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoebastria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1008 | [[:d:Q512348|Q512348]] | [[Platalea alba]] | Platalea alba | 43 | | [[File:Platalea alba eating JdP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Platalea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1009 | [[:d:Q722981|Q722981]] | [[Platalea regia]] | Platalea regia | 43 | | [[File:Royal Spoonbill mouth open.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Platalea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1010 | [[:d:Q731308|Q731308]] | [[Mycteria cinerea]] | Mycteria cinerea | 43 | | [[File:Milky Stork (Mycteria cinerea).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mycteria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1011 | [[:d:Q493173|Q493173]] | [[Nipponia nippon]] | Nipponia nippon | 43 | | [[File:Nipponia nippon, two, Yang Xian, Shaanxi, China.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nipponia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1012 | [[:d:Q524740|Q524740]] | [[Daption capense]] | Daption capense | 43 | | [[File:Daption capense -west of Falkland Islands-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Daption]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1013 | [[:d:Q926291|Q926291]] | [[Micrathene whitneyi]] | Micrathene whitneyi | 43 | | [[File:Elf Ow Cropped very small.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Micrathene]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1014 | [[:d:Q177386|Q177386]] | [[Necrosyrtes monachus]] | Necrosyrtes monachus | 43 | | [[File:Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Necrosyrtes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1015 | [[:d:Q732523|Q732523]] | [[Gypohierax angolensis]] | Gypohierax angolensis | 43 | | [[File:Gypohierax angolensis -Jurong Bird Park-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gypohierax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1016 | [[:d:Q280663|Q280663]] | [[Lophotriorchis kienerii]] | Lophotriorchis kienerii | 43 | | [[File:Elang-Perut-Karat-by-alimadura.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lophotriorchis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1017 | [[:d:Q658658|Q658658]] | [[Cyanochen cyanopterus]] | Cyanochen cyanoptera | 43 | | [[File:Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanoptera).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cyanochen]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1018 | [[:d:Q550595|Q550595]] | [[Cisticolidae]] | Cisticolidae | 43 | | [[File:Cisticola exilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1019 | [[:d:Q757271|Q757271]] | [[Anas superciliosa]] | Anas superciliosa | 43 | | [[File:Pacific Black Duck (Anas superciliosa), Warriewood, Sydney (50425801576).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1020 | [[:d:Q755119|Q755119]] | [[Caracara plancus]] | Caracara plancus | 43 | | [[File:Schopfkarakara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1021 | [[:d:Q917586|Q917586]] | [[Dendrocygna eytoni]] | Dendrocygna eytoni | 43 | | [[File:Dendrocygna eytoni - Macquarie University.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocygna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1022 | [[:d:Q420499|Q420499]] | [[Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos]] | Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos | 43 | | [[File:Whio potrait MTL.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hymenolaimus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1023 | [[:d:Q7256090|Q7256090]] | [[Psittaculidae]] | Psittaculidae | 43 | | [[File:Psittacula krameri -Karnataka, India-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Psittacoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1024 | [[:d:Q136358|Q136358]] | [[Acridotheres]] | Acridotheres | 43 | | [[File:Acridotheres tristis, Common Myna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sturnidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1025 | [[:d:Q1063141|Q1063141]] | [[Bucorvus]] | Bucorvus | 43 | | [[File:Abyssinian Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) male - Flickr - berniedup.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bucorvidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1026 | [[:d:Q621861|Q621861]] | [[Bucconidae]] | Bucconidae | 43 | | [[File:Rapazinho-carijó (Bucco tamatia Gmelin, 1788).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galbuli]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1027 | [[:d:Q26537|Q26537]] | [[Aegithina tiphia]] | Aegithina tiphia | 43 | | [[File:Bharat ravat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aegithina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1028 | [[:d:Q1070285|Q1070285]] | [[Ploceus cucullatus]] | Ploceus cucullatus | 43 | | [[File:Village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ploceus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1029 | [[:d:Q838951|Q838951]] | [[Ara rubrogenys]] | Ara rubrogenys | 43 | | [[File:Ara rubrogenys -Tulsa Zoo, Oklahoma, USA-8a-3c.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1030 | [[:d:Q1140949|Q1140949]] | [[Gymnorhina tibicen]] | Gymnorhina tibicen | 43 | | [[File:Cracticus tibicen hypoleuca male domain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gymnorhina]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1031 | [[:d:Q753748|Q753748]] | [[Agapornis personatus]] | Agapornis personatus | 43 | | [[File:Agapornis personatus -Serengeti, Tanzania-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Agapornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1032 | [[:d:Q31898|Q31898]] | [[Todiramphus chloris]] | Todiramphus chloris | 43 | | [[File:Todiramphus chloris 2 - Laem Phak Bia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Todiramphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1033 | [[:d:Q828544|Q828544]] | [[Eclectus roratus]] | Eclectus roratus | 43 | | [[File:Eclectus Parrot male.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eclectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1034 | [[:d:Q743214|Q743214]] | [[Cyanopsitta spixii]] | Cyanopsitta spixii | 43 | | [[File:AraSpixiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cyanopsitta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1035 | [[:d:Q736052|Q736052]] | [[Megaceryle alcyon]] | Megaceryle alcyon | 43 | | [[File:Belted Kingfisher.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Megaceryle]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1036 | [[:d:Q220985|Q220985]] | [[Turdus ruficollis]] | Turdus ruficollis | 43 | | [[File:Red-throated thrush in Nepal (1) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1037 | [[:d:Q73427|Q73427]] | [[Blue Whistling Thrush]] | Myophonus caeruleus | 43 | | [[File:Myophonus caeruleus - Ang Khang edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myophonus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1038 | [[:d:Q853058|Q853058]] | [[Galloanserae]] | Galloanserae | 42 | | [[File:Galloanserae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neognathae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1039 | [[:d:Q19055|Q19055]] | [[Lagopus leucura]] | Lagopus leucura | 42 | | [[File:Mount Rainier White-Tailed Ptarmigan (53058740798).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1040 | [[:d:Q282973|Q282973]] | [[Patagona gigas]] | Patagona gigas | 42 | | [[File:Patagona Gigas.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Patagona]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1041 | [[:d:Q244197|Q244197]] | [[Apteryx owenii]] | Apteryx owenii | 42 | | [[File:Apteryx owenii 0.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apteryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1042 | [[:d:Q789358|Q789358]] | [[Balearica]] | Balearica | 42 | | [[File:Balearica regulorum 1 Luc Viatour.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gruidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1043 | [[:d:Q1137291|Q1137291]] | [[Porphyrio]] | Porphyrio | 42 | | [[File:Australasian swamphen. (48041463068).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rallidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1044 | [[:d:Q754863|Q754863]] | [[Alectoris rufa]] | Alectoris rufa | 42 | | [[File:AlectorisRufa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alectoris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1045 | [[:d:Q546835|Q546835]] | [[Lophura nycthemera]] | Lophura nycthemera | 42 | | [[File:Lophura nycthemera, Exiandong reserve, Fujian 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lophura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1046 | [[:d:Q570379|Q570379]] | [[Tringa melanoleuca]] | Tringa melanoleuca | 42 | | [[File:Greater Yellowlegs2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tringa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1047 | [[:d:Q788649|Q788649]] | [[Calidris bairdii]] | Calidris bairdii | 42 | | [[File:Baird's sandpiper (Calidris bairdii) 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1048 | [[:d:Q746658|Q746658]] | [[Cuculus]] | Cuculus | 42 | | [[File:Cuculus canorus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1049 | [[:d:Q1237815|Q1237815]] | [[Podiceps]] | Podiceps | 42 | | [[File:Horned Grebe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Podicipedidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1050 | [[:d:Q116708|Q116708]] | [[Glareola maldivarum]] | Glareola maldivarum | 42 | | [[File:Glareola maldivarum - Beung Borapet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glareola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1051 | [[:d:Q18987|Q18987]] | [[Stercorarius antarcticus]] | Stercorarius antarcticus | 42 | | [[File:BrownSkua4.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stercorarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1052 | [[:d:Q754030|Q754030]] | [[Cariamidae]] | Cariamidae | 42 | | [[File:Cariama cristata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cariamiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1053 | [[:d:Q28505|Q28505]] | [[Sterna sumatrana]] | Sterna sumatrana | 42 | | [[File:Black-naped Tern LEI.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sterna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1054 | [[:d:Q579718|Q579718]] | [[Podilymbus podiceps]] | Podilymbus podiceps | 42 | | [[File:Pied-billed Grebe (53638106406) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Podilymbus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1055 | [[:d:Q519583|Q519583]] | [[Ichthyaetus audouinii]] | Ichthyaetus audouinii | 42 | | [[File:Ichthyaetus audouinii 20091001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichthyaetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1056 | [[:d:Q855618|Q855618]] | [[Columba guinea]] | Columba guinea | 42 | | [[File:Columba guinea 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columba]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1057 | [[:d:Q1074450|Q1074450]] | [[Columba elphinstonii]] | Columba elphinstonii | 42 | | [[File:Columba elphinstonii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Columba]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1058 | [[:d:Q662429|Q662429]] | [[Otidiphaps nobilis]] | Otidiphaps nobilis | 42 | | [[File:Green-naped Pheasant Pigeon Otidiphaps nobilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otidiphaps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1059 | [[:d:Q392175|Q392175]] | [[Egretta ardesiaca]] | Egretta ardesiaca | 42 | | [[File:Black heron, Egretta ardesiaca, at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (29946902700).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Egretta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1060 | [[:d:Q756795|Q756795]] | [[Leucophaeus pipixcan]] | Leucophaeus pipixcan | 42 | | [[File:Franklin's Gull Brisbane98.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leucophaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1061 | [[:d:Q498183|Q498183]] | [[Ardeola speciosa]] | Ardeola speciosa | 42 | | [[File:Ardeola speciosa.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardeola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1062 | [[:d:Q601107|Q601107]] | [[Eurypyga helias]] | Eurypyga helias | 42 | | [[File:075 Sunbittern in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eurypyga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1063 | [[:d:Q867544|Q867544]] | [[Circaetus]] | Circaetus | 42 | | [[File:Circaetus pectoralis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1064 | [[:d:Q852874|Q852874]] | [[Ardea insignis]] | Ardea insignis | 42 | | [[File:White-Bellied Heron DSCN1518 06, crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1065 | [[:d:Q276185|Q276185]] | [[Macronectes giganteus]] | Macronectes giganteus | 42 | | [[File:Giant petrel with chicks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macronectes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1066 | [[:d:Q838959|Q838959]] | [[Eudyptes sclateri]] | Eudyptes sclateri | 42 | | [[File:Bul02BirdP046.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudyptes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1067 | [[:d:Q26064|Q26064]] | [[Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus]] | Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus | 42 | | [[File:Brown-headed Gull. in breeding plumage.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chroicocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1068 | [[:d:Q667540|Q667540]] | [[Threskiornis moluccus]] | Threskiornis molucca | 42 | | [[File:'Bin chicken' (Threskiornis molucca) in Belmore Park, Sydney.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Threskiornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1069 | [[:d:Q151851|Q151851]] | [[Oena capensis]] | Oena capensis | 42 | | [[File:Namaqua dove, Oena capensis, at Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo, South Africa (18085767542).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1070 | [[:d:Q755006|Q755006]] | [[Trigonoceps occipitalis]] | Trigonoceps occipitalis | 42 | | [[File:Day 12 White-headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) (53439819016).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Trigonoceps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1071 | [[:d:Q28106764|Q28106764]] | [[Cinnamon Teal]] | Spatula cyanoptera | 42 | | [[File:Cinnamon teal (53706590927).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spatula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1072 | [[:d:Q28106789|Q28106789]] | [[Falcated Duck]] | Mareca falcata | 42 | | [[File:Anas falcata male.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mareca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1073 | [[:d:Q427512|Q427512]] | [[Thamnophilidae]] | Thamnophilidae | 42 | | [[File:Thamnophilidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1074 | [[:d:Q587527|Q587527]] | [[Vangidae]] | Vangidae | 42 | | [[File:Artamie.a.tete.blanche1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1075 | [[:d:Q839859|Q839859]] | [[Furnariidae]] | Furnariidae | 42 | | [[File:Furnariidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1076 | [[:d:Q1797393|Q1797393]] | [[Purple Sunbird]] | Cinnyris asiaticus | 42 | | [[File:Purple Sunbird Male, Bangalore, India.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cinnyris]]<br/>[[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1077 | [[:d:Q369767|Q369767]] | [[Bucephala islandica]] | Bucephala islandica | 42 | | [[File:Barrow's Goldeneye Drake Seedskadee NWR (16656643482).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bucephala]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1078 | [[:d:Q752461|Q752461]] | [[Dendrocygna autumnalis]] | Dendrocygna autumnalis | 42 | | [[File:Black-bellied Whistling Duck, Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocygna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1079 | [[:d:Q638242|Q638242]] | [[Calyptorhynchus banksii]] | Calyptorhynchus banksii | 42 | | [[File:Calyptorhynchus banksii (pair)-8-2cp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calyptorhynchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1080 | [[:d:Q644442|Q644442]] | [[Buphagus]] | Buphagus | 42 | | [[File:Red billed oxpecker close.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Buphagidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1081 | [[:d:Q685074|Q685074]] | [[Bucorvus leadbeateri]] | Bucorvus leadbeateri | 42 | | [[File:Bucorvus leadbeateri (Mfuwe).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bucorvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1082 | [[:d:Q694756|Q694756]] | [[Cinnyricinclus leucogaster]] | Cinnyricinclus leucogaster | 42 | | [[File:Violet-backed starling (Cinnyricinclus leucogaster verreauxi) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cinnyricinclus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1083 | [[:d:Q163049|Q163049]] | [[Prunella montanella]] | Prunella montanella | 42 | | [[File:Prunella modularis montanella.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prunella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1084 | [[:d:Q246498|Q246498]] | [[Berenicornis comatus]] | Berenicornis comatus | 42 | | [[File:Bucerotidae - Berenicornis comatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Berenicornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1085 | [[:d:Q843168|Q843168]] | [[Carpodacus]] | Carpodacus | 42 | | [[File:Carpodacus roseus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Carduelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1086 | [[:d:Q852709|Q852709]] | [[Ara severus]] | Ara severus | 42 | | [[File:Ara severus - Guacamaya cariseca - Chestnut-Fronted Macaw (7503884654).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1087 | [[:d:Q795556|Q795556]] | [[Orthotomus sutorius]] | Orthotomus sutorius | 42 | | [[File:2005-tailor-bird.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Orthotomus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1088 | [[:d:Q682379|Q682379]] | [[Psittacula alexandri]] | Psittacula alexandri | 42 | | [[File:Betet biasa (Psittacula alexandri).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Psittacula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1089 | [[:d:Q319545|Q319545]] | [[Trichoglossus haematodus]] | Trichoglossus haematodus | 42 | | [[File:Coconut Lorikeets Trichoglossus haematodus, Variata National Park, Port Moresby, PNG (48743693166).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Trichoglossus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1090 | [[:d:Q835926|Q835926]] | [[Poicephalus senegalus]] | Poicephalus senegalus | 42 | | [[File:Mohrenkopfpapagei1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poicephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1091 | [[:d:Q724987|Q724987]] | [[Myiopsitta monachus]] | Myiopsitta monachus | 42 | | [[File:Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) Buenos Aires.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myiopsitta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1092 | [[:d:Q930712|Q930712]] | [[Dryocopus pileatus]] | Dryocopus pileatus | 42 | | [[File:Pileated Woodpecker (9597212081).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dryocopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1093 | [[:d:Q247472|Q247472]] | [[Corvus hawaiiensis]] | Corvus hawaiiensis | 42 | | [[File:Corvus hawaiiensis FWS.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1094 | [[:d:Q608313|Q608313]] | [[Phylloscopus humei]] | Phylloscopus humei | 42 | | [[File:Hume's Warbler I2 IMG 3401.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phylloscopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1095 | [[:d:Q731085|Q731085]] | [[Lanius nubicus]] | Lanius nubicus | 42 | | [[File:Lanius nubicus (unmirrored).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lanius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1096 | [[:d:Q325356|Q325356]] | [[Paradisaea apoda]] | Paradisaea apoda | 42 | | [[File:Paradisaea apoda -Bali Bird Park-5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradisaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1097 | [[:d:Q133565|Q133565]] | [[Cyanistes]] | Cyanistes | 42 | | [[File:Blue Tit aka.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1098 | [[:d:Q1591663|Q1591663]] | [[Turdus obscurus]] | Turdus obscurus | 42 | | [[File:Eyebrowed Thrush.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1099 | [[:d:Q695723|Q695723]] | [[Zoothera dauma]] | Zoothera dauma | 42 | | [[File:Scaly Thrush at Godwari, Kathmandu.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zoothera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1100 | [[:d:Q574281|Q574281]] | [[Poecile lugubris]] | Poecile lugubris | 42 | | [[File:Poecile lugubris, Bulgaria 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecile]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1101 | [[:d:Q331065|Q331065]] | [[Taeniopygia guttata]] | Taeniopygia guttata | 42 | | [[File:2014-08-19 Zebra Finch, Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[Taeniopygia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1102 | [[:d:Q110257507|Q110257507]] | [[Curruca melanocephala]] | Curruca melanocephala | 42 | | [[File:Sardinian Warbler.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Curruca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1103 | [[:d:Q110257508|Q110257508]] | [[Curruca cantillans]] | Curruca cantillans | 42 | | [[File:Κοκκινοτσιροβάκος.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Curruca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1104 | [[:d:Q728995|Q728995]] | [[Lyrurus]] | Lyrurus | 41 | | [[File:Black Grouse Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phasianidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1105 | [[:d:Q390270|Q390270]] | [[Acryllium vulturinum]] | Acryllium vulturinum | 41 | | [[File:Acryllium vulturinum -Tsavo East National Park, Kenya-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acryllium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1106 | [[:d:Q661898|Q661898]] | [[Heliornithidae]] | Heliornithidae | 41 | | [[File:Masked Finfoot.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gruiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1107 | [[:d:Q748145|Q748145]] | [[Thinocoridae]] | Thinocoridae | 41 | | [[File:Thinocorus rumicivorus 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Charadriiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1108 | [[:d:Q202423|Q202423]] | [[Alectoris barbara]] | Alectoris barbara | 41 | | [[File:Alectoris barbara Tenerife.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alectoris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1109 | [[:d:Q748957|Q748957]] | [[Polyplectron bicalcaratum]] | Polyplectron bicalcaratum | 41 | | [[File:Grey Peacock-pheasant - Kang-Kra Khan, Thailand H8O5535 (15362061647).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Polyplectron]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1110 | [[:d:Q776739|Q776739]] | [[Ardeola]] | Ardeola | 41 | | [[File:Pond-Heron-Ardeola-grayii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hairon|Ardeidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1111 | [[:d:Q835119|Q835119]] | [[Pluvianus aegyptius]] | Pluvianus aegyptius | 41 | | [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Egyptian Plover (Pluvianus aegyptius).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pluvianus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1112 | [[:d:Q498228|Q498228]] | [[Butorides virescens]] | Butorides virescens | 41 | | [[File:Butorides virescens2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Butorides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1113 | [[:d:Q679154|Q679154]] | [[Aechmophorus occidentalis]] | Aechmophorus occidentalis | 41 | | [[File:Western Grebe swimming.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aechmophorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1114 | [[:d:Q248740|Q248740]] | [[Gygis alba]] | Gygis alba | 41 | | [[File:Gygis alba Ascension Island 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gygis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1115 | [[:d:Q218549|Q218549]] | [[Syrigma sibilatrix]] | Syrigma sibilatrix | 41 | | [[File:Syrigma sibilatrix -Punta del Este, Uruguay-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Syrigma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1116 | [[:d:Q657775|Q657775]] | [[Centropus]] | Centropus | 41 | | [[File:Greater Coucal Hong Kong.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Centropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1117 | [[:d:Q686287|Q686287]] | [[Ardeotis kori]] | Ardeotis kori | 41 | | [[File:Avutarda kori (Ardeotis kori), zona de conservación de Ngorongoro, Tanzania, 2024-05-27, DD 38.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardeotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1118 | [[:d:Q1262382|Q1262382]] | [[Chlamydotis macqueenii]] | Chlamydotis macqueenii | 41 | | [[File:MacQueens Bustard in Greater Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chlamydotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1119 | [[:d:Q940115|Q940115]] | [[Accipitrinae]] | Accipitrinae | 41 | | [[File:Northern Goshawk ad M2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Accipitridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1120 | [[:d:Q911449|Q911449]] | [[Ardea cocoi]] | Ardea cocoi | 41 | | [[File:Ardea cocoi -Apure State, Venezuela-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1121 | [[:d:Q792890|Q792890]] | [[Treron bicinctus]] | Treron bicinctus | 41 | | [[File:Treron bicincta -Wilpattu National Park, Sri Lanka -pair-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Treron]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1122 | [[:d:Q844776|Q844776]] | [[Phoebetria palpebrata]] | Phoebetria palpebrata | 41 | | [[File:Light sooty albatross flying.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoebetria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1123 | [[:d:Q600319|Q600319]] | [[Phoebastria nigripes]] | Phoebastria nigripes | 41 | | [[File:Black footed albatross1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoebastria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1124 | [[:d:Q934841|Q934841]] | [[Phoebastria immutabilis]] | Phoebastria immutabilis | 41 | | [[File:Laysan Albatross RWD2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoebastria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1125 | [[:d:Q1262700|Q1262700]] | [[Thalassarche cauta]] | Thalassarche cauta | 41 | | [[File:070226 Shy mollymawk off Kaikoura 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Thalassarche]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1126 | [[:d:Q782038|Q782038]] | [[Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae]] | Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae | 41 | | [[File:Larus novaehollandiae - Austin's Ferry.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chroicocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1127 | [[:d:Q616393|Q616393]] | [[Strix leptogrammica]] | Strix leptogrammica | 41 | | [[File:Brown Wood Owl (14157347364).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1128 | [[:d:Q1137288|Q1137288]] | [[Bubo blakistoni]] | Bubo blakistoni | 41 | | [[File:Blakiston`s fish owl1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bubo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1129 | [[:d:Q634804|Q634804]] | [[Geococcyx californianus]] | Geococcyx californianus | 41 | | [[File:2025-02-02 01 Greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) - AZ USA.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Geococcyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1130 | [[:d:Q166442|Q166442]] | [[Pagodroma nivea]] | Pagodroma nivea | 41 | | [[File:Pétrel des neiges - Snow Petrel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pagodroma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1131 | [[:d:Q338601|Q338601]] | [[Ciconia maguari]] | Ciconia maguari | 41 | | [[File:Ciconia maguari 3.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ciconia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1132 | [[:d:Q535436|Q535436]] | [[Ciconia stormi]] | Ciconia stormi | 41 | | [[File:Stavenn Ciconia stormii 00.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ciconia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1133 | [[:d:Q826525|Q826525]] | [[Gyps coprotheres]] | Gyps coprotheres | 41 | | [[File:Gyps coprotheres -St Augustine Alligator Farm, St. Augustine, Florida-8a-3c.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gyps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1134 | [[:d:Q900773|Q900773]] | [[Circus melanoleucos]] | Circus melanoleucos | 41 | | [[File:Circus melanoleucos from iNaturalist photo 104706101 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Circus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1135 | [[:d:Q605350|Q605350]] | [[Aviceda leuphotes]] | Aviceda leuphotes | 41 | | [[File:Black Baza.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aviceda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1136 | [[:d:Q1262185|Q1262185]] | [[Nisaetus nipalensis]] | Nisaetus nipalensis | 41 | | [[File:Hawkeagle.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nisaetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1137 | [[:d:Q742698|Q742698]] | [[Parabuteo unicinctus]] | Parabuteo unicinctus | 41 | | [[File:Harris's Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) 3 of 4 in set.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parabuteo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1138 | [[:d:Q390189|Q390189]] | [[Rhinocryptidae]] | Rhinocryptidae | 41 | | [[File:Rhinocryptidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1139 | [[:d:Q855761|Q855761]] | [[Promeropidae]] | Promeropidae | 41 | | [[File:Cape Sugarbird (Promerops cafer).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1140 | [[:d:Q2527969|Q2527969]] | [[Lybiidae]] | Lybiidae | 41 | | [[File:Beardedbarbet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Piciformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1141 | [[:d:Q738666|Q738666]] | [[Falco chicquera]] | Falco chicquera | 41 | | [[File:Red-Necked Falcon.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1142 | [[:d:Q742468|Q742468]] | [[Melanitta perspicillata]] | Melanitta perspicillata | 41 | | [[File:Melanitta perspicillata female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melanitta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1143 | [[:d:Q378192|Q378192]] | [[Dendrocygna arborea]] | Dendrocygna arborea | 41 | | [[File:West Indian Whistling Duck, Bayahibe, Dominican Republic 2017-12-10.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dendrocygna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1144 | [[:d:Q129036|Q129036]] | [[Chloephaga picta]] | Chloephaga picta | 41 | | [[File:Chloephaga picta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chloephaga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1145 | [[:d:Q914045|Q914045]] | [[Merganetta armata]] | Merganetta armata | 41 | | [[File:Merganetta armata - Rio Urumamba, Peru -pair-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Merganetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1146 | [[:d:Q629176|Q629176]] | [[Cacatua ophthalmica]] | Cacatua ophthalmica | 41 | | [[File:Cacatua ophthalmica -Vogelpark Walsrode-6b-3c.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cacatua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1147 | [[:d:Q748939|Q748939]] | [[Cacatua sanguinea]] | Cacatua sanguinea | 41 | | [[File:Little corella (Cacatua sanguinea gymnopis) Blanchetown.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cacatua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1148 | [[:d:Q753743|Q753743]] | [[Cacatua ducorpsii]] | Cacatua ducorpsii | 41 | | [[File:Salomonenkakadus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cacatua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1149 | [[:d:Q226900|Q226900]] | [[Zosterops]] | Zosterops | 41 | | [[File:Japanese white-eye at Tennōji Park in Osaka, January 2016 II.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zosteropidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1150 | [[:d:Q832245|Q832245]] | [[Hippolais]] | Hippolais | 41 | | [[File:Hippolais icterina1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Acrocephalidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1151 | [[:d:Q28108429|Q28108429]] | [[Zanda latirostris]] | Zanda latirostris | 41 | | [[File:Carnaby's Black Cockatoo 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zanda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1152 | [[:d:Q44023|Q44023]] | [[Coracias caudatus]] | Coracias caudatus | 41 | | [[File:005 Lilac-breasted roller in flight in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coracias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1153 | [[:d:Q795545|Q795545]] | [[Zosterops palpebrosus]] | Zosterops palpebrosus | 41 | | [[File:Oriental White Eyes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zosterops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1154 | [[:d:Q635333|Q635333]] | [[Anodorhynchus]] | Anodorhynchus | 41 | | [[File:Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus-1cp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1155 | [[:d:Q833979|Q833979]] | [[Merops ornatus]] | Merops ornatus | 41 | | [[File:Merops ornatus - Centenary Lakes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Merops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1156 | [[:d:Q836833|Q836833]] | [[Sturnus unicolor]] | Sturnus unicolor | 41 | | [[File:Sturnus unicolor by John Gould.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sturnus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1157 | [[:d:Q752539|Q752539]] | [[Hippolais polyglotta]] | Hippolais polyglotta | 41 | | [[File:Hippolais polyglotta MHNT ZOO 2010 11 201 Ouarsenis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippolais]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1158 | [[:d:Q547159|Q547159]] | [[Emberiza bruniceps]] | Emberiza bruniceps | 41 | | [[File:Emberiza bruniceps -Tanbaly, Kazakhstan-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1159 | [[:d:Q648313|Q648313]] | [[Emberiza buchanani]] | Emberiza buchanani | 41 | | [[File:Grey-necked Bunting (Emberiza buchanani) (31793472228).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Emberiza]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1160 | [[:d:Q14753772|Q14753772]] | [[Eastern Olivaceous Warbler]] | Iduna pallida | 41 | | [[File:Ak mukallit - Iduna pallida - Eastern Olivaceous Warbler, Adana, Turkey 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Iduna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1161 | [[:d:Q1319774|Q1319774]] | [[Ploceus philippinus]] | Ploceus philippinus | 41 | | [[File:Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN0233 (17).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ploceus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1162 | [[:d:Q226043|Q226043]] | [[Rhinoplax vigil]] | Rhinoplax vigil | 41 | | [[File:Buceros-vigil-bvk.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhinoplax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1163 | [[:d:Q727891|Q727891]] | [[Hypocolius ampelinus]] | Hypocolius ampelinus | 41 | | [[File:Hypocolius ampelinus pair-cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hypocolius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1164 | [[:d:Q846974|Q846974]] | [[Ara ambiguus]] | Ara ambiguus | 41 | | [[File:Ara ambigua.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1165 | [[:d:Q32048|Q32048]] | [[Alcedo meninting]] | Alcedo meninting | 41 | | [[File:Blue-eared Kingfisher (Alcedo meninting) (8071061758).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alcedo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1166 | [[:d:Q225039|Q225039]] | [[Aratinga solstitialis]] | Aratinga solstitialis | 41 | | [[File:Aratinga solstitialis -captive-two-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aratinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1167 | [[:d:Q629204|Q629204]] | [[Conuropsis carolinensis]] | Conuropsis carolinensis | 41 | | [[File:Karolinasittich 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Conuropsis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1168 | [[:d:Q756063|Q756063]] | [[Ivory-billed Woodpecker]] | Campephilus principalis | 41 | | [[File:Ivory-billed Woodpecker by Jerry A. Payne.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[Lazarus taxon]] | | [[Campephilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1169 | [[:d:Q1144421|Q1144421]] | [[Pica nuttalli]] | Pica nuttallii | 41 | | [[File:Pica nuttalli 08036.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pica]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1170 | [[:d:Q181561|Q181561]] | [[Corvus crassirostris]] | Corvus crassirostris | 41 | | [[File:Krkavec tlustozobý.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | [[raven]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1171 | [[:d:Q1049056|Q1049056]] | [[Halcyon pileata]] | Halcyon pileata | 41 | | [[File:Halcyon pileata - Phra Non.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halcyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1172 | [[:d:Q525871|Q525871]] | [[Alauda gulgula]] | Alauda gulgula | 41 | | [[File:Oriental Lark (49172375968).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1173 | [[:d:Q728092|Q728092]] | [[Agapornis nigrigenis]] | Agapornis nigrigenis | 41 | | [[File:Agapornis nigrigenis -London Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Agapornis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1174 | [[:d:Q1052008|Q1052008]] | [[Ceyx erithaca]] | Ceyx erithaca | 41 | | [[File:Three-toed kingfisher.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ceyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1175 | [[:d:Q27075424|Q27075424]] | [[Alaudala rufescens]] | Alaudala rufescens | 41 | | [[File:Lesser Short-toed Lark Alaudala rufescens polatzeki, Fuerteventura.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alaudala]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1176 | [[:d:Q795542|Q795542]] | [[Paradisaea rubra]] | Paradisaea rubra | 41 | | [[File:Paradisaea rubra-20090516.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradisaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1177 | [[:d:Q282943|Q282943]] | [[Psarisomus dalhousiae]] | Psarisomus dalhousiae | 41 | | [[File:Psarisomus dalhousiae - Ian Dugdale - 546696102 (cropped).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Psarisomus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1178 | [[:d:Q1142785|Q1142785]] | [[Nucifraga columbiana]] | Nucifraga columbiana | 41 | | [[File:Clarks Nutcraker Crater Lake Nick Myatt 08 (4458470688).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nucifraga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1179 | [[:d:Q201461|Q201461]] | [[Corvus dauuricus]] | Corvus dauuricus | 41 | | [[File:Dwlhany.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coloeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1180 | [[:d:Q490393|Q490393]] | [[Rupicola peruviana]] | Rupicola peruvianus | 41 | | [[File:P1010107mod.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rupicola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1181 | [[:d:Q80780|Q80780]] | [[Turdus atrogularis]] | Turdus atrogularis | 41 | | [[File:A dark-throated Thrush female - Dhanachuli, Uttarakhand India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1182 | [[:d:Q829683|Q829683]] | [[Mimus polyglottos]] | Mimus polyglottos | 41 | | [[File:Mockingbird in Bay Ridge (85082).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mimus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1183 | [[:d:Q557745|Q557745]] | [[Irania gutturalis]] | Irania gutturalis | 41 | | [[File:Berkute (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Irania]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1184 | [[:d:Q110257494|Q110257494]] | [[Curruca nana]] | Curruca nana | 41 | | [[File:Curruca nana - Kudaibergen Amirekul - 562372019.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Curruca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1185 | [[:d:Q901708|Q901708]] | [[Passer luteus]] | Passer luteus | 41 | | [[File:Passer luteus 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passer]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1186 | [[:d:Q632066|Q632066]] | [[Alectura lathami]] | Alectura lathami | 40 | | [[File:Australian Brushturkey 2 - Newington.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alectura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1187 | [[:d:Q569957|Q569957]] | [[Lophophorus]] | Lophophorus | 40 | | [[File:Lophophorus impejanus (Jardin Acclimatation).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phasianinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1188 | [[:d:Q835525|Q835525]] | [[Porzana]] | Porzana | 40 | | [[File:Porzana porzana 3 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rallidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1189 | [[:d:Q147907|Q147907]] | [[Eurypygiformes]] | Eurypygiformes | 40 | | [[File:Eurypyga heliasPCCA20051227-2000B.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eurypygimorphae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1190 | [[:d:Q385891|Q385891]] | [[Catreus wallichii]] | Catreus wallichii | 40 | | [[File:Cheer Pheasant.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Catreus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1191 | [[:d:Q839820|Q839820]] | [[Calidris himantopus]] | Calidris himantopus | 40 | | [[File:Stilt Sandpiper (29065008787).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Calidris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1192 | [[:d:Q1262057|Q1262057]] | [[Turnix suscitator]] | Turnix suscitator | 40 | | [[File:Barred Buttonquail in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turnix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1193 | [[:d:Q516662|Q516662]] | [[Rynchops niger]] | Rynchops niger | 40 | | [[File:Black Skimmer Close Flying.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rynchops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1194 | [[:d:Q902912|Q902912]] | [[Spheniscus]] | Spheniscus | 40 | | [[File:African.penguin.bristol.750pix (Pingstone).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spheniscidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1195 | [[:d:Q575699|Q575699]] | [[Tachybaptus rufolavatus]] | Tachybaptus rufolavatus | 40 | | [[File:Tachybaptus rufolavatus - Zürich Zoo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tachybaptus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1196 | [[:d:Q495144|Q495144]] | [[Cuculus poliocephalus]] | Cuculus poliocephalus | 40 | | [[File:Cuculus poliocephalus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuculus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1197 | [[:d:Q732753|Q732753]] | [[Anhima cornuta]] | Anhima cornuta | 40 | | [[File:Anhima cornuta (Vincent Vos).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anhima]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1198 | [[:d:Q839862|Q839862]] | [[Larosterna inca]] | Larosterna inca | 40 | | [[File:Larosterna inca -Lima, Peru -adult-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larosterna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1199 | [[:d:Q1047787|Q1047787]] | [[Vanellus cinereus]] | Vanellus cinereus | 40 | | [[File:Vanellus cinereus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vanellus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1200 | [[:d:Q953999|Q953999]] | [[Larus californicus]] | Larus californicus | 40 | | [[File:Adult California Gull at Stinson Beach-4211.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1201 | [[:d:Q1127687|Q1127687]] | [[Larus dominicanus]] | Larus dominicanus | 40 | | [[File:Larus dominicanus -Kenton-on-Sea, Eastern Cape, South Africa-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Larus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1202 | [[:d:Q809610|Q809610]] | [[Houbaropsis bengalensis]] | Houbaropsis bengalensis | 40 | | [[File:BengalFlorican.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Houbaropsis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1203 | [[:d:Q1452250|Q1452250]] | [[Geococcyx]] | Geococcyx | 40 | | [[File:Geococcyx californianus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neomorphinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1204 | [[:d:Q528572|Q528572]] | [[Pezophaps solitaria]] | Pezophaps solitaria | 40 | | [[File:Leguat1891solitaire.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Pezophaps]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1205 | [[:d:Q931759|Q931759]] | [[Giant Ibis]] | Thaumatibis gigantea | 40 | | [[File:ThaumantibisGiganteaGronvold.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Thaumatibis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1206 | [[:d:Q728881|Q728881]] | [[Anastomus]] | Anastomus | 40 | | [[File:Asian Openbill (Anastomus oscitans) in Kolkata I IMG 0495.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mycteriini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1207 | [[:d:Q888547|Q888547]] | [[Ixobrychus eurhythmus]] | Ixobrychus eurhythmus | 40 | | [[File:Schrenk's Bittern fem - Kang Kra Chan - Thailand S4E4834 (14235609026).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ixobrychus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1208 | [[:d:Q373554|Q373554]] | [[Ardea humbloti]] | Ardea humbloti | 40 | | [[File:Ardea humbloti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1209 | [[:d:Q204179|Q204179]] | [[domesticated pigeon]] | Columba livia f. domestica | 40 | | [[File:Feral pigeon (Columba livia domestica), 2017-05-27.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[domesticated bird]] | [[Columba livia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1210 | [[:d:Q512566|Q512566]] | [[Treron calvus]] | Treron calvus | 40 | | [[File:African Green Pigeon (Treron calvus) (11423539903) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Treron]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1211 | [[:d:Q838607|Q838607]] | [[Fratercula cirrhata]] | Fratercula cirrhata | 40 | | [[File:Tufted Puffin Alaska (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fratercula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1212 | [[:d:Q372383|Q372383]] | [[Nycticorax caledonicus]] | Nycticorax caledonicus | 40 | | [[File:Nankeen (Rufous) Night Heron (23333548021).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nycticorax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1213 | [[:d:Q786350|Q786350]] | [[Thalassarche chrysostoma]] | Thalassarche chrysostoma | 40 | | [[File:Greyhead.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Thalassarche]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1214 | [[:d:Q629525|Q629525]] | [[Chroicocephalus philadelphia]] | Chroicocephalus philadelphia | 40 | | [[File:Bonaparte's Gull Biloxi RWD2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chroicocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1215 | [[:d:Q301777|Q301777]] | [[Bostrychia hagedash]] | Bostrychia hagedash | 40 | | [[File:Hadeda Ibis Portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bostrychia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1216 | [[:d:Q630457|Q630457]] | [[Strix varia]] | Strix varia | 40 | | [[File:Strix-varia-005.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1217 | [[:d:Q817172|Q817172]] | [[Indian Eagle-Owl]] | Bubo bengalensis | 40 | | [[File:Rock eagle owl DSC 7104.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bubo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1218 | [[:d:Q932473|Q932473]] | [[Bubo coromandus]] | Bubo coromandus | 40 | | [[File:Dusky Eagle Owl 2019.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bubo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1219 | [[:d:Q288485|Q288485]] | [[Geopelia striata]] | Geopelia striata | 40 | | [[File:Geopelia striata 1 crop - Chinese Garden.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Geopelia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1220 | [[:d:Q27074605|Q27074605]] | [[Short-tailed Shearwater]] | Ardenna tenuirostris | 40 | | [[File:Puffinus tenuirostris 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardenna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1221 | [[:d:Q27074609|Q27074609]] | [[Ardenna gravis]] | Ardenna gravis | 40 | | [[File:131 - GREAT SHEARWATER (9-15-2918) MAS pelagic trip, out of bar harbor, me -37 (42977042330).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ardenna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1222 | [[:d:Q883092|Q883092]] | [[Halobaena caerulea]] | Halobaena caerulea | 40 | | [[File:Halobaena caerulea in flight - SE Tasmania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halobaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1223 | [[:d:Q27074633|Q27074633]] | [[Grey-headed Fish Eagle]] | Haliaeetus ichthyaetus | 40 | | [[File:Grey-headed Fish Eagle (5484754969).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haliaeetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1224 | [[:d:Q594328|Q594328]] | [[Elanus axillaris]] | Elanus axillaris | 40 | | [[File:Elanus axillaris -Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Elanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1225 | [[:d:Q116670|Q116670]] | [[Nisaetus cirrhatus]] | Nisaetus cirrhatus | 40 | | [[File:Changeable Hawk eagle - Crested Hawk-Eagle - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nisaetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1226 | [[:d:Q681374|Q681374]] | [[Monarchidae]] | Monarchidae | 40 | | [[File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher- Male at Himachal I2 IMG 2939.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1227 | [[:d:Q748220|Q748220]] | [[Vireonidae]] | Vireonidae | 40 | | [[File:Vireonidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1228 | [[:d:Q809613|Q809613]] | [[Capitonidae]] | Capitonidae | 40 | | [[File:Eubucco bourcierii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Piciformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1229 | [[:d:Q835712|Q835712]] | [[Callaeatidae]] | Callaeidae | 40 | | [[File:Huia Buller.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Passeriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1230 | [[:d:Q935463|Q935463]] | [[Megalaimidae]] | Megalaimidae | 40 | | [[File:Megalarima lineate.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Piciformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1231 | [[:d:Q747827|Q747827]] | [[Aquila verreauxii]] | Aquila verreauxii | 40 | | [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Verreaux's Eagle pair.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aquila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1232 | [[:d:Q748290|Q748290]] | [[Falco pelegrinoides]] | Falco pelegrinoides | 40 | | [[File:Wüstenfalke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Falco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1233 | [[:d:Q378533|Q378533]] | [[Aythya valisineria]] | Aythya valisineria | 40 | | [[File:Aythya valisineria at Las Gallinas Wildlife Ponds.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aythya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1234 | [[:d:Q692192|Q692192]] | [[Aythya americana]] | Aythya americana | 40 | | [[File:Aythya americana f Ontario.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aythya]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1235 | [[:d:Q539783|Q539783]] | [[Brachypteraciidae]] | Brachypteraciidae | 40 | | [[File:Rollier Terrestre à courte queue.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coraciiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1236 | [[:d:Q508474|Q508474]] | [[Nestor]] | Nestor | 40 | | [[File:Nestor meridionalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nestoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1237 | [[:d:Q929726|Q929726]] | [[Ramphastos]] | Ramphastos | 40 | | [[File:Ramphastos toco -Kobe Kachoen -Japan-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tucano|Ramphastidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1238 | [[:d:Q768526|Q768526]] | [[Tyranni]] | Tyranni | 40 | | [[File:Scissortailedfly700.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupasseres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1239 | [[:d:Q28107872|Q28107872]] | [[Zanda funerea]] | Zanda funerea | 40 | | [[File:Calyptorhynchus funereus (male) -Wamboin-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zanda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1240 | [[:d:Q961342|Q961342]] | [[Coracias abyssinicus]] | Coracias abyssinicus | 40 | | [[File:Coracias abyssinica - Carlos Vermeersch Santana.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Coracias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1241 | [[:d:Q757013|Q757013]] | [[Menura novaehollandiae]] | Menura novaehollandiae | 40 | | [[File:Superb lyrbird in scrub.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Menura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1242 | [[:d:Q44109|Q44109]] | [[Eurystomus orientalis]] | Eurystomus orientalis | 40 | | [[File:Dollarbird Samcem Dec02.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eurystomus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1243 | [[:d:Q754511|Q754511]] | [[Tockus leucomelas]] | Tockus leucomelas | 40 | | [[File:Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill, Tockus leucomelas at Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo, South Africa (18305273221).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tockus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1244 | [[:d:Q852731|Q852731]] | [[Furnarius rufus]] | Furnarius rufus | 40 | | [[File:Flickr - Dario Sanches - JOÃO-DE-BARRO (Furnarius rufus) (3).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Furnarius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1245 | [[:d:Q27075861|Q27075861]] | [[American Goldfinch]] | Spinus tristis | 40 | | [[File:Carduelis-tristis-002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1246 | [[:d:Q1076571|Q1076571]] | [[Brahminy Starling]] | Sturnia pagodarum | 40 | | [[File:Brahminy starling (Sturnia pagodarum) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sturnia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1247 | [[:d:Q646994|Q646994]] | [[Ara tricolor]] | Ara tricolor | 40 | | [[File:A. tricolor.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1248 | [[:d:Q178434|Q178434]] | [[Dinopium benghalense]] | Dinopium benghalense | 40 | | [[File:Black-rumped Flameback in Rabindra Sarobar January 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dinopium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1249 | [[:d:Q858577|Q858577]] | [[Sitta]] | Sitta | 40 | | [[File:Sitta europaea wildlife 2 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sittidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1250 | [[:d:Q775300|Q775300]] | [[Guaruba guarouba]] | Guaruba guarouba | 40 | | [[File:Guaruba guarouba -Gramado Zoo, Brazil-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guaruba]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1251 | [[:d:Q913813|Q913813]] | [[Psittacula cyanocephala]] | Psittacula cyanocephala | 40 | | [[File:A Female Plum Headed Parakeet (50263113627).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Psittacula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1252 | [[:d:Q838955|Q838955]] | [[Anodorhynchus leari]] | Anodorhynchus leari | 40 | | [[File:Anodorhynchus leari (3 cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Anodorhynchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1253 | [[:d:Q833811|Q833811]] | [[Malaconotidae]] | Malaconotidae | 40 | | [[File:Black-headed Gonolek Laniarius erythrogaster National Aviary 1200px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Malaconotoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1254 | [[:d:Q334206|Q334206]] | [[Corvus moneduloides]] | Corvus moneduloides | 40 | | [[File:CorvusMoneduloidesKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Corvus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1255 | [[:d:Q578174|Q578174]] | [[Melanerpes erythrocephalus]] | Melanerpes erythrocephalus | 40 | | [[File:Melanerpes erythrocephalus -tree trunk-USA.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melanerpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1256 | [[:d:Q94533|Q94533]] | [[Urocissa caerulea]] | Urocissa caerulea | 40 | | [[File:Taiwan blue magpie (Urocissa caerulea) Xindian.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocissa]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1257 | [[:d:Q766306|Q766306]] | [[Urocissa erythroryncha]] | Urocissa erythroryncha | 40 | | [[File:Urocissa erythrorhyncha.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocissa]] | [[magpie]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 1258 | [[:d:Q749577|Q749577]] | [[Paradisaea raggiana]] | Paradisaea raggiana | 40 | | [[File:Raggiana Bird-of-Paradise wild 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradisaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1259 | [[:d:Q829925|Q829925]] | [[Petroicidae]] | Petroicidae | 40 | | [[File:Eastern yellow robin (Victoria, Australia 2008).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Petroicoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1260 | [[:d:Q852860|Q852860]] | [[Lonchura]] | Lonchura | 40 | | [[File:Black-and-white Mannikin (Lonchura bicolor).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Estrildidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1261 | [[:d:Q125142|Q125142]] | [[Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae]] | Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae | 40 | | [[File:Tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) Tiritiri Matangi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prosthemadera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1262 | [[:d:Q843175|Q843175]] | [[Turdus naumanni]] | Turdus naumanni | 40 | | [[File:Turdus naumanni naumanni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Turdus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1263 | [[:d:Q1589281|Q1589281]] | [[Saxicola maurus]] | Saxicola maurus | 40 | | [[File:Siberian Stonechat (Saxicola maura)- Male at Bharatpur I IMG 5768.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Saxicola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1264 | [[:d:Q478632|Q478632]] | [[Lonchura malacca]] | Lonchura malacca | 40 | | [[File:Black-headed Munia I IMG 7747.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lonchura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1265 | [[:d:Q574447|Q574447]] | [[Poecile cinctus]] | Poecile cinctus | 40 | | [[File:Siberian Tit Parus Cinctus 2006 03 07.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecile]] | |} ---- &sum; 1265 items. {{Wikidata list end}} raamtydzzk2z0cnhqppxeg9dww0e4uw 102 38955 699043 698549 2026-08-26T12:02:38Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 699043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q35657 } |wdq= |columns=item,P41,P94,label,P242,P300,P36,description |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! imagine del bandiera ! imagine del scuto ! label ! position geographic ! ISO 3166-2 ! capital ! description |- | [[:d:Q99|Q99]] | [[File:Flag of California.svg|center|48px]] | | [[California]] | [[File:California in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-CA | [[Sacramento (California)|Sacramento]] | stato del Statos Unite |- | [[:d:Q173|Q173]] | [[File:Flag of Alabama.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Alabama.svg|center|48px]] | [[Alabama]] | [[File:Alabama in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-AL | [[Montgomery (Alabama)|Montgomery]]<ref name="ref_4dd184a42eb34979eb69a27180e04cda34ec55d82b735a2a5fa9fb38628df584">''[[:d:Q27652856|БСЭ1 / Алабама, штат США]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ab611cd7bd4d4876fe998d414fec572ff451098cf539299fa53626c3d6c1f24d">''[[:d:Q24329407|ЭСБЕ / Алабама, штат]]''</ref><ref name="ref_cf286819ed785c47e60f566aa06b1fa02e2f430eb8b10286f9ecd83962a84d39">''[[:d:Q5375680|Encyclopedia of Alabama]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q724|Q724]] | [[File:Flag of Maine.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Maine.svg|center|48px]] | [[Maine]] | [[File:Maine in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-ME | [[Augusta (Maine)|Augusta]]<ref name="ref_d17e0f4d7e28e0b81edfa735cdadede455141a73172e92cac32ec89effc78638">https://www.britannica.com/place/Augusta-Maine</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q759|Q759]] | [[File:Flag of New Hampshire.svg|center|48px]] | | [[New Hampshire]] | [[File:New Hampshire in United States (US48).svg|center|48px]] | US-NH | [[Concord (New Hampshire)|Concord]]<ref name="ref_3755ccf1c9dbe06ed862ffc250677db8f3493a26075d86a2c3ea68d99fa54faf">https://www.britannica.com/place/Concord-New-Hampshire</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q771|Q771]] | [[File:Flag of Massachusetts.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Massachusetts.svg|center|48px]] | [[Massachusetts]] | [[File:Massachusetts in United States (zoom).svg|center|48px]] | US-MA | [[Boston]]<ref name="ref_8448d5e281e30805c215411f5438ca43d03ab76942443ccf210b2fb48ad2aac1">https://www.britannica.com/place/Boston</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q779|Q779]] | [[File:Flag of Connecticut.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Connecticut.svg|center|48px]] | [[Connecticut]] | [[File:Connecticut in United States (zoom).svg|center|48px]] | US-CT | [[Hartford (Connecticut)|Hartford]]<ref name="ref_5bbf5d49e91a0238dfc2ca8e77243a40b40b1a1ce960eb0f2e3c44acf2372675">https://www.britannica.com/place/Hartford-Connecticut</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q782|Q782]] | [[File:Flag of Hawaii.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Hawaii.svg|center|48px]] | [[Hawaii]] | [[File:Hawaii in United States (US50).svg|center|48px]] | US-HI | [[Honolulu (Hawaii)|Honolulu]] | stato del Statos Unite de America |- | [[:d:Q797|Q797]] | [[File:Flag of Alaska.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of the State of Alaska.svg|center|48px]] | [[Alaska]] | [[File:Alaska in United States (US50).svg|center|48px]] | US-AK | [[Juneau (Alaska)|Juneau]] | |- | [[:d:Q812|Q812]] | [[File:Flag of Florida.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of Florida.svg|center|48px]] | [[Florida]] | [[File:Florida in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-FL | [[Tallahassee (Florida)|Tallahassee]]<ref name="ref_4610914ba9ddeb6ada9bb934bbe941e7d1c1e7641eb555c22c34074d2864a9f2">https://www.britannica.com/place/Tallahassee</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q816|Q816]] | [[File:Flag of Arizona.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Arizona]] | [[File:Arizona in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-AZ | [[Phoenix (Arizona)|Phoenix]]<ref name="ref_a65a1f60defec888cb1927f85b3ada7b527c12ea8c87bd000c62276484065864">''[[:d:Q114502058|Административно-территориальное деление США : словарь-справочник]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q824|Q824]] | [[File:Flag of Oregon.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Oregon]] | [[File:Oregon in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-OR | [[Salem (Oregon)|Salem]] | |- | [[:d:Q829|Q829]] | [[File:Flag of Utah.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Utah.svg|center|48px]] | [[Utah]] | [[File:Utah in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-UT | [[Salt Lake City]]<ref name="ref_aadfc44cdb2a71174466f1062c4995389a4e13e11453744820540d8b98649751">''[[:d:Q87326274|МСЭ2/Юта]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1166|Q1166]] | [[File:Flag of Michigan.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Michigan.svg|center|48px]] | [[Michigan]] | [[File:Michigan in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-MI | [[Lansing (Michigan)|Lansing]]<ref name="ref_7bf2f4c0c4d64cca27b2aedf5203433d1cc24cf23d47243ea1f9626ac841eb74">https://www.britannica.com/place/Michigan</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1204|Q1204]] | [[File:Flag of Illinois.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Illinois]] | [[File:Illinois in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-IL | [[Springfield (Illinois)|Springfield]]<ref name="ref_0d7071fc096a3ff1b6e620006ea5704649eae97eb476effd73d1b2e68bc1f060">https://www.illinois.gov/about/fun-facts.html</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1207|Q1207]] | [[File:Flag of North Dakota.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of North Dakota.svg|center|48px]] | [[Dakota del Nord]] | [[File:North Dakota in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-ND | [[Bismarck (Dakota del Nord)|Bismarck]] | |- | [[:d:Q1211|Q1211]] | [[File:Flag of South Dakota.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:State Seal of South Dakota.svg|center|48px]] | [[Dakota del Sud]] | [[File:South Dakota in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-SD | [[Pierre (Dakota del Sud)|Pierre]] | |- | [[:d:Q1212|Q1212]] | [[File:Flag of Montana.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Great Seal of Montana.svg|center|48px]] | [[Montana]] | [[File:Montana in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-MT | [[Helena (Montana)|Helena]] | |- | [[:d:Q1214|Q1214]] | [[File:Flag of Wyoming.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Wyoming]] | [[File:Wyoming in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-WY | [[Cheyenne (Wyoming)|Cheyenne]] | |- | [[:d:Q1221|Q1221]] | [[File:Flag of Idaho.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Idaho]] | [[File:Idaho in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-ID | [[Boise (Idaho)|Boise]] | |- | [[:d:Q1223|Q1223]] | [[File:Flag of Washington.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Washington (stato)|Washington]] | [[File:Washington in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-WA<ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref> | [[Olympia (Washington)|Olympia]] | stato del Statos Unite de America |- | [[:d:Q1227|Q1227]] | [[File:Flag of Nevada.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:State Seal of Nevada.svg|center|48px]] | [[Nevada]] | [[File:Nevada in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-NV | [[Carson City (Nevada)|Carson City]] | |- | [[:d:Q1261|Q1261]] | [[File:Flag of Colorado.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of Colorado.svg|center|48px]] | [[Colorado]] | [[File:Colorado in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-CO | [[Denver (Colorado)|Denver]] | |- | [[:d:Q1370|Q1370]] | [[File:Flag of Virginia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Virginia.png|center|48px]] | [[Virginia]] | [[File:Virginia in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-VA | [[Richmond (Virginia)|Richmond]]<ref name="ref_0a7d5e61c25f2b20095724d1d702ec1133ce5e9d3d897e3ccf4ce5d0f2778ba6">https://www.britannica.com/place/Richmond-Virginia</ref> | stato del Statos Unite de America |- | [[:d:Q1371|Q1371]] | [[File:Flag of West Virginia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of West Virginia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Virginia del West]] | [[File:West Virginia in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-WV | [[Charleston (West Virginia)|Charleston]] | |- | [[:d:Q1384|Q1384]] | [[File:Flag of New York.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of New York State.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_bc33c5ce06ddc91218802ad5006e232f64839bd23496f7e6ee8684e753d2a97f">https://www.dos.ny.gov/kids_room/web_images/excelsior_coa_01.png</ref> | [[New York (stato)|New York]] | [[File:New York in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-NY<ref name="ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9">''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''</ref> | [[Albany (New York)|Albany]]<ref name="ref_bee0d150b2527b09ff26a233921ed42f0fdb027498b9b2de662222ebb68f992d">https://www.ny.gov/counties/albany</ref><ref name="ref_7c0558b07fe440235fa23712fa2b53c6cf82e76e26fab7496d7055f5efef1f5e">https://www.britannica.com/place/Albany-New-York</ref> | stato del Statos Unitate |- | [[:d:Q1387|Q1387]] | [[File:Flag of Rhode Island.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Rhode Island.svg|center|48px]] | [[Rhode Island]] | [[File:Rhode Island in United States (zoom).svg|center|48px]] | US-RI | [[Providence (Rhode Island)|Providence]]<ref name="ref_02d14d11d30332ba2782b4dd959a5b7ffc20fff9e3398ce51a5fbe90af8a014b">https://www.britannica.com/place/Providence-Rhode-Island</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1391|Q1391]] | [[File:Flag of Maryland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Maryland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Maryland]] | [[File:Maryland in United States (zoom).svg|center|48px]] | US-MD<ref name="ref_4d80a9e7ddc84c2bda41cb23318f27faf6fe7628d4c9954662c5c77f43af71a8">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:US</ref> | [[Annapolis (Maryland)|Annapolis]]<ref name="ref_ca652d7e17bcaf3c9763053fbd648993f635d0474f5bfa63eea979be1687f653">''[[:d:Q1520117|Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2a20d82d6d1af5e72d9e422f5b17244020bad0a524e3613d6e68bb42d78d5a72">https://www.britannica.com/place/Annapolis</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1393|Q1393]] | [[File:Flag of Delaware.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Delaware.svg|center|48px]] | [[Delaware]] | [[File:Delaware in United States (zoom).svg|center|48px]] | US-DE | [[Dover (Delaware)|Dover]]<ref name="ref_738db627f4e1340a85d75d76fe6d8a5a423a31b559266ff86b2e1dc6e5b1d283">https://www.britannica.com/place/Dover-Delaware</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1397|Q1397]] | [[File:Flag of Ohio.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Ohio.svg|center|48px]] | [[Ohio]] | [[File:Ohio in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-OH | [[Columbus (Ohio)|Columbus]]<ref name="ref_f827504ed093daa37ecbe8725f09db78d4e45c4f54630b0a70d492e423bf160d">https://www.britannica.com/place/Columbus-Ohio</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1400|Q1400]] | [[File:Flag of Pennsylvania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Pennsylvania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Pennsylvania]] | [[File:Pennsylvania in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-PA | [[Harrisburg (Pennsylvania)|Harrisburg]]<ref name="ref_595add1dff42ee66957a1ab111f15ce7b0535990b0d0491ca01281ec38c65c09">https://www.britannica.com/place/Harrisburg-Pennsylvania</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1408|Q1408]] | [[File:Flag of New Jersey.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of New Jersey.svg|center|48px]] | [[New Jersey]] | [[File:New Jersey in United States (zoom).svg|center|48px]] | US-NJ | [[Trenton (New Jersey)|Trenton]]<ref name="ref_a8acb757e7f64c6e916c2f71b1f00ed60b2249efb36e0d6503c8a37b65205fd3">https://www.britannica.com/place/Trenton-New-Jersey</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1415|Q1415]] | [[File:Flag of Indiana.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Indiana]] | [[File:Indiana in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-IN | [[Indianapolis (Indiana)|Indianapolis]] | |- | [[:d:Q1428|Q1428]] | [[File:Flag of the State of Georgia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of Georgia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Georgia (stato)|Georgia]] | [[File:Georgia in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-GA | [[Atlanta (Georgia)|Atlanta]]<ref name="ref_89c9c8609e730dadc299dc953b2b40faf1a0b97863a142b77c783bd72a091611">''[[:d:Q455338|Unified Medical Language System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e8ab0464be6ec329bc09f4b6286eb1f16f1c2999451e9f7f8e1a6e4594f7251c">https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlanta-Georgia</ref> | stato del Statos Unite de America |- | [[:d:Q1439|Q1439]] | [[File:Flag of Texas.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Republic of Texas.svg|center|48px]] | [[Texas]] | [[File:Texas in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-TX | [[Austin (Texas)|Austin]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1454|Q1454]] | [[File:Flag of North Carolina.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Carolina del Nord]] | [[File:North Carolina in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-NC | [[Raleigh (Carolina del Nord)|Raleigh]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1456|Q1456]] | [[File:Flag of South Carolina.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Carolina del Sud]] | [[File:South Carolina in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-SC | [[Columbia (Carolina del Sud)|Columbia]]<ref name="ref_04c3aae8e3bcbbea3b2e0c7c24935f6f3dc7b90e13a607af5fd0129b3ce05f5b">https://www.britannica.com/place/Columbia-South-Carolina</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1494|Q1494]] | [[File:Flag of Mississippi.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Mississippi.svg|center|48px]] | [[Mississippi]] | [[File:Mississippi in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-MS | [[Jackson (Mississippi)|Jackson]] | stato del Statos Unite de America |- | [[:d:Q1509|Q1509]] | [[File:Flag of Tennessee.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Tennessee]] | [[File:Tennessee in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-TN | [[Nashville (Tennessee)|Nashville]] | stato del Statos Unite de America |- | [[:d:Q1522|Q1522]] | [[File:Flag of New Mexico.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Seal of the Governor of New Mexico.png|center|48px]] | [[New Mexico]] | [[File:New Mexico in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-NM | [[Santa Fe (New Mexico)|Santa Fe]] | |- | [[:d:Q1527|Q1527]] | [[File:Flag of Minnesota.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Minnesota]] | [[File:Minnesota in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-MN | [[Saint Paul (Minnesota)|Saint Paul]] | |- | [[:d:Q1537|Q1537]] | [[File:Flag of Wisconsin.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Wisconsin.svg|center|48px]] | [[Wisconsin]] | [[File:Wisconsin in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-WI | [[Madison (Wisconsin)|Madison]] | |- | [[:d:Q1546|Q1546]] | [[File:Flag of Iowa.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Iowa]] | [[File:Iowa in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-IA<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[Des Moines (Iowa)|Des Moines]] | |- | [[:d:Q1553|Q1553]] | [[File:Flag of Nebraska.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Nebraska]] | [[File:Nebraska in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-NE | [[Lincoln (Nebraska)|Lincoln]] | |- | [[:d:Q1558|Q1558]] | [[File:Flag of Kansas.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kansas]] | [[File:Kansas in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-KS | [[Topeka (Kansas)|Topeka]] | |- | [[:d:Q1581|Q1581]] | [[File:Flag of Missouri.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Missouri.svg|center|48px]] | [[Missouri]] | [[File:Missouri in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-MO | [[Jefferson City (Missouri)|Jefferson City]] | stato del Statos Unite de America |- | [[:d:Q1588|Q1588]] | [[File:Flag of Louisiana.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Louisiana]] | [[File:Louisiana in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-LA | [[Baton Rouge (Louisiana)|Baton Rouge]] | |- | [[:d:Q1603|Q1603]] | [[File:Flag of Kentucky.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Kentucky]] | [[File:Kentucky in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-KY | [[Frankfort (Kentucky)|Frankfort]] | |- | [[:d:Q1612|Q1612]] | [[File:Flag of Arkansas.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Arkansas]] | [[File:Arkansas in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-AR<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[Little Rock (Arkansas)|Little Rock]] | |- | [[:d:Q1649|Q1649]] | [[File:Flag of Oklahoma.svg|center|48px]] | | [[Oklahoma]] | [[File:Oklahoma in United States.svg|center|48px]] | US-OK | [[Oklahoma City (Oklahoma)|Oklahoma City]] | |- | [[:d:Q16551|Q16551]] | [[File:Flag of Vermont.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Vermont.svg|center|48px]] | [[Vermont]] | [[File:Vermont in United States (zoom).svg|center|48px]] | US-VT | [[Montpelier (Vermont)|Montpelier]]<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref> | stato del Statos Unite de America |} {{Wikidata list end}} bsq4eyhkows1m0zknr71bp3hpznfs98 0 39176 699050 650124 2026-08-26T12:56:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 699050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} Le '''Partito Libertari '''o '''P-LIB''' (olim Partito del Libertate Individual) es un partito politic espaniol de ideologia libertari establite in 2009 e hodie presidite per Juan Pina.<ref name="cef">{{Patrono:Cita web|url=http://www.p-lib.es/cef-organigrama/|título=Comité Ejecutivo Federal (CEF)|editorial=Partido Libertario|fechaacceso=15 de februario 2016}}</ref> Le statutos del partito allega como su principal influentias le liberalismo classic, le rationalismo e le objectivismo de Ayn Rand. Anque, su programma include multe ideas characteristic del Schola Austriac de Economia e le anarchocapitalismo, como le ''laissez faire'' o le principio de non-intervention. == Resultatos electoral == Le P-LIB concurreva pro le prime vice in un election in le electiones general de 2011 in le circumscriptiones de Madrid e Zaragoza, obtenente circa 7.000 votos in le Senato e 2.076 votos in le Congresso del Deputatos. Tres annos plus tarde, le partito retornava a participar in le electiones al Parlamento Europee de 2014, obtenente 9.644 votos (0,06%) in le circumscription unic que contineva tote Espania. In le electiones municipal e autonomic de 2015, le P-LIB presentava su candidatura in plure municipios e autonomias sin obtener representation municipal o parlamentari. In le electiones general de 2015, le partito se presentava per le circumscriptiones de Alicante, Cádiz, Madrid, Málaga e Sevilla. Con 2.833 votos pro le Congresso, illo non obteneva representation. == Referentias == <references/> [[Categoria:Partitos politic de Espania]] khs5g0nh0tsuols7t6c3tl6u9smztvl 102 39519 699101 697507 2026-08-27T03:08:38Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 699101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q501094 } |wdq= |columns=item,P41,P94,label,P242,P300,P36,description |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! imagine del bandiera ! imagine del scuto ! label ! position geographic ! ISO 3166-2 ! capital ! description |- | [[:d:Q41144|Q41144]] | [[File:Flag of Táchira.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Estado Tachira.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q41144|Táchira]]'' | [[File:Tachira in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-S<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q820235|San Cristóbal]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q41146|Q41146]] | [[File:Flag of Apure State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Estado Apure.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q41146|Apure]]'' | [[File:Apure in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-C<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q990764|San Fernando de Apure]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q43269|Q43269]] | [[File:Flag of Zulia State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Estado Zulia.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q43269|Zulia]]'' | [[File:Zulia in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-V<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q171632|Maracaibo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q43271|Q43271]] | [[File:Flag of Barinas State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Estado Barinas.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q43271|Barinas]]'' | [[File:Barinas in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-E<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q695623|Barinas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q165582|Q165582]] | [[File:Flag of Mérida State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Mérida State.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q165582|Mérida]]'' | [[File:Merida in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-L<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | [[Mérida (Venezuela)|Mérida]] | |- | [[:d:Q170453|Q170453]] | [[File:Flag of Amazonas Indigenous State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Estado Amazonas.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q170453|Amazonas]]'' | [[File:Amazonas in Venezuela (+claimed).svg|center|48px]] | VE-Z<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q372920|Puerto Ayacucho]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q190687|Q190687]] | [[File:Flag of Aragua State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Aragua.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q190687|Aragua]]'' | [[File:Aragua in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-D<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q333928|Maracay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q190922|Q190922]] | [[File:Flag of Anzoátegui State (original version).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Estado Anzoategui.svg|center|48px]] | [[Anzoátegui]] | [[File:Anzoategui in Venezuela (+claimed).svg|center|48px]] | VE-B | ''[[:d:Q391221|Barcelona]]'' | stato de Venezuela |- | [[:d:Q191164|Q191164]] | [[File:Flag of Bolívar State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Ve bolivar-escut.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q191164|Bolívar]]'' | [[File:Bolivar in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-F<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q26906|Ciudad Bolívar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q191174|Q191174]] | [[File:Flag of Miranda state.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:EscudoMiranda.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q191174|Miranda]]'' | [[File:Miranda in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-M<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q695631|Los Teques]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q191186|Q191186]] | [[File:Flag of Carabobo State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Estado Carabobo.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q191186|Carabobo]]'' | [[File:Carabobo in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-G<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q54880|Valencia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q201121|Q201121]] | [[File:Flag of Yaracuy State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Estado Yaracuy Vzla.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q201121|Yaracuy]]'' | [[File:Yaracuy in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-U<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q965754|San Felipe]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q201137|Q201137]] | [[File:Flag of Delta Amacuro State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Estado Delta Amacuro.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q201137|Delta Amacuro]]'' | [[File:Delta Amacuro in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-Y<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q179007|Tucupita]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q202068|Q202068]] | [[File:Flag of Trujillo State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Armas del Estado Trujillo.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q202068|Trujillo]]'' | [[File:Trujillo in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-T<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1020535|Trujillo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q202071|Q202071]] | [[File:Flag of Falcón.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de armas de Falcón.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q202071|Falcón]]'' | [[File:Falcon in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-I<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1134454|Coro]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q202075|Q202075]] | [[File:Flag of Guárico State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Guárico.