International Auxiliary Language Association

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    <title>International Auxiliary Language Association</title>
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        <username>Tim Ocean</username>
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      <comment>/* Autoritates[1] */ trad.</comment>
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Le '''International Auxiliary Language Association''' esseva un organisation stabilite in 1924 con le appoio de multe institutiones e de expertos in le campo linguistic de fama international. Su objectivo esseva identificar e standardisar un vocabulario international, creante un grammatica nove e un lingua nove.

Un del directores del IALA esseva le mathematico italian [[Giuseppe Peano]], qui creava le [[Latino sine Flexione]].

== Autoritates&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Alexander Gode|year=1951|title=Interlingua English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/interlinguaengli0000dire}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==
Presidentes:

* Decano Earle B. Babcock 1924-1936,
* Dr John H. Finley 1936-1940,
* Dr Stephen Duggan 1940-1950.

Secretaria honorari e presidente del Division de Recerca: 

* [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris|Allice V. Morris]] 1924-1950. 

Tresoreros:

* Senior Morris 1924-1944,
* Lawrence Morris 1944-1951,

Directores del Personal de Recerca:

* Prof. [[William Edward Collinson|William E. Collinson]] 1936-1939,
* [[Ezra Clark Stillman|E. Clark Stillmann]] 1939-1942,
** Interime: Dr [[Alexander Gode]] 1942-1946,
* Dr [[André Martinet|Andre Martinet]] 1946-1948,
* Dr Alexander Gode 1948-1951.
Director executive: 

* Marry Connell Bray. 

== Vide etiam ==
* [[Interlingua]]
* [[Le historia antenatal de Interlingua]]

== Referentias == 
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Interlingua}}

