Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 3155 700477 700424 2026-09-18T22:07:05Z Tortoise0308 17411 Modification de [[Special:Contributions/~2026-46960-21|~2026-46960-21]] ([[User talk:~2026-46960-21|discussion]]) revertite; ultime version de [[User:McDutchie|McDutchie]] restaurate 687646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Anno nav}} '''Le [[anno]] [[mille]] [[novem]] [[cento]]s [[novanta-un]].''' == januario == == februario == == martio == == april == == maio == == junio == == julio == == augusto == == septembre == == octobre == == novembre == * [[29 de novembre]]: [[Polonia]] adhere al [[Consilio de Europa]]. == decembre == == sin data precise == [[Categoria:Seculo 20]] ttnaks2jeifzrl7rpw8xm7hm8w6myhz 0 5932 700448 700044 2026-09-18T19:43:57Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Historia */ 700448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second%20largest%20European%20country%20after%20%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de Polonia e Lituania. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le Imperio Russe eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter Polonia, Romania e Checoslovachia.<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub Joseph Stalin. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le Germania nazi invadeva le Union Sovietic in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le Holocausto. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. {{Referentias}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] 6cc5z1lk8sulfgpr81tao27eeohrzx6 700449 700448 2026-09-18T19:44:29Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Secunde Guerra Mundial */ 700449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second%20largest%20European%20country%20after%20%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de Polonia e Lituania. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le Imperio Russe eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter Polonia, Romania e Checoslovachia.<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub Joseph Stalin. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. {{Referentias}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] 9r1v5mkfk7ie3cz01788se5d4oaauz2 700450 700449 2026-09-18T19:44:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor */ 700450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second%20largest%20European%20country%20after%20%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de Polonia e Lituania. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le Imperio Russe eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le Prime Guerra Mundial e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter Polonia, Romania e Checoslovachia.<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. {{Referentias}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] q1h7p7e3erle7edzfk2xwvkc33nj7vl 700451 700450 2026-09-18T19:45:23Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX */ 700451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second%20largest%20European%20country%20after%20%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de Polonia e Lituania. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le Imperio Russe eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. {{Referentias}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] 03rq9llwo9lhfhny788tfyxxdm04phr 700452 700451 2026-09-18T19:45:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Hetmanato Cosac */ 700452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second%20largest%20European%20country%20after%20%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de Polonia e Lituania. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. {{Referentias}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] bo9p498lkhftz9rbvpjqrl3euv2sw4f 700453 700452 2026-09-18T19:45:59Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Dominio estraniero */ 700453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second%20largest%20European%20country%20after%20%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. {{Referentias}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] qx4vw4xpgiji3p29jf36udbnekollzc 700457 700453 2026-09-18T19:58:29Z Interlingvisto 60932 700457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second%20largest%20European%20country%20after%20%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ucrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine: Land and geography |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |date=25 octobre 2023 |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ucrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/ukraine/climate-data-historical |title=Ukraine: Climate Data |website=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ucrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/europe-environment-2025/countries/ukraine |title=Ukraine: environment and biodiversity |website=European Environment Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == Ucrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ucrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decentralization.gov.ua/en/newrayons |title=Administrative and territorial reform in Ukraine |website=Decentralization.gov.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ucrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ucrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=legissum%3A280101_1 |title=Association agreement with Ukraine |website=EUR-Lex |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ucrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ucrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/ukraine-nuclear/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ucrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ucrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == Le economia ucrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ucrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine: Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ucrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/ukraine/en/ |title=Ukraine |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ucrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/international-relations/ukraine_en |title=EU transport relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ucrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/ukraine-information-and-communication-technology |title=Ukraine: Information and Communication Technology |website=International Trade Administration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ucrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ucrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/ |title=All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001 |website=State Statistics Service of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/cities/ |title=Cities of Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === Le ucrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ucrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-charter-regional-or-minority-languages/ukraine |title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Ukraine |website=Council of Europe |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ucrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ucrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ucrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2018/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ |title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/23-02-2026-attacks-on-ukraine-s-health-care-increased-by-20--in-2025 |title=Attacks on Ukraine's health care increased by 20% in 2025 |website=World Health Organization |date=23 februario 2026 |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ucrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura ucrainian ha radices in le [[Orthodoxia oriental|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ucrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine: The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ucrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/culture-emergencies/heritage-emergency-fund/rapid-damage-and-needs-assessment-culture-ukraine |title=Rapid damage and needs assessment for culture in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ucrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ucrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/History |title=Ukraine: Historical development and regional influences |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ucrainiano e le identification con le stato ucrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ucrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ucrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ucrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine: Literature and the arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ucrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine: Music and performing arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine: Cuisine and cultural traditions |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ucrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inside.fifa.com/associations/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=FIFA |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ucrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/ukraine |title=Ukraine at the Olympic Games |website=International Olympic Committee |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Referentias}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] 91uyf9mbw9xdtkhc5kuze4pufw40iyo 700458 700457 2026-09-18T20:01:35Z Interlingvisto 60932 700458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Orthodoxia oriental|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Notas == {{Reflist}} {{Referentias}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] gmsq46qh3fy38kvu9x5xadyse83ndpr 700459 700458 2026-09-18T20:02:20Z Interlingvisto 60932 700459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Orthodoxia oriental|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Referentias}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] 54rnj95nygtlvdiie5lpf5wu6w9x9ew 700462 700459 2026-09-18T20:03:09Z Interlingvisto 60932 700462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Orthodoxia oriental|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] nqombbs3ksw0ub4vofswb0bli8e84jq 700463 700462 2026-09-18T20:05:02Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Politica */ 700463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="min-width:75%" | colspan=2 align=center | {{Oblasts de Ucraina}} |- !colspan=2|[[Oblasts de Ucraina|Oblasts]] |- | colspan=2 style="vertical-align:top;"|{{colbegin|colwidth=10em}} * [[Oblast de Cherkasy|Cherkasy]] * [[Oblast de Chernihiv|Chernihiv]] * [[Oblast de Chernivtsi|Chernivtsi]] * [[Oblast de Dnipropetrovsk|Dnipropetrovsk]] * [[Oblast de Donetsk|Donetsk]] * [[Oblast de Ivano-Frankivsk|Ivano-Frankivsk]] * [[Oblast de Kharkiv|Kharkiv]] * [[Oblast de Kherson|Kherson]] * [[Oblast de Khmelnytskyi|Khmelnytskyi]] * [[Oblast de Kyiv|Kyiv]] * [[Oblast de Kirovohrad|Kirovohrad]] * [[Oblast de Luhansk|Luhansk]] * [[Oblast de Lviv|Lviv]] * [[Oblast de Mykolaiv|Mykolaiv]] * [[Oblast de Odesa|Odesa]] * [[Oblast de Poltava|Poltava]] * [[Oblast de Rivne|Rivne]] * [[Oblast de Sumy|Sumy]] * [[Oblast de Ternopil|Ternopil]] * [[Oblast de Vinnytsia|Vinnytsia]] * [[Oblast de Volyn|Volyn]] * [[Oblast de Zakarpattia|Zakarpattia]] * [[Oblast de Zaporizhzhia|Zaporizhzhia]] * [[Oblast de Zhytomyr|Zhytomyr]] {{colend}} |- ![[Republica autonome]] ![[Citates con stato special]] |- | style="vertical-align:top;"| * [[Republica Autonome de Crimea]] | style="vertical-align:top;"| * [[Kyiv|Citate de Kyiv]] * [[Sevastopol|Citate de Sevastopol]] |} === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Orthodoxia oriental|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] d39wj2l0uaykawaoi9zlkgybtmtm8xh 700469 700463 2026-09-18T20:07:46Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Divisiones administrative */ 700469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Orthodoxia oriental|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] hrjbohmuocn4js5rtb9z4t9a9wcws6d 700470 700469 2026-09-18T20:08:58Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Economia */ 700470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == [[File:Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега.jpg|297px|thumb|right|Kyiv, le centro financial de Ukraina.]] Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Orthodoxia oriental|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] 4svtwlna7c7s7higq0rw081cfobaeta 700471 700470 2026-09-18T20:09:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Linguas */ 700471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == [[File:Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега.jpg|297px|thumb|right|Kyiv, le centro financial de Ukraina.]] Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === [[File:Українськомовні1959—2001.gif|297px|thumb|right|Durante le periodo post-Secunde Guerra Mundial, le russification de ucrainianos ethnic, assi como le immigration de massa de russos ethnic, cambiava significativamente le composition ethnic e linguistic del population de Ucraina. Le cambio esseva specialmente evidente in le Donbas, ubi le parlantes de ucrainiano deveniva un minoritate.]] Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Orthodoxia oriental|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] jqbdzptodx57kojsrnwun3afctolutp 700472 700471 2026-09-18T20:10:40Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Cultura */ 700472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == [[File:Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега.jpg|297px|thumb|right|Kyiv, le centro financial de Ukraina.]] Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === [[File:Українськомовні1959—2001.gif|297px|thumb|right|Durante le periodo post-Secunde Guerra Mundial, le russification de ucrainianos ethnic, assi como le immigration de massa de russos ethnic, cambiava significativamente le composition ethnic e linguistic del population de Ucraina. Le cambio esseva specialmente evidente in le Donbas, ubi le parlantes de ucrainiano deveniva un minoritate.]] Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] g0n781zwfgovuppilzz33jbawucxarh 700473 700472 2026-09-18T20:25:25Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Cultura */ 700473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del Nationes Unite e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == [[File:Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега.jpg|297px|thumb|right|Kyiv, le centro financial de Ukraina.]] Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === [[File:Українськомовні1959—2001.gif|297px|thumb|right|Durante le periodo post-Secunde Guerra Mundial, le russification de ucrainianos ethnic, assi como le immigration de massa de russos ethnic, cambiava significativamente le composition ethnic e linguistic del population de Ucraina. Le cambio esseva specialmente evidente in le Donbas, ubi le parlantes de ucrainiano deveniva un minoritate.]] Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == [[File:80-391-0151 Kyiv St.Sophia's Cathedral RB 18 2 (cropped).jpg|197px|thumb|right|Le Cathedral de Sancte Sophia in Kyiv, un sito del Patrimonio Mundial de UNESCO, es un del principal cathedrals christian in Ukraina.]] Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] 6vnhd336dd2rm2it9bsckvkxt8d0mge 700474 700473 2026-09-18T20:27:53Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Relationes exterior */ 700474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite|Nationes Unite]] e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del Union Sovietic e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con NATO e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == [[File:Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега.jpg|297px|thumb|right|Kyiv, le centro financial de Ukraina.]] Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === [[File:Українськомовні1959—2001.gif|297px|thumb|right|Durante le periodo post-Secunde Guerra Mundial, le russification de ucrainianos ethnic, assi como le immigration de massa de russos ethnic, cambiava significativamente le composition ethnic e linguistic del population de Ucraina. Le cambio esseva specialmente evidente in le Donbas, ubi le parlantes de ucrainiano deveniva un minoritate.]] Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == [[File:80-391-0151 Kyiv St.Sophia's Cathedral RB 18 2 (cropped).jpg|197px|thumb|right|Le Cathedral de Sancte Sophia in Kyiv, un sito del Patrimonio Mundial de UNESCO, es un del principal cathedrals christian in Ukraina.]] Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] lljqx2yhwx4ifoo7r68j3ftrqzij78b 700475 700474 2026-09-18T20:28:14Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Fortias armate */ 700475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite|Nationes Unite]] e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del [[Union Sovietic]] e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con [[OTAN|NATO]] e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == [[File:Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега.jpg|297px|thumb|right|Kyiv, le centro financial de Ukraina.]] Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nere. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le Dnieper e le Danubio. Le guerra ha danificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === [[File:Українськомовні1959—2001.gif|297px|thumb|right|Durante le periodo post-Secunde Guerra Mundial, le russification de ucrainianos ethnic, assi como le immigration de massa de russos ethnic, cambiava significativamente le composition ethnic e linguistic del population de Ucraina. Le cambio esseva specialmente evidente in le Donbas, ubi le parlantes de ucrainiano deveniva un minoritate.]] Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == [[File:80-391-0151 Kyiv St.Sophia's Cathedral RB 18 2 (cropped).jpg|197px|thumb|right|Le Cathedral de Sancte Sophia in Kyiv, un sito del Patrimonio Mundial de UNESCO, es un del principal cathedrals christian in Ukraina.]] Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] 80i3eenjkg69ngl0xkvzx5bge81zclm 700476 700475 2026-09-18T20:29:05Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Turismo e transporto */ 700476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Ukra<u>i</u>na''' o '''Ucr<u>a</u>ina''' {{linfoX}} (officialmente: Україна, ''Ukrajina'' [[Alphabeto phonetic international|[ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]]]; usque [[Union Sovietic|1991]]: Украина, ''Ukraina'') es un [[pais]] de Europa oriental que limita al west con [[Moldavia]], [[Romania]], [[Hungaria]], [[Slovachia]], e [[Polonia]], al nord con [[Bielorussia]], e al est con [[Russia]]. Illo ha un area de 603’628 km² — includente [[Crimea]], de facto sub controlo Russe — facente ab illo le plus grande [[pais]] integremente intra [[Europa]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/?id=owsHh0v-QT4C&pg=PA345&dq=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian+federation%22#v=onepage&q=second+largest+European+country+after+%22Russian%20federation%22&f=false |title= Global Clinical Trials |authorlink=Richard Chin |author=Chin, Richard |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2011 |isbn=0-12-381537-1 |page=345}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=JXPK9Qp8Yu8C&pg=PT88&dq=Ukraine+second+largest+country+Europe+after+Russia#v=onepage&q=Ukraine%20second%20largest%20country%20Europe%20after%20Russia&f=false |title= Future of Google Earth |authorlink=Chandler Evans |author=Evans, Chandler |publisher=BookSurge |year=2008 |isbn= 1-4196-8903-7 |page=174}}</ref><ref name="UKRCONSUL">{{cite web |title= Basic facts about Ukraine |url= http://www.ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm |publisher= Ukrainian consul in NY |accessdate= 10 November 2010 |archivedate= 26 March 2016 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160326032109/http://ukrconsul.org/BASIC_FACTS.htm }}</ref> Le [[territorio]] de Ukraina esseva habitate durante al minus 44’000 annos,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8963177/Neanderthals-built-homes-with-mammoth-bones.html |title=Neanderthals built homes with mammoth bones |work=[[Daily Telegraph]] |location= London |date=18 December 2011 |author= Gray, Richard |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> e le pais esseva candidato pro le [[domestication del cavallo]]<ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://imh.org/index.php/legacy-of-the-horse-full-story/the-domestication-of-the-horse/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-did-domestication-occur/ |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Did Domestication Occur |accessdate=12 December 2010 |work=International Museum of the Horse }}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|accessdate=18 September 2010}}</ref> e pro le origines del familia linguistic [[Linguas indoeuropee|indoeuropee]]. == Historia == === Prime historia === Le colonisation human in le actual territorio de Ukraina remonta a dezenas de milles de annos. Verso 4500 a.C., le cultura de Cucuteni-Trypillia floreva in grande partes del region. Plus tarde, le area esseva habitate per Cimmerios, Scythas, Sarmatas e altere populos. Colonias grec e roman se developpava al longo del costa del Mar Nigre, dum migrationes slavic formava le population del region durante le prime periodo medieval.<ref name="BritannicaUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – History''.</ref><ref name="Trypillia">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Cucuteni culture''.</ref> === Rus de Kiev === A partir del seculo IX, le Rus de Kiev emergeva como un importante stato de Europa oriental centrate in Kiev. Sub Vladimir le Grande, le christianismo esseva adoptate in 988, e sub Yaroslav le Sage le stato attingeva su apogeo cultural e politic. Con le tempore, rivalitates interne debilitava le Rus de Kiev, e illo se fragmentava in principatos separate. Invasiones mongol in le seculo XIII devastava Kiev e un grande parte del region. In le sud-west, le Principato de Galicia-Volhynia deveniva un importante stato successor.<ref name="KyivanRus">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Kievan Rus''.</ref> === Dominio estraniero === A partir del seculo XIV, le terras ukrainian passava de plus in plus sub le controlo de [[Polonia]] e [[Lituania]]. Le Confederation Polono-Lituan ganiava le controlo del major parte del territorios ukrainian post 1569. Intertanto, le Khanato de Crimea controlava un grande parte del steppe meridional e duceva a cabo incursiones de sclavos.<ref name="PolandLithuania">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Lithuania and Poland''.</ref><ref name="CrimeanKhanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimean Khanate''.</ref> === Hetmanato Cosac === Le communitates cosac cresceva in responsa a tensiones social, religiose e politic sub le dominio polonese. In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky duceva un grande sublevation e establiva le Hetmanato Cosac. In 1654, ille formava un aliantia con le tsar russe. Guerras subsequente debilitava le Hetmanato, e su territorio esseva dividite inter Russia e Polonia. Durante le seculo XVIII, le [[Imperio Russe]] eliminava gradualmente le autonomia cosac, aboliva le Hetmanato e annexava Crimea in 1783. Le territorios ukrainian esseva de plus in plus submittite al russification, dum le regiones occidental passava sub le dominio del Habsburgos.<ref name="Khmelnytsky">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Bohdan Khmelnytsky''.</ref><ref name="Hetmanate">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Hetmanate''.</ref><ref name="Crimea1783">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Russian conquest''.</ref> === Le seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX === Le seculo XIX videva le crescentia del nationalismo ukrainian e un renascentia cultural ducite per figuras como Taras Shevchenko e Mykhailo Drahomanov. Le lingua e le cultura ukrainian se confrontava con forte restrictiones in le Imperio Russe, dum le conditiones esseva generalmente plus tolerante in le Galicia controlate per le Austriacos.<ref name="UkrainianNationalRevival">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The 19th century''.</ref> Le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]] e le collapso del imperios russe e austro-hungare creava un opportunitate pro le independentia ukrainian. Varios statos ukrainian emergeva, includente le Republica Popular Ukrainian, sed annos de guerra e instabilitate politic finiva con le major parte del territorios ukrainian central e oriental deveniente parte del Ukraina Sovietic. Le terras ukrainian occidental esseva dividite inter [[Polonia]], [[Romania]] e [[Checoslovachia]].<ref name="UkrainianRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – The Ukrainian Revolution''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic e le Holodomor === Ukraina deveniva un republica fundatrice del Union Sovietic. Le annos 1920 apportava initialmente developpamento cultural per medio del ukrainisation, sed isto finiva sub [[Iosif Stalin]]. Collectivisation fortiate, repression e confiscationes de cereales contribueva al fame del Holodomor de 1932–33, in le qual milliones de ukrainianos moriva. Le purgationes sovietic destrueva tamben un grande parte del elite intellectual e cultural de Ukraina.<ref name="Holodomor">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Holodomor''.</ref><ref name="USHMMHolodomor">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''The Holodomor''.</ref> === Secunde Guerra Mundial === In 1939–40, le expansion territorial sovietic portava le major parte del terras ukrainian sub un unic autoritate politic pro le prime vice. Le [[Germania Nazi|Germania nazi]] invadeva le [[Union Sovietic]] in 1941, e Ukraina deveniva un del principal campos de battalia del Secunde Guerra Mundial. Milliones de ukrainianos moriva, includente grande numeros de judeos assassinate durante le [[Holocausto]]. Nationalistas ukrainian e movimentos de resistentia combatteva tanto le Germania nazi como le Union Sovietic in differente momentos. Le fortias sovietic recuperava Ukraina in 1944, e le Armea Insurgente Ukrainian continuava le resistentia contra le URSS usque in le annos 1950.<ref name="WWIIUkraine">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – World War II''.</ref><ref name="USHMMUkraine">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ''Ukraine''.</ref> === Le Ukraina Sovietic del postguerra === Ukraina suffreva un enorme destruction durante le guerra, sed reconstrueva rapidemente su industria. In 1954, Crimea esseva transferite del RSFS de Russia al RSS de Ukraina. Le politicas sovietic intensificava plus tarde le russification e le repression politic. Ukraina deveniva un importante centro industrial, scientific e militar del URSS. In 1986, le disastro nuclear de Chernobyl deveneva un del pejor accidentes nuclear del mundo.<ref name="CrimeaTransfer">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Crimea – Transfer to Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="ChernobylIAEA">International Atomic Energy Agency, ''The Chernobyl Accident''.</ref> === Independentia === A mesura que le Union Sovietic se debilitava sub Mikhail Gorbachev, le nationalismo ukrainian e le demandas de soberanitate cresceva. Ukraina declarava su independentia le 24 de augusto 1991, e 92 del votantes supportava le independentia in un referendum le 1 de decembre 1991.<ref name="UkraineIndependence">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Independence''.</ref><ref name="Referendum1991">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Ukraine – Referendum of 1991''.</ref> Le Union Sovietic se dissolveva formalmente plus tarde in ille mense.<ref name="USSRDissolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Soviet Union – Dissolution''.</ref> Le transition a un economia de mercato causava grave difficultates economic, includente hyperinflation e un cadita dramatic del PIB. Le privatisation a grande scala contribueva tamben al ascension de oligarchas potente.<ref name="UkraineEconomy">World Bank, ''Ukraine – Overview and economic history''.</ref> === Ukraina depost 2000 === Le politica ukrainian ha frequentemente essite dividite super le relationes con Russia e le Occidente. Le Revolution Orange (2004) contestava resultatos electoral disputate, dum le protestas de Euromaidan (2013–14) se opponeva al decision del presidente Viktor Yanukovych de abandonar un accordo con le Union Europee. Yanukovych fugeva del pais in februario 2014.<ref name="OrangeRevolution">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Orange Revolution''.</ref><ref name="Euromaidan">Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Euromaidan''.</ref> Russia subsequentemente annexava Crimea e supportava fortias separatista in le Donbas, initiante le Guerra Russo-Ukrainian. In februario 2022, Russia lanceava un invasion a scala complete de Ukraina. Le fortias ukrainian resisteva al invasion e plus tarde recuperava un parte del territorio occupate.<ref name="RussiaUkraine2014">Council on Foreign Relations, ''Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia''.</ref><ref name="RussiaInvasion2022">United Nations, ''War in Ukraine''.</ref> Desde 2014, Ukraina se ha orientate de plus in plus verso le Union Europee e le OTAN. Illo signava un Accordo de Association con le UE, ganiava le viage sin visa al UE in 2017, e recipeva le stato de candidato al UE in junio 2022.<ref name="EUAssociation">European Union, ''EU-Ukraine Association Agreement''.</ref><ref name="VisaFree">European Commission, ''Visa liberalisation with Ukraine''.