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q202075|Guárico]]'' | [[File:Guarico in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-J<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q999117|San Juan de Los Morros]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q204876|Q204876]] | [[File:Flag of Nueva Esparta.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Nueva Esparta State.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q204876|Nueva Esparta]]'' | [[File:Nueva Esparta in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-O<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q860689|La Asunción]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q205460|Q205460]] | [[File:Flag of Cojedes State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del estado Cojedes.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q205460|Cojedes]]'' | [[File:Cojedes in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-H<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q995718|San Carlos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q205776|Q205776]] | [[File:Flag of Monagas State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Monagas.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q205776|Monagas]]'' | [[File:Monagas in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-N<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q842779|Maturín]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q205784|Q205784]] | [[File:Flag of Portuguesa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Estado Portuguesa.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q205784|Portuguesa]]'' | [[File:Portuguesa in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-P<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q733005|Guanare]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q205796|Q205796]] | [[File:Flag of Lara State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Lara.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q205796|Lara]]'' | [[File:Lara in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-K<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q4709|Barquisimeto]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q205824|Q205824]] | [[File:Flag of Sucre State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Estado Sucre.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q205824|Sucre]]'' | [[File:Sucre in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-R<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q319476|Cumaná]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q205843|Q205843]] | [[File:Flag of La Guaira State.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Estado La Guaira.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q205843|La Guaira state]]'' | [[File:Vargas in Venezuela.svg|center|48px]] | VE-X<ref name="ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0">''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q873405|La Guaira]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q125698255|Q125698255]] | | | ''[[:d:Q125698255|Guayana Esequiba State]]'' | | | | |} {{Wikidata list end}} ameh5579d2h5vkwem1r3cvin1vsvauu 102 39825 699098 698673 2026-08-26T22:09:33Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 699098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P105 wd:Q37517 } |columns=item,label,P225,P171,P18,description |sort=label |thumb=32 |links=red |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! nomine del taxon ! taxon superior immediate ! imagine ! description |- | [[:d:Q140573541|Q140573541]] | [["Candidatus Jordarchaeia" Sun et al. 2021]] | "Candidatus Jordarchaeia" | [[Promethearchaeota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q121096845|Q121096845]] | [[Abditibacteriia]] | Abditibacteriia | [[Abditibacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135584|Q135584]] | [[Acantharia]] | Acantharia | [[Radiolaria]] | [[File:Haeckel Acanthometra.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19961210|Q19961210]] | [[Acanthobdellea]] | Acanthobdellea | [[Annelida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q130955|Q130955]] | [[Acanthodii]] | Acanthodii | [[Gnathostomata]] | [[File:Mesacanthus Parexus Ischnacanthus.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q23753120|Q23753120]] | [[Acavomonidia]] | Acavomonidia | [[Protalveolata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98525493|Q98525493]] | [[Aceropsida]] | Aceropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26265286|Q26265286]] | [[Acidimicrobiia]] | Acidimicrobiia<ref name="ref_2edee2e3546bec6d3e0c7baae65325c8aaff89bea2789ed2c0a149e0a6469269">''[[:d:Q45323635|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Actinomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q16824916|Q16824916]] | [[Acidithiobacillia]] | Acidithiobacillia | [[Pseudomonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q62704799|Q62704799]] | [[Acidobacteria]] | Acidobacteria | [[Acidobacterio|Acidobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21441820|Q21441820]] | [[Acidobacteriia]] | Acidobacteriia<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | [[Acidobacterio|Acidobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | classe de bacterios |- | [[:d:Q138732631|Q138732631]] | [[Acidulidesulfobacteriia]] | Acidulidesulfobacteriia | | | |- | [[:d:Q3243667|Q3243667]] | [[Aconoidasida]] | Aconoidasida<ref name="ref_3cf856c616b2282da4bc836fae0991edfbecddf993200aa8544d9c7f75bba1a6">''[[:d:Q109559031|The formation of kinetes and oocyst in Plasmodium gallinaceum (Haemosporidia) and considerations on phylogenetic relationships between Haemosporidia, Piroplasmida and other Coccidia]]''</ref> | [[Apicomplexa]] | [[File:Haemoproteus ilanpapernai parasite130095-fig1.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2823466|Q2823466]] | [[Acrasiomycetes]] | Acrasiomycetes | [[Acrasiomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26262282|Q26262282]] | [[Actinobacteria]] | Actinobacteria | [[Actinomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Actinomyces israelii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q902398|Q902398]] | [[Actinochrysea]] | Actinochrysea | [[Ochrophyta]] | [[File:Actinophrys sol.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21445632|Q21445632]] | [[Actinochrysophyceae]] | Actinochrysophyceae | [[Dictyochia]] | [[File:Actinophryid.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q62606918|Q62606918]] | [[Actinomycetes]] | Actinomycetes | [[Actinomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Actinomyces israelii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q107185640|Q107185640]] | [[Actinomycetia]] | Actinomycetia | [[Actinomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119806360|Q119806360]] | [[Actinophryophyceae]] | Actinophryophyceae | [[Actinophryida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23832624|Q23832624]] | [[Actinopodea]] | Actinopodea | [[Sarcodina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q343460|Q343460]] | [[Actinopteri]] | Actinopteri<ref name="ref_326ac5569391c4058005e6ad9441a464fc841e83feba37d7ba7668f7c922fe08">''[[:d:Q9185167|Catalog of Fishes]]''</ref> | [[Actinopterygii]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Common carp (white background).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q17156|Q17156]] | [[Adenophorea]] | Adenophorea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Nematoda]] | [[File:Mononchidae eating a Mononchidae 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98525785|Q98525785]] | [[Aesculopsida]] | Aesculopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e9fe38dbc47633f61da62eb66799f5e0436c7fceb3cae49de5c3ddb4febc55bb">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k98255k/f25.item</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27720|Q27720]] | [[Agaricomycetes]] | Agaricomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Agaricomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:AD2009Sep20 Amanita muscaria 02.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q135081|Q135081]] | [[Agaricostilbomycetes]] | Agaricostilbomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q22285114|Q22285114]] | [[Agonomycetes]] | Agonomycetes | [[fungi imperfecti]] | | |- | [[:d:Q118482644|Q118482644]] | [[Ainoaviricetes]] | Ainoaviricetes<ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Preplasmiviricota]]<ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q108372922|Q108372922]] | [[Algospongia]] | Algospongia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92611876|Q92611876]] | [[Allassoviricetes]] | Allassoviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref> | [[Lenarviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q109402322|Q109402322]] | [[Allomalorhagida]] | Allomalorhagida | [[Kinorhyncha]] | | |- | [[:d:Q306579|Q306579]] | [[Alphaproteobacteria]] | Alphaproteobacteria<ref name="ref_69868936193b78c8509bc87f6072186cd07dee976a267d00103e45418b387dc7">''[[:d:Q45316293|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Wolbachia.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92196978|Q92196978]] | [[Alsuviricetes]] | Alsuviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Kitrinoviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92611935|Q92611935]] | [[Amabiliviricetes]] | Amabiliviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Lenarviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98526036|Q98526036]] | [[Amaranthopsida]] | Amaranthopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_84136aaf700884cb42fc93f1d63111ddcf09d4ae0f36c9bbb68c66d7af2a358b">''[[:d:Q51403918|Primae lineae systematis naturæ : nexui naturali omnium evolutionique progressivae per nixus reascendentes superstructi]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21445813|Q21445813]] | [[Amoebomastigota]] | Amoebomastigota | [[Zoomastigina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q119788844|Q119788844]] | [[Amphibia]] | Amphibia | [[Tetrapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10908|Q10908]] | [[amphibio]] | Amphibia<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_4edc7d9c77b0f50e3e2fe5e6bbf730c7d1c38e44387336ff61d30ae5641cb114">''[[:d:Q19978589|Class Amphibia Gray, 1825]]''</ref><ref name="ref_081d494578c36f44d1911f12d3f6987ec0262c38d5498ccaea5beff48e3524a1">''[[:d:Q90283859|A Synopsis of the Genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a Description of some new Species]]''</ref> | [[Batrachomorpha]] | [[File:Fire salamander (Salamandra Salamandra).jpg|center|32px]] | animal vertebrate del classe Amphibia |- | [[:d:Q20644000|Q20644000]] | [[Anaerolineae]] | Anaerolineae<ref name="ref_fbff67220276d35333ad2a54a75c5b6fb4969272ed88e17ec583b40cc711d940">''[[:d:Q31042952|Anaerolinea thermolimosa sp. nov., Levilinea saccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Leptolinea tardivitalis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous anaerobes, and description of the new classes Anaerolineae classis nov. and Caldilineae classis nov. i]]''</ref> | [[Chloroflexota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q4750809|Q4750809]] | [[Anaeromonadea]] | Anaeromonadea | [[Anaeromonada]] | [[File:Monocermonoides melolanthae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21445870|Q21445870]] | [[Andreaeobryopsida]] | Andreaeobryopsida | [[Bryophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q14923875|Q14923875]] | [[Andreaeopsida]] | Andreaeopsida | [[Bryophyta]] | [[File:Bryophyta 14.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1199245|Q1199245]] | [[Anopla]] | Anopla<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Nemertea]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Lineus longissimus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12207651|Q12207651]] | [[Anthocerotopsida]] | Anthocerotopsida | [[Anthocerotophyta]] | [[File:Hornwort (3144429129).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21445962|Q21445962]] | [[Aphagea]] | Aphagea | [[Euglenoida]] | [[File:FMIB 40826 Astasia contorta--Two Aspects.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12761925|Q12761925]] | [[Aphanoneura]] | Aphanoneura | [[Annelida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q18018450|Q18018450]] | [[Aphelidea]] | Aphelidea | [[Cryptomycota]]<br/>[[Aphelida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q53818216|Q53818216]] | [[Aphelidiomycetes]] | Aphelidiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Aphelidiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q2858281|Q2858281]] | [[Aphyllophorales]] | Aphyllophorales | [[Agaricomycotina]] | [[File:Grote sponszwam (Sparassis crispa). 09-11-2023. (d.j.b).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21220050|Q21220050]] | [[Apicomonadea]] | Apicomonadea<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Apicomonada]] | | |- | [[:d:Q213228|Q213228]] | [[Aplacophora]] | Aplacophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Molluscos]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Epimenia verrucosa.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q28960|Q28960]] | [[Appendicularia]] | Appendicularia<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_012eba0dbe37c7aa40587f8eabee8d9593a81bb50a0f2eb0ad19456c16f84c79">''[[:d:Q16958215|iNaturalist]]''</ref> | [[Tunicata]] | [[File:Oikopleura dioica.gif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119139540|Q119139540]] | [[Apusomonadea]] | Apusomonadea | [[Apusozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21441821|Q21441821]] | [[Aquificae]] | Aquificae | [[Aquificota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q60572706|Q60572706]] | [[Aquificia]] | Aquificia | [[Aquificota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131414279|Q131414279]] | [[Aquiviventia]] | Aquiviventia | [[Omnitrophica]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1358|Q1358]] | [[arachnido]] | Arachnida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[所有语言的默认值]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><br/>[[Sclerophorata]] | [[File:Arachnida collage.png|center|32px]] | classe de arthropodos |- | [[:d:Q49727525|Q49727525]] | [[Arboreomorpha]] | Arboreomorpha<ref name="ref_9557e02abe026260305ecb5855c01c421f30d7d98cc4c55c6c4b4f231585952c">''[[:d:Q28253972|The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals]]''</ref> | [[Petalonamae]] | [[File:Charniodiscus arboreus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q510821|Q510821]] | [[Archaeocyatha]] | Archaeocyatha | [[Porifera]] | [[File:Archaeocyatha.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q943568|Q943568]] | [[Archaeoglobi]] | Archaeoglobi | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:40793 2015 2030327 Fig2.webp|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q4785523|Q4785523]] | [[Archaeopriapulida]] | Archaeopriapulida | [[Priapulida]] | [[File:Ottoia burrowing.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15634529|Q15634529]] | [[Archaeorhizomycetes]] | Archaeorhizomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Ascomycota]]<br/>[[Taphrinomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54069435|Q54069435]] | [[Archaeosporomycetes]] | Archaeosporomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Glomeromycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21220789|Q21220789]] | [[Archamoeba]] | Archamoeba | [[Archamoebae]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23797213|Q23797213]] | [[Archamoebea]] | Archamoebea | [[Archamoebae]] | | |- | [[:d:Q138312|Q138312]] | [[Archiacanthocephala]] | Archiacanthocephala<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Acanthocephalo|Acanthocephala]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec5fa21d16527256b5f3b40769ea14e0d69ce93ab2734773ebe2c914450ab010">''[[:d:Q18644461|Phylum Acanthocephala Kohlreuther, 1771]]''</ref> | [[File:Apororhynchus hemignathi.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3621513|Q3621513]] | [[Archianelida]] | Archianelida<ref name="ref_3d77cfa123823da978eec4fec24a60c991582dfa76b8feedbfa43e396b80eadc">''[[:d:Q13166971|Russian-Kyrgyz dictionary of biology terms and animal names]]''</ref> | [[Annelida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q4400580|Q4400580]] | [[Archisagittoidea]] | Archisagittoidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Chaetognatha]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:USNM PAL 57645 Amiskwia sagittiformis Image 02.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q6520141|Q6520141]] | [[Archoophora]] | Archoophora | [[Plathelminthes|Platyhelminthes]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26220304|Q26220304]] | [[Ardenticatenia]] | Ardenticatenia<ref name="ref_51eae3b822172b8f72cb05790f67cc2880c2802cddc1d9d166f4d7f068f38b90">''[[:d:Q34573410|Ardenticatena maritima gen. nov., sp. nov., a ferric iron- and nitrate-reducing bacterium of the phylum ‘ Chloroflexi ’ isolated from an iron-rich coastal hydrothermal field, and description of Ardenticatenia classis nov]]''</ref> | [[Chloroflexota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92196745|Q92196745]] | [[Arfiviricetes]] | Arfiviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Cressdnaviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q137769351|Q137769351]] | [[Aridivitia]] | Aridivitia | [[Actinomycetota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98526049|Q98526049]] | [[Aristolochiopsida]] | Aristolochiopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f7b4e49f849482c9f2f5f511ed61e52842c5abae9b1097fa7a873e9f68082762">https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/wihibe/content/zoom/19522245</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q20895391|Q20895391]] | [[Armatimonadia]] | Armatimonadia | [[Armatimonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q23753112|Q23753112]] | [[Armophorea]] | Armophorea<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]]<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Parasite180015-fig1 Sicuophora multigranularis (Armophorea, Clevelandellida).png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98545433|Q98545433]] | [[Aropsida]] | Aropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q767536|Q767536]] | [[Arthoniomycetes]] | Arthoniomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Arthonia radiata.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q712411|Q712411]] | [[Articulata]] | Articulata | [[Rhynchonelliformea]] | [[File:PlatystrophiaOrdovician.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98545446|Q98545446]] | [[Asaropsida]] | Asaropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q19844735|Q19844735]] | [[Ascetosporea]] | Ascetosporea<ref name="ref_05b76844e293ed05b5e8d83c431f65580cf714a96e7fafa867717d1a6ed1c182">''[[:d:Q108899521|Classification of the Haplosporidia]]''</ref> | [[Endomyxa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q8206335|Q8206335]] | [[Ascholichenes]] | Ascholichenes | [[Thallophyte]] | | |- | [[:d:Q190090|Q190090]] | [[Ascidiacea]] | Ascidiacea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[Tunicata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Ascidiae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98545455|Q98545455]] | [[Asclepidopsida]] | Asclepidopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q2303475|Q2303475]] | [[Ascomycetes]] | Ascomycetes<ref name="ref_db176f35e8ff66985382896397c52c0ead2b6e4f7c36fcf864eb58708c08420e">''[[:d:Q1860469|Index Fungorum]]''</ref> | [[Ascomycota]] | [[File:Geweizwam.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q54281910|Q54281910]] | [[Asellariomycetes]] | Asellariomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Kickxellomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128635830|Q128635830]] | [[Asgardarchaeia]] | Asgardarchaeia | [[Promethearchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q25349|Q25349]] | [[Asteroidea]] | Asteroidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_eb58a5025dbb03086972dd8118ab7ae0dba5f5c610d5a76d91a483f026fe441a">''[[:d:Q96480324|Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosida]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e56e9dcdd92932bcc68dad404cba091a0206f10baf3ad2c6ee0149c167ef29b8">''[[:d:Q115753535|Asteroidea]]''</ref> | [[Asterozoa]] | [[File:Royal starfish (Astropecten articulatus) on the beach.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98545466|Q98545466]] | [[Asteropsida]] | Asteropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q20685956|Q20685956]] | [[Astrorhizata]] | Astrorhizata | [[Foraminifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131397500|Q131397500]] | [[Atabeyarchaeia]] | Atabeyarchaeia | [[Promethearchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q16534067|Q16534067]] | [[Athalamea]] | Athalamea | [[Foraminifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q135083|Q135083]] | [[Atractiellomycetes]] | Atractiellomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:2011-10-23 Phleogena faginea (Fr.) Link 214654.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26827903|Q26827903]] | [[Atribacteria]] | Atribacteria | [[Atribacterota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q766547|Q766547]] | [[Auguste Groner]] | | | [[File:Auguste Groner.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q23070174|Q23070174]] | [[Aurearenophyceae]] | Aurearenophyceae<ref name="ref_3f7ffba87cb88c68c7305896f826c2bf838c9073f517836d3947db16707622ee">''[[:d:Q31150344|Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a new class of Heterokontophyta based on a new marine unicellular alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. inhabiting sandy beaches]]''</ref> | [[Fucistia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q5113|Q5113]] | [[ave]] | Aves<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_487347d99e45387f7b7b2a7d8a519ca19ee039fe6cfbc9c5d851a5469eebed3c">http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN362053006&DMDID=DMDLOG_0009&LOGID=LOG_0009&PHYSID=PHYS_0016</ref> | [[Ornithurae]] | [[File:Bird Diversity 2011.png|center|32px]] | vertebrato endothermic, bipede, ovipare, pennate, alate, e rostrate |- | [[:d:Q124745489|Q124745489]] | [[aves]] | aves | [[deinonychosauria]] | | |- | [[:d:Q2878349|Q2878349]] | [[Bacillariophyceae]] | Bacillariophyceae | [[Khakista]]<br/>[[Bacillariophytina]] | [[File:Diatoms through the microscope.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q149128|Q149128]] | [[Bacilli]] | Bacilli | [[Bacillota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacillus subtilis Gram.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3730841|Q3730841]] | [[Bacteroidia]] | Bacteroidia<ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Bacteroidota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Bacteroides biacutis 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26209711|Q26209711]] | [[Balneolia]] | Balneolia<ref name="ref_5e599c42960a8741099d7ac6bc249cd1ac4305ee3fbb1d8859a698ce01666176">''[[:d:Q45759877|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Balneolota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q126200483|Q126200483]] | [[Banffozoa]] | Banffozoa | [[Vetulicolia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1349723|Q1349723]] | [[Bangiophyceae]] | Bangiophyceae | [[Rhodophyta]] | [[File:Porphyra umbilicalis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q54281915|Q54281915]] | [[Barbatosporomycetes]] | Barbatosporomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Kickxellomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q64350340|Q64350340]] | [[Bartheletiomycetes]] | Bartheletiomycetes | [[Agaricomycotina]] | [[File:Bartheletia paradoxa 261323636.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26816914|Q26816914]] | [[Basidiobolomycetes]] | Basidiobolomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Basidiobolomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Basidiobolus (257 20).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q128246995|Q128246995]] | [[Bathyarchaeia]] | Bathyarchaeia | [[Thermoproteota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12721646|Q12721646]] | [[Bennettitatae]] | Bennettitatae | [[Cycadophytina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12837520|Q12837520]] | [[Bennettitopsida]] | Bennettitopsida | [[Gymnospermae]]<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref><ref name="ref_38b181f0a23ac15f921536dc9468603db8fe4e02ca836d5259b079b60505bfef">''[[:d:Q14866876|Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 9)]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98545482|Q98545482]] | [[Berberidopsida]] | Berberidopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136674|Q136674]] | [[Betaproteobacteria]] | Betaproteobacteria<ref name="ref_69868936193b78c8509bc87f6072186cd07dee976a267d00103e45418b387dc7">''[[:d:Q45316293|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Burkholderia pseudomallei 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446354|Q21446354]] | [[Bicoecea]] | Bicoecea | [[Bicosoecia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q13425191|Q13425191]] | [[Bicosoecophyceae]] | Bicosoecophyceae | [[Sagenista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98545514|Q98545514]] | [[Bignoniopsida]] | Bignoniopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23070368|Q23070368]] | [[Bigyromonadea]] | Bigyromonadea | [[Oomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446363|Q21446363]] | [[Bilidinea]] | Bilidinea | [[Dinokaryota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q122811700|Q122811700]] | [[Bimanes]] | Bimanes<ref name="ref_344df28ed524ed898c535d378e0cf305e0c325bbe602254fa1219ac89493943f">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103082087&seq=309</ref> | [[Vertebrosa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128598592|Q128598592]] | [[Binatia]] | Binatia | | | |- | [[:d:Q128598600|Q128598600]] | [[Bipolaricaulia]] | Bipolaricaulia | [[Bipolaricaulota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q25368|Q25368]] | [[Bivalvos]] | Bivalvia<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Molluscos]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Bivalvia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131418272|Q131418272]] | [[Blasiopsida]] | Blasiopsida | [[Marchantiophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26209695|Q26209695]] | [[Blastocatellia]] | Blastocatellia<ref name="ref_6d382414a84add6365f80536edfcf9f7c48ae6ed840567ef8e146fdcc5ae45ef">''[[:d:Q45340584|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Acidobacterio|Acidobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10431061|Q10431061]] | [[Blastocladiomycetes]] | Blastocladiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Blastocladiomycota]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[File:WJD103 6-16-11 mature thallus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5730152|Q5730152]] | [[Blastocystea]] | Blastocystea | [[Opalinata]] | [[File:Four common forms of Blastocystis hominis Valzn.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18647757|Q18647757]] | [[Blastodiniophyceae]] | Blastodiniophyceae | [[Dinoflagellata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q105837881|Q105837881]] | [[Blastogregarinea]] | Blastogregarinea<ref name="ref_fe21d632b306a10b1e64d5b99780c8031d6cc81b42a954104fd96d2fc11c2b9e">''[[:d:Q105838633|La sexualité et le cycle évolutif des Siedleckia d'après l'étude de S. caulleryi, n. sp. Hologrégarines et Blastogrégarines. Sporozoaires hologamétogènes et blastogamétogènes]]''</ref> | [[Apicomplexa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1566901|Q1566901]] | [[Blastoidea]] | Blastoidea | [[Blastozoa]]<ref name="ref_9e0928ecc952815f17e9827319a19df55f7a34988b1688d63d1924f3053e50d2">''[[:d:Q12345690|BioLib]]''</ref> | [[File:Blastoids.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21286596|Q21286596]] | [[Bodonophyceae]] | Bodonophyceae | [[Heterokontophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q7510596|Q7510596]] | [[Bolidophyceae]] | Bolidophyceae<ref name="ref_f9c78b972478b40045ffd37acc5eb4967785651f9dbc3f4a78179c4ab9b126e9">''[[:d:Q59701586|BOLIDOMONAS: A NEW GENUS WITH TWO SPECIES BELONGING TO A NEW ALGAL CLASS, THE BOLIDOPHYCEAE (HETEROKONTA)]]''</ref> | [[Ochrophyta]] | [[File:Pentalamina corona.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q65141582|Q65141582]] | [[Botryopteridiopsida]] | Botryopteridiopsida | [[Botryopteridiophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q19961214|Q19961214]] | [[Branchiobdellea]] | Branchiobdellea | [[Annelida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q188360|Q188360]] | [[Branchiopoda]] | Branchiopoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Allotriocarida]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Branchiopoda collage 2x2.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446474|Q21446474]] | [[Breviatea]] | Breviatea<ref name="ref_86db81ff3f13287683ffec9205953482a8097fdc26e7cd744c5b428d2e3ad538">''[[:d:Q29399107|Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and the evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalansterium]]''</ref> | [[Obazoa]]<ref name="ref_88ff74caebbdff69adae1309530f8930d8ba5d8e8ac089aa0eb81bf4fefdaad6">''[[:d:Q57086550|Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123524321|Q123524321]] | [[Brocadiia]] | Brocadiia | [[Planctomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98545625|Q98545625]] | [[Bromeliopsida]] | Bromeliopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q831482|Q831482]] | [[Bryopsida]] | Bryopsida | [[Bryophyta]]<ref name="ref_d485700fd0591289f95040dd7af0aa39b089c006a4e1e70980097e859fc0e1c3">''[[:d:Q75188101|Morphology and classification of mosses]]''</ref> | [[File:Dicranella varia sporogon.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q928515|Q928515]] | [[Bryopsidophyceae]] | Bryopsidophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | [[File:Codiumfragile.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98545680|Q98545680]] | [[Cactopsida]] | Cactopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q24250849|Q24250849]] | [[Calamitopsida]] | Calamitopsida | [[Equisetophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q209924|Q209924]] | [[Calcarea]] | Calcarea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | [[Porifera]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Calcispongiae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q54069440|Q54069440]] | [[Calcarisporiellomycetes]] | Calcarisporiellomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Calcarisporiellomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21292488|Q21292488]] | [[Caldilineae]] | Caldilineae<ref name="ref_fbff67220276d35333ad2a54a75c5b6fb4969272ed88e17ec583b40cc711d940">''[[:d:Q31042952|Anaerolinea thermolimosa sp. nov., Levilinea saccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Leptolinea tardivitalis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous anaerobes, and description of the new classes Anaerolineae classis nov. and Caldilineae classis nov. i]]''</ref> | [[Chloroflexota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20804820|Q20804820]] | [[Caldisericia]] | Caldisericia | [[Caldisericota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123437090|Q123437090]] | [[Calditrichia]] | Calditrichia | [[Calditrichota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q5025673|Q5025673]] | [[Cambroclavida]] | Cambroclavida | [[animal]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98545790|Q98545790]] | [[Campanulopsida]] | Campanulopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q55983780|Q55983780]] | [[Candelariomycetes]] | Candelariomycetes | [[Pezizomycotina]] | [[File:Candelaria concolor PR4 (1).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q126490620|Q126490620]] | [[Candidatus Babeliae]] | Candidatus Babeliae | [[Dependentiae]]<br/>[[Candidatus Babelota]]<ref name="ref_9c7b00d74b31d9a6c73dd87f57d1e456c5f4ce593978fd158b216f72adacd79e">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/vermiphilus</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q127433098|Q127433098]] | [[Candidatus Termititenacia]] | Candidatus Termititenacia<ref name="ref_c7c0bafd02da86cb6d290b3e908ecef39488f36da285b225331d7e19f51a2b39">''[[:d:Q57027668|Genome analyses of uncultured TG2/ZB3 bacteria in 'Margulisbacteria' specifically attached to ectosymbiotic spirochetes of protists in the termite gut]]''</ref> | [[Margulisbacteria]] | | |- | [[:d:Q135657070|Q135657070]] | [[Velamenicoccia]] | Candidatus Velamenicoccia | [[Omnitrophica]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98545901|Q98545901]] | [[Caprifoliopsida]] | Caprifoliopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q30592550|Q30592550]] | [[Cariacotrichea]] | Cariacotrichea<ref name="ref_49c5113b1f6c883d3cc7843a5b9a3147837b4dc8b87ec9c6e2d6ce50a5b978e1">''[[:d:Q45321879|Class Cariacotrichea, a novel ciliate taxon from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, Venezuela.]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21229664|Q21229664]] | [[Carpediemonadea]] | Carpediemonadea<ref name="ref_614fb8f075f79819a8e5dacfa2ef160947f7237cfd6bac90b82407d11bdf8b00">''[[:d:Q30885386|The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa]]''</ref> | [[Carpediemonadia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q4517084|Q4517084]] | [[Carpoidea]] | Carpoidea | [[Echinodermata]] | [[File:Cothurnocystis elizae CRF.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98545967|Q98545967]] | [[Caryophyllopsida]] | Caryophyllopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1141060|Q1141060]] | [[Caudofoveata]] | Caudofoveata | [[Molluscos]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Falcidens.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92196527|Q92196527]] | [[Caudoviricetes]] | Caudoviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Uroviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[File:Phage S-PM2.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q108072704|Q108072704]] | [[Caulochytriomycetes]] | Caulochytriomycetes | [[Chytridiomycota]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131849828|Q131849828]] | [[Caytoniopsida]] | Caytoniopsida | [[Spermatophytina]] | [[File:Caytonia reconstruction Retallack and Dilcher 1988.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98545975|Q98545975]] | [[Celastropsida]] | Celastropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446739|Q21446739]] | [[Centricea]] | Centricea | [[Diatomea]] | | |- | [[:d:Q22112974|Q22112974]] | [[Centrohelea]] | Centrohelea<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Haptista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446759|Q21446759]] | [[Centroplasthelida]] | Centroplasthelida<ref name="ref_77a1ed8ffafe937010554e0392565e549373c4398e70e891bbafa0852e67a8ea">''[[:d:Q110222029|Axonemal microtubule pattern of Cienkowskya mereschkovskyi and a revision of heliozoan taxonomy]]''</ref> | [[Haptista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q857497|Q857497]] | [[Cephalaspidomorphi]] | Cephalaspidomorphi<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2e440cc0285a592cd9e99c53186474ef4b1cf2cea52af12b02df194fb28883fe">''[[:d:Q19402385|Pisces]]''</ref> | [[Agnatha]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Cephalaspis tenuicornis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q132649|Q132649]] | [[Cephalocarida]] | Cephalocarida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Allotriocarida]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Hutchinsoniella macracantha (YPM IZ 003617.CR) 001.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q128257|Q128257]] | [[Cephalopode|Cephalopoda]] | Cephalopoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Conchifera]] | [[File:Squid komodo.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q30750018|Q30750018]] | [[Cephalozoa]] | Cephalozoa | [[Proarticulata]] | [[File:Yorgia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q140183838|Q140183838]] | [[Ceratiomyxea]] | Ceratiomyxea | [[Eumycetozoa]] | [[File:Ceratiomyxa porioides1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q109364089|Q109364089]] | [[Ceratiomyxomycetes]] | Ceratiomyxomycetes | [[Mycetozoa]] | [[File:A slime mould - Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa - geograph.org.uk - 922184.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q159715|Q159715]] | [[Cestoda]] | Cestoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Neodermata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Taenia saginata adult 5260 lores.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12763926|Q12763926]] | [[Chaetonotoidea]] | Chaetonotoidea | [[Gastrotricha]] | | |- | [[:d:Q5066753|Q5066753]] | [[Chaetothyriomycetes]] | Chaetothyriomycetes | [[Ascomycota]] | [[File:Aspergillus niger Micrograph.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1208690|Q1208690]] | [[Charophyceae]] | Charophyceae | [[Charophyta]] | [[File:CharaFragilis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q43447|Q43447]] | [[Chilopoda]] | Chilopoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f8ad1347d57e7105fd7aadce9416e5ade090187180ef7ea4a024fd1a06bb4204">''[[:d:Q21055045|Class Chilopoda, Class Symphyla and Class Pauropoda]]''</ref> | [[Myriapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Lithobius forficatus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26844238|Q26844238]] | [[Chitinispirillia]] | Chitinispirillia<ref name="ref_a25afa24983402a023c867220d977742cc38109a08b24c472b80b2f949d8751f">''[[:d:Q45340843|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Fibrobacterota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26220328|Q26220328]] | [[Chitinivibrionia]] | Chitinivibrionia<ref name="ref_c1bf6ede9a5b04dddc88d237cb62cad1a7e5ab20f1217901a35c9cfff5bc4a91">''[[:d:Q45339298|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Fibrobacterota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26292254|Q26292254]] | [[Chitinophagia]] | Chitinophagia<ref name="ref_5e599c42960a8741099d7ac6bc249cd1ac4305ee3fbb1d8859a698ce01666176">''[[:d:Q45759877|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Bacteroidota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q2468682|Q2468682]] | [[Chitinozoa]] | Chitinozoa | [[eucaryote]] | [[File:Whole chitinozoan cropped.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21439004|Q21439004]] | [[Chlamydiia]] | Chlamydiia<ref name="ref_a25afa24983402a023c867220d977742cc38109a08b24c472b80b2f949d8751f">''[[:d:Q45340843|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Chlamydiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:ChlamydiaTrachomatisEinschlusskörperchen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446894|Q21446894]] | [[Chlamydophyceae]] | Chlamydophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446900|Q21446900]] | [[Chlorarachnea]] | Chlorarachnea<ref name="ref_68fa7692c7b543bcac3db584321f8d4ba0c253f807e0fa1377bd5d0af24a32a7">''[[:d:Q56158636|CYTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CHLORARACHNION REPTANS (CHLORARACHNIOPHYTA DIVISIO NOVA, CHLORARACHNIOPHYCEAE CLASSIS NOVA)]]''</ref> | [[Reticulofilosa]] | [[File:Chlorarachnion reptans.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131433184|Q131433184]] | [[Chlorarachniophyceae]] | Chlorarachniophyceae | [[Cercozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16548780|Q16548780]] | [[Chlorobia]] | Chlorobia | [[Chlorobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Green d winogradsky.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q121865418|Q121865418]] | [[Chlorobiia]] | Chlorobiia | [[Chlorobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Green d winogradsky.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21025810|Q21025810]] | [[Chlorodendrophyceae]] | Chlorodendrophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | [[File:Bacillario008.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15732012|Q15732012]] | [[Chloroflexia]] | Chloroflexia<ref name="ref_2edee2e3546bec6d3e0c7baae65325c8aaff89bea2789ed2c0a149e0a6469269">''[[:d:Q45323635|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Chloroflexota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q33494441|Q33494441]] | [[Chlorokybophyceae]] | Chlorokybophyceae<ref name="ref_90270146d01bdff53e8229b9d6755f247e49fb71b3084fda6c9fa7994fe216a9">''[[:d:Q109875969|Unexpected cryptic species among streptophyte algae most distant to land plants]]''</ref> | [[Charophyta]] | [[File:Chlorokybus atmophyticus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q132609|Q132609]] | [[Chlorophyceae]] | Chlorophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | [[File:Pediastrum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q65151860|Q65151860]] | [[Chloropicophyceae]] | Chloropicophyceae<ref name="ref_93e5b331f74e37623548173396db15e1d2164f42f2a2735e529656555c8b859e">''[[:d:Q42630271|Chloropicophyceae, a new class of picophytoplanktonic prasinophytes.]]''</ref> | [[Chlorophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q130300221|Q130300221]] | [[Choanoflagellata]] | Choanoflagellata | [[Choanozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q129012|Q129012]] | [[Choanoflagellatea]] | Choanoflagellatea | [[Choanozoa]] | [[File:Cronoflagelado2.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446929|Q21446929]] | [[Choanomastigota]] | Choanomastigota | [[Zoomastigina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446932|Q21446932]] | [[Choanomonadea]] | Choanomonadea | [[Choanozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q25371|Q25371]] | [[Chondrichthyes]] | Chondrichthyes<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Gnathostomata]] | [[File:White shark.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1973167|Q1973167]] | [[Choripetalae]] | Choripetalae | [[Dicotyledones]]<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref> | [[File:Ruta graveolens - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-259.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1934949|Q1934949]] | [[Chromadorea]] | Chromadorea | [[Nematoda]] | [[File:Anisakids.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21213976|Q21213976]] | [[Chroobacteria]] | Chroobacteria | [[Cyanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12744933|Q12744933]] | [[Chroococcophyceae]] | Chroococcophyceae | [[Cyanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92196921|Q92196921]] | [[Chrymotiviricetes]] | Chrymotiviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Duplornaviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21439317|Q21439317]] | [[Chrysiogenetes]] | Chrysiogenetes | [[Chrysiogenota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123475178|Q123475178]] | [[Chrysiogenia]] | Chrysiogenia | [[Chrysiogenota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q23070176|Q23070176]] | [[Chrysomerophyceae]] | Chrysomerophyceae | [[Fucistia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23832660|Q23832660]] | [[Chrysomonadea]] | Chrysomonadea | [[Heterokonta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23832620|Q23832620]] | [[Chrysophycea]] | Chrysophycea | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1763065|Q1763065]] | [[Chrysophyceae]] | Chrysophyceae | [[Phagochrysia]]<br/>[[Limnista]] | [[File:Dinobryon sp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q23768282|Q23768282]] | [[Chthonomonadetes]] | Chthonomonadetes<ref name="ref_89fa997122118c080b2eb452481b055cd79e44fc42b2314ad0f0295d3b047c9f">''[[:d:Q33753569|Chthonomonas calidirosea gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, pigmented, thermophilic micro-organism of a novel bacterial class, Chthonomonadetes classis nov., of the newly described phylum Armatimonadetes originally designated candidate division OP10.]]''</ref> | [[Armatimonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123371250|Q123371250]] | [[Chthonomonadia]] | Chthonomonadia | [[Armatimonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q139849622|Q139849622]] | [[Chuariophyceae]] | Chuariophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q57739266|Q57739266]] | [[Chunqiuviricetes]] | Chunqiuviricetes<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Haploviricotina]]<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1137709|Q1137709]] | [[Chytridiomycetes]] | Chytridiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycota]]<ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | [[File:Synchytridium endobioticum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q27212391|Q27212391]] | [[Ciliatea]] | Ciliatea | [[Ciliophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447023|Q21447023]] | [[Ciliophryida]] | Ciliophryida | [[Heliozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98545982|Q98545982]] | [[Cistopsida]] | Cistopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q51290695|Q51290695]] | [[Cladistei]] | Cladistei | [[Actinopterygii]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q144462|Q144462]] | [[Cladistia]] | Cladistia | [[Actinopterygii]] | [[File:Polypterus senegalus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q61881938|Q61881938]] | [[Cladistii]] | Cladistii<ref name="ref_326ac5569391c4058005e6ad9441a464fc841e83feba37d7ba7668f7c922fe08">''[[:d:Q9185167|Catalog of Fishes]]''</ref> | [[pisce]] | | |- | [[:d:Q53857762|Q53857762]] | [[Cladochytriomycetes]] | Cladochytriomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q134965|Q134965]] | [[Cladoxylopsida]] | Cladoxylopsida | [[Monilophyta]] | [[File:Eospermatopteris erianus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10454599|Q10454599]] | [[Classiculomycetes]] | Classiculomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Classicula sinensis (10.3897-mycokeys.40.23828) Figure 2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q839350|Q839350]] | [[Clitellata]] | Clitellata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Annelida]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><br/>[[Sedentaria]] | [[File:Regenwurm1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q128247758|Q128247758]] | [[Cloacimonadia]] | Cloacimonadia | [[Cloacimonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q132809|Q132809]] | [[Clostridia]] | Clostridia | [[Bacillota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Clostridium botulinum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5775821|Q5775821]] | [[Coccidea]] | Coccidea<ref name="ref_4ccfe22215367b856701f21f6ab63aa094557424badd2af43db3a9c14e95a421">''[[:d:Q109483446|Die Parasiten des Menschen und die von ihnen herrührenden Krankheiten]]''</ref> | [[Sporozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54940631|Q54940631]] | [[Coccidiomorphea]] | Coccidiomorphea<ref name="ref_c7329662afc81d018cfa327740fedc871a21a94ccd87455d4b66bb43e6687bdf">''[[:d:Q51379118|Die Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger nach biologischen Gesichtspunkten dargestellt]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0cc8b399d38de8617b24d6e9e0d15951e263eebb9e7e2da35a7b089ba5cc6dd3">''[[:d:Q39198055|Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionary diversification of Sporozoa]]''</ref> | [[Sporozoa]]<ref name="ref_0cc8b399d38de8617b24d6e9e0d15951e263eebb9e7e2da35a7b089ba5cc6dd3">''[[:d:Q39198055|Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionary diversification of Sporozoa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q18940793|Q18940793]] | [[Coccolithophyceae]] | Coccolithophyceae<ref name="ref_723172128e5aeeaf61e080e41c6c357414f35fcd35e663bf46288c615b39a770">''[[:d:Q54492868|Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen]]''</ref> | [[Haptophyta]]<ref name="ref_ff4287d2b684447b988dc170c7ca062d5ba1a84425bf769a210a2c4e4ad32e8f">''[[:d:Q2835653|AlgaeBase]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q61881939|Q61881939]] | [[Coelacanthi]] | Coelacanthi<ref name="ref_326ac5569391c4058005e6ad9441a464fc841e83feba37d7ba7668f7c922fe08">''[[:d:Q9185167|Catalog of Fishes]]''</ref> | [[Gnathostomata]]<br/>[[Sarcopterygii]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3682267|Q3682267]] | [[Coelomycetes]] | Coelomycetes<ref name="ref_db176f35e8ff66985382896397c52c0ead2b6e4f7c36fcf864eb58708c08420e">''[[:d:Q1860469|Index Fungorum]]''</ref> | [[Deuteromycotina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q5140689|Q5140689]] | [[Coeloscleritophoran]] | Coeloscleritophora | [[animal]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447101|Q21447101]] | [[Coelotrophea]] | Coelotrophea<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Coccidia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q108074509|Q108074509]] | [[Coenomycetes]] | Coenomycetes | [[Chytridiomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98545987|Q98545987]] | [[Coffeopsida]] | Coffeopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1134312|Q1134312]] | [[Coleochaetophyceae]] | Coleochaetophyceae | [[Charophyta]] | [[File:British fresh-water algae, exclusive of Desmidieae and Diatomaceae (1882-1884) (20409523652).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q190701|Q190701]] | [[Collembola]] | Collembola<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b0b42a1cdceda15b720f15c5359d88138b9476890d02a6c4a27fa424b79e04fb">''[[:d:Q21061337|Class Collembola Lubbock, 1870]]''</ref> | [[Hexapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Collembola-Diversity.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q54281931|Q54281931]] | [[Collemopsidiomycetes]] | Collemopsidiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q93449|Q93449]] | [[Colpodea]] | Colpodea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]]<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Colpoda inflata.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q124751858|Q124751858]] | [[Colpodellophyceae]] | Colpodellophyceae | [[Myzozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16262342|Q16262342]] | [[Colponemea]] | Colponemea | [[Protalveolata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1054781|Q1054781]] | [[Compsopogonophyceae]] | Compsopogonophyceae | [[Proteorhodophytina]]<ref name="ref_ff4287d2b684447b988dc170c7ca062d5ba1a84425bf769a210a2c4e4ad32e8f">''[[:d:Q2835653|AlgaeBase]]''</ref> | [[File:Compsopogon 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q9849989|Q9849989]] | [[Coniferae]] | Coniferae | [[Gymnospermae]]<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref><ref name="ref_38b181f0a23ac15f921536dc9468603db8fe4e02ca836d5259b079b60505bfef">''[[:d:Q14866876|Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 9)]]''</ref> | [[File:Araucaria araucana1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q16050271|Q16050271]] | [[Coniferopsida]] | Coniferopsida | [[Gymnospermae]] | [[File:PinusSylvestris.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q28872068|Q28872068]] | [[Coniocybomycetes]] | Coniocybomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q110567253|Q110567253]] | [[Conjugatophyceae]] | Conjugatophyceae | [[Charophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q586245|Q586245]] | [[Conodonta]] | Conodonta | [[vertebrato]] | [[File:ConodontZICA.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3178797|Q3178797]] | [[Conoidasida]] | Conoidasida<ref name="ref_e24b46bd6598b260b2c7d4f367d29e498e33e2bb4d71ea3d85f27130ed4abca2">''[[:d:Q109560620|The protozoan phylum Apicomplexa]]''</ref> | [[Sporozoa]] | [[File:Coccidia.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447159|Q21447159]] | [[Conosea]] | Conosea | [[Amoebozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98546000|Q98546000]] | [[Convolvulopsida]] | Convolvulopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q189973|Q189973]] | [[copepod]] | Copepoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Multicrustacea]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Copepodkils.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q58044122|Q58044122]] | [[Coprothermobacteria]] | Coprothermobacteria<ref name="ref_5adebfffdd6e1a7375f0d21bc4d1d54f640873304318658c72f86dbab967138f">''[[:d:Q51143933|Proposal for a new classification of a deep branching bacterial phylogenetic lineage: transfer of Coprothermobacter proteolyticus and Coprothermobacter platensis to Coprothermobacteraceae fam. nov., within Coprothermobacterales ord. nov., Coprotherm]]''</ref><ref name="ref_37d054a4c8cde52029f709d9b663c8f23a78e4822a90332b4b620aec5f0920e1">''[[:d:Q60164468|Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 68, part 5, of the IJSEM]]''</ref> | [[Coprothermobacterota]]<ref name="ref_5adebfffdd6e1a7375f0d21bc4d1d54f640873304318658c72f86dbab967138f">''[[:d:Q51143933|Proposal for a new classification of a deep branching bacterial phylogenetic lineage: transfer of Coprothermobacter proteolyticus and Coprothermobacter platensis to Coprothermobacteraceae fam. nov., within Coprothermobacterales ord. nov., Coprotherm]]''</ref><ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21447177|Q21447177]] | [[Corallochytrea]] | Corallochytrea | [[Choanozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q14865035|Q14865035]] | [[Cordaitopsida]] | Cordaitopsida | [[Gymnospermae]]<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref><ref name="ref_38b181f0a23ac15f921536dc9468603db8fe4e02ca836d5259b079b60505bfef">''[[:d:Q14866876|Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 9)]]''</ref> | [[File:Cordaites lungatus JdP.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98546028|Q98546028]] | [[Coriariopsida]] | Coriariopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26211126|Q26211126]] | [[Coriobacteriia]] | Coriobacteriia<ref name="ref_2edee2e3546bec6d3e0c7baae65325c8aaff89bea2789ed2c0a149e0a6469269">''[[:d:Q45323635|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Actinomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119809107|Q119809107]] | [[Coronoidea]] | Coronoidea | [[Blastozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q2698449|Q2698449]] | [[Coscinodiscophyceae]] | Coscinodiscophyceae | [[Bacillariophyta]] | [[File:Paralia sulcata diatom.tif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q128586836|Q128586836]] | [[Costitxiia]] | Costitxiia | [[Bacteroidota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1951656|Q1951656]] | [[Craniforma]] | Craniata<ref name="ref_f37f24b656cb23a9ca38b6885309672e3c7e8327e0dab838e55c494857e0a97e">''[[:d:Q18674784|Phylum Brachiopoda]]''</ref> | [[Craniiformea]]<ref name="ref_f37f24b656cb23a9ca38b6885309672e3c7e8327e0dab838e55c494857e0a97e">''[[:d:Q18674784|Phylum Brachiopoda]]''</ref><ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:EncrustedStroph.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98546045|Q98546045]] | [[Crassulopsida]] | Crassulopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q118136520|Q118136520]] | [[Cribricyatha]] | Cribricyatha | [[Porifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q33666|Q33666]] | [[Crinoidea]] | Crinoidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Crinozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_9e0928ecc952815f17e9827319a19df55f7a34988b1688d63d1924f3053e50d2">''[[:d:Q12345690|BioLib]]''</ref> | [[File:Ptilometra australis Passion Flower feather star.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q120403896|Q120403896]] | [[Crinoidea]] | Crinoidea | [[Crinozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98546054|Q98546054]] | [[Crinopsida]] | Crinopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q110253494|Q110253494]] | [[Cristamonadea]] | Cristamonadea<ref name="ref_452f443fc34a157344da895d8941bc6f908d24b467a0dca175a7e4bfc971a44c">''[[:d:Q104430830|Ultrastructure of Joenina pulchella Grassi, 1917 (Protista, Parabasalia), a reassessment of evolutionary trends in the parabasalids, and a new order Cristamonadida for devescovinid, calonymphid and lophomonad flagellates]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | [[Parabasalia]]<ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q15129670|Q15129670]] | [[Cristidiscoidea]] | Cristidiscoidea<ref name="ref_45ce8e90acdfa5c39b7fac1e4433a29bacd49a6a139fa35c4c9bcd394341be70">''[[:d:Q104049131|The Classification of ‘Naked’ Amoebae (Phylum Rhizopoda)]]''</ref> | [[Holomycota]] | [[File:Nuclearia sp Nikko.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15129663|Q15129663]] | [[Cristidiscoidia]] | Cristidiscoidia<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Choanozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q119809300|Q119809300]] | [[Cryptocrinoidea]] | Cryptocrinoidea | [[Blastozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10261972|Q10261972]] | [[Cryptogamia]] | Cryptogamia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447258|Q21447258]] | [[Cryptomonadea]] | Cryptomonadea | [[Cryptista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10462414|Q10462414]] | [[Cryptomycocolacomycetes]] | Cryptomycocolacomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q488032|Q488032]] | [[Cryptophyceae]] | Cryptophyceae | [[Cryptophyta]] | [[File:Rhodomonas salina CCMP 322.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5792856|Q5792856]] | [[Ctenocystoidea]] | Ctenocystoidea | [[Homalozoa]] | [[File:Ctenocystis.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q273179|Q273179]] | [[Cubozoa]] | Cubozoa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Medusozoa]] | [[File:Avispa marina cropped.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98546078|Q98546078]] | [[Cucurbitopsida]] | Cucurbitopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27043396|Q27043396]] | [[Cutosea]] | Cutosea<ref name="ref_3d592a1adab2bec71ec950ab003d8e8298fb51ddbd4091cd68be40e3ae11892d">''[[:d:Q28601015|187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution]]''</ref> | [[Lobosa]]<ref name="ref_3d592a1adab2bec71ec950ab003d8e8298fb51ddbd4091cd68be40e3ae11892d">''[[:d:Q28601015|187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1319026|Q1319026]] | [[Cyanidiophyceae]] | Cyanidiophyceae<ref name="ref_c0fe6f958f92ed0d4b0ba7084a77b0b89f5beeea40c827c1eff38eaf4216bcd7">''[[:d:Q54557083|Revision of Cyanidium caldarium. Three species of acidophilic algae]]''</ref> | [[Cyanidiophytina]] | [[File:Cyanidium O5A.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18575364|Q18575364]] | [[Cyanophyceae]] | Cyanophyceae | [[Cyanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98546130|Q98546130]] | [[Cyatheopsida]] | Cyatheopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Polypodiophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447302|Q21447302]] | [[Cyathobodonea]] | Cyathobodonea | [[Proterozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q5795259|Q5795259]] | [[Cycadeoidopsida]] | Cycadeoidopsida | [[conifer]] | | |- | [[:d:Q14866897|Q14866897]] | [[Cycadofilices]] | Cycadofilices | [[Gymnospermae]]<ref name="ref_38b181f0a23ac15f921536dc9468603db8fe4e02ca836d5259b079b60505bfef">''[[:d:Q14866876|Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 9)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_16d63fe6f3795b132d9f343f5b0a852d2cd8354a30f3d0490416b0956496ff85">''[[:d:Q14946978|Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 13. Band: Gymnospermae]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q5605610|Q5605610]] | [[Cycadopsida]] | Cycadopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Gymnospermae]]<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref><br/>[[Cycadophyta]]<br/>[[Cycadophytina]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[File:Cycas inflorescence.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q17239364|Q17239364]] | [[Cyclocystoidea]] | Cyclocystoidea | [[Echinozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3693845|Q3693845]] | [[Cyclorhagida]] | Cyclorhagida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b2443bdb8eb065e0d3e88ce0d3b6b6fc0fba0b6a252f6528d420213f2db3c710">''[[:d:Q19317420|Phylum Kinorhyncha]]''</ref> | [[Kinorhyncha]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b2443bdb8eb065e0d3e88ce0d3b6b6fc0fba0b6a252f6528d420213f2db3c710">''[[:d:Q19317420|Phylum Kinorhyncha]]''</ref> | [[File:Kinorhyncha.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15244338|Q15244338]] | [[Cyclostomi]] | Cyclostomi | [[Cyclostomata]]<br/>[[Agnatha]] | [[File:Pacific hagfish Myxine.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26710795|Q26710795]] | [[Cyclozoa]] | Cyclozoa | [[Coelenterata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98551916|Q98551916]] | [[Cyperopsida]] | Cyperopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136779|Q136779]] | [[Cystobasidiomycetes]] | Cystobasidiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Rhodotorula mucilaginosa colonies 53.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q851400|Q851400]] | [[Cystoidea]] | Cystoidea | [[Blastozoa]] | [[File:Haeckel Cystoidea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26225481|Q26225481]] | [[Cytophagia]] | Cytophagia<ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Bacteroidota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1200115|Q1200115]] | [[Dacrymycetes]] | Dacrymycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Agaricomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Geel hoorntje.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q27102036|Q27102036]] | [[Dadabacteria]] | Dadabacteria | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98553712|Q98553712]] | [[Daphnopsida]] | Daphnopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447377|Q21447377]] | [[Dasycladophyceae]] | Dasycladophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | [[File:703px-Acetabularia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10264640|Q10264640]] | [[Decandria]] | Decandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26844258|Q26844258]] | [[Deferribacteres]] | Deferribacteres | [[Deferribacterota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q136099162|Q136099162]] | [[Deferrisomatia]] | Deferrisomatia | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q5252211|Q5252211]] | [[Dehalococcoidetes]] | Dehalococcoidetes | [[Chloroflexota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q62033604|Q62033604]] | [[Dehalococcoidia]] | Dehalococcoidia<ref name="ref_843df279601ec7790adf29ca172f0887c38c9e7580757de1a43c95f5cf10e7ae">''[[:d:Q45339777|Dehalococcoides mccartyi gen. nov., sp. nov., obligately organohalide-respiring anaerobic bacteria relevant to halogen cycling and bioremediation, belong to a novel bacterial class, Dehalococcoidia classis nov., order Dehalococcoidales ord. nov. a...]]''</ref> | [[Chloroflexota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q3021316|Q3021316]] | [[Deinococci]] | Deinococci | [[Deinococcota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Deinococcus radiodurans.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q307535|Q307535]] | [[Deltaproteobacteria]] | Deltaproteobacteria<ref name="ref_69868936193b78c8509bc87f6072186cd07dee976a267d00103e45418b387dc7">''[[:d:Q45316293|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Myxococcus xanthus fruiting bodies and rippling.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q248530|Q248530]] | [[Demospongiae]] | Demospongiae<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | [[Cellularia]]<br/>[[Porifera]]<ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | [[File:Barrel sponge (Xestospongia testudinaria).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15888984|Q15888984]] | [[Desmophyceae]] | Desmophyceae | [[Dinoflagellata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q132165477|Q132165477]] | [[Desulfarculia]] | Desulfarculia | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q136099460|Q136099460]] | [[Desulfobaccia]] | Desulfobaccia | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q133797299|Q133797299]] | [[Desulfobacteria]] | Desulfobacteria | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128635854|Q128635854]] | [[Desulfobulbia]] | Desulfobulbia | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q136441286|Q136441286]] | [[Desulfocorpusculia]] | Desulfocorpusculia | [[Desulfobacterota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136100346|Q136100346]] | [[Desulfomonilia]] | Desulfomonilia | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135437886|Q135437886]] | [[Desulfotomaculia]] | Desulfotomaculia | [[Bacillota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136100494|Q136100494]] | [[Desulfovibrionia]] | Desulfovibrionia | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q132165861|Q132165861]] | [[Desulfuromonadia]] | Desulfuromonadia | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10265968|Q10265968]] | [[Diadelphia]] | Diadelphia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10266045|Q10266045]] | [[Diandria]] | Diandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3026361|Q3026361]] | [[Diasoma]] | Diasoma | [[Molluscos]] | [[File:Solen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q162678|Q162678]] | [[Diatomea]] | Diatomea | [[Heterokontophyta]]<ref name="ref_ff4287d2b684447b988dc170c7ca062d5ba1a84425bf769a210a2c4e4ad32e8f">''[[:d:Q2835653|AlgaeBase]]''</ref> | [[File:Detail, CSIRO ScienceImage 7632 SEM diatom (cropped).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q8316|Q8316]] | [[Dicotyledones]] | Dicotyledones<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref> | [[Angiospermae]]<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref><ref name="ref_38b181f0a23ac15f921536dc9468603db8fe4e02ca836d5259b079b60505bfef">''[[:d:Q14866876|Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 9)]]''</ref><br/>[[Spermatophyta]]<ref name="ref_621d6bb1f35f60ee4489c304a6ae0f88ad38a6f49a1c164d0f3b01e5164860e2">''[[:d:Q5876832|Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita]]''</ref> | [[File:Lamium album (1).JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q108383615|Q108383615]] | [[Dicranophyllopsida]] | Dicranophyllopsida | [[conifer]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136058|Q136058]] | [[Dictyochophyceae]] | Dictyochophyceae | [[Heterokontophyta]]<ref name="ref_ff4287d2b684447b988dc170c7ca062d5ba1a84425bf769a210a2c4e4ad32e8f">''[[:d:Q2835653|AlgaeBase]]''</ref> | [[File:Dictyocha speculum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15105493|Q15105493]] | [[Dictyoglomia]] | Dictyoglomia<ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Dictyoglomota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q17583501|Q17583501]] | [[Dictyostelia]] | Dictyostelia | [[Mycetozoa]] | [[File:Dictyostelium Late Aggregation 2.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447459|Q21447459]] | [[Dictyostelida]] | Dictyostelida | [[Protoctista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q33225272|Q33225272]] | [[Dictyosteliomycetes]] | Dictyosteliomycetes | [[Dictyosteliomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10266173|Q10266173]] | [[Didynamia]] | Didynamia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131349769|Q131349769]] | [[Dientamoebea]] | Dientamoebea | [[Parabasalia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q868342|Q868342]] | [[Digononta]] | Digononta | [[Rotifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54281936|Q54281936]] | [[Dimargaritomycetes]] | Dimargaritomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Kickxellomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1955055|Q1955055]] | [[Dinocarida]] | Dinocaridida | [[arthropodo]] | [[File:20210730 Dinocaridida Dinocarida Dinocaridids AOPK group.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2567254|Q2567254]] | [[Dinophyceae]] | Dinophyceae | [[Dinoflagellata]] | [[File:Haeckel Peridinea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10266534|Q10266534]] | [[Dioecia]] | Dioecia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98553898|Q98553898]] | [[Diospyropsida]] | Diospyropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q15283228|Q15283228]] | [[Diphyllatea]] | Diphyllatea<ref name="ref_614fb8f075f79819a8e5dacfa2ef160947f7237cfd6bac90b82407d11bdf8b00">''[[:d:Q30885386|The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa]]''</ref> | [[CRuMs]] | | |- | [[:d:Q28547227|Q28547227]] | [[Diplacophora]] | Diplacophora | [[Molluscos]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3028869|Q3028869]] | [[Dipleurozoa]] | Dipleurozoa | [[Proarticulata]] | [[File:DickinsoniaCostataC.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q8560156|Q8560156]] | [[Diplonemea]] | Diplonemea<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Glycomonada]]<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q167367|Q167367]] | [[Diplopoda]] | Diplopoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ca21f415746648150e193896e2ee7444bdd75aca11096d9b712baf1a0d03d7fd">''[[:d:Q21061184|Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844]]''</ref> | [[Myriapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Millipede coiled on the ground.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26403835|Q26403835]] | [[Diploporita]] | Diploporita | [[Blastozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q119841348|Q119841348]] | [[Diplosonematophyceae]] | Diplosonematophyceae | [[Glycomonada]] | | |- | [[:d:Q221563|Q221563]] | [[Diplura]] | Diplura<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Hexapoda]] | [[File:Diplura.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q36308478|Q36308478]] | [[Diplura]] | Diplura | [[Hexapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Diplura.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q61881941|Q61881941]] | [[Dipneusti]] | Dipneusti<ref name="ref_326ac5569391c4058005e6ad9441a464fc841e83feba37d7ba7668f7c922fe08">''[[:d:Q9185167|Catalog of Fishes]]''</ref> | [[Gnathostomata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q135478322|Q135478322]] | [[Dipodascomycetes]] | Dipodascomycetes<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[Ascomycota]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[File:A gossypii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21221058|Q21221058]] | [[Discicristoidea]] | Discicristoidea | [[Cristidiscoidia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q2613144|Q2613144]] | [[Discomycetes]] | Discomycetes | [[Ascomycota]] | [[File:Aleuria aurantia (Orange Peel Fungus).JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q14593772|Q14593772]] | [[Discosea]] | Discosea<ref name="ref_86db81ff3f13287683ffec9205953482a8097fdc26e7cd744c5b428d2e3ad538">''[[:d:Q29399107|Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and the evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalansterium]]''</ref> | [[Amoebozoa]] | [[File:Parasite140120-fig3 Acanthamoeba keratitis.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447548|Q21447548]] | [[Disporea]] | Disporea | [[Polaroplasta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q133691420|Q133691420]] | [[Dissulfuribacteria]] | Dissulfuribacteria | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10267812|Q10267812]] | [[Dodecandria]] | Dodecandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q110769165|Q110769165]] | [[Dorylaimea]] | Dorylaimea<ref name="ref_50684c4215cb35b9de02c06d4c7a493f5be862cc42f7d3bc4f5225390135f78a">https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Dorylaimea</ref> | [[Nematoda]]<ref name="ref_50684c4215cb35b9de02c06d4c7a493f5be862cc42f7d3bc4f5225390135f78a">https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Dorylaimea</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q132159|Q132159]] | [[Dothideomycetes]] | Dothideomycetes<ref name="ref_db176f35e8ff66985382896397c52c0ead2b6e4f7c36fcf864eb58708c08420e">''[[:d:Q1860469|Index Fungorum]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Apple scab SEM.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92611988|Q92611988]] | [[Duplopiviricetes]] | Duplopiviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Pisuviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q24056666|Q24056666]] | [[Ebriophyceae]] | Ebriophyceae | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q83483|Q83483]] | [[Echinoidea]] | Echinoidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Echinozoa]] | [[File:Paracentrotus lividus profil.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119788843|Q119788843]] | [[Echinoidea]] | Echinoidea | [[Echinozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q137569|Q137569]] | [[Edrioasteroidea]] | Edrioasteroidea | [[Crinozoa]]<ref name="ref_9e0928ecc952815f17e9827319a19df55f7a34988b1688d63d1924f3053e50d2">''[[:d:Q12345690|BioLib]]''</ref> | [[File:Foerstediscus splendens Smithsonian.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q105833574|Q105833574]] | [[Edrioblastoidea]] | Edrioblastoidea | [[Echinozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131521311|Q131521311]] | [[Eldonioidea]] | Eldonioidea | [[Cambroernida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q57740386|Q57740386]] | [[Ellioviricetes]] | Bunyaviricetes<ref name="ref_3f927e7e1b3723f211bfdc7bd045db12bd099878d7886fe0e82a0133741d089b">''[[:d:Q134471649|ICTV Master Species List 2023.v4]]''</ref> | [[Polyploviricotina]]<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21447689|Q21447689]] | [[Ellobiophyceae]] | Ellobiophyceae | [[Protalveolata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21291099|Q21291099]] | [[Ellobiopsea]] | Ellobiopsea | [[Dinozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128247709|Q128247709]] | [[Elulimicrobiia]] | Elulimicrobiia | | | |- | [[:d:Q26844244|Q26844244]] | [[Elusimicrobia]] | Elusimicrobia | [[Elusimicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54069461|Q54069461]] | [[Endogonomycetes]] | Endogonomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Mucoromycota]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26816910|Q26816910]] | [[Endohelea]] | Endohelea<ref name="ref_befa3f94ed07828286001d81aa1172a0d61dc33839f42a3d601847e97863ecd2">''[[:d:Q34239332|Microheliella maris (Microhelida ord. n.), an ultrastructurally highly distinctive new axopodial protist species and genus, and the unity of phylum Heliozoa.]]''</ref> | [[Cryptista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26844249|Q26844249]] | [[Endomicrobia]] | Endomicrobia<ref name="ref_4e93640b70a3f593a79b634996dbc94be8601d512541d1ae04a518dd3d20baf4">''[[:d:Q84957783|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Elusimicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123477862|Q123477862]] | [[Endomicrobiia]] | Endomicrobiia | [[Elusimicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10272998|Q10272998]] | [[Enneandria]] | Enneandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q275879|Q275879]] | [[Enopla]] | Enopla<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Nemertea]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Geonemertes sp., Mindanao, Philippines - 20110515-01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1933805|Q1933805]] | [[Enoplea]] | Enoplea | [[Nematoda]] | [[File:Mermis nigrescens beentree.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q23832612|Q23832612]] | [[Entamoebea]] | Entamoebea | [[Entamoebia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q589697|Q589697]] | [[Enteropneusta]] | Enteropneusta<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Hemichordata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Eichelwurm.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q623286|Q623286]] | [[Entognatha]] | Entognatha<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Hexapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Protura specimen (Acerentomon species) micrograph.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3055124|Q3055124]] | [[Entomostraca]] | Entomocostraca | [[Crustacea]] | [[File:Chirocephalus diaphanus Baird.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q27876237|Q27876237]] | [[Entomophthoromycetes]] | Entomophthoromycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Entomophthoromycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Entomophthora muscae on Scathophaga stercoraria (lateral view).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q137537|Q137537]] | [[Entorrhizomycetes]] | Entorrhizomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Entorrhizomycota]]<ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | [[File:Journal.pone.0128183.g001.TIF|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q61995828|Q61995828]] | [[Entosiphonea]] | Entosiphonea<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | [[Entosiphona]]<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q138313|Q138313]] | [[Eoacanthocephala]] | Eoacanthocephala<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Acanthocephalo|Acanthocephala]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec5fa21d16527256b5f3b40769ea14e0d69ce93ab2734773ebe2c914450ab010">''[[:d:Q18644461|Phylum Acanthocephala Kohlreuther, 1771]]''</ref> | [[File:Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus adult BAM1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q149514|Q149514]] | [[Eocrinoidea]] | Eocrinoidea | [[Blastozoa]] | [[File:Gogia ojenai.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21447735|Q21447735]] | [[Eogregarinea]] | Eogregarinea<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Gregarinia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q61533470|Q61533470]] | [[Eomyoidea]] | Eomyoidea | [[Echinozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12727679|Q12727679]] | [[Eotheria]] | Eotheria | [[Mammiferos]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16113844|Q16113844]] | [[Ephedropsida]] | Ephedropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Gnetophyta]]<br/>[[Gnetophytina]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q136797|Q136797]] | [[Epsilonproteobacteria]] | Epsilonproteobacteria<ref name="ref_69868936193b78c8509bc87f6072186cd07dee976a267d00103e45418b387dc7">''[[:d:Q45316293|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Campylobacterota]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | [[File:ARS Campylobacter jejuni.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q134677|Q134677]] | [[Equisetopsida]] | Equisetopsida<ref name="ref_a17cd45f195cdc191b9f590dfce26a41c267e800aab843f3152d21b863779439">''[[:d:Q13626292|A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Equisetophyta]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[File:Equisetum braunii (stems), Portland, Oregon.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131585361|Q131585361]] | [[Eremiobacteria]] | Eremiobacteria | [[Vulcanimicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98554984|Q98554984]] | [[Ericopsida]] | Ericopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q5394830|Q5394830]] | [[Erniettomorpha]] | Erniettomorpha | [[Petalonamae]] | [[File:Swartpuntiagermsi.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5396370|Q5396370]] | [[Erysipelotrichia]] | Erysipelotrichia | [[Bacillota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21445611|Q21445611]] | [[Euciliata]] | Euciliata | [[Ciliophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21445614|Q21445614]] | [[Eucoccidea]] | Eucoccidea<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Coccidia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q276292|Q276292]] | [[Eucycliophora]] | Eucycliophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Cycliophora]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21445625|Q21445625]] | [[Euglenineae]] | Euglenineae | [[Flagellata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134863|Q134863]] | [[Euglenoidea]] | Euglenoidea<ref name="ref_21ea7269349eb6ec9b0094e6bbdaf618e0626d04919010f19f6881e466451156">https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14798/</ref> | [[Euglenophyta]] | [[File:Euglena scheme no arrows.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2356588|Q2356588]] | [[Euglenophyceae]] | Euglenophyceae<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | [[Spirocuta]]<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Calkinsia aureus (2843250035).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q275594|Q275594]] | [[Eurotatoria]] | Eurotatoria<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Rotifera]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_c6231a1cba5a31be54bcd7e77ad91c3f46069dba01c5b69000f3c893f8261b93">''[[:d:Q18644400|Phylum Rotifera Cuvier, 1817]]''</ref> | [[File:Habrotrocha rosa 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q132180|Q132180]] | [[Eurotiomycetes]] | Eurotiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Aspergillus niger 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19436|Q19436]] | [[Eurypterida]] | Eurypterida | [[Sclerophorata]] | [[File:Eurypterus Smithsonian.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21286593|Q21286593]] | [[Eustigmatophyceae]] | Eustigmatophyceae | [[Heterokontophyta]] | [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 10697 Microalgae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q136432|Q136432]] | [[Eutardigrada]] | Eutardigrada<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_26601dc35694ad6f9ddc6db4b950317a802ee25d8b7bc8aa116c4b82ffe824c6">''[[:d:Q20019958|Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840]]''</ref> | [[Tardigrada]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_26601dc35694ad6f9ddc6db4b950317a802ee25d8b7bc8aa116c4b82ffe824c6">''[[:d:Q20019958|Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840]]''</ref> | [[File:Isohypibius malawiensis Paratype.tif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5414519|Q5414519]] | [[Euthycarcinoidea]] | Euthycarcinoidea | [[Myriapoda]]<ref name="ref_3313edb8167a03a0961922a8b4ccb9c146cc2557ac039a6b8c0ba875bb9f66ec">''[[:d:Q51885189|Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera]]''</ref> | [[File:Euthycarcinus kessleri.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q136846|Q136846]] | [[Exobasidiomycetes]] | Exobasidiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Basidiomycota]]<br/>[[Ustilaginomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Exobasidium.vaccinii.-.lindsey.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92196575|Q92196575]] | [[Faserviricetes]] | Faserviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Hofneiviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26844120|Q26844120]] | [[Fibrobacteria]] | Fibrobacteria<ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Fibrobacterota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q853084|Q853084]] | [[Filasterea]] | Filasterea<ref name="ref_04c166af3d62de513ca9f2bdccd4b5b2ec82869e2f81c3e8caa9c7fc86cc6e6c">''[[:d:Q21090093|Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals]]''</ref> | [[Filozoa]] | [[File:Ministeria vibrans.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21026831|Q21026831]] | [[Filicopsida]] | Filicopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21291332|Q21291332]] | [[Filocopsida]] | Filocopsida | [[tracheophyte]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12745248|Q12745248]] | [[Filosea]] | Filosea | [[Sarcomastigophora]] | [[File:Modell eines Euglypha alveolata Duj.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q49604319|Q49604319]] | [[Filosia]] | Filosia | [[Cercozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23768278|Q23768278]] | [[Fimbriimonadia]] | Fimbriimonadia<ref name="ref_978be4add1dee8edd64becba369db056e716958a13bb72b3605088b55641c7e3">''[[:d:Q45322534|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Armatimonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q62057426|Q62057426]] | [[Firmibacteria]] | Firmibacteria | [[Bacillota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1422546|Q1422546]] | [[Flabellinea]] | Flabellinea<ref name="ref_11a9ad48592d8b890e9ed53e951a7d0f6e43ad2c23be7df7feb9ddb2e21d23cd">''[[:d:Q28273073|Molecular Phylogeny and Classification of the Lobose Amoebae]]''</ref> | [[Lobosa]] | [[File:Thecamoeba striata001.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q23832616|Q23832616]] | [[Flagellatae]] | Flagellatae | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92197029|Q92197029]] | [[Flasuviricetes]] | Flasuviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Kitrinoviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q5458150|Q5458150]] | [[Flavobacteriia]] | Flavobacteriia<ref name="ref_f9b8e5d6330fec7721e285dbfeb2bc6c509183e694427a505c5b828f1de4e871">''[[:d:Q45322289|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Bacteroidota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Elizabethkingia meningoseptica Blood agar plate.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10282938|Q10282938]] | [[Florideae]] | Florideae | [[Rhodophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1002125|Q1002125]] | [[Florideophyceae]] | Florideophyceae | [[Eurhodophytina]] | [[File:Haeckel Florideae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q55711223|Q55711223]] | [[Fonticulea]] | Fonticulea<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Fonticulida]]<br/>[[Fonticulida]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131418470|Q131418470]] | [[Fossombroniopsida]] | Fossombroniopsida | [[Marchantiophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q14539179|Q14539179]] | [[Fragilariophyceae]] | Fragilariophyceae | [[Ochrophyta]] | [[File:Diatoms through the microscope.