[[Categoria:Interlinguistica]]</text>
      <sha1>7thzdvmdnp11ivuvnctdoszuxugi4p7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Appendice:Lista de paises de Europa</title>
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      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
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{| class='wikitable sortable'
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! imagine del bandiera
! imagine del scuto
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! position geographic
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! area
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| [[:d:Q29999|Q29999]]
| [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Regno del Paises Basse]]
| [[File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region (special marker).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Amsterdam]]
| 42201 km²
| [[Euro]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q232270|Aruban florin]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q737779|Caribbean guilder]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[dollar statounitese]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NL NL]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1ee5efeb77e0cbe3693cec1afddbd89041df9072c7d9d0d91d7eb2afadeb8725&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NL&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q756617|Q756617]]
| [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National coat of arms of Denmark.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q756617|Kingdom of Denmark]]''
| [[File:Kingdom of Denmark (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Copenhagen]]
| 2220930 km²
| ''[[:d:Q25417|corona danese]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q191068|Faroese króna]]''
| 
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1246|Q1246]]
| [[File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of the Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kosovo]]
| [[File:Europe-Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Pristina]]
| 10909 km²
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:XK XK]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_340a4f838ffef57460c18ac702f8d4ac538781c29d17f9e24d207fe647cd3e76&quot;&gt;http://www.ezv.admin.ch/pdf_linker.php?doc=Tares_Laenderverzeichnis&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2d7b85f9baede4b2843ef9c22c3f0a2ff5e143eab24ab1ff68a9a202b342473a&quot;&gt;http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/Service/Meldewesen/Aussenwirtschaft/Schluessel/laenderverzeichnis.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_af84e8830afff808014548c46f40338fe57f60774a9c843c57b8122296f7d0b7&quot;&gt;https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1116645/Kosovo_Toponymic_Factfile.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a5a3f0808a59d4aa3f2da03504b739f49f185bafd529a0f5e9b47d8957853b5c&quot;&gt;https://geonames.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/xk-country-code-for-kosovo/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_937c6bbd6bfb69a4643c9d81b9091e467aaa0382019a79bd818515d4a82743c4&quot;&gt;http://www.swift.com/dsp/resources/documents/IBAN_Registry.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_241b3c69b6162e9dfb245dd36516324f946f8a340e1ca856d2b8b741bff10a7d&quot;&gt;http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Country_codes&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q23681|Q23681]]
| [[File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q23681|Northern Cyprus]]''
| [[File:Northern Cyprus (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q2762100|North Nicosia]]''
| 3355 km²
| ''[[:d:Q172872|lira turc]]''
| 
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q20|Q20]]
| [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Norvegia|Norvega]]
| [[File:Europe-Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Oslo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_238811c00bbde06ebcef712fe55f6c4e005d6573d58ef9fc61e20136bd11c169&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| 385207 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f075e29ba400602608c9d0f2742b56de53a853804ebebcbdaa889a2bc9ca10eb&quot;&gt;https://www.kartverket.no/kunnskap/Fakta-om-Norge/Arealstatistikk/Arealstatistikk-Norge/&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q132643|corona norvegian]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NO NO]
| pais in Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q27|Q27]]
| [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Ireland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica de Irlanda]]
| [[File:EU-Ireland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Dublin]]
| 69797 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1aca3d43d4cf0ba69f864fd92459be3c7e5347af31cbe9d7c89d86c03c615ca5&quot;&gt;https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IE IE]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q28|Q28]]
| [[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Hungary.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Hungaria]]
| [[File:EU-Hungary.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Budapest]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 93011.4 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e8a04ccdbb38c486094c3321971af7815300f2cf7c847a315389a4c541782fc&quot;&gt;http://www.ksh.hu/apps/shop.kiadvany?p_kiadvany_id=81322&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q47190|forint hungare]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HU HU]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q29|Q29]]
| [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Escudo de España (variant).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Espania]]
| [[File:Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Madrid]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_71f48b845957dc61c36dc7c60d2661c2aebd68d9cc47907d548c76e59c9d3dc3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q847664|constitution of Spain]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 505990 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_71259f2df20025f4f6ebfbd2cea3654df36bc05b2af744c8bb54649653486875&quot;&gt;http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a83b6ec5485bcf6625a88ed1d810e46891c86937cd293a13c9c96339df9ceb48&quot;&gt;https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/html/index.en.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:ES ES]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31|Q31]]
| [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Great coat of arms of Belgium.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Belgica]]