</ref><ref name="EUCandidate">European Commission, ''Ukraine – EU candidate status''.</ref> Le guerra con Russia remane le evento definiente del historia contemporanee de Ukraina. == Geographia == Le major parte de Ukrainia se trova super le Planicie de Europa Oriental. Le pais es traversate per importante fluvios, inter illes le Dnieper, le Dniester, le Bug Meridional e le Donets. In le oeste se trova le montanias Carpates, ubi le Hoverla attinge 2 061 metros; in le sud se trova le Montanias de Crimea. Le solo nigre e fertile, cognoscite como chernozem, favorisa le agricultura. Le pais possede anque ressources natural como ligno, gaz natural, kaolino e lithium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le territorio ha subite varie problemas environmental, includente pollution del aere e del aqua, deforestation e radiation associate con le accidente de Chernobyl. Le guerra contra Russia ha aggravate iste problemas, con destruction de infrastructura e contamination de ecosistemas. Le destruction del barrage de Kakhovka in 2023, per exemplo, alterava profundemente le ecosistemas e le disponibilitate de aqua in le sud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-ukraine-preliminary-review |title=The Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine: A Preliminary Review |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/rapid-environmental-assessment-kakhovka-dam-breach-ukraine-2023 |title=Rapid Environmental Assessment of Kakhovka Dam Breach Ukraine, 2023 |website=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Clima e biodiversitate === Le clima de Ukrainia es generalmente continental humide, con variationes regional. Le nord es plus fresc, le sud plus calide e generalmente plus sic, e le oeste recipe plus precipitation. Le Carpates ha un clima montaniose con pluviar plus abundante. Le cambiamento climatic pote modificar le distribution del precipitation e reducer le disponibilitate de aqua in le estate, particularmente in le regiones meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Climate |title=Ukraine — Climate |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure regiones ecologic, includente le foreste de Polesia, le steppe e le wetlands del delta del Danubio. Su territorio alberga numerose species de plantas e animales, ben que multe de illes es menaciate per perdita de habitat, pollution e alterate uso del terra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Plant-and-animal-life |title=Ukraine — Plant and animal life |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Politica == [[File:Chart Constitution of Ukraine EN.svg|297px|thumb|right|Schema del systema politic de Ukraina]] Ukrainia es un stato unitari con un sistema semi-presidential. Le presidente, le Verkhovna Rada e le Cabinetto de Ministros divide le principal responsabilitates del governamento, con un poter judiciari independente. Le Constitution, adoptate in 1996, establi le principios fundamental del stato e le funcionamento del institutiones public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Constitution e governamento === Le presidente es eligite pro un mandato de cinque annos. Le Verkhovna Rada es le parlamento unicameral e consiste de 450 membros. Le prime ministro dirige le governamento, mentre le presidente conserva diverse competentes constitutional, includente certe poderes de nomination. Le autoritates local include consilios e mayores eligite, al latere de administrationes regional e districtual.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en |title=Official website of the President of Ukraine |website=President of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rada.gov.ua/en |title=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |website=Parliament of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le guerra e le adoption de medidas extraordinari ha modificate le funcionamento normal del institutiones politic. Organisationes international ha anque signalate problemas concernente le libertate del expression, le functioning del institutiones e le stato del democracia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ukraine/freedom-world/2026 |title=Ukraine: Freedom in the World 2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Divisiones administrative === Le pais es dividite in 24 oblast, al quales se adde le Republica Autonome de Crimea e le citates de Kyiv e Sevastopol con un stato administrative special. Ukrainia considera Crimea e Sevastopol como parte de su territorio, ben que illes es sub control russe desde 2014. Le oblast e Crimea es subdividite in raion e municipalitates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Government-and-society |title=Ukraine — Government and society |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Relationes exterior === Ukrainia es membro del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite|Nationes Unite]] e participa in le OSCE e in varie iniciativas de cooperation international. Desde le independentia, le pais ha cercate un integration plus profunde con Europa e le structuras transatlantic. Le accordo de association con le Union Europee esseva signate in 2014 e le area de libere commercio associate entrava in vigor in 2016. Ukrainia recipeva le stato de pais candidate al Union Europee in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Council of the European Union |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le relationes con Russia se deteriorava fortemente post le annexion russe de Crimea e le guerra in le Donbas in 2014, e deveniva ancora plus conflictual post le invasion a grande scala de 2022. Le cooperation de Ukrainia con le Union Europee, le NATO e le Statos Unite ha crescite durante iste periodo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Fortias armate === Ukrainia heredava un grande apparato militar del [[Union Sovietic]] e possedeva anque armas nuclear quando deveniva independente. Illo renunciava a su arsenal nuclear durante le annos 1990. Le fortias conventional esseva ulteriormente reducite, ma le cooperation con [[OTAN|NATO]] e le reformas militar se intensificava, particularmente post 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/ukraine/ |title=Ukraine |website=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/relations-with-ukraine |title=Relations with Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le invasion russe de 2022 transformava le fortias armate ukrainian in le principal institution militar del pais. Ukrainia ha recipite importante assistentia militar e financial de altere paises, dum le guerra ha causate numerose mortes, destruction de infrastructura e grandes costos economic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/partnerships-and-cooperation/natos-support-for-ukraine |title=NATO's support for Ukraine |website=NATO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Economia == [[File:Міст Патона з нічною архітектурною підсвіткою та панорама Лівого берега.jpg|297px|thumb|right|Kyiv, le centro financial de Ukraina.]] Le economia ukrainian combina agricultura, industria, extraction minier, energia, fabrication, servicios e technologia del information. Le Union Europee es un del principal socios commercial del pais. Avant le guerra a grande scala, Ukrainia esseva un importante exportator de productos agricole e possedeva un sector industrial e technologic significative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/ukraine_en |title=EU trade relations with Ukraine |website=European Commission |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha reducite le production, perturba le commercio e causate importante destruction material. Le reconstruction del pais representa un importante desafio economic, al latere de problemas plus ancian como corruption, debilitate institutional e disparitates regional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2026/02/23/updated-ukraine-recovery-and-reconstruction-needs-assessment-released |title=Updated Ukraine Recovery and Reconstruction Needs Assessment Released |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Agricultura === Ukrainia es un importante productor e exportator de frumento, mais, hordeo, colza e girasole. Le fertilitate de su chernozem rende le agricultura un del pilares del economia. Le guerra ha perturbate le production agricole, le transport del productos e le exportation per le Mar Nere, con consequentias etiam pro le mercatos alimentari international.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.un.org/en/307994-ukraines-agriculture-cannot-wait-fao-sets-out-three-year-emergency-and-early-recovery-plan |title=Ukraine's agriculture cannot wait: FAO sets out a three-year emergency and early recovery plan |website=United Nations in Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Turismo e transporto === Avant le invasion de 2022, le turismo se concentrava particularmente in Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa, Kamianets-Podilskyi, le Carpatos e le costa del Mar Nigre. Le pais possede numerose castellos, ecclesias, monumentos historic e sitos natural. Le turismo in Crimea declinava fortemente post le annexion russe de 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukraine.ua/visit/ |title=Visit Ukraine |website=Ukraine.ua |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia ha un vaste rete ferroviari e importante vias fluvial, includente le [[Nipro]] e le [[Danubio]]. Le guerra ha damnificate pontes, stratas, ferrovias e portos, e ha limitate le navigation maritime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Energia e technologia del information === Le systema energetic ukrainian depende de energia nuclear, carbon e gaz natural. Le central nuclear de Zaporizhzhia es un del plus grande del mundo. Desde 2022, attaccos e occupationes ha causate importante problemas pro le infrastructura energetic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sector del technologia del information ha devenite un componente importante del economia. Numerose companias e professionales continuava lor activitate durante le guerra, frequentemente con operationes partialmente transferite verso altere regiones o altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/overview |title=Ukraine Overview |website=World Bank |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Demographia == Avant le invasion a grande scala, Ukrainia habeva un population de plus de 41 milliones de personas e un population majoritariemente urban. Le population ha diminuite desde le initio del annos 1990 per un combination de basse natalitate, mortalitate e migration. Le censimento de 2001 monstrava un majoritate de ukrainianos, con le rusos como le principal minoritate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/People |title=Ukraine — People |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra in le Donbas e le invasion de 2022 provocava le displaciamento de milliones de personas intra le pais e verso altere paises europee. Le population actual e su distribution geographic es difficile a establir con precision a causa del guerra e del occupation de partes del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en |title=Ukraine situation |website=UNHCR |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Areas urban === Kyiv es le plus grande citate del pais. Altere importante citates include Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk, Lviv e Zaporizhzhia. Le guerra ha alterate profundemente le population e le conditiones de vita de multe citates, particularmente in le regiones oriental e meridional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Linguas === [[File:Українськомовні1959—2001.gif|297px|thumb|right|Durante le periodo post-Secunde Guerra Mundial, le russification de ucrainianos ethnic, assi como le immigration de massa de russos ethnic, cambiava significativamente le composition ethnic e linguistic del population de Ucraina. Le cambio esseva specialmente evidente in le Donbas, ubi le parlantes de ucrainiano deveniva un minoritate.]] Le ukrainiano es le sol lingua official del pais. Le russo es largamente comprendite e esseva historicamente multo usate, specialmente in le regiones oriental e meridional. Minoritates linguistic include parlatores de romaniano, hungaro e altere linguas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80?lang=en |title=Constitution of Ukraine |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo sovietic, le russo habeva un position dominante in multe dominios del vita public. Post le independentia, le ukrainiano ha ganiate plus grande presentia in le education, le administration e le medios. Le guerra ha accelerate iste transformationes, particularmente in le relation inter lingua, identitate national e cultura.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/2704-19 |title=On Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language |website=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Diaspora e religion === Un importante diaspora ukrainian existe in [[Europa]], [[America del Nord]] e [[America del Sud]], con grande communitates in paises como Canada, Polonia, le Statos Unite e le Regno Unite. Le guerra ha augmentate rapidemente le numero de ukrainianos residente temporarimente o permanentemente in altere paises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iom.int/ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[christianismo]] es le religion predominant. Le ecclesias orthodoxe representa le principal tradition religiose, al latere del Ecclesia Greco-Catholic ukrainian, del [[Ecclesia Catholic|catholicismo roman]] e de communitates protestante. Existe anque communitates judee, musulman e de altere religions. Le distribution religiose varie inter le regiones del pais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Religion |title=Ukraine — Religion |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate e education === Le systema de sanitate combina servicios public subventionate e provider private. Reformas ha cercate a modernisar le systema, ma le guerra ha aumentate le demanda de servicios medical, includente le cura de ferites, rehabilitation e supporto psychologic, e ha danificate numerose infrastructuras.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12416-52190-80173 |title=WHO's response to health emergencies in Ukraine: annual report 2025 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le education es garantite per le stato e include education general obligatori e education superior. Ukrainia ha un alte taxa de alfabetisation e plure importante universidades, specialmente in [[Kiovia]], Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa e Chernivtsi. Le pais participa in le Processo de Bologna. Le guerra ha interrompete le education in numerose regiones e ha fortiate multe institutiones a adoptar instruction a distantia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cultura == [[File:80-391-0151 Kyiv St.Sophia's Cathedral RB 18 2 (cropped).jpg|197px|thumb|right|Le Cathedral de Sancte Sophia in Kyiv, un sito del Patrimonio Mundial de UNESCO, es un del principal cathedrals christian in Ukraina.]] Le cultura ukrainian ha radices in le [[Ecclesia Orthodoxe|christianismo orthodoxe]], le traditiones de Kievan Rus', le cultura cosacca e le traditiones popular regional. Le arte, le musica, le litteratura, le architectura e le gastronomia reflecte influentias ukrainian, central-europee, russe e altere.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Ukrainia possede plure sitos inscribite al Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. Le guerra ha causate damage a numerose edificios historic, museos e altere elementos del patrimonio cultural.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua |title=Ukraine |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war |title=Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine |website=UNESCO |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Differentiationes regional === Le regiones occidental de Ukrainia ha essite historicamente plus influentiate per le culturas central-europee e per traditiones national ukrainian. Le regiones oriental e meridional ha habite historicamente plus grande contacto con le cultura e le lingua russe. Iste distinctiones ha contribuite a differentias politic e cultural, ben que illos non corresponde a divisiones absolute del societate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine |title=Ukraine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le guerra ha modificate multe de iste patrones. Le uso del ukrainiano e le identification con le stato ukrainian ha crescite in diverse communitates, includente personas qui parlava principalmente russo ante le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Language |title=Ukraine — Language |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Architectura e litteratura === Le architectura ukrainian include influentias [[Byzantium|byzantin]], polon, russe e austro-hungar, insimul con le stilo baroc ukrainian e le architectura del periodo sovietic. Le litteratura ha origines medieval e include autores como Ivan Kotliarevsky e Taras Shevchenko. Durante le periodo sovietic, autores e intellectuales esseva frequentemente subjectate a censura e repression; post le independentia, le litteratura ukrainian ha experimentate un nove periodo de developpamento.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Ukrainian-literature |title=Ukrainian literature |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Musica, medios e gastronomia === Le musica ukrainian comprende musica popular, classical e contemporanee. Instrumentos traditional como le kobza e le bandura ha un importante rolo cultural. Kyiv es un del principal centros del industria cultural e del medios, e internet e le medios social representa importante canales de information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/The-arts |title=Ukraine — The arts |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le gastronomia traditional include pratos como borscht, varenyky, holubtsi, nalysnyky e kapusnyak. Pane, patatas, cereales, girasole e salo ha anque un importante rolo in le cuisine traditional.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-cuisine |title=Ukrainian cuisine |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sport === Le [[football]] es un del sportes le plus popular in Ukrainia, e le equipa national ha participate in competiciones international importante. Le pais ha anque producite athletas de nivello international in boxeo, includente Oleksandr Usyk, le fratres Klitschko e Vasyl Lomachenko.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> Altere disciplinas importante include le atletismo, ubi Serhii Bubka deveniva un figura international, basket-ball e schacchos. Le sport ukrainian ha continuate a functionar malgrado le disruption causate per le guerra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Sports-and-recreation |title=Ukraine — Sports and recreation |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=18 septembre 2026}}</ref> {{Ref}} {{Paises de Europa}} {{elem|paises del mundo}} [[Categoria:Ukraina| ]] rnkxl255g7ir2gm5k56up5horaxh8iu 0 30290 700440 574550 2026-09-18T17:02:01Z Aybeg 23078 700440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' ([[1881]], [[Thessaloniki]], [[Grecia]] - [[10 de novembre]] [[1938]], [[Istanbul]]) era le 1me presidente del [[Turchia]] inter [[1923]] e [[1938]]. In consequentia del reformas institute per Atatürk, Turchia se transformava de un [[Imperio Ottoman|imperio]] plurinational, unificate solo per un [[monarcha]] qui esseva anque le [[califa|leader religiose]] del [[musulman]]es, in un [[republica]] [[laicismo|laic]] cuje character [[nationalismo|nationalista]], unitari e [[liberalismo|liberal]] esseva marcate per le [[Revolution Francese]]. Un del reformas le plus notabile de Atatürk es in le dominio linguistic: on ha adoptate le [[alphabeto latin]] pro le [[lingua turc]] e rejecte multe parolas de origine [[lingua arabe|arabe]] o [[lingua perse|perse]] in favor de neologismos turc. On memora anque le carriera de Atatürk como militar. Ille esseva responsabile del defensa del patria turc in le [[Battalia del Dardanellos]] (1915), e commandava le truppas nationalista que disfaceva le fortias [[Grecia|grec]] e alliate in le [[Guerra de Liberation (turc)|Guerra de Liberation]] (1919-1923). In ration de su complimentos politic e militar, Atatürk es commemorate hodie como le fundator del Turchia moderne. Su imagine es a vider in tote le botecas e locos de travalio de Turchia; multe placias public son decorate de su statua. {{s-start}} {{succession box|before=''Necuno''<br />([[Mehmed VI]],<br />ultime [[sultan]] del [[Imperio Ottoman]])|title=[[Presidente de Turchia]]|years=1923-1938|after=[[İsmet İnönü]]}} {{end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal}} [[Categoria:Presidentes de Turchia]] c6dmvl5ey26ofywn8xet7dc1w0jxbbj 0 30683 700482 565067 2026-09-19T07:50:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 700482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Le '''Secret Intelligence Service''' ('''Servicio de Intelligentia Secrete'''), plus cognite como '''MI6''' o '''SIS''',<ref>[http://www.mi6.gov.uk/output/sis-or-mi6-what-s-in-a-name.html «SIS or MI6. What's in a name?»] (in anglese), 4-6-2007.</ref> es le [[servicio de intelligencia|agentia de intelligentia]] exterior del [[Regno Unite]]. Illo es dirigite per le committee commun del intelligentia (JIC). Illo ha habite su posto de chef in Vauxhall Cross, [[London]], desde 1995. == Referentias == {{Reflist}} [[Categoria:Agentias de intelligentia]] nfo4yhkceg3jh7ny51ovll024oa8fwl 0 40564 700478 700405 2026-09-18T23:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1941-10-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-09-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q40765|Q40765]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-27<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-29<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q40765|German Offensive Against Serbian Uprising]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q151290|Q151290]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-30 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-20 | ''[[:d:Q151290|Battle of Moscow]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q151860|Q151860]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944-01-27 | ''[[:d:Q151860|Siege of Leningrad]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''<ref name="ref_8fb0e2684cce9fa7b19fdc630a76ddad0ea0326171712ab5274930a96b24bd7f">''[[:d:Q4088289|Siege of Leningrad in art]]''</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q207480|Q207480]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-16 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-27 | ''[[:d:Q207480|1941 Texas hurricane]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2547976|North Atlantic tropical cyclone]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q319581|Q319581]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-06<br/>1941-09-08<ref name="ref_af8d7d6576d62501b927a37f7c775a88b9d344ce8095b37b9ecf683b34dc7fb6">https://www.klueser.de/story.php?id=26&battle=beowulf&language=de</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-22<br/>1941-10-21<ref name="ref_af8d7d6576d62501b927a37f7c775a88b9d344ce8095b37b9ecf683b34dc7fb6"/> | ''[[:d:Q319581|Operation Beowulf]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q834983|Q834983]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-05 | ''[[:d:Q834983|1941–42 La Liga]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1759660|Q1759660]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-06 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-08 | ''[[:d:Q1759660|Battle of Changsha]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2236679|Q2236679]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-26 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-11 | ''[[:d:Q2236679|Battle of the Sea of Azov]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2636865|Q2636865]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-24 | ''[[:d:Q2636865|1941–42 Belgian First Division]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2985550|Q2985550]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-24 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-06 | ''[[:d:Q2985550|French National Committee]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q2992880|Q2992880]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-01 | ''[[:d:Q2992880|Moscow Conference (1941)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q625994|conferentia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3223814|Q3223814]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-05 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15 | ''[[:d:Q3223814|Le Juif et la France]]'' | ''[[:d:Q464980|exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3636569|Q3636569]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-27 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-30 | ''[[:d:Q3636569|Battle of Petrikowka]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q3653845|Q3653845]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-13 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-09-04 | ''[[:d:Q3653845|1941–42 Palestine League]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4028035|Q4028035]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-10 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-26 | ''[[:d:Q4028035|1st Sinyavino Offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4157826|Q4157826]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-06 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-26 | ''[[:d:Q4157826|Demyansk Defensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4677216|Q4677216]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-27 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-28 | ''[[:d:Q4677216|Action in Tarafal Bay]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5166662|Q5166662]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-12 | ''[[:d:Q5166662|Convoy SC 42]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6936089|Q6936089]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-14 | ''[[:d:Q6936089|Munich 1941 chess tournament]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2210277|chess tournament]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11954978|Q11954978]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-06 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-14 | ''[[:d:Q11954978|1941 Volta a Catalunya]]'' | ''[[:d:Q755125|Volta a Catalunya]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12748965|Q12748965]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-26 | ''[[:d:Q12748965|Attack on Šabac]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q16201563|Q16201563]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-20 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-15 | ''[[:d:Q16201563|1941 Palestine Cup]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16251999|Q16251999]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-27 | data-sort-value="1944" | 1944 | ''[[:d:Q16251999|Hama Rashid revolt]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6107280|revolt]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16825730|Q16825730]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-13 | ''[[:d:Q16825730|1941 Cabo San Lucas hurricane]]'' | ''[[:d:Q79602|cyclone]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q29027046|Q29027046]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-24 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-26 | ''[[:d:Q29027046|Mogilev conference]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q30900479|Q30900479]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-28 | ''[[:d:Q30900479|Prima Lega 1941-1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q79478703|Q79478703]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-24 |archivedate=2019-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf }}</ref> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478703|Paintings by Karl Kasten]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478707|Q79478707]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-28<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478707|Sculpture by Paul McReynolds]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478710|Q79478710]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-11<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478710|Sixty-First Annual Exhibition of the San Francisco Art Association - Oil, Tempera on Panel, Sculpture]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478716|Q79478716]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-22<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478716|Lithographs by Jennie Vennerstrom Cannon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478719|Q79478719]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-27<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478719|Mobiles by Alexander Calder, Stabiles and Jewelry]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478724|Q79478724]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-30<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478724|Sculpture by Harry Dick Ross]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q104632762|Q104632762]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-06 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-15 | ''[[:d:Q104632762|Nederlandsche grafiek van 1800 tot 1870]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106880623|Q106880623]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-29 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-30 | ''[[:d:Q106880623|Babi Yar