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98555033|Q98555033]] | [[Frangulopsida]] | Frangulopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131397517|Q131397517]] | [[Freyarchaeia]] | Freyarchaeia | [[Promethearchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q19507202|Q19507202]] | [[Fusobacteriia]] | Fusobacteriia<ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Fusobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Fusobacterium novum 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q68108965|Q68108965]] | [[Fusulinata]] | Fusulinata | [[Foraminifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134311|Q134311]] | [[Galeaspida]] | Galeaspida | [[vertebrato]] | [[File:Galeaspida 1.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q134668|Q134668]] | [[Gammaproteobacteria]] | Gammaproteobacteria<ref name="ref_620a847fbcac205b5a1c11ec93ed90db3e61acbe9fb1eae72bc08d4501f60cad">''[[:d:Q45316252|Validation List no. 106: Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Vibrio cholerae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3095140|Q3095140]] | [[Ganglioneura]] | Ganglioneura | [[Conchifera]] | [[File:Helix pomatia 002.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q811147|Q811147]] | [[gasteroid fungi]] | Gasteromycetes | [[Basidiomycota]] | [[File:Fungo geastrum pectinatum.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q4867740|Q4867740]] | [[Gastropodos]] | Gastropoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Molluscos]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69cf963ff1519f7149e503984e702f703e0affde6852f02c858b0c7103b34b21">''[[:d:Q24499621|ЭСБЕ / Улитки]]''</ref> | [[File:Helix pomatia june01.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q28052233|Q28052233]] | [[Geminibasidiomycetes]] | Geminibasidiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Agaricomycotina]]<br/>[[Wallemiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26869746|Q26869746]] | [[Gemmatimonadetes]] | Gemmatimonadetes | [[Gemmatimonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q123629054|Q123629054]] | [[Gemmatimonadia]] | Gemmatimonadia | [[Gemmatimonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10504037|Q10504037]] | [[Geoglossomycetes]] | Geoglossomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Elaphocordyceps ophioglossoides - Lindsey 2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5548676|Q5548676]] | [[Gephyrea]] | Gephyrea | [[Annelida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98555041|Q98555041]] | [[Geraniopsida]] | Geraniopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12729327|Q12729327]] | [[Ginkgoatae]] | Ginkgoatae | [[Gymnospermae]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10788836|Q10788836]] | [[Ginkgoopsida]] | Ginkgoopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Ginkgophyta]] | [[File:Ginkgo biloba in Lucenec2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19962619|Q19962619]] | [[Glaucocystophyceae]] | Glaucocystophyceae | [[Glaucophyta]] | [[File:Glaucocystis sp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2414871|Q2414871]] | [[Glaucophyceae]] | Glaucophyceae | [[Glaucophyta]] | [[File:Glaucocystis sp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98555507|Q98555507]] | [[Gleicheniopsida]] | Gleicheniopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q126962735|Q126962735]] | [[Glissodiscea]] | Glissodiscea | [[CRuMs]] | | |- | [[:d:Q19844835|Q19844835]] | [[Globothalamea]] | Globothalamea | [[Foraminifera]] | [[File:Ammonia beccarii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21445955|Q21445955]] | [[Gloeobacteria]] | Gloeobacteria | [[Cyanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q13389544|Q13389544]] | [[Glomeromycetes]] | Glomeromycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Glomeromycota]] | [[File:Gigaspora margarita.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1011212|Q1011212]] | [[Gnetopsida]] | Gnetopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Gymnospermae]]<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref><ref name="ref_38b181f0a23ac15f921536dc9468603db8fe4e02ca836d5259b079b60505bfef">''[[:d:Q14866876|Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 9)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_16d63fe6f3795b132d9f343f5b0a852d2cd8354a30f3d0490416b0956496ff85">''[[:d:Q14946978|Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 13. Band: Gymnospermae]]''</ref><br/>[[Gnetophyta]]<br/>[[Gnetophytina]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[File:Gnetum gnemon BotGardBln1105C.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21230178|Q21230178]] | [[Goniomonadea]] | Goniomonadea<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Cryptomonada]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23070194|Q23070194]] | [[Goniomonadophyceae]] | Goniomonadophyceae | [[Cryptophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q282232|Q282232]] | [[Gordioida]] | Gordioida | [[Nematomorpha]] | [[File:Paragordius tricuspidatus.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133766392|Q133766392]] | [[Gorgyraeia]] | Gorgyraeia | [[Omnitrophica]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131927716|Q131927716]] | [[Gorgyraia]] | Gorgyraia | [[Omnitrophica]] | | |- | [[:d:Q9275295|Q9275295]] | [[Gracilipodida]] | Gracilipodida | [[Amoebozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1543142|Q1543142]] | [[Granofilosea]] | Granofilosea<ref name="ref_14886f064fd3e8d6603904119a2abb5efcd12a32fc456a01e383326b639c7b7a">''[[:d:Q28298706|Phylogeny of novel naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised]]''</ref> | [[Filosa]] | [[File:Clathrulina elegans - - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBAINV0274 113 04 0030.tif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446033|Q21446033]] | [[Granuloreticulosea]] | Granuloreticulosea | [[Rhizopoda]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21291067|Q21291067]] | [[Graptolithida]] | Graptolithida | [[Hemichordata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q25384510|Q25384510]] | [[Graptolithoidea]] | Graptolithoidea | [[Hemichordata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q109353105|Q109353105]] | [[Gregarinomorpha]] | Gregarinomorpha<ref name="ref_01b02c448de67f8c4dba767ce1863e9147b1a55392ef0bd2407b736adafd0bfd">''[[:d:Q109353526|Protozoaires : Rhizopodes, Actinopodes, Sporozoaires, Cnidosporidies]]''</ref> | [[Sporozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q109354197|Q109354197]] | [[Gregarinomorphea]] | Gregarinomorphea<ref name="ref_01b02c448de67f8c4dba767ce1863e9147b1a55392ef0bd2407b736adafd0bfd">''[[:d:Q109353526|Protozoaires : Rhizopodes, Actinopodes, Sporozoaires, Cnidosporidies]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0cc8b399d38de8617b24d6e9e0d15951e263eebb9e7e2da35a7b089ba5cc6dd3">''[[:d:Q39198055|Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionary diversification of Sporozoa]]''</ref> | [[Sporozoa]]<ref name="ref_0cc8b399d38de8617b24d6e9e0d15951e263eebb9e7e2da35a7b089ba5cc6dd3">''[[:d:Q39198055|Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionary diversification of Sporozoa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21446051|Q21446051]] | [[Gromiidea]] | Gromiidea | [[Endomyxa]] | [[File:Die Gartenlaube (1890) b 083.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q135050|Q135050]] | [[Gymnolaemata]] | Gymnolaemata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6256a42967f0c0c32e9bbc0ffd2476e19bd0099fd27c9064d1af61288bdfb39c">''[[:d:Q21069476|Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831]]''</ref> | [[Bryozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6256a42967f0c0c32e9bbc0ffd2476e19bd0099fd27c9064d1af61288bdfb39c">''[[:d:Q21069476|Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831]]''</ref> | [[File:Flustra foliacea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q120083813|Q120083813]] | [[Gymnostomatea]] | Gymnostomatea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Ciliophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10293247|Q10293247]] | [[Gynandria]] | Gynandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128504391|Q128504391]] | [[Hadarchaeia]] | Hadarchaeia | [[Hadarchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q22952202|Q22952202]] | [[Hadesarchaea]] | Hadesarchaea | [[Methanobacteriati]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q15260001|Q15260001]] | [[Hadobacteria]] | Hadobacteria | [[Deinococcota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q425920|Q425920]] | [[Haematozoa]] | Haematozoa | [[Myzozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446118|Q21446118]] | [[Haemosporea]] | Haemosporea<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Hematozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1054206|Q1054206]] | [[Halobacteria]] | Halobacteria | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Halobacteria.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q62594316|Q62594316]] | [[Halomebacteria]] | Halomebacteria | [[Euryarchaeota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98555868|Q98555868]] | [[Hamamelidopsida]] | Hamamelidopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1051622|Q1051622]] | [[Haplomitriopsida]] | Haplomitriopsida<ref name="ref_0572b28956989bcbedf9d6cc9b2b32630bd2b584a66836826816f279d8f6dc17">''[[:d:Q22579849|Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta]]''</ref> | [[Marchantiophyta]]<ref name="ref_0572b28956989bcbedf9d6cc9b2b32630bd2b584a66836826816f279d8f6dc17">''[[:d:Q22579849|Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta]]''</ref> | [[File:Untersuchungen über Haplomitrium Hookeri (1843) plate XIII.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446178|Q21446178]] | [[Haplosporea]] | Haplosporea | [[Sporozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446193|Q21446193]] | [[Haptophyceae]] | Haptophyceae | [[Chromophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54281948|Q54281948]] | [[Harpellomycetes]] | Harpellomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Kickxellomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q134837720|Q134837720]] | [[Heimdallarchaeia]] | Heimdallarchaeia | [[Promethearchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q675080|Q675080]] | [[Helcionelloida]] | Helcionelloida | [[Conchifera]] | [[File:Helcionellid NT.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119809284|Q119809284]] | [[Helicocystoidea]] | Helicocystoidea | [[Echinodermata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q105038020|Q105038020]] | [[Helicoplacoidea]] | Helicoplacoidea | [[Echinodermata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q968988|Q968988]] | [[Heliozoa]] | | [[Hacrobia]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | [[File:Heliozoen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q110225223|Q110225223]] | [[Helkesea]] | Helkesea<ref name="ref_da4ee0a6b2499082277a96c7c13ba2a1c5cbb148dc622ea1f89e1560c80c8896">''[[:d:Q47194626|Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences]]''</ref> | [[Monadofilosa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21213625|Q21213625]] | [[Hematozoa]] | Hematozoa<ref name="ref_dd8c2cec71d7fda7c4adb93d3fb5c7f31b811f44e07ff8a3282b91ccee64f994">''[[:d:Q105993747|Réflexions et suggestions à propos de la systématique des sporozoaires: création d'une classe des Hematozoa]]''</ref> | [[Sporozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21028363|Q21028363]] | [[Hemimastigea]] | Hemimastigea<ref name="ref_58dfc1d83951e35703b2a2a1aba78948c7015d0ae4a435375316002039078fa3">''[[:d:Q85570914|The hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils]]''</ref> | [[Hemimastigophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16111747|Q16111747]] | [[Hepaticopsida]] | Hepaticopsida | [[Marchantiophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23545501|Q23545501]] | [[Hepatopsida]] | Hepatopsida | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10294948|Q10294948]] | [[Heptandria]] | Heptandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92196482|Q92196482]] | [[Herviviricetes]] | Herviviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Peploviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q16910350|Q16910350]] | [[Heteractinida]] | Heteractinida<ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | [[Porifera]]<ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q557660|Q557660]] | [[Heterobasidiomycetes]] | Heterobasidiomycetes | [[Hymenomycete]] | [[File:Tremella closeup.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q510333|Q510333]] | [[Heterolobosea]] | Heterolobosea | [[Percolozoa]]<ref name="ref_9e0928ecc952815f17e9827319a19df55f7a34988b1688d63d1924f3053e50d2">''[[:d:Q12345690|BioLib]]''</ref> | [[File:Naegleria (formes).png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446325|Q21446325]] | [[Heteromitea]] | Heteromitea | [[Proterozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q138557|Q138557]] | [[Heterotardigrada]] | Heterotardigrada<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_26601dc35694ad6f9ddc6db4b950317a802ee25d8b7bc8aa116c4b82ffe824c6">''[[:d:Q20019958|Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840]]''</ref> | [[Tardigrada]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_26601dc35694ad6f9ddc6db4b950317a802ee25d8b7bc8aa116c4b82ffe824c6">''[[:d:Q20019958|Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840]]''</ref> | [[File:USNM 1616673 - Florarctus (cropped).jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3078759|Q3078759]] | [[Heterotrichea]] | Heterotrichea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Postciliodesmatophora]]<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Stentor roeseli composite image.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q132674|Q132674]] | [[Hexacorallia]] | Hexacorallia<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_79d09fea4a569da43c8a3514c91f894c55d49df8acf7bc964580748e4d1675f6">''[[:d:Q21069341|Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834]]''</ref> | [[Anthozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_79d09fea4a569da43c8a3514c91f894c55d49df8acf7bc964580748e4d1675f6">''[[:d:Q21069341|Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834]]''</ref> | [[File:Scheibenanemonen (Actinodiscus spec).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q263211|Q263211]] | [[Hexactinellida]] | Hexactinellida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | [[Porifera]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Hexactinellae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q47544996|Q47544996]] | [[Hexanauplia]] | Hexanauplia | [[Multicrustacea]] | [[File:YosriTeritip1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10295354|Q10295354]] | [[Hexandria]] | Hexandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q25365868|Q25365868]] | [[Hilomonadea]] | Hilomonadea | [[Apusozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q149104|Q149104]] | [[Holocephali]] | Holocephali<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2e440cc0285a592cd9e99c53186474ef4b1cf2cea52af12b02df194fb28883fe">''[[:d:Q19402385|Pisces]]''</ref><ref name="ref_326ac5569391c4058005e6ad9441a464fc841e83feba37d7ba7668f7c922fe08">''[[:d:Q9185167|Catalog of Fishes]]''</ref> | [[Chondrichthyes]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Hydrolagus colliei.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18675214|Q18675214]] | [[Holophagae]] | Holophagae<ref name="ref_ad9d145a47d4ad839b60d7f38a11bebfce5e33ebef47ed5a52dae3f35981a87f">''[[:d:Q33382663|Acanthopleuribacter pedis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from a chiton, and description of Acanthopleuribacteraceae fam. nov., Acanthopleuribacterales ord. nov., Holophagaceae fam. nov., Holophagales ord. nov. and Holophagae classi]]''</ref> | [[Acidobacterio|Acidobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q29560448|Q29560448]] | [[Holosea]] | Holosea | [[Neosarcodina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q127470|Q127470]] | [[Holothuroidea]] | Holothuroidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Echinozoa]] | [[File:Cucumaria miniata.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119788766|Q119788766]] | [[Holothuroidea]] | Holothuroidea | [[Echinozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q838228|Q838228]] | [[Homobasidiomycetes]] | Homobasidiomycetes | [[Basidiomycota]] | [[File:Agaricales.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5901415|Q5901415]] | [[Homoiostelea]] | Homoiostelea | [[Homalozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q139079|Q139079]] | [[Homoscleromorpha]] | Homoscleromorpha<ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | [[Porifera]]<ref name="ref_0dd0ecf7bf278d95aad8a405c4bd6fb82e01ce9d874347b2258c1e1c513a4305">''[[:d:Q19317985|Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836]]''</ref> | [[File:Oscarella lobularis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q5901453|Q5901453]] | [[Homostelea]] | Homostelea | [[Homalozoa]] | [[File:Trochocystites bohemicus with stem.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q9293731|Q9293731]] | [[Hoplonemertea]] | Hoplonemertea | [[Nemertea]] | [[File:Paranemertes peregrina (brown variety).png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21215279|Q21215279]] | [[Hormogoneae]] | Hormogoneae | [[Cyanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92197227|Q92197227]] | [[Howeltoviricetes]] | Howeltoviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Lenarviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92196857|Q92196857]] | [[Huolimaviricetes]] | Huolimaviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Saleviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54069470|Q54069470]] | [[Hyaloraphidiomycetes]] | Hyaloraphidiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Monoblepharomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98968269|Q98968269]] | [[Hydrocharitopsida]] | Hydrocharitopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q48999611|Q48999611]] | [[Hydrogenophilalia]] | Hydrogenophilalia | [[Pseudomonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123126187|Q123126187]] | [[Hydrogenophilia]] | Hydrogenophilia | [[Pseudomonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98969524|Q98969524]] | [[Hydropeltidopsida]] | Hydropeltidopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q128504285|Q128504285]] | [[Hydrothermarchaeia]] | Hydrothermarchaeia | [[Hydrothermarchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128598531|Q128598531]] | [[Hydrothermia]] | Hydrothermia | | | |- | [[:d:Q181989|Q181989]] | [[Hydrozoa]] | Hydrozoa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Medusozoa]] | [[File:Plumed hydroid5.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119788831|Q119788831]] | [[Hydrozoa]] | Hydrozoa | [[Medusozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21004311|Q21004311]] | [[Hymenomycetes]] | Hymenomycetes | [[Basidiomycota]] | [[File:Agaricus campestris.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98969532|Q98969532]] | [[Hymenophyllopsida]] | Hymenophyllopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446493|Q21446493]] | [[Hypermastigea]] | Hypermastigea | [[Parabasalia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1833941|Q1833941]] | [[Hypermastigia]] | Hypermastigia | [[Parabasalia]] | [[File:Hypermastigida.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q188549|Q188549]] | [[Hyperoartia]] | Hyperoartia | [[vertebrato]] | [[File:Havsnejonöga.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q22919252|Q22919252]] | [[Hyphochytrea]] | Hyphochytrea | [[Oomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q2625480|Q2625480]] | [[Hyphochytriomycetes]] | Hyphochytriomycetes | [[Stramenopiles]]<br/>[[Hyphochytriomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1046151|Q1046151]] | [[Hyphomycetes]] | Hyphomycetes<ref name="ref_db176f35e8ff66985382896397c52c0ead2b6e4f7c36fcf864eb58708c08420e">''[[:d:Q1860469|Index Fungorum]]''</ref> | [[Deuteromycotina]] | [[File:Terminal chlamydospores of the fungus Microsporum audouinii PHIL 3054 lores.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119983012|Q119983012]] | [[Hypotrichea]] | Hypotrichea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Ciliophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q110253350|Q110253350]] | [[Hypotrichomonadea]] | Hypotrichomonadea<ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | [[Parabasalia]]<ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q29405749|Q29405749]] | [[Ichthyosporea]] | Ichthyosporea<ref name="ref_c033a9e634a29b6e57249cffd6636bd260a569be6db02d176f2e0abb8e439574">''[[:d:Q109996913|Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi]]''</ref> | [[Holozoa]] | [[File:Sphaeroforma arctica.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q22986461|Q22986461]] | [[Ichthyostraca]] | Ichthyostraca | [[Oligostraca]] | [[File:Argulus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10299754|Q10299754]] | [[Icosandria]] | Icosandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16578185|Q16578185]] | [[Ignavibacteria]] | Ignavibacteria<ref name="ref_3939dd77254a4aeb626df5f9657711494bbf07731808d50d1ce798ea1d1b4f6c">''[[:d:Q33492660|Ignavibacterium album gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic anaerobic bacterium isolated from microbial mats at a terrestrial hot spring and proposal of Ignavibacteria classis nov., for a novel lineage at the periphery of green sulfur bacte]]''</ref> | [[Chlorobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26206717|Q26206717]] | [[Imbricatea]] | Imbricatea | [[Ventrifilosa]] | [[File:Euglypha sp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q778480|Q778480]] | [[Inarticulata]] | Inarticulata | [[Brachiopoda]] | [[File:Lingula-Ozamiz-1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q224920|Q224920]] | [[Infusoria]] | Infusoria | [[Protozoa]] | [[File:Die Frau als Hausärztin (1911) 043 Wassertropfen aus gestandenem Wasser.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133261072|Q133261072]] | [[Inordozoa]] | Inordozoa | [[Coelenterata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1390|Q1390]] | [[insecto]] | Insecta<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Hexapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Insekter.jpg|center|32px]] | invertebrato hexapode |- | [[:d:Q57740395|Q57740395]] | [[Insthoviricetes]] | Insthoviricetes<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Polyploviricotina]]<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1096274|Q1096274]] | [[Isoetopsida]] | Isoetopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Lycopodiophyta]]<br/>[[Lycopodiophytina]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[File:Illustration Isoetes lacustris0.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1135350|Q1135350]] | [[Jakobids]] | Jakobea | [[Excavata]]<br/>[[Discoba]]<ref name="ref_fe17df54eefd9f6afc03f120c8db075138e85d3929307364247b1e86f491a7ab">''[[:d:Q24657599|Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups"]]''</ref> | [[File:Jakobida.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133293017|Q133293017]] | [[Jordiarchaeia]] | Jordiarchaeia | [[Asgardarchaeota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98969569|Q98969569]] | [[Juncopsida]] | Juncopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q149843|Q149843]] | [[Jungermanniopsida]] | Jungermanniopsida<ref name="ref_0572b28956989bcbedf9d6cc9b2b32630bd2b584a66836826816f279d8f6dc17">''[[:d:Q22579849|Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta]]''</ref> | [[Marchantiophyta]]<ref name="ref_0572b28956989bcbedf9d6cc9b2b32630bd2b584a66836826816f279d8f6dc17">''[[:d:Q22579849|Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta]]''</ref><ref name="ref_09afaf84374e941d71905d4fb4e899ec1a31ac4a18ffb5a6083fb82600df0dd4">''[[:d:Q87326406|МСЭ2/Юнгермании]]''</ref> | [[File:Jungermannia hyalina (a, 113308-471324) 2392.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q128246360|Q128246360]] | [[Kapaibacteriia]] | Kapaibacteriia | | | |- | [[:d:Q117501|Q117501]] | [[Karyorelictea]] | Karyorelictea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Postciliodesmatophora]]<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Loxodes rostrum from page 267 of "American journal of physiology" (1898).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q23070195|Q23070195]] | [[Katablepharidophyceae]] | Katablepharidophyceae<ref name="ref_ab3973daf023fef568b49f71467c21da31b8be8b77f099a836007c77c92299e4">''[[:d:Q31005665|The katablepharids are a distant sister group of the Cryptophyta: A proposal for Katablepharidophyta divisio nova/ Kathablepharida phylum novum based on SSU rDNA and beta-tubulin phylogeny]]''</ref> | [[Cryptophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54281950|Q54281950]] | [[Kickxellomycetes]] | Kickxellomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Kickxellomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Coemansia spsono3.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25407040|Q25407040]] | [[Kinetofragminophora]] | Kinetofragminophora<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Ciliophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446851|Q21446851]] | [[Kinetomonadea]] | Kinetomonadea | [[Kinetomonada]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131630|Q131630]] | [[Kinetoplastea]] | Kinetoplastea<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | [[Glycomonada]]<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Trypanosoma cruzi crithidia.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446856|Q21446856]] | [[Kinetoplastida]] | Kinetoplastida | [[Zoomastigina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446859|Q21446859]] | [[Kinetoplastidea]] | Kinetoplastidea | [[Euglenozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q62066293|Q62066293]] | [[Kiritimatiellae]] | Kiritimatiellae<ref name="ref_2c4dfd394042fbfceb463f93db11e02a29e679c3dec44a71baa7f9ed165fbb9f">''[[:d:Q45760105|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Kiritimatiellota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123488495|Q123488495]] | [[Kiritimatiellia]] | Kiritimatiellia | [[Kiritimatiellota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q860889|Q860889]] | [[Klebsormidiophyceae]] | Klebsormidiophyceae | [[Streptophyta]] | [[File:Klebsormidium bilatum Belgium (14759117646).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131872322|Q131872322]] | [[Korarchaeia]] | Korarchaeia | [[Thermoproteota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128246512|Q128246512]] | [[Kryptoniia]] | Kryptoniia | [[Bacteroidota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16177543|Q16177543]] | [[Ktedonobacteria]] | Ktedonobacteria<ref name="ref_8164b1fed3c0d867a5b4e965c75dd31caaea56c3534b249ac7b2fa723d916f17">''[[:d:Q45317522|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Chloroflexota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q136334482|Q136334482]] | [[Kuafuiibacteriia]] | Kuafuiibacteriia | | | |- | [[:d:Q7041164|Q7041164]] | [[Kutorginata]] | Kutorginata | [[Rhynchonelliformea]] | [[File:Kutorgina cingulata.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133658|Q133658]] | [[Laboulbeniomycetes]] | Laboulbeniomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Herpomyces micrograph.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131275915|Q131275915]] | [[Labyrinthulea]] | Labyrinthulea | [[Sagenista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1148791|Q1148791]] | [[Labyrinthulomycetes]] | Labyrinthulomycetes | [[Sagenista]]<br/>[[Labyrinthulomycota]] | [[File:Aplanonet3.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q124140566|Q124140566]] | [[Langiophytopsida]] | Langiophytopsida | [[Langiophytophyta]] | [[File:Aglaophyton major reconstruccion en.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26206847|Q26206847]] | [[Larvacea]] | Larvacea | [[Tunicata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92197536|Q92197536]] | [[Laserviricetes]] | Laserviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Dividoviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98969604|Q98969604]] | [[Lauropsida]] | Lauropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q133571|Q133571]] | [[Lecanoromycetes]] | Lecanoromycetes<ref name="ref_db176f35e8ff66985382896397c52c0ead2b6e4f7c36fcf864eb58708c08420e">''[[:d:Q1860469|Index Fungorum]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Cladonia sobolescens-2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10556138|Q10556138]] | [[Lecithoepiteliata]] | Lecithoepiteliata | [[Plathelminthes|Platyhelminthes]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21191185|Q21191185]] | [[Leiosporocerotopsida]] | Leiosporocerotopsida | [[Anthocerotophyta]] | [[File:Leiosporoceros dussii - Derek - 264719276.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3229533|Q3229533]] | [[Lentisphaeria]] | Lentisphaeria<ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Lentisphaerota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q133551|Q133551]] | [[Leotiomycetes]] | Leotiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:UncinulaTulasneiDetail.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119809082|Q119809082]] | [[Lepidocystoidea]] | Lepidocystoidea | [[Blastozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21286775|Q21286775]] | [[Leptocardia]] | Leptocardia | [[Cephalochordata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q20722244|Q20722244]] | [[Leptocardii]] | Leptocardii | [[Cephalochordata]] | [[File:Branchiostoma lanceolatum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19961221|Q19961221]] | [[Leptolida]] | Leptolida | [[Medusozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21221479|Q21221479]] | [[Leucocryptea]] | Leucocryptea<ref name="ref_0a04f5a0c7e333204e8cd3dec589234439e0b3925b21dd6fbbe25422fdc24659">''[[:d:Q106882312|Chromalveolate diversity and cell megaevolution: Interplay of membranes, genomes and cytoskeleton]]''</ref> | [[Leucocrypta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q106875874|Q106875874]] | [[Leviviricetes]] | Leviviricetes<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Lenarviricota]]<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q133647|Q133647]] | [[Lichinomycetes]] | Lichinomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Lichina pygmaea Î aux Vaches 2008-11-26.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98969623|Q98969623]] | [[Ligustropsida]] | Ligustropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1147601|Q1147601]] | [[Liliopsida]] | Liliopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref><ref name="ref_52c422a3a63aa15cea70f788af0d98a62756f3c860fdd8b758b51fe95d8330a2">''[[:d:Q55869373|Flowering Plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]]<ref name="ref_28cf80c5c6ebedaed76ed16b06e52f2e25c19a17378bed20e7c222d6915922b7">''[[:d:Q14244038|An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref><ref name="ref_52c422a3a63aa15cea70f788af0d98a62756f3c860fdd8b758b51fe95d8330a2">''[[:d:Q55869373|Flowering Plants]]''</ref><br/>[[tracheophyte]] | [[File:LiliumJankaeBulgaria1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26220412|Q26220412]] | [[Limnochordia]] | Limnochordia<ref name="ref_4ea13a9e2de371c3de4f2038155be35cae59fef61cbd383bfb33b98deba244b8">''[[:d:Q30937440|Limnochorda pilosa gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic bacterium and proposal of Limnochordaceae fam. nov., Limnochordales ord. nov. and Limnochordia classis nov. in the phylum Firmicutes]]''</ref> | [[Bacillota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q2467382|Q2467382]] | [[Lingulata]] | Lingulata | [[Linguliformea]]<ref name="ref_f37f24b656cb23a9ca38b6885309672e3c7e8327e0dab838e55c494857e0a97e">''[[:d:Q18674784|Phylum Brachiopoda]]''</ref> | [[File:LingulaanatinaAA.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q137796611|Q137796611]] | [[Lipomycetes]] | Lipomycetes | [[Saccharomycotina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98969638|Q98969638]] | [[Liriopsida]] | Liriopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q7663959|Q7663959]] | [[Litostomatea]] | Litostomatea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]]<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Balantidium coli wet mount.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98969646|Q98969646]] | [[Lobeliopsida]] | Lobeliopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q865046|Q865046]] | [[Lobosea]] | Lobosea | [[Amoebozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54197006|Q54197006]] | [[Lobulomycetes]] | Lobulomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q138784410|Q138784410]] | [[Lokiarchaeia]] | Lokiarchaeia | [[Asgardarchaeota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26869742|Q26869742]] | [[Longimicrobia]] | Longimicrobia | [[Gemmatimonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123629056|Q123629056]] | [[Longimicrobiia]] | Longimicrobiia | [[Gemmatimonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98969661|Q98969661]] | [[Loniceropsida]] | Loniceropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131316432|Q131316432]] | [[Lophomonadea]] | Lophomonadea | [[Parabasalia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98969723|Q98969723]] | [[Loranthopsida]] | Loranthopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1149748|Q1149748]] | [[Lycopodiopsida]] | Lycopodiopsida<ref name="ref_ecd3d782139f3bf8a6753c13254ae80d9209dfc6e8ff4382c1b1657a6a3ca2c1">''[[:d:Q30092476|A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]]<ref name="ref_ecd3d782139f3bf8a6753c13254ae80d9209dfc6e8ff4382c1b1657a6a3ca2c1">''[[:d:Q30092476|A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns]]''</ref> | [[File:Lycopodium plant.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q106834834|Q106834834]] | [[Lyginopteridopsida]] | Lyginopteridopsida | [[Pteridospermatophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23902175|Q23902175]] | [[Lyromonadea]] | Lyromonadea<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Tetramitia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q6723361|Q6723361]] | [[Machaeridia]] | Machaeridia | [[Annelida]] | [[File:Catalogue of the Machaeridia (Turrilepas and its allies) in the Department of Geology BHL8707190.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12734717|Q12734717]] | [[Magnoliatae]] | Magnoliatae | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1307404|Q1307404]] | [[Magnoliopsida]] | Magnoliopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref><ref name="ref_52c422a3a63aa15cea70f788af0d98a62756f3c860fdd8b758b51fe95d8330a2">''[[:d:Q55869373|Flowering Plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_793fa96b38ba606676c280023b7166d5dd46b9c63ee2a25b32e804b70f25a538">''[[:d:Q22338324|An Updated Classification of the Class Magnoliopsida (“Angiospermae”)]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]]<ref name="ref_28cf80c5c6ebedaed76ed16b06e52f2e25c19a17378bed20e7c222d6915922b7">''[[:d:Q14244038|An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref><ref name="ref_52c422a3a63aa15cea70f788af0d98a62756f3c860fdd8b758b51fe95d8330a2">''[[:d:Q55869373|Flowering Plants]]''</ref> | [[File:Aristolochia eriantha1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92197094|Q92197094]] | [[Magsaviricetes]] | Magsaviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Kitrinoviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q182978|Q182978]] | [[Malacostraca]] | Malacostraca<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Multicrustacea]] | [[File:Eoph MagelaT site2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25407631|Q25407631]] | [[Malasseziomycetes]] | Malasseziomycetes<ref name="ref_7444cdb3fd3190fab569303f1b743728fd7ba9845f01135345e4283675f472bb">''[[:d:Q35035157|Moniliellomycetes and Malasseziomycetes, two new classes in Ustilaginomycotina]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Basidiomycota]]<br/>[[Ustilaginomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Malassezia lipophilis 3 lores.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21224386|Q21224386]] | [[Malawimonadea]] | Malawimonadea<ref name="ref_614fb8f075f79819a8e5dacfa2ef160947f7237cfd6bac90b82407d11bdf8b00">''[[:d:Q30885386|The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa]]''</ref> | [[Loukozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92611713|Q92611713]] | [[Malgrandaviricetes]] | Malgrandaviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Phixviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98969800|Q98969800]] | [[Malpighiopsida]] | Malpighiopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98969806|Q98969806]] | [[Malvopsida]] | Malvopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12035181|Q12035181]] | [[Mamiellophyceae]] | Mamiellophyceae<ref name="ref_2c414b4f9fc65e5dec31b3eb6cee49db0c63ad63e22253876505c0bc60b3e414">''[[:d:Q45718648|Molecular phylogeny and classification of the Mamiellophyceae class. nov. (Chlorophyta) based on sequence comparisons of the nuclear- and plastid-encoded rRNA operons]]''</ref> | [[Chlorophyta]] | [[File:Esquema Micromonas pusilla.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7377|Q7377]] | [[Mammiferos]] | Mammalia<ref name="ref_b461bd9e2542d8062d3fd2ec7a638c156f7e79c989097d43409982eb64d5e86d">''[[:d:Q19302303|Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5f23685d9d76bf1b20f6172bc8e9dfec50028c616fc311bbf816b245a34ad6c8">''[[:d:Q1538807|Mammal Species of the World (Third edition)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5bdbf8eee19b105ff04d66d13ee4f654eec1e2e0dd7692808ebb15629415fb16">''[[:d:Q21608408|Systema Naturae. 10th edition, Volume 1]]''</ref> | [[Mammaliaformes]]<ref name="ref_5e6b9cfa1edf90b7cb9d06361062370ebd6ac2faebdd620ebb315b67a2001366">''[[:d:Q28191107|An Early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12967693|Q12967693]] | [[Marattiopsida]] | Marattiopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | [[File:Marattia howeana RBG Sydney.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q147868|Q147868]] | [[Marchantiopsida]] | Marchantiopsida<ref name="ref_0572b28956989bcbedf9d6cc9b2b32630bd2b584a66836826816f279d8f6dc17">''[[:d:Q22579849|Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta]]''</ref> | [[Marchantiophyta]]<ref name="ref_0572b28956989bcbedf9d6cc9b2b32630bd2b584a66836826816f279d8f6dc17">''[[:d:Q22579849|Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta]]''</ref> | [[File:RicciocarposNatans8.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q106097027|Q106097027]] | [[Marosporida]] | Marosporida<ref name="ref_757a660da4364cec1fc2b96919b1b78f8049894b0cd7df0f13a49dc19184d8f3">''[[:d:Q109558735|Phylogenomics Identifies a New Major Subgroup of Apicomplexans, Marosporida class nov., with Extreme Apicoplast Genome Reduction]]''</ref> | [[Apicomplexa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1939952|Q1939952]] | [[Marrellomorpha]] | Marrellomorpha | [[arthropodo]] | [[File:Furca mauritanica MHNT.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98969831|Q98969831]] | [[Marsileopsida]] | Marsileopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q110769173|Q110769173]] | [[Marteiliidea]] | Marteiliidea<ref name="ref_1411ff291bf65aeeb22a9010612d115878452a8dcd05784bd395e72a6e97bb1e">https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Marteiliidea</ref> | [[Paramyxea]]<ref name="ref_1411ff291bf65aeeb22a9010612d115878452a8dcd05784bd395e72a6e97bb1e">https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Marteiliidea</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q23832651|Q23832651]] | [[Mastigomycetes]] | Mastigomycetes | [[fungo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q240433|Q240433]] | [[Mastigophora]] | Mastigophora | [[Protozoa]] | [[File:Haeckel Flagellata.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98969843|Q98969843]] | [[Matoniopsida]] | Matoniopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q6789797|Q6789797]] | [[Mattheva]] | Mattheva | [[Molluscos]] | [[File:Matthevia.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92197442|Q92197442]] | [[Maveriviricetes]] | Maveriviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Preplasmiviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q132662|Q132662]] | [[Maxillopoda]] | Maxillopoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Crustacea]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Cyclops.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21286573|Q21286573]] | [[Mediophyceae]] | Mediophyceae | [[Bacillariophyta]] | [[File:Triceratium morlandii var. morlandii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q24175627|Q24175627]] | [[Medusae]] | Medusae | [[Cnidari]]<ref name="ref_ed6a5d9605b0cd838b6d9340f4bb33ff8536a0c347663334e025d2753d4a8996">''[[:d:Q796451|Fossilworks]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1946246|Q1946246]] | [[Megacheira]] | Megacheira | [[arthropodo]]<ref name="ref_dbddacc22502694139b0062b432efa5d35e11a50c40b7741741003bbc0467c3f">''[[:d:Q57276970|Telson morphology of Leanchoiliidae (Arthropoda: Megacheira) highlighted by a new Leanchoilia from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota]]''</ref><br/>[[Heptopodomera]]<ref name="ref_14e37c4e3234e0d8115f9f957934bfd628ea414b6613b149cc8d7613e16f4eba">''[[:d:Q92500863|Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan]]''</ref> | [[File:20191028 Megacheirans Leanchoilia Haikoucaris Yohoia Fortiforceps.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92612094|Q92612094]] | [[Megaviricetes]] | Megaviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Nucleocytoviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[File:Tupanvirus.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19105|Q19105]] | [[Merostomata]] | Merostomata<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[所有语言的默认值]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><br/>[[Prosomapoda]] | [[File:Haeckel Tachypleus Eurypterus.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q4291123|Q4291123]] | [[Merostomoidea]] | Merostomoidea | [[Artiopoda]] | [[File:Sidneyia1.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q54197016|Q54197016]] | [[Mesochytriomycetes]] | Mesochytriomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1048929|Q1048929]] | [[Mesostigmatophyceae]] | Mesostigmatophyceae<ref name="ref_02d3f363c877857021d846e693e8f0dac4a6c902c77cade1a2c283976d074062">''[[:d:Q33893146|Mesostigmatophyceae, a new class of streptophyte green algae revealed by SSU rRNA sequence comparisons]]''</ref> | [[Charophyta]] | [[File:Mesostigma viride 534857918.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2008466|Q2008466]] | [[Mesotardigrada]] | Mesotardigrada<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_26601dc35694ad6f9ddc6db4b950317a802ee25d8b7bc8aa116c4b82ffe824c6">''[[:d:Q20019958|Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8d9f5eafd7f4dfc0203ff4cae2cad686acd032f4b2c23f1ea4dfe342f503af70">''[[:d:Q46424690|Gilbert Rahm and the Status of Mesotardigrada Rahm, 1937.]]''</ref> | [[Tardigrada]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_26601dc35694ad6f9ddc6db4b950317a802ee25d8b7bc8aa116c4b82ffe824c6">''[[:d:Q20019958|Phylum Tardigrada Doyère, 1840]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21447558|Q21447558]] | [[Metchnikovellea]] | Metchnikovellea<ref name="ref_7368ed17f33520c175cb5fe774b3ff9841a37a35d7eca2fa31eec81fdcf902a0">''[[:d:Q109559673|Contribution to the classification of microsporidia]]''</ref> | [[Rudimicrospora]]<br/>[[Manubrispora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1136630|Q1136630]] | [[Methanobacteria]] | Methanobacteria | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1051240|Q1051240]] | [[Methanococci]] | Methanococci | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro.gif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q79929532|Q79929532]] | [[Methanofastidiosa]] | Methanofastidiosa | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q110623777|Q110623777]] | [[Methanoliparia]] | Methanoliparia | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q133825348|Q133825348]] | [[Methanomethylicia]] | Methanomethylicia | [[Thermoproteota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1051432|Q1051432]] | [[Methanomicrobia]] | Methanomicrobia | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:SEM of hydrogenotrophic methanogenic culture Methanospirillum hungatei.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q63366548|Q63366548]] | [[Methanonatronarchaeia]] | Methanonatronarchaeia | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q867927|Q867927]] | [[Methanopyri]] | Methanopyri | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128598578|Q128598578]] | [[Methanosarcinia]] | Methanosarcinia | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro.gif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q138528405|Q138528405]] | [[Methanosuratincolia]] | Methanosuratincolia | [[Thermoproteota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q62594652|Q62594652]] | [[Methanothermea]] | Methanothermea | [[Euryarchaeota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q28777771|Q28777771]] | [[Methylacidiphilae]] | Methylacidiphilae | [[Verrucomicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q128598728|Q128598728]] | [[Methylomirabilia]] | Methylomirabilia | [[Methylomirabilota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q24048471|Q24048471]] | [[Metromonadea]] | Metromonadea | [[Monadofilosa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92197278|Q92197278]] | [[Miaviricetes]] | Miaviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Lenarviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q108086049|Q108086049]] | [[Micrinomonadophyceae]] | Micrinomonadophyceae | [[Prasinophytina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136810|Q136810]] | [[Microbotryomycetes]] | Microbotryomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 1000x img432.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q124380516|Q124380516]] | [[Microcaldia]] | Microcaldia | [[Microcaldota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10584811|Q10584811]] | [[Microsporea]] | Microsporea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Microsporidia]]<ref name="ref_c86d3e90910e050ac9a261096f21064094f670ca3aa4bd6201096c6e4cdbe8df">https://www.mycobank.org/page/Name%20details%20page/92380</ref><ref name="ref_b570d00bf5d39e22cc2ea384447fb2faf699cd0dd919eedee6df66b103bc8615">https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=391980</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54351344|Q54351344]] | [[Microsporidea]] | Microsporidea<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Rozellomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q132652|Q132652]] | [[Microsporidia]] | Microsporidia<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref><ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | [[Rozellomycota]]<ref name="ref_b8c256ef49f76a6773946589846ce8cc2fc176141191f08a0f5375fe804cab79">''[[:d:Q117487849|Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021]]''</ref> | [[File:Fibrillanosema spore.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q20720396|Q20720396]] | [[Miliolata]] | Miliolata | [[Foraminifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q57739566|Q57739566]] | [[Milneviricetes]] | Milneviricetes<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Haploviricotina]]<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21447658|Q21447658]] | [[Minisporea]] | Minisporea | [[Rudimicrospora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q132852527|Q132852527]] | [[Minisyncoccia]] | Minisyncoccia | [[Minisyncoccota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q137545|Q137545]] | [[Mixiomycetes]] | Mixiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><br/>[[Basidiomycota]] | [[File:Mixia osmundae by Nishida.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131796|Q131796]] | [[Mollicutes]] | Mollicutes | [[Mycoplasmatota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref><br/>[[Tenericutes]] | [[File:Spiro.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q104833966|Q104833966]] | [[Mollusca incertae sedis]] | Mollusca incertae sedis | [[Molluscos]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10331775|Q10331775]] | [[Monadelphia]] | Monadelphia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q6897948|Q6897948]] | [[Monandria]] | Monandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q19839002|Q19839002]] | [[Moniliellomycetes]] | Moniliellomycetes<ref name="ref_7444cdb3fd3190fab569303f1b743728fd7ba9845f01135345e4283675f472bb">''[[:d:Q35035157|Moniliellomycetes and Malasseziomycetes, two new classes in Ustilaginomycotina]]''</ref><ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Ustilaginomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q57739576|Q57739576]] | [[Monjiviricetes]] | Monjiviricetes<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Haploviricotina]]<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1053903|Q1053903]] | [[Monoblepharidomycetes]] | Monoblepharidomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Monoblepharomycota]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[File:Monoblephs 002.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131349751|Q131349751]] | [[Monocercomonadea]] | Monocercomonadea | [[Parabasalia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q14847257|Q14847257]] | [[Monocotyledoneae]] | Monocotyledoneae | [[Angiospermae]]<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref><ref name="ref_38b181f0a23ac15f921536dc9468603db8fe4e02ca836d5259b079b60505bfef">''[[:d:Q14866876|Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 9)]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10331895|Q10331895]] | [[Monoecia]] | Monoecia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q575927|Q575927]] | [[Monogenea]] | Monogenea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Neodermata]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Echinoplectanum laeve body.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q117205479|Q117205479]] | [[Monogonta]] | Monogonta | [[Rotifera]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q4044474|Q4044474]] | [[Monomalata]] | Monomalata | [[arthropodo]] | [[File:Harpaphe haydeniana 002.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q194308|Q194308]] | [[Monoplacophora]] | Monoplacophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Molluscos]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Pilina unguis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q117089084|Q117089084]] | [[Moresnetiopsida]] | Moresnetiopsida | [[Moresnetiophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54463181|Q54463181]] | [[Mortierellomycetes]] | Mortierellomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Mortierellomycota]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92196621|Q92196621]] | [[Mouviricetes]] | Mouviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Cossaviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q28805588|Q28805588]] | [[Mucoromycetes]] | Mucoromycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Mucoromycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135686948|Q135686948]] | [[Muellerivitia]] | Muellerivitia | | | |- | [[:d:Q128247330|Q128247330]] | [[Muiribacteriia]] | Muiribacteriia | | | |- | [[:d:Q96394343|Q96394343]] | [[Muranotrichea]] | Muranotrichea<ref name="ref_b0abbd385dec5e6abacb3ba4a75e45a9ac086772ec47027bdb56c1c68eb3f224">''[[:d:Q93208141|Genomics of New Ciliate Lineages Provides Insight into the Evolution of Obligate Anaerobiosis]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98969854|Q98969854]] | [[Myrsinopsida]] | Myrsinopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98969859|Q98969859]] | [[Myrtopsida]] | Myrtopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q15100334|Q15100334]] | [[Myxini]] | Myxini<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2e440cc0285a592cd9e99c53186474ef4b1cf2cea52af12b02df194fb28883fe">''[[:d:Q19402385|Pisces]]''</ref><ref name="ref_326ac5569391c4058005e6ad9441a464fc841e83feba37d7ba7668f7c922fe08">''[[:d:Q9185167|Catalog of Fishes]]''</ref> | [[Agnatha]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Pacific hagfish Myxine.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q23892105|Q23892105]] | [[Myxogastrea]] | Myxogastrea | [[Mycetozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q46309|Q46309]] | [[Myxogastria]] | Myxogastria | [[Mycetozoa]] | [[File:Badhamia utricularis mature.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19830063|Q19830063]] | [[Myxomycetes]] | Myxomycetes | [[Protozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134882|Q134882]] | [[Myxozoa]] | Myxozoa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Endocnidozoa]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Fdl17-9-grey.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21230642|Q21230642]] | [[Myzomonadea]] | Myzomonadea | [[Protalveolata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98969865|Q98969865]] | [[Najadiopsida]] | Najadiopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q106807988|Q106807988]] | [[Naldaviricetes]] | Naldaviricetes<ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Virus]]<ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131822314|Q131822314]] | [[Nanoarchaeia]] | Nanoarchaeia | [[Nanobdellota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123932843|Q123932843]] | [[Nanobdellia]] | Nanobdellia<ref name="ref_abcb85a3fa14fffdbb2f8e6959709c12adea60c90e14ab4ef2c1195526ee3529">''[[:d:Q116817108|Nanobdella aerobiophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermoacidophilic, obligate ectosymbiotic archaeon, and proposal of Nanobdellaceae fam. nov., Nanobdellales ord. nov. and Nanobdellia class. nov.]]''</ref> | [[Nanobdellota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q6964054|Q6964054]] | [[Nanohaloarchaea]] | Nanohalarchaeia | [[Nanohalarchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q28373662|Q28373662]] | [[Nanomonadea]] | Nanomonadea | [[Heterokonta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q139382252|Q139382252]] | [[Nanosomnibacteria]] | Nanosomnibacteria | [[Patescibacteriota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q139916642|Q139916642]] | [[Nanosynbacteria]] | Nanosynbacteria | [[Minisyncoccota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q93417|Q93417]] | [[Nassophorea]] | Nassophorea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]]<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Nassula.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q127687045|Q127687045]] | [[Nebulidea]] | Nebulidea | [[Nebulidia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10335955|Q10335955]] | [[Nectonematoida]] | Nectonematoida | [[Nematomorpha]] | | |- | [[:d:Q623144|Q623144]] | [[Negativicutes]] | Negativicutes | [[Bacillota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98969875|Q98969875]] | [[Nelumbonopsida]] | Nelumbonopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21589758|Q21589758]] | [[Nematophytina]] | Nematophytina | [[Nematophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1937410|Q1937410]] | [[Nemertodermatida]] | Nemertodermatida | [[Xenacoelomorpha]] | [[File:Nemertodermatida species.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10596701|Q10596701]] | [[Neocallimastigomycetes]] | Neocallimastigomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Neocallimastigomycota]]<br/>[[Neocallimastigomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21445603|Q21445603]] | [[Neogregarinea]] | Neogregarinea<ref name="ref_6a3224ed9e9612f3b161f90deafb215ffecae36153e66735b907fd7bacda7748">''[[:d:Q24634634|Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla]]''</ref> | [[Gregarinia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10597373|Q10597373]] | [[Neolectomycetes]] | Neolectomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Ascomycota]]<br/>[[Taphrinomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Neolecta irregularis 76559.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3382659|Q3382659]] | [[Neoophora]] | Neoophora | [[Plathelminthes|Platyhelminthes]] | [[File:Parasite140092-fig3 - FIG11 Nybelinia basimegacantha body.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21590451|Q21590451]] | [[Neozygitomycetes]] | Neozygitomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Entomophthoromycota]]<br/>[[Entomophthoromycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21286600|Q21286600]] | [[Nephrophyceae]] | Nephrophyceae | [[Prasinophytina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12040693|Q12040693]] | [[Nephroselmidophyceae]] | Nephroselmidophyceae<ref name="ref_5d20b2497ae39e602bc4da367c7dd5235d502c5b32ed0852fd5862f136e26f9f">''[[:d:Q99659946|Phylogeny and ultrastructure of Nephroselmis and Pseudoscourfieldia (Chlorophyta), including the description of Nephroselmis anterostigmatica sp. nov. and a proposal for the Nephroselmidales ord. nov]]''</ref> | [[Chlorophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134028733|Q134028733]] | [[Nibbleridea]] | Nibbleridea | [[Nibbleridia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26267707|Q26267707]] | [[Nitriliruptoria]] | Nitriliruptoria<ref name="ref_2edee2e3546bec6d3e0c7baae65325c8aaff89bea2789ed2c0a149e0a6469269">''[[:d:Q45323635|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Actinomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q62594672|Q62594672]] | [[Nitrososphaeria]] | Nitrososphaeria | [[Thermoproteota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26878723|Q26878723]] | [[Nitrospinia]] | Nitrospinia | [[Nitrospinota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26714903|Q26714903]] | [[Nitrospira]] | Nitrospira | [[Nitrospirota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123516851|Q123516851]] | [[Nitrospiria]] | Nitrospiria | [[Nitrospirota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21349264|Q21349264]] | [[Noctilucea]] | Noctilucea | [[Dinoflagellata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q119472023|Q119472023]] | [[Noctiluciphyceae]] | Noctiluciphyceae | [[Dinoflagellata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q107478472|Q107478472]] | [[Nodosariata]] | Nodosariata | [[Foraminifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q139855548|Q139855548]] | [[Notopharyngea]] | | | | |- | [[:d:Q122794464|Q122794464]] | [[Novakomycetes]] | Novakomycetes | [[Taphrinomycotina]] | [[File:Ascosporulating culture of Novakomyces olei.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q55711233|Q55711233]] | [[Nuclearidea]] | Nuclearidea<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Nuclearida]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q136620|Q136620]] | [[Nuda]] | Nuda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Ctenophora|Ctenophoro]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Zooplankton2 300.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98969959|Q98969959]] | [[Nymphaeopsida]] | Nymphaeopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21589083|Q21589083]] | [[Obolellata]] | Obolellata | [[Rhynchonelliformea]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10340135|Q10340135]] | [[Octandria]] | Octandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q132680|Q132680]] | [[Octocorallia]] | Octocorallia<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_79d09fea4a569da43c8a3514c91f894c55d49df8acf7bc964580748e4d1675f6">''[[:d:Q21069341|Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834]]''</ref> | [[Anthozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_79d09fea4a569da43c8a3514c91f894c55d49df8acf7bc964580748e4d1675f6">''[[:d:Q21069341|Class Anthozoa Ehrenberg, 1834]]''</ref> | [[File:Gorgo.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133808444|Q133808444]] | [[Odinarchaeia]] | Odinarchaeia | [[Promethearchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135686990|Q135686990]] | [[Oederibacteriia]] | Oederibacteriia | | | |- | [[:d:Q12968792|Q12968792]] | [[Oedipodiopsida]] | Oedipodiopsida | [[Bryophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98970017|Q98970017]] | [[Oenotheropsida]] | Oenotheropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21445792|Q21445792]] | [[Oikomonadea]] | Oikomonadea | [[Dictyochia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q193006|Q193006]] | [[Oligochaeta]] | Oligochaeta<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Clitellata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><br/>[[Annelida]]<ref name="ref_e5a81d1b48ca66c3c8f61aa87f1b82d0fb0b5e1bac384261d084c21d921f2dea">''[[:d:Q2745977|Fauna Europaea]]''</ref> | [[File:20060131 earthworm hits dirt.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26836764|Q26836764]] | [[Oligoflexia]] | Oligoflexia<ref name="ref_8b6876a8cdadf61bbc79a3576dcddd9d29a694c79abb164d08d306081db8b7dc">''[[:d:Q30836028|Oligoflexus tunisiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative, aerobic, filamentous bacterium of a novel proteobacterial lineage, and description of Oligoflexaceae fam. nov., Oligoflexales ord. nov. and Oligoflexia classis nov.]]''</ref> | [[Pseudomonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q3113733|Q3113733]] | [[Oligohymenophorea]] | Oligohymenophorea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Ciliophora]]<br/>[[Intramacronucleata]]<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Paramecium.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26699313|Q26699313]] | [[Oligosphaeria]] | Oligosphaeria<ref name="ref_d1af4da0227805350c7c725c241906d1dd51ecb4aca81363396ceb0dfc72f240">''[[:d:Q34241443|Oligosphaera ethanolica gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, carbohydrate-fermenting bacterium isolated from methanogenic sludge, and description of Oligosphaeria classis nov. in the phylum Lentisphaerae]]''</ref> | [[Lentisphaerota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q23809532|Q23809532]] | [[Oligotrichea]] | Oligotrichea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q111210859|Q111210859]] | [[Olisthodiscophyceae]] | Olisthodiscophyceae | [[Ochrophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54653005|Q54653005]] | [[Olpidiomycetes]] | Olpidiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Olpidiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131419654|Q131419654]] | [[Omnitrophia]] | Omnitrophia | [[Omnitrophica]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98970025|Q98970025]] | [[Onagropsida]] | Onagropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21217007|Q21217007]] | [[Onychophorida]] | Onychophorida | [[Onychophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21445833|Q21445833]] | [[Oomycetes]] | Oomycetes | [[Pseudofungi]]<ref name="ref_d95c01ce3120736f46039a59308ab5d0f2123e346203e57a6823d2596a976565">''[[:d:Q19858624|A higher level classification of all living organisms]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q223597|Q223597]] | [[Oomycota]] | Oomycota | [[Stramenopiles]]<ref name="ref_88ff74caebbdff69adae1309530f8930d8ba5d8e8ac089aa0eb81bf4fefdaad6">''[[:d:Q57086550|Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes]]''</ref><br/>[[Chromista]]<br/>[[Heterokonta]] | [[File:Phytophtora reproduction.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2621841|Q2621841]] | [[Opalinea]] | Opalinea | [[Opalinata]] | [[File:Parasite140015-fig2 Protoopalina pingi (Opalinidae) Microscopy.tif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7097934|Q7097934]] | [[Ophiocistioidea]] | Ophiocistioidea | [[Echinozoa]]<ref name="ref_9e0928ecc952815f17e9827319a19df55f7a34988b1688d63d1924f3053e50d2">''[[:d:Q12345690|BioLib]]''</ref> | [[File:Ophiocystioidea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98970040|Q98970040]] | [[Ophioglossopsida]] | Ophioglossopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]]<br/>[[Polypodiophytina]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q59256|Q59256]] | [[Ophiuroidea]] | Ophiuroidea<ref name="ref_ec6fcf770918be7d2fba2367606625b26ee439302860547d0a1fcfc8d330b2ce">''[[:d:Q54802324|Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification]]''</ref><ref name="ref_180a8b130dbc2cb5a247b831138b30d510c99097422041bd18d98f043b0a2288">''[[:d:Q111474563|Interactive identification key to all brittle star families (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) leads to revised morphological descriptions]]''</ref><ref name="ref_eb0edf213c89d7f7d1ae99460dd86b2e95a6f2c47f3ca16402d95a1310a11ccd">https://archive.org/details/nzoimemoir00181961/page/n20/mode/1up</ref> | [[Asterozoa]]<ref name="ref_ec6fcf770918be7d2fba2367606625b26ee439302860547d0a1fcfc8d330b2ce">''[[:d:Q54802324|Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification]]''</ref> | [[File:Haeckel Ophiodea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119788765|Q119788765]] | [[Ophiuroidea]] | Ophiuroidea | | | |- | [[:d:Q26225491|Q26225491]] | [[Opitutae]] | Opitutae<ref name="ref_f81575408f20ca3d6c3213b291c1e08d192bf82c92517cc6cce7538862e0d8d2">''[[:d:Q33276115|Puniceicoccus vermicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium, and description of Puniceicoccaceae fam. nov., Puniceicoccales ord. nov., Opitutaceae fam. nov., Opitutales ord. nov. and Opitutae classis nov. in the phylum 'Verrucomicrobia'.]]''</ref> | [[Verrucomicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123686070|Q123686070]] | [[Opitutia]] | Opitutia | [[Verrucomicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98970049|Q98970049]] | [[Opuntiopsida]] | Opuntiopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q4135589|Q4135589]] | [[Orbiliomycetes]] | Orbiliomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Orbilia spp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98970050|Q98970050]] | [[Orchidopsida]] | Orchidopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12667306|Q12667306]] | [[Osmundopsida]] | Osmundopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q132935|Q132935]] | [[Osteostraci]] | Osteostraci | [[vertebrato]] | [[File:Cephalaspis tenuicornis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q276412|Q276412]] | [[Ostracoda]] | Ostracoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Oligostraca]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Ostracod.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q74083|Q74083]] | [[Ostracodermi]] | Ostracodermi | [[Agnatha]] | [[File:Ostracoderm and placoderm.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q56371447|Q56371447]] | [[Oxyphotobacteria]] | Oxyphotobacteria | [[Cyanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q131688503|Q131688503]] | [[Pachytestopsida]] | Pachytestopsida | [[Cycadophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134946|Q134946]] | [[Palaeacanthocephala]] | Palaeacanthocephala<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Acanthocephalo|Acanthocephala]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ec5fa21d16527256b5f3b40769ea14e0d69ce93ab2734773ebe2c914450ab010">''[[:d:Q18644461|Phylum Acanthocephala Kohlreuther, 1771]]''</ref> | [[File:Acanthocephala Rhadinorhynchus 2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q61666979|Q61666979]] | [[Palaeonemertea]] | Palaeonemertea | [[Nemertea]] | | |- | [[:d:Q7126500|Q7126500]] | [[Palaeoscolecida]] | Palaeoscolecida | [[Cycloneuralia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q110769174|Q110769174]] | [[Paleacanthocephala]] | Paleacanthocephala<ref name="ref_7fc4cdd13d68c0b740ee94e93ae93797b16a458043b743bd6fab59c8eedb34ce">https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Paleacanthocephala</ref> | [[Acanthocephalo|Acanthocephala]]<ref name="ref_7fc4cdd13d68c0b740ee94e93ae93797b16a458043b743bd6fab59c8eedb34ce">https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Paleacanthocephala</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26962824|Q26962824]] | [[Palmophyllophyceae]] | Palmophyllophyceae<ref name="ref_df92f74a2661655060d9beb7927f10f6b8ddf7c3ad37aed7855a4a0cd90ae91e">''[[:d:Q28603071|Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov]]''</ref> | [[Prasinodermatophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q110208102|Q110208102]] | [[Palpitea]] | Palpitea<ref name="ref_a47de1747645cc33a5241c834f801a3d852586a2178badcb90aba9f80ce671e8">''[[:d:Q34154015|Oxnerella micra sp. n. (Oxnerellidae fam. n.), a tiny naked centrohelid, and the diversity and evolution of heliozoa]]''</ref> | [[Palpitia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98970226|Q98970226]] | [[Pandanopsida]] | Pandanopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98970258|Q98970258]] | [[Papaveropsida]] | Papaveropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92196666|Q92196666]] | [[Papovaviricetes]] | Papovaviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Cossaviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q102270499|Q102270499]] | [[Parablastoidea]] | Parablastoidea<ref name="ref_1193cbc9e2d285500e40556446c30cf1e49f468f8bd980de906dd0f8b88114d9">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433069099616&seq=173</ref> | [[Echinodermata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q96398378|Q96398378]] | [[Parablepharismea]] | Parablepharismea<ref name="ref_b0abbd385dec5e6abacb3ba4a75e45a9ac086772ec47027bdb56c1c68eb3f224">''[[:d:Q93208141|Genomics of New Ciliate Lineages Provides Insight into the Evolution of Obligate Anaerobiosis]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q142224|Q142224]] | [[Paracrinoidea]] | Paracrinoidea | [[Blastozoa]]<ref name="ref_9e0928ecc952815f17e9827319a19df55f7a34988b1688d63d1924f3053e50d2">''[[:d:Q12345690|BioLib]]''</ref> | [[File:Paracrinoid smithsonian.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q4765007|Q4765007]] | [[Animalia Paradoxa]] | Paradoxa | [[animal]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54803058|Q54803058]] | [[Paraglomeromycetes]] | Paraglomeromycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Glomeromycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21446083|Q21446083]] | [[Paramyxea]] | Paramyxea<ref name="ref_05b76844e293ed05b5e8d83c431f65580cf714a96e7fafa867717d1a6ed1c182">''[[:d:Q108899521|Classification of the Haplosporidia]]''</ref> | [[eucaryote]]<br/>[[Ascetospora]]<ref name="ref_05b76844e293ed05b5e8d83c431f65580cf714a96e7fafa867717d1a6ed1c182">''[[:d:Q108899521|Classification of the Haplosporidia]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q18250074|Q18250074]] | [[Pararotatoria]] | Pararotatoria | [[Rotifera]]<ref name="ref_c6231a1cba5a31be54bcd7e77ad91c3f46069dba01c5b69000f3c893f8261b93">''[[:d:Q18644400|Phylum Rotifera Cuvier, 1817]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q19896757|Q19896757]] | [[Paratrilobita]] | Paratrilobita | [[arthropodo]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446125|Q21446125]] | [[Parmophyceae]] | Parmophyceae | [[Heterokontophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98970265|Q98970265]] | [[Passifloropsida]] | Passifloropsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q15947805|Q15947805]] | [[Paterinata]] | Paterinata | [[Linguliformea]] | | |- | [[:d:Q133293000|Q133293000]] | [[Patescibacteriia]] | Patescibacteriia | | | |- | [[:d:Q217512|Q217512]] | [[Pauropoda]] | Pauropoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f8ad1347d57e7105fd7aadce9416e5ade090187180ef7ea4a024fd1a06bb4204">''[[:d:Q21055045|Class Chilopoda, Class Symphyla and Class Pauropoda]]''</ref> | [[Myriapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Eurypauropodid (12742282145) crop.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q20388475|Q20388475]] | [[Pavlovophyceae]] | Pavlovophyceae<ref name="ref_802acaa704182f044c5fde26b8cc8b7b63c1c9c3d15f61f10a60433407ac57fa">''[[:d:Q110221064|Phylogenetic reconstructions of the Haptophyta inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences and available morphological data]]''</ref> | [[Haptophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446173|Q21446173]] | [[Pedinellophyceae]] | Pedinellophyceae | [[Sarcinochrysidales]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12621695|Q12621695]] | [[Pedinophyceae]] | Pedinophyceae<ref name="ref_3c0f3a963a088d120a69959b9fc365cfa2c88e1ff2fb9a600750e42be816fe53">''[[:d:Q100722396|FURTHER STUDIES OF PRESUMEDLY PRIMITIVE GREEN ALGAE, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF PEDINOPHYCEAE CLASS. NOV. AND RESULTOR GEN. NOV.1]]''</ref> | [[Chlorophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q4863598|Q4863598]] | [[Pelagophyceae]] | Pelagophyceae<ref name="ref_69dd23b1cd3327aea6fea29ea6f7e64fd0974f5b233e40ee3c7f07965236b6b3">''[[:d:Q104115634|ULTRASTRUCTURE AND 18SRRNA GENE SEQUENCE FORPELAGOMONAS CALCEOLATAGEN. ET SP. NOV. AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ALGAL CLASS, THE PELAGOPHYCEAE CLASSIS NOV.1]]''</ref> | [[Ochrophyta]] | [[File:Pelagophyceae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2068181|Q2068181]] | [[Pelliopsida]] | Pelliopsida | [[Marchantiophyta]] | [[File:Pellia epiphylla IMG 1610.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446208|Q21446208]] | [[Pennatea]] | Pennatea | [[Diatomea]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10348373|Q10348373]] | [[Pentandria]] | Pentandria | [[planta]] | [[File:Pentandria Monogynia-1797.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q61163415|Q61163415]] | [[Pentoxylopsida]] | Pentoxylopsida | [[Pteridospermatophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136031402|Q136031402]] | [[Penumbrarchaeia]] | Penumbrarchaeia | | | |- | [[:d:Q61996126|Q61996126]] | [[Peranemea]] | Peranemea<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | [[Spirocuta]]<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q7167167|Q7167167]] | [[Percolatea]] | Percolatea<ref name="ref_614fb8f075f79819a8e5dacfa2ef160947f7237cfd6bac90b82407d11bdf8b00">''[[:d:Q30885386|The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa]]''</ref> | [[Tetramitia]] | [[File:Percolomonas sp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133241359|Q133241359]] | [[Percolomonadea]] | Percolomonadea | [[Tetramitia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q121358693|Q121358693]] | [[Peribolosporomycetes]] | Peribolosporomycetes<ref name="ref_f5144364d5a32a5ddd9c9e1d68ddb4a44707b2fc2af243b556c0d8b073f25a19">''[[:d:Q118163410|Peribolosporomycetes class. nov.: description of a new heat resistant and osmotolerant basidiomycete lineage, represented by Peribolospora gen. nov., P. kevripleyi sp. nov., and P. baueri sp. nov.]]''</ref> | [[Ustilaginomycotina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10348650|Q10348650]] | [[Peridinea]] | Peridinea | [[Dinokaryota]] | [[File:Haeckel Peridinea.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7169069|Q7169069]] | [[Perkinsea]] | Perkinsea<ref name="ref_9e2b6f90ff9118ad204195d52bd1da21c9b5bfa6d4e469907af8a170fe632e24">''[[:d:Q105988928|Perkinsus gen. n. and Other New Taxa in the Protozoan Phylum Apicomplexa]]''</ref> | [[Perkinsozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q22952614|Q22952614]] | [[Peronosporea]] | Peronosporea | [[Oomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q107454709|Q107454709]] | [[Peronosporomycetes]] | Peronosporomycetes | [[Oomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q22109932|Q22109932]] | [[Petromyzonti]] | Petromyzonti<ref name="ref_326ac5569391c4058005e6ad9441a464fc841e83feba37d7ba7668f7c922fe08">''[[:d:Q9185167|Catalog of Fishes]]''</ref> | [[Petromyzontomorphi]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21286786|Q21286786]] | [[Petromyzontida]] | Petromyzontida | [[Agnatha]] | | |- | [[:d:Q843232|Q843232]] | [[Pezizomycetes]] | Pezizomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Aleuria aurantia 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q139462|Q139462]] | [[Phaeodarea]] | Phaeodarea | [[Cercozoa]] | [[File:Haeckel Phaeodaria 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q184573|Q184573]] | [[Phaeophyceae]] | Phaeophyceae<ref name="ref_9a2dacecf9c16e46d11ce384fc244e2c3a109bb934b599738dae23e9766005e7">''[[:d:Q21483204|An Updated Classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)]]''</ref> | [[Fucistia]] | [[File:Kelp-forest-Monterey.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q111211047|Q111211047]] | [[Phaeosacciophyceae]] | Phaeosacciophyceae | [[Ochrophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1511564|Q1511564]] | [[Phaeothamniophyceae]] | Phaeothamniophyceae<ref name="ref_8b0c0f02b2e32415b85754f6fa1262c7c2353a06823420d3a512c5581806096e">''[[:d:Q42516993|Phaeothamniophyceae Classis Nova: A New Lineage of Chromophytes Based upon Photosynthetic Pigments, rbcL Sequence Analysis and Ultrastructure]]''</ref> | [[Stramenopiles]] | | |- | [[:d:Q25891853|Q25891853]] | [[Pharyngomonadea]] | Pharyngomonadea<ref name="ref_fb6656b9ac51ad36b8aa29423f65ef017f6056d1e9e633546cb27686df7486ab">''[[:d:Q28305642|The zooflagellates Stephanopogon and Percolomonas are a clade (class Percolatea: Phylum Percolozoa)]]''</ref> | [[Pharyngomonada]] | | |- | [[:d:Q603237|Q603237]] | [[Phascolosomatidea]] | Phascolosomatidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Sipuncula]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Phascolosoma turnerae - journal.pone.0053590.g003-e.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131688340|Q131688340]] | [[Phasmatocycadopsida]] | Phasmatocycadopsida | [[Cycadophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98970271|Q98970271]] | [[Phoenicopsida]] | Phoenicopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3381652|Q3381652]] | [[Phragmobasidiomycetes]] | Phragmobasidiomycetes<ref name="ref_0ddb104a7fca4a28eeafc2c5197ec05d38be0d46b41abb635b28e3113cdfa524">''[[:d:Q2574835|MycoBank]]''</ref> | [[Basidiomycota]]<ref name="ref_0ddb104a7fca4a28eeafc2c5197ec05d38be0d46b41abb635b28e3113cdfa524">''[[:d:Q2574835|MycoBank]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q16618739|Q16618739]] | [[Phycisphaerae]] | Phycisphaerae<ref name="ref_9b6e1b21b7b3f6251dbd57de7cc8aa20d9be82fabc65adbb20bd4d4dafefcf62">''[[:d:Q33495971|Phycisphaera mikurensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a marine alga, and proposal of Phycisphaeraceae fam. nov., Phycisphaerales ord. nov. and Phycisphaerae classis nov. in the phylum Planctomycetes]]''</ref><ref name="ref_205270fb7053e07cd53789b411bb4d99ae96f31c315beea79846a1c94d4d71da">''[[:d:Q45319845|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Planctomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Fmicb-11-602250-g004D.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12045271|Q12045271]] | [[Phycobacteria]] | Phycobacteria | [[Cyanobacteriota]] | [[File:Anabaenaflosaquae EPA.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q6074541|Q6074541]] | [[Phycomycetes]] | Phycomycetes | [[Myxomycota]] | [[File:Water mold.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q4173968|Q4173968]] | [[Phylactolaemata]] | Phylactolaemata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6256a42967f0c0c32e9bbc0ffd2476e19bd0099fd27c9064d1af61288bdfb39c">''[[:d:Q21069476|Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831]]''</ref> | [[Bryozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6256a42967f0c0c32e9bbc0ffd2476e19bd0099fd27c9064d1af61288bdfb39c">''[[:d:Q21069476|Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831]]''</ref> | [[File:Freshwater Bryozoan234.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7189341|Q7189341]] | [[Phyllopharyngea]] | Phyllopharyngea<ref name="ref_5a7f8dc08f9792695819ef3281e7cfc96ad022b8cbe49d3dec301719e0f89e0d">https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Proposition-d%27une-classification-du-phylum-Doflein%2C-Puytorac-Batisse/822a30ed0b98ceb6b60f5b2103dac6e5baa59657</ref><ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]]<ref name="ref_a29120042307d58d464801ebe53793771fd2f67f916a264db0c808121eb56ad0">''[[:d:Q28833826|The All-Data-Based Evolutionary Hypothesis of Ciliated Protists with a Revised Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata)]]''</ref> | [[File:Chilodonella uncinata - 400x (9000985500).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q53988924|Q53988924]] | [[Physodermatomycetes]] | Physodermatomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Blastocladiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Physoderma maydis.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q23832629|Q23832629]] | [[Phytomastigoda]] | Phytomastigoda | [[Mastigophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q49408496|Q49408496]] | [[Phytomastigophora]] | Phytomastigophora | [[Sarcomastigophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446376|Q21446376]] | [[Phytomastigophorea]] | Phytomastigophorea | [[Mastigophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134349|Q134349]] | [[Phytomyxea]] | Phytomyxea | [[Cercozoa]] | [[File:Phytomyxea collage.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q135476887|Q135476887]] | [[Pichiomycetes]] | Pichiomycetes<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[Ascomycota]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | [[File:Candida albicans.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q84562350|Q84562350]] | [[Picocystophyceae]] | Picocystophyceae<ref name="ref_93e5b331f74e37623548173396db15e1d2164f42f2a2735e529656555c8b859e">''[[:d:Q42630271|Chloropicophyceae, a new class of picophytoplanktonic prasinophytes.]]''</ref> | [[Chlorophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q61954818|Q61954818]] | [[Picomonadea]] | Picomonadea<ref name="ref_6f84893f17d7dac5f1f35e78e801676446c737f5807c18239365a578d6349f8b">''[[:d:Q21089798|Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as ‘Picobiliphytes’]]''</ref> | [[Picozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23070181|Q23070181]] | [[Picophagea]] | Picophagea | [[Limnista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q27165700|Q27165700]] | [[Picophagophyceae]] | Picophagophyceae | [[Phagochrysia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q111578714|Q111578714]] | [[Pilidiophora]] | Pilidiophora | [[Nemertea]] | [[File:Lineus longissimus Grevelingen.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131370154|Q131370154]] | [[Pimpavickea]] | Pimpavickea | [[Parabasalia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12738077|Q12738077]] | [[Pinatae]] | Pinatae | [[conifer]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446417|Q21446417]] | [[Pinguiophyceae]] | Pinguiophyceae | [[Heterokonta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1329304|Q1329304]] | [[Pinopsida]] | Pinopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[conifer]] | [[File:Araucaria heterophylla 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q11818414|Q11818414]] | [[Piperopsida]] | Piperopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[File:Piper nigrum dsc00198.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21225059|Q21225059]] | [[Piroplasmea]] | Piroplasmea<ref name="ref_c067a03c5df967f0bdccbbaad02e009446750ca8443cdba348de126900640fe6">''[[:d:Q51523213|Protozoology : a manual for medical men, veterinarians and zoologists]]''</ref> | [[Sporozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q152|Q152]] | [[pisce]] | Pisces<ref name="ref_5bdbf8eee19b105ff04d66d13ee4f654eec1e2e0dd7692808ebb15629415fb16">''[[:d:Q21608408|Systema Naturae. 10th edition, Volume 1]]''</ref> | [[Gnathostomata]]<ref name="ref_9af8e64e5e781f4ba98c4de5a15541444876df11f77875547c5f7b0cb25c5945">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/</ref> | [[File:Fish-coll002.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92612037|Q92612037]] | [[Pisoniviricetes]] | Pisoniviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Pisuviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q134520|Q134520]] | [[Pituriaspida]] | Pituriaspida | [[vertebrato]] | [[File:Pituriaspida.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q23753004|Q23753004]] | [[Placididea]] | Placididea | [[Bigyra]] | | |- | [[:d:Q130932|Q130932]] | [[Placodermi]] | Placodermi | [[Gnathostomata]] | [[File:DunkleosteusSannoble.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18668477|Q18668477]] | [[Plagiopylea]] | Plagiopylea | [[Intramacronucleata]]<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q122199464|Q122199464]] | [[Planctomycea]] | Planctomycea | [[Planctomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21225252|Q21225252]] | [[Planctomycetacia]] | Planctomycetacia | [[Planctomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q16619434|Q16619434]] | [[Planctomycetia]] | Planctomycetia | [[Planctomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Figure-2-Scanning-electron-micrograph-of-P.