| [[File:EU-Belgium.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Brussel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_effb07acb78b00e96857dd630ea9dbef3dfa2b85064c06fc36d489bac27ac036&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/be.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cf8ffd9fa05b0d7e236b0e111cb1395c12ffa35206a807cfeae261a0752a11b4&quot;&gt;http://www.traveldir.org/belgium/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 30688 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b6045ba397001d57a685257fa78ba294520cf6abae5c822cb219ab67a689bfa0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q12480|Statbel]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BE BE]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q32|Q32]]
| [[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Greater coat of arms of the grand-duchy of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Luxemburg]]
| [[File:EU-Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Luxemburg (citate)|Luxemburg]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_31ff9a393dcba335ef95ebe7ec7b7cfaf816029e0c224a93b1ff9dea7ef2ae2b&quot;&gt;https://luxembourg.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg-en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2593.05 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6052f11f70412f14b73f6ac107232bd631ec4d2207b1adbb4384ff5759b73e2e&quot;&gt;https://data.public.lu/fr/datasets/r/3931f0cf-ebf9-4050-b71c-e1b61b1bfa2c&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LU LU]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q33|Q33]]
| [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Finland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Finlandia]]
| [[File:Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Helsinki]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_318da0135bfb25d1f42d651688f070b4056ca932b27cf562763c8b665a912c1c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q14334357|Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 338478.34 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45fa35ad65f8e138eaadf805bf5345a74d1792fe016fc52eff727dd0c68b6042&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q117800624|Area of Finland's municipalities 2023-01-01]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FI FI]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q34|Q34]]
| [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Great coat of arms of Sweden.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Svedia]]
| [[File:Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Stockholm]]
| 447425.16 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1124edc9963ca21ee5771ef0570e8118e27324d5bc4bc05d7f79c63b1f77925f&quot;&gt;https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__MI__MI0802/Areal2012N/&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q122922|Swedish krona]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SE SE]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q35|Q35]]
| [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National coat of arms of Denmark.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Danmark]]
| [[File:Denmark (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Copenhagen]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2ab2d3efd2b6883b381ce9a652bd0a5322344d6df7b3edab85734fc96927cc79&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/denmark&lt;/ref&gt;
| 42925.46 km²
| ''[[:d:Q25417|corona danese]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2ab2d3efd2b6883b381ce9a652bd0a5322344d6df7b3edab85734fc96927cc79&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/denmark&lt;/ref&gt;
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:DK DK]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q36|Q36]]
| [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Herb Polski.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Polonia]]
| [[File:Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Varsovia]]
| 312683 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_befea119af7b88a867f718383855db6d3f58746b050d5fd52e4d98760829a83e&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q9311474|Statistical Yearbook of Poland]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q123213|zloty polonese]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PL PL]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q37|Q37]]
| [[File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Lituania]]
| [[File:Lithuania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Vilnius]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8733203edf880b0fdce16649f429617b8e0121a1c001d8d42e043cd1c7c14f6e&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lh.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| 65300 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c92956357b061d1115c1d301b7b0e504d7c6d4547d6a61d3e759d4d2924cd32c&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17536867&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e85ecc421b867904b4d65f25ee53e62ee873d5ef5f84b05f1db692603bdafe46&quot;&gt;https://lietuva.lt/en/about_lithuania/quick_facts&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c92956357b061d1115c1d301b7b0e504d7c6d4547d6a61d3e759d4d2924cd32c&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17536867&lt;/ref&gt;
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LT LT]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q38|Q38]]
| [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Italy.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Italia]]
| [[File:Italy on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Roma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bc3d19d9b31811e635d1687f26f2bde9f4c377e9839a06c8c97a2e653aa9a4f3&quot;&gt;http://www.governo.it/costituzione-italiana/parte-seconda-ordinamento-della-repubblica/titolo-v-le-regionile-province-e-i&lt;/ref&gt;
| 302068 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8f75b8c83fc8103d6bd5bf19dd786289cda0d0b87d5a016400665bd155f6e6a5&quot;&gt;https://www.tuttitalia.it/italia/&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IT IT]
| Italia es un pais del sud de Europa, membro del Union Europee
|-
| [[:d:Q39|Q39]]
| [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ab7fc05533a6a1045f2ce8ad338b0792ed51296f1397b7e775499d19e43c8e57&quot;&gt;https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20091656/index.html#app1ahref0&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Switza]]
| [[File:Switzerland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Berna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0080a764532c5d04f2a034ba39e581993e729ab6db18d709944b4f8bbb323f6a&quot;&gt;https://www.bk.admin.ch/bk/de/home/dokumentation/gesetzgebung/rechtsbereiche-der-bk/abgeschlossene-gesetzgebungsprojekte/bundesstadtstatus-stadt-bern.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| 41291 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5e2ad7e643fbd628f1fdbcaf44a25a09db7c28f256dd1b609e662806fb674840&quot;&gt;https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/espace-environnement.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q25344|franc switze]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_663e2930757545804a5b00c887b1bb8066e5be398347a05d0a012035d6dd16bb&quot;&gt;http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19994336/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CH CH]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6cd8801fcdcc31cbeca09b4fb996c0a9fb9114f78fcc46b30c1e4ff7835db233&quot;&gt;https://www.rts.ch/decouverte/monde-et-societe/histoire/6218180-quel-est-le-sens-du-sigle-ch.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8ea1db8b436db3de339e6cc0fce3cf4e8fc7b1e1fa5586be6d4084d4d9e3f99f&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/shorts/8Qz9dNZoU4U&lt;/ref&gt;