massacre]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890656|Q110890656]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-19 | ''[[:d:Q110890656|Photographs by David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890657|Q110890657]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-09 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-30 | ''[[:d:Q110890657|The Wooden House in America]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890658|Q110890658]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-16 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-14 | ''[[:d:Q110890658|Twenty Lithographs: Graphic Art Processes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890659|Q110890659]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-24 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-09 | ''[[:d:Q110890659|Organic Design in Home Furnishings]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890660|Q110890660]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-30 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-07-28 | ''[[:d:Q110890660|New Acquisition: Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q115019040|Q115019040]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-11-01 | ''[[:d:Q115019040|Photographs submitted in contest at The Cloisters]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q123256010|Q123256010]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-01 | data-sort-value="2473" | 2473-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q123256010|15 великий индиктион]]'' | ''[[:d:Q123255889|période de 532 ans]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046670|Q126046670]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-21<br/>1941-09-22 | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-10-21 | ''[[:d:Q126046670|Ramadan 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q134598352|Q134598352]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-22 | ''[[:d:Q134598352|Überwachung des 'Judenhauses' in der Ellernstraße 16]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q134598547|Q134598547]] | data-sort-value="1941" | 1941-09-04 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06 | ''[[:d:Q134598547|Überwachung des ‚Judenhauses‘ in der Lützowstraße 3, Hannover]]'' | ''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} iepxk478floevlx7v50iubaw20lqtop 0 40568 700441 700393 2026-09-18T18:18:06Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 700441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1942-02-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1942-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q161033|Q161033]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-25 | ''[[:d:Q161033|Demyansk Pocket]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1569578|encirclement]]''<br/>[[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q261776|Q261776]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-05 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-03-21 | ''[[:d:Q261776|Battles of Rzhev]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q305133|Q305133]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-05 | ''[[:d:Q305133|Kholm Pocket]]'' | [[Battalia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q478315|Q478315]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-30 | ''[[:d:Q478315|Battle of Lyuban]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>[[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q558137|Q558137]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q558137|Operation Southeast Croatia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q569454|Q569454]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q569454|Second Happy Time]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q610048|Q610048]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q610048|Battle of Balikpapan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q651977|Q651977]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q651977|1941–42 Primeira Divisão]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q703482|Q703482]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-09 | ''[[:d:Q703482|Battle of Bataan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q907163|Q907163]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942 | ''[[:d:Q907163|1942 South American Championship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1572785|Q1572785]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1572785|Battle of Rabaul]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1759161|Q1759161]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-08-21<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1759161|Solomon Islands Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2034438|Q2034438]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-20 | ''[[:d:Q2034438|Rzhev-Vyazma offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2165376|Q2165376]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2165376|Battle of Tarakan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2276692|Q2276692]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-08 | ''[[:d:Q2276692|New Guinea campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2369529|Q2369529]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-03 | ''[[:d:Q2369529|Jewish Labour Camp]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q2392991|Q2392991]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-03<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2392991|Battle of Ambon]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2398940|Q2398940]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0">https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9168&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services</ref> | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-01<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0">https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9168&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2398940|Technician Fifth Grade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2587905|Q2587905]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2587905|Battle of Manado]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2889419|Q2889419]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22 | ''[[:d:Q2889419|Battle of Muar]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4287557|Q4287557]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-03 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | ''[[:d:Q4287557|Медвежьегорская наступательная операция]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4870916|Q4870916]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-09 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11 | ''[[:d:Q4870916|Battle of Dražgoše]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4872395|Q4872395]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-06 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08 | ''[[:d:Q4872395|Battle of Slim River]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4873065|Q4873065]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-27 | ''[[:d:Q4873065|Battle off Endau]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5656259|Q5656259]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | ''[[:d:Q5656259|Lake Ilmen action]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q6018281|Q6018281]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_44cf491846e72826565dd5f5ed6c48f8ff6bc517888bb83043e62218b829ff6b">''[[:d:Q124566507|Taqwīm al-qurūn (Dhāt al-Salāsil, 1405h)]]''</ref><br/>1942-01-17 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-07<ref name="ref_44cf491846e72826565dd5f5ed6c48f8ff6bc517888bb83043e62218b829ff6b">''[[:d:Q124566507|Taqwīm al-qurūn (Dhāt al-Salāsil, 1405h)]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6018281|1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4146861|Hijri year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7692371|Q7692371]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0">https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9168&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services</ref> | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-01<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0">https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9168&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services</ref> | ''[[:d:Q7692371|Technician Fourth Grade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7692374|Q7692374]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0">https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9168&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services</ref> | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-01<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0">https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9168&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services</ref> | ''[[:d:Q7692374|Technician Third Grade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9367361|Q9367361]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-06 | ''[[:d:Q9367361|Ust-Usa uprising]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2920604|prison riot]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q124734|rebellion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15805395|Q15805395]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-29 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01 | ''[[:d:Q15805395|Deutsche Dreiband-Meisterschaft 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15805414|German three-cushion championship]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q114609228|recurring sporting event edition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17017712|Q17017712]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q17017712|Convoy SC 67]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18332219|Q18332219]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-30 | ''[[:d:Q18332219|Riksdagen 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q85680242|Riksdag]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21636225|Q21636225]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-12 | ''[[:d:Q21636225|Боевые действия на Керченском полуострове]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65241261|Q65241261]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_2150759e0e0d4e073f27b23334b9a5b01a0960b419ffa0b927bba832e19902a3">http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=YearBasin-1942</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-17<ref name="ref_2150759e0e0d4e073f27b23334b9a5b01a0960b419ffa0b927bba832e19902a3">http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=YearBasin-1942</ref> | ''[[:d:Q65241261|1942 Pacific typhoon season]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27491613|Pacific typhoon season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356407|Q76356407]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-09<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356407|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Riga am 09.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356410|Q76356410]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356410|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 11.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356414|Q76356414]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-16<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356414|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Riga am 13.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356419|Q76356419]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356419|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Riga am 15.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356422|Q76356422]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356422|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Riga am 19.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356429|Q76356429]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356429|Transport from Berlin to the Riga Ghetto on January 25, 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q76356432|Q76356432]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-31<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356432|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 26.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478844|Q79478844]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-02<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478844|Chicago Council of Camera Clubs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478845|Q79478845]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478845|History of the Modern Poster]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478849|Q79478849]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478849|The Artist Uses His Skill in War: Posters Designed by a Group of Bay Region Artists]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478851|Q79478851]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478851|The Artist Uses His Skill In War: Models: Art in Camouflage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478854|Q79478854]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478854|William Gropper]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478858|Q79478858]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478858|Oils by William Gerstle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478861|Q79478861]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478861|Exhibitions for Art Understanding]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478864|Q79478864]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478864|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Art of the Argentine Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478867|Q79478867]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478867|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Prints of Latin America, Section I]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478872|Q79478872]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478872|Photographs of Mexico by Maude Martin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478877|Q79478877]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-20<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478877|Emmy Lou Packard]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478882|Q79478882]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478882|The Artist Uses His Skill In War: Posters from U.S.S.R.]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478884|Q79478884]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478884|Oils by Werner Philipp]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q87406449|Q87406449]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-02 | ''[[:d:Q87406449|Jonge Sierkunstenaars]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99885166|Q99885166]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q99885166|transport from Pilsen to Ghetto Theresienstadt on January 18th 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99889221|Q99889221]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24 | ''[[:d:Q99889221|Transport von Leipzig in das Ghetto Riga am 21.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q99889236|Q99889236]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q99889236|Transport von Pilsen nach Ghetto Theresienstadt am 22.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99889257|Q99889257]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q99889257|Transport von Pilsen in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 26.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99889382|Q99889382]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-27 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01 | ''[[:d:Q99889382|Transport von Gelsenkirchen in das Ghetto Riga am 27.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q100526795|Q100526795]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-28<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100526795|Transport von Brünn in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 28.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100526955|Q100526955]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100526955|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 30.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106104733|Q106104733]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-27 | ''[[:d:Q106104733|Japanische Invasion von Celebes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106450243|Q106450243]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-02-25 | ''[[:d:Q106450243|Deportations from Brunswick]]'' | ''[[:d:Q379693|deportation]]''<ref name="ref_a21cd404e6d137d131e449ddf463b6aca031da9062ba1f72fc70eb4f1ab790f3">http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106619215|Q106619215]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-29 | ''[[:d:Q106619215|Japanese invasion of West Borneo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890677|Q110890677]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q110890677|New Acquisitions: Latin-American Art]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890678|Q110890678]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-25 | ''[[:d:Q110890678|New Acquisitions: Photographs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890679|Q110890679]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-09 | ''[[:d:Q110890679|Dancers in Movement: Photographs by Gjon Mili]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890681|Q110890681]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-08 | ''[[:d:Q110890681|Americans 1942: 18 Artists from 9 States]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890682|Q110890682]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-02 | ''[[:d:Q110890682|The Artists' New York]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113573421|Q113573421]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25 | ''[[:d:Q113573421|1942 German Balkline-45/2 Championship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q114609228|recurring sporting event edition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046678|Q126046678]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<br/>1942-01-17 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-17<br/>1942-02-16 | ''[[:d:Q126046678|Muharram 1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q129076438|Q129076438]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-20 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-10 | ''[[:d:Q129076438|Republic of Foča]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4345889|partisan region]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11192275|Liberated territories of Yugoslavia in World War II]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138747844|Q138747844]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-17 | ''[[:d:Q138747844|Campionat de Catalunya d'hoquei sobre patins 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} faijobhnk22xls4763khjobifjk70b3 700479 700441 2026-09-18T23:53:45Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1942-02-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1942-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q161033|Q161033]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-25 | ''[[:d:Q161033|Demyansk Pocket]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1569578|encirclement]]''<br/>[[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q261776|Q261776]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-05 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-03-21 | ''[[:d:Q261776|Battles of Rzhev]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q305133|Q305133]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-05 | ''[[:d:Q305133|Kholm Pocket]]'' | [[Battalia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q478315|Q478315]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-30 | ''[[:d:Q478315|Battle of Lyuban]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>[[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q558137|Q558137]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q558137|Operation Southeast Croatia]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q569454|Q569454]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-31 | ''[[:d:Q569454|Second Happy Time]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q610048|Q610048]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q610048|Battle of Balikpapan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q651977|Q651977]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q651977|1941–42 Primeira Divisão]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q703482|Q703482]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-09 | ''[[:d:Q703482|Battle of Bataan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q907163|Q907163]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942 | ''[[:d:Q907163|1942 South American Championship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1572785|Q1572785]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1572785|Battle of Rabaul]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1759161|Q1759161]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-08-21<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1759161|Solomon Islands Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2034438|Q2034438]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-20 | ''[[:d:Q2034438|Rzhev-Vyazma offensive]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2165376|Q2165376]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2165376|Battle of Tarakan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2276692|Q2276692]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-08 | ''[[:d:Q2276692|New Guinea campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2369529|Q2369529]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-03 | ''[[:d:Q2369529|Jewish Labour Camp]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q2392991|Q2392991]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-03<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2392991|Battle of Ambon]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2398940|Q2398940]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-01<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | ''[[:d:Q2398940|Technician Fifth Grade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2587905|Q2587905]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2587905|Battle of Manado]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2889419|Q2889419]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22 | ''[[:d:Q2889419|Battle of Muar]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4287557|Q4287557]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-03 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | ''[[:d:Q4287557|Медвежьегорская наступательная операция]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4870916|Q4870916]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-09 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11 | ''[[:d:Q4870916|Battle of Dražgoše]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4872395|Q4872395]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-06 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08 | ''[[:d:Q4872395|Battle of Slim River]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4873065|Q4873065]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-27 | ''[[:d:Q4873065|Battle off Endau]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5656259|Q5656259]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | ''[[:d:Q5656259|Lake Ilmen action]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q6018281|Q6018281]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_44cf491846e72826565dd5f5ed6c48f8ff6bc517888bb83043e62218b829ff6b">''[[:d:Q124566507|Taqwīm al-qurūn (Dhāt al-Salāsil, 1405h)]]''</ref><br/>1942-01-17 | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-07<ref name="ref_44cf491846e72826565dd5f5ed6c48f8ff6bc517888bb83043e62218b829ff6b">''[[:d:Q124566507|Taqwīm al-qurūn (Dhāt al-Salāsil, 1405h)]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q6018281|1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4146861|Hijri year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7692371|Q7692371]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-01<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | ''[[:d:Q7692371|Technician Fourth Grade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7692374|Q7692374]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0">https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9168&grp=2&menu=Uniformed%20Services</ref> | data-sort-value="1948" | 1948-08-01<ref name="ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0"/> | ''[[:d:Q7692374|Technician Third Grade]]'' | ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9367361|Q9367361]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-06 | ''[[:d:Q9367361|Ust-Usa uprising]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2920604|prison riot]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q124734|rebellion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q15805395|Q15805395]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-29 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01 | ''[[:d:Q15805395|Deutsche Dreiband-Meisterschaft 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q15805414|German three-cushion championship]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q114609228|recurring sporting event edition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q17017712|Q17017712]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q17017712|Convoy SC 67]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q18332219|Q18332219]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-30 | ''[[:d:Q18332219|Riksdagen 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q85680242|Riksdag]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q21636225|Q21636225]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-12 | ''[[:d:Q21636225|Боевые действия на Керченском полуострове]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65241261|Q65241261]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_2150759e0e0d4e073f27b23334b9a5b01a0960b419ffa0b927bba832e19902a3">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=YearBasin-1942 |accessdate=2020-11-15 |archivedate=2021-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019094925/http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=YearBasin-1942 }}</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-12-17<ref name="ref_2150759e0e0d4e073f27b23334b9a5b01a0960b419ffa0b927bba832e19902a3"/> | ''[[:d:Q65241261|1942 Pacific typhoon season]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27491613|Pacific typhoon season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356407|Q76356407]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-09<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356407|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Riga am 09.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356410|Q76356410]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356410|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 11.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356414|Q76356414]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-16<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356414|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Riga am 13.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356419|Q76356419]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-15<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356419|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Riga am 15.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356422|Q76356422]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-23<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356422|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Riga am 19.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356429|Q76356429]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356429|Transport from Berlin to the Riga Ghetto on January 25, 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356432|Q76356432]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-31<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356432|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 26.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478844|Q79478844]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-02<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-24 |archivedate=2019-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf }}</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478844|Chicago Council of Camera Clubs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478845|Q79478845]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478845|History of the Modern Poster]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478849|Q79478849]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478849|The Artist Uses His Skill in War: Posters Designed by a Group of Bay Region Artists]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478851|Q79478851]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478851|The Artist Uses His Skill In War: Models: Art in Camouflage]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478854|Q79478854]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-09<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478854|William Gropper]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478858|Q79478858]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478858|Oils by William Gerstle]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478861|Q79478861]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478861|Exhibitions for Art Understanding]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478864|Q79478864]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478864|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Art of the Argentine Republic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478867|Q79478867]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478867|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Prints of Latin America, Section I]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478872|Q79478872]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478872|Photographs of Mexico by Maude Martin]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478877|Q79478877]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-20<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478877|Emmy Lou Packard]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478882|Q79478882]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478882|The Artist Uses His Skill In War: Posters from U.S.S.R.]