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15100287|Q15100287]] | [[Planctosphaeroidea]] | Planctosphaeroidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Hemichordata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98970298|Q98970298]] | [[Plantaginopsida]] | Plantaginopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446442|Q21446442]] | [[Plasmodiophorea]] | Plasmodiophorea | [[Plasmodiophoromycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q6051176|Q6051176]] | [[Plasmodiophoromycetes]] | Plasmodiophoromycetes | [[Plasmodiophoromycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446478|Q21446478]] | [[Pleistophorea]] | Pleistophorea | [[Polaroplasta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3818452|Q3818452]] | [[Pleurastrophyceae]] | Pleurastrophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q61996116|Q61996116]] | [[Ploeotarea]] | Ploeotarea<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | [[Rigimonada]]<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98970313|Q98970313]] | [[Plumbaginopsida]] | Plumbaginopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q2563582|Q2563582]] | [[Pneumocystidomycetes]] | Pneumocystidomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Taphrinomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Pneumocystis carinii 01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98970345|Q98970345]] | [[Podocarpopsida]] | Podocarpopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[conifer]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98970381|Q98970381]] | [[Podostemopsida]] | Podostemopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q15229174|Q15229174]] | [[Pogonophora]] | Pogonophora | [[Annelida]] | [[File:Lamellibrachia luymesi1.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92612144|Q92612144]] | [[Pokkesviricetes]] | Pokkesviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Nucleocytoviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q135553408|Q135553408]] | [[Polarisedimenticolia]] | Polarisedimenticolia | | | |- | [[:d:Q28209272|Q28209272]] | [[Polintoviricetes]] | Polintoviricetes<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Preplasmiviricota]]<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q2704235|Q2704235]] | [[Polyacanthocephala]] | Polyacanthocephala | [[Acanthocephalo|Acanthocephala]]<ref name="ref_ec5fa21d16527256b5f3b40769ea14e0d69ce93ab2734773ebe2c914450ab010">''[[:d:Q18644461|Phylum Acanthocephala Kohlreuther, 1771]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10350923|Q10350923]] | [[Polyadelphia]] | Polyadelphia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10350924|Q10350924]] | [[Polyandria]] | Polyandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136334475|Q136334475]] | [[Polyangiia]] | Polyangiia | | | |- | [[:d:Q18952|Q18952]] | [[Polychaeta]] | Polychaeta<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Annelida]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Libr0409.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q53988933|Q53988933]] | [[Polychytriomycetes]] | Polychytriomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q3314313|Q3314313]] | [[Polycystinea]] | Polycystinea | [[Radiolaria]] | [[File:Radiolarian.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98970394|Q98970394]] | [[Polygalopsida]] | Polygalopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10350931|Q10350931]] | [[Polygamia]] | Polygamia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98970402|Q98970402]] | [[Polygonopsida]] | Polygonopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q68805856|Q68805856]] | [[Polymenophorea]] | Polymenophorea | [[Ciliophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q188906|Q188906]] | [[Polyplacophora]] | Polyplacophora<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Molluscos]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Tonicella lineata 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q117527257|Q117527257]] | [[Polyplacotomia]] | Polyplacotomia | [[Placozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q373615|Q373615]] | [[Polypodiopsida]] | Polypodiopsida<ref name="ref_ecd3d782139f3bf8a6753c13254ae80d9209dfc6e8ff4382c1b1657a6a3ca2c1">''[[:d:Q30092476|A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]]<ref name="ref_ecd3d782139f3bf8a6753c13254ae80d9209dfc6e8ff4382c1b1657a6a3ca2c1">''[[:d:Q30092476|A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns]]''</ref> | [[File:Dicksonia antarctica in Nunniong, Australia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q16006458|Q16006458]] | [[Polypodiozoa]] | Polypodiozoa<ref name="ref_e6f83b8ae11c8491de821e04cec853799c732e72ffb946e5b26b26c85193e3b1">''[[:d:Q13679|Wikispecies]]''</ref> | [[Endocnidozoa]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Polypodium hydriforme.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q681528|Q681528]] | [[Polythalamea]] | Polythalamea | [[Foraminifera]] | [[File:Gbulloides.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q642852|Q642852]] | [[Polytrichopsida]] | Polytrichopsida | [[Bryophyta]] | [[File:LeafMoss0225.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1054797|Q1054797]] | [[Porphyridiophyceae]] | Porphyridiophyceae | [[Proteorhodophytina]]<ref name="ref_ff4287d2b684447b988dc170c7ca062d5ba1a84425bf769a210a2c4e4ad32e8f">''[[:d:Q2835653|AlgaeBase]]''</ref> | [[File:Porphyridium purpureum1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131356874|Q131356874]] | [[Poseidoniia]] | Poseidoniia | [[Poseidoniota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q6083465|Q6083465]] | [[Postgaardea]] | Postgaardea<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ddbcc7e85480f79a67652de9848eb190a612c56b4a88fde67c8d1ff4a91a1692">''[[:d:Q22065662|A revised six-kingdom system of life]]''</ref> | [[Postgaardia]]<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:Calkinsia aureus (2843250035).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q110123929|Q110123929]] | [[Prasinodermatophyceae]] | Prasinodermatophyceae<ref name="ref_5631ca20a38193263affb5106e125eff9a45b825d04393ee636b119cdad1bec1">''[[:d:Q96641117|The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants]]''</ref> | [[Prasinodermatophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134915|Q134915]] | [[Prasinophyceae]] | Prasinophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | [[File:Pyramimonas sp color.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21587972|Q21587972]] | [[Priapulimorpha]] | Priapulimorpha | [[Priapulida]] | | |- | [[:d:Q2032825|Q2032825]] | [[Progymnosperm]] | Progymnospermopsida | [[Lignophyta]]<br/>[[tracheophyte]]<ref name="ref_ed6a5d9605b0cd838b6d9340f4bb33ff8536a0c347663334e025d2753d4a8996">''[[:d:Q796451|Fossilworks]]''</ref><br/>[[Progymnospermophyta]]<ref name="ref_9e0928ecc952815f17e9827319a19df55f7a34988b1688d63d1924f3053e50d2">''[[:d:Q12345690|BioLib]]''</ref> | [[File:Archaeopteris.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q128636239|Q128636239]] | [[Promethearchaeia]] | Promethearchaeia | [[Promethearchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q130028|Q130028]] | [[Prostomatea]] | Prostomatea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]]<ref name="ref_0c75e9b8c29938e8ceeb68b324f0e6d093cc688bc34ab84739dfb06955fed89d">''[[:d:Q54018828|The Ciliated Protozoa]]''</ref> | [[File:20090315 1800 Coleps.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7251542|Q7251542]] | [[Proteomyxidea]] | Proteomyxidea | [[Endomyxa]] | [[File:Vampyrella lateritia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98970673|Q98970673]] | [[Proteopsida]] | Proteopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446728|Q21446728]] | [[Proteromonadea]] | Proteromonadea | [[Opalinata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q28431190|Q28431190]] | [[Protoconodont]] | Protoconodonta | [[Chaetognatha]]<br/>[[Conodonta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q30592549|Q30592549]] | [[Protocruziea]] | Protocruziea<ref name="ref_a29120042307d58d464801ebe53793771fd2f67f916a264db0c808121eb56ad0">''[[:d:Q28833826|The All-Data-Based Evolutionary Hypothesis of Ciliated Protists with a Revised Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata)]]''</ref> | [[Intramacronucleata]]<ref name="ref_a29120042307d58d464801ebe53793771fd2f67f916a264db0c808121eb56ad0">''[[:d:Q28833826|The All-Data-Based Evolutionary Hypothesis of Ciliated Protists with a Revised Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata)]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21290938|Q21290938]] | [[Protolepidodendropsida]] | Protolepidodendropsida | [[Lycopodiophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q24839216|Q24839216]] | [[Protomedusae]] | Protomedusae | [[Cnidari]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446785|Q21446785]] | [[Protostelea]] | Protostelea | [[Eumyxa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q139891906|Q139891906]] | [[Protosteliomycetes]] | Protosteliomycetes | [[Myxomycota]]<ref name="ref_0ddb104a7fca4a28eeafc2c5197ec05d38be0d46b41abb635b28e3113cdfa524">''[[:d:Q2574835|MycoBank]]''</ref><br/>[[Mycetozoa]]<ref name="ref_a5cb691fd2a2b68bd3f1f4fdd86e8363d0afaafce9c9a45fe2e1fcfcae264a67">''[[:d:Q1531570|Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q271631|Q271631]] | [[Protura]] | Protura<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Hexapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Protura (Acerentomon species) micrograph.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q903802|Q903802]] | [[Prymnesiophyceae]] | Prymnesiophyceae<ref name="ref_0d531b9f1167c95c30dc895655f440eb759d7f30c47617d8a8db2226995c56c9">''[[:d:Q56079127|The ultrastructure and taxonomy of the Chrysophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae): a survey with some new observations on the ultrastructure of the Chrysophyceae]]''</ref> | [[Haptophyta]] | [[File:Coccolithus pelagicus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12047482|Q12047482]] | [[Pseudoborniopsida]] | Pseudoborniopsida | [[Equisetophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q18674752|Q18674752]] | [[Pseudociliata]] | Pseudociliata | [[Discomitochondria]] | | |- | [[:d:Q103863981|Q103863981]] | [[Pseudocrustacea]] | Pseudocrustacea | [[Labrophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q139899626|Q139899626]] | [[Pseudoscourfieldiophyceae]] | Pseudoscourfieldiophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q17147573|Q17147573]] | [[Psilophytopsida]] | Psilophytopsida | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q132139|Q132139]] | [[Psilotopsida]] | Psilotopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Psilotophyta]]<br/>[[Psilotophytina]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[File:Illustration Ophioglossum vulgatum0.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q134673|Q134673]] | [[Pteraspidomorphi]] | Pteraspidomorphi | [[vertebrato]]<br/>[[Craniata]] | [[File:Drepanaspis gemuendina.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q30085022|Q30085022]] | [[Pteridopsida]] | Pteridopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q14865038|Q14865038]] | [[Pteridospermae]] | Pteridospermae | [[Gymnospermae]]<ref name="ref_e0b845b20d33dc4b553bc73285ce7e0af838cbb399719d6b24af5734aaa4abdf">''[[:d:Q14823899|Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1130372|Q1130372]] | [[Pteridospermatophyta]] | Pteridospermatophyta | [[Gymnospermae]] | [[File:Alloiopteris erosa.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q15617175|Q15617175]] | [[Pteridospermopsida]] | Pteridospermopsida | [[Pteridospermatophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q874843|Q874843]] | [[Pterobranchia]] | Pterobranchia<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Hemichordata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Cephalodiscus dodecalophus McIntosh.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2804058|Q2804058]] | [[Pteropsida]] | Pteropsida | [[Embryophyta]] | [[File:Asplenium sp Moore35B.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q132006|Q132006]] | [[Pucciniomycetes]] | Pucciniomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Puccinia sessilis 0521.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19106|Q19106]] | [[Pycnogonida]] | Pycnogonida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_28227edb99fa4bc1a524b8e8d4fd261041534218c0d148952811c4ff49aa715d">''[[:d:Q20011904|Class Pycnogonida Latreille, 1810]]''</ref> | [[所有语言的默认值]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Nymphon maculatum 2011-721 (1) (cropped).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119166895|Q119166895]] | [[Pycnogonida]] | Pycnogonida | [[所有语言的默认值]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q33401181|Q33401181]] | [[Pyramimonadophyceae]] | Pyramimonadophyceae<ref name="ref_e5eb356e048afaff446efd27c425b2e16a0dc13dde8fe8f9f0d369334d37c52a">''[[:d:Q104454193|Microscopy and phylogeny of Pyramimonas tatianae sp. nov. (Pyramimonadales, Chlorophyta), a scaly quadriflagellate from Golden Horn Bay (eastern Russia) and formal description of Pyramimonadophyceae classis nova]]''</ref> | [[Chlorophyta]] | [[File:Pyramimonas sp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21446931|Q21446931]] | [[Pyrsonymphida]] | Pyrsonymphida | [[Zoomastigina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q122811648|Q122811648]] | [[Quadrumanes]] | Quadrumanes<ref name="ref_344df28ed524ed898c535d378e0cf305e0c325bbe602254fa1219ac89493943f">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103082087&seq=309</ref> | [[Vertebrosa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21446935|Q21446935]] | [[Quadrupedia]] | Quadrupedia | [[animal]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92196705|Q92196705]] | [[Quintoviricetes]] | Quintoviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Cossaviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q118378313|Q118378313]] | [[Radiocyatha]] | Radiocyatha | [[Porifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54942820|Q54942820]] | [[Ramicandelaberomycetes]] | Ramicandelaberomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Kickxellomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q547464|Q547464]] | [[Rangeomorpha]] | Rangeomorpha | [[Petalonamae]] | [[File:Charnia.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q9304020|Q9304020]] | [[Ranunculopsida]] | Ranunculopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21447003|Q21447003]] | [[Raphidomonadea]] | Raphidomonadea | [[Raphidoista]] | [[File:Gonyostomum-cells.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q134928|Q134928]] | [[Raphidophyte]] | Raphidophyceae | [[Chrysista]] | [[File:Gonyostomum-cells.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q25412575|Q25412575]] | [[Rappephyceae]] | Rappephyceae<ref name="ref_006a0fed1d002a7806c643b3ea002f01442c8a4a5757154ea5d96b87af4d9e0e">''[[:d:Q34487921|Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista]]''</ref> | [[Haptophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q490800|Q490800]] | [[Remipedia]] | Remipedia<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Allotriocarida]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Speleonectes tanumekes unlabeled.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92196801|Q92196801]] | [[Repensiviricetes]] | Repensiviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Cressdnaviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10811|Q10811]] | [[reptile]] | Reptilia<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Sauropsida]] | [[File:Extant reptilia.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q117075997|Q117075997]] | [[Reptilipedia]] | Reptilipedia | No/unknown value | | |- | [[:d:Q92611761|Q92611761]] | [[Resentoviricetes]] | Resentoviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Duplornaviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21447057|Q21447057]] | [[Retortamonadea]] | Retortamonadea | [[Eopharyngia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92197387|Q92197387]] | [[Revtraviricetes]] | Revtraviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Artverviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[File:Gammaretrovirus virion.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98970912|Q98970912]] | [[Rhamnopsida]] | Rhamnopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q53988958|Q53988958]] | [[Rhizophlyctidomycetes]] | Rhizophlyctidomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycota]]<ref name="ref_25e2d10666311fea92ecdca7bade98031d9ac2b0b211147759a9262408609954">''[[:d:Q133256687|The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q53988959|Q53988959]] | [[Rhizophydiomycetes]] | Rhizophydiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q35107213|Q35107213]] | [[Rhizopodea]] | Rhizopodea | [[Sarcomastigophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1055166|Q1055166]] | [[Rhodellophyceae]] | Rhodellophyceae | [[Proteorhodophytina]]<ref name="ref_ff4287d2b684447b988dc170c7ca062d5ba1a84425bf769a210a2c4e4ad32e8f">''[[:d:Q2835653|AlgaeBase]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q66793643|Q66793643]] | [[Rhodelphea]] | Rhodelphea<ref name="ref_1c4c81dfe9821d726fc2a7e0d711e97f1c130b35c01f3557dbc10ab5c096eac6">''[[:d:Q91969380|Non-photosynthetic predators are sister to red algae]]''</ref> | [[Rhodelphidia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q2719139|Q2719139]] | [[Rhodophyceae]] | Rhodophyceae | [[Rhodophyta]] | [[File:Chondrus crispus - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-034.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26836817|Q26836817]] | [[Rhodothermia]] | Rhodothermia<ref name="ref_5e599c42960a8741099d7ac6bc249cd1ac4305ee3fbb1d8859a698ce01666176">''[[:d:Q45759877|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Rhodothermota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21405912|Q21405912]] | [[Rhombifera]] | Rhombifera<ref name="ref_9e0928ecc952815f17e9827319a19df55f7a34988b1688d63d1924f3053e50d2">''[[:d:Q12345690|BioLib]]''</ref> | [[Blastozoa]] | [[File:Caryocrinites ornatus - National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo - DSC07708.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q276055|Q276055]] | [[Rhynchonellata]] | Rhynchonellata | [[Rhynchonelliformea]]<ref name="ref_f37f24b656cb23a9ca38b6885309672e3c7e8327e0dab838e55c494857e0a97e">''[[:d:Q18674784|Phylum Brachiopoda]]''</ref> | [[File:Burmirhynchia jirbaensis Callovian Israel.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12845034|Q12845034]] | [[Rhyniopsida]] | Rhyniopsida | [[Rhyniophyta]] | [[File:Rhynia stem.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1372246|Q1372246]] | [[Rosopsida]] | Rosopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[File:Aardbei bloembodem vlezig.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1422647|Q1422647]] | [[Rostroconchia]] | Rostroconchia | [[Molluscos]] | [[File:Ischyrinia winchelli.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q20720420|Q20720420]] | [[Rotaliata]] | Rotaliata | [[Foraminifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q7370218|Q7370218]] | [[Rotalidia]] | Rotalidia | [[Foraminifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q110007408|Q110007408]] | [[Rozellidea]] | Rozellidea<ref name="ref_b0ab7d2574c635091eba0140547b1ce24309f2b0bc47177df19133b4e6942474">''[[:d:Q34307318|Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa]]''</ref> | [[Cryptomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q119085922|Q119085922]] | [[Rozellomycetes]] | Rozellomycetes | [[Rozellomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98970976|Q98970976]] | [[Rubiopsida]] | Rubiopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26270665|Q26270665]] | [[Rubrobacteria]] | Rubrobacteria<ref name="ref_2edee2e3546bec6d3e0c7baae65325c8aaff89bea2789ed2c0a149e0a6469269">''[[:d:Q45323635|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Actinomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q103495067|Q103495067]] | [[Rudimicrosporea]] | Rudimicrosporea | [[Rozellomycotina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q137533877|Q137533877]] | [[Rudimicrosporis]] | Rudimicrosporia | [[Rozellomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q133091|Q133091]] | [[Rugosa]] | Rugosa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Anthozoa]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:RugosaOrdovician.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98971172|Q98971172]] | [[Rutopsida]] | Rutopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136956230|Q136956230]] | [[Ryujiniia]] | Ryujiniia | | | |- | [[:d:Q132855536|Q132855536]] | [[Saccharimonadia]] | Saccharimonadia | [[Saccharimonadota]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1069627|Q1069627]] | [[Saccharomycetes]] | Saccharomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Saccharomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:S cerevisiae under DIC microscopy.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2356636|Q2356636]] | [[Sagittoidea]] | Sagittoidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Chaetognatha]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Chaetotilted.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98971518|Q98971518]] | [[Salicopsida]] | Salicopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q98971805|Q98971805]] | [[Salviniopsida]] | Salviniopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q53988964|Q53988964]] | [[Sanchytriomycetes]] | Sanchytriomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Monoblepharomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q98972041|Q98972041]] | [[Santalopsida]] | Santalopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q107454404|Q107454404]] | [[Saprolegniomycetes]] | Saprolegniomycetes | [[Oomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q62602526|Q62602526]] | [[Saprospiria]] | Saprospiria | [[Bacteroidota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21447308|Q21447308]] | [[Sarcinochrysophyceae]] | Sarcinochrysophyceae | [[Heterokontophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3452046|Q3452046]] | [[Sarcodina]] | Sarcodina | [[Sarcomastigophora]] | [[File:Wilson1900Fig3.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21215988|Q21215988]] | [[Sarcomonadea]] | Sarcomonadea | [[Monadofilosa]] | [[File:Cercomonas sp.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q101246679|Q101246679]] | [[Sareomycetes]] | Sareomycetes | [[Pezizomycotina]] | [[File:Sarea resinae (Fr.) Kuntze 720850.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98972175|Q98972175]] | [[Saxifragopsida]] | Saxifragopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q238314|Q238314]] | [[Scaphopoda]] | Scaphopoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Molluscos]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Antalis vulgaris.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q98972289|Q98972289]] | [[Schizaeopsida]] | Schizaeopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Pteridophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21216455|Q21216455]] | [[Schizocladea]] | Schizocladea | [[Foraminifera]] | | |- | [[:d:Q23070178|Q23070178]] | [[Schizocladiophyceae]] | Schizocladiophyceae | [[Fucistia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q7431620|Q7431620]] | [[Schizophyta]] | Schizophyta | [[Archezoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q311527|Q311527]] | [[Schizosaccharomycetes]] | Schizosaccharomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Taphrinomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Fission yeast.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q22285819|Q22285819]] | [[Scleroctenophora]] | Scleroctenophora | [[Ctenophora|Ctenophoro]] | [[File:Maotianoascus octanarius.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2634652|Q2634652]] | [[Sclerosponge]] | Sclerospongiae | [[Porifera]] | [[File:Pb29 cut2.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q30749508|Q30749508]] | [[Scorpionida]] | Scorpionida | [[arthropodo]] | [[File:Asian forest scorpion in Khao Yai National Park.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19961222|Q19961222]] | [[Scyphomedusa]] | Scyphomedusa | [[Medusozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q22933896|Q22933896]] | [[Scyphomedusae]] | Scyphomedusae | [[Cnidari]] | | |- | [[:d:Q272388|Q272388]] | [[Scyphozoa]] | Scyphozoa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Medusozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Cauliflour Jellyfish, Cephea cephea at Marsa Shouna, Red Sea, Egypt SCUBA.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119788829|Q119788829]] | [[Scyphozoa]] | Scyphozoa | [[Medusozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q17157|Q17157]] | [[Secernentea]] | Secernentea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Nematoda]] | [[File:Celegans wt nhr80rnai.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12309074|Q12309074]] | [[Selaginellopsida]] | Selaginellopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Selaginellophytina]] | [[File:Selaginella lepidophylla gruen.jpeg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q99045749|Q99045749]] | [[Selaginopsida]] | Selaginopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q65158172|Q65158172]] | [[Sericytochromatia]] | "Candidatus Sericytochromatia"<ref name="ref_98bfb7b0f9c8b532ee01aeda5382c8562e93d4305b39b70698dda53dc7a6ab8f">''[[:d:Q46504167|On the origins of oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration in Cyanobacteria.]]''</ref> | [[Cyanobacteriota/Melainabacteria]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q137272478|Q137272478]] | [[Shennongiarchaeia]] | Shennongiarchaeia | | | |- | [[:d:Q134837710|Q134837710]] | [[Sifarchaeia]] | Sifarchaeia | [[Promethearchaeota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21447455|Q21447455]] | [[Silicoflagellatae]] | Silicoflagellatae | [[Flagellatae]] | | |- | [[:d:Q22704871|Q22704871]] | [[Silicoflagellatea]] | Silicoflagellatea | [[Dictyochia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131349744|Q131349744]] | [[Simplicimonadea]] | Simplicimonadea | [[Parabasalia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16166309|Q16166309]] | [[Siphonocladophyceae]] | Siphonocladophyceae | [[Chlorophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q275544|Q275544]] | [[Sipunculidea]] | Sipunculidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Sipuncula]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Echiuridae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q24048473|Q24048473]] | [[Skiomonadea]] | Skiomonadea | [[Filosa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q99046458|Q99046458]] | [[Solanopsida]] | Solanopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q1152770|Q1152770]] | [[Solenogastres]] | Solenogastres | [[Molluscos]] | [[File:Epimenia verrucosa.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21219144|Q21219144]] | [[Solibacteres]] | Solibacteres | [[acidobacterio]] | | |- | [[:d:Q4521052|Q4521052]] | [[Somasteroidea]] | Somasteroidea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Asterozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Stuertzia leptosoma.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q858252|Q858252]] | [[Sorberacea]] | Sorberacea<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[Tunicata]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q133607|Q133607]] | [[Sordariomycetes]] | Sordariomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref><br/>[[Sordariomyceta]] | [[File:Colletotrichum lindemuthianum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26220337|Q26220337]] | [[Spartobacteria]] | Spartobacteria<ref name="ref_2de480bec7310b8fc80cacf0c52054bef2b543c7ee4fe3e8eb4ee6c6dafd5a59">''[[:d:Q30968204|Chthoniobacter flavus gen. nov., sp. nov., the first pure-culture representative of subdivision two, Spartobacteria classis nov., of the phylum Verrucomicrobia]]''</ref> | [[Verrucomicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1422487|Q1422487]] | [[Sphagnopsida]] | Sphagnopsida | [[Bryophyta]] | [[File:Sphagnum cuspidatum 041107a.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12055581|Q12055581]] | [[Sphenophyllopsida]] | Sphenophyllopsida | [[Equisetophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q623405|Q623405]] | [[Sphingobacteriia]] | Sphingobacteriia<ref name="ref_66f98747a61f78fa1304ca6a2d59d4a7d0e46fcf53c694f3106fdaf46252872c">''[[:d:Q45322085|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Bacteroidota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q28038319|Q28038319]] | [[Spiculogloeomycetes]] | Spiculogloeomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12673556|Q12673556]] | [[Spirochaetes]] | Spirochaetes | | [[File:Spirochaeta americana.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q20635347|Q20635347]] | [[Spirochaetia]] | Spirochaetia | [[Spirochaete]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:20100905 211652 Spirochetes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119806348|Q119806348]] | [[Spironematellophyceae]] | Spironematellophyceae | [[Spironematellophyta]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q117735|Q117735]] | [[Spirotrichea]] | Spirotrichea<ref name="ref_eaf476f356c0800c6da244744f2d14925dc2c244e77891e44404f2759d1231e6">''[[:d:Q121096588|The World Ciliate Catalog]]''</ref> | [[Spirotrichia]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Stylonychia Side view.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q112978188|Q112978188]] | [[Spirotrichonymphea]] | Spirotrichonymphea<ref name="ref_21e2e578e1dc61c794ecc1152f97f05b0ab4af6e42119e157a98c432d71e684a">''[[:d:Q109353487|Phylogénie. Protozoaires : Généralités. Flagellés.]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | [[Parabasalia]]<ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q54140577|Q54140577]] | [[Spizellomycetes]] | Spizellomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q3967020|Q3967020]] | [[Sporozoa]] | Sporozoa<ref name="ref_4ccfe22215367b856701f21f6ab63aa094557424badd2af43db3a9c14e95a421">''[[:d:Q109483446|Die Parasiten des Menschen und die von ihnen herrührenden Krankheiten]]''</ref> | [[Apicomplexa]] | [[File:Emaxima oocysts usda.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q4050073|Q4050073]] | [[Staurozoa]] | Staurozoa<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Medusozoa]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Haliclystus stejnegeri 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q61995858|Q61995858]] | [[Stavomonadea]] | Stavomonadea<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | [[Rigimonada]]<ref name="ref_434ca199bdc838a6ed49c005b9c03973cbc6c433a66101db8e1a66595b1e97d7">''[[:d:Q39151632|Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21220461|Q21220461]] | [[Stelamoebea]] | Stelamoebea | [[Mycetozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q18667462|Q18667462]] | [[Stellatosporea]] | Stellatosporea<ref name="ref_05b76844e293ed05b5e8d83c431f65580cf714a96e7fafa867717d1a6ed1c182">''[[:d:Q108899521|Classification of the Haplosporidia]]''</ref> | [[Cercozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3972976|Q3972976]] | [[Stelleroidea]] | Stelleroidea | [[Echinodermata]] | [[File:Ochre sea star on beach, Olympic National Park USA.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q92197336|Q92197336]] | [[Stelpaviricetes]] | Stelpaviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Pisuviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q141569|Q141569]] | [[Stenolaemata]] | Stenolaemata<ref name="ref_6256a42967f0c0c32e9bbc0ffd2476e19bd0099fd27c9064d1af61288bdfb39c">''[[:d:Q21069476|Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831]]''</ref> | [[Bryozoa]]<ref name="ref_6256a42967f0c0c32e9bbc0ffd2476e19bd0099fd27c9064d1af61288bdfb39c">''[[:d:Q21069476|Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831]]''</ref> | [[File:Mesonea radians.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q16948595|Q16948595]] | [[Stenothecoida]] | Stenothecoida | [[Molluscos]] | | |- | [[:d:Q56317364|Q56317364]] | [[Stenuroidea]] | Stenuroidea | [[Asterozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447651|Q21447651]] | [[Sticholonchea]] | Sticholonchea | [[Radiozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3500019|Q3500019]] | [[Stramenopile]] | Stramenopile | [[Sar (taxon)|Sar]] | | |- | [[:d:Q116779465|Q116779465]] | [[Streptomycetes]] | Streptomycetes | [[Actinomycetales]] | | |- | [[:d:Q2116140|Q2116140]] | [[Stromatoporoidea]] | Stromatoporoidea | [[Porifera]] | [[File:StromatoporoidSideDevColumbus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q18571803|Q18571803]] | [[Strophomenata]] | Strophomenata | [[Rhynchonelliformea]] | [[File:StrophomenidCornulitidOrdovician.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1048729|Q1048729]] | [[Stylonematophyceae]] | Stylonematophyceae | [[Proteorhodophytina]]<ref name="ref_ff4287d2b684447b988dc170c7ca062d5ba1a84425bf769a210a2c4e4ad32e8f">''[[:d:Q2835653|AlgaeBase]]''</ref> | [[File:Stylonemaalsidii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3323202|Q3323202]] | [[Stylophora]] | Stylophora | [[Homalozoa]]<ref name="ref_9e0928ecc952815f17e9827319a19df55f7a34988b1688d63d1924f3053e50d2">''[[:d:Q12345690|BioLib]]''</ref> | [[File:Castericystis sprinklei - MHNT - Millard County, Utha, USA.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q99047771|Q99047771]] | [[Styracopsida]] | Styracopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q244147|Q244147]] | [[Symphyla]] | Symphyla<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f8ad1347d57e7105fd7aadce9416e5ade090187180ef7ea4a024fd1a06bb4204">''[[:d:Q21055045|Class Chilopoda, Class Symphyla and Class Pauropoda]]''</ref> | [[Myriapoda]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Scutigerella 116012425.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19839077|Q19839077]] | [[Synchromophyceae]] | Synchromophyceae<ref name="ref_7874829c9a9df21faddf665f5aafb07f134dfe1e99cc9024b2cc78ed9912ce64">''[[:d:Q48078815|Synchroma grande spec. nov. (Synchromophyceae class. nov., Heterokontophyta): an amoeboid marine alga with unique plastid complexes]]''</ref> | [[Stramenopiles]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54140612|Q54140612]] | [[Synchytriomycetes]] | Synchytriomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Chytridiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21291364|Q21291364]] | [[Syndinea]] | Syndinea | [[Alveolata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q15159064|Q15159064]] | [[Syndiniophyceae]] | Syndiniophyceae | [[Dinoflagellata]] | | |- | [[:d:Q19753260|Q19753260]] | [[Synergistia]] | Synergistia | [[Synergistota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10375498|Q10375498]] | [[Syngenesia]] | Syngenesia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q136221037|Q136221037]] | [[Syntrophia]] | Syntrophia | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q136221194|Q136221194]] | [[Syntrophobacteria]] | Syntrophobacteria | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q136230103|Q136230103]] | [[Syntrophorhabdia]] | Syntrophorhabdia | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21286588|Q21286588]] | [[Synurophyceae]] | Synurophyceae | [[Heterokontophyta]]<br/>[[Phagochrysia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131585289|Q131585289]] | [[Sysuimicrobiia]] | Sysuimicrobiia | | | |- | [[:d:Q135282|Q135282]] | [[Tabulata]] | Tabulata<ref name="ref_9370f51ecbf30a250ce0ac7d84fca883d68c409371249be643d34d892d62fcfa">''[[:d:Q17073815|Paleobiology Database]]''</ref> | [[Anthozoa]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Syringoporid.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12971539|Q12971539]] | [[Takakiopsida]] | Takakiopsida | [[Bryophyta]] | [[File:Takakia lepidozioides.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2340012|Q2340012]] | [[Tantulocarida]] | Tantulocarida<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Multicrustacea]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Microdajus (10.1590-2358-2936e2021005) Figure 1.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q135200|Q135200]] | [[Taphrinomycetes]] | Taphrinomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Ascomycota]]<br/>[[Taphrinomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Nsr-slika-338.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q99048207|Q99048207]] | [[Taxopsida]] | Taxopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[conifer]] | | |- | [[:d:Q92197497|Q92197497]] | [[Tectiliviricetes]] | Tectiliviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Preplasmiviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q204861|Q204861]] | [[Teleostei]] | Teleostei<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Teleosteomorpha]]<ref name="ref_e15368fd420c777ba2608cb300ef96bc5cf521014a821d17ae2db180d989550d">''[[:d:Q60731916|Fishes of the World]]''</ref> | [[File:YellowPerch.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q10692511|Q10692511]] | [[Teliomycetes]] | Teliomycetes | [[Basidiomycota]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21223571|Q21223571]] | [[Telonemea]] | Telonemea | [[Proterozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21447797|Q21447797]] | [[Telosporea]] | Telosporea<ref name="ref_bc3b7ea8db6a7bd9cb56bd89e87732ed87d3d313a1e9c81dc4ac5ac51b22de41">''[[:d:Q109561169|Untersuchungen über den Generationswechsel bei Coccidien]]''</ref> | [[Sporozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131799|Q131799]] | [[Tentaculata]] | Tentaculata<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Ctenophora|Ctenophoro]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:LightRefractsOf comb-rows of ctenophore Mertensia ovum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1758465|Q1758465]] | [[Tentaculita]] | Tentaculita | [[Molluscos]] | [[File:TentaculitidDevonian.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q131349786|Q131349786]] | [[Tepidiformia]] | Tepidiformia | [[Chloroflexota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q136305342|Q136305342]] | [[Tepidihabitantia]] | Tepidihabitantia | | | |- | [[:d:Q21281992|Q21281992]] | [[Tergomya]] | Tergomya<ref name="ref_afa9944e2313f3f4bda08e8e643a7ef0ba8c565c0b4107b76f0a7c14883ab371">https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=txn:7806</ref><ref name="ref_25811a21f697c9d36762f2c147dbaf6d6e086638a2008deb2c2ff76e89b0758c">''[[:d:Q137883532|Cyrtolites Conrad, 1838 and its position among the Monoplacophora (Mollusca)]]''</ref> | [[Molluscos]] | [[File:Archinacella instabilis.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q123590017|Q123590017]] | [[Terriglobia]] | Terriglobia | [[Acidobacterio|Acidobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Acidobacterium.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q110621138|Q110621138]] | [[Terrimicrobia]] | Terrimicrobia | [[Verrucomicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123686071|Q123686071]] | [[Terrimicrobiia]] | Terrimicrobiia | [[Verrucomicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10380976|Q10380976]] | [[Tetradynamia]] | Tetradynamia | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q119139900|Q119139900]] | [[Tetramitatea]] | Tetramitatea | [[Tetramitia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10380990|Q10380990]] | [[Tetrandria]] | Tetrandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12971805|Q12971805]] | [[Tetraphidopsida]] | Tetraphidopsida | [[Bryophyta]] | [[File:Tetraphis.pellucida.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7670148|Q7670148]] | [[TG3]] | TG3 | [[Fibrobacterota]]<ref name="ref_02fb502a2a6b6efb132679c32918d7c22997787e0bcc199d551c4afb7bea4a79">''[[:d:Q12159796|Taxonomy database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q610887|Q610887]] | [[Thaliacea]] | Thaliacea<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Tunicata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Tunicate off Atauro island.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7777653|Q7777653]] | [[Thecofilosea]] | Thecofilosea | [[Monadofilosa]] | [[File:Collection Penard MHNG Specimen 87-1-2 Capsellina muscorum.tif|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21224721|Q21224721]] | [[Thecomonadea]] | Thecomonadea | [[Apusozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q150628|Q150628]] | [[Thecostraca]] | Thecostraca<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Multicrustacea]]<ref name="ref_73dc4ac66b0c56ff1c8223c8dca9fe47b52d0c3701e24bab7c504112ae78d664">''[[:d:Q604063|World Register of Marine Species]]''</ref> | [[File:Thecostraca collage.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q138088|Q138088]] | [[Thelodonti]] | Thelodonti | [[vertebrato]] | [[File:Thelodus parvidens.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q97395423|Q97395423]] | [[Thermoanaerobaculia]] | Thermoanaerobaculia | [[Acidobacterio|Acidobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1135978|Q1135978]] | [[Thermococci]] | Thermococci | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Thermococcus gammatolerans.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26869584|Q26869584]] | [[Thermodesulfobacteria]] | Thermodesulfobacteria | [[Thermodesulfobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q123523631|Q123523631]] | [[Thermodesulfovibrionia]] | Thermodesulfovibrionia | [[Nitrospirota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26447006|Q26447006]] | [[Thermoflexia]] | Thermoflexia | [[Chloroflexota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26270670|Q26270670]] | [[Thermoleophilia]] | Thermoleophilia<ref name="ref_2edee2e3546bec6d3e0c7baae65325c8aaff89bea2789ed2c0a149e0a6469269">''[[:d:Q45323635|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Actinomycetota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q20720170|Q20720170]] | [[Thermolithobacteria]] | Thermolithobacteria<ref name="ref_b9b8ce73ddab2125a17cb987c0f0e08f322e9d5dd9fedfd42ee6b106d5106467">''[[:d:Q45317832|List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published]]''</ref> | [[Bacillota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1349847|Q1349847]] | [[Thermomicrobia]] | Thermomicrobia | [[Thermomicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Aerial image of Grand Prismatic Spring (view from the south).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1135456|Q1135456]] | [[Thermoplasmata]] | Thermoplasmata | [[Methanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q1953103|Q1953103]] | [[Thermoprotei]] | Thermoprotei | [[Thermoproteota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:RT8-4.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q26869797|Q26869797]] | [[Thermotogae]] | Thermotogae | [[Thermotogota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Thermotoga sketch.svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q2430260|Q2430260]] | [[Thylacocephala]] | Thylacocephala | [[arthropodo]] | [[File:Clausocaris lithographica reconstruction.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q99048811|Q99048811]] | [[Thymelaeopsida]] | Thymelaeopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q123439473|Q123439473]] | [[Tichowtungiia]] | Tichowtungiia<ref name="ref_7658d030456746642a731b04d417dab3456ce1d7f745f1091695beec6e889c19">''[[:d:Q98388076|Tichowtungia aerotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel representative of the phylum Kiritimatiellaeota and proposal of Tichowtungiaceae fam. nov., Tichowtungiales ord. nov. and Tichowtungiia class. nov]]''</ref> | [[Kiritimatiellota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q26220213|Q26220213]] | [[Tissierellia]] | Tissierellia<ref name="ref_71201b814b7ae49e21a0d4b1118274913829854dea9de014e1570d0b524005cd">''[[:d:Q30699986|Multilocus analysis reveals diversity in the genus Tissierella: description of Tissierella carlieri sp. nov. in the new class Tissierellia classis nov.]]''</ref> | [[Bacillota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q106938292|Q106938292]] | [[Tokiviricetes]] | Tokiviricetes<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Taleaviricota]]<ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92197164|Q92197164]] | [[Tolucaviricetes]] | Tolucaviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Kitrinoviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21447863|Q21447863]] | [[Toxoplasmea]] | Toxoplasmea<ref name="ref_7b457d7f4f1753078937984dfce71ffa5e7c3ba4de4c4d6a983da793555637d8">''[[:d:Q109482658|Alcune considerazioni sulla sistemática dei protozoi e sulla utilita di creare una nuova classe di protozoi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_77dc7c512b6e5462385cf5b7c49ae88daf74152e08857d54d9948f20bc38a850">''[[:d:Q54493498|A Revised Classification of the Phylum Protozoa*]]''</ref> | [[Sporozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q144474|Q144474]] | [[Trebouxiophyceae]] | Trebouxiophyceae | [[Chlorophytina]]<ref name="ref_ff4287d2b684447b988dc170c7ca062d5ba1a84425bf769a210a2c4e4ad32e8f">''[[:d:Q2835653|AlgaeBase]]''</ref> | [[File:Botryococcus braunii.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q207547|Q207547]] | [[Trematoda]] | Trematoda<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Neodermata]] | [[File:Botulus microporus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133144|Q133144]] | [[Tremellomycetes]] | Tremellomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Agaricomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Tremella mesenterica.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21226379|Q21226379]] | [[Trepomonadea]] | Trepomonadea | [[Eopharyngia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q10384549|Q10384549]] | [[Triandria]] | Triandria | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q140547361|Q140547361]] | [[Tribophyceae]] | Tribophyceae | [[Heterokontophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q18606021|Q18606021]] | [[Trichomonadea]] | Trichomonadea<ref name="ref_69a1cf911ff93c9e7f188f5d32176ab6ff83d01de0873fceb3fcb37097808fd6">''[[:d:Q56803828|Flagellate and Host Relationships of Trichomonad Flagellates]]''</ref> | [[Parabasalia]]<ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | [[File:Trichomonas Giemsa DPDx.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q80619|Q80619]] | [[Trichomycetes]] | Trichomycetes | [[Zygomycota]] | [[File:Choanephora cucurbitarum01.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21226733|Q21226733]] | [[Trichonymphea]] | Trichonymphea<ref name="ref_614fb8f075f79819a8e5dacfa2ef160947f7237cfd6bac90b82407d11bdf8b00">''[[:d:Q30885386|The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grassé emend. (Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia) and Loukozoa emend. (Jakobea, Malawimonas): their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa]]''</ref> | [[Parabasalia]]<ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q119140293|Q119140293]] | [[Trichoplacatea]] | Trichoplacatea | [[Placozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q17170|Q17170]] | [[Trilobita]] | Trilobita<ref name="ref_9853d2323d6f09185bc3bd3f1558f200602b56c313714970986ec8ea86bc3b3d">''[[:d:Q21032691|Class Trilobita Walch, 1771]]''</ref> | [[Trilobitomorpha]] | [[File:Koneprusia brutoni.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q9362006|Q9362006]] | [[Trilobitoidea]] | Trilobitoidea | [[Trilobitomorpha]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16993238|Q16993238]] | [[Tritirachiomycetes]] | Tritirachiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pucciniomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Tritirachium oryzae-001.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q110253416|Q110253416]] | [[Tritrichomonadea]] | Tritrichomonadea<ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | [[Parabasalia]]<ref name="ref_fccc0941b62b767d4ca8f911d6b9157d10c21c21d83ffbc28182047bca5ee1d4">''[[:d:Q33525747|Critical taxonomic revision of Parabasalids with description of one new genus and three new species]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q61968739|Q61968739]] | [[Tsukubea]] | Tsukubea | [[Loukozoa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16643106|Q16643106]] | [[Tubothalamea]] | Tubothalamea | [[Foraminifera]] | [[File:Quinqueloculina seminula.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q146300|Q146300]] | [[Tubulinea]] | Tubulinea<ref name="ref_11a9ad48592d8b890e9ed53e951a7d0f6e43ad2c23be7df7feb9ddb2e21d23cd">''[[:d:Q28273073|Molecular Phylogeny and Classification of the Lobose Amoebae]]''</ref> | [[Lobosa]]<ref name="ref_3d592a1adab2bec71ec950ab003d8e8298fb51ddbd4091cd68be40e3ae11892d">''[[:d:Q28601015|187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution]]''</ref> | [[File:Amoeba (PSF).svg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q212798|Q212798]] | [[Turbellarios|Turbellaria]] | Turbellaria<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Plathelminthes|Platyhelminthes]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[File:Pseudobiceros hancockanus.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q7877170|Q7877170]] | [[Udeonychophora]] | Udeonychophora | [[Onychophora]] | [[File:Eoperipatus totoro.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q132016|Q132016]] | [[Ulvophyceae]] | Ulvophyceae | [[Chlorophytina]]<ref name="ref_ff4287d2b684447b988dc170c7ca062d5ba1a84425bf769a210a2c4e4ad32e8f">''[[:d:Q2835653|AlgaeBase]]''</ref> | [[File:Ventricaria ventricosa.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q54069718|Q54069718]] | [[Umbelopsidomycetes]] | Umbelopsidomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Mucoromycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q117527590|Q117527590]] | [[Uniplacotomia]] | Uniplacotomia | [[Placozoa]] | [[File:Trichoplax mic.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q119137694|Q119137694]] | [[Urnatopteridopsida]] | Urnatopteridopsida | [[Botryopteridiophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q99054660|Q99054660]] | [[Urticopsida]] | Urticopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q132763|Q132763]] | [[Ustilaginomycetes]] | Ustilaginomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Ustilaginomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Huitlacoche.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q124340683|Q124340683]] | [[Vampirovibrionophyceae]] | Vampirovibrionophyceae | [[Cyanobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q110225353|Q110225353]] | [[Vampyrellidea]] | Vampyrellidea<ref name="ref_da4ee0a6b2499082277a96c7c13ba2a1c5cbb148dc622ea1f89e1560c80c8896">''[[:d:Q47194626|Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences]]''</ref> | [[Endomyxa]] | | |- | [[:d:Q9368273|Q9368273]] | [[Variosea]] | Variosea<ref name="ref_86db81ff3f13287683ffec9205953482a8097fdc26e7cd744c5b428d2e3ad538">''[[:d:Q29399107|Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and the evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalansterium]]''</ref> | [[Conosa]] | [[File:Protostelium mycophaga (amoeboid phase).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q133766341|Q133766341]] | [[Velaminicoccia]] | Velaminicoccia | [[Omnitrophica]] | | |- | [[:d:Q7919616|Q7919616]] | [[Vendiamorpha]] | Vendiamorpha | [[Proarticulata]] | [[File:Vendia rachiata.JPG|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q123137530|Q123137530]] | [[Vendophyceae]] | Vendophyceae | [[planta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q99055260|Q99055260]] | [[Verbenopsida]] | Verbenopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q7921546|Q7921546]] | [[Vermes]] | Vermes | [[animal]] | | |- | [[:d:Q18667424|Q18667424]] | [[Verrucomicrobiae]] | Verrucomicrobiae | [[Verrucomicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q123144138|Q123144138]] | [[Verrucomicrobiia]] | Verrucomicrobiia | [[Verrucomicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:TEM - Epixenosomes.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q21028563|Q21028563]] | [[Vetulicolida]] | Vetulicolida | [[Vetulicolia]] | | |- | [[:d:Q97465828|Q97465828]] | [[Vicinamibacteria]] | Vicinamibacteria | [[Acidobacterio|Acidobacteriota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q92611824|Q92611824]] | [[Vidaverviricetes]] | Vidaverviricetes<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Duplornaviricota]]<ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q99056799|Q99056799]] | [[Violopsida]] | Violopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[Magnoliophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q119137011|Q119137011]] | [[Vojnovskyopsida]] | Vojnovskyopsida | [[conifer]] | | |- | [[:d:Q119137762|Q119137762]] | [[Voltziopsida]] | Voltziopsida | [[conifer]] | | |- | [[:d:Q134720293|Q134720293]] | [[Vulcanimicrobiia]] | Vulcanimicrobiia | [[Vulcanimicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q10719182|Q10719182]] | [[Wallemiomycetes]] | Wallemiomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Basidiomycota]]<br/>[[Wallemiomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Wallemia sebi.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q99057636|Q99057636]] | [[Welwitschiopsida]] | Welwitschiopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref><ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | [[Gnetophyta]]<br/>[[Gnetophytina]]<ref name="ref_3f07815f8d9c6b2b79b3c9023407930cdd8834c3373e899b3932628a9d941fb5">''[[:d:Q14916673|Reveal System of Classification]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q12747387|Q12747387]] | [[Xanthocapsophyceae]] | Xanthocapsophyceae | [[Stramenopiles]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16082923|Q16082923]] | [[Xanthococcophyceae]] | Xanthococcophyceae | [[Xanthophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q745912|Q745912]] | [[Xanthophyceae]] | Xanthophyceae | [[Ochrophyta]]<br/>[[Fucistia]] | [[File:Alger, Botydium granulatum, Nordisk familjebok.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q12747389|Q12747389]] | [[Xanthopodophyceae]] | Xanthopodophyceae | [[Stramenopiles]] | | |- | [[:d:Q16083047|Q16083047]] | [[Xanthosiphonophyceae]] | Xanthosiphonophyceae | [[Ochrophyta]] | | |- | [[:d:Q12747390|Q12747390]] | [[Xanthotrichophyceae]] | Xanthotrichophyceae | [[Xanthophyceae]] | | |- | [[:d:Q131585277|Q131585277]] | [[Xenobiia]] | Xenobiia | [[Vulcanimicrobiota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q944411|Q944411]] | [[Xenusia]] | Xenusia | [[Lobopodia]] | [[File:20210000 Lobopodia lobopodians lobopods.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q19430|Q19430]] | [[Xiphosura]] | Xiphosura<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref> | [[Merostomata]]<ref name="ref_742573e81966c74fcb0897653cc500a68a280889d67427e580b4a02e8de39024">''[[:d:Q82575|Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]''</ref><ref name="ref_a5cb691fd2a2b68bd3f1f4fdd86e8363d0afaafce9c9a45fe2e1fcfcae264a67">''[[:d:Q1531570|Global Biodiversity Information Facility]]''</ref><br/>[[Prosomapoda]]<ref name="ref_ed6a5d9605b0cd838b6d9340f4bb33ff8536a0c347663334e025d2753d4a8996">''[[:d:Q796451|Fossilworks]]''</ref> | [[File:Limule(dD).jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q56045530|Q56045530]] | [[Xylobotryomycetes]] | Xylobotryomycetes | [[Pezizomycotina]] | | |- | [[:d:Q26896793|Q26896793]] | [[Xylonomycetes]] | Xylonomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Pezizomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[File:Xylona heveae.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q57739590|Q57739590]] | [[Yunchangviricetes]] | Yunchangviricetes<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | [[Haploviricotina]]<ref name="ref_6b59cf7c993039ecd827a0daedf01e9cff413914331272d22962b5f910d625ee">''[[:d:Q57700017|ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_f23c41f011ca49f9252d0ff4436e8c393a0b2e3ed4560797f4e9f6edf16126b5">''[[:d:Q62075759|ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2]]''</ref><ref name="ref_86248ee29065b1dbfae06cdca4f80714ef7bc68d41623ae8e4c64e65d9eda18a">''[[:d:Q91806681|ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_07776f326281d5e24cbcc830e5a6299a7fcd41305594d7aca61bc802b1d479b9">''[[:d:Q106917282|ICTV Master Species List 2020.v1]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d916964a5fca18117bde82d5e828f40b1d39919a12b6db1f9e1e08d14d8fa271">''[[:d:Q118434107|ICTV Master Species List 2022.v1]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q21292351|Q21292351]] | [[Yunnanata]] | Yunnanata | [[所有语言的默认值]] | | |- | [[:d:Q99058607|Q99058607]] | [[Zamiopsida]] | Zamiopsida<ref name="ref_b11b218b4e78afdf4e1a12aa41014c142cf7927e54dc9a0ba50bffaa21b01589">''[[:d:Q22061791|A checklist of familial and suprafamilial names for extant vascular plants]]''</ref> | [[conifer]] | | |- | [[:d:Q3329480|Q3329480]] | [[Zetaproteobacteria]] | Zetaproteobacteria | [[Pseudomonadota]]<ref name="ref_75166a3751e44a76afd29552f137fa790b12a7ddb54109baee5751e24ccfd858">''[[:d:Q6595107|List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]]''</ref> | [[File:Mariprofundus ferrooxydans PV-1 cell and stalk TEM image.tiff|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q8074171|Q8074171]] | [[Zoomastigophora]] | Zoomastigophora | [[Protisto|Protista]] | | |- | [[:d:Q21448057|Q21448057]] | [[Zoomastigophorea]] | Zoomastigophorea | [[Mastigophora]] | | |- | [[:d:Q54282176|Q54282176]] | [[Zoopagomycetes]] | Zoopagomycetes<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | [[Zoopagomycotina]]<ref name="ref_25c6a9aea8701af24f6d298405ca9409b4ad92c1cbe2b0c8f4d0d9b6f549e013">''[[:d:Q54803234|High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses]]''</ref> | | |- | [[:d:Q23671239|Q23671239]] | [[Zosterophyllopsida]] | Zosterophyllopsida | [[Zosterophyllophyta]] | [[File:Nothia.png|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q1151744|Q1151744]] | [[Zygnematophyceae]] | Zygnematophyceae | [[Charophyta]] | [[File:Spirogyra 3.jpg|center|32px]] | |- | [[:d:Q3543148|Q3543148]] | [[Zygomycetes]] | Zygomycetes | [[Zygomycota]] | [[File:Phycomyces.JPG|center|32px]] | |} {{Wikidata list end}} 6z7znibn1jaaho9dgnsa1mpgig5wujr 102 39836 699122 698859 2026-08-27T07:25:08Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 699122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 . ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q946339 } |wdq= |columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P1412 |sort=P569 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! label ! imagine ! data de nascentia ! data de morte ! sexo ! linguas parlate o scribite |- | [[:d:Q10707|Q10707]] | ''[[:d:Q10707|Robert Mugabe]]'' | [[File:Robert Mugabe Official Portrait.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1924" | 1924-02-21<ref name="ref_6d6d14ef6935f845ba538643eaf5a3e1cacdf7094e4caa57ef5e7d4d74434167">''[[:d:Q1373513|NNDB]]''</ref><ref 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[[File:Alpha Conde - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-03-04<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q1363072|Guianan Creole]]'' |- | [[:d:Q51005|Q51005]] | ''[[:d:Q51005|John Agyekum Kufuor]]'' | [[File:John Agyekum Kufuor - World Economic Forum on Africa 2008-2.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1938" | 1938-12-08<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_b640002439b98e825334a6069d5dbb69e08c308d8df6dc6019d1c97c5a7ce977">''[[:d:Q47757534|IdRef]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q19261685|Asante]]'' |- | [[:d:Q208355|Q208355]] | ''[[:d:Q208355|Joaquim Chissano]]'' | [[File:Joaquim Chissano (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1939" | 1939-10-22<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>[[Lingua portugese]] |- | [[:d:Q19878|Q19878]] | ''[[:d:Q19878|Muammar Gaddafi]]'' | [[File:Muammar al-Gaddafi in 2010 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-19<br/>1942-06-07 | data-sort-value="2011" | 2011-10-20<ref name="ref_4e535bd44226c8504e4dc2bf12a12709172c534a110f568efccb3dafff981afe">http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/middle-east-live/2011/oct/20/syria-libya-middle-east-unrest-live</ref><ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace">''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf">''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua arabe|arabe]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q57385|Q57385]] | ''[[:d:Q57385|Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]'' | [[File:2026 Teodoro Obiang (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-05<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref> | [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q101547|Q101547]] | ''[[:d:Q101547|Thabo Mbeki]]'' | [[File:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-18<ref name="ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b">''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''</ref><ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Afrikaans]]<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q57418|Q57418]] | ''[[:d:Q57418|Denis Sassou Nguesso]]'' | [[File:Denis Sassou Nguesso on April 29, 2026 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-11-23<ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2">''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40">''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''</ref><ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_91058ce49ff83a9bab5bebfcf179c9f1013086eb9c370d645f9b2d0dacada46f">http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120653043</ref><br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]] |- | [[:d:Q57488|Q57488]] | ''[[:d:Q57488|Jakaya Kikwete]]'' | [[File:Jakaya Kikwete.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1950" | 1950-10-07<ref name="ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa">''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Lingua swahili|swahili]]<ref name="ref_b640002439b98e825334a6069d5dbb69e08c308d8df6dc6019d1c97c5a7ce977">''[[:d:Q47757534|IdRef]]''</ref> |- | [[:d:Q29196|Q29196]] | ''[[:d:Q29196|Thomas Boni Yayi]]'' | [[File:Yayi Boni.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-07-01<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9">''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]] |- | [[:d:Q57350|Q57350]] | ''[[:d:Q57350|Idriss Déby]]'' | [[File:Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-06-18 | data-sort-value="2021" | 2021-04-20<ref name="ref_72aa3ea4b2ed20e7a605669438e52401abdd4b76883bd48f6e3d172c7b72a31b">https://arabic.rt.com/world/1223709-تشاد-الجيش-يعلن-وفاة-الرئيس-إدريس-دبي/</ref><ref name="ref_e0365845224f99808413f98e057d1a6513fe516a967cf287b8b310074eb92031">https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-president-idriss-deby-has-died-says-army-spokesman-2021-04-20/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_f2eb785b0fd51f71ed73bd322d0e19e6ddfee92b48632f314c0ac82efe687e81">http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135135311</ref><br/>[[Lingua arabe|arabe]]<br/>''[[:d:Q37007|Zaghawa]]'' |- | [[:d:Q1148669|Q1148669]] | ''[[:d:Q1148669|Cyril Ramaphosa]]'' | [[File:21.11.2025 – Presidente da República da África do Sul, Cyril Ramaphosa (54938010569) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1952" | 1952-11-17<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b">''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q32704|Venda]]''<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<ref name="ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94">''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q10179|Zulu]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q13218|Xhosa]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q33890|Northern Sotho]]'' |- | [[:d:Q307871|Q307871]] | ''[[:d:Q307871|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]'' | [[File:AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1954" | 1954-11-19<ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f">''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''</ref> | [[Lingua arabe|arabe]] |- | [[:d:Q294969|Q294969]] | ''[[:d:Q294969|Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]'' | [[File:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2014-08-05.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1956" | 1956-12-20<ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua arabe|arabe]] |- | [[:d:Q515602|Q515602]] | ''[[:d:Q515602|Azali Assoumani]]'' | [[File:Azali Assoumani in New York City on September 19, 2023 - 53199606411 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1959" | 1959-01-01<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_31a940547f64c2a4e0a5895ff7162a98629ee95edfc5731705dc6cbb94f95fe7">''[[:d:Q54919|VIAF]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q57438|Q57438]] | ''[[:d:Q57438|Macky Sall]]'' | [[File:Macky Sall - 2008.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1961" | 1961-12-11<ref name="ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3">''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''</ref><ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bc31cacd9fc57142ad3333be6729cb7606b6ca4d8cfdfc49d581f9e92fc75065">https://www.presidence.sn/presidence/biographie</ref><ref name="ref_b8bc0496e790ffd33c3af4846348991362623904ee140a2f37180577755329ee">https://www.jeuneafrique.com/personnalites/macky-sall/</ref><ref name="ref_9bf2b220013343bf6ee620320972ce28e216b36cd08f642b9db10cd42fbce71a">https://business.abidjan.net/qui/5-politique/902-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_0602ba51e8a223a3db89923abeba57390cf053f6bad30ca60e394bee212c511f">https://www.consulsenenaples.it/http-www-consulsenenaples-it/cooperation/</ref><ref name="ref_6bfc06a17d6b32dd31a66500d344c035b3c71b56d4ad54bcb93e0015f3b3a862">https://www.dri.gouv.sn/premier-ministre/portrait-de-m-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_6d725ca801946a3a39f87e66ef5bf4cf9f288e81975e60f4937875d4c1ca3d11">http://www.monsieur-biographie.com/celebrite/biographie/macky_sall-16061.php</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bc31cacd9fc57142ad3333be6729cb7606b6ca4d8cfdfc49d581f9e92fc75065">https://www.presidence.sn/presidence/biographie</ref><ref name="ref_b8bc0496e790ffd33c3af4846348991362623904ee140a2f37180577755329ee">https://www.jeuneafrique.com/personnalites/macky-sall/</ref><ref name="ref_9bf2b220013343bf6ee620320972ce28e216b36cd08f642b9db10cd42fbce71a">https://business.abidjan.net/qui/5-politique/902-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_0602ba51e8a223a3db89923abeba57390cf053f6bad30ca60e394bee212c511f">https://www.consulsenenaples.it/http-www-consulsenenaples-it/cooperation/</ref><ref name="ref_6bfc06a17d6b32dd31a66500d344c035b3c71b56d4ad54bcb93e0015f3b3a862">https://www.dri.gouv.sn/premier-ministre/portrait-de-m-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_6d725ca801946a3a39f87e66ef5bf4cf9f288e81975e60f4937875d4c1ca3d11">http://www.monsieur-biographie.com/celebrite/biographie/macky_sall-16061.php</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<ref name="ref_b640002439b98e825334a6069d5dbb69e08c308d8df6dc6019d1c97c5a7ce977">''[[:d:Q47757534|IdRef]]''</ref><ref name="ref_bc31cacd9fc57142ad3333be6729cb7606b6ca4d8cfdfc49d581f9e92fc75065">https://www.presidence.sn/presidence/biographie</ref><ref name="ref_b8bc0496e790ffd33c3af4846348991362623904ee140a2f37180577755329ee">https://www.jeuneafrique.com/personnalites/macky-sall/</ref><ref name="ref_9bf2b220013343bf6ee620320972ce28e216b36cd08f642b9db10cd42fbce71a">https://business.abidjan.net/qui/5-politique/902-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_0602ba51e8a223a3db89923abeba57390cf053f6bad30ca60e394bee212c511f">https://www.consulsenenaples.it/http-www-consulsenenaples-it/cooperation/</ref><ref name="ref_6bfc06a17d6b32dd31a66500d344c035b3c71b56d4ad54bcb93e0015f3b3a862">https://www.dri.gouv.sn/premier-ministre/portrait-de-m-macky-sall</ref><ref name="ref_6d725ca801946a3a39f87e66ef5bf4cf9f288e81975e60f4937875d4c1ca3d11">http://www.monsieur-biographie.com/celebrite/biographie/macky_sall-16061.php</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q34257|Wolof]]''<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1420205|Pulaar]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q36284|Serer]]'' |- | [[:d:Q29032770|Q29032770]] | ''[[:d:Q29032770|Félix Tshisekedi]]'' | [[File:Felix Tshisekedi, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (55078564106) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1963" | 1963-06-13<ref name="ref_51a2884a7a850194f7d7e318254c10580f3a2ec7623fcd7cbcdba566b226af2e">''[[:d:Q105192847|Biblioteka Narodowa]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_802d60835ae6c2ff75ad293655dcbf29f9f7cf68589c5c7dbc55bfa8928a93db">https://blackpast.org/global-african-history/felix-tshisekedi-1963/</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]'' | [[Lingua francese|francese]]<br/>''[[:d:Q34173|Luba-Kasai]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q36217|Lingala]]'' |- | [[:d:Q381071|Q381071]] | ''[[:d:Q381071|Hailemariam Desalegn]]'' | [[File:Hailemariam Desalegn - Closing Plenary- Africa's Next Chapter - World Economic Forum on Africa 2011.jpg|center|48px]] | data-sort-value="1965" | 1965-07-19<ref name="ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref><ref name="ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63">''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''</ref><ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref> | | ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''<ref name="ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db">''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''</ref><ref name="ref_ac4534ecab418a09ad5ef1c0b133dd5dc959a0f15ea05c30a6bdaab9fa251086">''[[:d:Q96743901|Database of Cabinet Politics in Sub-Sahara Africa]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q28244|Amharic]]''<br/>[[Lingua anglese|anglese]]<br/>''[[:d:Q36943|Wolayttattuwa]]'' |} {{Wikidata list end}} 9qtnlei2kkd33zbjdvgxl18iyhig66i 102 41382 699107 698911 2026-08-27T05:36:10Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 699107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?sl { ?item wdt:P171* wd:Q7377 . OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?sl } . FILTER (?sl >= 50) } ORDER BY DESC(?sl) |section= |sort= |columns=number:#,item,label:Article,P225,?sl,description,P18,P31,P279,P171,P361 |thumb=48 |min_section= |links=red_only |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! item ! Article ! nomine del taxon ! ?sl ! description ! imagine ! instantia de ! subclasse de ! taxon superior immediate ! parte de |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q58697|Q58697]] | [[Sus scrofa]] | Sus scrofa | 163 | | [[File:Wildschwein, Nähe Pulverstampftor.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Sus]] | [[Sus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q9482|Q9482]] | [[Sciuridae]] | Sciuridae | 158 | | [[File:Sciurus carolinensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciuromorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q10850|Q10850]] | [[Rodentia]] | Rodentia | 155 | | [[File:Tamias striatus CT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[fur-bearing animal]] | [[Glires]]<br/>[[Simplicidentata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q34718|Q34718]] | [[Rhinocerotidae]] | Rhinocerotidae | 155 | | [[File:Waterberg Nashorn1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[perissodactylos]]<br/>[[Rhinocerotoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q34505|Q34505]] | [[Hippopotamus amphibius]] | Hippopotamus amphibius | 147 | | [[File:Portrait Hippopotamus in the water.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippopotamus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q33602|Q33602]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca | 146 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q42046|Q42046]] | [[Hyaenidae]] | Hyaenidae | 142 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Aeluroidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q46076|Q46076]] | [[Lepus]] | Lepus | 141 | | [[File:Hare Hare (20300967221).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leporidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q15083|Q15083]] | [[Giraffa camelopardalis]] | Giraffa camelopardalis | 139 | | [[File:Rothschild's giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Murchison Falls National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Giraffa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q36341|Q36341]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | Ursus arctos | 138 | | [[File:202309 Ezo brown bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[bear]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q30197|Q30197]] | [[Panthera uncia]] | Panthera uncia | 132 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[apex predator]]<br/>[[flagship species]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q36101|Q36101]] | [[Phascolarctos cinereus]] | Phascolarctos cinereus | 129 | | [[File:Koala climbing tree.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phascolarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q35517|Q35517]] | [[Alces alces]] | Alces alces | 129 | | [[File:A male moose takes a rest in a field during a light rainshower.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alces]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q27066|Q27066]] | [[Meles meles]] | Meles meles | 123 | | [[File:European badger (Meles meles taxus) Drenthe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q25311|Q25311]] | [[Mustela nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis | 122 | | [[File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q29995|Q29995]] | [[Lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra | 121 | | [[File:Otter.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q39624|Q39624]] | [[Rangifer tarandus]] | Rangifer tarandus | 121 | | [[File:Caribou.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cervides|Cervidae]] | [[Rangifer]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q83310|Q83310]] | [[Mus musculus]] | Mus musculus | 120 | | [[File:202101 Mouse.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q26843|Q26843]] | [[Orcinus orca]] | Orcinus orca | 115 | | [[File:202402 Killer whale.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Odontoceti]] | [[Orcinus]] | [[Blackfish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q41960|Q41960]] | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens | 112 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q80479|Q80479]] | [[Herpestidae]] | Herpestidae | 111 | | [[File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Herpestoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q41692|Q41692]] | [[mule]] | Equus asinus × Equus caballus | 111 | | [[File:Juancito.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[packhorse]]<br/>[[horse–donkey hybrid]] | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q42196|Q42196]] | [[Balaenoptera musculus]] | Balaenoptera musculus | 111 | | [[File:202501 Blue whale.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cetacea]]<br/>[[Balaenoptera physalus]] | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q4388|Q4388]] | [[Sciurus vulgaris]] | Sciurus vulgaris | 110 | | [[File:Squirrel posing.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q25345|Q25345]] | [[Mustela erminea]] | Mustela erminea | 109 | | [[File:Røyskatt (Mustela erminea erminea), Lista, Norway.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q30847|Q30847]] | [[Caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal | 109 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[big cat]] | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q79794|Q79794]] | [[Cervus elaphus]] | Cervus elaphus | 109 | | [[File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q79803|Q79803]] | [[Cavia porcellus]] | Cavia porcellus | 108 | | [[File:Conill porquí gàbia.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[Cavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q122069|Q122069]] | [[Capreolus capreolus]] | Capreolus capreolus | 108 | | [[File:Capreolus (js)11.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capreolus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q30263|Q30263]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | Pinnipedia | 107 | | [[File:Common seal (Phoca vitulina) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q46212|Q46212]] | [[Orycteropus afer]] | Orycteropus afer | 106 | | [[File:Orycteropus afer stuffed.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[insectivore]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]] | [[Orycteropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q14334|Q14334]] | [[glutton]] | Gulo gulo | 106 | mammifero carnivore | [[File:Gulo gulo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q82738|Q82738]] | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus | 105 | | [[File:Vulpes lagopus in Iceland (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q41631|Q41631]] | [[Soricidae]] | Soricidae | 104 | | [[File:Southern short-tailed shrew.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eulipotyphla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q159429|Q159429]] | [[Papio]] | Papio | 103 | | [[File:Olive baboon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercopithecinae]]<br/>[[Papionini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q25437|Q25437]] | [[Mustelidae]] | Mustelidae | 101 | | [[File:Marten with Flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q200184|Q200184]] | [[Lutrinae]] | Lutrinae | 101 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q128098|Q128098]] | [[Canis aureus]] | Canis aureus | 101 | | [[File:033 Golden jackal in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q125525|Q125525]] | [[jackal]] | | 100 | | [[File:Golden jackal (Canis aureus indicus) male head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[Canina]] | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q25851|Q25851]] | [[Oryctolagus cuniculus]] | Oryctolagus cuniculus | 100 | | [[File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[conilio]] | [[Oryctolagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q122783|Q122783]] | [[Ursus americanus]] | Ursus americanus | 99 | | [[File:American black bear (19647087094).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q19537|Q19537]] | [[bonobo]] | Pan paniscus | 99 | specie de primate | [[File:Bonobo at Nsele Valley Park, Kinshasa, DR Congo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chimpanze]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q862089|Q862089]] | [[Giraffa]] | Giraffa | 99 | | [[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Giraffina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q82037|Q82037]] | [[Okapia johnstoni]] | Okapia johnstoni | 98 | | [[File:Okapi and son.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Okapia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q25374|Q25374]] | [[perissodactylos]] | Perissodactyla | 97 | | [[File:00296 zebra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Perissodactylamorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q10798|Q10798]] | [[Sus]] | Sus | 97 | | [[File:Zwijntje.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[animal]] | [[Suini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q81214|Q81214]] | [[Physeter macrocephalus]] | Physeter macrocephalus | 97 | | [[File:Mother and baby sperm whale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[whale]] | [[Physeter]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q123102|Q123102]] | [[Thylacinus cynocephalus]] | Thylacinus cynocephalus | 96 | | [[File:Thylacines.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Thylacinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q26046|Q26046]] | [[Martes martes]] | Martes martes | 96 | | [[File:Pine Marten (48173751702).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q2274076|Q2274076]] | [[Folivora]] | Folivora | 95 | | [[File:Bradypus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pilosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q42797|Q42797]] | [[Trichechus]] | Trichechus | 95 | | [[File:Endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) (7636816484).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Trichechidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q185939|Q185939]] | [[Hylobatidae]] | Hylobatidae | 95 | | [[File:Hylobates lar pair of white and black 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hominoide]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q133006|Q133006]] | [[Elephas maximus]] | Elephas maximus | 95 | | [[File:Asian elephant - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[elephante]] | [[Elephas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q25401|Q25401]] | [[Lagomorpha]] | Lagomorpha | 94 | | [[File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glires]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q6120|Q6120]] | [[Erinaceinae]] | Erinaceinae | 93 | | [[File:Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Erinaceidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q80952|Q80952]] | [[Panthera tigris tigris]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 93 | | [[File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 05.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[tigre]] | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q6573|Q6573]] | [[Cricetinae]] | Cricetinae | 93 | | [[File:A pet hamster named Peach.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cricetidae]] | [[Cricetidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q134015|Q134015]] | [[Suricata suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta | 92 | | [[File:Meerkat (Suricata suricatta).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q173128|Q173128]] | [[Mellivora capensis]] | Mellivora capensis | 91 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q173651|Q173651]] | [[Lycaon pictus]] | Lycaon pictus | 91 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q166794|Q166794]] | [[Otocolobus manul]] | Otocolobus manul | 90 | | [[File:Otocolobus manul -Zurich Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q124410|Q124410]] | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus | 90 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus 3 (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]]<br/>[[Selenarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q47867|Q47867]] | [[Dasypodidae]] | Dasypodidae | 90 | | [[File:Nine-banded Armadillo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cingulata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q104825|Q104825]] | [[Talpidae]] | Talpidae | 90 | | [[File:Talpa europaea MHNT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eulipotyphla]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q177601|Q177601]] | [[Macaca]] | Macaca | 90 | | [[File:Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercopithecinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q36557|Q36557]] | [[Loxodonta africana]] | Loxodonta africana | 90 | | [[File:178 Male African bush elephant in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Loxodonta]] | [[Loxodonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q26838|Q26838]] | [[Lepus europaeus]] | Lepus europaeus | 89 | | [[File:European Brown Hare (50341079472).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eulagos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q166898|Q166898]] | [[Suidae]] | Suidae | 89 | | [[File:Lightmatter unidentified pig-like animal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suina]]<br/>[[Suoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q172923|Q172923]] | [[Capra]] | Capra | 89 | | [[File:Bouquetin01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caprini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q25431|Q25431]] | [[Sirenia]] | Sirenia | 88 | | [[File:FL fig04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Placentarios]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Tethytheria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q28521|Q28521]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 88 | | [[File:Mustela species mosaic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q38584|Q38584]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis familiaris dingo | 88 | | [[File:Dingo Side.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[racia can]]<br/>[[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[feral dog]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q132585|Q132585]] | [[Cuon alpinus]] | Cuon alpinus | 87 | | [[File:Dhole (Asiatic wild dog) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q103237|Q103237]] | [[Australopithecus]] | Australopithecus | 87 | | [[File:Australopithecus Afarensis - Transparent Background.