| republica federal in Europa occidental
|-
| [[:d:Q40|Q40]]
| [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Austria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Austria]]
| [[File:EU-Austria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Vienna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8c9140023642283c5ce8f0054419301e4e661b4d544d74f911a04dbe4e1b2919&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1005391|Federal Constitutional Law]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 83878.99 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_337104bf542d61ec28a5b64ad960c201fe14eae452e70f309dab87be0ecfd867&quot;&gt;http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/k37_054436.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:AT AT]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q41|Q41]]
| [[File:Flag of Greece.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Greece.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Grecia]]
| [[File:Greece on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Athenas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f80c57339dd698c07901fec3c81610dd872f97c45364d2194c244d9e12c1466&quot;&gt;http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/greece/index_en.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bbccf96b5d48698decad5413c8b90dacd924a8ba54e80d8c7e2a8f52fe06c774&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| 131957 km²
| [[Euro]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c4645e1075bcebd44aa84cbb4b0d6c0ecd4ae11e2ee35b3e82ae94f8ec7e4cc6&quot;&gt;http://www.traveldir.org/greece/&lt;/ref&gt;
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:GR GR]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q43|Q43]]
| [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Turchia]]
| [[File:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ankara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 783562 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q172872|lira turc]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:TR TR]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q45|Q45]]
| [[File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Portugal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Portugal]]
| [[File:Portugal on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Lisbona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2274eec7680da6de2af360ad52dc0dcb205135a73c09adf2640233a86ab74895&quot;&gt;https://lisbonne.net/lisbonne-pas-capitale-du-portugal&lt;/ref&gt;
| 92225 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75175874fc4cffd6c95463ffa3b26c832005e827e7b1a3e1d02a14147ea413cd&quot;&gt;https://www.pordata.pt/Municipios/Superf%C3%ADcie-57&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PT PT]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q55|Q55]]
| [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Pais Basse|Paises Basse]]
| [[File:Netherlands on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Amsterdam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_58dbd44dd08b9f37acd16121c2dec12ee17d24f5b3b22c695c03dcc4f9e05131&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2299064|Constitution of the Netherlands]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 37378 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1ad7e72c8eabebd651004f5afd9a520aeb1efbabe68278ff0b7c63c9610d120c&quot;&gt;https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/netherlands_nl&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| 
| pais constitutive del Regno del Paises Basse
|-
| [[:d:Q142|Q142]]
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_24586f4cbffe0665081df82c9c5e73f79348356487223b2dc34f514cfc958a02&quot;&gt;https://www.europe1.fr/politique/info-e1-le-drapeau-francais-a-change-de-couleur-4076943&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Arms of the French Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Francia]]
| [[File:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Paris]]
| 643801 km²
| [[Euro]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q214393|CFP Franc]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FR FR]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q145|Q145]]
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2e1423dcb8b790e2e90a3897a27b6871f1f66485f3fef42b8884658e2a229779&quot;&gt;https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Regno Unite]]
| [[File:Europe-UK.svg|center|48px]]
| [[London]]
| 242495 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0d356e1a2755f6d5be930f6bc59055a2c20ee6f0f75bdfd374f011057ad93137&quot;&gt;https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q25224|libra sterling]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:GB GB]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q159|Q159]]
| [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Russia]]
| [[File:LocationRussia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Moscova]]
| 17075400 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_37732cd1eab02c3a98ee9629d52854ad13f32935f90a43c8dbbe19b35ecdca91&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/facts/Russia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q41044|rublo russe]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RU RU]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q183|Q183]]
| [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1d422822f174182146a3ebf7ed95f411618ba7c64ac7d21c1e4fe9147edeb999&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1be4b5c5406071713a14f29b675da8b4bf2fcf605c1e15c08f26ab8844ae1f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q836156|Bundesgesetzblatt]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Germania]]
| [[File:Germany (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Berlin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1d422822f174182146a3ebf7ed95f411618ba7c64ac7d21c1e4fe9147edeb999&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_22390ecfe75e90e8a84d49610b605c042f29948974bc2059607ac63abe076a08&quot;&gt;https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/verfassung/staatliche-symbole/hauptstadt/hauptstadt-artikel.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_28b4a876afe5bc29aa93ea5e1d077508e10499391b0dca5ba9a493d360bd35a8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Berlin]]