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79478884|Q79478884]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-08<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79478884|Oils by Werner Philipp]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q87406449|Q87406449]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-02 | ''[[:d:Q87406449|Jonge Sierkunstenaars]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99885166|Q99885166]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q99885166|transport from Pilsen to Ghetto Theresienstadt on January 18th 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99889221|Q99889221]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24 | ''[[:d:Q99889221|Transport von Leipzig in das Ghetto Riga am 21.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q99889236|Q99889236]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q99889236|Transport von Pilsen nach Ghetto Theresienstadt am 22.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99889257|Q99889257]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-26<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q99889257|Transport von Pilsen in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 26.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99889382|Q99889382]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-27 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-01 | ''[[:d:Q99889382|Transport von Gelsenkirchen in das Ghetto Riga am 27.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q100526795|Q100526795]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-28<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q100526795|Transport von Brünn in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 28.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q100526955|Q100526955]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-30<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100526955|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 30.01.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106104733|Q106104733]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-11 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-27 | ''[[:d:Q106104733|Japanische Invasion von Celebes]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106450243|Q106450243]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-02-25 | ''[[:d:Q106450243|Deportations from Brunswick]]'' | ''[[:d:Q379693|deportation]]''<ref name="ref_a21cd404e6d137d131e449ddf463b6aca031da9062ba1f72fc70eb4f1ab790f3">http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q106619215|Q106619215]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-24 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-29 | ''[[:d:Q106619215|Japanese invasion of West Borneo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890677|Q110890677]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-15 | ''[[:d:Q110890677|New Acquisitions: Latin-American Art]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890678|Q110890678]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-25 | ''[[:d:Q110890678|New Acquisitions: Photographs]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890679|Q110890679]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-09 | ''[[:d:Q110890679|Dancers in Movement: Photographs by Gjon Mili]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890681|Q110890681]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-21 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-08 | ''[[:d:Q110890681|Americans 1942: 18 Artists from 9 States]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890682|Q110890682]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-28 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-03-02 | ''[[:d:Q110890682|The Artists' New York]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q113573421|Q113573421]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-25 | ''[[:d:Q113573421|1942 German Balkline-45/2 Championship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q114609228|recurring sporting event edition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046678|Q126046678]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18<br/>1942-01-17 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-02-17<br/>1942-02-16 | ''[[:d:Q126046678|Muharram 1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q129076438|Q129076438]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-20 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-10 | ''[[:d:Q129076438|Republic of Foča]]'' | ''[[:d:Q4345889|partisan region]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q11192275|Liberated territories of Yugoslavia in World War II]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q138747844|Q138747844]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-01-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-04-17 | ''[[:d:Q138747844|Campionat de Catalunya d'hoquei sobre patins 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} gzt8oc7hpr384i9peqllwoa5f2quh47 0 40572 700480 700404 2026-09-18T23:53:52Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 700480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1942-06-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1942-05-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q155620|Q155620]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-12<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-29 | ''[[:d:Q155620|Second Battle of Kharkov]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q207165|Q207165]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-04<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-08<ref name="ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q207165|Battle of the Coral Sea]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q327035|Q327035]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-21 | ''[[:d:Q327035|Battle of Gazala]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q530976|Q530976]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-10 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-07-04 | ''[[:d:Q530976|1942 German football championship]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q700499|Q700499]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-15 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-06 | ''[[:d:Q700499|Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q836128|Q836128]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-11 | ''[[:d:Q836128|Battle of Bir Hakeim]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q863371|Q863371]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-06 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-11 | ''[[:d:Q863371|Biltmore Conference]]'' | ''[[:d:Q625994|conferentia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1000594|Q1000594]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-08-08 | ''[[:d:Q1000594|1941–42 Cupa României]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1052651|Q1052651]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-05 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-11-06 | ''[[:d:Q1052651|Battle of Madagascar]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1439207|Q1439207]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-17<ref name="ref_d3abe7ef2a915ac45b7bbd674df462ab27ac7269bcf6ebcd8bd12208d42039c3">https://prensacr.info/data/5d835f280ddacf407084569f</ref><ref name="ref_a0c98ad6d3dfddee95ca20633d4cff1fc4d9db125b554310a56840fc294f4f7c">https://prensacr.info/data/5db5bc250ddacf73d2543b29</ref><ref name="ref_fa49bcba9f230d60113291d18cdf0a44def7dea98ed68bfd89591d305400e298">https://prensacr.info/data/5daa38470ddacf73098bf7af</ref> | data-sort-value="1943" | 1943-01-31<ref name="ref_4a65758ea9dbf21ab31049926f2e2d715083e322da4dccc848379a067bc7dbe5">https://prensacr.info/data/611f4145445c2c6addcd0f7d</ref><ref name="ref_f9daba4c905a208ba30a712ac9085946f0b2a9c4dc3f200ac6cbdcf34dfc3bb1">https://prensacr.info/data/5d836cc20ddacf4070845fbb</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1439207|Primera División de Costa Rica 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1984212|Q1984212]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-16 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-11-30 | ''[[:d:Q1984212|Defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q2659473|Q2659473]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-31 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-08 | ''[[:d:Q2659473|Attack on Sydney Harbour]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2673191|Q2673191]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-04 | ''[[:d:Q2673191|Invasion of Tulagi]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3175954|Q3175954]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-08 | data-sort-value="1945" | 1945-07-05 | ''[[:d:Q3175954|Japanese occupation of the Philippines]]'' | ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q109473326|country in World War II]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q10605678|Q10605678]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-06 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-21 | ''[[:d:Q10605678|Convoy ON 92]]'' | ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q30888944|Q30888944]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-07 | ''[[:d:Q30888944|Evacuation of Soviet 2nd Strike Army]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q606332|evacuation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q57903691|Q57903691]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-05 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-26 | ''[[:d:Q57903691|1942 Tour de Luxembourg]]'' | ''[[:d:Q505810|Tour de Luxembourg]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q65303340|Q65303340]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-16 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-10 | ''[[:d:Q65303340|massacre à Prijedor]]'' | ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356515|Q76356515]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-03<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-06<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356515|Transport von Breslau nach Ghetto Lublin am 03.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356520|Q76356520]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-08<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-09<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356520|Transport von Frankfurt am Main nach Ghetto Izbica am 08.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356524|Q76356524]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-06<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-11<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356524|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Minsk am 06.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356535|Q76356535]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-12<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-15<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356535|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Izbica am 12.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356539|Q76356539]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-15<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-18<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356539|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Izbica am 15.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356543|Q76356543]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-20<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-20<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356543|Transport von Gleiwitz nach KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau am 20.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356549|Q76356549]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-17<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-20<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356549|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Lublin am 17.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356554|Q76356554]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-24<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-26<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356554|Transport von Frankfurt am Main nach Ghetto Izbica am 24.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356558|Q76356558]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-28<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-28<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356558|Transport von Gleiwitz nach KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau am 28.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356561|Q76356561]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-25<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/><ref name="ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-28<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356561|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Lublin am 25.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q76356566|Q76356566]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-27<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-01<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | ''[[:d:Q76356566|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Minsk am 27.05.1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79479017|Q79479017]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-05<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267">{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |accessdate=2024-03-15 |archivedate=2019-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf }}</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79479017|Charles Howard]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79479021|Q79479021]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-06<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-31<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79479021|6th Annual Watercolor Exhibition of the San Francisco Art Association]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79479026|Q79479026]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-12<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-18<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79479026|Local Ceramics]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79479032|Q79479032]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-15<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79479032|Joe Cannon Watercolors]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79479037|Q79479037]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-01<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79479037|Claire Falkenstein]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79479043|Q79479043]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-14<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79479043|Mexican Painting]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q79479047|Q79479047]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-19<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-31<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | ''[[:d:Q79479047|San Francisco Bay Area Council of Camera Clubs: Spring Salon 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267"/> | |- | [[:d:Q104055188|Q104055188]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-07 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-07<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055188|Transport At]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055189|Q104055189]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-12 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-12<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055189|Transport Au]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055190|Q104055190]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-14 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-14<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055190|Transport Ez-St 13]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055191|Q104055191]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-15 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-15<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055191|Transport Au 1]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055193|Q104055193]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-15 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-15<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055193|Transport Ez-St 14]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055194|Q104055194]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-17 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-17<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055194|Transport Ez]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055196|Q104055196]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-18<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055196|Transport Av]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055197|Q104055197]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-18 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-18<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055197|Transport Ez-St 16]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055199|Q104055199]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-22<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055199|Transport Aw]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055201|Q104055201]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-22 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-22<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055201|Transport Ez-St 17]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055203|Q104055203]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-26 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-26<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055203|Transport Ez-St 18]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055204|Q104055204]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-27 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-27<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d"/> | ''[[:d:Q104055204|Transport AAa]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104055206|Q104055206]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-30 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-30<ref name="ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q104055206|Transport Ez-St 19]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467704|Q109467704]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-21<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5">https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf</ref> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-10<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/> | ''[[:d:Q109467704|Spansk konst ur offentliga och enskilda samlingar i Sverige]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q109467705|Q109467705]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-29<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/> | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-09-20<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/> | ''[[:d:Q109467705|Barnteckningar ”Vad skall jag bli när jag blir stor”]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5"/><br/>''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890692|Q110890692]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-06 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-16 | ''[[:d:Q110890692|Art Sale for the Armed Services]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890693|Q110890693]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-08 | ''[[:d:Q110890693|Anti-Hoarding Pictures by New York School Children]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890694|Q110890694]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-13 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-24 | ''[[:d:Q110890694|Mexican Costumes by Carlos Mérida]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890695|Q110890695]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-21 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-10-04 | ''[[:d:Q110890695|Road to Victory]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110890696|Q110890696]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-25 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-31 | ''[[:d:Q110890696|Paintings from the Class for Members' Children]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046683|Q126046683]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-16 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-15<br/>1942-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q126046683|Jumādā al-ʾŪlā 1361 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q131468303|Q131468303]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-15 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-16 | ''[[:d:Q131468303|Рыга (карная аперацыя)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q133040522|Q133040522]] | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-05-09 | data-sort-value="1942" | 1942-06-14 | ''[[:d:Q133040522|150 schilderijen, aquarellen enz. uit de verzameling H. Nijgh te Rotterdam]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} gler5blxns5ofutt6cn4rug2yvnhk2s 0 47871 700481 675215 2026-09-19T07:46:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 700481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Transnistria'''{{linfo}} (officialmente in [[Lingua romanian|romaniano]]: ''Republica Moldovenească Nistreană''<ref>variante obsolete in alphabeto cyrillic: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ; i.e. Republica Moldave Nistrean.</ref>) o '''''Pridnestrovie''''' (in [[Lingua russe|russo]]: Приднестровская Молдавская Республика, ''Pridnjestróvskaja Moldávskaja Respúblika'') es le nomine date per le fortias separatista [[Russia|philo-russe]] al entitate politic autoproclamate independente de Transnistria. [[Moldavia]] ha perdite le controlo de iste region a causa del intervention del armea russe in le conflicto de Transnistria in 1992, post le declaration unilateral de independentia de 1990. Le stato hodie es recognoscite solo per tres alie pseudo-statos que non son membros del [[Organisation del Nationes Unite|ONU]] e que se trova in un situation simile in relation a Russia: Artsach, Abchasia, e Ossetia del Sud. {{Refer}} [[Categoria:Regiones]] huxymya8m0c0uxvx44sclngzr1nh4cm 0 59333 700488 696402 2026-09-19T08:06:05Z Interlingvisto 60932 700488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{futuro}}{{Currente}}{{Anno nav}} '''Le [[anno]] [[duo]] [[mille]]s [[vinti-sex]].''' [[File:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|thumb|192px|Bandiera de interlingua, official a partir del {{Data|15|1|2026}}.]] == januario == * [[15 de januario]]: Le [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] adopta un bandiera official de interlingua, le prime, al occasion del {{Ordinal|75}} anniversario de interlingua.<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Presentation del bandiera official de interlingua |url=https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2026-01-16-interlingua-75-annos-bandiera/ |publisher=[[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-18 |title=Specification technic del bandiera de interlingua |url=https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2026-01-18-bandiera-de-interlingua/ |publisher=[[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] |access-date=2026-01-18}}</ref> == februario == == martio == == april == * [[1 de april]]: [[NASA]] lancea le mission Artemis II, marcante le prime volo circumlunar con equipage desde Apollo 17 in [[1972]].<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/</ref> * [[File:Earthset (art002e009288).jpg|thumb|Photo de ''Earthset'' prendite le [[6 de april]] durante le passage circumlunar de Artemis II]][[6 de april]]: Le equipage de Artemis II batte le record pro le plus longe distantia que humanos ha jammais essite ab le [[Terra]], attingente un distantia maxime de 252,756 millias (406,771 km) durante que illes viagia circum le latere lontan del [[Luna]].<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/clyr8k06jv7t</ref> * [[7 de april]]: Post un ultimatum de [[Donald Trump|Trump]] concernente le Stricto de Hormuz, le [[Statos Unite de America|Statos Unite]] e [[Iran]] concorda un cessar le foco de duo septimanas.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt</ref> * [[8 de april]]: [[Israel]] lancea un serie de attaccos aeree trans [[Libano]], mirante infrastructura de [[Hezbollah]]. Plus de 300 personas es occidite e plus de 1,100 es ferite.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-military-launches-largest-strikes-against-hezbollah-lebanon-2026-04-08/</ref> * [[10 de april]]: Le election presidential [[Djibuti|djibutian]] de 2026 es tenite.<ref>https://dawan.africa/news/djibouti-installs-electoral-commission-paving-way-for-april-presidential-vote</ref> == maio == == junio == == julio == == augusto == == septembre == == octobre == == novembre == == decembre == == Sin data precise == == Evenimentos previde e programmate == * [[12 de april]]: Le election parlamentari [[Hungaria|hungaro]] de 2026 es programmate pro esser tenite.<ref>https://apnews.com/article/hungary-election-scheduled-orban-challenge-magyar-71b54205f00252ca7c466eb5407a2aa1</ref> * [[12 de april]]: Le election general [[Peru|peruviano]] de 2026 es programmate pro esser tenite.<ref>https://apnews.com/article/peru-elections-declared-2026-president-boluarte-dabea7cd70b6288542317b080b99c8aa</ref> * [[12 de april]]: Le election presidencial [[Benin|beninese]] de 2026 es programmate pro esser tenite.