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Australopithecinae]]<br/>[[Australopithecine]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q26533|Q26533]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 86 | | [[File:Martes martes crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q26423|Q26423]] | [[Martes zibellina]] | Martes zibellina | 86 | | [[File:Sobol bur.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q185194|Q185194]] | [[Vulpes]] | Vulpes | 86 | | [[File:Genus vulpes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]]<br/>[[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q131564|Q131564]] | [[Vulpes zerda]] | Vulpes zerda | 86 | | [[File:Fennec Fox (9163009503).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q128001|Q128001]] | [[Tapirus]] | Tapirus | 86 | | [[File:Malayan Tapir.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapiridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q26283|Q26283]] | [[Ondatra zibethicus]] | Ondatra zibethicus | 86 | | [[File:Ondatra zibethicus FWS.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ondatra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q159918|Q159918]] | [[Ceratotherium simum]] | Ceratotherium simum | 86 | | [[File:White rhinoceros africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ceratotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q132905|Q132905]] | [[Megaptera novaeangliae]] | Megaptera novaeangliae | 86 | | [[File:202312 Humpback whale.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Megaptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q21834|Q21834]] | [[Didelphidae]] | Didelphidae | 85 | | [[File:AwesomePossum-AmericanOpossum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Didelphimorphia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q26582|Q26582]] | [[Mustela putorius]] | Mustela putorius | 85 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q159857|Q159857]] | [[Dama dama]] | Dama dama | 85 | | [[File:Fallow deer in field.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[deer]] | [[Dama]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q184004|Q184004]] | [[Ovibos moschatus]] | Ovibos moschatus | 85 | | [[File:Ovibos moschatus qtl3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ovibos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q95036|Q95036]] | [[Diceros bicornis]] | Diceros bicornis | 85 | | [[File:2012 Black Rhinoceros Gemsbokvlakte.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Diceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q132072|Q132072]] | [[Delphinapterus leucas]] | Delphinapterus leucas | 85 | | [[File:Beluga oceanografic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Delphinapterus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q69581|Q69581]] | [[Panthera tigris altaica]] | Panthera tigris altaica | 84 | | [[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q5452918|Q5452918]] | [[Simiiformes]] | Simiiformes | 84 | | [[File:Simiiformes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Haplorrhini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q131340|Q131340]] | [[Rupicapra rupicapra]] | Rupicapra rupicapra | 84 | | [[File:064 Wild Chamois Parc régional Chasseral Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rupicapra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q23175|Q23175]] | [[Vombatidae]] | Vombatidae | 83 | | [[File:Vombatus ursinus (Wombat in snow).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vombatiformes]]<br/>[[Vombatoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q6145|Q6145]] | [[Erinaceus europaeus]] | Erinaceus europaeus | 83 | | [[File:Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Erinaceus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q36135|Q36135]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa | 83 | | [[File:Clouded Leopard (205918213).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q42627|Q42627]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis | 83 | | [[File:Close-up of a Leopard Cat in Sundarban.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q21824|Q21824]] | [[echidna]] | Tachyglossidae | 82 | | [[File:Tachyglossus aculeatus side on.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monotremas|Monotremata]]<br/>[[Ornithorhynchoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q27366|Q27366]] | [[Martes foina]] | Martes foina | 82 | | [[File:Beech Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q133189|Q133189]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides | 82 | | [[File:Енотовидная собака Гродно (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q129544|Q129544]] | [[Dugong dugon]] | Dugong dugon | 81 | | [[File:Dugong Marsa Alam.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dugong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q129727|Q129727]] | [[Lynx pardinus]] | Lynx pardinus | 81 | | [[File:Lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), Almuradiel, Ciudad Real, España, 2021-12-19, DD 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q144923|Q144923]] | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus | 81 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q184224|Q184224]] | [[Rattus norvegicus]] | Rattus norvegicus | 81 | | [[File:A river rat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[Ratto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q180404|Q180404]] | [[Cervus canadensis]] | Cervus canadensis | 81 | | [[File:Jasper.Wapiti-Hirsch.P1033401.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q46889|Q46889]] | [[Bos primigenius indicus]] | Bos primigenius indicus | 81 | | [[File:A well-fed bull in Kuno WS AJTJ P1070807.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[milk yielding animal]] | [[Bos taurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q182347|Q182347]] | [[leon asiatic]] | Panthera leo persica | 80 | | [[File:Asiatic Lioness in Gir Forest.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q971343|Q971343]] | [[Microchiroptera]] | Microchiroptera | 79 | | [[File:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q147114|Q147114]] | [[Procyonidae]] | Procyonidae | 79 | | [[File:Procyonidae-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q41407|Q41407]] | [[Enhydra lutris]] | Enhydra lutris | 79 | | [[File:Otter in Seward, Alaska, April 2017.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q209067|Q209067]] | [[Talpa europaea]] | Talpa europaea | 78 | | [[File:Talpa europaea MHNT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Talpa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q126683|Q126683]] | [[Saiga tatarica]] | Saiga tatarica | 78 | | [[File:Saiga antelope at the Stepnoi Sanctuary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Saiga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q10867|Q10867]] | [[Phocoenidae]] | Phocoenidae | 78 | | [[File:Porpoise 042.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Delphinoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q185864|Q185864]] | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | 77 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q178089|Q178089]] | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | Crocuta crocuta | 77 | | [[File:Hiena manchada (Crocuta crocuta), parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q171004|Q171004]] | [[Ursus arctos horribilis]] | Ursus arctos horribilis | 77 | | [[File:Grizzly Denali edit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[:d:Q185038|Q185038]] | [[Loxodonta]] | Loxodonta | 77 | | [[File:African Bush Elephant.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[elephante]] | [[Elephante|Elephantidae]]<br/>[[Loxodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[:d:Q47910|Q47910]] | [[Rhinoceros unicornis]] | Rhinoceros unicornis | 77 | | [[File:Greater one-horned rhinoceros at Chitwan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Rhinoceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[:d:Q174296|Q174296]] | [[Gauro]] | Bos gaurus | 77 | | [[File:Gaur Indian Bison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[:d:Q190858|Q190858]] | [[Gazella]] | Gazella | 77 | | [[File:Chinkara - Shreeram M V - Bikaner.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antilopini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[:d:Q185231|Q185231]] | [[Mirounga]] | Mirounga | 76 | | [[File:Mirounga leonina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[:d:Q42602|Q42602]] | [[felinos]] | Felinae | 76 | | [[File:Felinae diversity 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[:d:Q146457|Q146457]] | [[Lynx canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis | 76 | | [[File:Canada lynx by Michael Zahra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[:d:Q187704|Q187704]] | [[Myocastor coypus]] | Myocastor coypus | 76 | | [[File:202401 Myocastor coypus.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myocastor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[:d:Q156606|Q156606]] | [[Macaca mulatta]] | Macaca mulatta | 76 | | [[File:112 Baby rhesus macaque in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[:d:Q27179|Q27179]] | [[Neovison vison]] | Neogale vison | 75 | | [[File:American Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison]]<br/>[[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[:d:Q190674|Q190674]] | [[Prionailurus viverrinus]] | Prionailurus viverrinus | 75 | | [[File:Prionailurus viverrinus 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[:d:Q192231|Q192231]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Profelis aurata | 75 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[:d:Q182968|Q182968]] | [[Cercopithecidae]] | Cercopithecidae | 75 | | [[File:Olive baboon Ngorongoro.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cercopithecoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[:d:Q26547|Q26547]] | [[Yak salvage]] | Bos mutus | 75 | | [[File:Wild Yak Stuffed.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Bos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[:d:Q183339|Q183339]] | [[Antilope cervicapra]] | Antilope cervicapra | 75 | | [[File:BlackBuck.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antilope]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[:d:Q213084|Q213084]] | [[Antidorcas marsupialis]] | Antidorcas marsupialis | 75 | | [[File:174 Male Springbok in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antidorcas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[:d:Q23193|Q23193]] | [[Macropodidae]] | Macropodidae | 74 | | [[File:Kangaroo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macropodiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[:d:Q26559|Q26559]] | [[Mustela lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola | 74 | | [[File:Europäischer Nerz.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[:d:Q188657|Q188657]] | [[Hyaena hyaena]] | Hyaena hyaena | 74 | | [[File:Museo della Specola (Florence) - Hyaena hyaena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[:d:Q180035|Q180035]] | [[Lepus timidus]] | Lepus timidus | 74 | | [[File:Lepus timidus in Volgograd Oblast.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lepus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[:d:Q190516|Q190516]] | [[Cervus nippon]] | Cervus nippon | 74 | | [[File:202308 Japanese deer.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[:d:Q182304|Q182304]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi | 73 | | [[File:Puma yagouaroundi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[:d:Q108235|Q108235]] | [[Gliridae]] | Gliridae | 73 | | [[File:Graphiurus spec -murinus-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciuromorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[:d:Q174199|Q174199]] | [[Tursiops truncatus]] | Tursiops truncatus | 73 | | [[File:Tursiops truncatus 01-cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tursiops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[:d:Q26913|Q26913]] | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | 72 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[:d:Q185295|Q185295]] | [[Proteles cristata]] | Proteles cristata | 72 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[:d:Q145016|Q145016]] | [[Melursus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus | 72 | | [[File:SlothBear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[:d:Q231550|Q231550]] | [[Scandentia]] | Scandentia | 72 | | [[File:Tupaia belangeri -Kaeng Krachan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euarchonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[:d:Q185385|Q185385]] | [[Lemur catta]] | Lemur catta | 72 | | [[File:Lemur catta 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lemur]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[:d:Q29220|Q29220]] | [[Dicerorhinus sumatrensis]] | Dicerorhinus sumatrensis | 72 | | [[File:Sumatran Rhino 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dicerorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[:d:Q216815|Q216815]] | [[Taurotragus oryx]] | Taurotragus oryx | 72 | | [[File:Taurotragus oryx - young bull - Etosha 2015.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taurotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[:d:Q168327|Q168327]] | [[Capra ibex]] | Capra ibex | 72 | | [[File:094 Wild female Alpine Ibex at Creux du Van (crop) Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[:d:Q192930|Q192930]] | [[Chinchilla]] | Chinchilla | 71 | | [[File:Chinchilla lanigera (Wroclaw zoo)-2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Rodentia]] | [[Chinchillidae]]<br/>[[Chinchillinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[:d:Q186778|Q186778]] | [[Daubentonia madagascariensis]] | Daubentonia madagascariensis | 71 | | [[File:Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), Tsimbazaza Zoo, Madagascar (3897947810).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Daubentonia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[:d:Q189514|Q189514]] | [[Loxodonta cyclotis]] | Loxodonta cyclotis | 71 | | [[File:Loxodontacyclotis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Loxodonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[:d:Q186267|Q186267]] | [[Ovis ammon]] | Ovis ammon | 71 | | [[File:Ovis ammon (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ovis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[:d:Q180960|Q180960]] | [[Equus hemionus]] | Equus hemionus | 71 | | [[File:Kulan (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[:d:Q243359|Q243359]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 70 | | [[File:Black bear large.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[:d:Q147128|Q147128]] | [[Glis glis]] | Glis glis | 70 | | [[File:Glis glis 4058.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Glis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[:d:Q179020|Q179020]] | [[Balaenoptera physalus]] | Balaenoptera physalus | 70 | | [[File:Finhval.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Balaenidae]] | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[:d:Q26332|Q26332]] | [[Diprotodontia]] | Diprotodontia | 69 | | [[File:Macropus agilis - 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mammiferos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[:d:Q230177|Q230177]] | [[Pantherinae]] | Pantherinae | 69 | | [[File:Jaguar head shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[:d:Q188717|Q188717]] | [[Smilodon]] | Smilodon | 69 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus mount.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[:d:Q185239|Q185239]] | [[Galagidae]] | Galagidae | 69 | | [[File:Greater Bush Baby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lorisiformes]]<br/>[[Lorisoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[:d:Q200444|Q200444]] | [[Boselaphus tragocamelus]] | Boselaphus tragocamelus | 69 | | [[File:Female neelgai 1 gir 2006 karthick.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Boselaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[:d:Q185230|Q185230]] | [[Pteropodidae]] | Pteropodidae | 68 | | [[File:Pteropus conspicillatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[:d:Q183330|Q183330]] | [[Cryptoprocta ferox]] | Cryptoprocta ferox | 68 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[:d:Q18764|Q18764]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | 68 | | [[File:Asian palm civet in Rabindra Sarobar October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[:d:Q213141|Q213141]] | [[Arctictis binturong]] | Arctictis binturong | 68 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[:d:Q187024|Q187024]] | [[Vulpes corsac]] | Vulpes corsac | 68 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[:d:Q214835|Q214835]] | [[Vulpes bengalensis]] | Vulpes bengalensis | 68 | | [[File:Bengal Fox - Shreeram M V - Rajasthan, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[:d:Q182573|Q182573]] | [[liger]] | Panthera leo × Panthera tigris | 68 | | [[File:Liger couple.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[:d:Q106133|Q106133]] | [[Rattus rattus]] | Rattus rattus | 68 | | [[File:20191212 Szczury w Świątyni Karni Maty w Deśnok 1038 8111 DxO.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ratto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[:d:Q187927|Q187927]] | [[Capra falconeri]] | Capra falconeri | 68 | | [[File:Markhor Schraubenziege Capra falconeri Zoo Augsburg-02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[:d:Q186154|Q186154]] | [[Giraffidae]] | Giraffidae | 68 | | [[File:Okapi.bristol.600pix.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Giraffoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[:d:Q130942|Q130942]] | [[Theria]] | Theria | 67 | | [[File:Theria.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Boreosphenida]]<br/>[[Holotheria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[:d:Q82261|Q82261]] | [[Haplorrhini]] | Haplorhini | 67 | | [[File:Totenkopfaeffchen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[primate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[:d:Q82265|Q82265]] | [[Strepsirrhini]] | Strepsirrhini | 67 | | [[File:Propithecus verreauxi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[primate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[:d:Q232866|Q232866]] | [[Tayassuidae]] | Tayassuidae | 67 | | [[File:Collared peccary02 - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suina]]<br/>[[artiodactylos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[:d:Q199251|Q199251]] | [[Spermophilus]] | Spermophilus | 67 | | [[File:Europäischer Ziesel in Hockstellung.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Marmotini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[:d:Q199962|Q199962]] | [[Macaca sylvanus]] | Macaca sylvanus | 67 | | [[File:Portrait of a father.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[:d:Q13408062|Q13408062]] | [[Yak domestic]] | Bos grunniens | 67 | | [[File:Bos grunniens at Letdar on Annapurna Circuit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[:d:Q192029|Q192029]] | [[Nasalis larvatus]] | Nasalis larvatus | 67 | | [[File:Proboscis Monkey in Borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Nasalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[:d:Q190154|Q190154]] | [[Addax nasomaculatus]] | Addax nasomaculatus | 67 | | [[File:Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) adult male and juvenile.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Addax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[:d:Q174652|Q174652]] | [[Balaena mysticetus]] | Balaena mysticetus | 67 | | [[File:Bowheads42.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[:d:Q178973|Q178973]] | [[Mustela putorius furo]] | Mustela furo | 66 | | [[File:202305 Mustela putorius furo.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[:d:Q726151|Q726151]] | [[Setonix brachyurus]] | Setonix brachyurus | 66 | | [[File:Rottnest Quokka 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Setonix]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[:d:Q80191|Q80191]] | [[catto marmorate]] | Pardofelis marmorata | 66 | | [[File:Marbled cat borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[:d:Q184067|Q184067]] | [[Ochotona]] | Ochotona | 66 | | [[File:American pika (ochotona princeps) with a mouthful of flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ochotonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[:d:Q193061|Q193061]] | [[Cricetidae]] | Cricetidae | 66 | | [[File:Hamster.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Rodentia]] | [[Muroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[:d:Q186462|Q186462]] | [[Lemuridae]] | Lemuridae | 66 | | [[File:Eulemur coronatus Madagascar 16-07-2004.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lemuroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[:d:Q189868|Q189868]] | [[Mandrillus sphinx]] | Mandrillus sphinx | 66 | | [[File:Mandrill (4531340530).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mandrillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[:d:Q232054|Q232054]] | [[Axis axis]] | Axis axis | 66 | | [[File:Chital in Sundarbans National Park July 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Axis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[:d:Q105777|Q105777]] | [[Homo ergaster]] | Homo ergaster | 66 | | [[File:Homo ergaster.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[:d:Q210872|Q210872]] | [[Platanista gangetica]] | Platanista gangetica | 66 | | [[File:Ganges River Dolphin cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Platanista]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[:d:Q1231177|Q1231177]] | [[Ungulata]] | Ungulata | 65 | | [[File:Donkey in Clovelly, North Devon, England.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Tetrapoda]] | [[Placentarios]]<br/>[[Epitheria]]<br/>[[Fereuungulata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[:d:Q22110899|Q22110899]] | [[Choeropsis liberiensis]] | Choeropsis liberiensis | 65 | | [[File:Pygmy hippopotamus pair.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Choeropsis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[:d:Q229337|Q229337]] | [[Rusa unicolor]] | Rusa unicolor | 65 | | [[File:A Sambal Deer at Peace.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[:d:Q45969|Q45969]] | [[Equus quagga quagga]] | Equus quagga quagga | 65 | | [[File:Berlin Quagga.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Equus quagga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[:d:Q187943|Q187943]] | [[Antilocapra americana]] | Antilocapra americana | 65 | | [[File:Antilocapra americana female (Wyoming, 2012).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Antilocapra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[:d:Q188130|Q188130]] | [[Lipotes vexillifer]] | Lipotes vexillifer | 65 | | [[File:Baiji Dolphin killed by Charles Hoy 1914.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lipotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[:d:Q27370|Q27370]] | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus | 64 | | [[File:Halichoerus grypus male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[:d:Q186663|Q186663]] | [[Hydrurga leptonyx]] | Hydrurga leptonyx | 64 | | [[File:Hydrurga leptonyx edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrurga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[:d:Q241256|Q241256]] | [[Civettictis civetta]] | Civettictis civetta | 64 | | [[File:African civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[:d:Q191129|Q191129]] | [[Panthera tigris sumatrae]] | Panthera tigris sumatrae | 64 | | [[File:Sumatran Tiger Berlin Tierpark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[:d:Q9490|Q9490]] | [[Pteromyini]] | Pteromyini | 64 | | [[File:Glaucomys sabrinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sciurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[:d:Q231625|Q231625]] | [[Lepus arcticus]] | Lepus arcticus | 64 | | [[File:Arctic Hare 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lepus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[:d:Q188949|Q188949]] | [[Coelodonta antiquitatis]] | Coelodonta antiquitatis | 64 | | [[File:Coelodonta antiquitatis .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Coelodonta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[:d:Q234121|Q234121]] | [[Muntiacus]] | Muntiacus | 64 | | [[File:Muntiacus reevesi, Cologne Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muntiacini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[:d:Q207114|Q207114]] | [[Delphinus delphis]] | Delphinus delphis | 64 | | [[File:Delphinus delphis 326708883.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Delphinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[:d:Q184389|Q184389]] | [[Chrysocyon brachyurus]] | Chrysocyon brachyurus | 63 | | [[File:Chrysocyon brachyurus no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra por Celso Ferrarezi Jr (07).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[:d:Q8535351|Q8535351]] | [[Tragulidae]] | Tragulidae | 63 | | [[File:Mouse-deer Singapore Zoo 2012.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragulina]]<br/>[[artiodactylos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[:d:Q189484|Q189484]] | [[Papio hamadryas]] | Papio hamadryas | 63 | | [[File:Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[:d:Q193469|Q193469]] | [[Budorcas taxicolor]] | Budorcas taxicolor | 63 | | [[File:Budorcas taxicolor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Budorcas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[:d:Q219565|Q219565]] | [[Equus grevyi]] | Equus grevyi | 63 | | [[File:Equus grevyi in Samburu.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[:d:Q232829|Q232829]] | [[Balaenopteridae]] | Balaenopteridae | 63 | | [[File:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenopteroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[:d:Q179154|Q179154]] | [[Eschrichtius robustus]] | Eschrichtius robustus | 63 | | [[File:Gray whale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eschrichtius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[:d:Q972452|Q972452]] | [[Vermilingua]] | Vermilingua | 62 | | [[File:DirkvdM tamandua.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pilosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[:d:Q203033|Q203033]] | [[Myrmecophaga tridactyla]] | Myrmecophaga tridactyla | 62 | | [[File:Giant anteater at MAV-USP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myrmecophaga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[:d:Q53462|Q53462]] | [[Macropus rufus]] | Macropus rufus | 62 | | [[File:Red kangaroo - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[:d:Q204322|Q204322]] | [[Felis bieti]] | Felis bieti | 62 | | [[File:Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis Bieti) in XiNing Wild Zoo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[:d:Q200400|Q200400]] | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis | 62 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[:d:Q302006|Q302006]] | [[Hystricidae]] | Hystricidae | 62 | | [[File:Porcupine Berlin Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[porcupine]] | [[Hystricognathi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[:d:Q273071|Q273071]] | [[Dipodidae]] | Dipodidae | 62 | | [[File:Jaculus orientalis Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dipodoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[:d:Q207148|Q207148]] | [[Muscardinus avellanarius]] | Muscardinus avellanarius | 62 | | [[File:Haselmaus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muscardinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[:d:Q139487|Q139487]] | [[Tragelaphus strepsiceros]] | Tragelaphus strepsiceros | 62 | | [[File:Greater kudu skeleton at MAV-USP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Kudu]] | [[Tragelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[:d:Q242602|Q242602]] | [[Oreamnos americanus]] | Oreamnos americanus | 62 | | [[File:Mountain Goat Mount Massive.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oreamnos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[:d:Q243213|Q243213]] | [[Equus zebra]] | Equus zebra | 62 | | [[File:Equus zebra - Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge, Orlando, Florida, USA - 20100119.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[:d:Q192993|Q192993]] | [[Homo erectus erectus]] | Homo erectus erectus | 62 | | [[File:Javamensch Replik Rosensteinmuseum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo erectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[:d:Q185097|Q185097]] | [[Balaenoptera borealis]] | Balaenoptera borealis | 62 | | [[File:Balaenoptera borealis 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[:d:Q3887135|Q3887135]] | [[Otariinae]] | Otariinae | 61 | | [[File:California sea lion in La Jolla (70568).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Otariidae]] | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[:d:Q208549|Q208549]] | [[Monachus monachus]] | Monachus monachus | 61 | | [[File:Billy monk seal 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[:d:Q28157482|Q28157482]] | [[Parahyaena brunnea]] | Parahyaena brunnea | 61 | | [[File:Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) (6472940707).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[:d:Q192742|Q192742]] | [[Panthera tigris corbetti]] | Panthera tigris corbetti | 61 | | [[File:Indochinese tiger in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[:d:Q191781|Q191781]] | [[Macaca fuscata]] | Macaca fuscata | 61 | | [[File:202308 Japanese macaque.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[:d:Q208561|Q208561]] | [[Papio anubis]] | Papio anubis | 61 | | [[File:Male Olive Baboon 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[:d:Q623434|Q623434]] | [[Kobus ellipsiprymnus]] | Kobus ellipsiprymnus | 61 | | [[File:Antílope acuático (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), parque nacional de Chobe, Botsuana, 2018-07-28, DD 49.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Kobus]] | [[Wasserbock]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[:d:Q644255|Q644255]] | [[Cervus]] | Cervus | 61 | | [[File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cervini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[:d:Q3699044|Q3699044]] | [[Woolly Mammoth]] | Mammuthus primigenius | 61 | | [[File:202003 Woolly mammoth.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mammuthus|Mammut]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[:d:Q45931|Q45931]] | [[Peking Man]] | Homo erectus pekinensis | 61 | | [[File:Sinathropus pekinensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo erectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[:d:Q213333|Q213333]] | [[Dasyuromorphia]] | Dasyuromorphia | 60 | | [[File:Dasyurus maculatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Australidelphia]]<br/>[[Marsupiales|Marsupialia]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Agreodontia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[:d:Q190691|Q190691]] | [[Desmodontinae]] | Desmodontinae | 60 | | [[File:Desmo-boden.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phyllostomidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[:d:Q43221|Q43221]] | [[Genetta]] | Genetta | 60 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[:d:Q147267|Q147267]] | [[Didelphis virginiana]] | Didelphis virginiana | 60 | | [[File:Opossum 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Didelphis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[:d:Q149405|Q149405]] | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus | 60 | | [[File:Bartrobbe 3-2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | [[Erignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[:d:Q254630|Q254630]] | [[kinkajou]] | Potos flavus | 60 | | [[File:Potos flavus (22985770100).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[:d:Q185401|Q185401]] | [[Panthera tigris balica]] | Panthera tigris balica | 60 | | [[File:BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[:d:Q30359|Q30359]] | [[Cynomys]] | Cynomys | 60 | | [[File:Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Eating.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Marmotini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[:d:Q212185|Q212185]] | [[Apodemus sylvaticus]] | Apodemus sylvaticus | 60 | | [[File:Apodemus sylvaticus (Sardinia).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apodemus]]<br/>[[Sylvaemus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[:d:Q622880|Q622880]] | [[Alcelaphus buselaphus]] | Alcelaphus buselaphus | 60 | | [[File:Coke's Hartebeest, running.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alcelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[:d:Q207043|Q207043]] | [[Oryx gazella]] | Oryx gazella | 60 | | [[File:Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) female ... (50917402268).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[:d:Q213889|Q213889]] | [[Symphalangus syndactylus]] | Symphalangus syndactylus | 60 | | [[File:Siamang 2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Symphalangus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[:d:Q215887|Q215887]] | [[Odocoileus virginianus]] | Odocoileus virginianus | 60 | | [[File:White tailed doe odocoileus virginianus standing alertly in low brush and looking.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odocoileus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[:d:Q208112|Q208112]] | [[Litocranius walleri]] | Litocranius walleri | 60 | | [[File:Giraffe gazelle africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Litocranius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[:d:Q201808|Q201808]] | [[Balaenoptera acutorostrata]] | Balaenoptera acutorostrata | 60 | | [[File:Balaenoptera-acutorostrata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[:d:Q27027|Q27027]] | [[Phocoena phocoena]] | Phocoena phocoena | 60 | | [[File:Daan Close Up.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocoena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[:d:Q191737|Q191737]] | [[Speothos venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus | 59 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[:d:Q309274|Q309274]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus | 59 | | [[File:Rostkatze.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[:d:Q188535|Q188535]] | [[Panthera tigris virgata]] | Panthera tigris virgata | 59 | | [[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[:d:Q192967|Q192967]] | [[Panthera pardus orientalis]] | Panthera pardus orientalis | 59 | | [[File:Amur Leopard Panthera pardus orientalis Facing Forward 1761px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[:d:Q237260|Q237260]] | [[Ursus arctos middendorffi]] | Ursus arctos middendorffi | 59 | | [[File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[:d:Q188957|Q188957]] | [[Canis simensis]] | Canis simensis | 59 | | [[File:Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[:d:Q243339|Q243339]] | [[Pteromys volans]] | Pteromys volans | 59 | | [[File:Lendorava pabulad.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteromys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[:d:Q192272|Q192272]] | [[Mammut]] | Mammut | 59 | | [[File:American mastodon with calf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mammutidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[:d:Q205329|Q205329]] | [[Inia geoffrensis]] | Inia geoffrensis | 59 | | [[File:Amazonas Flussdelfin Apure Orinoco Duisburg 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Inia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[:d:Q271459|Q271459]] | [[Mustela sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica | 58 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica Russia5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[:d:Q70529|Q70529]] | [[Vormela peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna | 58 | | [[File:Marbled Polecat, Suzakskiy, Kazakhstan 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[:d:Q215250|Q215250]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus | 58 | | [[File:Gray fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[:d:Q14592562|Q14592562]] | [[Bassaricyon neblina]] | Bassaricyon neblina | 58 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[:d:Q237157|Q237157]] | [[Platyrrhini]] | Platyrrhini | 58 | | [[File:BrownSpiderMonkey (edit2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Simiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[:d:Q258244|Q258244]] | [[Ateles]] | Ateles | 58 | | [[File:Ateles fusciceps Colombia.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[:d:Q27016|Q27016]] | [[Arvicola amphibius]] | Arvicola amphibius | 58 | | [[File:Water.vole.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[homotypic synonym]] | | [[Arvicola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[:d:Q658179|Q658179]] | [[Oryx]] | Oryx | 58 | | [[File:Oryx gazella (Chudop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippotraginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[:d:Q193400|Q193400]] | [[Tragelaphus eurycerus]] | Tragelaphus eurycerus | 58 | | [[File:Bongo Burger Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[:d:Q208140|Q208140]] | [[Equus africanus]] | Equus africanus | 58 | | [[File:African wild Ass.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[:d:Q273331|Q273331]] | [[Orcaella brevirostris]] | Orcaella brevirostris | 58 | | [[File:Irrawaddy Dolphin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Orcaella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[:d:Q203208|Q203208]] | [[Phoca hispida]] | Pusa hispida | 57 | | [[File:Phoca hispida.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[:d:Q187484|Q187484]] | [[Hydrodamalis gigas]] | Hydrodamalis gigas | 57 | | [[File:Hydrodamalis gigas skeleton - Finnish Museum of Natural History - DSC04529.JPG|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Hydrodamalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[:d:Q83774|Q83774]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis | 57 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[:d:Q232129|Q232129]] | [[Taxidea taxus]] | Taxidea taxus | 57 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[:d:Q200848|Q200848]] | [[Panthera tigris amoyensis]] | Panthera tigris amoyensis | 57 | | [[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[:d:Q208077|Q208077]] | [[Cricetus cricetus]] | Cricetus cricetus | 57 | | [[File:Hamster.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cricetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[:d:Q328809|Q328809]] | [[gnu blau]] | Connochaetes taurinus | 57 | | [[File:Blue Wildebeest, Ngorongoro.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gnu]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[:d:Q194080|Q194080]] | [[Theropithecus gelada]] | Theropithecus gelada | 57 | | [[File:Southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscura) female with baby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Theropithecus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[:d:Q460977|Q460977]] | [[Gazella subgutturosa]] | Gazella subgutturosa | 57 | | [[File:Female goitered gazelle, Shirvan National Park, Azerbaijan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gazella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[:d:Q506308|Q506308]] | [[Rucervus duvaucelii]] | Rucervus duvaucelii | 57 | | [[File:Barasingha females.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rucervus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[:d:Q275615|Q275615]] | [[Ourebia ourebi]] | Ourebia ourebi | 57 | | [[File:Sudan Oribi (Ourebia montana) female (18199933351).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ourebia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[:d:Q599672|Q599672]] | [[Pongo pygmaeus]] | Pongo pygmaeus | 57 | | [[File:Nanga with male baby.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[endemic species]] | | [[Pongo (taxon)|Pongo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[:d:Q311212|Q311212]] | [[Paraceratherium]] | Paraceratherium | 57 | | [[File:Indricotherium skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Paraceratheriidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[:d:Q203897|Q203897]] | [[Grampus griseus]] | Grampus griseus | 57 | | [[File:Rundkopfdelfin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Grampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[:d:Q1241332|Q1241332]] | [[Pteropus]] | Pteropus | 56 | | [[File:Bristol.zoo.livfruitbat.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteropodidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[:d:Q242419|Q242419]] | [[numbat]] | Myrmecobius fasciatus | 56 | | [[File:Numbat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Myrmecobius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[:d:Q193182|Q193182]] | [[Tachyglossus aculeatus]] | Tachyglossus aculeatus | 56 | | [[File:Wild shortbeak echidna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tachyglossus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[:d:Q272933|Q272933]] | [[Vulpes chama]] | Vulpes chama | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes chama (Etosha).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[:d:Q319070|Q319070]] | [[Vulpes ferrilata]] | Vulpes ferrilata | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes ferrilata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[:d:Q200442|Q200442]] | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | Canis lupus rufus | 56 | | [[File:07-03-23RedWolfAlbanyGAChehaw.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[:d:Q685772|Q685772]] | [[Caviidae]] | Caviidae | 56 | | [[File:Wildmeerschweinchen-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hystricognathi]]<br/>[[Cavioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[:d:Q203868|Q203868]] | [[Indri indri]] | Indri indri | 56 | | [[File:Indri indri 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Indri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[:d:Q192710|Q192710]] | [[Tapirus indicus]] | Tapirus indicus | 56 | | [[File:Malayan Tapir.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[:d:Q301676|Q301676]] | [[Macaca fascicularis]] | Macaca fascicularis | 56 | | [[File:Macaca fascicularis, Ubud Monkey Forest, Bali, 20220822 1053 0059.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[:d:Q234597|Q234597]] | [[Tragelaphus spekii]] | Tragelaphus spekii | 56 | | [[File:Sitatunga (1).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[:d:Q216263|Q216263]] | [[Madoqua]] | Madoqua | 56 | | [[File:Dik-dik (male) -Tarangire National Park -Tanzania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neotragini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[:d:Q218792|Q218792]] | [[Pseudoryx nghetinhensis]] | Pseudoryx nghetinhensis | 56 | | [[File:Pseudoryx nghetinhensis.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Pseudoryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[:d:Q20962857|Q20962857]] | [[Homo naledi]] | Homo naledi | 56 | | [[File:Homo naledi skeletal specimens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[:d:Q210358|Q210358]] | [[Vespertilionidae]] | Vespertilionidae | 55 | | [[File:Abendsegler-drawing.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Microchiroptera]]<br/>[[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]]<br/>[[Vespertilionoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[:d:Q9324400|Q9324400]] | [[Macroscelididae]] | Macroscelididae | 55 | | [[File:Elephantulus rupestris 57766063.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macroscelidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[:d:Q4535|Q4535]] | [[Pusa sibirica]] | Pusa sibirica | 55 | | [[File:Из жизни байкальской нерпы близ Ушканьих островов 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[:d:Q244277|Q244277]] | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea | 55 | | [[File:Small-clawed otter from Western Ghats.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[:d:Q373558|Q373558]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus | 55 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[:d:Q200381|Q200381]] | [[Panthera tigris sondaica]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 55 | | [[File:Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[:d:Q206930|Q206930]] | [[Catarrhini]] | Catarrhini | 55 | | [[File:Petit-cercopithecus-hamlyni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Simiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[:d:Q81063|Q81063]] | [[Lepus americanus]] | Lepus americanus | 55 | | [[File:Lepus americanus 5459 cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilolagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[:d:Q216580|Q216580]] | [[bank vole]] | Myodes glareolus | 55 | | [[File:BankVole.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[red-backed vole]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[:d:Q209516|Q209516]] | [[Micromys minutus]] | Micromys minutus | 55 | | [[File:Micromys minutus - British Wildlife Centre.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[animal]] | | [[Micromys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[:d:Q272293|Q272293]] | [[Pantholops hodgsonii]] | Pantholops hodgsonii | 55 | | [[File:Atilope du Tibet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantholops]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[:d:Q237267|Q237267]] | [[Kobus kob]] | Kobus kob | 55 | | [[File:Ugandan kob (Kobus kob thomasi) male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Kobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[:d:Q239381|Q239381]] | [[Hippotragus niger]] | Hippotragus niger | 55 | | [[File:Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) adult male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[:d:Q243727|Q243727]] | [[Microtus arvalis]] | Microtus arvalis | 55 | | [[File:Feldmaus Microtus arvalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Microtus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[:d:Q322141|Q322141]] | [[Ammotragus lervia]] | Ammotragus lervia | 55 | | [[File:Two Barbary sheep.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ammotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | [[:d:Q107685|Q107685]] | [[Australopithecus afarensis]] | Australopithecus afarensis | 55 | | [[File:Lucy Mexico.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[early human migrations]] | [[Australopithecus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | [[:d:Q533451|Q533451]] | [[Muntiacus muntjak]] | Muntiacus muntjak | 55 | | [[File:Muntiacus muntjak 34068208 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Muntiacus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | [[:d:Q192573|Q192573]] | [[Hydropotes inermis]] | Hydropotes inermis | 55 | | [[File:Shammy.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydropotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[:d:Q310846|Q310846]] | [[Homo antecessor]] | Homo antecessor | 55 | | [[File:Homo antecessor.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[Hominini]] | [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]]<br/>[[Homo erectus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | [[:d:Q190508|Q190508]] | [[Moschus moschiferus]] | Moschus moschiferus | 55 | | [[File:Moschus moschiferus in Plzen zoo (12.02.2011).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Moschus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | [[:d:Q649306|Q649306]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon | 54 | | [[File:Herpestes ichneumon Египетский мангуст, или фараонова крыса, или ихневмо́н.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | [[:d:Q215343|Q215343]] | [[Mirounga leonina]] | Mirounga leonina | 54 | | [[File:0046 Tiere der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 321 | [[:d:Q217291|Q217291]] | [[Vulpes cana]] | Vulpes cana | 54 | | [[File:Blandford's fox 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 322 | [[:d:Q269871|Q269871]] | [[Neofelis]] | Neofelis | 54 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 323 | [[:d:Q205935|Q205935]] | [[Dusicyon australis]] | Dusicyon australis | 54 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 324 | [[:d:Q321376|Q321376]] | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | Cerdocyon thous | 54 | | [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 325 | [[:d:Q274177|Q274177]] | [[Prionailurus planiceps]] | Prionailurus planiceps | 54 | | [[File:Flat-headed cat 1 Jim Sanderson 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 326 | [[:d:Q215836|Q215836]] | [[Panthera tigris jacksoni]] | Panthera tigris jacksoni | 54 | | [[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]]<br/>[[Mainland Asian tiger]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 327 | [[:d:Q496689|Q496689]] | [[Aenocyon dirus]] | Aenocyon dirus | 54 | | [[File:Canis dirus Skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 328 | [[:d:Q23340|Q23340]] | [[Tenrecidae]] | Tenrecidae | 54 | | [[File:Gewone tenrek 5.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tenrecomorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 329 | [[:d:Q369889|Q369889]] | [[Suncus etruscus]] | Suncus etruscus | 54 | | [[File:Suncus etruscus crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suncus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 330 | [[:d:Q323847|Q323847]] | [[Procavia capensis]] | Procavia capensis | 54 | | [[File:Cape Dassie.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procavia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 331 | [[:d:Q244770|Q244770]] | [[Gerbillinae]] | Gerbillinae | 54 | | [[File:Chibita gerbil 2002 10 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Murides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 332 | [[:d:Q60205|Q60205]] | [[Tarsius]] | Tarsius | 54 | | [[File:Tarsius spectrumgurskyae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tarsiidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 333 | [[:d:Q471785|Q471785]] | [[Hippotragus equinus]] | Hippotragus equinus | 54 | | [[File:Hippotragus equinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hippotragus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 334 | [[:d:Q237286|Q237286]] | [[Oryx leucoryx]] | Oryx leucoryx | 54 | | [[File:Oryx.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 335 | [[:d:Q207906|Q207906]] | [[Elaphurus davidianus]] | Elaphurus davidianus | 54 | | [[File:Elaphurus davidianus - 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Elaphurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 336 | [[:d:Q273580|Q273580]] | [[Tetracerus quadricornis]] | Tetracerus quadricornis | 54 | | [[File:Four-horned Antelope.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tetracerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 337 | [[:d:Q233608|Q233608]] | [[Equus ferus ferus]] | Equus ferus ferus | 54 | | [[File:Kherson tarpan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Equus ferus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 338 | [[:d:Q782603|Q782603]] | [[Balaenidae]] | Balaenidae | 54 | | [[File:Eubalaena glacialis with calf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cetacea]] | [[Balaenoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 339 | [[:d:Q40261|Q40261]] | [[Trichechus manatus]] | Trichechus manatus | 53 | | [[File:Manatee with calf.PD - colour corrected.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Trichechus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 340 | [[:d:Q446882|Q446882]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 53 | | [[File:Fischotter Lutra lutra1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 341 | [[:d:Q210708|Q210708]] | [[Plecotus auritus]] | Plecotus auritus | 53 | | [[File:Plecotus auritus 2013-2 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Plecotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 342 | [[:d:Q513081|Q513081]] | [[civetta de palma african]] | Nandinia binotata | 53 | specie de mammifero carnivore | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nandinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 343 | [[:d:Q209324|Q209324]] | [[Pagophilus groenlandicus]] | Pagophilus groenlandicus | 53 | | [[File:Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), Greenland Sea IMG 5006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pagophilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 344 | [[:d:Q220248|Q220248]] | [[Martes flavigula]] | Martes flavigula | 53 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]]<br/>[[Charronia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 345 | [[:d:Q584064|Q584064]] | [[Martes pennanti]] | Martes pennanti | 53 | | [[File:Fisher (animal).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 346 | [[:d:Q295994|Q295994]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii | 53 | | [[File:Rüppell's fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 347 | [[:d:Q176901|Q176901]] | [[Pipistrellus pipistrellus]] | Pipistrellus pipistrellus | 53 | | [[File:Pipistrellus pipistrellus lateral.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 348 | [[:d:Q37212|Q37212]] | [[Lemuriformes]] | Lemuriformes | 53 | | [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Strepsirrhini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 349 | [[:d:Q748185|Q748185]] | [[Lepus capensis]] | Lepus capensis | 53 | | [[File:Cape Hare, near Prince Albert, Western Cape, South Africa - panoramio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lepus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 350 | [[:d:Q1114471|Q1114471]] | [[Tarsiidae]] | Tarsiidae | 53 | | [[File:Tarsier Hugs Mossy Branch.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tarsiiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 351 | [[:d:Q286088|Q286088]] | [[Cavia]] | Cavia | 53 | | [[File:Wildmeerschweinchen-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caviinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 352 | [[:d:Q204175|Q204175]] | [[Mesocricetus auratus]] | Mesocricetus auratus | 53 | | [[File:Golden hamster front 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Cricetinae]] | [[Mesocricetus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 353 | [[:d:Q329187|Q329187]] | [[Tamias sibiricus]] | Tamias sibiricus | 53 | | [[File:Streifenhoernchen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[invasive species]] | | [[Eutamias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 354 | [[:d:Q751636|Q751636]] | [[Papio cynocephalus]] | Papio cynocephalus | 53 | | [[File:Amboseli National Park, Kenya (53470637505).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Papio]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 355 | [[:d:Q221434|Q221434]] | [[Mandrillus leucophaeus]] | Mandrillus leucophaeus | 53 | | [[File:Drill Lincolnparkzoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mandrillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 356 | [[:d:Q494436|Q494436]] | [[Naemorhedus goral]] | Naemorhedus goral | 53 | | [[File:The Himalayan Ghoral.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Naemorhedus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 357 | [[:d:Q372169|Q372169]] | [[Axis porcinus]] | Axis porcinus | 53 | | [[File:Axis porcinus - Flickr - Lip Kee (1).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyelaphus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 358 | [[:d:Q232558|Q232558]] | [[Babyrousa]] | Babyrousa | 53 | | [[File:Hirscheber1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Babyrousini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 359 | [[:d:Q215332|Q215332]] | [[Stenella coeruleoalba]] | Stenella coeruleoalba | 53 | | [[File:Stenella coeruleoalba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Stenella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 360 | [[:d:Q221056|Q221056]] | [[Balaenoptera brydei]] | Balaenoptera brydei | 53 | | [[File:Balaenoptera brydei.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Balaenoptera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 361 | [[:d:Q193683|Q193683]] | [[Eubalaena glacialis]] | Eubalaena glacialis | 53 | | [[File:Eubalaena glacialis with calf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eubalaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 362 | [[:d:Q737413|Q737413]] | [[Rhinolophus ferrumequinum]] | Rhinolophus ferrumequinum | 52 | | [[File:Greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) Hrdovicka.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhinolophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 363 | [[:d:Q626023|Q626023]] | [[Mirounga angustirostris]] | Mirounga angustirostris | 52 | | [[File:Elephant seals fighting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 364 | [[:d:Q42592|Q42592]] | [[Prionailurus]] | Prionailurus | 52 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 365 | [[:d:Q270748|Q270748]] | [[Puma]] | Puma | 52 | | [[File:Puma - 49044464307.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 366 | [[:d:Q1383362|Q1383362]] | [[tigon]] | Panthera tigris × Panthera leo | 52 | | [[File:Tigon4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 367 | [[:d:Q275163|Q275163]] | [[Neofelis diardi]] | Neofelis diardi | 52 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 368 | [[:d:Q221094|Q221094]] | [[leon berbere]] | Panthera leo leo | 52 | | [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[population]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 369 | [[:d:Q368623|Q368623]] | [[Lorisidae]] | Lorisidae | 52 | | [[File:Loris tardigradus tardigradus 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lorisiformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 370 | [[:d:Q271785|Q271785]] | [[Cheirogaleidae]] | Cheirogaleidae | 52 | | [[File:Microcebus myoxinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cheirogaleoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 371 | [[:d:Q752467|Q752467]] | [[Manis crassicaudata]] | Manis crassicaudata | 52 | | [[File:IndianPangolin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Manis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 372 | [[:d:Q269728|Q269728]] | [[Manis javanica]] | Manis javanica | 52 | | [[File:Pangolin borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paramanis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 373 | [[:d:Q273565|Q273565]] | [[Kobus leche]] | Kobus leche | 52 | | [[File:Leaping Lechwe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Kobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 374 | [[:d:Q216871|Q216871]] | [[Apodemus flavicollis]] | Apodemus flavicollis | 52 | | [[File:Apodemus.flavicollis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Apodemus]]<br/>[[Sylvaemus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 375 | [[:d:Q369817|Q369817]] | [[Oryx dammah]] | Oryx dammah | 52 | | [[File:Oryx Dammah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Oryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 376 | [[:d:Q271705|Q271705]] | [[Eudorcas thomsonii]] | Eudorcas thomsonii | 52 | | [[File:Eudorcas thomsonii 313407401 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eudorcas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 377 | [[:d:Q312054|Q312054]] | [[Megaloceros giganteus]] | Megaloceros giganteus | 52 | | [[File:Megaloceros 1856.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megaloceros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 378 | [[:d:Q543424|Q543424]] | [[Pongo abelii]] | Pongo abelii | 52 | | [[File:Orangutan 103.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[endemic species]] | | [[Pongo (taxon)|Pongo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 379 | [[:d:Q208132|Q208132]] | [[Pseudorca crassidens]] | Pseudorca crassidens | 52 | | [[File:False killer whale 890002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudorca]] | [[Blackfish]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 380 | [[:d:Q244410|Q244410]] | [[Eubalaena australis]] | Eubalaena australis | 52 | | [[File:Southern right whale6.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eubalaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 381 | [[:d:Q244587|Q244587]] | [[Peramelemorphia]] | Peramelemorphia | 51 | | [[File:Taxidermied Bandicoot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Australidelphia]]<br/>[[Marsupiales|Marsupialia]]<br/>[[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Agreodontia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 382 | [[:d:Q206538|Q206538]] | [[Myrmecophagidae]] | Myrmecophagidae | 51 | | [[File:Myresluger2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vermilingua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 383 | [[:d:Q613760|Q613760]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsi | 51 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 384 | [[:d:Q322145|Q322145]] | [[Martes americana]] | Martes americana | 51 | | [[File:Marten bounding through the snow (512488bd-68e6-4b67-8e14-95657c022029).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 385 | [[:d:Q734351|Q734351]] | [[Viverricula indica]] | Viverricula indica | 51 | | [[File:Small Indian Civet (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 386 | [[:d:Q216441|Q216441]] | [[Canis lupus arctos]] | Canis lupus arctos | 51 | | [[File:Arctic Wolf in Aulavik National Park 04 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 387 | [[:d:Q23351|Q23351]] | [[Chrysochloridae]] | Chrysochloridae | 51 | | [[File:NHM Chrysospalax trevelyani (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysochloridea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 388 | [[:d:Q58949|Q58949]] | [[Muroidea]] | Muroidea | 51 | | [[File:Feldmaus Microtus arvalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Rodentia]] | [[Myomorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 389 | [[:d:Q1192405|Q1192405]] | [[Lemuroidea]] | Lemuroidea | 51 | | [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lemuriformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 390 | [[:d:Q244372|Q244372]] | [[Sorex minutus]] | Sorex minutus | 51 | | [[File:Sorex minutus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Sorex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 391 | [[:d:Q842283|Q842283]] | [[Manis pentadactyla]] | Manis pentadactyla | 51 | | [[File:Manis pentadactyla (29054818144).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Manis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 392 | [[:d:Q504247|Q504247]] | [[Alouatta]] | Alouatta | 51 | | [[File:Mantled howler monkey and baby (81337)2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alouattinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 393 | [[:d:Q339418|Q339418]] | [[Rattus exulans]] | Rattus exulans | 51 | | [[File:Pacific rat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ratto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 394 | [[:d:Q220271|Q220271]] | [[Tapirus terrestris]] | Tapirus terrestris | 51 | | [[File:Brazilian tapir zoo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 395 | [[:d:Q208043|Q208043]] | [[Hylobates lar]] | Hylobates lar | 51 | | [[File:Hylobates lar - Kaeng Krachan WB.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hylobates]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 396 | [[:d:Q465019|Q465019]] | [[Pseudois nayaur]] | Pseudois nayaur | 51 | | [[File:Bharal - Shreeram M V - Kibber, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudois]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 397 | [[:d:Q111463|Q111463]] | [[Paranthropus]] | Paranthropus | 51 | | [[File:Paranthropus-boisei-Nairobi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Australopithecinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 398 | [[:d:Q189466|Q189466]] | [[Ovis canadensis]] | Ovis canadensis | 51 | | [[File:Big Horn Sheep.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ovis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 399 | [[:d:Q239272|Q239272]] | [[Australopithecus africanus]] | Australopithecus africanus | 51 | | [[File:Mrs Ples Face.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Australopithecus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 400 | [[:d:Q328516|Q328516]] | [[Capra nubiana]] | Capra nubiana | 51 | | [[File:Israel. Nubian ibex (15625972648).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 401 | [[:d:Q754947|Q754947]] | [[Capra sibirica]] | Capra sibirica | 51 | | [[File:Siberian Ibex.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 402 | [[:d:Q501491|Q501491]] | [[Capreolus pygargus]] | Capreolus pygargus | 51 | | [[File:Siberian roe deer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Capreolus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 403 | [[:d:Q3645260|Q3645260]] | [[Phacochoerus]] | Phacochoerus | 51 | | [[File:Desert Warthog, Samburu, Kenya 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phacochoerini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 404 | [[:d:Q498993|Q498993]] | [[Erinaceus]] | Erinaceus | 50 | | [[File:Erinaceus europeaus (DarkAn9el).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Erinaceinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 405 | [[:d:Q214287|Q214287]] | [[Cystophora cristata]] | Cystophora cristata | 50 | | [[File:2016-klappmützemuseumkoenig.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cystophora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 406 | [[:d:Q434197|Q434197]] | [[Mustela altaica]] | Mustela altaica | 50 | | [[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 407 | [[:d:Q757265|Q757265]] | [[Viverra zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha | 50 | | [[File:Large Indian Civet, Viverra zibetha in Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 408 | [[:d:Q214869|Q214869]] | [[Eptesicus serotinus]] | Eptesicus serotinus | 50 | | [[File:Eptesicus serotinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eptesicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 409 | [[:d:Q626049|Q626049]] | [[Paguma larvata]] | Paguma larvata | 50 | | [[File:202309 Masked palm civet.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 410 | [[:d:Q832036|Q832036]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus | 50 | specie de mammal | [[File:Leão baio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 411 | [[:d:Q148462|Q148462]] | [[Nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua | 50 | | [[File:Coati roux Amiens 4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 412 | [[:d:Q270098|Q270098]] | [[Macropus giganteus]] | Macropus giganteus | 50 | | [[File:Eastern grey kangaroo dec07 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macropus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 413 | [[:d:Q745751|Q745751]] | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis | 50 | | [[File:San Joaquin kit fox male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 414 | [[:d:Q175626|Q175626]] | [[Indridae]] | Indriidae | 50 | | [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[primate]]<br/>[[Lemuroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 415 | [[:d:Q465986|Q465986]] | [[Neomys fodiens]] | Neomys fodiens | 50 | | [[File:Neomys fodiens TF 090829.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neomys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 416 | [[:d:Q465786|Q465786]] | [[Eliomys quercinus]] | Eliomys quercinus | 50 | | [[File:Eliomys quercinus01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eliomys]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 417 | [[:d:Q276290|Q276290]] | [[Heterocephalus glaber]] | Heterocephalus glaber | 50 | | [[File:Nacktmull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Heterocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 418 | [[:d:Q244361|Q244361]] | [[Callithrix pygmaea]] | Callithrix pygmaea | 50 | | [[File:Dværgsilkeabe Callithrix pygmaea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callithrix]]<br/>[[Cebuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 419 | [[:d:Q223960|Q223960]] | [[Tapirus pinchaque]] | Tapirus pinchaque | 50 | | [[File:Mountain Tapir.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tapirus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 420 | [[:d:Q506518|Q506518]] | [[Macaca silenus]] | Macaca silenus | 50 | | [[File:Lion Tailed Macaque aggression.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macaca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 421 | [[:d:Q239032|Q239032]] | [[Tragelaphus angasii]] | Tragelaphus angasii | 50 | | [[File:Nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Tragelaphus]]<br/>[[Nyala]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 422 | [[:d:Q106565|Q106565]] | [[Ardipithecus]] | Ardipithecus | 50 | | [[File:Ardi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Preanthropinae]]<br/>[[Australopithecine]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 423 | [[:d:Q221380|Q221380]] | [[Equus kiang]] | Equus kiang | 50 | | [[File:Equus kiang holdereri02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Equus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 424 | [[:d:Q591305|Q591305]] | [[Elephas maximus indicus]] | Elephas maximus indicus | 50 | | [[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Elephas maximus]] | [[Elephas maximus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 425 | [[:d:Q623173|Q623173]] | [[Ziphius cavirostris]] | Ziphius cavirostris | 50 | | [[File:Ziphius cavirostris 47619123 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ziphius]] | |} ---- &sum; 425 items. {{Wikidata list end}} gsz6iopdacbwpgxvfhd074aecw34j7d 14 59824 699051 682289 2026-08-26T12:58:29Z Interlingvisto 60932 699051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Politica de Espania]] pbm6g6gtv2jqkye7q2pcpvl6pasffil 0 60954 699068 696124 2026-08-26T13:16:23Z Interlingvisto 60932 699068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} '''Lingua extremaduran'''<ref>extremaduran = Extremadura + -an </ref> o '''extremadurano'''<ref>extremadurano = Extremadura + -ano </ref> es un lingua romanic occidental con alcun tractos commun con [[asturleonese]], parlate primarimente in nord-west [[Extremadura]] con vicos adjacente in le provincia de Salamanca. Su variantes septentrional es generalmente considerate un lingua extincte durante que les central e meridional es reguardate como dialectos transitional verso [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]] standard. {{Refer}} {{Linguas romanic}} [[Categoria:Linguas romanic]] 8u0drbm9bk7ev9e4fhktv3e2i1xo6i6 699069 699068 2026-08-26T13:21:32Z Interlingvisto 60932 699069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lingua |colores = lawngreen |nomine = Estremadurano |nominenative= Estremeñu |statos = {{ESP}} |region = [[Extremadura]] · [[Provincia de Salamanca]] (El Rebollar) |personas = |position = |scriptura = [[Alphabeto latin]] |typologia = | fam1 = [[Linguas indoeuropee]] | fam2 = [[Linguas italic]] | fam3 = [[Linguas romanic]] | fam4 = [[Linguas iberic]] | fam5 = '''Extremaduran''' |statos e territori= |agentia = [[OSCEC]] |iso1 = |iso2 = ast |iso3 = ext |sil = |extracto =Tolos seres humanos nacen llibres ye iguales en dinidá y dreichus. Tienen razón y conciencia y deben portase fraternálmente unus pa cun outros. |translitteration= |codice= |mappa = Asturleonese-subgroup.png |textomappa = Le asturleonese oriental reflectente in le parte inferior le varietate idiomatic del extremadurano in le actualitate, como reminiscentia historic del antique Extremadura leonese. }} '''Lingua extremaduran'''<ref>extremaduran = Extremadura + -an </ref> o '''extremadurano'''<ref>extremadurano = Extremadura + -ano </ref> es un lingua romanic occidental con alcun tractos commun con [[asturleonese]], parlate primarimente in nord-west [[Extremadura]] con vicos adjacente in le provincia de Salamanca. Su variantes septentrional es generalmente considerate un lingua extincte durante que les central e meridional es reguardate como dialectos transitional verso [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]] standard. {{Refer}} {{Linguas romanic}} [[Categoria:Linguas romanic]] bnolbutnxerp3z5ixj7uf0z9uj1nvxg 699070 699069 2026-08-26T13:22:01Z Interlingvisto 60932 699070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lingua |colores = lawngreen |nomine = Estremadurano |nominenative= Estremeñu |statos = {{ESP}} [[Espania]] |region = [[Extremadura]] · [[Provincia de Salamanca]] (El Rebollar) |personas = |position = |scriptura = [[Alphabeto latin]] |typologia = | fam1 = [[Linguas indoeuropee]] | fam2 = [[Linguas italic]] | fam3 = [[Linguas romanic]] | fam4 = [[Linguas iberic]] | fam5 = '''Extremaduran''' |statos e territori= |agentia = [[OSCEC]] |iso1 = |iso2 = ast |iso3 = ext |sil = |extracto =Tolos seres humanos nacen llibres ye iguales en dinidá y dreichus. Tienen razón y conciencia y deben portase fraternálmente unus pa cun outros. |translitteration= |codice = |mappa = [[File:Asturleonese-subgroup.png|197px]] |textomappa = Le asturleonese oriental reflectente in le parte inferior le varietate idiomatic del extremadurano in le actualitate, como reminiscentia historic del antique Extremadura leonese. }} '''Lingua extremaduran'''<ref>extremaduran = Extremadura + -an </ref> o '''extremadurano'''<ref>extremadurano = Extremadura + -ano </ref> es un lingua romanic occidental con alcun tractos commun con [[asturleonese]], parlate primarimente in nord-west [[Extremadura]] con vicos adjacente in le provincia de Salamanca. Su variantes septentrional es generalmente considerate un lingua extincte durante que les central e meridional es reguardate como dialectos transitional verso [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]] standard. {{Refer}} {{Linguas romanic}} [[Categoria:Linguas romanic]] 18fh3sququll8bfpog63v7r525uysf8 699071 699070 2026-08-26T13:22:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 699071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lingua |colores = lawngreen |nomine = Estremadurano |nominenative= Estremeñu |statos = {{ESP}} [[Espania]] |region = [[Extremadura]] · [[Provincia de Salamanca]] (El Rebollar) |personas = |position = |scriptura = [[Alphabeto latin]] |typologia = | fam1 = [[Linguas indoeuropee]] | fam2 = [[Linguas italic]] | fam3 = [[Linguas romanic]] | fam4 = [[Linguas iberic]] | fam5 = '''Extremaduran''' |statos e territori= |agentia = [[OSCEC]] |iso1 = |iso2 = ast |iso3 = ext |sil = |extracto =Tolos seres humanos nacen llibres ye iguales en dinidá y dreichus. Tienen razón y conciencia y deben portase fraternálmente unus pa cun outros. |translitteration= |codice = |mappa = [[File:Asturleonese-subgroup.png|197px]] |textomappa = Le asturleonese oriental reflectente in le parte inferior le varietate idiomatic del extremadurano in le actualitate, como reminiscentia historic del antique Extremadura leonese. }} '''Lingua extremaduran'''<ref>extremaduran = Extremadura + -an </ref> o '''extremadurano'''<ref>extremadurano = Extremadura + -ano </ref> es un lingua romanic occidental con alcun tractos commun con [[asturleonese]], parlate primarimente in nord-west [[Extremadura]] con vicos adjacente in le [[provincia de Salamanca]]. Su variantes septentrional es generalmente considerate un lingua extincte durante que les central e meridional es reguardate como dialectos transitional verso [[Lingua espaniol|espaniol]] standard. {{Refer}} {{Linguas romanic}} [[Categoria:Linguas romanic]] iujks32qu12puhud7ng7vuwuqn2pddp 2 61141 699047 699031 2026-08-26T12:20:55Z Interlingvisto 60932 699047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2}} Mi objectivo es ameliorar le qualitate del articulos del Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic. == Articulos facite == * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Michel Foucault]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] hbt6yvb6ri6oj7bh2kxsgmpegpuho57 699092 699047 2026-08-26T14:25:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 699092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2}} Mi objectivo es ameliorar le qualitate del articulos del Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic. == Articulos facite == * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Michel Foucault]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 88ztffqdqn2m4b6ror4prbfbhj4203e 699113 699092 2026-08-27T07:14:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 699113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2}} Mi objectivo es ameliorar le qualitate del articulos del Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic. == Articulos facite == * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Michel Foucault]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 29p1xaidrxtwe140akp864t6qsyr6bq 699124 699113 2026-08-27T07:25:49Z Interlingvisto 60932 699124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2}} Mi objectivo es ameliorar le qualitate del articulos del Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic. == Articulos facite == * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Michel Foucault]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] ibv06cvw9utyts6qf4vv3nlq1qcabdy 699128 699124 2026-08-27T07:35:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 699128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2}} Mi objectivo es ameliorar le qualitate del articulos del Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic. == Articulos facite == * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Michel Foucault]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] sn644sii12sowbug4s1vtoxb7tpah6q 0 61173 699129 698915 2026-08-27T08:27:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 699129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Niccolò Foscolo''', appellate '''Ugo''' (Zante, 6 de februario 1778 – Londres, 10 de septembre 1827), esseva un poeta, scriptor, dramaturgo, traductor, critico litterari e patriota italian, considerate un del principal litteratos del [[Neoclassicismo]] e del [[Preromanticismo]]. Ille esseva un del plus notabile esponentes litterari italian del periodo al transition inter le seculos XVIII e XIX, in le qual se manifestava e comenciava a apparer in Italia le correntes neoclassic e [[romanticismo|romantic]], durante le [[etate napoleonica]] e le prime [[Restauration]]. Obligate depost su juventute a eloignar se de su [[patria]] (le insula [[Grecia|grec]] de Zacinto/Zákynthos, hodie cognoscite in italiano como [[Zante]]), tunc territorio del [[Republica de Venetia]], il se sentiva un exul pro tote su vita, disradicate de un mundo de [[Ideale (etica)|ideales]] classic in le qual il habeva nascite e crescite, per medio de su formation litterari e le ligamine con le terra de su ancestres (malgrado un fortissime ligamine con Italia, que il considerava su proprie matrepatria). Su vita esseva characterisate per viages e fugas, a causa de motivos politic (il militava in le fortias armate del [[repubbliche sorelle|Statos napoleonic]], sed de maniera multo critic, e il esseva un oppositor del [[impero austriaco|austriacos]], a causa de su character orgogliose, de su sentimentos italian e de su convictiones [[repubblicanesimo|republican]]), e il, prive de fide religiose e incapace de trovar felicitate in le amor de un femina, sentiva semper intra se un furer de passiones.<ref>"E dum io contempla tu pace, dormi / ille spirito guerrero que ruge intra me" (''Al vespera'')</ref> Como multe intellectuales de su epocha, il se sentiva totevia attracte per le splendide imagines del [[Hellade]], symbolo de harmonia e de virtute, in que su [[rationalismo]] e su [[titanismo]] de character [[romanticismo|romantic]] se distemperava in imagines serene de compostura [[Neoclassicismo|neoclassic]], secundo le inseniamento de [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann|Winckelmann]].<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.parodos.it/letteraturafoscolo.htm|titolo=UGO FOSCOLO|editore=Babilonia|accesso=23 de novembre 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422003226/http://www.parodos.it/letteraturafoscolo.htm|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2026-08-22|archivedate=2017-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422003226/http://www.parodos.it/letteraturafoscolo.htm}}</ref> Retornate per breve tempore a viver permanentemente in Italia e in le [[Lombardia-Venetia]] (alora ancora parte del [[Regno de Italia (1805-1814)|Regno de Italia napoleonian]]) in 1813, ille partiva tosto pro un nove exilio voluntari e moriva povre alcun annos plus tarde in [[London]], in le suburbio de [[Turnham Green]]. Post le [[Unification de Italia]], in 1871, su cinere esseva reportate per decreto del governo italian in le patria e inhumate in le [[basilica de Santa Croce]] in Firenze, le ''Tempio del Glorias Italic'' que ille cantava in le ''[[Dei Sepolcri|Sepolcri]]'' (1806). == Biographia == [[File:Oygosfoscolos.jpg|thumb|Lapide con epitaffio de Ugo Foscolo a [[Zante]] ([[Grecia]])]] === Origines familiar === {{Citation|Salve Zacinto! all'anticor prode, / del sancte Lari Idei ultime albergo / e de mi patres, darò le carmes e le ossa, / e a te le pensamento: nam piamente a iste / Dee non parla qui le patria oblia.|Ugo Foscolo, ''Le Grazie'', Inno I, vv. 108-111}} Foscolo nasceva in [[Zante]] (anque cognoscite como ''Zacinto'', a qui ille dedicara un de su sonetos plus celebre), insula del [[Insulas Ionie|archipelago ionian]] que desde plure seculos esseva un [[Insulas Ionie sub le dominio venetian|possession]] del [[Republica de Venetia]], le 6 de februario 1778, filio de Andrea Foscolo ([[Corfu (citá)|Corfu]] 1754 - [[Spalato]], 13 de octobre 1788), [[Medico de bordo|medico de nave]] de origines [[Venetia]], e del [[Grecos|greca]] Diamantina Spathis (o Spathys; septembre 1747 - 28 de april 1817), qui se maritava in Zante le 5 de maio 1777 secundo le rito [[Ecclesia catholic|catholic]]. Ille esseva le primogenito de quatro fratres; le sequeva le soror Rubina (del nomine del avia maternal; 21 de decembre 1779 - 1867) e le duo fratres que moriva per suicidio, [[Giovanni Foscolo|Gian Dionisio]] (dicte Giovanni o Giovanni Dionigi; Zante, 27 de februario 1781 - Venetia, 8 de decembre 1801) e [[Giulio Foscolo|Costantino Angelo]] (dicte Giulio; Spalato, 7 de decembre 1787 - [[Hungaria]] 1838).<ref name=treccani/><ref>G. Nicoletti, ''Foscolo'', Roma 2006, p. 21</ref> Ille esseva nominate Niccolò como le avo paternal — anque ille medico —, ma preferiva ipse denominar se Ugo desde su juventute. Il sembla que isto esseva le nomine del legendari progenitor de su familia, membro del ''[[gens Aurelia]]'', qui se transferiva de [[Roma]] al [[laguna Veneta|laguna venetian]], durante le [[invasiones barbaric]], pro fundar [[Rialto (Venetia)|Rialto]];<ref name=treccani/> in realitate, il non es certe si le Foscolo descendeva, como illes declarava, de un ramo decadite del [[Foscolo (familia)|familia homonyme]] de sanguine del [[patriciato venetian|patriciato]].<ref name=treccani/><ref>{{cita|Pecchio|pp. 10-12}}.</ref> Alteres affirma que le nomine esseva un tributo a [[Ugo de Basseville]], diplomate e [[Revolution francese|revolutionario francese]] assassinate per le turba in [[Roma]] in 1793 pro su ostentate [[anticlericalismo]] e admirate per Foscolo insimul con [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] durante le periodo italian «[[Republicas soror|jacobin]]» (1796-1799).<ref>{{cita web|url=[http://www.sapere.it/sapere/strumenti/studiafacile/letteratura-italiana/lottocento_/a2_ugo_foscolo/La-vita-e-le-opere.htm|titulo=Foscolo](http://www.sapere.it/sapere/strumenti/studiafacile/letteratura-italiana/lottocento_/a2_ugo_foscolo/La-vita-e-le-opere.htm|titulo=Foscolo): vita e obras|accesso=6 maio 2020|urlarchivio=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171214040732/http://www.sapere.it/sapere/strumenti/studiafacile/letteratura-italiana/lottocento_/a2_ugo_foscolo/La-vita-e-le-opere.html}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20171214040732/http://www.sapere.it/sapere/strumenti/studiafacile/letteratura-italiana/lottocento_/a2_ugo_foscolo/La-vita-e-le-opere.html}})</ref> Certemente le familia esseva longe de esser benestante: le patre esseva un medico modeste (del resto inclinate al prodigalitate), durante que le matre, ben que illa esseva vidua in prime nuptias del nobile Giovanni Aquila Serra, esseva filia de un sastre de Zante. Ille passava le infantia in un parve casa que se trovava ante le ecclesia del Beate Virgine Odigitria (del grec bizantin ''Οδηγήτρια'', «qui conduce monstrante le via»)<ref name=treccani>{{DBI|ugo-foscolo|FOSCOLO, Ugo|autore=Mario Scotti|accesso=24 januario 2012|volume=49|anno=1997}}</ref> e que esseva destruite a causa de un terraemoto in 1953.<ref>G. Bezzola, ''Notitias utile'', in U. Foscolo, ''Ultime litteras de Jacopo Ortis'', Milano, BUR, 2006, p. 30.</ref> Foscolo recordara sempre le citate ubi ille nasceva e plus vices cantara su insula natal.<ref>{{cita|Pecchio|pp. 14-15|Pecchio}}.