| 357587.77 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c30c744cc8d1683921d063fbb9edf67b0445ec100626745fbcbc647782c7bed5&quot;&gt;https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/85921/ssoar-2023-seeger_et_al-Kritische_Flachenfragen_-_Flachenveranderungen_und.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y&amp;lnkname=ssoar-2023-seeger_et_al-Kritische_Flachenfragen_-_Flachenveranderungen_und.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_77b266e4cc5fb09dbdf9c956f50431b24e8e5a75cb501b7a5917e6f4500c3898&quot;&gt;http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/countries/germany_en.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a36f4ca850e6b07461d2a0bd7885dbac40af5d7888b33a82a5f0f2ed3dcd3848&quot;&gt;http://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/lexikon-der-wirtschaft/19280/europaeische-wirtschafts-und-waehrungsunion&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b6af13114b7c2e5ede55d0b35156b7579bea39bbba130ea00de400b2bbc4dd19&quot;&gt;http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Web/DE/Themen/Europa/Euro_auf_einen_Blick/Europaeische_Wirtschafts_und_Waehrungsunion/europaeische_wirtschafts_und_waehrungsunion.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_28b4a876afe5bc29aa93ea5e1d077508e10499391b0dca5ba9a493d360bd35a8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany&lt;/ref&gt;
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:DE DE]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q184|Q184]]
| [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Belarus (2020–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bielorussia]]
| [[File:Belarus on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Minsk]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 207596.76 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_19a0807314a71637fb0d564051152981a05e56273c4261bd3fdcb5e073d74eae&quot;&gt;http://www.gki.gov.by/docs/gzk_2010.doc&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q21531507|Belarusian ruble]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BY BY]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q189|Q189]]
| [[File:Flag of Iceland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Iceland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Islanda]]
| [[File:Iceland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Reykjavík|Reykjavik]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 103004 km²
| ''[[:d:Q131473|corona islandese]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IS IS]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ccba58fac328c241efcff64a0bd89ed796d7a3c196fa3941e8ee5bb02a0c0e41&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IS&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q191|Q191]]
| [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Estonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Estonia]]
| [[File:EU-Estonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tallinn]]
| 45335 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4653dfca016f1bd2f5883046c58081f4802a23cbdfacca99b1a6483a87daac2b&quot;&gt;https://maaamet.ee/uudised/kingitus-eesti-sunnipaevaks-eesti-sai-95-saare-vorra-rikkamaks&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:EE EE]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q211|Q211]]
| [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Latvia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Lettonia]]
| [[File:Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Riga]]
| 64593.77 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f15e7acdd449cf8bf828be04e7822998114a796fa4237c50bafc336afeb1a48b&quot;&gt;https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;61760.39 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f15e7acdd449cf8bf828be04e7822998114a796fa4237c50bafc336afeb1a48b&quot;&gt;https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LV LV]
| republica in le nord de Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q212|Q212]]
| [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5ed3251867e0b91b05961b69a825c79af31d20592aa1b6c6c02c084f36419866&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q127974|flag of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Ukraine (Pantone).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ukraina]]
| [[File:Ukraine (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kiovia|Kiev]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d7f3fbf911ccc5e0cabba1efbe3a7d2fe53e36a359a9eb710109378e62030924&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q4041526|Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 603550 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_639b4cacb792146ec143caffa6445dcd00277784997c2ed13ebef532a6ddd8c4&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/#geography&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q81893|hryvnja ukrainian]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:UA UA]
| pais de Europa oriental
|-
| [[:d:Q213|Q213]]
| [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Chec]]
| [[File:EU-Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Praga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3e5b9bab813465412853331eda013f076fbcdd7ad1a4220fc096b9ec9c3819bf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2948382|Constitution of the Czech Republic]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 78871 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9ee41a8991616554164e89056c906d4d44818b64305baad938165ac299409ac2&quot;&gt;https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-vyhledavani&amp;vyhltext=plochy&amp;bkvt=cGxvY2h5&amp;katalog=all&amp;pvo=ZPR15&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q131016|corona tchec]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b8fee07168c08cd480effe044f8e06aaa0656a8fb3f22065da71124a1f9c99d&quot;&gt;https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1993-60&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1f537b300470e69ca83c592c2d0e0c61c5175033c847a9a1395af234e0b92efb&quot;&gt;https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1993-61&lt;/ref&gt;
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CZ CZ]
| pais de Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q214|Q214]]
| [[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Slovachia]]
| [[File:EU-Slovakia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bratislava]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 49033.720839 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a7a4342b94af32933ebcce2cf712c39f8a59d3736f14ec754d7242dfd4f00729&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q125653046|Population density of Slovakia – SR-area-region-district, cities-rural [om7015rr] : Area (square meter)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SK SK]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q215|Q215]]
| [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Slovenia]]
| [[File:EU-Slovenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ljubljana]]
| 20271 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_492e1685a33864a8ecd1ef9ca439efcffe18d8ae23067530c37b93bde4e62e2f&quot;&gt;https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/File/DocSysFile/10033/Spremembe_povrsine_Slovenije.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SI SI]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q217|Q217]]