<ref>https://wadr.org/benin-cena-releases-2026-general-election-timetable/</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Seculo 21]] [[Categoria:2026]] 73pelv40vilfbluwbz3lznj856ffcqu 10 60535 700460 698966 2026-09-18T20:02:33Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Referentias */ 700460 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 700461 700460 2026-09-18T20:02:45Z Interlingvisto 60932 Disface le version [[Special:Diff/700460|700460]] per [[Special:Contributions/Interlingvisto|Interlingvisto]] ([[User talk:Interlingvisto|discussion]]) 700461 wikitext text/x-wiki == Referentias == <div style="font-size: 90%; column-count: 2; column-gap: 1.5em;"> <references/></div> 4bj9s6forjdidzjcm8x5vou9etqir7o 2 61141 700446 700374 2026-09-18T19:30:26Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Articulos facite e meliorate */ 700446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2}} Mi objectivo es ameliorar le qualitate del articulos del Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente e augmenta le information in le peciettas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Provincia de Badajoz]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Extremadura]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Delcygate]] * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Ceuta]] * [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] * [[Melilla]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[Ukraina]] * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] fpwtkfes388rrz3dzzw6qxe5x1wkgbe 700456 700446 2026-09-18T19:56:30Z Interlingvisto 60932 700456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2}} Mi objectivo es ameliorar le qualitate del articulos del Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente e augmenta le information in le peciettas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Provincia de Badajoz]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Extremadura]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Delcygate]] * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Ceuta]] * [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] * [[Melilla]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[Ukraina]] * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] * [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 2oqy8av5ftesbag938mgbl5lfvghml0 700486 700456 2026-09-19T08:02:51Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Articulos facite e meliorate */ 700486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2}} Mi objectivo es ameliorar le qualitate del articulos del Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente e augmenta le information in le peciettas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Provincia de Badajoz]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Extremadura]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Delcygate]] * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Ceuta]] * [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] * [[Melilla]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[Ukraina]] * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] * [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] ozi1az3kgfsz1hezszzau1okdohp9a8 0 61341 700484 700371 2026-09-19T07:53:52Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Credentias e practicas religiose */ 700484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Dönmeh''' esseva un communitate religiose que emergeva intra le [[Imperio Ottoman]] inter le sequitores de Sabbatai Zevi, un mystico [[Judeo|judee]] del seculo XVII qui se proclamava le [[Messia]] judee. Post que Zevi se converteva al [[islam]] in 1666 sub pression del autoritates ottoman, alicunes de su sequitores anque se converteva formalmente al islam, dum illes continuava a preservar in secreto credentias e practicas derivate del sabbateanismo e del judaismo. Le movimento deveniva particularmente associate con Thessalonica, ubi illo se developpava in un communitate religiose distincte. <ref name="sisman">{{Cite web |author=Cengiz Şişman |title=The Burden of Silence: Sabbatai Sevi and the Evolution of the Ottoman-Turkish Donmes |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-burden-of-silence-9780199355334 |website=Oxford University Press |year=2015 }}</ref><ref name="baer2004">{{Cite web |author=Marc David Baer |title=The Double Bind of Race and Religion: The Conversion of the Dönme to Turkish Secular Nationalism |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/double-bind-of-race-and-religion-the-conversion-of-the-donme-to-turkish-secular-nationalism/9B4E3F3A1D1B9F0A5A9E2B6D5B4B7E1 |website=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 }}</ref> == Nomine e origines == Le termino turc ''Dönme'' significa literalmente alicun qui "torna" o "se converte", e poteva portar un senso pejorative de "apostata" o "renegato". Le membros del communitate usava anque nomines como ''ma'minim'' ("credentes"), dum appellationes associate con Thessalonica o con lor historia esseva usate ab alteres. Le origines del movimento jaceva in le crise messianic circa Sabbatai Zevi, de qui le conversion al islam esseva interpretate per su sequitores non simplemente como un rejection del judaismo, sed como parte de un processo messianic e mystic occulte. <ref name="landau">{{Cite web |author=Jacob M. Landau |title=The Dönmes: A Secretive Community |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-donmes-a-secretive-community/ |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |year=2006 }}</ref><ref name="sisman"/> Post le morte de Zevi in 1676, le communitate deveniva progressivemente plus organise. Thessalonica se developpava como su centro principal, ben que communitates existeva anque in altere citates del Imperio Ottoman. Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le Dönmeh manteneva un identitate interne distincte, con forte endogamia e institutiones proprie. <ref name="sisman"/><ref name="akyalcin">{{Cite web |author=Dilek Akyalçın Kaya |title=Jews, Muslims, Both, or Neither? The Salonican Dönme |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/61002 |website=Oxford Academic |year=2026 }}</ref> == Credentias e practicas religiose == Le credentia Dönmeh combinava elementos del sabbateanismo, del [[judaismo]], del Cabala e del [[islam]]. Le membros viveva publicamente como musulmanes, sed preservava in secreto practicas e ideas religiose proprie. Fontes academic describe le observantia del Ramadan e le frequentation del moscheas in conjunction con le mantenimento del credentia in Sabbatai Zevi, de rituales cabalistic e de preces in hebreo e judeo-espaniol. <ref name="baer2004"/><ref name="sisman"/> Le practica religiose del communitate esseva marcate per le secreto. Le Dönmeh manteneva genealogias e institutiones interne, practicava le matrimonio principalmente intra le communitate e conservava distincte cemeterios e formas de organisation communal. Le combination de praticas islamic public e credentias sabbatean interne rendeva lor identitate difficile de categorisar simplemente como judee o musulman. <ref name="baer2004"/> Sabbatai Zevi remaneva central in lor [[theologia]]. Su conversion al islam esseva interpretate per medio de ideas mystic e cabalistic, in le qual actos que pareva contradictori o transgressive poteva haber un significato spiritual occulte. Le communitate se divideva eventualmente in plure brancas, inter le quales le İzmirli, Yakubi e Karakaşi deveniva importante; le terminologia e le classification exacte del subgruppos varie inter le fontes. <ref name="sisman"/><ref name="baer2004"/> == Thessalonica e le societate ottoman == Durante le seculo XIX, le Dönmeh deveniva progressivemente plus integrate in le vita economic e intellectual de Thessalonica. Inter le membros habeva mercatores, professionales, artesanos e familias prospere, dum le communitate establiva institutiones educational e religiose. Le modernisation del communitate, le creation de scholas moderne e le contacto crescente con Europa contribueva al formation de un elite intellectual e economic distinctive in le ultime periodo ottoman. <ref name="sisman"/><ref name="baer2004"/> Le Dönmeh developpava anque retes interne de commercio e de supporto social. Ben que lor identitate religiose remaneva secrete, illes interageva extensemente con le populationes musulman e judee plus ample del Imperio Ottoman. Con le tempore, le distinctiones inter le communitate e le societate plus ample deveniva plus complexe, specialmente con le diffusion del education moderne e del ideas de secularisation. <ref name="baer2004"/> == Le Jove Turchos e le nationalismo turc == Alicun Dönmeh prominente esseva active in le vita politic e intellectual del ultime Imperio Ottoman e in le transformation politic que accompaniava le movimento del Jove Turchos. Le relation inter le Dönmeh e le Comitato de Union e Progresso ha tamen essite subjecto a considerable controverse historic, e le participation de individuos de origine Dönmeh non demonstra que le communitate como toto habeva un programma politic commun. <ref name="baer2004"/><ref name="sisman"/> Durante le Guerra de Independentia Turc, alicun personas de origine Dönmeh supportava le movimento nationalista turc. Post le establimento del Republica Turc in 1923, le Dönmeh de Thessalonica esseva includite inter le population musulman concernite per le excambio obligatori de population inter Grecia e Turchia. Un grande parte del communitate esseva relocate a Istanbul, ubi le descendentes continuava a participar in le vita economic, cultural e professional. <ref name="baer2004"/><ref name="sisman"/> == Identitate moderne e declino == Le communitate Dönmeh declinava gradualmente a mesura que le secreto religiose se debilitava e le membros se assimilava in le societate turc plus ample. Alicun descendentes conservava le conscientia de lor patrimonio, dum alteres abandonava le practicas distinctive del Dönmeh. Le identification del numero de descendentes contemporanee es difficile, proque le identitate Dönmeh deveniva progressivemente plus private e le frontieras inter descendentes de Dönmeh e le societate turc deveniva plus diffuse. <ref name="sisman"/><ref name="baer2004"/> Le communitate ha essite anque le subjecto de persistente theorias de conspiration antisemitic in [[Turchia]]. Affirmationes que le Dönmeh controlava secretamente le Jove Turchos, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] o le stato turc ha circulate extensemente, sed tal narrationes va ultra le evidentia historic e ha essite usate pro depinger le cambio politic e social como le producto de un conspiration judee occulte. Le historicos distingue iste affirmationes conspirative del historia documentate del participation de individuos de origine Dönmeh in le vita politic, economic e cultural ottoman e turc. <ref name="baer2004"/> == Signification historic == Le Dönmeh occupa un loco distinctive in le historia religiose del Imperio Ottoman. Lor experientia illustra como un movimento judee messianic poteva adaptar se a un ambiente politic islamic dum illo preservava un identitate religiose separate. Lor historia reflecte anque le complexe interaction del judaismo, del islam, del mystica cabalistic, del societate ottoman e del nationalismo turc moderne. Ben que le communitate ha in grande parte perdite su character como un gruppo religiose clarmente separate, su historia remane parte del historia de Thessalonica, del judaismo ottoman e del Turchia moderne. <ref name="sisman"/><ref name="baer2004"/> {{Referentias}} [[Category:Dönmeh| ]] [[Category:Criptojudeos]] [[Category:Convertitos al islam ab le judaismo]] [[Category:Gruppos que reclama descendentia judee]] [[Category:Islam e judaismo]] [[Category:Historia judee turc]] [[Category:Judeos de Thessalonica]] [[Category:Religion in Turchia]] [[Category:Theorias de conspiration in Turchia]] [[Category:Sabbateos|*]] [[Category:Cultura judee ashkenazi in Turchia]] [[Category:Cultura judee sephardi in Turchia]] [[Category:Judeos de Smyrna]] [[Category:Historia social de Turchia]] [[Category:Parolas e phrases turc]] 0s13qtc95bdxt2leh123sccz8sad61k 0 61342 700491 700373 2026-09-19T08:08:22Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Origines */ 700491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''theoria de conspiration del chemtrails''' es le false credentia que le tracias persistente lassate per aviones a alte altitude non es ordinarie tracias de condensation (contrails), sed emissiones deliberate de substantias chimic o biologic pro scopos secrete e nocive. Le adherentes ha attribuite varie allegate scopos a iste substantias, includente le modification del tempore, le ingenieria climatic, le controlo del population, le manipulation psychologic e le guerra biologic o chimic. Il non ha probas credibile que supporta iste allegationes. <ref name="epa">{{Cite web |title=Information on Contrails from Aircraft |url=https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/Contrails |website=United States Environmental Protection Agency }}</ref><ref name="shearer2016">{{Cite web |author=Christine Shearer; Mick West; Ken Caldeira; Steven J. Davis |title=Quantifying expert consensus against the existence of a secret, large-scale atmospheric spraying program |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ERL....11h4011S/abstract |website=Astrophysics Data System |date=10 de august 2016 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084011 }}</ref> == Origines == Le theoria de conspiration moderne emergeva al fin del annos 1990. Un fonte frequentemente citate esseva un documento del 1996 del Air Force 2025 intitulate ''Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025'', que discuteva hypothetic applicationes futur de modification del tempore pro scopos militar. Le documento se presentava explicitemente como un studio super conceptos, capacitates e technologias futur e contineva scenarios fictive; ille non describeva un programma operational existente. Le proprie documento declarava anque que le opiniones exprimite non representava le position official del Fortia Aeree, del Departmento del Defensa o del governamento del Statos Unite. <ref name="af2025">{{Cite web |author=Tamzy J. House; James B. Near Jr.; William B. Shields; Ronald J. Celentano; David M. Husband; Ann E. Mercer; James E. Pugh |title=Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025 |url=https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/ADA333462.xhtml |website=National Technical Reports Library |year=1996 }}</ref> Le association del documento con le moderna theoria del chemtrails emergeva posteriormente, quando le discussion super modification del tempore esseva reinterpretate como indication de experimentation atmospheric secrete. Le theoria se propagava via le Internet durante le fin del annos 1990 e esseva popularisate in particular per le presentator de radio Art Bell a partir de 1999. In responsa al crescente preoccupation public, le EPA, FAA, [[NASA]] e NOAA publicava in 2000 un documento interagential que explicava le formation, le apparentia e le effectos del tracias de condensation de aviones. Le Fortia Aeree del S.U.A. anque rejectava le idea que ille realisava secretemente programmas de aspersion chimic o de modification del tempore. <ref name="epa2000">{{Cite web |title=Aircraft Contrails Factsheet |url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=00000LVU.TXT |website=United States Environmental Protection Agency |date=septembre 2000 }}</ref> == Allegate probas == Le credentes communmente distingue le supponite chemtrails del ordinarie tracias de condensation per lor persistentia, affirmante que le tracias que dura horas o que se extende in formationes simile a nubes contine substantias additional. Patrones in forma de grillia, parallel o intersectante es anque a vices interpretate como proba de aspersion deliberate. Altere assertiones frequentemente citate involve aviones inusual, colores visibile in le tracias e photographias de tankes o equipamento intra le aviones. <ref name="epa"/> Iste observationes ha explanationes conventional. Le tracias de condensation se forma quando le gases de escapamento calide e humide del motores incontra aer extrememente frigide a altitude de cruciera. Dependente del temperatura, humiditate, ventos e conditiones atmospheric, illos pote disparer rapidemente o persister durante horas e gradualmente extender se in nubes simile a cirros. Differente routes de volo pote anque producer naturalmente patrones parallel o intersectante. <ref name="epa"/><ref name="nasa">{{Cite web |title=Aircraft Contrails |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/aircraft-contrails-4435/ |website=NASA Earth Observatory |date=28 de april 2004 }}</ref> Photographias de aviones que contine grande bariles ha a vices essite presentate como proba de equipamento de dispersion chimic. In realitate, tal tankes pote esser utilisate durante tests de volo pro simular le peso de passageros o cargo e pro alterar le centro de gravitate del avion. Le EPA nota que le emissiones deliberate per aviones existe in casos legitime, como le agricultura e le lucta contra incendios, ma iste operationes es documentate e normalmente involve aviones a basse altitude, non le aviones a alte altitude associate con le contrails. <ref name="epa"/> Similmente, analyses de allegate mesuras chimic utilisate pro supportar le theoria ha essite criticate per problemas de methodologia e interpretation. Le studio scientific de 2016 concludeva que le datos citate como evidentia de un programma secrete poteva esser explicate per factores ben cognoscite, includente le physica del contrails e le aerosoles atmospheric. <ref name="shearer2016"/> == Evaluation scientific == Le communitate scientific ha trovate necun proba que le ordinarie tracias de condensation es secretemente modificate in systemas de aspersion chimic o biologic. Un studio publicate in 2016 examinava le allegationes de un programma atmospheric secrete a grande scala. Inter le 77 scientistas atmospheric e geochimic consultate, 76 (98,7 %) diceva que illes non habeva incontrate evidentia de un tal programma; le autores concludeva que le evidentia presentate per le proponentes poteva esser explicate per processos atmospheric e chimic ben comprendite. <ref name="shearer2016"/> Al mesme tempore, le emissiones de aviones e le tracias de condensation persistente pote haber veritabile effectos ambiental. Recercas indica que le nubes de tracias de condensation persistente pote producer un effecto de calefaction nette, ben que le magnitudine exacte de lor impacto climatic remane un area de recerca scientific. <ref name="nasa"/><ref name="nasacontrail">{{Cite web |title=Contrails |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070036014 |website=NASA Technical Reports Server |author=Patrick Minnis |year=2003 }}</ref> Iste recerca legitime super le aviation e le clima non debe esser confundite con le assertion que aviones commercial dispersa secretemente substantias chimic nocive. Le EPA indica que le contrails son formationes de nubes producite per le exhausto del motores e que lor apparentia e persistentia depende de conditiones atmospheric. <ref name="epa"/> == Relation con le geoingenieria == Le theoria de conspiration es a vices connectite con le veritabile campo scientific del geoingenieria, que include methodos proponite pro alterar deliberatemente aspectos del clima del Terra. Le recerca super le modification del radiation solar e altere formas de geoingenieria es discutite e debatite publicamente, sed isto non constitue un proba que le tracias de condensation routinari de aviones face parte de un programma secrete. Le EPA declara que le governamento federal non ha cognoscentia de que contrails sia intentionalmente formate super le Statos Unite pro scopos de geoingenieria o modification del tempore. <ref name="epa"/> Le documento ''Weather as a Force Multiplier'' del 1996 demonstra que le modification del tempore esseva discutite como un possibilitate futur in le contexto de strategia militar. Tamen, le documento esseva un studio prospectiv e non un description de un programma operational; su autores declarava que le scenarios esseva illustrative e que le opiniones exprimitate non representava le politica official del Fortia Aeree o del governamento del Statos Unite. <ref name="af2025"/> == Influentia public e politic == Malgrado le manco de probas scientific de supporto, le theoria ha remanite influente in partes de Internet e in le medios de communication alternative. Le EPA ha observate que le termino "chemtrails" es usate pro allegationes que le contrails del traffico aeree ordinari representarerea emissiones deliberate de substantias periculose o de agentes biologic. <ref name="epa"/> Le theoria ha anque generate initiativas politic, includente tentativas in plure statos del S.U.A. de limitar o regular le allegate aspersion atmospheric. Tal disveloppamentos illustra como le theoria del chemtrails ha evolvite de un narrativa de conspiration associate con Internet a un thema recurrente de controversia public e politic. == Signification historic == Le theoria de conspiration del chemtrails es frequentemente discutite como un exemplo del moderne pensamento conspirative e disinformation scientific. Su persistentia reflecte le difficultate de distinguer phenomenos atmospheric inusual sed natural de assertiones super secrete activitate technologic o governamental. Le phenomeno subjacente — le tracias de condensation de aviones — es ben comprendite, dum le allegate programma secrete de aspersion chimic non ha essite corroborate per probas scientific fiabile. <ref name="shearer2016"/><ref name="epa"/> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Sanitate e transporto]] [[Categoria:Pseudoscientia]] [[Categoria:Theorias de conspiration relate al scientia e technologia]] [[Categoria:Guerra e armas chimic in le cultura popular]] [[Categoria:Armas biologic in le cultura popular]] 7twf6w00vvxi81krvraa4wti85r2fq5 0 61347 700442 2026-09-18T19:26:13Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un grave crise frontieric e humanitari initiate al fin de julio de 2026, quando decenas de milles de personas entrava irregularmente in le citate autonome espaniol ab Marocco. Le episodio attingeva su maxime intensitate inter le 30 e le 31 de julio, quando, secundo le Governamento espaniol, circa 72 000 personas entrava in Ceuta durante le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-perso...” 700442 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un grave crise frontieric e humanitari initiate al fin de julio de 2026, quando decenas de milles de personas entrava irregularmente in le citate autonome espaniol ab Marocco. Le episodio attingeva su maxime intensitate inter le 30 e le 31 de julio, quando, secundo le Governamento espaniol, circa 72 000 personas entrava in Ceuta durante le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le arrivadas occurreva principalmente a transverso del molo de El Tarajal e per medio de transversamentos a nando.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le magnitude del arrivadas superava le capacitate ordinari del systemas local de reception, assistentia, identification e controlo frontieric. Le crise provocava operationes de salvamento, un importante mobilisation del fortias de securitate e del Armea e un numero elevate de mortes. Secundo le ONG Caminando Fronteras, 141 personas moriva durante le crise, 78 in Ceuta e 63 in territorio marocchin; le ONG indicava que le mortes includeva principalmente casos de ahogamento e de aplastamento. Iste cifra esseva ulteriormente citate etiam per altere organisationes de derectos human.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le majoria del personas qui habeva entrate retornava posteriormente a Marocco, ma milles remaneva durante septimanas in Ceuta. Le situation posterior deveniva assi un problema major pro le administrationes espaniol e local, particularmente in materia de allogiamento, identification, reception e tramitation del situation administrative del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes == Ceuta constitue un del principal punctos de contacto terrestre inter le Union Europee e Africa e, pro su situation geographic, ha experimentate periodicamente tentativas de entrata irregular. Un precedente importante esseva le crise de maio de 2021, quando circa 8 000 personas entrava in le citate durante un periodo de tension diplomatic inter Espania e Marocco. In le annos posterior continuava le tentativas de accesso per mar e per le frontiera terrestre. In le septimanas anterior al evenimentos del fin de julio de 2026 se produceva un augmento del arrivadas a nando. Secundo le Tribunal Supreme espaniol, un sententia del 29 de junio de 2026 confirmava que le regime special de rechazo al frontiera previde per le legislation espaniol non esseva applicabile a migrantes interceptate in alto mar qui tentava entrar a nando in Ceuta o Melilla; secundo le tribunal, in iste casos debeva applicar le procedura ordinari de devolución previde per le lege de extranjeria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/2026-07-08/supremo-devolucion-caliente-migrantes-mar/ |título=El Supremo confirma que no se puede aplicar la devolución en caliente a migrantes que llegan por mar |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=8 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Iste sententia esseva posteriormente presentate in retes social como un possibile factor del mobilisation. Tamen, le causas exacte del entrata massive e le grado de influentia del information difundite super le resolution judicial remaneva objecto de investigation. Un investigation de RTVE concludeva in septembre que non existeva ancora un explication definitive super qui habeva organise le mobilisation o qual factores habeva provocate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Entrata massive e emergentia humanitari == Le incremento del arrivadas in le dies anterior jam habeva exercite pression super le recursos de reception de Ceuta. Le situation attingeva un puncto critic le 30 de julio, quando un entrata massive desde Marocco conduceva a le arrivata de decenas de milles de personas in un periodo multo breve. Le Governamento espaniol stabiliva le cifra del entrata massive a circa 72 000 personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le transversamentos a nando e le tentativas de passar le frontiera terrestre provocava mortes e situationes de grande periculo. Le fortias de Salvamento Marítimo, Guardia Civil, Policía Nacional e Armea esseva mobilisate pro controlar le frontiera, assister le personas qui arrivava e intervenir in le operationes de salvamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le numero de victimas esseva difficile a determinar durante le prime dies. Le ONG Caminando Fronteras publicava le 5 de augusto un estimation de 141 mortes, includente 63 cadaveres recuperate in Marocco e 78 in Ceuta. Le organisation precisava que illo non habeva accesso a le autopsias e que le causas includiva principalmente ahogamentos e aplastamentos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Responsa de Espania e Marocco == Le responsa espaniol combinava le reinfortio del frontiera, le operationes de retorno, le identification del personas arrivate e le ampliation progressive del dispositivos de reception. Le Governamento indicava que le majoria del personas entrate retornava a Marocco in le prime 24 a 48 horas, ma un numero importante remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 25 de augusto, le Governamento declarava per decreto le **situation de interesse pro le Securitate National** in Ceuta. Le decreto justificava le decision per le pression super le capacitate de controlo frontieric, identification, assistentia humanitari e reception, e per le effectos super le servicios public. Le mesura esseva establite initialmente usque al 31 de decembre 2026.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le decreto designava le ministro de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic como **Autoritate Functional** incarregate de impulsar e coordinar le actiones relationate con le crise. Le instrumento non transferiva le totalitate del competencias a un nove commandamento, ma establi un mechanismo de coordination inter le administrationes participante.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Espania demandava etiam assistentia a le Union Europee. Le Ministerio del Interior solicitava a Frontex, Europol e le Agentia del Union Europee pro le Asylo (EUAA) supporto pro le triaje, le collection de informationes e le tramitation del expedientes del personas qui remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le action de Marocco deveniva un del aspectos le plus controvertite del crise. Le investigationes posterior examinava le grado de implication del autoritates marocchine e le possibilitate que le fluxo habeva essite facilitate o tolereate. Tamen, al initio de septembre, le investigationes non habeva stabilite un explication definitive super le responsabilitate del differentes actores.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias social e politic == Le permanentia prolongate de milles de migrantes generava un forte pression super le servicios public de Ceuta, specialmente super le reception, le protection del minores, le sanitate, le securitate e le identification administrative. Le Governamento espaniol descriveva officialmente le situation como un pression inedite super le capacitate ordinari del administrationes e le funcionamento de servicios public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva etiam repercussiones social. Durante augusto e septembre se produceva protestas, conflictos e episodios de tension in le spatio public, al mesme tempore que residentes, organizaciones social e voluntarios organiseva initiatives de assistentia humanitari. Le situation de personas qui dormiva in plagias e altere spatios public deveniva un del problemas le plus visibile del phase posterior del crise.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva in plus repercussiones al nivello del Union Europee. Le Commission Europee offereva assistentia de su agencias e Espania solicitava formalmente supporto de Frontex, Europol e EUAA pro tractar le situation del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Disinformation == Le retes social jocava un rolo importante ante, durante e post le entrata massive. Verificatores documentava numerose bulos, imagines false, videos extraite de altere contextos e narratives conspirative relationate con le origine e le objectivos del migrationes. Maldita.es, per exemplo, catalogava decenas de contenidos false o ingannose relative al crise e indicava que circa 80 000 personas habeva transversate le frontiera secundo le informationes preliminari que illo habeva recipite del Ministerio del Interior; le cifra official posteriormente retenite per le Governamento esseva 72 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://maldita.es/desinfo/20260918/bulos-desinformaciones-y-contexto-sobre-la-crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta-en-julio-de-2026/ |título=61 bulos, desinformaciones y contexto sobre la entrada de personas migrantes a Ceuta en julio de 2026 |sitioweb=Maldita.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Un del aspectos plus controvertite esseva le possibile rol de actores estranier in le mobilisation. Investigationes jornalistic e del servicios de verification documentava le circulation de messages e narratives attribuente le crise a Marrocco, Russia, Israel o altere actores. Tamen, le investigation de RTVE indicava que al 3 de septembre non existeva un explication concludente que attribuisse le entrata massive a un stato estranier.