</ref> Ille scribeva le 29 de septembre 1808 a su cosino<ref>[[Marcello Pagnini]], "Le sonetto [A Zacinto]. Essay theoretic e critic super le polyvalentia functional del obra poetic", in ''Strumenti critici'', 23 (1974), pp. 41-64.</ref> [[Prussia|prussiano]] Jakob Salomon Bartholdy: {{Citation|Ben que italian per education e per origine, e determinate, qualque sia le evento, a lassar mi cinere sub le ruinas de Italia plus tosto que sub le umbra del palmas de qualcunque alter terra plus gloriose e plus allegre, io, durante que io memora me ipse, non oblidara jammais que io nasceva de matre grec, que io esseva lactate per un nutrice grec e que io videva le prime radio de sol in le ''clara e sylvosa Zacinto'', que ancora resonava del versos con que [[Homero]] e [[Theocrito]] la celebrava.|Ugo Foscolo, ''Epistolario'', littera del 29 de septembre 1808}} === Annos de formation in Zante (1778-1792) === [[File:9220 - Venezia - Casa di Ugo Foscolo in Campo de le gatte - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 30-Sept-2007.jpg|thumb|left|Le casa venetian de Foscolo]] Ille passava parte de su infantia in [[Dalmatia]], post haber se transferite in 1785 con le familia a [[Spalato]], ubi Andrea se habeva movite le anno precedente pro prender le posto de priore e chirurgo in le hospital militar local, in substitution del defuncte patre Niccolò<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | titolo = Un manoscritto di Niccolò Foscolo in Istria | autore = Attilio Craglietto | rivista = La Porta Orientale | numero = 3-4 | volume = III | editore = La Compagnia Volontari Giuliani e Dalmati | città = Trieste | data = marzo-aprile 1933 | anno = 1933 | p = 299 }}</ref>; presso le [[seminario]] [[archidiocese de Zara|archiepiscopal]] de ille citate, ille compliva como externe su prime studios, sequite per monsignor Francesco Gianuizzi usque al morte subite de su patre, occurrite le [[13 octobre]] 1788, que le fortiava a retornar a [[Zante]], ubi ille continuava le schola e apprendeva le prime elementos del [[grec antique]], monstrante se tamen como un studente rebel al disciplina e non troppo inclinate al studio.<ref>{{cita|Pecchio|pp. 7-30}}.</ref> Le character passionate e adverse al injustitias de Foscolo se manifestava jam in un episodio del annos passate in Zante: le population voleva un die assaltar le [[ghetto]] [[ebreos|ebraic]] del parve citate, [[antisemitismo|cercante in le ebreos]] un [[capro expiatori]], como sovente occurreva. Foscolo riusciva tamen a impedir le assalto: quando le portas esseva a puncto de ceder, le juvene Ugo saltava super le muro de clausura e critava al turba: «Vigliaccos, retro, vigliaccos!». Le turba esseva impressionate per isto e se dispergeva, renunciante a su proposito.<ref>{{cita web|url=[http://www.morasha.it/ebrei_italia/ebrei_italia09.html|titulo=Breve](http://www.morasha.it/ebrei_italia/ebrei_italia09.html|titulo=Breve) historia del ebreos de Italia|accesso=6 maio 2020|urlarchivio=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080224/http://www.morasha.it/ebrei_italia/ebrei_italia09.html|titulo=IX](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080224/http://www.morasha.it/ebrei_italia/ebrei_italia09.html|titulo=IX). Le lucta pro le Independentia}}</ref> {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == *Giorgio Leonardi, ''Ugo Foscolo. Imprese, amori e opere di un ribelle'', Edizioni della Sera, Roma, 2018. *''Atti dei convegni foscoliani'', Roma, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, 3 voll., 1988. * [[Pellegrino Artusi]], ''Vita di Ugo Foscolo. Note al Carme dei Sepolti'', [[Casa Editrice Barbèra]], Firenze 1878. * [[Walter Binni]], ''Ugo Foscolo: storia e poesia'', [[Giulio Einaudi Editore|Einaudi]], Torino 1982 (Piccola biblioteca Einaudi; 428). * [[Luigi Carrer]], ''Prose edite e inedite di Ugo Foscolo'', Venezia, Co' tipi del Gondoliere, 1852. * [[Lanfranco Caretti]], ''Foscolo: persuasione e retorica'', Nistri-Lischi, Pisa 1996 (Saggi di varia umanità; 32). * Marco Cerruti, ''Introduzione a Foscolo'', Bari, Laterza, 1990. * Claudio Chiancone, ''La scuola di Cesarotti e gli esordi del giovane Foscolo'', Pisa, Edizioni ETS, 2012. * Federigo Gilbert de Winckels, ''Vita di Ugo Foscolo'', Verona, Münster, 1885-1898, 3 voll.. * Christian Del Vento, ''Un allievo della rivoluzione. Ugo Foscolo dal «noviziato poetico» al «nuovo classicismo» (1795-1806)'', Bologna, CLUEB, 2003. * [[Mario Fubini]], ''Ortis e Didimo. Ricerche e interpretazioni foscoliane'', [[Feltrinelli]], Milano 1963. * Mario Fubini, ''Ugo Foscolo'', Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1967. * [[Carlo Emilio Gadda]], ''Il guerriero, l'amazzone, lo spirito della poesia nel verso immortale del Foscolo'', 1958. * [[Alberto Granese]], ''Ugo Foscolo. Tra le folgori e la notte'', Salerno, Edisud, 2004. * [[Oreste Macrì]], ''Semantica e metrica dei Sepolcri del Foscolo'' 2ª ed. corr. e aumentata, [[Bulzoni editore]], Roma 1995 (L'analisi letteraria; 19) (1ª ed. 1978). * [[Mario Martelli]], ''Ugo Foscolo. Introduzione e guida allo studio dell'opera foscoliana. Storia e antologia della critica'', Firenze, Le Monnier, 1969. * Giuseppe Nicoletti, ''Foscolo'', [[Salerno Editrice]], Roma 2006, ISBN 978-88-8402-522-7. * Matteo Palumbo, ''Foscolo'', il Mulino, Bologna, 2010, ISBN 978-88-15-13212-3. * {{cita libro|autore=[[Giuseppe Pecchio]]|titolo=Vita di Ugo Foscolo scritta da Giuseppe Pecchio|anno=1830|editore=G. Ruggia|città=Lugano|sbn=LO1E003078|cid=Pecchio}} * [[Bruno Rosada]], ''La giovinezza di Niccolò Ugo Foscolo'', Padova, Antenore, 1992. * [[Michele Saponaro]], ''Foscolo'', Milano, Garzanti, 1943. * {{Cita libro|autore=[[Maria Antonietta Terzoli]]|titolo=Foscolo|città=Roma-Bari|editore=Editori Laterza|anno=2000|isbn=88-420-6173-5|cid=Terzoli}} * Eric Reginald Vincent, ''Ugo Foscolo esule fra gli inglesi'', a c. di U. Limentani, Firenze, Le Monnier, 1954. [[Categoria:Autores romantic]] [[Categoria:Criticos litterari italian del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Criticos litterari italian del seculo XIX]] [[Categoria:Federalistas]] [[Categoria:Fundatores de revistas italian]] [[Categoria:Greco-italianos]] [[Categoria:Italianos emigrate in Anglaterra]] [[Categoria:Italianos emigrate in Suissa]] [[Categoria:Francmasones]] [[Categoria:Membros del Academia de Scientias de Turin]] [[Categoria:Memorialistas italian]] [[Categoria:Militares italian del seculo XIX]] [[Categoria:Neoclassicismo]] [[Categoria:Nobiles e citadanos del Republica de Venetia]] [[Categoria:Patriotas italian del seculo XVIII]] [[Categoria:Patriotas italian del seculo XIX]] [[Categoria:Personalitates commemorate con funerales de Stato]] [[Categoria:Personalitates del Risorgimento]] [[Categoria:Militares del guerras napoleonic]] [[Categoria:Poetas romantic]] [[Categoria:Professores del Universitate de Pavia]] [[Categoria:Refugiatos]] [[Categoria:Scriptores atheo]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de viage]] [[Categoria:Sepulte in le Basilica de Santa Croce]] [[Categoria:Studentes del Universitate de Padua]] [[Categoria:Traductores del greco antique]] [[Categoria:Traductores del latino]] [[Categoria:Traductores del anglese al italiano]] [[Categoria:Traductores italian]] [[Categoria:Ugo Foscolo| ]] 2fl8w1dt57dchxnu3evcn56xgb8mpv0 0 61185 699044 2026-08-26T12:18:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Terence Kemp McKenna''' (16 de novembre de 1946 – 3 de april 2000) esseva un [[Etnobotanica|etnobotanista]], conferentiante e autor american qui advocava le uso responsabile de [[Planta psychoactive|plantes]] e [[Fungo psilocybin|fungos]] psychedelic naturalmente occurrente. Il parlava e scribeva sur un varietate de subjectos, includente le [[Droga psychedelic|drogas psychedelic]], le [[Entheogen|entheogenos]] de origine vegetal, le...” 699044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Terence Kemp McKenna''' (16 de novembre de 1946 – 3 de april 2000) esseva un [[Etnobotanica|etnobotanista]], conferentiante e autor american qui advocava le uso responsabile de [[Planta psychoactive|plantes]] e [[Fungo psilocybin|fungos]] psychedelic naturalmente occurrente. Il parlava e scribeva sur un varietate de subjectos, includente le [[Droga psychedelic|drogas psychedelic]], le [[Entheogen|entheogenos]] de origine vegetal, le [[Shamanismo|shamanismo]], le [[Metaphysica|metaphysica]], le [[Alchimia|alchimia]], le [[Lingua|linguage]], le [[Philosophia|philosophia]], le [[Cultura|cultura]], le [[Technologia|technologia]], le [[Ethnomycologia|ethnomycologia]], le [[Environmentalismo|environmentalismo]] e le origines theoretic del [[Conscientia|conscientia]] human. Il esseva appellate le «[[Timothy Leary|Timothy Leary]] del annos 1990»,<ref>{{cite book |last=Znamenski |first=Andrei A. |title=The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803849-8 |page=138}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Horgan |first=John |author-link=John Horgan (journalist) |title=Rational Mysticism: Spirituality Meets Science in the Search for Enlightenment |year=2004 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0-547-34780-6 |page=177}}</ref> «un del principal autoritates sur le fundamentos [[Ontologia|ontologic]] del shamanismo»,<ref name="Mavericks">{{cite book |title=Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium |year=1993 |publisher=[[Crossing Press]] |location=Freedom, California |isbn=978-0-89594-601-0 |pages=9–24 |editor1-first=David Jay |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-link=David Jay Brown |editor2-first=Rebecca McClen |editor2-last=Novick |chapter=Mushrooms, Elves And Magic}}</ref> e le «voce intellectual del [[Rave|cultura rave]]».<ref name="Partridge2006">{{cite book |last=Partridge |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Partridge |title=Reenchantment of the West |chapter=Ch. 3: Cleansing the Doors of Perception: The Contemporary Sacralization of Psychedelics |series=Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture |volume=2 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] |isbn=978-0-567-55271-6 |page=113}}</ref> Le reception critic de le obra de McKenna esseva profundemente polarizate: su criticos le accusava de promover ideas periculose e poneva in question su [[Sanitate mental|sanitate mental]], durante que alteres laudava su scriptura como innovative, humoristic e intellectualmente provocative. Nascite in [[Colorado]], ille disveloppava al etate juvene un fascination pro le natura, le psychologia e le [[Vision (spiritualitate)|experientias visionari]]. Su viages per [[Asia]] e [[America del Sud]] durante le annos 1960 e 1970 formava su theorias sur le [[Psychedelic|psychedelicos]] de origine vegetal, particularmente le [[fungo psilocybin]], que ille contribueva a popularisar per methodos de cultivo e per su scripturas. McKenna deveniva un icone del [[Controcultura|controcultura]] durante le annos 1980 e 1990, presentante conferentias sur le psychedelicos, le linguage e le [[Metaphysica|metaphysica]], durante que ille publicava libros influente e cofundava Botanical Dimensions in Hawaii. Il moriva in 2000 a causa de un [[Tumor cerebral|cancere cerebral]]. McKenna esseva un importante defensor del uso responsabile de psychedelicos natural — particularmente le fungos psilocybin, le [[Ayahuasca]] e le [[Dimethyltryptamina|DMT]] — que, secundo ille, permitteva acceder a profunde experientias visionari, [[Dimension|dimensiones alternative]] e communication con [[Intelligentia|entitates intelligente]]. Il se opponeva al [[Droga synthetic|drogas synthetic]] e al [[Religion organisate|religion organisate]], preferente le traditiones shamanic e le experientias spiritual directe e de origine vegetal. Il speculava que le fungos psilocybin poterea esser un forma de [[Vita extraterrestre|vita extraterrestre intelligente]] e proponeva le controverse [[Theoria del simia lapidate|«theoria del simia lapidate»]], argumentante que le psychedelicos catalysava le [[Evolution human|evolution human]], le linguage e le cultura. Su philosophia plus large imaginava un «reviviscimento archaic» como responsa curative al problemas del [[Era moderne|civilisation moderne]]. McKenna formulava un concepto sur le natura del tempore basate super [[Fractal|patrones fractal]] que ille pretendeva haber discoperite in le ''[[I Ching]]'', que ille appellava theoria del novitate,<ref name=Mavericks /><ref name=Jenkins /> proponiente que illo prediceva le fin del tempore e un transition del conscientia in le anno 2012.<ref name=Jenkins /><ref name=EsquireJacobson /><ref name=Dery21C /><ref name=ScientificAHorgan /> Su promotion del theoria del novitate e de su connexion con le [[Calendario maya]] es considerate un del factores que contribueva al diffusion general del credentias associate al [[Phenomeno 2012|phenomeno 2012]].<ref name="Krupp2009"/> Le theoria del novitate es considerate [[Pseudoscientia|pseudoscientia]].<ref name=bruce/><ref name=normark/> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Nascentias in 1946]] [[Categoria:Mortes in 2000]] [[Categoria:Alchimistas del seculo XX]] [[Categoria:Scriptores statounitese del seculo XX]] [[Categoria:Historicos statounitese del seculo XX]] [[Categoria:Mysticos del seculo XX]] [[Categoria:Alchimistas statounitese]] [[Categoria:Collectores statounitese de libros e manuscriptos]] [[Categoria:Activistas statounitese pro le cannabis]] [[Categoria:Criticos statounitese de religiones]] [[Categoria:Scepticos religiose statounitese]] [[Categoria:Statouniteses de descendentia irlandese]] [[Categoria:Alumnos del Antelope Valley High School]] [[Categoria:Alumnos del Universitate de California, Berkeley]] [[Categoria:Activistas de festivales del contracultura]] [[Categoria:Dimethyltryptamina]] [[Categoria:Ethnobotanicos statounitese]] [[Categoria:I Ching]] [[Categoria:Numerologos]] [[Categoria:Personas de Occidental, California]] [[Categoria:Personas de Paonia, Colorado]] [[Categoria:Defensores statounitese de drogas psychedelic]] [[Categoria:Investigatores de drogas psychedelic]] [[Categoria:Oratores public]] [[Categoria:Investigatores de psychonautica]] [[Categoria:Fungos psychoactive in le cultura]] [[Categoria:Mortes per cancere cerebral in le Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Mortes per glioblastoma]] mhm2n41gedlmpfa896ngwpaj8rzjjuc 699045 699044 2026-08-26T12:19:10Z Interlingvisto 60932 699045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Terence Kemp McKenna''' (16 de novembre de 1946 – 3 de april 2000) esseva un [[Etnobotanica|etnobotanista]], conferentiante e autor american qui advocava le uso responsabile de [[Planta psychoactive|plantes]] e [[Fungo psilocybin|fungos]] psychedelic naturalmente occurrente. Il parlava e scribeva sur un varietate de subjectos, includente le [[Droga psychedelic|drogas psychedelic]], le [[Entheogen|entheogenos]] de origine vegetal, le [[Shamanismo|shamanismo]], le [[Metaphysica|metaphysica]], le [[Alchimia|alchimia]], le [[Lingua|linguage]], le [[Philosophia|philosophia]], le [[Cultura|cultura]], le [[Technologia|technologia]], le [[Ethnomycologia|ethnomycologia]], le [[Environmentalismo|environmentalismo]] e le origines theoretic del [[Conscientia|conscientia]] human. Il esseva appellate le «[[Timothy Leary|Timothy Leary]] del annos 1990»,<ref>{{cite book |last=Znamenski |first=Andrei A. |title=The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803849-8 |page=138}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Horgan |first=John |author-link=John Horgan (journalist) |title=Rational Mysticism: Spirituality Meets Science in the Search for Enlightenment |year=2004 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0-547-34780-6 |page=177}}</ref> «un del principal autoritates sur le fundamentos [[Ontologia|ontologic]] del shamanismo»,<ref name="Mavericks">{{cite book |title=Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium |year=1993 |publisher=[[Crossing Press]] |location=Freedom, California |isbn=978-0-89594-601-0 |pages=9–24 |editor1-first=David Jay |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-link=David Jay Brown |editor2-first=Rebecca McClen |editor2-last=Novick |chapter=Mushrooms, Elves And Magic}}</ref> e le «voce intellectual del [[Rave|cultura rave]]».<ref name="Partridge2006">{{cite book |last=Partridge |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Partridge |title=Reenchantment of the West |chapter=Ch. 3: Cleansing the Doors of Perception: The Contemporary Sacralization of Psychedelics |series=Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture |volume=2 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] |isbn=978-0-567-55271-6 |page=113}}</ref> Le reception critic de le obra de McKenna esseva profundemente polarizate: su criticos le accusava de promover ideas periculose e poneva in question su [[Sanitate mental|sanitate mental]], durante que alteres laudava su scriptura como innovative, humoristic e intellectualmente provocative. Nascite in [[Colorado]], ille disveloppava al etate juvene un fascination pro le natura, le psychologia e le [[Vision (spiritualitate)|experientias visionari]]. Su viages per [[Asia]] e [[America del Sud]] durante le annos 1960 e 1970 formava su theorias sur le [[Psychedelic|psychedelicos]] de origine vegetal, particularmente le [[fungo psilocybin]], que ille contribueva a popularisar per methodos de cultivo e per su scripturas. McKenna deveniva un icone del [[Controcultura|controcultura]] durante le annos 1980 e 1990, presentante conferentias sur le psychedelicos, le linguage e le [[Metaphysica|metaphysica]], durante que ille publicava libros influente e cofundava Botanical Dimensions in Hawaii. Il moriva in 2000 a causa de un [[Tumor cerebral|cancere cerebral]]. McKenna esseva un importante defensor del uso responsabile de psychedelicos natural — particularmente le fungos psilocybin, le [[Ayahuasca]] e le [[Dimethyltryptamina|DMT]] — que, secundo ille, permitteva acceder a profunde experientias visionari, [[Dimension|dimensiones alternative]] e communication con [[Intelligentia|entitates intelligente]]. Il se opponeva al [[Droga synthetic|drogas synthetic]] e al [[Religion organisate|religion organisate]], preferente le traditiones shamanic e le experientias spiritual directe e de origine vegetal. Il speculava que le fungos psilocybin poterea esser un forma de [[Vita extraterrestre|vita extraterrestre intelligente]] e proponeva le controverse [[Theoria del simia lapidate|«theoria del simia lapidate»]], argumentante que le psychedelicos catalysava le [[Evolution human|evolution human]], le linguage e le cultura. Su philosophia plus large imaginava un «reviviscimento archaic» como responsa curative al problemas del [[Era moderne|civilisation moderne]]. McKenna formulava un concepto sur le natura del tempore basate super [[Fractal|patrones fractal]] que ille pretendeva haber discoperite in le ''[[I Ching]]'', que ille appellava theoria del novitate,<ref name=Mavericks /><ref name=Jenkins /> proponiente que illo prediceva le fin del tempore e un transition del conscientia in le anno 2012.<ref name=Jenkins /><ref name=EsquireJacobson /><ref name=Dery21C /><ref name=ScientificAHorgan /> Su promotion del theoria del novitate e de su connexion con le [[Calendario maya]] es considerate un del factores que contribueva al diffusion general del credentias associate al [[Phenomeno 2012|phenomeno 2012]].<ref name="Krupp2009"/> Le theoria del novitate es considerate [[Pseudoscientia|pseudoscientia]].<ref name=bruce/><ref name=normark/> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Alchimistas]] [[Categoria:Scriptores statounitese]] [[Categoria:Mysticos]] [[Categoria:Collectores statounitese de libros e manuscriptos]] [[Categoria:Activistas statounitese pro le cannabis]] [[Categoria:Criticos statounitese de religiones]] [[Categoria:Scepticos religiose statounitese]] [[Categoria:Statouniteses de descendentia irlandese]] [[Categoria:Activistas de festivales del contracultura]] [[Categoria:Dimethyltryptamina]] [[Categoria:Ethnobotanicos statounitese]] [[Categoria:I Ching]] [[Categoria:Numerologos]] [[Categoria:Defensores statounitese de drogas psychedelic]] [[Categoria:Investigatores de drogas psychedelic]] [[Categoria:Oratores public]] [[Categoria:Investigatores de psychonautica]] [[Categoria:Fungos psychoactive in le cultura]] [[Categoria:Mortes per cancere cerebral in le Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Mortes per glioblastoma]] 7x4iq4yoitfoklgut7u7miurxkan71m 699046 699045 2026-08-26T12:19:58Z Interlingvisto 60932 699046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Terence Kemp McKenna''' (16 de novembre de 1946 – 3 de april 2000) esseva un [[Etnobotanica|etnobotanista]], conferentiante e autor american qui advocava le uso responsabile de [[Planta psychoactive|plantes]] e [[Fungo psilocybin|fungos]] psychedelic naturalmente occurrente. Il parlava e scribeva sur un varietate de subjectos, includente le [[Droga psychedelic|drogas psychedelic]], le [[Entheogen|entheogenos]] de origine vegetal, le [[Shamanismo|shamanismo]], le [[Metaphysica|metaphysica]], le [[Alchimia|alchimia]], le [[Lingua|linguage]], le [[Philosophia|philosophia]], le [[Cultura|cultura]], le [[Technologia|technologia]], le [[Ethnomycologia|ethnomycologia]], le [[Environmentalismo|environmentalismo]] e le origines theoretic del [[Conscientia|conscientia]] human. Il esseva appellate le «[[Timothy Leary|Timothy Leary]] del annos 1990»,<ref>{{cite book |last=Znamenski |first=Andrei A. |title=The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination |year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803849-8 |page=138}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Horgan |first=John |author-link=John Horgan (journalist) |title=Rational Mysticism: Spirituality Meets Science in the Search for Enlightenment |year=2004 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0-547-34780-6 |page=177}}</ref> «un del principal autoritates sur le fundamentos [[Ontologia|ontologic]] del shamanismo»,<ref name="Mavericks">{{cite book |title=Mavericks of the Mind: Conversations for the New Millennium |year=1993 |publisher=[[Crossing Press]] |location=Freedom, California |isbn=978-0-89594-601-0 |pages=9–24 |editor1-first=David Jay |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-link=David Jay Brown |editor2-first=Rebecca McClen |editor2-last=Novick |chapter=Mushrooms, Elves And Magic}}</ref> e le «voce intellectual del [[Rave|cultura rave]]».<ref name="Partridge2006">{{cite book |last=Partridge |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Partridge |title=Reenchantment of the West |chapter=Ch. 3: Cleansing the Doors of Perception: The Contemporary Sacralization of Psychedelics |series=Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture |volume=2 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum]] |isbn=978-0-567-55271-6 |page=113}}</ref> Le reception critic de le obra de McKenna esseva profundemente polarizate: su criticos le accusava de promover ideas periculose e poneva in question su [[Sanitate mental|sanitate mental]], durante que alteres laudava su scriptura como innovative, humoristic e intellectualmente provocative. Nascite in [[Colorado]], ille disveloppava al etate juvene un fascination pro le natura, le psychologia e le [[Vision (spiritualitate)|experientias visionari]]. Su viages per [[Asia]] e [[America del Sud]] durante le annos 1960 e 1970 formava su theorias sur le [[Psychedelic|psychedelicos]] de origine vegetal, particularmente le [[fungo psilocybin]], que ille contribueva a popularisar per methodos de cultivo e per su scripturas. McKenna deveniva un icone del [[Controcultura|controcultura]] durante le annos 1980 e 1990, presentante conferentias sur le psychedelicos, le linguage e le [[Metaphysica|metaphysica]], durante que ille publicava libros influente e cofundava Botanical Dimensions in Hawaii. Il moriva in 2000 a causa de un [[Tumor cerebral|cancere cerebral]]. McKenna esseva un importante defensor del uso responsabile de psychedelicos natural — particularmente le fungos psilocybin, le [[Ayahuasca]] e le [[Dimethyltryptamina|DMT]] — que, secundo ille, permitteva acceder a profunde experientias visionari, [[Dimension|dimensiones alternative]] e communication con [[Intelligentia|entitates intelligente]]. Il se opponeva al [[Droga synthetic|drogas synthetic]] e al [[Religion organisate|religion organisate]], preferente le traditiones shamanic e le experientias spiritual directe e de origine vegetal. Il speculava que le fungos psilocybin poterea esser un forma de [[Vita extraterrestre|vita extraterrestre intelligente]] e proponeva le controverse [[Theoria del simia lapidate|«theoria del simia lapidate»]], argumentante que le psychedelicos catalysava le [[Evolution human|evolution human]], le linguage e le cultura. Su philosophia plus large imaginava un «reviviscimento archaic» como responsa curative al problemas del [[Era moderne|civilisation moderne]]. McKenna formulava un concepto sur le natura del tempore basate super [[Fractal|patrones fractal]] que ille pretendeva haber discoperite in le ''[[I Ching]]'', que ille appellava theoria del novitate,<ref name=Mavericks /><ref name=Jenkins /> proponiente que illo prediceva le fin del tempore e un transition del conscientia in le anno 2012.<ref name=Jenkins /><ref name=EsquireJacobson /><ref name=Dery21C /><ref name=ScientificAHorgan /> Su promotion del theoria del novitate e de su connexion con le [[Calendario maya]] es considerate un del factores que contribueva al diffusion general del credentias associate al [[Phenomeno 2012|phenomeno 2012]].<ref name="Krupp2009"/> Le theoria del novitate es considerate [[Pseudoscientia|pseudoscientia]].<ref name=bruce/><ref name=normark/> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Alchimistas]] [[Categoria:Scriptores]] [[Categoria:Mysticos]] [[Categoria:Collectores de libros e manuscriptos]] [[Categoria:Activistas pro le cannabis]] [[Categoria:Criticos de religiones]] [[Categoria:Scepticos religiose]] [[Categoria:Ethnobotanicos]] [[Categoria:I Ching]] [[Categoria:Numerologos]] p2raelxvipjoqqxegyrhn31ugbg2kk0 14 61186 699048 2026-08-26T12:55:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Politica de Ecuador]] [[Categoria:Ecuadorianos per activitate]] [[Categoria:Politicos per pais|Ecuador]] [[Categoria:Politicos de America|Ecuador]]” 699048 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Politica de Ecuador]] [[Categoria:Ecuadorianos per activitate]] [[Categoria:Politicos per pais|Ecuador]] [[Categoria:Politicos de America|Ecuador]] rv5gaoso91oi6e7wgdrqzsvh5zmmpay 14 61187 699049 2026-08-26T12:55:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Politica per pais|Ecuador]] [[Categoria:Politica de America del Sud per pais|Ecuador]] [[Categoria:Ecuador]]” 699049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Politica per pais|Ecuador]] [[Categoria:Politica de America del Sud per pais|Ecuador]] [[Categoria:Ecuador]] 7tutrljw7e2fnftxptnhpwpult79oq6 14 61188 699052 2026-08-26T12:58:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Politica per pais|Espania]] [[Categoria:Espania]]” 699052 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Politica per pais|Espania]] [[Categoria:Espania]] nl0jo1hix1dkttfigu8qq1985hz2ih3 14 61189 699054 2026-08-26T13:00:37Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Politica de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania per tema]] [[Categoria:Historia politic per pais]]” 699054 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Politica de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania per tema]] [[Categoria:Historia politic per pais]] 0gr29sh5kfxmsv26tdm1sb3xtquj0zv 699057 699054 2026-08-26T13:02:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 699057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Politica de Espania]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania per thema]] [[Categoria:Historia politic per pais]] fme4ni3lis681rms23hadj7mh82qk9i 14 61191 699058 2026-08-26T13:03:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia de Espania|Thema]] [[Categoria:Historia thematic per pais|Espania]]” 699058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de Espania|Thema]] [[Categoria:Historia thematic per pais|Espania]] bf4zi1kbwqszmdydjibt4xysmy7zebr 699059 699058 2026-08-26T13:04:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 699059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia de Espania|Thema]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais e thema|Espania]] oyejmyseh4th9pqvb60xux7sprwi67o 14 61192 699060 2026-08-26T13:05:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia per pais|*]] [[Categoria:Historia per thema| ]]” 699060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia per pais|*]] [[Categoria:Historia per thema| ]] oh0lshflmfkswq42k4obapcujty38hv 14 61193 699061 2026-08-26T13:07:56Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia politic| ]] [[Categoria:Historia per thema e pais]] [[Categoria:Politica per pais| ]] [[Categoria:Historia social per pais| politic]]” 699061 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia politic| ]] [[Categoria:Historia per thema e pais]] [[Categoria:Politica per pais| ]] [[Categoria:Historia social per pais| politic]] jymsdw15vhmq7h7b2ueqdudixe90ae5 14 61194 699062 2026-08-26T13:08:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Historia per thema| ]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais|*]] [[Categoria:Categorias per thema e pais]]” 699062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia per thema| ]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais|*]] [[Categoria:Categorias per thema e pais]] 1mtnukzj0ob7w3oof07c5faig727ftv 699063 699062 2026-08-26T13:09:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 699063 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Categorias per thema| Pais]] [[Categoria:Categorias per pais| Thema]] 8o76tfr40flrn2cr4o0vo4h7ezto2xb 699064 699063 2026-08-26T13:10:10Z Interlingvisto 60932 Disface le version [[Special:Diff/699063|699063]] per [[Special:Contributions/Interlingvisto|Interlingvisto]] ([[User talk:Interlingvisto|discussion]]) 699064 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Historia per thema| ]] [[Categoria:Historia per pais|*]] [[Categoria:Categorias per thema e pais]] 1mtnukzj0ob7w3oof07c5faig727ftv 14 61195 699065 2026-08-26T13:10:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Categorias per thema| Pais]] [[Categoria:Categorias per pais| Thema]]” 699065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Categorias per thema| Pais]] [[Categoria:Categorias per pais| Thema]] 8o76tfr40flrn2cr4o0vo4h7ezto2xb 0 61196 699072 2026-08-26T13:45:29Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava...” 699072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=[https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska](https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska) litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [[http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran](http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran) ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=[https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}](https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}})</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> == Debuto litterari == Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[Fil:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|miniatyr|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data) de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] pb7durydhlijgd4d6j1wks3mkc0d78b 699073 699072 2026-08-26T13:45:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 699073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=[https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska](https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska) litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [[http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran](http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran) ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=[https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}](https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}})</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> == Debuto litterari == Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|miniatyr|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data) de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] 5iw6vt8p4fbjfzdbgjtjdme52fgeroo 699074 699073 2026-08-26T13:46:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Maladia e convalescentia */ 699074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=[https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska](https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska) litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [[http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran](http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran) ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=[https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}](https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}})</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> == Debuto litterari == Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|miniatyr|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data) de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] 97s4w7qxo1srfiojfxylea1bbjin370 699075 699074 2026-08-26T13:50:58Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Maladia e convalescentia */ 699075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=[https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska](https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska) litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [[http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran](http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran) ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=[https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}](https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}})</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> == Debuto litterari == Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|miniatyr|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data) de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] pwbtydpv4t74fjr2jjyy3e46u9gm4mw 699076 699075 2026-08-26T13:51:16Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Krigsåren */ 699076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=[https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska](https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska) litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [[http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran](http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran) ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=[https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}](https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}})</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> == Debuto litterari == Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data) de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] dkg0t64dn3ipfpztxzdrk4udjvmawxx 699077 699076 2026-08-26T13:51:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Debuto litterari */ 699077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=[https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska](https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska) litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [[http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran](http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran) ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=[https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}](https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}})</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data) de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] l6dplgurt1ulu8vwk7sdeclt7q7ctn0 699078 699077 2026-08-26T14:14:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 699078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{citat|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|miniatyr|stående|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] fk4e65v86luiwhxiv9lgyg17m8qvipt 699079 699078 2026-08-26T14:16:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson */ 699079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|miniatyr|stående|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] ge9agw80xop4mf2b5iuv9h6o9c8lcfy 699080 699079 2026-08-26T14:16:36Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Obra litterari */ 699080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] 71i946u9i0uzww3lzk68ljywsxhe15y 699081 699080 2026-08-26T14:19:05Z Interlingvisto 60932 699081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{SLS Q|Q113529955}} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{SLS Q|Q113530013|series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 686}} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} * {{Finlands författare 1809-1916}} * {{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] hjisd9aghbrvzl7lkj88r28f0ck3gn1 699082 699081 2026-08-26T14:19:25Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Lectura ulterior */ 699082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{SLS Q|Q113530013|series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 686}} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} * {{Finlands författare 1809-1916}} * {{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}} [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] bcjs34mi8lcq0m90tiaha1wpx9hzgtr 699083 699082 2026-08-26T14:20:23Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Lectura ulterior */ 699083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == *{{Commonscat|Edith Södergran}} * {{wikiquote|Edith Södergran}} * {{wikisource autor|Edith Södergran}} * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * {{runeberg.org|authors|sodrgran.html Edith Södergran}} * {{Litteraturbanken|nomine=Edith Södergran (1892-1923)}} * {{Libris nomine|Södergran|Edith|anno=1892–1923|auth=95534}} * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] nc9syk4w9kruj9u3ggr0mzlmx2owe7a 699084 699083 2026-08-26T14:20:43Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 699084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == * {{Commonscat|Edith Södergran}} * {{wikiquote|Edith Södergran}} * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] jve9aiauluyelmcu27spx557yoewfbo 699085 699084 2026-08-26T14:20:54Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 699085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == * {{wikiquote|Edith Södergran}} * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] se4skdtud3yzjdidalx88fyjy14roaz 699086 699085 2026-08-26T14:21:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 699086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == {{wikiquote|Edith Södergran}} * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] ota1o5pdzdypfl7p9fajmfft4gwfwph 699087 699086 2026-08-26T14:21:21Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 699087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Projecto Protagonistas feminin]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] gteir91q2t8pmt169qisztnhfiee6mn 699088 699087 2026-08-26T14:21:42Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 699088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{Nota|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] odzr0hieop7ydwof49oifeupvf6j02n 699089 699088 2026-08-26T14:22:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* 'Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura */ 699089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{efn|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] 6ojmz1l7pz71f378cwh7fdvf124rsu2 699090 699089 2026-08-26T14:23:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 699090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{efn|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contrahé le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] hethrwnjnpj7zlb90jocupps045vcnu 699093 699090 2026-08-26T16:23:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Antroposofi e christianismo */ 699093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{efn|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contraheva le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Edith Södergran| ]] [[Categoria:Poetas de lingua svedese]] [[Categoria:Poetas svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores svedo-finlandese]] [[Categoria:Scriptores de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Finlandeses de Sancte Petroburgo]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Nascite in 1892]] [[Categoria:Morite in 1923]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] [[Categoria:Personas con operas in le canon cultural de Svedia]] 6b9rh080sw8gy51gb49u7h2iqd6us5g 699097 699093 2026-08-26T20:45:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Ligamines externe */ 699097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{Bokref|efternamn=Rahikainen|förnamn=Agneta|titel=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|datum=2023|hämtdatum=2026|år=2023|sid=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{Bokref|titel=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|url=|år=2014|hämtdatum=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|förnamn=Agneta|efternamn=Rahikainen|sid=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{Bokref|efternomo=Enckell|prenomo=Olof|titulo=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|anno=1961|editor=Söderström|loco=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{efn|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contraheva le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] [[Categoria:Poetas]] [[Categoria:Scriptores]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] 1j2mg1930o5ovwxvkce33tpodwweez7 1 61197 699091 2026-08-26T14:24:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Traduction|sv|Edith Södergranf|59528129}} ~~~~” 699091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Traduction|sv|Edith Södergranf|59528129}} [[Usator:Interlingvisto|Interlingvisto]] ([[Discussion Usator:Interlingvisto|discussion]]) 14:24, 26 augusto 2026 (UTC) omkjmfxo00tql2c8abq0f5jy12u6akw 0 61198 699095 2026-08-26T19:57:45Z Gmillernd 20128 Helen Keller 699095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Helen Keller circa 1920 - restored.jpg|thumb|Helen_Keller]] '''Helen Keller''' nasceva 1880 in [[Alabama]]. Su genitores esseva Colonello [[Arthur Keller]] (ille habeva essite in le armea del Statos Confederate de America) e [[Kate Adams Keller]]. Helen perdeva su poter de vision e audito quando illa habeva 19 menses a causa de maladia. Post le perdita su conducta devenir mal, e le genitores non sapeva como controlar la. Illes ingagiar [[Anne Sullivan]], qui esseva un graduata recente del Schola de Perkins pro le Cecos, e qui anque habeva difficultate de vision, pro inseniar Helen. Sullivan inseniava parolas a Helen per poner le litteras del [[alphabeto del lingua de signo]] in su mano. Helen e Sullivan deveniva amicas bon, e illes esseva companiones usque le morte de Sullivan 1936. Keller habeva un secretaria, [[Polly Thompson]], qui continuava a assister la. Keller esseva in un schola pro homines surde in [[Boston]] e [[New York (citate)|Nove York]], ubi illa apprendeva anque le alphabeto de [[Braille]]. Illa voleva studiar plus. Illa entrava le Schola Cambridge pro Feminas Juvene in 1898, que illa completava, e continuava a Collegio Radcliffe, que illa completava ''cum laude'' in 1904. Post le studio, Keller deveniva un autor. Illa scribeva multe libros e altere papiros,que include su autobiographia, le qual esseva traducite in 50 linguas. Helen scribeva super le derectos del homines cec e surde, le derecto de feminas de votar, e socialismo e pacifismo. Illa esseva un diplomate in [[Japon]] 1948. Con 75 annos, illa viagiava trans [[Asia]] pro inseniar e incoragiar homines cec e surde la. Keller habeva un percussion del cerebro in 1960, e habeva un vive plus quiete usque su morte in 1968. ==Referentias== https://afb.org/about-afb/history/helen-keller/biography-and-chronology/biography https://www.biography.com/activists/helen-keller https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helen-Keller https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/helen-keller rzulq2a4m2x9u465gy0u8z1pdk3r99h 699096 699095 2026-08-26T19:58:23Z Gmillernd 20128 699096 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Helen Keller circa 1920 - restored.jpg|thumb|Helen Keller]] '''Helen Keller''' nasceva 1880 in [[Alabama]]. Su genitores esseva Colonello [[Arthur Keller]] (ille habeva essite in le armea del Statos Confederate de America) e [[Kate Adams Keller]]. Helen perdeva su poter de vision e audito quando illa habeva 19 menses a causa de maladia. Post le perdita su conducta devenir mal, e le genitores non sapeva como controlar la. Illes ingagiar [[Anne Sullivan]], qui esseva un graduata recente del Schola de Perkins pro le Cecos, e qui anque habeva difficultate de vision, pro inseniar Helen. Sullivan inseniava parolas a Helen per poner le litteras del [[alphabeto del lingua de signo]] in su mano. Helen e Sullivan deveniva amicas bon, e illes esseva companiones usque le morte de Sullivan 1936. Keller habeva un secretaria, [[Polly Thompson]], qui continuava a assister la. Keller esseva in un schola pro homines surde in [[Boston]] e [[New York (citate)|Nove York]], ubi illa apprendeva anque le alphabeto de [[Braille]]. Illa voleva studiar plus. Illa entrava le Schola Cambridge pro Feminas Juvene in 1898, que illa completava, e continuava a Collegio Radcliffe, que illa completava ''cum laude'' in 1904. Post le studio, Keller deveniva un autor. Illa scribeva multe libros e altere papiros,que include su autobiographia, le qual esseva traducite in 50 linguas. Helen scribeva super le derectos del homines cec e surde, le derecto de feminas de votar, e socialismo e pacifismo. Illa esseva un diplomate in [[Japon]] 1948. Con 75 annos, illa viagiava trans [[Asia]] pro inseniar e incoragiar homines cec e surde la. Keller habeva un percussion del cerebro in 1960, e habeva un vive plus quiete usque su morte in 1968. ==Referentias== https://afb.org/about-afb/history/helen-keller/biography-and-chronology/biography https://www.biography.com/activists/helen-keller https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helen-Keller https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/helen-keller j0q4p7f0t9xwfb9zrzsc7dulkqat5zy 0 61199 699102 2026-08-27T03:45:58Z Jondel 198 Pagina create con “Le '''Lidochaine''' es le [[medicamento]] de familia anaesthetica local, particularmente de genera aminoamidas, intra les que etiam se introva dibucaine, mepivachaine, le etidochaine, le prilochaine e le bupivachaine. Esseva synthetizate per Nils Löfgren e Bengt Lundqvist in 1943.” 699102 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''Lidochaine''' es le [[medicamento]] de familia anaesthetica local, particularmente de genera aminoamidas, intra les que etiam se introva dibucaine, mepivachaine, le etidochaine, le prilochaine e le bupivachaine. Esseva synthetizate per Nils Löfgren e Bengt Lundqvist in 1943. 0x8koqpr2n8shbfvrmhqkr9qk93qqzy 699103 699102 2026-08-27T03:56:41Z Jondel 198 699103 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''Lidochaine''' es le [[medicamento]] de familia anaesthetica local, particularmente de genera aminoamidas<ref name="beecham">{{cite web |vauthors= Beecham GB, Nessel TA, Goyal A |title=Lidocaine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539881/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=11 December 2022}}</ref>, intra les que etiam se introva dibucaine, mepivachaine, le etidochaine, le prilochaine e le bupivachaine. Esseva synthetizate per Nils Löfgren e Bengt Lundqvist in 1943. === Referentias === {{Referentia}} on355uvgj1jpzm2m81ocecnqonf12qk 699104 699103 2026-08-27T03:57:11Z Jondel 198 699104 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''Lidochaine''' es le [[medicamento]] de familia anaesthetica local, particularmente de genera aminoamidas<ref name="beecham">{{cite web |vauthors= Beecham GB, Nessel TA, Goyal A |title=Lidocaine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539881/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=11 December 2022}}</ref>, intra les que etiam se introva dibucaine, mepivachaine, le etidochaine, le prilochaine e le bupivachaine. Esseva synthetizate per Nils Löfgren e Bengt Lundqvist in 1943. === Referentias === {{Referentias}} mduaq8imnfjjo43nms25jovju9dejph 699105 699104 2026-08-27T04:23:16Z Jondel 198 699105 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lidocaine.svg|thumb|Lidocaine]]Le '''Lidochaine''' es le [[medicamento]] de familia anaesthetica local, particularmente de genera aminoamidas<ref name="beecham">{{cite web |vauthors= Beecham GB, Nessel TA, Goyal A |title=Lidocaine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539881/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=11 December 2022}}</ref>, intra les que etiam se introva dibucaine, mepivachaine, le etidochaine, le prilochaine e le bupivachaine. Esseva synthetizate per Nils Löfgren e Bengt Lundqvist in 1943. {{Referentias}} 1dw9kmj5gp6j3ljoxfwqd2o52fihxhz 699106 699105 2026-08-27T04:25:03Z Jondel 198 699106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lidocaine.svg|thumb|Lidocaine]]Le '''Lidochaine''' es le [[medicamento]] de familia [[Anesthesia|anaesthetica]] local, particularmente de genera aminoamidas<ref name="beecham">{{cite web |vauthors= Beecham GB, Nessel TA, Goyal A |title=Lidocaine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539881/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=23 July 2024 |date=11 December 2022}}</ref>, intra les que etiam se introva dibucaine, mepivachaine, le etidochaine, le prilochaine e le bupivachaine. Esseva synthetizate per Nils Löfgren e Bengt Lundqvist in 1943. {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Medicina]] [[Categoria:Hospital]] 70q9780t6rcwru8sdjlrkv5zit3ux8g 0 61200 699108 2026-08-27T07:11:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Abdellatif Hammouchi''' (عبد اللطيف حموشي; nascite in 1966 in [[Taza]], [[Marocco]]) es le director del policia national marocchine, le [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]] (DGSN; ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale''), e etiam le director del servicios secrete, le [[Direction General del Surveillantia del Territorio]] (DGST; anteriormente cognoscite como DST, ''Direction...” 699108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Abdellatif Hammouchi''' (عبد اللطيف حموشي; nascite in 1966 in [[Taza]], [[Marocco]]) es le director del policia national marocchine, le [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]] (DGSN; ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale''), e etiam le director del servicios secrete, le [[Direction General del Surveillantia del Territorio]] (DGST; anteriormente cognoscite como DST, ''Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire'').<ref name=tq>{{cite news|title=Enquête. L'homme le plus secret du royaume|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=[[Telquel]]|date=24 September 2011|author=Driss Bennani|author2=Mohamed Boudarham|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226054545/http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Il es etiam un consiliator de [[Mohammed VI de Marocco|Mohammed VI]] pro questiones concernente le terrorismo. ==Prime vita== Il graduava del Universitate de Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah in Fes e entrava in le policia como official in 1993.<ref name="alm" /> Post que [[Hamidou Laanigri]] quitava le DST un die post le attentatos de Casablanca del 16 de maio 2003 e esseva nominate Director del [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]], ille esseva reimplaciate per su adjutante Ahmed Harrari, qui esseva reimplaciate per Hammouchi in decembre 2005.<ref name="alm" /> ==Controversias== Le 20 de februario 2014, durante que Hammouchi participava a un reunion con officiales francese in Paris, ille esseva citate per un judice francese pro testificar super casos de tortura post plure querelas presentate per victimas de tortura, tal como [[Zakaria Moumni]], contra ille e su organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Zakaria Moumni a déposé plainte contre le patron de la DST marocaine |newspaper=Demain Online |url=[http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/](http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/) |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140226125228/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/](https://web.archive.org/web/20140226125228/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/) |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Une ONG demande l'audition d'Abdellatif Hammouchi en visite en France |newspaper=Demain Online |url=[http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/](http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/) |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140226123423/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/](https://web.archive.org/web/20140226123423/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/) |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Aziz El Yaakoubi |author2=Patrick Markey |date=2 February 2014 |title=Morocco summons French ambassador over torture lawsuit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |url=[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-morocco-france-torture-idUKBREA1L14H20140222](http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-morocco-france-torture-idUKBREA1L14H20140222) |access-date=23 February 2014}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Su nom ha essite frequentemente citate in connexion con centros de detention secrete in [[Marocco]], como le [[Centro de interrogation de Temara]] e le [[prison secrete de Ain Aouda]]. Le crise inter Marocco e Francia terminava in februario 2015, quando le governamento francese honora Abdellatif Hammouchi con le Ordine National del Merito al rango de Officier del Legion de Honor. Iste decoration esseva presentate per [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], le Ministro del Interior.<ref name="s463">{{cite web |date=2015-02-14 |title=France to award Moroccan intelligence chief Legion d’honneur after row |url=[https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/02/14/France-to-award-Moroccan-intelligence-chief-Legion-d-honneur-after-row](https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/02/14/France-to-award-Moroccan-intelligence-chief-Legion-d-honneur-after-row) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> Le 29 de novembre 2016, ille esseva eligite Persona del Anno per Maroc Hebdo International, in recognition de su effortios in le campo del securitate e de su significative influentia in functiones essential e vital.<ref name="l849">{{cite web |last=Bouzdaini |first=Wissam El |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, l'homme de l'année 2016 |url=[https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/abdellatif-hammouchi-lhomme-de-lannee-2016](https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/abdellatif-hammouchi-lhomme-de-lannee-2016) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Maroc Hebdo |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="h620">{{cite web |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, DG de la DGST et de la DGSN, choisi "Homme de l'année 2016" par Maroc Hebdo International |url=[https://www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/societe-et-regions/abdellatif-hammouchi-dg-de-la-dgst-et-de-la-dgsn-choisi-homme-de-lannee-2016-par-maroc-hebdo-international/](https://www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/societe-et-regions/abdellatif-hammouchi-dg-de-la-dgst-et-de-la-dgsn-choisi-homme-de-lannee-2016-par-maroc-hebdo-international/) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MAP Express |language=fr}}</ref> In Marocco, le actiones judicial contra le DST e Hammouchi in connexion con le morte de detaineos sub tortura ha essite rejectate pro manca de evidentia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Le tribunal rejette la plainte de Mejjati|url=[http://www.maghress.com/fr/lesechos/6031|access-date=22](http://www.maghress.com/fr/lesechos/6031|access-date=22) February 2014|newspaper=Les Ecos|date=17 February 2010}}</ref> In april 2011, le journalist marroquin [[Rachid Niny]] esseva incarcerate post que ille publicava detalios sensibile super Hammouchi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rachid Niny placé en garde à vue|url=[http://www.maghress.com/fr/maghrebobservateur/1750|access-date=22](http://www.maghress.com/fr/maghrebobservateur/1750|access-date=22) February 2014|newspaper=Demain Online|date=28 April 2011|author=Ali Lmrabet|author-link=Ali Lmrabet}}</ref> In 2011, ille recipeva un decoration Alaouita Wissam de Mohammed VI in recognition de su effortios pro mantener le securitate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paradoxes ramadanesques|url=[http://www.maghress.com/fr/lakomefr/670|access-date=22](http://www.maghress.com/fr/lakomefr/670|access-date=22) February 2014|newspaper=[[Lakome.com]]|date=15 August 2011|author=Ali Anouzla|author-link=Ali Anouzla}}</ref> == Cooperation in materia de securitate == Le 3 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, recipeva Vittorio Pisani, le Director General del Policie National Italian, in Rabat. Iste reunion faceva parte de un visita official al Regno de Marocco per un importante delegation securitari italian. Le visita sublineava le compromisso de ambe paises a augmentar lor cooperation in materia de securitate, particularmente date le crescente desafios securitari affrontate per le nationes tanto al nivello regional como international. Le collaboration mira al excambio de informationes e experientia, al coordination del effortios pro combatter le criminalitate organise e le terrorism, e al garantia del securitate e stabilitate tanto in le Regno de Marocco como in le Republica de Italia.<ref name="r089">{{cite web |last=MASAITI |first=Amira EL |date=2024-06-03 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security |url=[https://en.hespress.com/86140-moroccos-top-police-chief-holds-talks-with-italian-public-security-dg-c-x.html](https://en.hespress.com/86140-moroccos-top-police-chief-holds-talks-with-italian-public-security-dg-c-x.html) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News}}</ref><ref name="e973">{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Security representatives from Morocco and Italy hold meeting |url=[https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/security-morocco-italy-meeting/](https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/security-morocco-italy-meeting/) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=International Security Journal}}</ref><ref name="t484">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-01-17 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security DG |url=[https://www.mapamazighe.ma/en/actualites/social/morocco%E2%80%99s-top-police-chief-holds-talks-italian-public-security-dg](https://www.mapamazighe.ma/en/actualites/social/morocco%E2%80%99s-top-police-chief-holds-talks-italian-public-security-dg) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref> Del 24 al 26 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, effectuava un visita de labor al Republica Federal de Germania. Durante iste visita, ille incontrava officiales tanto del Policie Federal como del Officio Federal del Policie Criminal pro discuter modos de meliorar le cooperation bilateral in varie campos del securitate, particularmente in le lucta contra le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational, e in le garantia del securitate de grande eventos sportive.<ref name="e037">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-06-20 |title=Morocco, Germany Set to Strengthen Security Cooperation |url=[https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-germany-set-strengthen-security-cooperation](https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-germany-set-strengthen-security-cooperation) |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="y712">{{cite web |last=Fern&aacute |first=Enrique |date=2024-06-27 |title=Morocco analyses German security at Euro 2024 |url=[https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/morocco-analyses-german-security-at-euro-2024/20240627112138202060.html](https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/morocco-analyses-german-security-at-euro-2024/20240627112138202060.html) |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Atalayar}}</ref> ==Participation in Interpol== Dato que Sr. Abdellatif Hammouchi exerce tanto como Director General del Surveillance Territorial como Director General del Securitate National, ille persegue activemente un strategia de cooperation securitari multilateral pro meliorar le position de Marocco como un figura eminente e digne de fide in varie conferentias e foros mundial dedicate a contracombatter le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational e a occupar se de altere menacias emergente al securitate.<ref name="n946">{{cite web | title=حموشي يترأس وفد المملكة المشارك في الدورة 92 للجمعية العامة للأنتربول – تيل كيل عربي | website=تيل كيل عربي | date=2024-11-23 | url=[https://ar.telquel.ma/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF/](https://ar.telquel.ma/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF/) | language=ar | access-date=2025-04-28}}</ref><ref name="l543">{{cite web | last=Asmlal | first=Amyne | title=Coopération sécuritaire: le Maroc prend le flambeau d’Interpol | website=Le 360 Français | date=2024-11-08 | url=[https://fr.le360.ma/politique/cooperation-securitaire-le-maroc-prend-le-flambeau-dinterpol_W73ZLSDANJHNXF7ZP4L2JARLWU/](https://fr.le360.ma/politique/cooperation-securitaire-le-maroc-prend-le-flambeau-dinterpol_W73ZLSDANJHNXF7ZP4L2JARLWU/) | language=fr | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> A iste respecto, Sr. Hammouchi participava, como capite del delegation de Marocco, al 92e Assemblea General del Organisation International del Policie Criminal, [[Interpol]], que se teneva del 4 al 7 de novembre 2024 in Glasgow.<ref name="g237">{{cite web | title=Glasgow: Abdellatif Hammouchi préside la délégation du Maroc à l’AG d’Interpol | website=La Vie éco | date=2024-11-07 | url=[https://www.lavieeco.com/pouvoirs/securite/glasgow-abdellatif-hammouchi-preside-la-delegation-du-maroc-a-lag-dinterpol/](https://www.lavieeco.com/pouvoirs/securite/glasgow-abdellatif-hammouchi-preside-la-delegation-du-maroc-a-lag-dinterpol/) | language=fr | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> Iste evento international esseva marcate per le election de Marocco como Vice-presidente de Interpol pro [[Africa]], e culminava con le remise al Sr. Hammouchi del bandera de Interpol como preludio al organisation del proxime Assemblea General, que essera tenite in [[Marrakesh]] del 24 al 27 de novembre 2025.<ref name="j611">{{cite web | last=Observer | first=Oman | title=Après Glasgow, Marrakech. Abdellatif Hammouchi reçoit le drapeau d’Interpol au nom du Maroc | website=LobservateurDuMaroc | date=2024-11-08 | url=[https://lobservateur.info/article/112493/video/apres-glasgow-marrakech-abdellatif-hammouchi-recoit-le-drapeau-dinterpol-au-nom-du-maroc](https://lobservateur.info/article/112493/video/apres-glasgow-marrakech-abdellatif-hammouchi-recoit-le-drapeau-dinterpol-au-nom-du-maroc) | language=fr | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref><ref name="f178">{{cite web | last=Kaiss | first=Nawfal | title=Le Maroc reçoit le drapeau pour accueillir la 93e Assemblée générale d'Interpol | website=Médias24 numéro un de l'information économique marocaine | date=2024-11-08 | url=[https://medias24.com/2024/11/08/le-maroc-recoit-le-drapeau-pour-accueillir-la-93e-assemblee-generale-dinterpol/](https://medias24.com/2024/11/08/le-maroc-recoit-le-drapeau-pour-accueillir-la-93e-assemblee-generale-dinterpol/) | language=fr | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> == Decorations == * [[File:MAR_Order_of_the_Throne_-_3rd_Class_BAR.png|60x60px]] Official del [[Ordine del Throno]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-23 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi : Portrait d'un insaisissable homme de l'ombre |url=[https://medias24.com/2014/10/23/abdellatif-hammouchi-portrait-dun-insaisissable-homme-de-lombre/](https://medias24.com/2014/10/23/abdellatif-hammouchi-portrait-dun-insaisissable-homme-de-lombre/) |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Médias24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Official del [[Legion de Honor]] de Francia (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-15 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi bientôt promu Officier de la Légion d'honneur |url=[https://medias24.com/2016/01/15/abdellatif-hammouchi-bientot-promu-officier-de-la-legion-dhonneur/](https://medias24.com/2016/01/15/abdellatif-hammouchi-bientot-promu-officier-de-la-legion-dhonneur/) |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Médias 24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:ESP Gran Cruz Orden Merito Guardia Civil pasador.svg|60x60px]] Grand-Croce del [[Ordine del Merito del Guardia Civil]] de Espania (2019)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=España premia al jefe policial de Marruecos con la máxima distinción de la Guardia Civil |url=[https://elfarodeceuta.es/jefe-policia-marruecos-gran-cruz-guardia-civil/](https://elfarodeceuta.es/jefe-policia-marruecos-gran-cruz-guardia-civil/) |journal=El Faro de Ceuta}}</ref><ref>{{Smallcaps|Ministerio del Interior}}: {{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=Real Decreto 549/2019, de 20 de septiembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito de la Guardia Civil al Director General de la Dirección General de Seguridad del Territorio de Marruecos y Director General de la Policía Nacional de Marruecos, señor Abdellatif Hammouchi. |url=[https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2019/09/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2019-13493.pdf](https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2019/09/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2019-13493.pdf) |journal=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]] |issue=228 |page=104787 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Fouad Ali El Himma]] *[[Yassine Mansouri]] *[[Abdelkader Belliraj]] {{Referentias}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hammouchi, Abdellatif}} [[Category:Officiales de policia marroquin]] [[Category:Nascite in 1966]] [[Category:Personas vivente]] [[Category:Personas de Fes, Marocco]] [[Category:Consiliatores de Mohammed VI de Marocco]] [[Category:Directores de agencias de intelligentia]] [[Category:Functionarios public marroquin]] [[Category:Alumnos del Universitate Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah]] [[Category:Tortura in Marocco]] [[Category:Personas de agencias de intelligentia marroquin]] 8blo4vum2qqk3pnbx0nuauae707p2eo 699109 699108 2026-08-27T07:12:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Controversias */ 699109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Abdellatif Hammouchi''' (عبد اللطيف حموشي; nascite in 1966 in [[Taza]], [[Marocco]]) es le director del policia national marocchine, le [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]] (DGSN; ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale''), e etiam le director del servicios secrete, le [[Direction General del Surveillantia del Territorio]] (DGST; anteriormente cognoscite como DST, ''Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire'').<ref name=tq>{{cite news|title=Enquête. L'homme le plus secret du royaume|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=[[Telquel]]|date=24 September 2011|author=Driss Bennani|author2=Mohamed Boudarham|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226054545/http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Il es etiam un consiliator de [[Mohammed VI de Marocco|Mohammed VI]] pro questiones concernente le terrorismo. ==Prime vita== Il graduava del Universitate de Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah in Fes e entrava in le policia como official in 1993.<ref name="alm" /> Post que [[Hamidou Laanigri]] quitava le DST un die post le attentatos de Casablanca del 16 de maio 2003 e esseva nominate Director del [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]], ille esseva reimplaciate per su adjutante Ahmed Harrari, qui esseva reimplaciate per Hammouchi in decembre 2005.<ref name="alm" /> ==Controversias== Le 20 de februario 2014, durante que Hammouchi participava a un reunion con officiales francese in Paris, ille esseva citate per un judice francese pro testificar super casos de tortura post plure querelas presentate per victimas de tortura, tal como [[Zakaria Moumni]], contra ille e su organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Zakaria Moumni a déposé plainte contre le patron de la DST marocaine |newspaper=Demain Online |url=[http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/](http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/) |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140226125228/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/](https://web.archive.org/web/20140226125228/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/) |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Une ONG demande l'audition d'Abdellatif Hammouchi en visite en France |newspaper=Demain Online |url=[http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/](http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/) |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140226123423/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/](https://web.archive.org/web/20140226123423/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/) |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Aziz El Yaakoubi |author2=Patrick Markey |date=2 February 2014 |title=Morocco summons French ambassador over torture lawsuit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |url=[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-morocco-france-torture-idUKBREA1L14H20140222](http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-morocco-france-torture-idUKBREA1L14H20140222) |access-date=23 February 2014}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Su nom ha essite frequentemente citate in connexion con centros de detention secrete in [[Marocco]], como le [[Centro de interrogation de Temara]] e le [[prison secrete de Ain Aouda]]. Le crise inter Marocco e Francia terminava in februario 2015, quando le governamento francese honora Abdellatif Hammouchi con le Ordine National del Merito al rango de Officier del Legion de Honor. Iste decoration esseva presentate per [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], le Ministro del Interior.<ref name="s463">{{cite web |date=2015-02-14 |title=France to award Moroccan intelligence chief Legion d’honneur after row |url=[https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/02/14/France-to-award-Moroccan-intelligence-chief-Legion-d-honneur-after-row](https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/02/14/France-to-award-Moroccan-intelligence-chief-Legion-d-honneur-after-row) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> Le 29 de novembre 2016, ille esseva eligite Persona del Anno per Maroc Hebdo International, in recognition de su effortios in le campo del securitate e de su significative influentia in functiones essential e vital.<ref name="l849">{{cite web |last=Bouzdaini |first=Wissam El |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, l'homme de l'année 2016 |url=[https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/abdellatif-hammouchi-lhomme-de-lannee-2016](https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/abdellatif-hammouchi-lhomme-de-lannee-2016) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Maroc Hebdo |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="h620">{{cite web |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, DG de la DGST et de la DGSN, choisi "Homme de l'année 2016" par Maroc Hebdo International |url=[https://www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/societe-et-regions/abdellatif-hammouchi-dg-de-la-dgst-et-de-la-dgsn-choisi-homme-de-lannee-2016-par-maroc-hebdo-international/](https://www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/societe-et-regions/abdellatif-hammouchi-dg-de-la-dgst-et-de-la-dgsn-choisi-homme-de-lannee-2016-par-maroc-hebdo-international/) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MAP Express |language=fr}}</ref> In Marocco, le actiones judicial contra le DST e Hammouchi in connexion con le morte de detenitos sub tortura ha essite rejectate pro manca de evidentia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Le tribunal rejette la plainte de Mejjati|url=[http://www.maghress.com/fr/lesechos/6031|access-date=22](http://www.maghress.com/fr/lesechos/6031|access-date=22) February 2014|newspaper=Les Ecos|date=17 February 2010}}</ref> In april 2011, le journalist marroquin [[Rachid Niny]] esseva incarcerate post que ille publicava detalios sensibile super Hammouchi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rachid Niny placé en garde à vue|url=[http://www.maghress.com/fr/maghrebobservateur/1750|access-date=22](http://www.maghress.com/fr/maghrebobservateur/1750|access-date=22) February 2014|newspaper=Demain Online|date=28 April 2011|author=Ali Lmrabet|author-link=Ali Lmrabet}}</ref> In 2011, ille recipeva un decoration Alaouita Wissam de Mohammed VI in recognition de su effortios pro mantener le securitate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paradoxes ramadanesques|url=[http://www.maghress.com/fr/lakomefr/670|access-date=22](http://www.maghress.com/fr/lakomefr/670|access-date=22) February 2014|newspaper=[[Lakome.com]]|date=15 August 2011|author=Ali Anouzla|author-link=Ali Anouzla}}</ref> == Cooperation in materia de securitate == Le 3 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, recipeva Vittorio Pisani, le Director General del Policie National Italian, in Rabat. Iste reunion faceva parte de un visita official al Regno de Marocco per un importante delegation securitari italian. Le visita sublineava le compromisso de ambe paises a augmentar lor cooperation in materia de securitate, particularmente date le crescente desafios securitari affrontate per le nationes tanto al nivello regional como international. Le collaboration mira al excambio de informationes e experientia, al coordination del effortios pro combatter le criminalitate organise e le terrorism, e al garantia del securitate e stabilitate tanto in le Regno de Marocco como in le Republica de Italia.<ref name="r089">{{cite web |last=MASAITI |first=Amira EL |date=2024-06-03 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security |url=[https://en.hespress.com/86140-moroccos-top-police-chief-holds-talks-with-italian-public-security-dg-c-x.html](https://en.hespress.com/86140-moroccos-top-police-chief-holds-talks-with-italian-public-security-dg-c-x.html) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News}}</ref><ref name="e973">{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Security representatives from Morocco and Italy hold meeting |url=[https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/security-morocco-italy-meeting/](https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/security-morocco-italy-meeting/) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=International Security Journal}}</ref><ref name="t484">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-01-17 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security DG |url=[https://www.mapamazighe.ma/en/actualites/social/morocco%E2%80%99s-top-police-chief-holds-talks-italian-public-security-dg](https://www.mapamazighe.ma/en/actualites/social/morocco%E2%80%99s-top-police-chief-holds-talks-italian-public-security-dg) |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref> Del 24 al 26 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, effectuava un visita de labor al Republica Federal de Germania. Durante iste visita, ille incontrava officiales tanto del Policie Federal como del Officio Federal del Policie Criminal pro discuter modos de meliorar le cooperation bilateral in varie campos del securitate, particularmente in le lucta contra le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational, e in le garantia del securitate de grande eventos sportive.<ref name="e037">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-06-20 |title=Morocco, Germany Set to Strengthen Security Cooperation |url=[https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-germany-set-strengthen-security-cooperation](https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-germany-set-strengthen-security-cooperation) |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="y712">{{cite web |last=Fern&aacute |first=Enrique |date=2024-06-27 |title=Morocco analyses German security at Euro 2024 |url=[https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/morocco-analyses-german-security-at-euro-2024/20240627112138202060.html](https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/morocco-analyses-german-security-at-euro-2024/20240627112138202060.html) |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Atalayar}}</ref> ==Participation in Interpol== Dato que Sr. Abdellatif Hammouchi exerce tanto como Director General del Surveillance Territorial como Director General del Securitate National, ille persegue activemente un strategia de cooperation securitari multilateral pro meliorar le position de Marocco como un figura eminente e digne de fide in varie conferentias e foros mundial dedicate a contracombatter le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational e a occupar se de altere menacias emergente al securitate.<ref name="n946">{{cite web | title=حموشي يترأس وفد المملكة المشارك في الدورة 92 للجمعية العامة للأنتربول – تيل كيل عربي | website=تيل كيل عربي | date=2024-11-23 | url=[https://ar.telquel.ma/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF/](https://ar.telquel.ma/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF/) | language=ar | access-date=2025-04-28}}</ref><ref name="l543">{{cite web | last=Asmlal | first=Amyne | title=Coopération sécuritaire: le Maroc prend le flambeau d’Interpol | website=Le 360 Français | date=2024-11-08 | url=[https://fr.le360.ma/politique/cooperation-securitaire-le-maroc-prend-le-flambeau-dinterpol_W73ZLSDANJHNXF7ZP4L2JARLWU/](https://fr.le360.ma/politique/cooperation-securitaire-le-maroc-prend-le-flambeau-dinterpol_W73ZLSDANJHNXF7ZP4L2JARLWU/) | language=fr | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> A iste respecto, Sr. Hammouchi participava, como capite del delegation de Marocco, al 92e Assemblea General del Organisation International del Policie Criminal, [[Interpol]], que se teneva del 4 al 7 de novembre 2024 in Glasgow.<ref name="g237">{{cite web | title=Glasgow: Abdellatif Hammouchi préside la délégation du Maroc à l’AG d’Interpol | website=La Vie éco | date=2024-11-07 | url=[https://www.lavieeco.com/pouvoirs/securite/glasgow-abdellatif-hammouchi-preside-la-delegation-du-maroc-a-lag-dinterpol/](https://www.lavieeco.com/pouvoirs/securite/glasgow-abdellatif-hammouchi-preside-la-delegation-du-maroc-a-lag-dinterpol/) | language=fr | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> Iste evento international esseva marcate per le election de Marocco como Vice-presidente de Interpol pro [[Africa]], e culminava con le remise al Sr. Hammouchi del bandera de Interpol como preludio al organisation del proxime Assemblea General, que essera tenite in [[Marrakesh]] del 24 al 27 de novembre 2025.<ref name="j611">{{cite web | last=Observer | first=Oman | title=Après Glasgow, Marrakech. Abdellatif Hammouchi reçoit le drapeau d’Interpol au nom du Maroc | website=LobservateurDuMaroc | date=2024-11-08 | url=[https://lobservateur.info/article/112493/video/apres-glasgow-marrakech-abdellatif-hammouchi-recoit-le-drapeau-dinterpol-au-nom-du-maroc](https://lobservateur.info/article/112493/video/apres-glasgow-marrakech-abdellatif-hammouchi-recoit-le-drapeau-dinterpol-au-nom-du-maroc) | language=fr | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref><ref name="f178">{{cite web | last=Kaiss | first=Nawfal | title=Le Maroc reçoit le drapeau pour accueillir la 93e Assemblée générale d'Interpol | website=Médias24 numéro un de l'information économique marocaine | date=2024-11-08 | url=[https://medias24.com/2024/11/08/le-maroc-recoit-le-drapeau-pour-accueillir-la-93e-assemblee-generale-dinterpol/](https://medias24.com/2024/11/08/le-maroc-recoit-le-drapeau-pour-accueillir-la-93e-assemblee-generale-dinterpol/) | language=fr | access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> == Decorations == * [[File:MAR_Order_of_the_Throne_-_3rd_Class_BAR.png|60x60px]] Official del [[Ordine del Throno]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-23 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi : Portrait d'un insaisissable homme de l'ombre |url=[https://medias24.com/2014/10/23/abdellatif-hammouchi-portrait-dun-insaisissable-homme-de-lombre/](https://medias24.com/2014/10/23/abdellatif-hammouchi-portrait-dun-insaisissable-homme-de-lombre/) |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Médias24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Official del [[Legion de Honor]] de Francia (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-15 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi bientôt promu Officier de la Légion d'honneur |url=[https://medias24.com/2016/01/15/abdellatif-hammouchi-bientot-promu-officier-de-la-legion-dhonneur/](https://medias24.com/2016/01/15/abdellatif-hammouchi-bientot-promu-officier-de-la-legion-dhonneur/) |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Médias 24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:ESP Gran Cruz Orden Merito Guardia Civil pasador.svg|60x60px]] Grand-Croce del [[Ordine del Merito del Guardia Civil]] de Espania (2019)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=España premia al jefe policial de Marruecos con la máxima distinción de la Guardia Civil |url=[https://elfarodeceuta.es/jefe-policia-marruecos-gran-cruz-guardia-civil/](https://elfarodeceuta.es/jefe-policia-marruecos-gran-cruz-guardia-civil/) |journal=El Faro de Ceuta}}</ref><ref>{{Smallcaps|Ministerio del Interior}}: {{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=Real Decreto 549/2019, de 20 de septiembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito de la Guardia Civil al Director General de la Dirección General de Seguridad del Territorio de Marruecos y Director General de la Policía Nacional de Marruecos, señor Abdellatif Hammouchi. |url=[https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2019/09/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2019-13493.pdf](https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2019/09/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2019-13493.pdf) |journal=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]] |issue=228 |page=104787 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Fouad Ali El Himma]] *[[Yassine Mansouri]] *[[Abdelkader Belliraj]] {{Referentias}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hammouchi, Abdellatif}} [[Category:Officiales de policia marroquin]] [[Category:Nascite in 1966]] [[Category:Personas vivente]] [[Category:Personas de Fes, Marocco]] [[Category:Consiliatores de Mohammed VI de Marocco]] [[Category:Directores de agencias de intelligentia]] [[Category:Functionarios public marroquin]] [[Category:Alumnos del Universitate Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah]] [[Category:Tortura in Marocco]] [[Category:Personas de agencias de intelligentia marroquin]] jn0c8i35cajcd39vr4f9rnmbqcc48kd 699110 699109 2026-08-27T07:13:31Z Interlingvisto 60932 699110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Abdellatif Hammouchi''' (عبد اللطيف حموشي; nascite in 1966 in [[Taza]], [[Marocco]]) es le director del policia national marocchine, le [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]] (DGSN; ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale''), e etiam le director del servicios secrete, le [[Direction General del Surveillantia del Territorio]] (DGST; anteriormente cognoscite como DST, ''Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire'').<ref name=tq>{{cite news|title=Enquête. L'homme le plus secret du royaume|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=[[Telquel]]|date=24 September 2011|author=Driss Bennani|author2=Mohamed Boudarham|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226054545/http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Il es etiam un consiliator de [[Mohammed VI de Marocco|Mohammed VI]] pro questiones concernente le terrorismo. ==Prime vita== Il graduava del Universitate de Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah in Fes e entrava in le policia como official in 1993.