| [[File:Flag of Moldova.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Moldova.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Moldavia]]
| [[File:Location Moldova Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Chișinău]]
| 33843.5 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_320523ebb83cf98848ef4bc8a90a8d71e83172da42f7fd7a46d9be6dab1189f1&quot;&gt;https://moldova.md/en/content/geography&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q181129|leu moldave]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MD MD]
| pais de Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q218|Q218]]
| [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Romania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[File:Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bucarest]]
| 238397 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_540e176c09c27df8a6aaad20084302c1382c7ec4e715c970e1db69993d860bbc&quot;&gt;http://www.ziare.com/stiri/eveniment/romania-si-a-marit-suprafata-la-238-397-kilometri-patrati-1470103&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7470a15f5c308b39110d7bcaa354d77ec90926aff1f81c8c3758c255095f32e4&quot;&gt;http://www.gandul.info/stiri/acesta-este-noul-teritoriu-al-romaniei-16481528&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q131645|leu romanian]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RO RO]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q219|Q219]]
| [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| [[File:Bulgaria (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sofia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 110993.6 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b935a0a66833771bd7ab112d9853ebe1a287cd8e9aac1b6386fa9e1016b57022&quot;&gt;http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&amp;p=0159&amp;g=&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BG BG]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q221|Q221]]
| [[File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Macedonia del Nord|Republica del Macedonia del Nord]]
| [[File:North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Skopje]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 25713 km²
| ''[[:d:Q177875|denar macedone]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MK MK]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q222|Q222]]
| [[File:Flag of Albania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Albania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Albania]]
| [[File:Albania (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tirana]]
| 28748 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1dce4a8b917510d678fa50fb5300544652cf231b551806ae27c17c359782f237&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Lek (moneta)|lek]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:AL AL]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q224|Q224]]
| [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Croatia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Croatia]]
| [[File:EU-Croatia (orthographic projection).png|center|48px]]
| [[Zagreb]]
| 56594 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bd55e0d1c81d14774f58559de438e4defda1e12d62864cdaa1d947db0f41b791&quot;&gt;http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2011/SLJH2011.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HR HR]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q225|Q225]]
| [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91d8dae1fb677ac9bde8fc11b256aefd8ba4f1c12509013b20d34becf66815ad&quot;&gt;https://www.ohr.int/decision-imposing-the-law-on-the-flag-of-bih-2/?print=print&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fe44227e43c41dc1c415654f064dd2f0737e321840ea890a854a5f4b7aafbbb6&quot;&gt;https://www.ohr.int/decision-on-the-shape-and-design-of-the-coat-of-arms-of-bih-2/&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Bosnia e Herzegovina]]
| [[File:Bosnia and Herzegovina (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sarajevo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_89df3b94d52c8738ece185eb01339a0a2d91531ffc57b210a7e9f6875e0aee0b&quot;&gt;https://www.ustavnisud.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_bos.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| 10 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1bc87d147b4cccc8e02d7f46a22731a967f5b8156bb308af2c36ba85e3487d86&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/summaries&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;51187 km²&lt;br/&gt;51209.2 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f56cf0ad5b27857477d6c3573838e46f714d73fb0c96f73cfe60aba0bf2bda63&quot;&gt;https://bhas.gov.ba/data/Publikacije/Bilteni/2025/NUM_00_2024_TB_1_EN.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q2538687|Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bc02d1ea41fa35810970bdd0c0c84c6660497b22b8f528ce634785099338b710&quot;&gt;https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/710190/2df8b7d11fede7eb7ec63b1fd9ee86ec/472B63F073F071307366337C94F8C870/metadaten-en-data.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dcb83d19a61dfab0713a443d7ec8c26655b06c82f3cbc5b9cdec3f7bb8cef219&quot;&gt;https://www.cbbh.ba/press/ShowNews/496?lang=hr&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179620|mark convertibile de Bosnia-Herzegovina]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8feb3b181fdcb743ed1abde54ad25de6f3f151967c66489071e6db0230855ec&quot;&gt;https://www.cbbh.ba/press/ShowNews/1177?lang=bs&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5d5cb716d9146b9d0b2e696dbda0eea90d2a32f5385ba006f9c4848863b7e0b4&quot;&gt;https://www.cbbh.ba/press/ShowNews/1521?lang=bs&lt;/ref&gt;
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BA BA]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q228|Q228]]
| [[File:Flag of Andorra.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Andorra.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Andorra]]
| [[File:Andorra on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Andorra la Vella]]
| 468 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1dce4a8b917510d678fa50fb5300544652cf231b551806ae27c17c359782f237&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d356c59461c87c3d826cb972c8d71bc2087bff160c84a815a39a320a22612605&quot;&gt;https://sig.govern.ad/SIGDDE.Public/Files/Documents/Publicacions/Andorra%20en%20xifres.%20Any%202024.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:AD AD]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q229|Q229]]
| [[File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Cyprus (2006).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Cypro]]
| [[File:EU-Cyprus highlighted.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nicosia]]