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crisis habeva etiam un effecto mensurabile super le discurso de odio in retes social. Secundo datos del Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia (OBERAXE), le numero de messages de discurso de odio monitorate augmentava fortemente in augusto in comparation con julio, e un parte importante esseva directemente relationate con le situation de Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita noticia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/politica/los-discursos-odio-redes-sociales-disparan-cruce-fronterizo-ceuta-f202609.html |título=Los discursos de odio en redes sociales se disparan tras el cruce fronterizo a Ceuta |periódico=HuffPost España |fecha=15 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Situation posterior == Durante augusto e septembre continuava le processo de transferimento de personas qui remaneva in spatios public verso installationes temporal de reception. Le decreto de interesse pro le Securitate National indicava que le crisis habeva entrate in un nove phase, caracterisate per le permanentia de un grande numero de personas in Ceuta e per le necessitate de resolver lor identification, tramitation e retorno conforme al legislation vigente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 18 de septembre, le autoritates organisava un nove operative pro transferer circa **1 700 personas** qui remaneva in le plagias de Benítez e El Trampolín verso un installation temporal in le porto de Ceuta. Le installation habeva un capacitate conjointe de circa 1 700 personas e se trovava insufficiente pro le totalitate del personas qui remaneva in le plagias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le operation esseva accompaniate per un importante dispositivo policial e per momentos de tension, pois que le numero de personas presente superava le capacitate del nove installation. Le autoritates indicava al fin del operation que le 1 700 placias habeva essite occupate, dum que plure milles de personas remaneva sin accesso immediate a iste allogiamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.europapress.es/videos/video-traslado-1700-migrantes-puerto-ceuta-concluye-altercados-torres-20260918133057.html |título=El traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta concluye "sin altercados", según Torres |sitioweb=Europa Press |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Al 18 de septembre, le Governamento espaniol e le autoritates local continuava assi a tractar le consequentias del entrata massive del fin de julio. Le crise habeva lassate effectos prolongate super le gestion migratori, le controlo frontieric, le protection del minores, le servicios public e le relationes inter Espania, Marocco e le Union Europee. Le investigationes super le circumstantias que rendeva possibile le mobilisation massive e le responsabilitates eventual del differentes actores continuava in curso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Investigationes e questiones ancora aperte == Le entrata massive esseva objecto de investigationes judicial, policial e de intelligentia. Al 16 de septembre, le Audiencia Nacional habeva initiate diligencias pro determinar le organisation del transversamentos massive, le possibles mecanismos de appoio, le mortes registrate e le responsa del autoritates. Le investigation includeva le requesta de informationes a organisationes e plataformas digital como Meta, WhatsApp e Telegram, assi como le analyse de datos super le activitate in retes social e le possible financiation del mobilisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le question del grado de implication de Marocco remaneva parimente non resolvite. Le investigationes journalistico indicava que existeva indicios e allegations concernente le rol del autoritates marocchine, ma que non habeva alora un conclusion definitive public que permitter affirmar que le Governamento de Marocco habeva deliberate organisate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Referencias == {{listaref}} [[Categoria:Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] qejbf7b1p9gjlajn691oy1yjx6c3oyh 700443 700442 2026-09-18T19:29:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 700443 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un grave crise frontieric e humanitari initiate al fin de julio de 2026, quando decenas de milles de personas entrava irregularmente in le [[Ceuta|citate autonome espaniol]] ab [[Marocco]]. Le episodio attingeva su maxime intensitate inter le 30 e le 31 de julio, quando, secundo le Governamento espaniol, circa 72 000 personas entrava in Ceuta durante le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le arrivadas occurreva principalmente a transverso del molo de El Tarajal e per medio de transversamentos a nando.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le magnitude del arrivadas superava le capacitate ordinari del systemas local de reception, assistentia, identification e controlo frontieric. Le crise provocava operationes de salvamento, un importante mobilisation del fortias de securitate e del Armea e un numero elevate de mortes. Secundo le ONG Caminando Fronteras, 141 personas moriva durante le crise, 78 in Ceuta e 63 in territorio marocchin; le ONG indicava que le mortes includeva principalmente casos de ahogamento e de aplastamento. Iste cifra esseva ulteriormente citate etiam per altere organisationes de derectos human.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le majoria del personas qui habeva entrate retornava posteriormente a Marocco, ma milles remaneva durante septimanas in Ceuta. Le situation posterior deveniva assi un problema major pro le administrationes espaniol e local, particularmente in materia de allogiamento, identification, reception e tramitation del situation administrative del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes == Ceuta constitue un del principal punctos de contacto terrestre inter le [[Union Europee]] e [[Africa]] e, pro su situation geographic, ha experimentate periodicamente tentativas de entrata irregular. Un precedente importante esseva le crise de maio de 2021, quando circa 8 000 personas entrava in le citate durante un periodo de tension diplomatic inter [[Espania]] e Marocco. In le annos posterior continuava le tentativas de accesso per mar e per le frontiera terrestre. In le septimanas anterior al evenimentos del fin de julio de 2026 se produceva un augmento del arrivadas a nando. Secundo le Tribunal Supreme espaniol, un sententia del 29 de junio de 2026 confirmava que le regime special de rechazo al frontiera previde per le legislation espaniol non esseva applicabile a migrantes interceptate in alto mar qui tentava entrar a nando in Ceuta o Melilla; secundo le tribunal, in iste casos debeva applicar le procedura ordinari de devolución previde per le lege de extranjeria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/2026-07-08/supremo-devolucion-caliente-migrantes-mar/ |título=El Supremo confirma que no se puede aplicar la devolución en caliente a migrantes que llegan por mar |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=8 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Iste sententia esseva posteriormente presentate in retes social como un possibile factor del mobilisation. Tamen, le causas exacte del entrata massive e le grado de influentia del information difundite super le resolution judicial remaneva objecto de investigation. Un investigation de RTVE concludeva in septembre que non existeva ancora un explication definitive super qui habeva organise le mobilisation o qual factores habeva provocate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Entrata massive e emergentia humanitari == Le incremento del arrivadas in le dies anterior jam habeva exercite pression super le recursos de reception de Ceuta. Le situation attingeva un puncto critic le 30 de julio, quando un entrata massive desde Marocco conduceva a le arrivata de decenas de milles de personas in un periodo multo breve. Le Governamento espaniol stabiliva le cifra del entrata massive a circa 72 000 personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le transversamentos a nando e le tentativas de passar le frontiera terrestre provocava mortes e situationes de grande periculo. Le fortias de Salvamento Marítimo, Guardia Civil, Policía Nacional e Armea esseva mobilisate pro controlar le frontiera, assister le personas qui arrivava e intervenir in le operationes de salvamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le numero de victimas esseva difficile a determinar durante le prime dies. Le ONG Caminando Fronteras publicava le 5 de augusto un estimation de 141 mortes, includente 63 cadaveres recuperate in Marocco e 78 in Ceuta. Le organisation precisava que illo non habeva accesso a le autopsias e que le causas includiva principalmente ahogamentos e aplastamentos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Responsa de Espania e Marocco == Le responsa espaniol combinava le reinfortio del frontiera, le operationes de retorno, le identification del personas arrivate e le ampliation progressive del dispositivos de reception. Le Governamento indicava que le majoria del personas entrate retornava a Marocco in le prime 24 a 48 horas, ma un numero importante remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 25 de augusto, le Governamento declarava per decreto le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National in Ceuta. Le decreto justificava le decision per le pression super le capacitate de controlo frontieric, identification, assistentia humanitari e reception, e per le effectos super le servicios public. Le mesura esseva establite initialmente usque al 31 de decembre 2026.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le decreto designava le ministro de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic como Autoritate Functional incarregate de impulsar e coordinar le actiones relationate con le crise. Le instrumento non transferiva le totalitate del competencias a un nove commandamento, ma establi un mechanismo de coordination inter le administrationes participante.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Espania demandava etiam assistentia a le Union Europee. Le Ministerio del Interior solicitava a Frontex, Europol e le Agentia del Union Europee pro le Asylo (EUAA) supporto pro le triaje, le collection de informationes e le tramitation del expedientes del personas qui remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le action de Marocco deveniva un del aspectos le plus controvertite del crise. Le investigationes posterior examinava le grado de implication del autoritates marocchine e le possibilitate que le fluxo habeva essite facilitate o tolereate. Tamen, al initio de septembre, le investigationes non habeva stabilite un explication definitive super le responsabilitate del differentes actores.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias social e politic == Le permanentia prolongate de milles de migrantes generava un forte pression super le servicios public de Ceuta, specialmente super le reception, le protection del minores, le sanitate, le securitate e le identification administrative. Le Governamento espaniol descriveva officialmente le situation como un pression inedite super le capacitate ordinari del administrationes e le funcionamento de servicios public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva etiam repercussiones social. Durante augusto e septembre se produceva protestas, conflictos e episodios de tension in le spatio public, al mesme tempore que residentes, organizaciones social e voluntarios organiseva initiatives de assistentia humanitari. Le situation de personas qui dormiva in plagias e altere spatios public deveniva un del problemas le plus visibile del phase posterior del crise.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva in plus repercussiones al nivello del Union Europee. Le Commission Europee offereva assistentia de su agencias e Espania solicitava formalmente supporto de Frontex, Europol e EUAA pro tractar le situation del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Disinformation == Le retes social jocava un rolo importante ante, durante e post le entrata massive. Verificatores documentava numerose bulos, imagines false, videos extraite de altere contextos e narratives conspirative relationate con le origine e le objectivos del migrationes. Maldita.es, per exemplo, catalogava decenas de contenidos false o ingannose relative al crise e indicava que circa 80 000 personas habeva transversate le frontiera secundo le informationes preliminari que illo habeva recipite del Ministerio del Interior; le cifra official posteriormente retenite per le Governamento esseva 72 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://maldita.es/desinfo/20260918/bulos-desinformaciones-y-contexto-sobre-la-crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta-en-julio-de-2026/ |título=61 bulos, desinformaciones y contexto sobre la entrada de personas migrantes a Ceuta en julio de 2026 |sitioweb=Maldita.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Un del aspectos plus controvertite esseva le possibile rol de actores estranier in le mobilisation. Investigationes jornalistic e del servicios de verification documentava le circulation de messages e narratives attribuente le crise a Marrocco, [[Russia]], [[Israel]] o altere actores. Tamen, le investigation de RTVE indicava que al 3 de septembre non existeva un explication concludente que attribuisse le entrata massive a un stato estranier.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crisis habeva etiam un effecto mensurabile super le discurso de odio in retes social. Secundo datos del Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia (OBERAXE), le numero de messages de discurso de odio monitorate augmentava fortemente in augusto in comparation con julio, e un parte importante esseva directemente relationate con le situation de Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita noticia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/politica/los-discursos-odio-redes-sociales-disparan-cruce-fronterizo-ceuta-f202609.html |título=Los discursos de odio en redes sociales se disparan tras el cruce fronterizo a Ceuta |periódico=HuffPost España |fecha=15 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Situation posterior == Durante augusto e septembre continuava le processo de transferimento de personas qui remaneva in spatios public verso installationes temporal de reception. Le decreto de interesse pro le Securitate National indicava que le crisis habeva entrate in un nove phase, caracterisate per le permanentia de un grande numero de personas in Ceuta e per le necessitate de resolver lor identification, tramitation e retorno conforme al legislation vigente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 18 de septembre, le autoritates organisava un nove operative pro transferer circa 1 700 personas qui remaneva in le plagias de Benítez e El Trampolín verso un installation temporal in le porto de Ceuta. Le installation habeva un capacitate conjointe de circa 1 700 personas e se trovava insufficiente pro le totalitate del personas qui remaneva in le plagias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le operation esseva accompaniate per un importante dispositivo policial e per momentos de tension, pois que le numero de personas presente superava le capacitate del nove installation. Le autoritates indicava al fin del operation que le 1 700 placias habeva essite occupate, dum que plure milles de personas remaneva sin accesso immediate a iste allogiamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.europapress.es/videos/video-traslado-1700-migrantes-puerto-ceuta-concluye-altercados-torres-20260918133057.html |título=El traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta concluye "sin altercados", según Torres |sitioweb=Europa Press |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Al 18 de septembre, le Governamento espaniol e le autoritates local continuava assi a tractar le consequentias del entrata massive del fin de julio. Le crise habeva lassate effectos prolongate super le gestion migratori, le controlo frontieric, le protection del minores, le servicios public e le relationes inter Espania, Marocco e le Union Europee. Le investigationes super le circumstantias que rendeva possibile le mobilisation massive e le responsabilitates eventual del differentes actores continuava in curso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Investigationes e questiones ancora aperte == Le entrata massive esseva objecto de investigationes judicial, policial e de intelligentia. Al 16 de septembre, le Audiencia Nacional habeva initiate diligencias pro determinar le organisation del transversamentos massive, le possibles mecanismos de appoio, le mortes registrate e le responsa del autoritates. Le investigation includeva le requesta de informationes a organisationes e plataformas digital como Meta, WhatsApp e Telegram, assi como le analyse de datos super le activitate in retes social e le possible financiation del mobilisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le question del grado de implication de Marocco remaneva parimente non resolvite. Le investigationes journalistico indicava que existeva indicios e allegations concernente le rol del autoritates marocchine, ma que non habeva alora un conclusion definitive public que permitter affirmar que le Governamento de Marocco habeva deliberate organisate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Referencias == {{listaref}} [[Categoria:Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] h2ha44tb16ta78dbid0z5dkl2pvqrwq 700444 700443 2026-09-18T19:29:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Referencias */ 700444 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un grave crise frontieric e humanitari initiate al fin de julio de 2026, quando decenas de milles de personas entrava irregularmente in le [[Ceuta|citate autonome espaniol]] ab [[Marocco]]. Le episodio attingeva su maxime intensitate inter le 30 e le 31 de julio, quando, secundo le Governamento espaniol, circa 72 000 personas entrava in Ceuta durante le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le arrivadas occurreva principalmente a transverso del molo de El Tarajal e per medio de transversamentos a nando.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le magnitude del arrivadas superava le capacitate ordinari del systemas local de reception, assistentia, identification e controlo frontieric. Le crise provocava operationes de salvamento, un importante mobilisation del fortias de securitate e del Armea e un numero elevate de mortes. Secundo le ONG Caminando Fronteras, 141 personas moriva durante le crise, 78 in Ceuta e 63 in territorio marocchin; le ONG indicava que le mortes includeva principalmente casos de ahogamento e de aplastamento. Iste cifra esseva ulteriormente citate etiam per altere organisationes de derectos human.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le majoria del personas qui habeva entrate retornava posteriormente a Marocco, ma milles remaneva durante septimanas in Ceuta. Le situation posterior deveniva assi un problema major pro le administrationes espaniol e local, particularmente in materia de allogiamento, identification, reception e tramitation del situation administrative del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes == Ceuta constitue un del principal punctos de contacto terrestre inter le [[Union Europee]] e [[Africa]] e, pro su situation geographic, ha experimentate periodicamente tentativas de entrata irregular. Un precedente importante esseva le crise de maio de 2021, quando circa 8 000 personas entrava in le citate durante un periodo de tension diplomatic inter [[Espania]] e Marocco. In le annos posterior continuava le tentativas de accesso per mar e per le frontiera terrestre. In le septimanas anterior al evenimentos del fin de julio de 2026 se produceva un augmento del arrivadas a nando. Secundo le Tribunal Supreme espaniol, un sententia del 29 de junio de 2026 confirmava que le regime special de rechazo al frontiera previde per le legislation espaniol non esseva applicabile a migrantes interceptate in alto mar qui tentava entrar a nando in Ceuta o Melilla; secundo le tribunal, in iste casos debeva applicar le procedura ordinari de devolución previde per le lege de extranjeria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/2026-07-08/supremo-devolucion-caliente-migrantes-mar/ |título=El Supremo confirma que no se puede aplicar la devolución en caliente a migrantes que llegan por mar |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=8 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Iste sententia esseva posteriormente presentate in retes social como un possibile factor del mobilisation. Tamen, le causas exacte del entrata massive e le grado de influentia del information difundite super le resolution judicial remaneva objecto de investigation. Un investigation de RTVE concludeva in septembre que non existeva ancora un explication definitive super qui habeva organise le mobilisation o qual factores habeva provocate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Entrata massive e emergentia humanitari == Le incremento del arrivadas in le dies anterior jam habeva exercite pression super le recursos de reception de Ceuta. Le situation attingeva un puncto critic le 30 de julio, quando un entrata massive desde Marocco conduceva a le arrivata de decenas de milles de personas in un periodo multo breve. Le Governamento espaniol stabiliva le cifra del entrata massive a circa 72 000 personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le transversamentos a nando e le tentativas de passar le frontiera terrestre provocava mortes e situationes de grande periculo. Le fortias de Salvamento Marítimo, Guardia Civil, Policía Nacional e Armea esseva mobilisate pro controlar le frontiera, assister le personas qui arrivava e intervenir in le operationes de salvamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le numero de victimas esseva difficile a determinar durante le prime dies. Le ONG Caminando Fronteras publicava le 5 de augusto un estimation de 141 mortes, includente 63 cadaveres recuperate in Marocco e 78 in Ceuta. Le organisation precisava que illo non habeva accesso a le autopsias e que le causas includiva principalmente ahogamentos e aplastamentos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Responsa de Espania e Marocco == Le responsa espaniol combinava le reinfortio del frontiera, le operationes de retorno, le identification del personas arrivate e le ampliation progressive del dispositivos de reception. Le Governamento indicava que le majoria del personas entrate retornava a Marocco in le prime 24 a 48 horas, ma un numero importante remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 25 de augusto, le Governamento declarava per decreto le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National in Ceuta. Le decreto justificava le decision per le pression super le capacitate de controlo frontieric, identification, assistentia humanitari e reception, e per le effectos super le servicios public. Le mesura esseva establite initialmente usque al 31 de decembre 2026.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le decreto designava le ministro de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic como Autoritate Functional incarregate de impulsar e coordinar le actiones relationate con le crise. Le instrumento non transferiva le totalitate del competencias a un nove commandamento, ma establi un mechanismo de coordination inter le administrationes participante.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Espania demandava etiam assistentia a le Union Europee. Le Ministerio del Interior solicitava a Frontex, Europol e le Agentia del Union Europee pro le Asylo (EUAA) supporto pro le triaje, le collection de informationes e le tramitation del expedientes del personas qui remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le action de Marocco deveniva un del aspectos le plus controvertite del crise. Le investigationes posterior examinava le grado de implication del autoritates marocchine e le possibilitate que le fluxo habeva essite facilitate o tolereate. Tamen, al initio de septembre, le investigationes non habeva stabilite un explication definitive super le responsabilitate del differentes actores.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias social e politic == Le permanentia prolongate de milles de migrantes generava un forte pression super le servicios public de Ceuta, specialmente super le reception, le protection del minores, le sanitate, le securitate e le identification administrative. Le Governamento espaniol descriveva officialmente le situation como un pression inedite super le capacitate ordinari del administrationes e le funcionamento de servicios public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva etiam repercussiones social. Durante augusto e septembre se produceva protestas, conflictos e episodios de tension in le spatio public, al mesme tempore que residentes, organizaciones social e voluntarios organiseva initiatives de assistentia humanitari. Le situation de personas qui dormiva in plagias e altere spatios public deveniva un del problemas le plus visibile del phase posterior del crise.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva in plus repercussiones al nivello del Union Europee. Le Commission Europee offereva assistentia de su agencias e Espania solicitava formalmente supporto de Frontex, Europol e EUAA pro tractar le situation del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Disinformation == Le retes social jocava un rolo importante ante, durante e post le entrata massive. Verificatores documentava numerose bulos, imagines false, videos extraite de altere contextos e narratives conspirative relationate con le origine e le objectivos del migrationes. Maldita.es, per exemplo, catalogava decenas de contenidos false o ingannose relative al crise e indicava que circa 80 000 personas habeva transversate le frontiera secundo le informationes preliminari que illo habeva recipite del Ministerio del Interior; le cifra official posteriormente retenite per le Governamento esseva 72 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://maldita.es/desinfo/20260918/bulos-desinformaciones-y-contexto-sobre-la-crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta-en-julio-de-2026/ |título=61 bulos, desinformaciones y contexto sobre la entrada de personas migrantes a Ceuta en julio de 2026 |sitioweb=Maldita.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Un del aspectos plus controvertite esseva le possibile rol de actores estranier in le mobilisation. Investigationes jornalistic e del servicios de verification documentava le circulation de messages e narratives attribuente le crise a Marrocco, [[Russia]], [[Israel]] o altere actores. Tamen, le investigation de RTVE indicava que al 3 de septembre non existeva un explication concludente que attribuisse le entrata massive a un stato estranier.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crisis habeva etiam un effecto mensurabile super le discurso de odio in retes social. Secundo datos del Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia (OBERAXE), le numero de messages de discurso de odio monitorate augmentava fortemente in augusto in comparation con julio, e un parte importante esseva directemente relationate con le situation de Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita noticia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/politica/los-discursos-odio-redes-sociales-disparan-cruce-fronterizo-ceuta-f202609.html |título=Los discursos de odio en redes sociales se disparan tras el cruce fronterizo a Ceuta |periódico=HuffPost España |fecha=15 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Situation posterior == Durante augusto e septembre continuava le processo de transferimento de personas qui remaneva in spatios public verso installationes temporal de reception. Le decreto de interesse pro le Securitate National indicava que le crisis habeva entrate in un nove phase, caracterisate per le permanentia de un grande numero de personas in Ceuta e per le necessitate de resolver lor identification, tramitation e retorno conforme al legislation vigente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 18 de septembre, le autoritates organisava un nove operative pro transferer circa 1 700 personas qui remaneva in le plagias de Benítez e El Trampolín verso un installation temporal in le porto de Ceuta. Le installation habeva un capacitate conjointe de circa 1 700 personas e se trovava insufficiente pro le totalitate del personas qui remaneva in le plagias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le operation esseva accompaniate per un importante dispositivo policial e per momentos de tension, pois que le numero de personas presente superava le capacitate del nove installation. Le autoritates indicava al fin del operation que le 1 700 placias habeva essite occupate, dum que plure milles de personas remaneva sin accesso immediate a iste allogiamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.europapress.es/videos/video-traslado-1700-migrantes-puerto-ceuta-concluye-altercados-torres-20260918133057.html |título=El traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta concluye "sin altercados", según Torres |sitioweb=Europa Press |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Al 18 de septembre, le Governamento espaniol e le autoritates local continuava assi a tractar le consequentias del entrata massive del fin de julio. Le crise habeva lassate effectos prolongate super le gestion migratori, le controlo frontieric, le protection del minores, le servicios public e le relationes inter Espania, Marocco e le Union Europee. Le investigationes super le circumstantias que rendeva possibile le mobilisation massive e le responsabilitates eventual del differentes actores continuava in curso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Investigationes e questiones ancora aperte == Le entrata massive esseva objecto de investigationes judicial, policial e de intelligentia. Al 16 de septembre, le Audiencia Nacional habeva initiate diligencias pro determinar le organisation del transversamentos massive, le possibles mecanismos de appoio, le mortes registrate e le responsa del autoritates. Le investigation includeva le requesta de informationes a organisationes e plataformas digital como Meta, WhatsApp e Telegram, assi como le analyse de datos super le activitate in retes social e le possible financiation del mobilisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le question del grado de implication de Marocco remaneva parimente non resolvite. Le investigationes journalistico indicava que existeva indicios e allegations concernente le rol del autoritates marocchine, ma que non habeva alora un conclusion definitive public que permitter affirmar que le Governamento de Marocco habeva deliberate organisate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Referencias == <references/> [[Categoria:Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] ffy7hsz61m1kislwjnd84pesalin9p2 700445 700444 2026-09-18T19:29:43Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Disinformation */ 700445 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un grave crise frontieric e humanitari initiate al fin de julio de 2026, quando decenas de milles de personas entrava irregularmente in le [[Ceuta|citate autonome espaniol]] ab [[Marocco]]. Le episodio attingeva su maxime intensitate inter le 30 e le 31 de julio, quando, secundo le Governamento espaniol, circa 72 000 personas entrava in Ceuta durante le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le arrivadas occurreva principalmente a transverso del molo de El Tarajal e per medio de transversamentos a nando.