<ref name="alm" /> Post que [[Hamidou Laanigri]] quitava le DST un die post le attentatos de Casablanca del 16 de maio 2003 e esseva nominate Director del [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]], ille esseva reimplaciate per su adjutante Ahmed Harrari, qui esseva reimplaciate per Hammouchi in decembre 2005.<ref name="alm" /> ==Controversias== Le 20 de februario 2014, durante que Hammouchi participava a un reunion con officiales francese in Paris, ille esseva citate per un judice francese pro testificar super casos de tortura post plure querelas presentate per victimas de tortura, tal como [[Zakaria Moumni]], contra ille e su organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Zakaria Moumni a déposé plainte contre le patron de la DST marocaine |newspaper=Demain Online |url=http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/ |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226125228/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/ |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Une ONG demande l'audition d'Abdellatif Hammouchi en visite en France |newspaper=Demain Online |url=http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/ |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226123423/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/ |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Aziz El Yaakoubi |author2=Patrick Markey |date=2 February 2014 |title=Morocco summons French ambassador over torture lawsuit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-morocco-france-torture-idUKBREA1L14H20140222 |access-date=23 February 2014}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Su nom ha essite frequentemente citate in connexion con centros de detention secrete in [[Marocco]], como le [[Centro de interrogation de Temara]] e le [[prison secrete de Ain Aouda]]. Le crise inter Marocco e Francia terminava in februario 2015, quando le governamento francese honora Abdellatif Hammouchi con le Ordine National del Merito al rango de Officier del Legion de Honor. Iste decoration esseva presentate per [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], le Ministro del Interior.<ref name="s463">{{cite web |date=2015-02-14 |title=France to award Moroccan intelligence chief Legion d’honneur after row |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/02/14/France-to-award-Moroccan-intelligence-chief-Legion-d-honneur-after-row |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> Le 29 de novembre 2016, ille esseva eligite Persona del Anno per Maroc Hebdo International, in recognition de su effortios in le campo del securitate e de su significative influentia in functiones essential e vital.<ref name="l849">{{cite web |last=Bouzdaini |first=Wissam El |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, l'homme de l'année 2016 |url=https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/abdellatif-hammouchi-lhomme-de-lannee-2016 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Maroc Hebdo |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="h620">{{cite web |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, DG de la DGST et de la DGSN, choisi "Homme de l'année 2016" par Maroc Hebdo International |url=https://www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/societe-et-regions/abdellatif-hammouchi-dg-de-la-dgst-et-de-la-dgsn-choisi-homme-de-lannee-2016-par-maroc-hebdo-international/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MAP Express |language=fr}}</ref> In Marocco, le actiones judicial contra le DST e Hammouchi in connexion con le morte de detenitos sub tortura ha essite rejectate pro manca de evidentia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Le tribunal rejette la plainte de Mejjati|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lesechos/6031|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=Les Ecos|date=17 February 2010}}</ref> In april 2011, le journalist marroquin [[Rachid Niny]] esseva incarcerate post que ille publicava detalios sensibile super Hammouchi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rachid Niny placé en garde à vue|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/maghrebobservateur/1750|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=Demain Online|date=28 April 2011|author=Ali Lmrabet|author-link=Ali Lmrabet}}</ref> In 2011, ille recipeva un decoration Alaouita Wissam de Mohammed VI in recognition de su effortios pro mantener le securitate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paradoxes ramadanesques|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lakomefr/670|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=[[Lakome.com]]|date=15 August 2011|author=Ali Anouzla|author-link=Ali Anouzla}}</ref> == Cooperation in materia de securitate == Le 3 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, recipeva Vittorio Pisani, le Director General del Policie National Italian, in Rabat. Iste reunion faceva parte de un visita official al Regno de Marocco per un importante delegation securitari italian. Le visita sublineava le compromisso de ambe paises a augmentar lor cooperation in materia de securitate, particularmente date le crescente desafios securitari affrontate per le nationes tanto al nivello regional como international. Le collaboration mira al excambio de informationes e experientia, al coordination del effortios pro combatter le criminalitate organise e le terrorism, e al garantia del securitate e stabilitate tanto in le Regno de Marocco como in le Republica de Italia.<ref name="r089">{{cite web |last=MASAITI |first=Amira EL |date=2024-06-03 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security |url=https://en.hespress.com/86140-moroccos-top-police-chief-holds-talks-with-italian-public-security-dg-c-x.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News}}</ref><ref name="e973">{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Security representatives from Morocco and Italy hold meeting |url=https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/security-morocco-italy-meeting/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=International Security Journal}}</ref><ref name="t484">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-01-17 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security DG |url=https://www.mapamazighe.ma/en/actualites/social/morocco%E2%80%99s-top-police-chief-holds-talks-italian-public-security-dg |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref> Del 24 al 26 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, effectuava un visita de labor al Republica Federal de Germania. Durante iste visita, ille incontrava officiales tanto del Policie Federal como del Officio Federal del Policie Criminal pro discuter modos de meliorar le cooperation bilateral in varie campos del securitate, particularmente in le lucta contra le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational, e in le garantia del securitate de grande eventos sportive.<ref name="e037">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-06-20 |title=Morocco, Germany Set to Strengthen Security Cooperation |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-germany-set-strengthen-security-cooperation |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="y712">{{cite web |last=Ferná |first=Enrique |date=2024-06-27 |title=Morocco analyses German security at Euro 2024 |url=https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/morocco-analyses-german-security-at-euro-2024/20240627112138202060.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Atalayar}}</ref> ==Participation in Interpol== Dato que Sr. Abdellatif Hammouchi exerce tanto como Director General del Surveillance Territorial como Director General del Securitate National, ille persegue activemente un strategia de cooperation securitari multilateral pro meliorar le position de Marocco como un figura eminente e digne de fide in varie conferentias e foros mundial dedicate a contracombatter le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational e a occupar se de altere menacias emergente al securitate.<ref name="n946">{{cite web |title=حموشي يترأس وفد المملكة المشارك في الدورة 92 للجمعية العامة للأنتربول – تيل كيل عربي |website=تيل كيل عربي |date=2024-11-23 |url=https://ar.telquel.ma/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF/ |language=ar |access-date=2025-04-28}}</ref><ref name="l543">{{cite web |last=Asmlal |first=Amyne |title=Coopération sécuritaire: le Maroc prend le flambeau d’Interpol |website=Le 360 Français |date=2024-11-08 |url=https://fr.le360.ma/politique/cooperation-securitaire-le-maroc-prend-le-flambeau-dinterpol_W73ZLSDANJHNXF7ZP4L2JARLWU/ |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> A iste respecto, Sr. Hammouchi participava, como capite del delegation de Marocco, al 92e Assemblea General del Organisation International del Policie Criminal, [[Interpol]], que se teneva del 4 al 7 de novembre 2024 in Glasgow.<ref name="g237">{{cite web |title=Glasgow: Abdellatif Hammouchi préside la délégation du Maroc à l’AG d’Interpol |website=La Vie éco |date=2024-11-07 |url=https://www.lavieeco.com/pouvoirs/securite/glasgow-abdellatif-hammouchi-preside-la-delegation-du-maroc-a-lag-dinterpol/ |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> Iste evento international esseva marcate per le election de Marocco como Vice-presidente de Interpol pro [[Africa]], e culminava con le remise al Sr. Hammouchi del bandera de Interpol como preludio al organisation del proxime Assemblea General, que essera tenite in [[Marrakesh]] del 24 al 27 de novembre 2025.<ref name="j611">{{cite web |last=Observer |first=Oman |title=Après Glasgow, Marrakech. Abdellatif Hammouchi reçoit le drapeau d’Interpol au nom du Maroc |website=LobservateurDuMaroc |date=2024-11-08 |url=https://lobservateur.info/article/112493/video/apres-glasgow-marrakech-abdellatif-hammouchi-recoit-le-drapeau-dinterpol-au-nom-du-maroc |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref><ref name="f178">{{cite web |last=Kaiss |first=Nawfal |title=Le Maroc reçoit le drapeau pour accueillir la 93e Assemblée générale d'Interpol |website=Médias24 numéro un de l'information économique marocaine |date=2024-11-08 |url=https://medias24.com/2024/11/08/le-maroc-recoit-le-drapeau-pour-accueillir-la-93e-assemblee-generale-dinterpol/ |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> == Decorations == * [[File:MAR_Order_of_the_Throne_-_3rd_Class_BAR.png|60x60px]] Official del [[Ordine del Throno]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-23 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi : Portrait d'un insaisissable homme de l'ombre |url=https://medias24.com/2014/10/23/abdellatif-hammouchi-portrait-dun-insaisissable-homme-de-lombre/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Médias24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Official del [[Legion de Honor]] de Francia (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-15 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi bientôt promu Officier de la Légion d'honneur |url=https://medias24.com/2016/01/15/abdellatif-hammouchi-bientot-promu-officier-de-la-legion-dhonneur/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Médias 24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:ESP Gran Cruz Orden Merito Guardia Civil pasador.svg|60x60px]] Grand-Croce del [[Ordine del Merito del Guardia Civil]] de Espania (2019)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=España premia al jefe policial de Marruecos con la máxima distinción de la Guardia Civil |url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/jefe-policia-marruecos-gran-cruz-guardia-civil/ |journal=El Faro de Ceuta}}</ref><ref>{{Smallcaps|Ministerio del Interior}}: {{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=Real Decreto 549/2019, de 20 de septiembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito de la Guardia Civil al Director General de la Dirección General de Seguridad del Territorio de Marruecos y Director General de la Policía Nacional de Marruecos, señor Abdellatif Hammouchi. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2019/09/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2019-13493.pdf |journal=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]] |issue=228 |page=104787 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Fouad Ali El Himma]] *[[Yassine Mansouri]] *[[Abdelkader Belliraj]] ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} {{Mohammed VI}} {{DGSN}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hammouchi, Abdellatif}} [[Category:Officiales de policia marroquin]] [[Category:Nascite in 1966]] [[Category:Personas vivente]] [[Category:Personas de Fes, Marocco]] [[Category:Consiliatores de Mohammed VI de Marocco]] [[Category:Directores de agencias de intelligentia]] [[Category:Functionarios public marroquin]] [[Category:Alumnos del Universitate Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah]] [[Category:Tortura in Marocco]] [[Category:Personas de agencias de intelligentia marroquin]] 7ensdupf46zy9o2vq6h7303tsg7w3gp 699111 699110 2026-08-27T07:13:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Referentias */ 699111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Abdellatif Hammouchi''' (عبد اللطيف حموشي; nascite in 1966 in [[Taza]], [[Marocco]]) es le director del policia national marocchine, le [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]] (DGSN; ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale''), e etiam le director del servicios secrete, le [[Direction General del Surveillantia del Territorio]] (DGST; anteriormente cognoscite como DST, ''Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire'').<ref name=tq>{{cite news|title=Enquête. L'homme le plus secret du royaume|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=[[Telquel]]|date=24 September 2011|author=Driss Bennani|author2=Mohamed Boudarham|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226054545/http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Il es etiam un consiliator de [[Mohammed VI de Marocco|Mohammed VI]] pro questiones concernente le terrorismo. ==Prime vita== Il graduava del Universitate de Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah in Fes e entrava in le policia como official in 1993.<ref name="alm" /> Post que [[Hamidou Laanigri]] quitava le DST un die post le attentatos de Casablanca del 16 de maio 2003 e esseva nominate Director del [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]], ille esseva reimplaciate per su adjutante Ahmed Harrari, qui esseva reimplaciate per Hammouchi in decembre 2005.<ref name="alm" /> ==Controversias== Le 20 de februario 2014, durante que Hammouchi participava a un reunion con officiales francese in Paris, ille esseva citate per un judice francese pro testificar super casos de tortura post plure querelas presentate per victimas de tortura, tal como [[Zakaria Moumni]], contra ille e su organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Zakaria Moumni a déposé plainte contre le patron de la DST marocaine |newspaper=Demain Online |url=http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/ |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226125228/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/ |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Une ONG demande l'audition d'Abdellatif Hammouchi en visite en France |newspaper=Demain Online |url=http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/ |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226123423/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/ |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Aziz El Yaakoubi |author2=Patrick Markey |date=2 February 2014 |title=Morocco summons French ambassador over torture lawsuit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-morocco-france-torture-idUKBREA1L14H20140222 |access-date=23 February 2014}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Su nom ha essite frequentemente citate in connexion con centros de detention secrete in [[Marocco]], como le [[Centro de interrogation de Temara]] e le [[prison secrete de Ain Aouda]]. Le crise inter Marocco e Francia terminava in februario 2015, quando le governamento francese honora Abdellatif Hammouchi con le Ordine National del Merito al rango de Officier del Legion de Honor. Iste decoration esseva presentate per [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], le Ministro del Interior.<ref name="s463">{{cite web |date=2015-02-14 |title=France to award Moroccan intelligence chief Legion d’honneur after row |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/02/14/France-to-award-Moroccan-intelligence-chief-Legion-d-honneur-after-row |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> Le 29 de novembre 2016, ille esseva eligite Persona del Anno per Maroc Hebdo International, in recognition de su effortios in le campo del securitate e de su significative influentia in functiones essential e vital.<ref name="l849">{{cite web |last=Bouzdaini |first=Wissam El |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, l'homme de l'année 2016 |url=https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/abdellatif-hammouchi-lhomme-de-lannee-2016 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Maroc Hebdo |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="h620">{{cite web |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, DG de la DGST et de la DGSN, choisi "Homme de l'année 2016" par Maroc Hebdo International |url=https://www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/societe-et-regions/abdellatif-hammouchi-dg-de-la-dgst-et-de-la-dgsn-choisi-homme-de-lannee-2016-par-maroc-hebdo-international/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MAP Express |language=fr}}</ref> In Marocco, le actiones judicial contra le DST e Hammouchi in connexion con le morte de detenitos sub tortura ha essite rejectate pro manca de evidentia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Le tribunal rejette la plainte de Mejjati|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lesechos/6031|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=Les Ecos|date=17 February 2010}}</ref> In april 2011, le journalist marroquin [[Rachid Niny]] esseva incarcerate post que ille publicava detalios sensibile super Hammouchi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rachid Niny placé en garde à vue|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/maghrebobservateur/1750|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=Demain Online|date=28 April 2011|author=Ali Lmrabet|author-link=Ali Lmrabet}}</ref> In 2011, ille recipeva un decoration Alaouita Wissam de Mohammed VI in recognition de su effortios pro mantener le securitate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paradoxes ramadanesques|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lakomefr/670|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=[[Lakome.com]]|date=15 August 2011|author=Ali Anouzla|author-link=Ali Anouzla}}</ref> == Cooperation in materia de securitate == Le 3 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, recipeva Vittorio Pisani, le Director General del Policie National Italian, in Rabat. Iste reunion faceva parte de un visita official al Regno de Marocco per un importante delegation securitari italian. Le visita sublineava le compromisso de ambe paises a augmentar lor cooperation in materia de securitate, particularmente date le crescente desafios securitari affrontate per le nationes tanto al nivello regional como international. Le collaboration mira al excambio de informationes e experientia, al coordination del effortios pro combatter le criminalitate organise e le terrorism, e al garantia del securitate e stabilitate tanto in le Regno de Marocco como in le Republica de Italia.<ref name="r089">{{cite web |last=MASAITI |first=Amira EL |date=2024-06-03 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security |url=https://en.hespress.com/86140-moroccos-top-police-chief-holds-talks-with-italian-public-security-dg-c-x.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News}}</ref><ref name="e973">{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Security representatives from Morocco and Italy hold meeting |url=https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/security-morocco-italy-meeting/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=International Security Journal}}</ref><ref name="t484">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-01-17 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security DG |url=https://www.mapamazighe.ma/en/actualites/social/morocco%E2%80%99s-top-police-chief-holds-talks-italian-public-security-dg |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref> Del 24 al 26 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, effectuava un visita de labor al Republica Federal de Germania. Durante iste visita, ille incontrava officiales tanto del Policie Federal como del Officio Federal del Policie Criminal pro discuter modos de meliorar le cooperation bilateral in varie campos del securitate, particularmente in le lucta contra le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational, e in le garantia del securitate de grande eventos sportive.<ref name="e037">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-06-20 |title=Morocco, Germany Set to Strengthen Security Cooperation |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-germany-set-strengthen-security-cooperation |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="y712">{{cite web |last=Ferná |first=Enrique |date=2024-06-27 |title=Morocco analyses German security at Euro 2024 |url=https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/morocco-analyses-german-security-at-euro-2024/20240627112138202060.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Atalayar}}</ref> ==Participation in Interpol== Dato que Sr. Abdellatif Hammouchi exerce tanto como Director General del Surveillance Territorial como Director General del Securitate National, ille persegue activemente un strategia de cooperation securitari multilateral pro meliorar le position de Marocco como un figura eminente e digne de fide in varie conferentias e foros mundial dedicate a contracombatter le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational e a occupar se de altere menacias emergente al securitate.<ref name="n946">{{cite web |title=حموشي يترأس وفد المملكة المشارك في الدورة 92 للجمعية العامة للأنتربول – تيل كيل عربي |website=تيل كيل عربي |date=2024-11-23 |url=https://ar.telquel.ma/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF/ |language=ar |access-date=2025-04-28}}</ref><ref name="l543">{{cite web |last=Asmlal |first=Amyne |title=Coopération sécuritaire: le Maroc prend le flambeau d’Interpol |website=Le 360 Français |date=2024-11-08 |url=https://fr.le360.ma/politique/cooperation-securitaire-le-maroc-prend-le-flambeau-dinterpol_W73ZLSDANJHNXF7ZP4L2JARLWU/ |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> A iste respecto, Sr. Hammouchi participava, como capite del delegation de Marocco, al 92e Assemblea General del Organisation International del Policie Criminal, [[Interpol]], que se teneva del 4 al 7 de novembre 2024 in Glasgow.<ref name="g237">{{cite web |title=Glasgow: Abdellatif Hammouchi préside la délégation du Maroc à l’AG d’Interpol |website=La Vie éco |date=2024-11-07 |url=https://www.lavieeco.com/pouvoirs/securite/glasgow-abdellatif-hammouchi-preside-la-delegation-du-maroc-a-lag-dinterpol/ |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> Iste evento international esseva marcate per le election de Marocco como Vice-presidente de Interpol pro [[Africa]], e culminava con le remise al Sr. Hammouchi del bandera de Interpol como preludio al organisation del proxime Assemblea General, que essera tenite in [[Marrakesh]] del 24 al 27 de novembre 2025.<ref name="j611">{{cite web |last=Observer |first=Oman |title=Après Glasgow, Marrakech. Abdellatif Hammouchi reçoit le drapeau d’Interpol au nom du Maroc |website=LobservateurDuMaroc |date=2024-11-08 |url=https://lobservateur.info/article/112493/video/apres-glasgow-marrakech-abdellatif-hammouchi-recoit-le-drapeau-dinterpol-au-nom-du-maroc |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref><ref name="f178">{{cite web |last=Kaiss |first=Nawfal |title=Le Maroc reçoit le drapeau pour accueillir la 93e Assemblée générale d'Interpol |website=Médias24 numéro un de l'information économique marocaine |date=2024-11-08 |url=https://medias24.com/2024/11/08/le-maroc-recoit-le-drapeau-pour-accueillir-la-93e-assemblee-generale-dinterpol/ |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> == Decorations == * [[File:MAR_Order_of_the_Throne_-_3rd_Class_BAR.png|60x60px]] Official del [[Ordine del Throno]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-23 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi : Portrait d'un insaisissable homme de l'ombre |url=https://medias24.com/2014/10/23/abdellatif-hammouchi-portrait-dun-insaisissable-homme-de-lombre/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Médias24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Official del [[Legion de Honor]] de Francia (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-15 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi bientôt promu Officier de la Légion d'honneur |url=https://medias24.com/2016/01/15/abdellatif-hammouchi-bientot-promu-officier-de-la-legion-dhonneur/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Médias 24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:ESP Gran Cruz Orden Merito Guardia Civil pasador.svg|60x60px]] Grand-Croce del [[Ordine del Merito del Guardia Civil]] de Espania (2019)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=España premia al jefe policial de Marruecos con la máxima distinción de la Guardia Civil |url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/jefe-policia-marruecos-gran-cruz-guardia-civil/ |journal=El Faro de Ceuta}}</ref><ref>{{Smallcaps|Ministerio del Interior}}: {{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=Real Decreto 549/2019, de 20 de septiembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito de la Guardia Civil al Director General de la Dirección General de Seguridad del Territorio de Marruecos y Director General de la Policía Nacional de Marruecos, señor Abdellatif Hammouchi. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2019/09/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2019-13493.pdf |journal=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]] |issue=228 |page=104787 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Fouad Ali El Himma]] *[[Yassine Mansouri]] *[[Abdelkader Belliraj]] ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Officiales de policia marroquin]] [[Category:Nascite in 1966]] [[Category:Personas vivente]] [[Category:Personas de Fes, Marocco]] [[Category:Consiliatores de Mohammed VI de Marocco]] [[Category:Directores de agencias de intelligentia]] [[Category:Functionarios public marroquin]] [[Category:Alumnos del Universitate Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah]] [[Category:Tortura in Marocco]] [[Category:Personas de agencias de intelligentia marroquin]] mnwnd2mv6fs6joyns6bmays6p0lkxki 699112 699111 2026-08-27T07:14:12Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Prime vita */ 699112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Abdellatif Hammouchi''' (عبد اللطيف حموشي; nascite in 1966 in [[Taza]], [[Marocco]]) es le director del policia national marocchine, le [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]] (DGSN; ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale''), e etiam le director del servicios secrete, le [[Direction General del Surveillantia del Territorio]] (DGST; anteriormente cognoscite como DST, ''Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire'').<ref name=tq>{{cite news|title=Enquête. L'homme le plus secret du royaume|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=[[Telquel]]|date=24 September 2011|author=Driss Bennani|author2=Mohamed Boudarham|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226054545/http://www.telquel-online.com/content/enqu%C3%AAte-l%E2%80%99homme-le-plus-secret-du-royaume|archive-date=26 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Il es etiam un consiliator de [[Mohammed VI de Marocco|Mohammed VI]] pro questiones concernente le terrorismo. ==Prime vita== Il graduava del Universitate de Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah in Fes e entrava in le policia como official in 1993.<ref name=alm>{{cite news|title=Maghress : DGST : Abdellatif Hammouchi remplace Ahmed Harrari|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/aujourdhui/42147|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=[[Aujourd'hui le Maroc]]|date=16 December 2005}}</ref> Post que [[Hamidou Laanigri]] quitava le DST un die post le attentatos de Casablanca del 16 de maio 2003 e esseva nominate Director del [[Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)|Direction General del Securitate National]], ille esseva reimplaciate per su adjutante Ahmed Harrari, qui esseva reimplaciate per Hammouchi in decembre 2005.<ref name="alm" /> ==Controversias== Le 20 de februario 2014, durante que Hammouchi participava a un reunion con officiales francese in Paris, ille esseva citate per un judice francese pro testificar super casos de tortura post plure querelas presentate per victimas de tortura, tal como [[Zakaria Moumni]], contra ille e su organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Zakaria Moumni a déposé plainte contre le patron de la DST marocaine |newspaper=Demain Online |url=http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/ |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226125228/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/zakaria-moumni-attaque-le-patron-de-la-dst-marocaine/ |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2014 |title=Une ONG demande l'audition d'Abdellatif Hammouchi en visite en France |newspaper=Demain Online |url=http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/ |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226123423/http://www.demainonline.com/2014/02/21/alerte-une-ong-demande-laudition-dabdellatif-hammouchi-en-visite-en-france/ |archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Aziz El Yaakoubi |author2=Patrick Markey |date=2 February 2014 |title=Morocco summons French ambassador over torture lawsuit |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-morocco-france-torture-idUKBREA1L14H20140222 |access-date=23 February 2014}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Su nom ha essite frequentemente citate in connexion con centros de detention secrete in [[Marocco]], como le [[Centro de interrogation de Temara]] e le [[prison secrete de Ain Aouda]]. Le crise inter Marocco e Francia terminava in februario 2015, quando le governamento francese honora Abdellatif Hammouchi con le Ordine National del Merito al rango de Officier del Legion de Honor. Iste decoration esseva presentate per [[Bernard Cazeneuve]], le Ministro del Interior.<ref name="s463">{{cite web |date=2015-02-14 |title=France to award Moroccan intelligence chief Legion d’honneur after row |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/02/14/France-to-award-Moroccan-intelligence-chief-Legion-d-honneur-after-row |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> Le 29 de novembre 2016, ille esseva eligite Persona del Anno per Maroc Hebdo International, in recognition de su effortios in le campo del securitate e de su significative influentia in functiones essential e vital.<ref name="l849">{{cite web |last=Bouzdaini |first=Wissam El |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, l'homme de l'année 2016 |url=https://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/abdellatif-hammouchi-lhomme-de-lannee-2016 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Maroc Hebdo |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="h620">{{cite web |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi, DG de la DGST et de la DGSN, choisi "Homme de l'année 2016" par Maroc Hebdo International |url=https://www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/societe-et-regions/abdellatif-hammouchi-dg-de-la-dgst-et-de-la-dgsn-choisi-homme-de-lannee-2016-par-maroc-hebdo-international/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MAP Express |language=fr}}</ref> In Marocco, le actiones judicial contra le DST e Hammouchi in connexion con le morte de detenitos sub tortura ha essite rejectate pro manca de evidentia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Le tribunal rejette la plainte de Mejjati|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lesechos/6031|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=Les Ecos|date=17 February 2010}}</ref> In april 2011, le journalist marroquin [[Rachid Niny]] esseva incarcerate post que ille publicava detalios sensibile super Hammouchi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rachid Niny placé en garde à vue|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/maghrebobservateur/1750|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=Demain Online|date=28 April 2011|author=Ali Lmrabet|author-link=Ali Lmrabet}}</ref> In 2011, ille recipeva un decoration Alaouita Wissam de Mohammed VI in recognition de su effortios pro mantener le securitate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paradoxes ramadanesques|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lakomefr/670|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=[[Lakome.com]]|date=15 August 2011|author=Ali Anouzla|author-link=Ali Anouzla}}</ref> == Cooperation in materia de securitate == Le 3 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, recipeva Vittorio Pisani, le Director General del Policie National Italian, in Rabat. Iste reunion faceva parte de un visita official al Regno de Marocco per un importante delegation securitari italian. Le visita sublineava le compromisso de ambe paises a augmentar lor cooperation in materia de securitate, particularmente date le crescente desafios securitari affrontate per le nationes tanto al nivello regional como international. Le collaboration mira al excambio de informationes e experientia, al coordination del effortios pro combatter le criminalitate organise e le terrorism, e al garantia del securitate e stabilitate tanto in le Regno de Marocco como in le Republica de Italia.<ref name="r089">{{cite web |last=MASAITI |first=Amira EL |date=2024-06-03 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security |url=https://en.hespress.com/86140-moroccos-top-police-chief-holds-talks-with-italian-public-security-dg-c-x.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News}}</ref><ref name="e973">{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Security representatives from Morocco and Italy hold meeting |url=https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/security-morocco-italy-meeting/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=International Security Journal}}</ref><ref name="t484">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-01-17 |title=Morocco's Top Police Chief Holds Talks with Italian Public Security DG |url=https://www.mapamazighe.ma/en/actualites/social/morocco%E2%80%99s-top-police-chief-holds-talks-italian-public-security-dg |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref> Del 24 al 26 de junio 2024, Abdellatif Hammouchi, le Director General del Securitate National e del Surveillance Territorial, effectuava un visita de labor al Republica Federal de Germania. Durante iste visita, ille incontrava officiales tanto del Policie Federal como del Officio Federal del Policie Criminal pro discuter modos de meliorar le cooperation bilateral in varie campos del securitate, particularmente in le lucta contra le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational, e in le garantia del securitate de grande eventos sportive.<ref name="e037">{{cite web |last=Taibi |first=FADLI |last2=Technology |first2=Archos |date=2024-06-20 |title=Morocco, Germany Set to Strengthen Security Cooperation |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/politics/morocco-germany-set-strengthen-security-cooperation |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=MapNews |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="y712">{{cite web |last=Ferná |first=Enrique |date=2024-06-27 |title=Morocco analyses German security at Euro 2024 |url=https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/morocco-analyses-german-security-at-euro-2024/20240627112138202060.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Atalayar}}</ref> ==Participation in Interpol== Dato que Sr. Abdellatif Hammouchi exerce tanto como Director General del Surveillance Territorial como Director General del Securitate National, ille persegue activemente un strategia de cooperation securitari multilateral pro meliorar le position de Marocco como un figura eminente e digne de fide in varie conferentias e foros mundial dedicate a contracombatter le terrorism, le criminalitate organise transnational e a occupar se de altere menacias emergente al securitate.<ref name="n946">{{cite web |title=حموشي يترأس وفد المملكة المشارك في الدورة 92 للجمعية العامة للأنتربول – تيل كيل عربي |website=تيل كيل عربي |date=2024-11-23 |url=https://ar.telquel.ma/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF/ |language=ar |access-date=2025-04-28}}</ref><ref name="l543">{{cite web |last=Asmlal |first=Amyne |title=Coopération sécuritaire: le Maroc prend le flambeau d’Interpol |website=Le 360 Français |date=2024-11-08 |url=https://fr.le360.ma/politique/cooperation-securitaire-le-maroc-prend-le-flambeau-dinterpol_W73ZLSDANJHNXF7ZP4L2JARLWU/ |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> A iste respecto, Sr. Hammouchi participava, como capite del delegation de Marocco, al 92e Assemblea General del Organisation International del Policie Criminal, [[Interpol]], que se teneva del 4 al 7 de novembre 2024 in Glasgow.<ref name="g237">{{cite web |title=Glasgow: Abdellatif Hammouchi préside la délégation du Maroc à l’AG d’Interpol |website=La Vie éco |date=2024-11-07 |url=https://www.lavieeco.com/pouvoirs/securite/glasgow-abdellatif-hammouchi-preside-la-delegation-du-maroc-a-lag-dinterpol/ |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> Iste evento international esseva marcate per le election de Marocco como Vice-presidente de Interpol pro [[Africa]], e culminava con le remise al Sr. Hammouchi del bandera de Interpol como preludio al organisation del proxime Assemblea General, que essera tenite in [[Marrakesh]] del 24 al 27 de novembre 2025.<ref name="j611">{{cite web |last=Observer |first=Oman |title=Après Glasgow, Marrakech. Abdellatif Hammouchi reçoit le drapeau d’Interpol au nom du Maroc |website=LobservateurDuMaroc |date=2024-11-08 |url=https://lobservateur.info/article/112493/video/apres-glasgow-marrakech-abdellatif-hammouchi-recoit-le-drapeau-dinterpol-au-nom-du-maroc |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref><ref name="f178">{{cite web |last=Kaiss |first=Nawfal |title=Le Maroc reçoit le drapeau pour accueillir la 93e Assemblée générale d'Interpol |website=Médias24 numéro un de l'information économique marocaine |date=2024-11-08 |url=https://medias24.com/2024/11/08/le-maroc-recoit-le-drapeau-pour-accueillir-la-93e-assemblee-generale-dinterpol/ |language=fr |access-date=2025-04-30}}</ref> == Decorations == * [[File:MAR_Order_of_the_Throne_-_3rd_Class_BAR.png|60x60px]] Official del [[Ordine del Throno]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-23 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi : Portrait d'un insaisissable homme de l'ombre |url=https://medias24.com/2014/10/23/abdellatif-hammouchi-portrait-dun-insaisissable-homme-de-lombre/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Médias24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Official del [[Legion de Honor]] de Francia (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-15 |title=Abdellatif Hammouchi bientôt promu Officier de la Légion d'honneur |url=https://medias24.com/2016/01/15/abdellatif-hammouchi-bientot-promu-officier-de-la-legion-dhonneur/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Médias 24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * [[File:ESP Gran Cruz Orden Merito Guardia Civil pasador.svg|60x60px]] Grand-Croce del [[Ordine del Merito del Guardia Civil]] de Espania (2019)<ref>{{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=España premia al jefe policial de Marruecos con la máxima distinción de la Guardia Civil |url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/jefe-policia-marruecos-gran-cruz-guardia-civil/ |journal=El Faro de Ceuta}}</ref><ref>{{Smallcaps|Ministerio del Interior}}: {{Cite journal |date=23 September 2019 |title=Real Decreto 549/2019, de 20 de septiembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito de la Guardia Civil al Director General de la Dirección General de Seguridad del Territorio de Marruecos y Director General de la Policía Nacional de Marruecos, señor Abdellatif Hammouchi. |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2019/09/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2019-13493.pdf |journal=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]] |issue=228 |page=104787 |issn=0212-033X}}</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Fouad Ali El Himma]] *[[Yassine Mansouri]] *[[Abdelkader Belliraj]] ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Officiales de policia marroquin]] [[Category:Nascite in 1966]] [[Category:Personas vivente]] [[Category:Personas de Fes, Marocco]] [[Category:Consiliatores de Mohammed VI de Marocco]] [[Category:Directores de agencias de intelligentia]] [[Category:Functionarios public marroquin]] [[Category:Alumnos del Universitate Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah]] [[Category:Tortura in Marocco]] [[Category:Personas de agencias de intelligentia marroquin]] ktyfhk3sfleuhm3lasbjkcjhw9hsbqp 0 61201 699114 2026-08-27T07:21:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General pro le Securitate National''' ({{Langx|ar|االمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني|Aālmdyryh al-ʻĀmmah lil-amn al-Waṭanī}}; {{Langx|zgh|ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ|tamhla tamatayt n tnfrut tanamurt}}; {{langx|fr|Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale}}, '''DGSN''') es le fortia national de [[policia]] del [[Regno de Marocco]...” 699114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General pro le Securitate National''' ({{Langx|ar|االمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني|Aālmdyryh al-ʻĀmmah lil-amn al-Waṭanī}}; {{Langx|zgh|ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ|tamhla tamatayt n tnfrut tanamurt}}; {{langx|fr|Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale}}, '''DGSN''') es le fortia national de [[policia]] del [[Regno de Marocco]]. Illa es responsabile de mantener le [[criminalitate contra le ordine public|ordine public]], facer respectar le lege e assecurar le securitate public. Le DGSN esseva establite le 16 de maio 1956 per le rege [[Mohammed V de Marocco]].<ref name="ref1" /> Illa opera insimul con altere fortias de securitate, notabilemente le [[Fortias Auxiliar]] e le [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccana]]. == Historia == Ante le 20me seculo, un [[Shurta]] (policia) regionalisate faceva respectar le [[Sharia|lege sharia]] e assecurava le securitate trans tote le pais.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen J. |title=The Almohads: The Rise of an Islamic Empire |date=2010 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-282-88107-5 |oclc=729030442}}</ref> Durante le [[Califato almohade]], le califa assumeva anque le rolo de [[ṣāḥib al-shurṭa]] (capo del policia).<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc : de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |date=2012 |publisher=A. Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-63847-8 |location=[Paris] |language=fr |oclc=820655352}}</ref> Il habeva [[Muhtasib|muhtasibs]] regional e tribal (equivalente a un commissario de policia) que esseva nominate per le [[Pasha|pasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fillias |first=Achille |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6210566f |title=L'Espagne et le Maroc en 1860 |date=1860 |publisher=Poulet-Malassis et De Broise |location=Paris |pages=66 |language=fr}}</ref> Le muhtasib habeva le poter de imponer multas pro offenses minor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godard |first=Léon Nicolas |url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionethis00goda |title=Description et histoire du Maroc |date=1860 |publisher=C. Tanera |location=Paris}}</ref> Le criminales esseva judicate ante un [[Qadi|qadi]], le judice de un corte de sharia. Le qadi pronuntiava judicios in casos criminal, civil e commercial.<ref name=":0" /> Le 20 de julio 1901, Marocco formava su prime patrulia national del frontiera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-10-30 |title=LA FRONTIÈRE ALGÉRO-MAROCAINE ET LE PROTOCOLE DU 20 JUILLET 1901 |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/10/30/la-frontiere-algero-marocaine-et-le-protocole-du-20-juillet-1901_2211384_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinon |first=René |date=1903 |title=Figuig et la politique française au Maroc |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Figuig_et_la_politique_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Maroc |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |pages=678–696}}</ref> Le patrulia habeva le carga de assecurar le securitate del frontiera con [[Algeria Francese]], sub le controlo de un commissario in [[Ujda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-03-22 |title=Au delà ce ne sont que limites traditionnelles et administratives |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1956/03/22/au-dela-ce-ne-sont-que-limites-traditionnelles-et-administratives_2238670_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sayagh |first1=Saïd |url=http://www.cairn.info/la-france-et-les-frontieres-maroco-algeriennes--9782271104519.htm |title=La France et les frontières maroco-algériennes (1873-1902) |last2=Miège |first2=Jean-Louis |date=1986 |publisher=C.N.R.S. Editions |isbn=978-2-222-03889-4 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/cnrs.sayag.1986.01}}</ref> In 1906, le [[Conferentia de Algeciras]] conduceva a varie reformas del policia in Marocco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conferentia de Algeciras |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Algeciras-Conference |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Le reformas establiva un fortia national de policia que esseva sub le autoritate soveran del Sultan. Le recrutamento del fortia de policia esseva supervisate per le [[Makhzen]] e commandate per [[Caïd|caids]]. In addition, le fortia de policia esseva stationate in le octo portos que esseva aperte al commercio international.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Le Conferentia de Algeciras (Cap. 1) |url=https://discoveringtangier.wordpress.com/the-madrids-conference-chap-1/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Discovering Tangier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5624627z |title=Acte général de la Conférence internationale d'Algeciras |date=1906 |language=EN}}</ref> In 1912, le Servicio General de Policia esseva create post le establimento del [[Protectorato Francese in Marocco]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1913-10-24 |title=ARRETE VIZIRIEL relatif a l'organisation d'un service anthropométrique au Maroc |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bo_fr/1913/BO_52_Fr.pdf#page=4 |journal=Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien |issue=52 |pages=4}}</ref> In 1913, un unitate de identification scientific esseva formate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Piazza |first1=Pierre |last2=Frappa |first2=Amos |date=2017-01-10 |title=Histoire de la police scientifique (1832-1951) |url=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/ref/25/18039/ |journal=Musée Criminocorpus |language=fr}}</ref> Un servicio general de identification scientific esseva formate in novembre 1931.<ref name=":2" /> Le 16 de maio 1956, un anno post que Marocco recoperava su independentia, le DGSN esseva formate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahrach |first=Yassir |title=Le DGSN, viste ab le exterior |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/chroniques/la-dgsn-vue-de-lexterieur |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |date=13 May 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Le Instituto Royal de Policia in Kenitra esseva inaugurate in 1978.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Historia del DGSN: le datas principal |url=http://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/histoire-de-la-dgsn-les-dates-phares |access-date=2022-11-13 |publisher=Maghreb Arabe Presse}}</ref> Le Laboratorio Scientific e Technic del Policia in Casablanca esseva create in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> Le 8 de septembre 2023, [[Terraemoto de Marrakesh-Safi de 2023|un terraemoto]] de magnitude 6,8 [[Scala de magnitude de momento|M_w]] colpeva le [[Marrakesh-Safi|region de Marrakesh-Safi]] de Marocco.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Terraemoto in Marocco: Plus de 2 000 mortos pois le tremores esseva sentite in plure regiones |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66759069 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plus de 2 000 mortos post un potente terraemoto que colpeva Marocco presso Marrakech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/8/powerful-6-8-magnitude-earthquake-rattles-morocco |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Le DGSN insimul con le [[Direction General pro le Vigilantia Territorial de Marocco|DGST]] annunciava que il contribuerea 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto |url=https://en.hespress.com/70819-dgsn-dgst-will-contribute-mad-50-million-to-special-fund-for-managing-earthquake-effects.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=11 September 2023 |title=Auxilio post le terraemoto: le policia maroccan dona 4,9 milliones de dollars al Fondo Special |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357621/earthquake-relief-moroccan-police-donate-4-9-million-to-special-fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 MDH al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto {{!}} MapNews |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/general/dgsndgst-will-contribute-50-mdh-special-fund-managing-earthquake-effects |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=[www.mapnews.ma](http://www.mapnews.ma)}}</ref> Illes establiva duo panificatorios mobile presso Marrakech, pro fornir pan a illes que esseva afficite per le terraemoto.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=14 September 2023 |title=Le DGSN establi panificatorios mobile in Tahanaout, presso Marrakech |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357682/dgsn-set-up-mobile-bakeries-in-tahanaout-near-marrakech |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> == Organisation == In 2007, le Sûreté Nationale habeva approximativemente 46 000 personas. Un decennio plus tarde, in 2017, le numero de personal habeva augmentate a 70 000. A partir de 2004, le Sûreté Nationale operava le sequente divisiones specialisate:<ref name="DerdMorocco">{{cite web |last1=Derdzinski |first1=Joseph |title=Commander of the Faithful: Morocco, the King and the Internal Security Forces |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA426869 |via=the Internet Archive |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=13 October 2004 |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> * Le Policia del Frontiera: responsabile del controlo e del survigilantia del frontiera * Le Corps de Intervention Mobile: incaricate de intervention rapide in major emergentias * Le Brigada National: principalmente responsabile del investigation de crimes grave, includente le [[terrorismo]], [[criminalitate organise|criminalitate organise]] e [[criminalitate de collar blanc|criminalitate de collar blanc]]. == Directores == {{Div col}} * Mohammed Laghzaoui (1956–1960) * [[Mohamed Oufkir]] (1960 – medio del annos 1960) * [[Ahmed Dlimi]] (medio del annos 1960 – 1972) * Abderrahmane Rabiah (1972–1979) * Slimane Alaoui (1979–1979) * Abdelhak Kadirin (1979–1983) * Hamid El Boukhari (1983–1988) * Mohammed Dryef (1989–1990) * General Ouazzani (1990–1993) * [[Ahmed Midaoui]] (1993–1997) * Hafid Benhachem (1997–2003) * [[Hamidou Laanigri]] (2003–2006) * [[Charki Draiss]] (2006–2012) * Bouchaib Rmail (2012–2015) * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] (2015–presente) {{Div col end}} == Grados de policia == === Policia in uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commandant de groupement principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de groupement.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix divisionaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante divisionari de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de securitate}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Officier de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier chef.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Gardien de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Officiero senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Officiero de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero capo}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero}} |{{lang|en|Guardiano de securitate}} |} === Policia sin uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Le directeur général de la DGSN.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Wali le préfet de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Controleur general.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police divisionnaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police principal.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Director General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Prefecto del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Controlor General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario divisionari del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario senior del Policia}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commissaire de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commissario del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector del Policia}} |} == Vide anque == * [[Gruppes urban de securitate]] * [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccana]] == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agentes de application del lege de Marocco]] i9o7ther4pti0wh4v2odnxbu4z36cj2 699115 699114 2026-08-27T07:22:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 699115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General pro le Securitate National''' ({{Langx|ar|االمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني|Aālmdyryh al-ʻĀmmah lil-amn al-Waṭanī}}; ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ''tamhla tamatayt n tnfrut tanamurt''; ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale'', '''DGSN''') es le fortia national de [[policia]] del [[Regno de Marocco]]. Illa es responsabile de mantener le [[criminalitate contra le ordine public|ordine public]], facer respectar le lege e assecurar le securitate public. Le DGSN esseva establite le 16 de maio 1956 per le rege [[Mohammed V de Marocco]].<ref name="ref1" /> Illa opera insimul con altere fortias de securitate, notabilemente le [[Fortias Auxiliar]] e le [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccana]]. == Historia == Ante le 20me seculo, un [[Shurta]] (policia) regionalisate faceva respectar le [[Sharia|lege sharia]] e assecurava le securitate trans tote le pais.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen J. |title=The Almohads: The Rise of an Islamic Empire |date=2010 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-282-88107-5 |oclc=729030442}}</ref> Durante le [[Califato almohade]], le califa assumeva anque le rolo de [[ṣāḥib al-shurṭa]] (capo del policia).<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc : de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |date=2012 |publisher=A. Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-63847-8 |location=[Paris] |language=fr |oclc=820655352}}</ref> Il habeva [[Muhtasib|muhtasibs]] regional e tribal (equivalente a un commissario de policia) que esseva nominate per le [[Pasha|pasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fillias |first=Achille |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6210566f |title=L'Espagne et le Maroc en 1860 |date=1860 |publisher=Poulet-Malassis et De Broise |location=Paris |pages=66 |language=fr}}</ref> Le muhtasib habeva le poter de imponer multas pro offenses minor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godard |first=Léon Nicolas |url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionethis00goda |title=Description et histoire du Maroc |date=1860 |publisher=C. Tanera |location=Paris}}</ref> Le criminales esseva judicate ante un [[Qadi|qadi]], le judice de un corte de sharia. Le qadi pronuntiava judicios in casos criminal, civil e commercial.<ref name=":0" /> Le 20 de julio 1901, Marocco formava su prime patrulia national del frontiera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-10-30 |title=LA FRONTIÈRE ALGÉRO-MAROCAINE ET LE PROTOCOLE DU 20 JUILLET 1901 |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/10/30/la-frontiere-algero-marocaine-et-le-protocole-du-20-juillet-1901_2211384_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinon |first=René |date=1903 |title=Figuig et la politique française au Maroc |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Figuig_et_la_politique_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Maroc |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |pages=678–696}}</ref> Le patrulia habeva le carga de assecurar le securitate del frontiera con [[Algeria Francese]], sub le controlo de un commissario in [[Ujda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-03-22 |title=Au delà ce ne sont que limites traditionnelles et administratives |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1956/03/22/au-dela-ce-ne-sont-que-limites-traditionnelles-et-administratives_2238670_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sayagh |first1=Saïd |url=http://www.cairn.info/la-france-et-les-frontieres-maroco-algeriennes--9782271104519.htm |title=La France et les frontières maroco-algériennes (1873-1902) |last2=Miège |first2=Jean-Louis |date=1986 |publisher=C.N.R.S. Editions |isbn=978-2-222-03889-4 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/cnrs.sayag.1986.01}}</ref> In 1906, le [[Conferentia de Algeciras]] conduceva a varie reformas del policia in Marocco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conferentia de Algeciras |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Algeciras-Conference |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Le reformas establiva un fortia national de policia que esseva sub le autoritate soveran del Sultan. Le recrutamento del fortia de policia esseva supervisate per le [[Makhzen]] e commandate per [[Caïd|caids]]. In addition, le fortia de policia esseva stationate in le octo portos que esseva aperte al commercio international.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Le Conferentia de Algeciras (Cap. 1) |url=https://discoveringtangier.wordpress.com/the-madrids-conference-chap-1/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Discovering Tangier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5624627z |title=Acte général de la Conférence internationale d'Algeciras |date=1906 |language=EN}}</ref> In 1912, le Servicio General de Policia esseva create post le establimento del [[Protectorato Francese in Marocco]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1913-10-24 |title=ARRETE VIZIRIEL relatif a l'organisation d'un service anthropométrique au Maroc |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bo_fr/1913/BO_52_Fr.pdf#page=4 |journal=Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien |issue=52 |pages=4}}</ref> In 1913, un unitate de identification scientific esseva formate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Piazza |first1=Pierre |last2=Frappa |first2=Amos |date=2017-01-10 |title=Histoire de la police scientifique (1832-1951) |url=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/ref/25/18039/ |journal=Musée Criminocorpus |language=fr}}</ref> Un servicio general de identification scientific esseva formate in novembre 1931.<ref name=":2" /> Le 16 de maio 1956, un anno post que Marocco recoperava su independentia, le DGSN esseva formate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahrach |first=Yassir |title=Le DGSN, viste ab le exterior |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/chroniques/la-dgsn-vue-de-lexterieur |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |date=13 May 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Le Instituto Royal de Policia in Kenitra esseva inaugurate in 1978.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Historia del DGSN: le datas principal |url=http://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/histoire-de-la-dgsn-les-dates-phares |access-date=2022-11-13 |publisher=Maghreb Arabe Presse}}</ref> Le Laboratorio Scientific e Technic del Policia in Casablanca esseva create in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> Le 8 de septembre 2023, [[Terraemoto de Marrakesh-Safi de 2023|un terraemoto]] de magnitude 6,8 [[Scala de magnitude de momento|M_w]] colpeva le [[Marrakesh-Safi|region de Marrakesh-Safi]] de Marocco.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Terraemoto in Marocco: Plus de 2 000 mortos pois le tremores esseva sentite in plure regiones |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66759069 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plus de 2 000 mortos post un potente terraemoto que colpeva Marocco presso Marrakech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/8/powerful-6-8-magnitude-earthquake-rattles-morocco |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Le DGSN insimul con le [[Direction General pro le Vigilantia Territorial de Marocco|DGST]] annunciava que il contribuerea 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto |url=https://en.hespress.com/70819-dgsn-dgst-will-contribute-mad-50-million-to-special-fund-for-managing-earthquake-effects.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=11 September 2023 |title=Auxilio post le terraemoto: le policia maroccan dona 4,9 milliones de dollars al Fondo Special |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357621/earthquake-relief-moroccan-police-donate-4-9-million-to-special-fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 MDH al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto {{!}} MapNews |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/general/dgsndgst-will-contribute-50-mdh-special-fund-managing-earthquake-effects |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=[www.mapnews.ma](http://www.mapnews.ma)}}</ref> Illes establiva duo panificatorios mobile presso Marrakech, pro fornir pan a illes que esseva afficite per le terraemoto.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=14 September 2023 |title=Le DGSN establi panificatorios mobile in Tahanaout, presso Marrakech |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357682/dgsn-set-up-mobile-bakeries-in-tahanaout-near-marrakech |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> == Organisation == In 2007, le Sûreté Nationale habeva approximativemente 46 000 personas. Un decennio plus tarde, in 2017, le numero de personal habeva augmentate a 70 000. A partir de 2004, le Sûreté Nationale operava le sequente divisiones specialisate:<ref name="DerdMorocco">{{cite web |last1=Derdzinski |first1=Joseph |title=Commander of the Faithful: Morocco, the King and the Internal Security Forces |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA426869 |via=the Internet Archive |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=13 October 2004 |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> * Le Policia del Frontiera: responsabile del controlo e del survigilantia del frontiera * Le Corps de Intervention Mobile: incaricate de intervention rapide in major emergentias * Le Brigada National: principalmente responsabile del investigation de crimes grave, includente le [[terrorismo]], [[criminalitate organise|criminalitate organise]] e [[criminalitate de collar blanc|criminalitate de collar blanc]]. == Directores == {{Div col}} * Mohammed Laghzaoui (1956–1960) * [[Mohamed Oufkir]] (1960 – medio del annos 1960) * [[Ahmed Dlimi]] (medio del annos 1960 – 1972) * Abderrahmane Rabiah (1972–1979) * Slimane Alaoui (1979–1979) * Abdelhak Kadirin (1979–1983) * Hamid El Boukhari (1983–1988) * Mohammed Dryef (1989–1990) * General Ouazzani (1990–1993) * [[Ahmed Midaoui]] (1993–1997) * Hafid Benhachem (1997–2003) * [[Hamidou Laanigri]] (2003–2006) * [[Charki Draiss]] (2006–2012) * Bouchaib Rmail (2012–2015) * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] (2015–presente) {{Div col end}} == Grados de policia == === Policia in uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commandant de groupement principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de groupement.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix divisionaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante divisionari de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de securitate}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Officier de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier chef.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Gardien de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Officiero senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Officiero de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero capo}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero}} |{{lang|en|Guardiano de securitate}} |} === Policia sin uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Le directeur général de la DGSN.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Wali le préfet de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Controleur general.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police divisionnaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police principal.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Director General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Prefecto del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Controlor General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario divisionari del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario senior del Policia}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commissaire de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commissario del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector del Policia}} |} == Vide anque == * [[Gruppes urban de securitate]] * [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccana]] == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agentes de application del lege de Marocco]] 7cdtqed8a4k1fggrav01wdkty6jcygv 699116 699115 2026-08-27T07:22:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 699116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General pro le Securitate National''' (arabe: االمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني|Aālmdyryh al-ʻĀmmah lil-amn al-Waṭanī}}; tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ''tamhla tamatayt n tnfrut tanamurt''; francese: ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale'', '''DGSN''') es le fortia national de [[policia]] del [[Regno de Marocco]]. Illa es responsabile de mantener le [[criminalitate contra le ordine public|ordine public]], facer respectar le lege e assecurar le securitate public. Le DGSN esseva establite le 16 de maio 1956 per le rege [[Mohammed V de Marocco]].<ref name="ref1" /> Illa opera insimul con altere fortias de securitate, notabilemente le [[Fortias Auxiliar]] e le [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccana]]. == Historia == Ante le 20me seculo, un [[Shurta]] (policia) regionalisate faceva respectar le [[Sharia|lege sharia]] e assecurava le securitate trans tote le pais.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen J. |title=The Almohads: The Rise of an Islamic Empire |date=2010 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-282-88107-5 |oclc=729030442}}</ref> Durante le [[Califato almohade]], le califa assumeva anque le rolo de [[ṣāḥib al-shurṭa]] (capo del policia).<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc : de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |date=2012 |publisher=A. Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-63847-8 |location=[Paris] |language=fr |oclc=820655352}}</ref> Il habeva [[Muhtasib|muhtasibs]] regional e tribal (equivalente a un commissario de policia) que esseva nominate per le [[Pasha|pasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fillias |first=Achille |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6210566f |title=L'Espagne et le Maroc en 1860 |date=1860 |publisher=Poulet-Malassis et De Broise |location=Paris |pages=66 |language=fr}}</ref> Le muhtasib habeva le poter de imponer multas pro offenses minor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godard |first=Léon Nicolas |url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionethis00goda |title=Description et histoire du Maroc |date=1860 |publisher=C. Tanera |location=Paris}}</ref> Le criminales esseva judicate ante un [[Qadi|qadi]], le judice de un corte de sharia. Le qadi pronuntiava judicios in casos criminal, civil e commercial.<ref name=":0" /> Le 20 de julio 1901, Marocco formava su prime patrulia national del frontiera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-10-30 |title=LA FRONTIÈRE ALGÉRO-MAROCAINE ET LE PROTOCOLE DU 20 JUILLET 1901 |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/10/30/la-frontiere-algero-marocaine-et-le-protocole-du-20-juillet-1901_2211384_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinon |first=René |date=1903 |title=Figuig et la politique française au Maroc |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Figuig_et_la_politique_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Maroc |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |pages=678–696}}</ref> Le patrulia habeva le carga de assecurar le securitate del frontiera con [[Algeria Francese]], sub le controlo de un commissario in [[Ujda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-03-22 |title=Au delà ce ne sont que limites traditionnelles et administratives |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1956/03/22/au-dela-ce-ne-sont-que-limites-traditionnelles-et-administratives_2238670_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sayagh |first1=Saïd |url=http://www.cairn.info/la-france-et-les-frontieres-maroco-algeriennes--9782271104519.htm |title=La France et les frontières maroco-algériennes (1873-1902) |last2=Miège |first2=Jean-Louis |date=1986 |publisher=C.N.R.S. Editions |isbn=978-2-222-03889-4 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/cnrs.sayag.1986.01}}</ref> In 1906, le [[Conferentia de Algeciras]] conduceva a varie reformas del policia in Marocco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conferentia de Algeciras |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Algeciras-Conference |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Le reformas establiva un fortia national de policia que esseva sub le autoritate soveran del Sultan. Le recrutamento del fortia de policia esseva supervisate per le [[Makhzen]] e commandate per [[Caïd|caids]]. In addition, le fortia de policia esseva stationate in le octo portos que esseva aperte al commercio international.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Le Conferentia de Algeciras (Cap. 1) |url=https://discoveringtangier.wordpress.com/the-madrids-conference-chap-1/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Discovering Tangier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5624627z |title=Acte général de la Conférence internationale d'Algeciras |date=1906 |language=EN}}</ref> In 1912, le Servicio General de Policia esseva create post le establimento del [[Protectorato Francese in Marocco]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1913-10-24 |title=ARRETE VIZIRIEL relatif a l'organisation d'un service anthropométrique au Maroc |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bo_fr/1913/BO_52_Fr.pdf#page=4 |journal=Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien |issue=52 |pages=4}}</ref> In 1913, un unitate de identification scientific esseva formate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Piazza |first1=Pierre |last2=Frappa |first2=Amos |date=2017-01-10 |title=Histoire de la police scientifique (1832-1951) |url=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/ref/25/18039/ |journal=Musée Criminocorpus |language=fr}}</ref> Un servicio general de identification scientific esseva formate in novembre 1931.<ref name=":2" /> Le 16 de maio 1956, un anno post que Marocco recoperava su independentia, le DGSN esseva formate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahrach |first=Yassir |title=Le DGSN, viste ab le exterior |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/chroniques/la-dgsn-vue-de-lexterieur |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |date=13 May 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Le Instituto Royal de Policia in Kenitra esseva inaugurate in 1978.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Historia del DGSN: le datas principal |url=http://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/histoire-de-la-dgsn-les-dates-phares |access-date=2022-11-13 |publisher=Maghreb Arabe Presse}}</ref> Le Laboratorio Scientific e Technic del Policia in Casablanca esseva create in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> Le 8 de septembre 2023, [[Terraemoto de Marrakesh-Safi de 2023|un terraemoto]] de magnitude 6,8 [[Scala de magnitude de momento|M_w]] colpeva le [[Marrakesh-Safi|region de Marrakesh-Safi]] de Marocco.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Terraemoto in Marocco: Plus de 2 000 mortos pois le tremores esseva sentite in plure regiones |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66759069 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plus de 2 000 mortos post un potente terraemoto que colpeva Marocco presso Marrakech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/8/powerful-6-8-magnitude-earthquake-rattles-morocco |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Le DGSN insimul con le [[Direction General pro le Vigilantia Territorial de Marocco|DGST]] annunciava que il contribuerea 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto |url=https://en.hespress.com/70819-dgsn-dgst-will-contribute-mad-50-million-to-special-fund-for-managing-earthquake-effects.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=11 September 2023 |title=Auxilio post le terraemoto: le policia maroccan dona 4,9 milliones de dollars al Fondo Special |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357621/earthquake-relief-moroccan-police-donate-4-9-million-to-special-fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 MDH al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto {{!}} MapNews |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/general/dgsndgst-will-contribute-50-mdh-special-fund-managing-earthquake-effects |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=[www.mapnews.ma](http://www.mapnews.ma)}}</ref> Illes establiva duo panificatorios mobile presso Marrakech, pro fornir pan a illes que esseva afficite per le terraemoto.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=14 September 2023 |title=Le DGSN establi panificatorios mobile in Tahanaout, presso Marrakech |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357682/dgsn-set-up-mobile-bakeries-in-tahanaout-near-marrakech |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> == Organisation == In 2007, le Sûreté Nationale habeva approximativemente 46 000 personas. Un decennio plus tarde, in 2017, le numero de personal habeva augmentate a 70 000. A partir de 2004, le Sûreté Nationale operava le sequente divisiones specialisate:<ref name="DerdMorocco">{{cite web |last1=Derdzinski |first1=Joseph |title=Commander of the Faithful: Morocco, the King and the Internal Security Forces |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA426869 |via=the Internet Archive |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=13 October 2004 |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> * Le Policia del Frontiera: responsabile del controlo e del survigilantia del frontiera * Le Corps de Intervention Mobile: incaricate de intervention rapide in major emergentias * Le Brigada National: principalmente responsabile del investigation de crimes grave, includente le [[terrorismo]], [[criminalitate organise|criminalitate organise]] e [[criminalitate de collar blanc|criminalitate de collar blanc]]. == Directores == {{Div col}} * Mohammed Laghzaoui (1956–1960) * [[Mohamed Oufkir]] (1960 – medio del annos 1960) * [[Ahmed Dlimi]] (medio del annos 1960 – 1972) * Abderrahmane Rabiah (1972–1979) * Slimane Alaoui (1979–1979) * Abdelhak Kadirin (1979–1983) * Hamid El Boukhari (1983–1988) * Mohammed Dryef (1989–1990) * General Ouazzani (1990–1993) * [[Ahmed Midaoui]] (1993–1997) * Hafid Benhachem (1997–2003) * [[Hamidou Laanigri]] (2003–2006) * [[Charki Draiss]] (2006–2012) * Bouchaib Rmail (2012–2015) * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] (2015–presente) {{Div col end}} == Grados de policia == === Policia in uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commandant de groupement principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de groupement.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix divisionaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante divisionari de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de securitate}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Officier de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier chef.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Gardien de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Officiero senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Officiero de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero capo}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero}} |{{lang|en|Guardiano de securitate}} |} === Policia sin uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Le directeur général de la DGSN.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Wali le préfet de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Controleur general.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police divisionnaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police principal.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Director General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Prefecto del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Controlor General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario divisionari del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario senior del Policia}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commissaire de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commissario del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector del Policia}} |} == Vide anque == * [[Gruppes urban de securitate]] * [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccana]] == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agentes de application del lege de Marocco]] epwm7xbp1zl9p1vfcruzibmgmsyuofc 699117 699116 2026-08-27T07:23:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 699117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General pro le Securitate National''' (arabe: االمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني|Aālmdyryh al-ʻĀmmah lil-amn al-Waṭanī}}; tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ''tamhla tamatayt n tnfrut tanamurt''; francese: ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale'', '''DGSN''') es le fortia national de [[policia]] del [[Regno de Marocco]]. Illa es responsabile de mantener le [[criminalitate contra le ordine public|ordine public]], facer respectar le lege e assecurar le securitate public. Le DGSN esseva establite le 16 de maio 1956 per le rege [[Mohammed V de Marocco]].<ref name="ref1" /> Illa opera insimul con altere fortias de securitate, notabilemente le [[Fortias Auxiliar]] e le [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]]. == Historia == Ante le 20me seculo, un [[Shurta]] (policia) regionalisate faceva respectar le [[Sharia|lege sharia]] e assecurava le securitate trans tote le pais.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen J. |title=The Almohads: The Rise of an Islamic Empire |date=2010 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-282-88107-5 |oclc=729030442}}</ref> Durante le [[Califato almohade]], le califa assumeva anque le rolo de [[ṣāḥib al-shurṭa]] (capo del policia).<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc : de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |date=2012 |publisher=A. Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-63847-8 |location=[Paris] |language=fr |oclc=820655352}}</ref> Il habeva [[Muhtasib|muhtasibs]] regional e tribal (equivalente a un commissario de policia) que esseva nominate per le [[Pasha|pasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fillias |first=Achille |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6210566f |title=L'Espagne et le Maroc en 1860 |date=1860 |publisher=Poulet-Malassis et De Broise |location=Paris |pages=66 |language=fr}}</ref> Le muhtasib habeva le poter de imponer multas pro offenses minor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godard |first=Léon Nicolas |url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionethis00goda |title=Description et histoire du Maroc |date=1860 |publisher=C. Tanera |location=Paris}}</ref> Le criminales esseva judicate ante un [[Qadi|qadi]], le judice de un corte de sharia. Le qadi pronuntiava judicios in casos criminal, civil e commercial.<ref name=":0" /> Le 20 de julio 1901, Marocco formava su prime patrulia national del frontiera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-10-30 |title=LA FRONTIÈRE ALGÉRO-MAROCAINE ET LE PROTOCOLE DU 20 JUILLET 1901 |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/10/30/la-frontiere-algero-marocaine-et-le-protocole-du-20-juillet-1901_2211384_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinon |first=René |date=1903 |title=Figuig et la politique française au Maroc |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Figuig_et_la_politique_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Maroc |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |pages=678–696}}</ref> Le patrulia habeva le carga de assecurar le securitate del frontiera con [[Algeria Francese]], sub le controlo de un commissario in [[Ujda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-03-22 |title=Au delà ce ne sont que limites traditionnelles et administratives |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1956/03/22/au-dela-ce-ne-sont-que-limites-traditionnelles-et-administratives_2238670_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sayagh |first1=Saïd |url=http://www.cairn.info/la-france-et-les-frontieres-maroco-algeriennes--9782271104519.htm |title=La France et les frontières maroco-algériennes (1873-1902) |last2=Miège |first2=Jean-Louis |date=1986 |publisher=C.N.R.S. Editions |isbn=978-2-222-03889-4 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/cnrs.sayag.1986.01}}</ref> In 1906, le [[Conferentia de Algeciras]] conduceva a varie reformas del policia in Marocco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conferentia de Algeciras |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Algeciras-Conference |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Le reformas establiva un fortia national de policia que esseva sub le autoritate soveran del Sultan. Le recrutamento del fortia de policia esseva supervisate per le [[Makhzen]] e commandate per [[Caïd|caids]]. In addition, le fortia de policia esseva stationate in le octo portos que esseva aperte al commercio international.