| 9242.45 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d9beda03a013a6c352d53ac5fb5688fc429b1fc4804c0e241d33df84f1b3b758&quot;&gt;http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/F2876E52BD240C56C2257EB4003C3ED4/$file/DEGREE_URBANISATION-2016.xls?OpenElement&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d9beda03a013a6c352d53ac5fb5688fc429b1fc4804c0e241d33df84f1b3b758&quot;&gt;http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/F2876E52BD240C56C2257EB4003C3ED4/$file/DEGREE_URBANISATION-2016.xls?OpenElement&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CY CY]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q230|Q230]]
| [[File:Flag of Georgia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Georgia (pais)|Georgia]]
| [[File:Europe-Georgia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tbilisi]]
| 69700 km²
| [[Lari (moneta)|lari georgian]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_312f6d64ce1c5c52c4aa9e17fd95220ac4afb3068300c70f3e98f47030824597&quot;&gt;https://nbg.gov.ge/georgian-money/history&lt;/ref&gt;
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:GE GE]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q232|Q232]]
| [[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Kazakhstan latin.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Qazaqstan|Kazakhstan]]
| [[File:Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Astana]]
| 2724900 km²
| ''[[:d:Q173751|tenge kazakh]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:KZ KZ]
| stato euroasiatic
|-
| [[:d:Q233|Q233]]
| [[File:Flag of Malta.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Malta.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Malta]]
| [[File:EU-Malta.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Valletta]]
| 316 km²
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MT MT]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q235|Q235]]
| [[File:Flag of Monaco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Monaco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Monaco (principato)|Monaco]]
| [[File:Monaco on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Monaco (principato)|Monaco]]
| 2.08 km²
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MC MC]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q236|Q236]]
| [[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Montenegro]]
| [[File:LocationMontenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Podgorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_658e89be6b3befa7046c7406ff2da56adc938521f3ffca5509407b379c856cbc&quot;&gt;https://codices.coe.int/codices/documents/constitution/5375375a-83ed-4e8a-8e0a-1bba2aa41f27&lt;/ref&gt;
| 13883 km²
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:ME ME]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q237|Q237]]
| [[File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Citate Vatican]]
| [[File:Location of the Vatican City in Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Citate Vatican]]
| 0.49 km²
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:VA VA]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q238|Q238]]
| [[File:Flag of San Marino.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of San Marino.svg|center|48px]]
| [[San Marino]]
| [[File:Location San Marino Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q1848|San Marino]]''
| 61.2 km²
| [[Euro]]
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SM SM]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q347|Q347]]
| [[File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| [[File:Liechtenstein on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Vaduz]]
| 160 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dc0531c9baebf3ff52b09c3ffe8a977fc1fb9512131cb80fc2011b77431c4b64&quot;&gt;https://www.liechtenstein.li/&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q25344|franc switze]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LI LI]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q403|Q403]]
| [[File:Flag of Serbia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Serbia]]
| [[File:Europe-Serbia (2006–2008).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Belgrad]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c45902245eea33e4f11d3bf6ef345c5456cb8bec6ea3278dc70af18b81bc8d86&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1287641|Constitution of Serbia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 88499 km²&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5dc6c90aa11e33f2f250e2ba6c7c763c70b43d6fc03e0cab6516dfeefe6d4081&quot;&gt;https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2021/Pdf/G20212054.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q172524|dinar serbe]]''
| [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RS RS]
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>k3lqk6tird2uxbasmawyzcob1x3qvct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Cultura de Espania</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>23455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>700882</id>
      <parentid>504056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:40:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tortoise0308</username>
        <id>17411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>catmore.</comment>
      <origin>700882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="165" sha1="spnddrdnwwjx37lzib8baes3vglasxp" xml:space="preserve">{{catmore|Cultura de Espania}}
{{Commonscat|Culture of Spain}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Europa per pais]]
[[Categoria:Espania]]
[[Categoria:Cultura per pais|Espania]]</text>
      <sha1>spnddrdnwwjx37lzib8baes3vglasxp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imperialismo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>700907</id>
      <parentid>565064</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T17:02:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Imperalismo]] a [[Imperialismo]]</comment>
      <origin>565064</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1833" sha1="72xn3jkuxj52h4wvggqnkiiftxtcus7" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox/articulo}}
Le '''imperialismo''' es un relation human e territorial inequal, que consiste in le action per le [[governo|governos]] de imponer lor [[egemonia]] super altere paises pro exploitar los economicamente, per assumer le plen controlo [[monopolio|monopolistic]] del fontes energetic e pro exportation supertoto de capitales.
Le termino &quot;Imperialismo&quot; esseva create in [[Francia]] in le prime [[Octocento]] pro definir le regime instaurate per [[Napoleon III]]. Successivemente on lo usava in [[Anglaterra]], associate al idea de despotismo, pro indicar le regime de [[Napoleon III]]. In fin, le termino '''Imperialismo''' assumeva su signification le plus cognoscite: le tendentia de un nation a imponer su dominio economic e a influentiar le politica interne de altere paises con le objectivo de initiar le construction de imponente imperios economic. Pro le paises dominante un del objectivos principal de iste systema esseva illo de extraher a basse costos un grande quantitate de [[materias prime]] del paises occupate. 
Le termino es a vices usate pro describer le politica de un stato que tende al mantenimento de colonias e dominios in terras lontan, anque si le mesme stato  non se considera un [[imperio]].