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le magnitude del arrivadas superava le capacitate ordinari del systemas local de reception, assistentia, identification e controlo frontieric. Le crise provocava operationes de salvamento, un importante mobilisation del fortias de securitate e del Armea e un numero elevate de mortes. Secundo le ONG Caminando Fronteras, 141 personas moriva durante le crise, 78 in Ceuta e 63 in territorio marocchin; le ONG indicava que le mortes includeva principalmente casos de ahogamento e de aplastamento. Iste cifra esseva ulteriormente citate etiam per altere organisationes de derectos human.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le majoria del personas qui habeva entrate retornava posteriormente a Marocco, ma milles remaneva durante septimanas in Ceuta. Le situation posterior deveniva assi un problema major pro le administrationes espaniol e local, particularmente in materia de allogiamento, identification, reception e tramitation del situation administrative del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes == Ceuta constitue un del principal punctos de contacto terrestre inter le [[Union Europee]] e [[Africa]] e, pro su situation geographic, ha experimentate periodicamente tentativas de entrata irregular. Un precedente importante esseva le crise de maio de 2021, quando circa 8 000 personas entrava in le citate durante un periodo de tension diplomatic inter [[Espania]] e Marocco. In le annos posterior continuava le tentativas de accesso per mar e per le frontiera terrestre. In le septimanas anterior al evenimentos del fin de julio de 2026 se produceva un augmento del arrivadas a nando. Secundo le Tribunal Supreme espaniol, un sententia del 29 de junio de 2026 confirmava que le regime special de rechazo al frontiera previde per le legislation espaniol non esseva applicabile a migrantes interceptate in alto mar qui tentava entrar a nando in Ceuta o Melilla; secundo le tribunal, in iste casos debeva applicar le procedura ordinari de devolución previde per le lege de extranjeria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/2026-07-08/supremo-devolucion-caliente-migrantes-mar/ |título=El Supremo confirma que no se puede aplicar la devolución en caliente a migrantes que llegan por mar |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=8 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Iste sententia esseva posteriormente presentate in retes social como un possibile factor del mobilisation. Tamen, le causas exacte del entrata massive e le grado de influentia del information difundite super le resolution judicial remaneva objecto de investigation. Un investigation de RTVE concludeva in septembre que non existeva ancora un explication definitive super qui habeva organise le mobilisation o qual factores habeva provocate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Entrata massive e emergentia humanitari == Le incremento del arrivadas in le dies anterior jam habeva exercite pression super le recursos de reception de Ceuta. Le situation attingeva un puncto critic le 30 de julio, quando un entrata massive desde Marocco conduceva a le arrivata de decenas de milles de personas in un periodo multo breve. Le Governamento espaniol stabiliva le cifra del entrata massive a circa 72 000 personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le transversamentos a nando e le tentativas de passar le frontiera terrestre provocava mortes e situationes de grande periculo. Le fortias de Salvamento Marítimo, Guardia Civil, Policía Nacional e Armea esseva mobilisate pro controlar le frontiera, assister le personas qui arrivava e intervenir in le operationes de salvamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le numero de victimas esseva difficile a determinar durante le prime dies. Le ONG Caminando Fronteras publicava le 5 de augusto un estimation de 141 mortes, includente 63 cadaveres recuperate in Marocco e 78 in Ceuta. Le organisation precisava que illo non habeva accesso a le autopsias e que le causas includiva principalmente ahogamentos e aplastamentos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Responsa de Espania e Marocco == Le responsa espaniol combinava le reinfortio del frontiera, le operationes de retorno, le identification del personas arrivate e le ampliation progressive del dispositivos de reception. Le Governamento indicava que le majoria del personas entrate retornava a Marocco in le prime 24 a 48 horas, ma un numero importante remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 25 de augusto, le Governamento declarava per decreto le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National in Ceuta. Le decreto justificava le decision per le pression super le capacitate de controlo frontieric, identification, assistentia humanitari e reception, e per le effectos super le servicios public. Le mesura esseva establite initialmente usque al 31 de decembre 2026.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le decreto designava le ministro de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic como Autoritate Functional incarregate de impulsar e coordinar le actiones relationate con le crise. Le instrumento non transferiva le totalitate del competencias a un nove commandamento, ma establi un mechanismo de coordination inter le administrationes participante.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Espania demandava etiam assistentia a le Union Europee. Le Ministerio del Interior solicitava a Frontex, Europol e le Agentia del Union Europee pro le Asylo (EUAA) supporto pro le triaje, le collection de informationes e le tramitation del expedientes del personas qui remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le action de Marocco deveniva un del aspectos le plus controvertite del crise. Le investigationes posterior examinava le grado de implication del autoritates marocchine e le possibilitate que le fluxo habeva essite facilitate o tolereate. Tamen, al initio de septembre, le investigationes non habeva stabilite un explication definitive super le responsabilitate del differentes actores.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias social e politic == Le permanentia prolongate de milles de migrantes generava un forte pression super le servicios public de Ceuta, specialmente super le reception, le protection del minores, le sanitate, le securitate e le identification administrative. Le Governamento espaniol descriveva officialmente le situation como un pression inedite super le capacitate ordinari del administrationes e le funcionamento de servicios public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva etiam repercussiones social. Durante augusto e septembre se produceva protestas, conflictos e episodios de tension in le spatio public, al mesme tempore que residentes, organizaciones social e voluntarios organiseva initiatives de assistentia humanitari. Le situation de personas qui dormiva in plagias e altere spatios public deveniva un del problemas le plus visibile del phase posterior del crise.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva in plus repercussiones al nivello del Union Europee. Le Commission Europee offereva assistentia de su agencias e Espania solicitava formalmente supporto de Frontex, Europol e EUAA pro tractar le situation del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Disinformation == Le retes social jocava un rolo importante ante, durante e post le entrata massive. Verificatores documentava numerose bulos, imagines false, videos extraite de altere contextos e narratives conspirative relationate con le origine e le objectivos del migrationes. Maldita.es, per exemplo, catalogava decenas de contenidos false o ingannose relative al crise e indicava que circa 80 000 personas habeva transversate le frontiera secundo le informationes preliminari que illo habeva recipite del Ministerio del Interior; le cifra official posteriormente retenite per le Governamento esseva 72 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://maldita.es/desinfo/20260918/bulos-desinformaciones-y-contexto-sobre-la-crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta-en-julio-de-2026/ |título=61 bulos, desinformaciones y contexto sobre la entrada de personas migrantes a Ceuta en julio de 2026 |sitioweb=Maldita.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Un del aspectos plus controvertite esseva le possibile rol de actores estranier in le mobilisation. Investigationes jornalistic e del servicios de verification documentava le circulation de messages e narratives attribuente le crise a Marrocco, [[Russia]], [[Israel]] o altere actores. Tamen, le investigation de RTVE indicava que al 3 de septembre non existeva un explication concludente que attribuisse le entrata massive a un stato estranier.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crisis habeva etiam un effecto mensurabile super le discurso de odio in retes social. Secundo datos del Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia (OBERAXE), le numero de messages de discurso de odio monitorate augmentava fortemente in augusto in comparation con julio, e un parte importante esseva directemente relationate con le situation de Ceuta. == Situation posterior == Durante augusto e septembre continuava le processo de transferimento de personas qui remaneva in spatios public verso installationes temporal de reception. Le decreto de interesse pro le Securitate National indicava que le crisis habeva entrate in un nove phase, caracterisate per le permanentia de un grande numero de personas in Ceuta e per le necessitate de resolver lor identification, tramitation e retorno conforme al legislation vigente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 18 de septembre, le autoritates organisava un nove operative pro transferer circa 1 700 personas qui remaneva in le plagias de Benítez e El Trampolín verso un installation temporal in le porto de Ceuta. Le installation habeva un capacitate conjointe de circa 1 700 personas e se trovava insufficiente pro le totalitate del personas qui remaneva in le plagias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le operation esseva accompaniate per un importante dispositivo policial e per momentos de tension, pois que le numero de personas presente superava le capacitate del nove installation. Le autoritates indicava al fin del operation que le 1 700 placias habeva essite occupate, dum que plure milles de personas remaneva sin accesso immediate a iste allogiamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.europapress.es/videos/video-traslado-1700-migrantes-puerto-ceuta-concluye-altercados-torres-20260918133057.html |título=El traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta concluye "sin altercados", según Torres |sitioweb=Europa Press |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Al 18 de septembre, le Governamento espaniol e le autoritates local continuava assi a tractar le consequentias del entrata massive del fin de julio. Le crise habeva lassate effectos prolongate super le gestion migratori, le controlo frontieric, le protection del minores, le servicios public e le relationes inter Espania, Marocco e le Union Europee. Le investigationes super le circumstantias que rendeva possibile le mobilisation massive e le responsabilitates eventual del differentes actores continuava in curso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Investigationes e questiones ancora aperte == Le entrata massive esseva objecto de investigationes judicial, policial e de intelligentia. Al 16 de septembre, le Audiencia Nacional habeva initiate diligencias pro determinar le organisation del transversamentos massive, le possibles mecanismos de appoio, le mortes registrate e le responsa del autoritates. Le investigation includeva le requesta de informationes a organisationes e plataformas digital como Meta, WhatsApp e Telegram, assi como le analyse de datos super le activitate in retes social e le possible financiation del mobilisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le question del grado de implication de Marocco remaneva parimente non resolvite. Le investigationes journalistico indicava que existeva indicios e allegations concernente le rol del autoritates marocchine, ma que non habeva alora un conclusion definitive public que permitter affirmar que le Governamento de Marocco habeva deliberate organisate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Referencias == <references/> [[Categoria:Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] 9n7iw4awihyew65dxefywvffam1qctp 700447 700445 2026-09-18T19:35:41Z Interlingvisto 60932 700447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un grave crise frontieric e humanitari initiate al fin de julio de 2026, quando decenas de milles de personas entrava irregularmente in le [[Ceuta|citate autonome espaniol]] ab [[Marocco]]. Le episodio attingeva su maxime intensitate inter le 30 e le 31 de julio, quando, secundo le Governamento espaniol, circa 72 000 personas entrava in Ceuta durante le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le arrivadas occurreva principalmente a transverso del molo de El Tarajal e per medio de transversamentos a nando.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le magnitude del arrivadas superava le capacitate ordinari del systemas local de reception, assistentia, identification e controlo frontieric. Le crise provocava operationes de salvamento, un importante mobilisation del fortias de securitate e del Armea e un numero elevate de mortes. Secundo le ONG Caminando Fronteras, 141 personas moriva durante le crise, 78 in Ceuta e 63 in territorio marocchin; le ONG indicava que le mortes includeva principalmente casos de ahogamento e de aplastamento. Iste cifra esseva ulteriormente citate etiam per altere organisationes de derectos human.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le majoria del personas qui habeva entrate retornava posteriormente a Marocco, ma milles remaneva durante septimanas in Ceuta. Le situation posterior deveniva assi un problema major pro le administrationes espaniol e local, particularmente in materia de allogiamento, identification, reception e tramitation del situation administrative del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes == Ceuta constitue un del principal punctos de contacto terrestre inter le [[Union Europee]] e [[Africa]] e, pro su situation geographic, ha experimentate periodicamente tentativas de entrata irregular. Un precedente importante esseva le crise de maio de 2021, quando circa 8 000 personas entrava in le citate durante un periodo de tension diplomatic inter [[Espania]] e Marocco. In le annos posterior continuava le tentativas de accesso per mar e per le frontiera terrestre. In le septimanas anterior al evenimentos del fin de julio de 2026 se produceva un augmento del arrivadas a nando. Secundo le Tribunal Supreme espaniol, un sententia del 29 de junio de 2026 confirmava que le regime special de rechazo al frontiera previde per le legislation espaniol non esseva applicabile a migrantes interceptate in alto mar qui tentava entrar a nando in Ceuta o Melilla; secundo le tribunal, in iste casos debeva applicar le procedura ordinari de devolución previde per le lege de extranjeria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/2026-07-08/supremo-devolucion-caliente-migrantes-mar/ |título=El Supremo confirma que no se puede aplicar la devolución en caliente a migrantes que llegan por mar |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=8 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Iste sententia esseva posteriormente presentate in retes social como un possibile factor del mobilisation. Tamen, le causas exacte del entrata massive e le grado de influentia del information difundite super le resolution judicial remaneva objecto de investigation. Un investigation de RTVE concludeva in septembre que non existeva ancora un explication definitive super qui habeva organise le mobilisation o qual factores habeva provocate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Entrata massive e emergentia humanitari == Le incremento del arrivadas in le dies anterior jam habeva exercite pression super le recursos de reception de Ceuta. Le situation attingeva un puncto critic le 30 de julio, quando un entrata massive desde Marocco conduceva a le arrivata de decenas de milles de personas in un periodo multo breve. Le Governamento espaniol stabiliva le cifra del entrata massive a circa 72 000 personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le transversamentos a nando e le tentativas de passar le frontiera terrestre provocava mortes e situationes de grande periculo. Le fortias de Salvamento Marítimo, Guardia Civil, Policía Nacional e Armea esseva mobilisate pro controlar le frontiera, assister le personas qui arrivava e intervenir in le operationes de salvamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le numero de victimas esseva difficile a determinar durante le prime dies. Le ONG Caminando Fronteras publicava le 5 de augusto un estimation de 141 mortes, includente 63 cadaveres recuperate in Marocco e 78 in Ceuta. Le organisation precisava que illo non habeva accesso a le autopsias e que le causas includiva principalmente ahogamentos e aplastamentos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Responsa de Espania e Marocco == Le responsa espaniol combinava le reinfortio del frontiera, le operationes de retorno, le identification del personas arrivate e le ampliation progressive del dispositivos de reception. Le Governamento indicava que le majoria del personas entrate retornava a Marocco in le prime 24 a 48 horas, ma un numero importante remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 25 de augusto, le Governamento declarava per decreto le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National in Ceuta. Le decreto justificava le decision per le pression super le capacitate de controlo frontieric, identification, assistentia humanitari e reception, e per le effectos super le servicios public. Le mesura esseva establite initialmente usque al 31 de decembre 2026.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le decreto designava le ministro de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic como Autoritate Functional incarregate de impulsar e coordinar le actiones relationate con le crise. Le instrumento non transferiva le totalitate del competencias a un nove commandamento, ma establi un mechanismo de coordination inter le administrationes participante.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Espania demandava etiam assistentia a le Union Europee. Le Ministerio del Interior solicitava a Frontex, Europol e le Agentia del Union Europee pro le Asylo (EUAA) supporto pro le triaje, le collection de informationes e le tramitation del expedientes del personas qui remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le action de Marocco deveniva un del aspectos le plus controvertite del crise. Le investigationes posterior examinava le grado de implication del autoritates marocchine e le possibilitate que le fluxo habeva essite facilitate o tolereate. Tamen, al initio de septembre, le investigationes non habeva stabilite un explication definitive super le responsabilitate del differentes actores.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias social e politic == Le permanentia prolongate de milles de migrantes generava un forte pression super le servicios public de Ceuta, specialmente super le reception, le protection del minores, le sanitate, le securitate e le identification administrative. Le Governamento espaniol descriveva officialmente le situation como un pression inedite super le capacitate ordinari del administrationes e le funcionamento de servicios public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva etiam repercussiones social. Durante augusto e septembre se produceva protestas, conflictos e episodios de tension in le spatio public, al mesme tempore que residentes, organizaciones social e voluntarios organiseva initiatives de assistentia humanitari. Le situation de personas qui dormiva in plagias e altere spatios public deveniva un del problemas le plus visibile del phase posterior del crise.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva in plus repercussiones al nivello del Union Europee. Le Commission Europee offereva assistentia de su agencias e Espania solicitava formalmente supporto de Frontex, Europol e EUAA pro tractar le situation del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Disinformation == Le retes social jocava un rolo importante ante, durante e post le entrata massive. Verificatores documentava numerose bulos, imagines false, videos extraite de altere contextos e narratives conspirative relationate con le origine e le objectivos del migrationes. Maldita.es, per exemplo, catalogava decenas de contenidos false o ingannose relative al crise e indicava que circa 80 000 personas habeva transversate le frontiera secundo le informationes preliminari que illo habeva recipite del Ministerio del Interior; le cifra official posteriormente retenite per le Governamento esseva 72 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://maldita.es/desinfo/20260918/bulos-desinformaciones-y-contexto-sobre-la-crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta-en-julio-de-2026/ |título=61 bulos, desinformaciones y contexto sobre la entrada de personas migrantes a Ceuta en julio de 2026 |sitioweb=Maldita.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Un del aspectos plus controvertite esseva le possibile rol de actores estranier in le mobilisation. Investigationes jornalistic e del servicios de verification documentava le circulation de messages e narratives attribuente le crise a Marrocco, [[Russia]], [[Israel]] o altere actores. Tamen, le investigation de RTVE indicava que al 3 de septembre non existeva un explication concludente que attribuisse le entrata massive a un stato estranier.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crisis habeva etiam un effecto mensurabile super le discurso de odio in retes social. Secundo datos del Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia (OBERAXE), le numero de messages de discurso de odio monitorate augmentava fortemente in augusto in comparation con julio, e un parte importante esseva directemente relationate con le situation de Ceuta. == Situation posterior == Durante augusto e septembre continuava le processo de transferimento de personas qui remaneva in spatios public verso installationes temporal de reception. Le decreto de interesse pro le Securitate National indicava que le crisis habeva entrate in un nove phase, caracterisate per le permanentia de un grande numero de personas in Ceuta e per le necessitate de resolver lor identification, tramitation e retorno conforme al legislation vigente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 18 de septembre, le autoritates organisava un nove operative pro transferer circa 1 700 personas qui remaneva in le plagias de Benítez e El Trampolín verso un installation temporal in le porto de Ceuta. Le installation habeva un capacitate conjointe de circa 1 700 personas e se trovava insufficiente pro le totalitate del personas qui remaneva in le plagias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le operation esseva accompaniate per un importante dispositivo policial e per momentos de tension, pois que le numero de personas presente superava le capacitate del nove installation. Le autoritates indicava al fin del operation que le 1 700 placias habeva essite occupate, dum que plure milles de personas remaneva sin accesso immediate a iste allogiamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.europapress.es/videos/video-traslado-1700-migrantes-puerto-ceuta-concluye-altercados-torres-20260918133057.html |título=El traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta concluye "sin altercados", según Torres |sitioweb=Europa Press |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Al 18 de septembre, le Governamento espaniol e le autoritates local continuava assi a tractar le consequentias del entrata massive del fin de julio. Le crise habeva lassate effectos prolongate super le gestion migratori, le controlo frontieric, le protection del minores, le servicios public e le relationes inter Espania, Marocco e le Union Europee. Le investigationes super le circumstantias que rendeva possibile le mobilisation massive e le responsabilitates eventual del differentes actores continuava in curso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Investigationes e questiones ancora aperte == Le entrata massive esseva objecto de investigationes judicial, policial e de intelligentia. Al 16 de septembre, le Audiencia Nacional habeva initiate diligencias pro determinar le organisation del transversamentos massive, le possibles mecanismos de appoio, le mortes registrate e le responsa del autoritates. Le investigation includeva le requesta de informationes a organisationes e plataformas digital como Meta, WhatsApp e Telegram, assi como le analyse de datos super le activitate in retes social e le possible financiation del mobilisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le question del grado de implication de Marocco remaneva parimente non resolvite. Le investigationes journalistico indicava que existeva indicios e allegations concernente le rol del autoritates marocchine, ma que non habeva alora un conclusion definitive public que permitter affirmar que le Governamento de Marocco habeva deliberate organisate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Referencias == <references/> [[Categoria:Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] clb69vndmbjlj75h35v9792zxv9cuuu 0 61348 700454 2026-09-18T19:48:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un crise frontieric e humanitari desencadenate per le entrata massive de personas ab Marocco al citate autonome espaniol de Ceuta le 30 e 31 de julio de 2026. Le estimationes super le magnitude initial variava: le Governamento espaniol fixava postea le cifra a circa 72 000 personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/temas/crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta/1030985/2/ |título=Un mes de la ent...” 700454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un crise frontieric e humanitari desencadenate per le entrata massive de personas ab Marocco al citate autonome espaniol de Ceuta le 30 e 31 de julio de 2026. Le estimationes super le magnitude initial variava: le Governamento espaniol fixava postea le cifra a circa 72 000 personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/temas/crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta/1030985/2/ |título=Un mes de la entrada masiva a Ceuta: cronología de 30 días de crisis |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le arrivata superpassava temporalmente le capacitates ordinari de reception, identification e assistentia de Ceuta. Le Governamento espaniol declarava postea le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National, dum continuava le investigationes super le circumstantias que habeva favorisate le entrata massive e super le rolo de differente actores.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18149 |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la Seguridad Nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes e entrata massive == Ceuta, per su position como frontiera terrestre de la Union Europee con Africa, habeva experimentate anteriormente episodios de migration irregular, inter illos le entrata massive de maio de 2021. In le septimanas anterior a julio de 2026 augmentava le arrivatas per mar. Le 30 de julio, milles de personas comenciava a traversar le frontiera, multe de illos a nando, e le situation rapidamente superava le capacitates ordinari del citate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/cientos-personas-cruzan-frontera-ceuta-crisis-migratoria/17174321.shtml |título=Miles de personas cruzan a nado la frontera en Ceuta desatando una crisis migratoria con al menos 18 muertos |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=30 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le entrata del 30 e 31 de julio se produceva via differente rutas, includite le accessos maritime e le vicinitates del passo de El Tarajal. Le episodio provocava un importante operation del fortias de securitate e del servicios de emergentia e causava numerose victimas mortal. Le cifra de decessos variava secundo le fontes e le momento del conto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Responsa e consequentias == Espania reinfortiava le dispositivo frontieric e habilitava progressivemente nove spatios de reception. Un parte considerabile del personas que habeva entrate retornava postea a Marocco, dum milles remaneva in Ceuta e esseva albergate in installationes temporal o, durante parte del crise, in campamentos informal. Al mesme tempore, le pression super le servicios public remaneva elevate durante le septimanas sequente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18149&p=20260902&tn=0 |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 25 de augusto, le Governamento declarava le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National, considerante que le permanentia de un elevate numero de migrantes habeva superpassate le capacitates ordinari del administrationes e affectava le servicios social, le protection de minores, le securitate, le transporto e le gestion administrative. Le mesura establi un mechanismo de coordination inter le administrationes statal e local e esseva previste usque al 31 de decembre 2026, salvo modification o termination anterior.