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Le Conferentia de Algeciras (Cap. 1) |url=https://discoveringtangier.wordpress.com/the-madrids-conference-chap-1/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Discovering Tangier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5624627z |title=Acte général de la Conférence internationale d'Algeciras |date=1906 |language=EN}}</ref> In 1912, le Servicio General de Policia esseva create post le establimento del [[Protectorato Francese in Marocco]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1913-10-24 |title=ARRETE VIZIRIEL relatif a l'organisation d'un service anthropométrique au Maroc |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bo_fr/1913/BO_52_Fr.pdf#page=4 |journal=Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien |issue=52 |pages=4}}</ref> In 1913, un unitate de identification scientific esseva formate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Piazza |first1=Pierre |last2=Frappa |first2=Amos |date=2017-01-10 |title=Histoire de la police scientifique (1832-1951) |url=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/ref/25/18039/ |journal=Musée Criminocorpus |language=fr}}</ref> Un servicio general de identification scientific esseva formate in novembre 1931.<ref name=":2" /> Le 16 de maio 1956, un anno post que Marocco recoperava su independentia, le DGSN esseva formate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahrach |first=Yassir |title=Le DGSN, viste ab le exterior |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/chroniques/la-dgsn-vue-de-lexterieur |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |date=13 May 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Le Instituto Royal de Policia in Kenitra esseva inaugurate in 1978.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Historia del DGSN: le datas principal |url=http://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/histoire-de-la-dgsn-les-dates-phares |access-date=2022-11-13 |publisher=Maghreb Arabe Presse}}</ref> Le Laboratorio Scientific e Technic del Policia in Casablanca esseva create in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> Le 8 de septembre 2023, [[Terraemoto de Marrakesh-Safi de 2023|un terraemoto]] de magnitude 6,8 [[Scala de magnitude de momento|M_w]] colpeva le [[Marrakesh-Safi|region de Marrakesh-Safi]] de Marocco.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Terraemoto in Marocco: Plus de 2 000 mortos pois le tremores esseva sentite in plure regiones |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66759069 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plus de 2 000 mortos post un potente terraemoto que colpeva Marocco presso Marrakech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/8/powerful-6-8-magnitude-earthquake-rattles-morocco |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Le DGSN insimul con le [[Direction General pro le Vigilantia Territorial de Marocco|DGST]] annunciava que il contribuerea 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto |url=https://en.hespress.com/70819-dgsn-dgst-will-contribute-mad-50-million-to-special-fund-for-managing-earthquake-effects.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=11 September 2023 |title=Auxilio post le terraemoto: le policia maroccan dona 4,9 milliones de dollars al Fondo Special |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357621/earthquake-relief-moroccan-police-donate-4-9-million-to-special-fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 MDH al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terraemoto {{!}} MapNews |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/general/dgsndgst-will-contribute-50-mdh-special-fund-managing-earthquake-effects |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=[www.mapnews.ma](http://www.mapnews.ma)}}</ref> Illes establiva duo panificatorios mobile presso Marrakech, pro fornir pan a illes que esseva afficite per le terraemoto.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=14 September 2023 |title=Le DGSN establi panificatorios mobile in Tahanaout, presso Marrakech |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357682/dgsn-set-up-mobile-bakeries-in-tahanaout-near-marrakech |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> == Organisation == In 2007, le Sûreté Nationale habeva approximativemente 46 000 personas. Un decennio plus tarde, in 2017, le numero de personal habeva augmentate a 70 000. A partir de 2004, le Sûreté Nationale operava le sequente divisiones specialisate:<ref name="DerdMorocco">{{cite web |last1=Derdzinski |first1=Joseph |title=Commander of the Faithful: Morocco, the King and the Internal Security Forces |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA426869 |via=the Internet Archive |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=13 October 2004 |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> * Le Policia del Frontiera: responsabile del controlo e del survigilantia del frontiera * Le Corps de Intervention Mobile: incaricate de intervention rapide in major emergentias * Le Brigada National: principalmente responsabile del investigation de crimes grave, includente le [[terrorismo]], [[criminalitate organise|criminalitate organise]] e [[criminalitate de collar blanc|criminalitate de collar blanc]]. == Directores == {{Div col}} * Mohammed Laghzaoui (1956–1960) * [[Mohamed Oufkir]] (1960 – medio del annos 1960) * [[Ahmed Dlimi]] (medio del annos 1960 – 1972) * Abderrahmane Rabiah (1972–1979) * Slimane Alaoui (1979–1979) * Abdelhak Kadirin (1979–1983) * Hamid El Boukhari (1983–1988) * Mohammed Dryef (1989–1990) * General Ouazzani (1990–1993) * [[Ahmed Midaoui]] (1993–1997) * Hafid Benhachem (1997–2003) * [[Hamidou Laanigri]] (2003–2006) * [[Charki Draiss]] (2006–2012) * Bouchaib Rmail (2012–2015) * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] (2015–presente) {{Div col end}} == Grados de policia == === Policia in uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccan]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commandant de groupement principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de groupement.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix divisionaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante divisionari de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de securitate}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Officier de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier chef.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Gardien de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Officiero senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Officiero de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero capo}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero}} |{{lang|en|Guardiano de securitate}} |} === Policia sin uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Le directeur général de la DGSN.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Wali le préfet de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Controleur general.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police divisionnaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police principal.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Director General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Prefecto del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Controlor General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario divisionari del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario senior del Policia}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commissaire de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commissario del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector del Policia}} |} == Vide anque == * [[Gruppes urban de securitate]] * [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]] == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agentes de application del lege de Marocco]] fv6jgrlvgkbgi8ypscqanahdx2fqdrx 699118 699117 2026-08-27T07:24:04Z Interlingvisto 60932 699118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General pro le Securitate National''' (arabe: االمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني|Aālmdyryh al-ʻĀmmah lil-amn al-Waṭanī}}; tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ''tamhla tamatayt n tnfrut tanamurt''; francese: ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale'', '''DGSN''') es le fortia national de [[policia]] del [[Regno de Marocco]]. Illa es responsabile de mantener le [[criminalitate contra le ordine public|ordine public]], facer respectar le lege e assecurar le securitate public. Le DGSN esseva establite le 16 de maio 1956 per le rege [[Mohammed V de Marocco]].<ref name="ref1" /> Illa opera insimul con altere fortias de securitate, notabilemente le [[Fortias Auxiliar]] e le [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]]. == Historia == Ante le 20me seculo, un [[Shurta]] (policia) regionalisate faceva respectar le [[Sharia|lege sharia]] e assecurava le securitate trans tote le pais.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen J. |title=The Almohads: The Rise of an Islamic Empire |date=2010 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-282-88107-5 |oclc=729030442}}</ref> Durante le [[Califato almohade]], le califa assumeva anque le rolo de [[ṣāḥib al-shurṭa]] (capo del policia).<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc : de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |date=2012 |publisher=A. Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-63847-8 |location=[Paris] |language=fr |oclc=820655352}}</ref> Il habeva [[Muhtasib|muhtasibs]] regional e tribal (equivalente a un commissario de policia) que esseva nominate per le [[Pasha|pasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fillias |first=Achille |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6210566f |title=L'Espagne et le Maroc en 1860 |date=1860 |publisher=Poulet-Malassis et De Broise |location=Paris |pages=66 |language=fr}}</ref> Le muhtasib habeva le poter de imponer multas pro offenses minor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godard |first=Léon Nicolas |url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionethis00goda |title=Description et histoire du Maroc |date=1860 |publisher=C. Tanera |location=Paris}}</ref> Le criminales esseva judicate ante un [[Qadi|qadi]], le judice de un corte de sharia. Le qadi pronuntiava judicios in casos criminal, civil e commercial.<ref name=":0" /> Le 20 de julio 1901, Marocco formava su prime patrulia national del frontiera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-10-30 |title=LA FRONTIÈRE ALGÉRO-MAROCAINE ET LE PROTOCOLE DU 20 JUILLET 1901 |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/10/30/la-frontiere-algero-marocaine-et-le-protocole-du-20-juillet-1901_2211384_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinon |first=René |date=1903 |title=Figuig et la politique française au Maroc |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Figuig_et_la_politique_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Maroc |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |pages=678–696}}</ref> Le patrulia habeva le carga de assecurar le securitate del frontiera con [[Algeria Francese]], sub le controlo de un commissario in [[Ujda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-03-22 |title=Au delà ce ne sont que limites traditionnelles et administratives |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1956/03/22/au-dela-ce-ne-sont-que-limites-traditionnelles-et-administratives_2238670_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sayagh |first1=Saïd |url=http://www.cairn.info/la-france-et-les-frontieres-maroco-algeriennes--9782271104519.htm |title=La France et les frontières maroco-algériennes (1873-1902) |last2=Miège |first2=Jean-Louis |date=1986 |publisher=C.N.R.S. Editions |isbn=978-2-222-03889-4 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/cnrs.sayag.1986.01}}</ref> In 1906, le [[Conferentia de Algeciras]] conduceva a varie reformas del policia in Marocco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conferentia de Algeciras |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Algeciras-Conference |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Le reformas establiva un fortia national de policia que esseva sub le autoritate soveran del Sultan. Le recrutamento del fortia de policia esseva supervisate per le [[Makhzen]] e commandate per [[Caïd|caids]]. In addition, le fortia de policia esseva stationate in le octo portos que esseva aperte al commercio international.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Le Conferentia de Algeciras (Cap. 1) |url=https://discoveringtangier.wordpress.com/the-madrids-conference-chap-1/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Discovering Tangier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5624627z |title=Acte général de la Conférence internationale d'Algeciras |date=1906 |language=EN}}</ref> In 1912, le Servicio General de Policia esseva create post le establimento del [[Protectorato Francese in Marocco]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1913-10-24 |title=ARRETE VIZIRIEL relatif a l'organisation d'un service anthropométrique au Maroc |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bo_fr/1913/BO_52_Fr.pdf#page=4 |journal=Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien |issue=52 |pages=4}}</ref> In 1913, un unitate de identification scientific esseva formate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Piazza |first1=Pierre |last2=Frappa |first2=Amos |date=2017-01-10 |title=Histoire de la police scientifique (1832-1951) |url=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/ref/25/18039/ |journal=Musée Criminocorpus |language=fr}}</ref> Un servicio general de identification scientific esseva formate in novembre 1931.<ref name=":2" /> Le 16 de maio 1956, un anno post que Marocco recoperava su independentia, le DGSN esseva formate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahrach |first=Yassir |title=Le DGSN, viste ab le exterior |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/chroniques/la-dgsn-vue-de-lexterieur |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |date=13 May 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Le Instituto Royal de Policia in Kenitra esseva inaugurate in 1978.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Historia del DGSN: le datas principal |url=http://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/histoire-de-la-dgsn-les-dates-phares |access-date=2022-11-13 |publisher=Maghreb Arabe Presse}}</ref> Le Laboratorio Scientific e Technic del Policia in Casablanca esseva create in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> Le 8 de septembre 2023, [[Terremoto de Marrakesh-Safi de 2023|un terremoto]] de magnitude 6,8 [[Scala de magnitude de momento|M_w]] colpeva le [[Marrakesh-Safi|region de Marrakesh-Safi]] de Marocco.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Terremoto in Marocco: Plus de 2 000 mortos pois le tremores esseva sentite in plure regiones |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66759069 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plus de 2 000 mortos post un potente terremoto que colpeva Marocco presso Marrakech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/8/powerful-6-8-magnitude-earthquake-rattles-morocco |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Le DGSN insimul con le [[Direction General pro le Vigilantia Territorial de Marocco|DGST]] annunciava que il contribuerea 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto |url=https://en.hespress.com/70819-dgsn-dgst-will-contribute-mad-50-million-to-special-fund-for-managing-earthquake-effects.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=11 September 2023 |title=Auxilio post le terremoto: le policia maroccan dona 4,9 milliones de dollars al Fondo Special |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357621/earthquake-relief-moroccan-police-donate-4-9-million-to-special-fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 MDH al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto {{!}} MapNews |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/general/dgsndgst-will-contribute-50-mdh-special-fund-managing-earthquake-effects |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=[www.mapnews.ma](http://www.mapnews.ma)}}</ref> Illes establiva duo panificatorios mobile presso Marrakech, pro fornir pan a illes que esseva afficite per le terraemoto.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=14 September 2023 |title=Le DGSN establi panificatorios mobile in Tahanaout, presso Marrakech |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357682/dgsn-set-up-mobile-bakeries-in-tahanaout-near-marrakech |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> == Organisation == In 2007, le Sûreté Nationale habeva approximativemente 46 000 personas. Un decennio plus tarde, in 2017, le numero de personal habeva augmentate a 70 000. A partir de 2004, le Sûreté Nationale operava le sequente divisiones specialisate:<ref name="DerdMorocco">{{cite web |last1=Derdzinski |first1=Joseph |title=Commander of the Faithful: Morocco, the King and the Internal Security Forces |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA426869 |via=the Internet Archive |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=13 October 2004 |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> * Le Policia del Frontiera: responsabile del controlo e del survigilantia del frontiera * Le Corpo de Intervention Mobile: incaricate de intervention rapide in major emergentias * Le Brigada National: principalmente responsabile del investigation de crimes grave, includente le [[terrorismo]], [[criminalitate organise|criminalitate organise]] e [[criminalitate de collar blanc|criminalitate de collar blanc]]. == Directores == {{Div col}} * Mohammed Laghzaoui (1956–1960) * [[Mohamed Oufkir]] (1960 – medio del annos 1960) * [[Ahmed Dlimi]] (medio del annos 1960 – 1972) * Abderrahmane Rabiah (1972–1979) * Slimane Alaoui (1979–1979) * Abdelhak Kadirin (1979–1983) * Hamid El Boukhari (1983–1988) * Mohammed Dryef (1989–1990) * General Ouazzani (1990–1993) * [[Ahmed Midaoui]] (1993–1997) * Hafid Benhachem (1997–2003) * [[Hamidou Laanigri]] (2003–2006) * [[Charki Draiss]] (2006–2012) * Bouchaib Rmail (2012–2015) * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] (2015–presente) {{Div col end}} == Grados de policia == === Policia in uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccan]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commandant de groupement principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de groupement.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix divisionaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante divisionari de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de securitate}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Officier de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier chef.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Gardien de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Officiero senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Officiero de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero capo}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero}} |{{lang|en|Guardiano de securitate}} |} === Policia sin uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Le directeur général de la DGSN.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Wali le préfet de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Controleur general.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police divisionnaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police principal.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Director General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Prefecto del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Controlor General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario divisionari del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario senior del Policia}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commissaire de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commissario del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector del Policia}} |} == Vide anque == * [[Gruppes urban de securitate]] * [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]] == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agentes de application del lege de Marocco]] rs63nixrppvieu8f7w7fqu6y34e4d39 699119 699118 2026-08-27T07:24:24Z Interlingvisto 60932 699119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General pro le Securitate National''' (arabe: االمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني|Aālmdyryh al-ʻĀmmah lil-amn al-Waṭanī}}; tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ''tamhla tamatayt n tnfrut tanamurt''; francese: ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale'', '''DGSN''') es le fortia national de [[policia]] del [[Regno de Marocco]]. Illa es responsabile de mantener le [[criminalitate contra le ordine public|ordine public]], facer respectar le lege e assecurar le securitate public. Le DGSN esseva establite le 16 de maio 1956 per le rege [[Mohammed V de Marocco]].<ref name="ref1" /> Illa opera insimul con altere fortias de securitate, notabilemente le [[Fortias Auxiliar]] e le [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]]. == Historia == Ante le 20me seculo, un [[Shurta]] (policia) regionalisate faceva respectar le [[Sharia|lege sharia]] e assecurava le securitate trans tote le pais.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen J. |title=The Almohads: The Rise of an Islamic Empire |date=2010 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-282-88107-5 |oclc=729030442}}</ref> Durante le [[Califato almohade]], le califa assumeva anque le rolo de [[ṣāḥib al-shurṭa]] (capo del policia).<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc : de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |date=2012 |publisher=A. Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-63847-8 |location=[Paris] |language=fr |oclc=820655352}}</ref> Il habeva [[Muhtasib|muhtasibs]] regional e tribal (equivalente a un commissario de policia) que esseva nominate per le [[Pasha|pasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fillias |first=Achille |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6210566f |title=L'Espagne et le Maroc en 1860 |date=1860 |publisher=Poulet-Malassis et De Broise |location=Paris |pages=66 |language=fr}}</ref> Le muhtasib habeva le poter de imponer multas pro offenses minor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godard |first=Léon Nicolas |url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionethis00goda |title=Description et histoire du Maroc |date=1860 |publisher=C. Tanera |location=Paris}}</ref> Le criminales esseva judicate ante un [[Qadi|qadi]], le judice de un corte de sharia. Le qadi pronuntiava judicios in casos criminal, civil e commercial.<ref name=":0" /> Le 20 de julio 1901, Marocco formava su prime patrulia national del frontiera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-10-30 |title=LA FRONTIÈRE ALGÉRO-MAROCAINE ET LE PROTOCOLE DU 20 JUILLET 1901 |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/10/30/la-frontiere-algero-marocaine-et-le-protocole-du-20-juillet-1901_2211384_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinon |first=René |date=1903 |title=Figuig et la politique française au Maroc |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Figuig_et_la_politique_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Maroc |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |pages=678–696}}</ref> Le patrulia habeva le carga de assecurar le securitate del frontiera con [[Algeria Francese]], sub le controlo de un commissario in [[Ujda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-03-22 |title=Au delà ce ne sont que limites traditionnelles et administratives |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1956/03/22/au-dela-ce-ne-sont-que-limites-traditionnelles-et-administratives_2238670_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sayagh |first1=Saïd |url=http://www.cairn.info/la-france-et-les-frontieres-maroco-algeriennes--9782271104519.htm |title=La France et les frontières maroco-algériennes (1873-1902) |last2=Miège |first2=Jean-Louis |date=1986 |publisher=C.N.R.S. Editions |isbn=978-2-222-03889-4 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/cnrs.sayag.1986.01}}</ref> In 1906, le [[Conferentia de Algeciras]] conduceva a varie reformas del policia in Marocco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conferentia de Algeciras |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Algeciras-Conference |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Le reformas establiva un fortia national de policia que esseva sub le autoritate soveran del Sultan. Le recrutamento del fortia de policia esseva supervisate per le [[Makhzen]] e commandate per [[Caïd|caids]]. In addition, le fortia de policia esseva stationate in le octo portos que esseva aperte al commercio international.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Le Conferentia de Algeciras (Cap. 1) |url=https://discoveringtangier.wordpress.com/the-madrids-conference-chap-1/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Discovering Tangier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5624627z |title=Acte général de la Conférence internationale d'Algeciras |date=1906 |language=EN}}</ref> In 1912, le Servicio General de Policia esseva create post le establimento del [[Protectorato Francese in Marocco]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1913-10-24 |title=ARRETE VIZIRIEL relatif a l'organisation d'un service anthropométrique au Maroc |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bo_fr/1913/BO_52_Fr.pdf#page=4 |journal=Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien |issue=52 |pages=4}}</ref> In 1913, un unitate de identification scientific esseva formate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Piazza |first1=Pierre |last2=Frappa |first2=Amos |date=2017-01-10 |title=Histoire de la police scientifique (1832-1951) |url=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/ref/25/18039/ |journal=Musée Criminocorpus |language=fr}}</ref> Un servicio general de identification scientific esseva formate in novembre 1931.<ref name=":2" /> Le 16 de maio 1956, un anno post que Marocco recoperava su independentia, le DGSN esseva formate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahrach |first=Yassir |title=Le DGSN, viste ab le exterior |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/chroniques/la-dgsn-vue-de-lexterieur |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |date=13 May 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Le Instituto Royal de Policia in Kenitra esseva inaugurate in 1978.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Historia del DGSN: le datas principal |url=http://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/histoire-de-la-dgsn-les-dates-phares |access-date=2022-11-13 |publisher=Maghreb Arabe Presse}}</ref> Le Laboratorio Scientific e Technic del Policia in Casablanca esseva create in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> Le 8 de septembre 2023, [[Terremoto de Marrakesh-Safi de 2023|un terremoto]] de magnitude 6,8 [[Scala de magnitude de momento|M_w]] colpeva le [[Marrakesh-Safi|region de Marrakesh-Safi]] de Marocco.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Terremoto in Marocco: Plus de 2 000 mortos pois le tremores esseva sentite in plure regiones |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66759069 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plus de 2 000 mortos post un potente terremoto que colpeva Marocco presso Marrakech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/8/powerful-6-8-magnitude-earthquake-rattles-morocco |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Le DGSN insimul con le [[Direction General pro le Vigilantia Territorial de Marocco|DGST]] annunciava que il contribuerea 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto |url=https://en.hespress.com/70819-dgsn-dgst-will-contribute-mad-50-million-to-special-fund-for-managing-earthquake-effects.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=11 September 2023 |title=Auxilio post le terremoto: le policia maroccan dona 4,9 milliones de dollars al Fondo Special |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357621/earthquake-relief-moroccan-police-donate-4-9-million-to-special-fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 MDH al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto {{!}} MapNews |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/general/dgsndgst-will-contribute-50-mdh-special-fund-managing-earthquake-effects |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=[www.mapnews.ma](http://www.mapnews.ma)}}</ref> Illes establiva duo panificatorios mobile presso Marrakech, pro fornir pan a illes que esseva affectate per le terremoto.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=14 September 2023 |title=Le DGSN establi panificatorios mobile in Tahanaout, presso Marrakech |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357682/dgsn-set-up-mobile-bakeries-in-tahanaout-near-marrakech |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> == Organisation == In 2007, le Sûreté Nationale habeva approximativemente 46 000 personas. Un decennio plus tarde, in 2017, le numero de personal habeva augmentate a 70 000. A partir de 2004, le Sûreté Nationale operava le sequente divisiones specialisate:<ref name="DerdMorocco">{{cite web |last1=Derdzinski |first1=Joseph |title=Commander of the Faithful: Morocco, the King and the Internal Security Forces |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA426869 |via=the Internet Archive |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=13 October 2004 |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> * Le Policia del Frontiera: responsabile del controlo e del survigilantia del frontiera * Le Corpo de Intervention Mobile: incaricate de intervention rapide in major emergentias * Le Brigada National: principalmente responsabile del investigation de crimes grave, includente le [[terrorismo]], [[criminalitate organise|criminalitate organise]] e [[criminalitate de collar blanc|criminalitate de collar blanc]]. == Directores == {{Div col}} * Mohammed Laghzaoui (1956–1960) * [[Mohamed Oufkir]] (1960 – medio del annos 1960) * [[Ahmed Dlimi]] (medio del annos 1960 – 1972) * Abderrahmane Rabiah (1972–1979) * Slimane Alaoui (1979–1979) * Abdelhak Kadirin (1979–1983) * Hamid El Boukhari (1983–1988) * Mohammed Dryef (1989–1990) * General Ouazzani (1990–1993) * [[Ahmed Midaoui]] (1993–1997) * Hafid Benhachem (1997–2003) * [[Hamidou Laanigri]] (2003–2006) * [[Charki Draiss]] (2006–2012) * Bouchaib Rmail (2012–2015) * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] (2015–presente) {{Div col end}} == Grados de policia == === Policia in uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccan]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commandant de groupement principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de groupement.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix divisionaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante divisionari de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de securitate}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Officier de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier chef.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Gardien de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Officiero senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Officiero de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero capo}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero}} |{{lang|en|Guardiano de securitate}} |} === Policia sin uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Le directeur général de la DGSN.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Wali le préfet de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Controleur general.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police divisionnaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police principal.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Director General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Prefecto del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Controlor General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario divisionari del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario senior del Policia}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commissaire de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commissario del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector del Policia}} |} == Vide anque == * [[Gruppes urban de securitate]] * [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]] == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agentes de application del lege de Marocco]] gdpn10dw4eonl0nb9ec6fssprtz4m90 699121 699119 2026-08-27T07:24:47Z Interlingvisto 60932 699121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General pro le Securitate National''' (arabe: االمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني, ''Aālmdyryh al-ʻĀmmah lil-amn al-Waṭanī''; tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ''tamhla tamatayt n tnfrut tanamurt''; francese: ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale'', '''DGSN''') es le fortia national de [[policia]] del [[Regno de Marocco]]. Illa es responsabile de mantener le [[criminalitate contra le ordine public|ordine public]], facer respectar le lege e assecurar le securitate public. Le DGSN esseva establite le 16 de maio 1956 per le rege [[Mohammed V de Marocco]].<ref name="ref1" /> Illa opera insimul con altere fortias de securitate, notabilemente le [[Fortias Auxiliar]] e le [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]]. == Historia == Ante le 20me seculo, un [[Shurta]] (policia) regionalisate faceva respectar le [[Sharia|lege sharia]] e assecurava le securitate trans tote le pais.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen J. |title=The Almohads: The Rise of an Islamic Empire |date=2010 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-282-88107-5 |oclc=729030442}}</ref> Durante le [[Califato almohade]], le califa assumeva anque le rolo de [[ṣāḥib al-shurṭa]] (capo del policia).<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc : de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |date=2012 |publisher=A. Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-63847-8 |location=[Paris] |language=fr |oclc=820655352}}</ref> Il habeva [[Muhtasib|muhtasibs]] regional e tribal (equivalente a un commissario de policia) que esseva nominate per le [[Pasha|pasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fillias |first=Achille |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6210566f |title=L'Espagne et le Maroc en 1860 |date=1860 |publisher=Poulet-Malassis et De Broise |location=Paris |pages=66 |language=fr}}</ref> Le muhtasib habeva le poter de imponer multas pro offenses minor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godard |first=Léon Nicolas |url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionethis00goda |title=Description et histoire du Maroc |date=1860 |publisher=C. Tanera |location=Paris}}</ref> Le criminales esseva judicate ante un [[Qadi|qadi]], le judice de un corte de sharia. Le qadi pronuntiava judicios in casos criminal, civil e commercial.<ref name=":0" /> Le 20 de julio 1901, Marocco formava su prime patrulia national del frontiera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-10-30 |title=LA FRONTIÈRE ALGÉRO-MAROCAINE ET LE PROTOCOLE DU 20 JUILLET 1901 |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/10/30/la-frontiere-algero-marocaine-et-le-protocole-du-20-juillet-1901_2211384_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinon |first=René |date=1903 |title=Figuig et la politique française au Maroc |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Figuig_et_la_politique_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Maroc |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |pages=678–696}}</ref> Le patrulia habeva le carga de assecurar le securitate del frontiera con [[Algeria Francese]], sub le controlo de un commissario in [[Ujda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-03-22 |title=Au delà ce ne sont que limites traditionnelles et administratives |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1956/03/22/au-dela-ce-ne-sont-que-limites-traditionnelles-et-administratives_2238670_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sayagh |first1=Saïd |url=http://www.cairn.info/la-france-et-les-frontieres-maroco-algeriennes--9782271104519.htm |title=La France et les frontières maroco-algériennes (1873-1902) |last2=Miège |first2=Jean-Louis |date=1986 |publisher=C.N.R.S. Editions |isbn=978-2-222-03889-4 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/cnrs.sayag.1986.01}}</ref> In 1906, le [[Conferentia de Algeciras]] conduceva a varie reformas del policia in Marocco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conferentia de Algeciras |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Algeciras-Conference |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Le reformas establiva un fortia national de policia que esseva sub le autoritate soveran del Sultan. Le recrutamento del fortia de policia esseva supervisate per le [[Makhzen]] e commandate per [[Caïd|caids]]. In addition, le fortia de policia esseva stationate in le octo portos que esseva aperte al commercio international.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Le Conferentia de Algeciras (Cap. 1) |url=https://discoveringtangier.wordpress.com/the-madrids-conference-chap-1/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Discovering Tangier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5624627z |title=Acte général de la Conférence internationale d'Algeciras |date=1906 |language=EN}}</ref> In 1912, le Servicio General de Policia esseva create post le establimento del [[Protectorato Francese in Marocco]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1913-10-24 |title=ARRETE VIZIRIEL relatif a l'organisation d'un service anthropométrique au Maroc |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bo_fr/1913/BO_52_Fr.pdf#page=4 |journal=Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien |issue=52 |pages=4}}</ref> In 1913, un unitate de identification scientific esseva formate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Piazza |first1=Pierre |last2=Frappa |first2=Amos |date=2017-01-10 |title=Histoire de la police scientifique (1832-1951) |url=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/ref/25/18039/ |journal=Musée Criminocorpus |language=fr}}</ref> Un servicio general de identification scientific esseva formate in novembre 1931.<ref name=":2" /> Le 16 de maio 1956, un anno post que Marocco recoperava su independentia, le DGSN esseva formate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahrach |first=Yassir |title=Le DGSN, viste ab le exterior |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/chroniques/la-dgsn-vue-de-lexterieur |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |date=13 May 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Le Instituto Royal de Policia in Kenitra esseva inaugurate in 1978.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Historia del DGSN: le datas principal |url=http://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/histoire-de-la-dgsn-les-dates-phares |access-date=2022-11-13 |publisher=Maghreb Arabe Presse}}</ref> Le Laboratorio Scientific e Technic del Policia in Casablanca esseva create in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> Le 8 de septembre 2023, [[Terremoto de Marrakesh-Safi de 2023|un terremoto]] de magnitude 6,8 [[Scala de magnitude de momento|M_w]] colpeva le [[Marrakesh-Safi|region de Marrakesh-Safi]] de Marocco.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Terremoto in Marocco: Plus de 2 000 mortos pois le tremores esseva sentite in plure regiones |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66759069 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plus de 2 000 mortos post un potente terremoto que colpeva Marocco presso Marrakech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/8/powerful-6-8-magnitude-earthquake-rattles-morocco |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Le DGSN insimul con le [[Direction General pro le Vigilantia Territorial de Marocco|DGST]] annunciava que il contribuerea 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto |url=https://en.hespress.com/70819-dgsn-dgst-will-contribute-mad-50-million-to-special-fund-for-managing-earthquake-effects.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=11 September 2023 |title=Auxilio post le terremoto: le policia maroccan dona 4,9 milliones de dollars al Fondo Special |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357621/earthquake-relief-moroccan-police-donate-4-9-million-to-special-fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 MDH al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto {{!}} MapNews |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/general/dgsndgst-will-contribute-50-mdh-special-fund-managing-earthquake-effects |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=[www.mapnews.ma](http://www.mapnews.ma)}}</ref> Illes establiva duo panificatorios mobile presso Marrakech, pro fornir pan a illes que esseva affectate per le terremoto.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=14 September 2023 |title=Le DGSN establi panificatorios mobile in Tahanaout, presso Marrakech |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357682/dgsn-set-up-mobile-bakeries-in-tahanaout-near-marrakech |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> == Organisation == In 2007, le Sûreté Nationale habeva approximativemente 46 000 personas. Un decennio plus tarde, in 2017, le numero de personal habeva augmentate a 70 000. A partir de 2004, le Sûreté Nationale operava le sequente divisiones specialisate:<ref name="DerdMorocco">{{cite web |last1=Derdzinski |first1=Joseph |title=Commander of the Faithful: Morocco, the King and the Internal Security Forces |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA426869 |via=the Internet Archive |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=13 October 2004 |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> * Le Policia del Frontiera: responsabile del controlo e del survigilantia del frontiera * Le Corpo de Intervention Mobile: incaricate de intervention rapide in major emergentias * Le Brigada National: principalmente responsabile del investigation de crimes grave, includente le [[terrorismo]], [[criminalitate organise|criminalitate organise]] e [[criminalitate de collar blanc|criminalitate de collar blanc]]. == Directores == {{Div col}} * Mohammed Laghzaoui (1956–1960) * [[Mohamed Oufkir]] (1960 – medio del annos 1960) * [[Ahmed Dlimi]] (medio del annos 1960 – 1972) * Abderrahmane Rabiah (1972–1979) * Slimane Alaoui (1979–1979) * Abdelhak Kadirin (1979–1983) * Hamid El Boukhari (1983–1988) * Mohammed Dryef (1989–1990) * General Ouazzani (1990–1993) * [[Ahmed Midaoui]] (1993–1997) * Hafid Benhachem (1997–2003) * [[Hamidou Laanigri]] (2003–2006) * [[Charki Draiss]] (2006–2012) * Bouchaib Rmail (2012–2015) * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] (2015–presente) {{Div col end}} == Grados de policia == === Policia in uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccan]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commandant de groupement principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de groupement.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix divisionaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante divisionari de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de securitate}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Officier de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier chef.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Gardien de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Officiero senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Officiero de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero capo}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero}} |{{lang|en|Guardiano de securitate}} |} === Policia sin uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccana]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Le directeur général de la DGSN.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Wali le préfet de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Controleur general.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police divisionnaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police principal.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Director General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Prefecto del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Controlor General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario divisionari del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario senior del Policia}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commissaire de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commissario del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector del Policia}} |} == Vide anque == * [[Gruppes urban de securitate]] * [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]] == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agentes de application del lege de Marocco]] gpn145u42bcss9my6p1pkv2c4xsourr 699123 699121 2026-08-27T07:25:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Policia sin uniforme */ 699123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Direction General pro le Securitate National''' (arabe: االمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني, ''Aālmdyryh al-ʻĀmmah lil-amn al-Waṭanī''; tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ''tamhla tamatayt n tnfrut tanamurt''; francese: ''Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale'', '''DGSN''') es le fortia national de [[policia]] del [[Regno de Marocco]]. Illa es responsabile de mantener le [[criminalitate contra le ordine public|ordine public]], facer respectar le lege e assecurar le securitate public. Le DGSN esseva establite le 16 de maio 1956 per le rege [[Mohammed V de Marocco]].<ref name="ref1" /> Illa opera insimul con altere fortias de securitate, notabilemente le [[Fortias Auxiliar]] e le [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]]. == Historia == Ante le 20me seculo, un [[Shurta]] (policia) regionalisate faceva respectar le [[Sharia|lege sharia]] e assecurava le securitate trans tote le pais.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen J. |title=The Almohads: The Rise of an Islamic Empire |date=2010 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-282-88107-5 |oclc=729030442}}</ref> Durante le [[Califato almohade]], le califa assumeva anque le rolo de [[ṣāḥib al-shurṭa]] (capo del policia).<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivet |first=Daniel |title=Histoire du Maroc : de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI |date=2012 |publisher=A. Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-63847-8 |location=[Paris] |language=fr |oclc=820655352}}</ref> Il habeva [[Muhtasib|muhtasibs]] regional e tribal (equivalente a un commissario de policia) que esseva nominate per le [[Pasha|pasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fillias |first=Achille |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6210566f |title=L'Espagne et le Maroc en 1860 |date=1860 |publisher=Poulet-Malassis et De Broise |location=Paris |pages=66 |language=fr}}</ref> Le muhtasib habeva le poter de imponer multas pro offenses minor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Godard |first=Léon Nicolas |url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionethis00goda |title=Description et histoire du Maroc |date=1860 |publisher=C. Tanera |location=Paris}}</ref> Le criminales esseva judicate ante un [[Qadi|qadi]], le judice de un corte de sharia. Le qadi pronuntiava judicios in casos criminal, civil e commercial.<ref name=":0" /> Le 20 de julio 1901, Marocco formava su prime patrulia national del frontiera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-10-30 |title=LA FRONTIÈRE ALGÉRO-MAROCAINE ET LE PROTOCOLE DU 20 JUILLET 1901 |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/10/30/la-frontiere-algero-marocaine-et-le-protocole-du-20-juillet-1901_2211384_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinon |first=René |date=1903 |title=Figuig et la politique française au Maroc |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Figuig_et_la_politique_fran%C3%A7aise_au_Maroc |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |pages=678–696}}</ref> Le patrulia habeva le carga de assecurar le securitate del frontiera con [[Algeria Francese]], sub le controlo de un commissario in [[Ujda]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1956-03-22 |title=Au delà ce ne sont que limites traditionnelles et administratives |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1956/03/22/au-dela-ce-ne-sont-que-limites-traditionnelles-et-administratives_2238670_1819218.html |access-date=2023-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sayagh |first1=Saïd |url=http://www.cairn.info/la-france-et-les-frontieres-maroco-algeriennes--9782271104519.htm |title=La France et les frontières maroco-algériennes (1873-1902) |last2=Miège |first2=Jean-Louis |date=1986 |publisher=C.N.R.S. Editions |isbn=978-2-222-03889-4 |language=fr |doi=10.3917/cnrs.sayag.1986.01}}</ref> In 1906, le [[Conferentia de Algeciras]] conduceva a varie reformas del policia in Marocco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conferentia de Algeciras |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Algeciras-Conference |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Le reformas establiva un fortia national de policia que esseva sub le autoritate soveran del Sultan. Le recrutamento del fortia de policia esseva supervisate per le [[Makhzen]] e commandate per [[Caïd|caids]]. In addition, le fortia de policia esseva stationate in le octo portos que esseva aperte al commercio international.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Le Conferentia de Algeciras (Cap. 1) |url=https://discoveringtangier.wordpress.com/the-madrids-conference-chap-1/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Discovering Tangier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5624627z |title=Acte général de la Conférence internationale d'Algeciras |date=1906 |language=EN}}</ref> In 1912, le Servicio General de Policia esseva create post le establimento del [[Protectorato Francese in Marocco]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1913-10-24 |title=ARRETE VIZIRIEL relatif a l'organisation d'un service anthropométrique au Maroc |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bo_fr/1913/BO_52_Fr.pdf#page=4 |journal=Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien |issue=52 |pages=4}}</ref> In 1913, un unitate de identification scientific esseva formate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Piazza |first1=Pierre |last2=Frappa |first2=Amos |date=2017-01-10 |title=Histoire de la police scientifique (1832-1951) |url=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/ref/25/18039/ |journal=Musée Criminocorpus |language=fr}}</ref> Un servicio general de identification scientific esseva formate in novembre 1931.<ref name=":2" /> Le 16 de maio 1956, un anno post que Marocco recoperava su independentia, le DGSN esseva formate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lahrach |first=Yassir |title=Le DGSN, viste ab le exterior |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/chroniques/la-dgsn-vue-de-lexterieur |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |date=13 May 2022 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Le Instituto Royal de Policia in Kenitra esseva inaugurate in 1978.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Historia del DGSN: le datas principal |url=http://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/histoire-de-la-dgsn-les-dates-phares |access-date=2022-11-13 |publisher=Maghreb Arabe Presse}}</ref> Le Laboratorio Scientific e Technic del Policia in Casablanca esseva create in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> Le 8 de septembre 2023, [[Terremoto de Marrakesh-Safi de 2023|un terremoto]] de magnitude 6,8 [[Scala de magnitude de momento|M_w]] colpeva le [[Marrakesh-Safi|region de Marrakesh-Safi]] de Marocco.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title=Terremoto in Marocco: Plus de 2 000 mortos pois le tremores esseva sentite in plure regiones |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66759069 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plus de 2 000 mortos post un potente terremoto que colpeva Marocco presso Marrakech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/8/powerful-6-8-magnitude-earthquake-rattles-morocco |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Le DGSN insimul con le [[Direction General pro le Vigilantia Territorial de Marocco|DGST]] annunciava que il contribuerea 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 milliones de MAD al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto |url=https://en.hespress.com/70819-dgsn-dgst-will-contribute-mad-50-million-to-special-fund-for-managing-earthquake-effects.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |publisher=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=11 September 2023 |title=Auxilio post le terremoto: le policia maroccan dona 4,9 milliones de dollars al Fondo Special |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357621/earthquake-relief-moroccan-police-donate-4-9-million-to-special-fund}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le DGSN/DGST contribuera 50 MDH al Fondo Special pro le Gestion del Effectos del Terremoto {{!}} MapNews |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/en/actualites/general/dgsndgst-will-contribute-50-mdh-special-fund-managing-earthquake-effects |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=[www.mapnews.ma](http://www.mapnews.ma)}}</ref> Illes establiva duo panificatorios mobile presso Marrakech, pro fornir pan a illes que esseva affectate per le terremoto.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erraji |first=Abdellah |date=14 September 2023 |title=Le DGSN establi panificatorios mobile in Tahanaout, presso Marrakech |pages=1 |work=Morocco World News |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/09/357682/dgsn-set-up-mobile-bakeries-in-tahanaout-near-marrakech |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> == Organisation == In 2007, le Sûreté Nationale habeva approximativemente 46 000 personas. Un decennio plus tarde, in 2017, le numero de personal habeva augmentate a 70 000. A partir de 2004, le Sûreté Nationale operava le sequente divisiones specialisate:<ref name="DerdMorocco">{{cite web |last1=Derdzinski |first1=Joseph |title=Commander of the Faithful: Morocco, the King and the Internal Security Forces |url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA426869 |via=the Internet Archive |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=13 October 2004 |access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> * Le Policia del Frontiera: responsabile del controlo e del survigilantia del frontiera * Le Corpo de Intervention Mobile: incaricate de intervention rapide in major emergentias * Le Brigada National: principalmente responsabile del investigation de crimes grave, includente le [[terrorismo]], [[criminalitate organise|criminalitate organise]] e [[criminalitate de collar blanc|criminalitate de collar blanc]]. == Directores == {{Div col}} * Mohammed Laghzaoui (1956–1960) * [[Mohamed Oufkir]] (1960 – medio del annos 1960) * [[Ahmed Dlimi]] (medio del annos 1960 – 1972) * Abderrahmane Rabiah (1972–1979) * Slimane Alaoui (1979–1979) * Abdelhak Kadirin (1979–1983) * Hamid El Boukhari (1983–1988) * Mohammed Dryef (1989–1990) * General Ouazzani (1990–1993) * [[Ahmed Midaoui]] (1993–1997) * Hafid Benhachem (1997–2003) * [[Hamidou Laanigri]] (2003–2006) * [[Charki Draiss]] (2006–2012) * Bouchaib Rmail (2012–2015) * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] (2015–presente) {{Div col end}} == Grados de policia == === Policia in uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccan]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commandant de groupement principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de groupement.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix divisionaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commandant de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de gruppo}} |{{lang|en|Commandante divisionari de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Commandante de securitate}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Officier de la paix principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier chef.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Brigadier de la paix.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Gardien de la paix.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Officiero senior de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Officiero de securitate}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero capo}} |{{lang|en|Brigadiero}} |{{lang|en|Guardiano de securitate}} |} === Policia sin uniforme === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! [[Sûreté Nationale de Marocco|Policia maroccan]] ! colspan="5" | ''Titulos functional'' |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Le directeur général de la DGSN.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Wali le préfet de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Controleur general.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police divisionnaire.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Commissaire de police principal.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Director General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Prefecto del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Controlor General del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario divisionari del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Commissario senior del Policia}} |- |''Insignia del titulo'' |[[File:Commissaire de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Officier de police.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police principal.jpg|75px]] |[[File:Inspecteur de police.jpg|75px]] |- |''Grado'' |{{lang|en|Commissario del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Officiero del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector senior del Policia}} |{{lang|en|Inspector del Policia}} |} == Vide anque == * [[Gruppes urban de securitate]] * [[Gendarmeria Royal Maroccan]] == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Agentes de application del lege de Marocco]] o2bf0ut6ks4rkie9oiplnbhb1r34hzc 0 61202 699120 2026-08-27T07:24:32Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina redirigite verso [[Marocco]] 699120 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marocco]] qxxmzco5dovq7bkjy2fu1tyv24t8hmj 0 61203 699125 2026-08-27T07:34:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Short description|Poeta malauiana}} '''Phindu Zaie Banda''' o '''Phindu Zaiebanda''' (nascite {{circa|1998}}) es un poeta malauiana e membro del gruppo de poetas Sapitwa. == Vita == Banda nasceva circa in 1998.<ref name=intvw/> In 2016, le poeta malauiano [[Qabaniso Malewezi]] publicava su collection de poesia audio ''People''.<ref name="Loka 2016">{{cite web | last=Loka | first=Kimpho | title=BICC scares me, says Q ahead of album launch | website=Nyasa Showbiz |...” 699125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Poeta malauiana}} '''Phindu Zaie Banda''' o '''Phindu Zaiebanda''' (nascite {{circa|1998}}) es un poeta malauiana e membro del gruppo de poetas Sapitwa. == Vita == Banda nasceva circa in 1998.<ref name=intvw/> In 2016, le poeta malauiano [[Qabaniso Malewezi]] publicava su collection de poesia audio ''People''.<ref name="Loka 2016">{{cite web | last=Loka | first=Kimpho | title=BICC scares me, says Q ahead of album launch | website=Nyasa Showbiz | date=1 April 2016 | url=http://www.nyasashowbiz.com/bicc-scares-me-says-q-ahead-of-album-launch/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621021147/http://www.nyasashowbiz.com/bicc-scares-me-says-q-ahead-of-album-launch/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=21 June 2018 | access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> Banda esseva un artista de supporto al lanceamento.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-04 |title=Q stabilisce le standards in poesia al lanceamento del album ‘People’ |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/q-sets-the-standards-in-poetry-at-people-album-launch/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2018-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620164624/https://www.nyasatimes.com/q-sets-the-standards-in-poetry-at-people-album-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda se describeva como habente sempre considerate se mesme un scriptora. Illa diceva que esseva surprendite per su proprie successo. Banda declarava que illa typicamente passava circa un septimana a developpar le idea pro un nove poema ante scriber un version preliminari, que illa pois revideva le die sequente.<ref name="intvw">{{Cite web |last=malawiplus |date=2023-03-15 |title=Interview con Phindu Zaie Banda – Poeta in Malawi｜Guida de viage e negotios de Malawi |url=https://malawiplus.com/phindu-zaie-banda/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Guida de viage e negotios de Malawi |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121182146/https://malawiplus.com/phindu-zaie-banda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda es membro del gruppo de poetas Sapitwa de interpretes de parola pronunciate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poesia Sapitwa |url=https://sapitwapoetry.com/poems/day-14-of-spoken-word-poetry-death-numbers-by-phindu-zaie-banda-16-days-of-activism-malawi |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=sapitwapoetry.com |archive-date=2026-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714140401/https://sapitwapoetry.com/poems/day-14-of-spoken-word-poetry-death-numbers-by-phindu-zaie-banda-16-days-of-activism-malawi |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sapitwa]] es le plus alte cima in Malawi e su nomine significa «un loco ubi le gente non va».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le residentes presso le Monte Mulanje time le ira de lor ancestres |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/the-residents-near-mount-mulanje-fear-their-ancestors-wrath |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en |archive-date=2026-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714005735/https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/the-residents-near-mount-mulanje-fear-their-ancestors-wrath |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Sapitwa participava al [[16 Dies de Activismo contra le violentia basate super le genere|#16daysofactivism contra le violentia basate super le genere]]. Le evento «arte pro un causa» esseva dirigite per le poeta de Sapitwa Robert Chiwamba, con lectura quotidian de poemas. Le evento final, tenite le 17 de decembre in Lilongwe, attraheva un publico pagante pro ascoltar lor poesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kayuni |first=John Paul |date=2017-12-01 |title=Poesia Sapitwa in campania contra le violentia basate super le genere |url=https://malawi24.com/2017/12/01/sapitwa-poetry-campaign-gender-based-violence/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Malawi24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806022257/https://malawi24.com/2017/12/01/sapitwa-poetry-campaign-gender-based-violence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda esseva inter le crescente numero de feminas que se presentava al Festival de Artes Tumaini de 2019 in le [[Campo de refugiatos de Dzaleka]] e exprimeva su supporto al objetivos del festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-01 |title=Tumaini divas! |url=https://mwnation.com/tumaini-divas/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417054252/https://mwnation.com/tumaini-divas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Interview by Ambassador Young of Phindu Zaie Banda.png|thumb|Banda durante un interview per le ambasciator del SUA [[David Young (diplomat)|David Young]] super #16DaysOfActivism]] In 2021, Malewezi lanceava un serie de eventos de poesia intitulata ''Stripped''. Banda supportava le initiative, describente lo como un serie de eventos «fresca e interessante».<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Q retorna con le serie Stripped |url=https://mwnation.com/q-back-with-stripped-series/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326083726/https://mwnation.com/q-back-with-stripped-series/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Plus tarde ille anno, illa interpretava poesia durante un evento pro le Die de Africa financiate per le Ambasciata de Irlanda e [[Irish Aid]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYwU77zAmJ0 |title=Phindu Zaie Banda – Interpretation pro le Ambasciata de Irlanda in Malawi, Die de Africa 2021 |date=2021-06-16 |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2026-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708031349/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYwU77zAmJ0 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, [[Standard Bank Malawi]] financiateva Banda pro interpretar su poema «NTHOWA» como parte de un campania que poneva in evidentia le progresso e le investimentos de Malawi.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEKb6cf5haI |title=NTHOWA per Phindu Zaie Banda |date=2023-03-09 |last=Standard Bank Malawi |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2026-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706195051/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEKb6cf5haI |url-status=live }}</ref> Le mesme anno, illa esseva anque interviewate per le ambasciator del SUA [[David Young (diplomat)|David Young]] como parte del campania #16daysofactivism de ille anno.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/900399521685898/ |title=#16DaysOfActivism, nos celebra le poeta Phindu Zaie Banda ... Ambasciata del SUA in Lilongwe |language=en |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref> Le [[Die del Independentia (Malawi)|60me anniversario del Independentia]] in 2024, Banda esseva inter quatro poetas que se presentava directemente via Facebook. Illes esseva supportate per un presentator e sponsorizate per Standard Bank. Le altere tres esseva Q Malewezi, Nyamalikiti Nthiwatiwa e Wanga.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Frank |last=Phiri |date=2024-07-08 |title=Standard Bank promove le poesia |url=https://times.mw/standard-bank-promotes-poetry/ |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=Le Gruppo Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714050936/https://times.mw/standard-bank-promotes-poetry/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In le mesme anno, illa viagiava a [[Nove York|Nove York]] pro representar le Young Urban Women's Network de [[ActionAid]] Malawi al 68me session del [[Commission del Nationes Unite super le Statuto del Feminas]], tenite al [[Sede del Nationes Unite]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Sam |date=2024-03-20 |title=Phindu Zaie se eleva con poesia in le SUA |url=https://times.mw/phindu-zaie-soars-with-poetry-in-usa/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Le Gruppo Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102055233/https://times.mw/phindu-zaie-soars-with-poetry-in-usa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Referentias}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Nascite in 1998]] [[Category:Personas vivente]] [[Category:Poetas malauianos]] eoklh9v1cxfwr4bun5kp9ptrx0mrer1 699126 699125 2026-08-27T07:35:00Z Interlingvisto 60932 699126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Phindu Zaie Banda''' o '''Phindu Zaiebanda''' (nascite in 1998) es un poeta malauiana e membro del gruppo de poetas Sapitwa. == Vita == Banda nasceva circa in 1998.<ref name=intvw/> In 2016, le poeta malauiano [[Qabaniso Malewezi]] publicava su collection de poesia audio ''People''.<ref name="Loka 2016">{{cite web | last=Loka | first=Kimpho | title=BICC scares me, says Q ahead of album launch | website=Nyasa Showbiz | date=1 April 2016 | url=http://www.nyasashowbiz.com/bicc-scares-me-says-q-ahead-of-album-launch/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621021147/http://www.nyasashowbiz.com/bicc-scares-me-says-q-ahead-of-album-launch/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=21 June 2018 | access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> Banda esseva un artista de supporto al lanceamento.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-04 |title=Q stabilisce le standards in poesia al lanceamento del album ‘People’ |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/q-sets-the-standards-in-poetry-at-people-album-launch/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2018-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620164624/https://www.nyasatimes.com/q-sets-the-standards-in-poetry-at-people-album-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda se describeva como habente sempre considerate se mesme un scriptora. Illa diceva que esseva surprendite per su proprie successo. Banda declarava que illa typicamente passava circa un septimana a developpar le idea pro un nove poema ante scriber un version preliminari, que illa pois revideva le die sequente.<ref name="intvw">{{Cite web |last=malawiplus |date=2023-03-15 |title=Interview con Phindu Zaie Banda – Poeta in Malawi｜Guida de viage e negotios de Malawi |url=https://malawiplus.com/phindu-zaie-banda/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Guida de viage e negotios de Malawi |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121182146/https://malawiplus.com/phindu-zaie-banda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda es membro del gruppo de poetas Sapitwa de interpretes de parola pronunciate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poesia Sapitwa |url=https://sapitwapoetry.com/poems/day-14-of-spoken-word-poetry-death-numbers-by-phindu-zaie-banda-16-days-of-activism-malawi |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=sapitwapoetry.com |archive-date=2026-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714140401/https://sapitwapoetry.com/poems/day-14-of-spoken-word-poetry-death-numbers-by-phindu-zaie-banda-16-days-of-activism-malawi |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sapitwa]] es le plus alte cima in Malawi e su nomine significa «un loco ubi le gente non va».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le residentes presso le Monte Mulanje time le ira de lor ancestres |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/the-residents-near-mount-mulanje-fear-their-ancestors-wrath |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en |archive-date=2026-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714005735/https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/the-residents-near-mount-mulanje-fear-their-ancestors-wrath |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Sapitwa participava al [[16 Dies de Activismo contra le violentia basate super le genere|#16daysofactivism contra le violentia basate super le genere]]. Le evento «arte pro un causa» esseva dirigite per le poeta de Sapitwa Robert Chiwamba, con lectura quotidian de poemas. Le evento final, tenite le 17 de decembre in Lilongwe, attraheva un publico pagante pro ascoltar lor poesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kayuni |first=John Paul |date=2017-12-01 |title=Poesia Sapitwa in campania contra le violentia basate super le genere |url=https://malawi24.com/2017/12/01/sapitwa-poetry-campaign-gender-based-violence/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Malawi24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806022257/https://malawi24.com/2017/12/01/sapitwa-poetry-campaign-gender-based-violence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda esseva inter le crescente numero de feminas que se presentava al Festival de Artes Tumaini de 2019 in le [[Campo de refugiatos de Dzaleka]] e exprimeva su supporto al objetivos del festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-01 |title=Tumaini divas! |url=https://mwnation.com/tumaini-divas/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417054252/https://mwnation.com/tumaini-divas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Interview by Ambassador Young of Phindu Zaie Banda.png|thumb|Banda durante un interview per le ambasciator del SUA [[David Young (diplomat)|David Young]] super #16DaysOfActivism]] In 2021, Malewezi lanceava un serie de eventos de poesia intitulata ''Stripped''. Banda supportava le initiative, describente lo como un serie de eventos «fresca e interessante».<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Q retorna con le serie Stripped |url=https://mwnation.com/q-back-with-stripped-series/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326083726/https://mwnation.com/q-back-with-stripped-series/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Plus tarde ille anno, illa interpretava poesia durante un evento pro le Die de Africa financiate per le Ambasciata de Irlanda e [[Irish Aid]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYwU77zAmJ0 |title=Phindu Zaie Banda – Interpretation pro le Ambasciata de Irlanda in Malawi, Die de Africa 2021 |date=2021-06-16 |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2026-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708031349/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYwU77zAmJ0 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, [[Standard Bank Malawi]] financiateva Banda pro interpretar su poema «NTHOWA» como parte de un campania que poneva in evidentia le progresso e le investimentos de Malawi.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEKb6cf5haI |title=NTHOWA per Phindu Zaie Banda |date=2023-03-09 |last=Standard Bank Malawi |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2026-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706195051/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEKb6cf5haI |url-status=live }}</ref> Le mesme anno, illa esseva anque interviewate per le ambasciator del SUA [[David Young (diplomat)|David Young]] como parte del campania #16daysofactivism de ille anno.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/900399521685898/ |title=#16DaysOfActivism, nos celebra le poeta Phindu Zaie Banda ... Ambasciata del SUA in Lilongwe |language=en |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref> Le [[Die del Independentia (Malawi)|60me anniversario del Independentia]] in 2024, Banda esseva inter quatro poetas que se presentava directemente via Facebook. Illes esseva supportate per un presentator e sponsorizate per Standard Bank. Le altere tres esseva Q Malewezi, Nyamalikiti Nthiwatiwa e Wanga.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Frank |last=Phiri |date=2024-07-08 |title=Standard Bank promove le poesia |url=https://times.mw/standard-bank-promotes-poetry/ |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=Le Gruppo Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714050936/https://times.mw/standard-bank-promotes-poetry/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In le mesme anno, illa viagiava a [[Nove York|Nove York]] pro representar le Young Urban Women's Network de [[ActionAid]] Malawi al 68me session del [[Commission del Nationes Unite super le Statuto del Feminas]], tenite al [[Sede del Nationes Unite]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Sam |date=2024-03-20 |title=Phindu Zaie se eleva con poesia in le SUA |url=https://times.mw/phindu-zaie-soars-with-poetry-in-usa/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Le Gruppo Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102055233/https://times.mw/phindu-zaie-soars-with-poetry-in-usa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Referentias}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Nascite in 1998]] [[Category:Personas vivente]] [[Category:Poetas malauianos]] mfpdpzffcexm8mjtsvxvurp98bobotg 699127 699126 2026-08-27T07:35:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 699127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Phindu Zaie Banda''' o '''Phindu Zaiebanda''' (nascite in 1998) es un poeta malauiana e membro del gruppo de poetas Sapitwa. == Vita == Banda nasceva circa in 1998.<ref name=intvw/> In 2016, le poeta malauiano [[Qabaniso Malewezi]] publicava su collection de poesia audio ''People''.<ref name="Loka 2016">{{cite web | last=Loka | first=Kimpho | title=BICC scares me, says Q ahead of album launch | website=Nyasa Showbiz | date=1 April 2016 | url=http://www.nyasashowbiz.com/bicc-scares-me-says-q-ahead-of-album-launch/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621021147/http://www.nyasashowbiz.com/bicc-scares-me-says-q-ahead-of-album-launch/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=21 June 2018 | access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> Banda esseva un artista de supporto al lanceamento.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-04 |title=Q stabilisce le standards in poesia al lanceamento del album ‘People’ |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/q-sets-the-standards-in-poetry-at-people-album-launch/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2018-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620164624/https://www.nyasatimes.com/q-sets-the-standards-in-poetry-at-people-album-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda se describeva como habente sempre considerate se mesme un scriptora. Illa diceva que esseva surprendite per su proprie successo. Banda declarava que illa typicamente passava circa un septimana a developpar le idea pro un nove poema ante scriber un version preliminari, que illa pois revideva le die sequente.<ref name="intvw">{{Cite web |last=malawiplus |date=2023-03-15 |title=Interview con Phindu Zaie Banda – Poeta in Malawi｜Guida de viage e negotios de Malawi |url=https://malawiplus.com/phindu-zaie-banda/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Guida de viage e negotios de Malawi |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121182146/https://malawiplus.com/phindu-zaie-banda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda es membro del gruppo de poetas Sapitwa de interpretes de parola pronunciate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poesia Sapitwa |url=https://sapitwapoetry.com/poems/day-14-of-spoken-word-poetry-death-numbers-by-phindu-zaie-banda-16-days-of-activism-malawi |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=sapitwapoetry.com |archive-date=2026-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714140401/https://sapitwapoetry.com/poems/day-14-of-spoken-word-poetry-death-numbers-by-phindu-zaie-banda-16-days-of-activism-malawi |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sapitwa]] es le plus alte cima in Malawi e su nomine significa «un loco ubi le gente non va».<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le residentes presso le Monte Mulanje time le ira de lor ancestres |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/the-residents-near-mount-mulanje-fear-their-ancestors-wrath |access-date=2026-07-13 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en |archive-date=2026-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714005735/https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/the-residents-near-mount-mulanje-fear-their-ancestors-wrath |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Sapitwa participava al [[16 Dies de Activismo contra le violentia basate super le genere|#16daysofactivism contra le violentia basate super le genere]]. Le evento «arte pro un causa» esseva dirigite per le poeta de Sapitwa Robert Chiwamba, con lectura quotidian de poemas. Le evento final, tenite le 17 de decembre in Lilongwe, attraheva un publico pagante pro ascoltar lor poesia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kayuni |first=John Paul |date=2017-12-01 |title=Poesia Sapitwa in campania contra le violentia basate super le genere |url=https://malawi24.com/2017/12/01/sapitwa-poetry-campaign-gender-based-violence/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Malawi24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806022257/https://malawi24.com/2017/12/01/sapitwa-poetry-campaign-gender-based-violence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Banda esseva inter le crescente numero de feminas que se presentava al Festival de Artes Tumaini de 2019 in le [[Campo de refugiatos de Dzaleka]] e exprimeva su supporto al objetivos del festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-01 |title=Tumaini divas! |url=https://mwnation.com/tumaini-divas/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417054252/https://mwnation.com/tumaini-divas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Interview by Ambassador Young of Phindu Zaie Banda.png|thumb|Banda durante un interview per le ambasciator del SUA [[David Young (diplomat)|David Young]] super #16DaysOfActivism]] In 2021, Malewezi lanceava un serie de eventos de poesia intitulata ''Stripped''. Banda supportava le initiative, describente lo como un serie de eventos «fresca e interessante».<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Q retorna con le serie Stripped |url=https://mwnation.com/q-back-with-stripped-series/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326083726/https://mwnation.com/q-back-with-stripped-series/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Plus tarde ille anno, illa interpretava poesia durante un evento pro le Die de Africa financiate per le Ambasciata de Irlanda e [[Irish Aid]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYwU77zAmJ0 |title=Phindu Zaie Banda – Interpretation pro le Ambasciata de Irlanda in Malawi, Die de Africa 2021 |date=2021-06-16 |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2026-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708031349/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYwU77zAmJ0 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, [[Standard Bank Malawi]] financiateva Banda pro interpretar su poema «NTHOWA» como parte de un campania que poneva in evidentia le progresso e le investimentos de Malawi.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEKb6cf5haI |title=NTHOWA per Phindu Zaie Banda |date=2023-03-09 |last=Standard Bank Malawi |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2026-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706195051/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEKb6cf5haI |url-status=live }}</ref> Le mesme anno, illa esseva anque interviewate per le ambasciator del SUA [[David Young (diplomat)|David Young]] como parte del campania #16daysofactivism de ille anno.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/900399521685898/ |title=#16DaysOfActivism, nos celebra le poeta Phindu Zaie Banda ... Ambasciata del SUA in Lilongwe |language=en |access-date=2026-07-05 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref> Le [[Die del Independentia (Malawi)|60me anniversario del Independentia]] in 2024, Banda esseva inter quatro poetas que se presentava directemente via Facebook. Illes esseva supportate per un presentator e sponsorizate per Standard Bank. Le altere tres esseva Q Malewezi, Nyamalikiti Nthiwatiwa e Wanga.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Frank |last=Phiri |date=2024-07-08 |title=Standard Bank promove le poesia |url=https://times.mw/standard-bank-promotes-poetry/ |access-date=2026-07-11 |website=Le Gruppo Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714050936/https://times.mw/standard-bank-promotes-poetry/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In le mesme anno, illa viagiava a [[Nove York|Nove York]] pro representar le Young Urban Women's Network de [[ActionAid]] Malawi al 68me session del [[Commission del Nationes Unite super le Statuto del Feminas]], tenite al [[Sede del Nationes Unite]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Sam |date=2024-03-20 |title=Phindu Zaie se eleva con poesia in le SUA |url=https://times.mw/phindu-zaie-soars-with-poetry-in-usa/ |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=Le Gruppo Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102055233/https://times.mw/phindu-zaie-soars-with-poetry-in-usa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Category:Nascite in 1998]] [[Category:Personas vivente]] [[Category:Malawi]] 3ve0s1qtghi728o5l30tnflalcr34bw