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18149&p=20260902&tn=0 |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Disinformation e investigationes == Le crise esseva accompagnate per un intense circulation de contenidos false o enganose in retes social. Le investigationes journalistic identificava narratives que attribueva le entrata a differente actores estraniero, inter illos Marocco, Russia e Israel, sed a initio de septembre non existeva un explication concludente que demonstrava que un Stato estraniero habeva provocate directamente le mobilisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le investigationes super le possibile rol de Marocco includeva un reporto del Centro Nacional de Inmigración y Fronteras que esseva remittite al judice e que accusava le fortias marocchine de haber tolereate o facilitate le transversamento. Le Governamento espaniol negava que Marocco habeva deliberate organisate le entrata, assi que le grado de responsabilitate del autoritates marocchine remaneva un question sub investigation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://amp.rtve.es/noticias/20260902/planificacion-guiado-activo-claves-del-informe-policia-senala-a-marruecos-entrada-masiva-ceuta/17210268.shtml |título=Planificación y «guiado activo» de migrantes: claves del informe que señala a Marruecos en la entrada en Ceuta |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=2 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le Audientia National conduceva le investigation judicial super le evenimentos, includente le possibile organisation del entrata e le circumstantias que habeva precedite le arrivata massive. Le investigationes includeva etiam le analyse del activitate in retes social e del possibile coordination del migrationes a transverso de plataformas digital.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Situation posterior == Durante septembre continuava le construction e le missa in servicio de nove spatios de reception. Le 18 de septembre comenciava le transferimento de personas que remaneva in le plagias del Trampolín e Benítez verso un campamento temporal installate in le porto, con un capacitate de circa 1700 personas. Le operation esseva accompagnate de momentos de tension, pois que le capacitate del nove installation esseva inferior al numero de personas que besoniava de albergamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260918/crisis-ceuta-policia-traslada-migrantes-campamento-puerto/17229932.shtml |título=La Policía comienza a trasladar a los migrantes de la playa al campamento del puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=18 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise lassava consequentias prolongate pro le gestion migratori e le servicios public de Ceuta, e aperiva un debato super le cooperation inter Espania, Marocco e le Union Europee in materia de controlo frontieric, reception e responsa ante entratas massive. Al mesme tempore, le investigationes judicial e administrative super le causas e responsabilitates del episodio remaneva aperte.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18149&p=20260902&tn=0 |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Referencias == {{listaref}} [[Categoria:Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] qc860kalzet11vx5g9br9pfvgw95r36 700455 700454 2026-09-18T19:48:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 /* Referencias */ 700455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un crise frontieric e humanitari desencadenate per le entrata massive de personas ab Marocco al citate autonome espaniol de Ceuta le 30 e 31 de julio de 2026. Le estimationes super le magnitude initial variava: le Governamento espaniol fixava postea le cifra a circa 72 000 personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/temas/crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta/1030985/2/ |título=Un mes de la entrada masiva a Ceuta: cronología de 30 días de crisis |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le arrivata superpassava temporalmente le capacitates ordinari de reception, identification e assistentia de Ceuta. Le Governamento espaniol declarava postea le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National, dum continuava le investigationes super le circumstantias que habeva favorisate le entrata massive e super le rolo de differente actores.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18149 |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la Seguridad Nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes e entrata massive == Ceuta, per su position como frontiera terrestre de la Union Europee con Africa, habeva experimentate anteriormente episodios de migration irregular, inter illos le entrata massive de maio de 2021. In le septimanas anterior a julio de 2026 augmentava le arrivatas per mar. Le 30 de julio, milles de personas comenciava a traversar le frontiera, multe de illos a nando, e le situation rapidamente superava le capacitates ordinari del citate.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/cientos-personas-cruzan-frontera-ceuta-crisis-migratoria/17174321.shtml |título=Miles de personas cruzan a nado la frontera en Ceuta desatando una crisis migratoria con al menos 18 muertos |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=30 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le entrata del 30 e 31 de julio se produceva via differente rutas, includite le accessos maritime e le vicinitates del passo de El Tarajal. Le episodio provocava un importante operation del fortias de securitate e del servicios de emergentia e causava numerose victimas mortal. Le cifra de decessos variava secundo le fontes e le momento del conto.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Responsa e consequentias == Espania reinfortiava le dispositivo frontieric e habilitava progressivemente nove spatios de reception. Un parte considerabile del personas que habeva entrate retornava postea a Marocco, dum milles remaneva in Ceuta e esseva albergate in installationes temporal o, durante parte del crise, in campamentos informal. Al mesme tempore, le pression super le servicios public remaneva elevate durante le septimanas sequente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18149&p=20260902&tn=0 |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 25 de augusto, le Governamento declarava le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National, considerante que le permanentia de un elevate numero de migrantes habeva superpassate le capacitates ordinari del administrationes e affectava le servicios social, le protection de minores, le securitate, le transporto e le gestion administrative. Le mesura establi un mechanismo de coordination inter le administrationes statal e local e esseva previste usque al 31 de decembre 2026, salvo modification o termination anterior.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18149&p=20260902&tn=0 |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Disinformation e investigationes == Le crise esseva accompagnate per un intense circulation de contenidos false o enganose in retes social. Le investigationes journalistic identificava narratives que attribueva le entrata a differente actores estraniero, inter illos Marocco, Russia e Israel, sed a initio de septembre non existeva un explication concludente que demonstrava que un Stato estraniero habeva provocate directamente le mobilisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le investigationes super le possibile rol de Marocco includeva un reporto del Centro Nacional de Inmigración y Fronteras que esseva remittite al judice e que accusava le fortias marocchine de haber tolereate o facilitate le transversamento. Le Governamento espaniol negava que Marocco habeva deliberate organisate le entrata, assi que le grado de responsabilitate del autoritates marocchine remaneva un question sub investigation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://amp.rtve.es/noticias/20260902/planificacion-guiado-activo-claves-del-informe-policia-senala-a-marruecos-entrada-masiva-ceuta/17210268.shtml |título=Planificación y «guiado activo» de migrantes: claves del informe que señala a Marruecos en la entrada en Ceuta |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=2 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le Audientia National conduceva le investigation judicial super le evenimentos, includente le possibile organisation del entrata e le circumstantias que habeva precedite le arrivata massive. Le investigationes includeva etiam le analyse del activitate in retes social e del possibile coordination del migrationes a transverso de plataformas digital.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Situation posterior == Durante septembre continuava le construction e le missa in servicio de nove spatios de reception. Le 18 de septembre comenciava le transferimento de personas que remaneva in le plagias del Trampolín e Benítez verso un campamento temporal installate in le porto, con un capacitate de circa 1700 personas. Le operation esseva accompagnate de momentos de tension, pois que le capacitate del nove installation esseva inferior al numero de personas que besoniava de albergamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260918/crisis-ceuta-policia-traslada-migrantes-campamento-puerto/17229932.shtml |título=La Policía comienza a trasladar a los migrantes de la playa al campamento del puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=18 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise lassava consequentias prolongate pro le gestion migratori e le servicios public de Ceuta, e aperiva un debato super le cooperation inter Espania, Marocco e le Union Europee in materia de controlo frontieric, reception e responsa ante entratas massive. Al mesme tempore, le investigationes judicial e administrative super le causas e responsabilitates del episodio remaneva aperte.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2026-18149&p=20260902&tn=0 |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, texto consolidado |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2 de septembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Referencias == <references/> [[Categoria:Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] 5msgi37gt0iaxrmw22i90igdiwoffnj 10 61349 700464 2026-09-18T20:05:28Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “<div style="text-shadow:white 0em 0em 0.4em;"> {{Image label begin|image=Ukraine administrative locations map, improved.svg|width={{{width|538}}}|link=|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label small|x=-85.0|y=-60.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Volyn Oblast|text=<br />[[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-138.0|y=-65.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Rivne Oblast|text=<br />[[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-177.0|y=-70.0|sc...” 700464 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-shadow:white 0em 0em 0.4em;"> {{Image label begin|image=Ukraine administrative locations map, improved.svg|width={{{width|538}}}|link=|float={{{float|none}}}}} {{Image label small|x=-85.0|y=-60.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Volyn Oblast|text=<br />[[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-138.0|y=-65.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Rivne Oblast|text=<br />[[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-177.0|y=-70.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Zhytomyr Oblast|text=<br />[[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-235.0|y=-120.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Kyiv Oblast|text=<br />[[Kyiv Oblast|Kyiv]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-140.0|y=-135.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Khmelnytskyi Oblast|text=<br />[[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmeln-<br>ytskyi]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-60.0|y=-110.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Lviv Oblast|text=<br />[[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-105.0|y=-130.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Ternopil Oblast|text=<br />[[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-65.0|y=-152.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|text=<br />[[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Ivano-<br>Frankivsk]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-20.0|y=-180.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Zakarpattia Oblast|text=<br />[[Zakarpattia Oblast|Zakarpattia]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-105.0|y=-188.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Chernivtsi Oblast|text=<br />[[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-185.0|y=-155.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Vinnytsia Oblast|text=<br />[[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-257.0|y=-138.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Cherkasy Oblast|text=<br />[[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-272.0|y=-176.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Kirovohrad Oblast|text=<br />[[Kirovohrad Oblast|Kirovohrad]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-270.0|y=-220.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Mykolaiv Oblast|text=<br />[[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-325.0|y=-125.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Poltava Oblast|text=<br />[[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-270.0|y=-50.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Chernihiv Oblast|text=<br />[[Chernihiv Oblast|Chernihiv]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-345.0|y=-65.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Sumy Oblast|text=<br />[[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-410.0|y=-125.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Kharkiv Oblast|text=<br />[[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-335.0|y=-168.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|text=<br />[[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|Dnipropetrovsk]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-235.0|y=-265.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Odesa Oblast|text=<br />[[Odesa Oblast|Odesa]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-325.0|y=-245.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Kherson Oblast|text=<br />[[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-365.0|y=-216.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Zaporizhzhia Oblast|text=<br />[[Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-438.0|y=-180.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Donetsk Oblast|text=<br />[[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-343.0|y=-302.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Autonomous Republic of Crimea|text=<br />[[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-475.0|y=-155.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text={{Coat of arms|Luhansk Oblast|text=<br />[[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]]}}}} {{Image label small|x=-257.0|y=-106.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text=[[Kyiv|Kyiv City]]}} {{Image label small|x=-280.0|y=-340.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text=[[Sevastopol]]}} {{Image label|x=-250.0|y=-92.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text=[[Kyiv|<span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; font-size:2.0em;">•</span>]]}} {{Image label|x=-333.0|y=-337.0|scale={{{size|-1}}}|text=[[Sevastopol|<span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; font-size:2.0em;">•</span>]]}} {{Image label end}}</div><noinclude> [[Category:Heraldic map templates|Ukraine]] [[Category:Ukraine geography templates]] </noinclude> rdrp04nwvrf1e5cx0ujrsaf4ih8ohyc 10 61350 700465 2026-09-18T20:05:50Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “<div role="img" class="{{#switch:{{{float|}}}|left=floatleft|right=floatright}} noresize" <!-- noresize disables the img from being limited to the width of the viewport size (as on mobile) --> style="width: {{#if:{{{thumb|}}}|{{#expr:{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|400}}+16}}|{{#if:{{{border2|}}}|{{#expr:{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|400}}+2}}|{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|400}}}}}}px; {{#switch:{{{float|}}}|center|centre=margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;}}...” 700465 wikitext text/x-wiki <div role="img" class="{{#switch:{{{float|}}}|left=floatleft|right=floatright}} noresize" <!-- noresize disables the img from being limited to the width of the viewport size (as on mobile) --> style="width: {{#if:{{{thumb|}}}|{{#expr:{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|400}}+16}}|{{#if:{{{border2|}}}|{{#expr:{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|400}}+2}}|{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|400}}}}}}px; {{#switch:{{{float|}}}|center|centre=margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;}} {{#if:{{{margin|}}}|margin: {{{margin}}};}} {{#if:{{{padding|}}}|padding: {{{padding}}};}} {{#if:{{{border|}}}|border: {{{border}}};}} {{#if:{{{font-size|}}}|font-size: {{{font-size}}};}} line-height: 1; text-align: {{{text-align|center}}}; background-color: {{{svg-background-color|{{{background-color|#ffffff}}}}}}; color:inherit; position: relative; {{#if:{{{overflow-x|}}}|max-width: 100%; <!-- deals with large images on mobile overflowing --> overflow-x: {{{overflow-x|auto}}};}}"><!-- -->{{#if:{{{fullimage|}}} |{{{fullimage}}} |[[File:{{{image|Bad Title Example.png}}}{{#if:{{{border2|}}}|{{!}}border}}{{#if:{{{thumb|}}}|{{!}}thumb{{!}}none}}|{{Str number/trim|{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|400}}}}px{{#ifeq:{{{link|File:}}}|File:||{{!}}link={{{link|}}}}}|alt={{{alt|}}}|{{{caption|}}}]] }}<noinclude> </div> {{documentation}} </noinclude> dj3t2a7eac5f99cqnvv0dyy4vwf7zjn 10 61351 700466 2026-09-18T20:06:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “<includeonly>{{Image label|x={{{x|0}}} |y={{{y|0}}} |scale={{{scale|}}} |text-align={{{text-align|}}} |background={{{background|}}} |text={{{text}}} |font-size=85% |font-stretch={{{font-stretch|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Image label begin/doc}} </noinclude>” 700466 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Image label|x={{{x|0}}} |y={{{y|0}}} |scale={{{scale|}}} |text-align={{{text-align|}}} |background={{{background|}}} |text={{{text}}} |font-size=85% |font-stretch={{{font-stretch|}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Image label begin/doc}} </noinclude> jxd0sj72xuct48nuqaeosav2bnut9pn 10 61352 700467 2026-09-18T20:06:17Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “<includeonly></div></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Image label begin/doc}} [[Category:Graphics templates]] </noinclude>” 700467 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly></div></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Image label begin/doc}} [[Category:Graphics templates]] </noinclude> a3tc6e81shloimvy9lu09pf9sh36veb 10 61353 700468 2026-09-18T20:06:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “<includeonly><div style="position:absolute; {{#if:{{{text-align|}}}|text-align:{{{text-align}}};}} {{#if:{{{font-size|}}}|font-size:{{{font-size}}};}} {{#if:{{{font-stretch|}}}|font-stretch:{{{font-stretch}}};}} {{#if:{{{background|}}}|background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); padding: 0 2px;}} left:{{#expr:{{{x|0}}}*{{#if:{{{scale|}}}|{{{sca...” 700468 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div style="position:absolute; {{#if:{{{text-align|}}}|text-align:{{{text-align}}};}} {{#if:{{{font-size|}}}|font-size:{{{font-size}}};}} {{#if:{{{font-stretch|}}}|font-stretch:{{{font-stretch}}};}} {{#if:{{{background|}}}|background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); padding: 0 2px;}} left:{{#expr:{{{x|0}}}*{{#if:{{{scale|}}}|{{{scale}}}|400}}-6}}px; top:{{#expr:{{{y|0}}}*{{#if:{{{scale|}}}|{{{scale}}}|400}}-8}}px">{{#ifexpr:({{{x|0}}}*{{#if:{{{scale|}}}|{{{scale}}}|400}}-6)>800|[[Category:Pages using image label with a wide image]]|}}{{#ifexpr:({{{y|0}}}*{{#if:{{{scale|}}}|{{{scale}}}|400}}-8)>800|[[Category:Pages using image label with a tall image]]|}}{{{text}}}</div></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Image label begin/doc}}</noinclude> bdnfk35xvfu3256ikfyfikr7hbw2qcs 14 61354 700483 2026-09-19T07:51:07Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Spionage|:]] [[Categoria:Agentias governamental per typo]] [[Categoria:Securitate international]] [[Categoria:Securitate national]]” 700483 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Spionage|:]] [[Categoria:Agentias governamental per typo]] [[Categoria:Securitate international]] [[Categoria:Securitate national]] bet56tzjn3ilx8ahjw8sbi1nal74ddj 0 61355 700485 2026-09-19T08:02:09Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Centro de Inteligencia contra el Terrorismo y le Crimine Organisate''' (CITCO) es un organismo de la Administración espaniol incargate de colliger, integrar e analisar information strategic ligate al terrorismo, le delinquentia organisate e le radicalismo violente. Illo depende del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate del Ministerio del Interior e actua como centro de coordination e intelligentia in iste materias.<ref>{{cita web |url=...” 700485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Centro de Inteligencia contra el Terrorismo y le Crimine Organisate''' (CITCO) es un organismo de la Administración espaniol incargate de colliger, integrar e analisar information strategic ligate al terrorismo, le delinquentia organisate e le radicalismo violente. Illo depende del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate del Ministerio del Interior e actua como centro de coordination e intelligentia in iste materias.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://citco.interior.gob.es/publico/citco/ |titulo=Organización del CITCO |sitioweb=CITCO, Ministerio del Interior |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le CITCO participa tamben in le elaboration de strategias contra iste menacias, facilita le excambio de information inter organismos e produce analyses super lor evolution. Su activitate ha un dimension national e international e include materias ligate al financiamento del terrorismo e del crimine organisate, assi como a certas activitates relative al drogas e explosivos.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/es/el-ministerio/funciones-y-estructura/secretaria-de-estado-de-seguridad/ |titulo=Secretaría de Estado de Seguridad |sitioweb=Ministerio del Interior |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Creation == Le CITCO esseva create in octobre de 2014 mediante le Real Decreto 873/2014. Illo surgeva del integration del Centro National de Coordination Antiterrorista (CNCA) e del Centro de Intelligentia contra le Crimine Organisate (CICO), con le objectivo de reunir functiones de intelligentia e meliorar le coordination contra iste typos de menacias.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2014-10552 |titulo=Real Decreto 873/2014, de 10 de octubre |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le organismo es integrate in le Secretaria de Stato de Securitate e ha rango de subdirection general. Su labor se centra in reciper, integrar e analisar information proveniente de differente organismos pro elaborar intelligentia strategic e facilitar le coordination inter le institutiones competente.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |titulo=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Un de su principal functiones es reciper e integrar informationes e analyses operative relevante pro elaborar intelligentia criminal strategic e studios de prospectiva, tanto pro le situation national como international. Le CITCO canalisa tamben information operative verso le Fortias e Corpores de Securitate del Stato e, quando corresponde, verso altere organismos.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://citco.interior.gob.es/publico/citco/organizacion |titulo=Organización del CITCO |sitioweb=CITCO, Ministerio del Interior |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le CITCO establi criterios de coordination quando varie unitates o organismos participa in le mesme investigation o actuate in materias concurrente. Illo elabora informes super le terrorismo, le crimine organisate e le radicalismo violente, realisa evalutationes periodic del menacias e participa in le elaboration e actualisation de strategias national contra iste phenomenos.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |titulo=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Organisation e cooperation == Le CITCO reuni personal e information proveniente de differente sectores del securitate e del Administration. Su labor implica le cooperation con le Policia National, le Guardia Civil e altere organismos public, assi como con centros e institutiones international implicate in le excambio de intelligentia.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://citco.interior.gob.es/publico/citco/organizacion |titulo=Organización del CITCO |sitioweb=CITCO, Ministerio del Interior |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Inter su competentias se trova tamben le coordination de materias ligate al traffico de esseres human, le localisation e recuperation de activos, le controlo de precursores de drogas e explosivos e le cooperation in le intercambio de information super terrorismo e extremismo violente. Le organismo exerce in iste areas varie functiones de puncto de contacto national.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |titulo=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Direction e dependentia == Le CITCO depende del Secretaria de Stato de Securitate e su director es nominate per le Ministerio del Interior. Le director actual es le general del Guardia Civil Francisco Javier Marín Lizárraga, qui occupa le cargo desde 2024.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://citco.interior.gob.es/publico/citco/organizacion |titulo=Organización del CITCO |sitioweb=CITCO, Ministerio del Interior |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le organismo face parte del structura de securitate del Stato espaniol e collabora con servicios de intelligentia, fortias policial e altere organismos administrative. Su principal objectivo es transformar information proveniente de differente fontes in analyses que servi al prevention de menacias, al elaboration de strategias e al coordination del action institutional.<ref>{{cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/02/27/207/con |titulo=Real Decreto 207/2024, de 27 de febrero |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |lingua=es |fechaacceso=19 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Organismos del governamento de Espania]] [[Categoria:Servitios de intelligentia]] [[Categoria:Lucta contra le terrorismo]] [[Categoria:Crimine organisate]] qo3mdbjwqx39ww0qv4h3tnp1trvobum 14 61356 700487 2026-09-19T08:03:19Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Relationes Espania -Marocco]] [[Categoria:Espania in 2026]] [[Categoria:Marocco in 2026]] [[Categoria:Governamento de Pedro Sánchez]] [[Categoria:Frontiera Espania-Marocco]] [[Categoria:XV legislatura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ceuta]]” 700487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Relationes Espania -Marocco]] [[Categoria:Espania in 2026]] [[Categoria:Marocco in 2026]] [[Categoria:Governamento de Pedro Sánchez]] [[Categoria:Frontiera Espania-Marocco]] [[Categoria:XV legislatura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ceuta]] dq4612j5f0jrvpf9e7w408t72rmxyk2 700490 700487 2026-09-19T08:07:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 700490 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Relationes Espania -Marocco]] [[Categoria:Historia de Espania]] [[Categoria:2026]] [[Categoria:Governamento de Pedro Sánchez]] [[Categoria:Frontiera Espania-Marocco]] [[Categoria:XV legislatura de Espania]] [[Categoria:Ceuta]] es0nf7rdodqomeg2tgrvzj7fdd7x3h8 14 61357 700489 2026-09-19T08:06:17Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Annos]] [[Categoria:Annos 2020]]” 700489 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Annos]] [[Categoria:Annos 2020]] 30hpxf8qua8w74h07byhau7u921w2pl 14 61358 700492 2026-09-19T08:12:18Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Decennios]] [[Categoria:Seculo 21]]” 700492 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Decennios]] [[Categoria:Seculo 21]] 7z6trk9acsxpg3qqdin670ltxjh1rls 14 61359 700493 2026-09-19T08:16:38Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Regnato de Philippo VI de Espania]]” 700493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Categoria:Regnato de Philippo VI de Espania]] 8xg16w0ug2w552qotefowff6jstqumj