In ultra, le termino imperialismo pote indicar un position intellectual, que implicarea le convinction que le conquista e le mantenimento del imperios ha una valentia positive; tal puncto de vista es sovente unite al presupposition de un superioritate cultural o de altere typo, intrinsec al poter imperial. 

Un definition scientific del termino imperialismo, le unic de facto, pote esser recercate in le tractationes dedicate per [[Lenin]] al argumento, ante totes le sequente: le imperialismo es le phase supreme del [[capitalismo]] avantiate, o entrate in su phase matur.

[[Categoria:Politica]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendice:Lista de codices telephonic international per pais</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>32803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>700944</id>
      <parentid>700007</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T07:59:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>24326</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>700944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="154538" sha1="0i8f2zqm43amgchu04fmkyvot6w7uyk" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P298 ?iso3 } 
|columns=item,P474,P298,P984,P41,P94,label,P242,P300,P30,P31,description
|sort=P474
|thumb=48
|links=
|references=all
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! item
! prefixo telephonic international
! ISO 3166-1 alpha-3
! codigo de pais per IOC
! imagine del bandiera
! imagine del scuto
! label
! position geographic
! ISO 3166-2
! continente
! instantia de
! description
|-
| [[:d:Q2895|Q2895]]
| 
| BYS
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1951–1991).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1981–1991).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q2895|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''
| [[File:Byelorussian SSR in the Soviet Union.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5689|Q5689]]
| 
| ALA
| 
| [[File:Flag of Åland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Åland.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q5689|Åland]]''
| [[File:Ahvenanmaa sijainti Suomi.svg|center|48px]]
| FI-01
| 
| ''[[:d:Q193512|region of Finland]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q782614|autonomous region]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15180|Q15180]]
| 
| SUN
| URS
| [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1922–1923).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union (1923–1936).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Union Sovietic]]
| [[File:Soviet Union on the globe (Soviet Union centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Asia]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16645|Q16645]]
| 
| UMI
| 
| [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Insulas minor peripheric del Statos Unite]]
| [[File:United States Minor Outlying Island in Oceania (small islands magnified).svg|center|48px]]
| US-UM
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4d80a9e7ddc84c2bda41cb23318f27faf6fe7628d4c9954662c5c77f43af71a8&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:US&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q23408|Q23408]]
| 
| BVT
| 
| [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Insula de Bouvet]]
| [[File:PAT - Bouvet.gif|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| [[insula]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5260616|dependency of Norway]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25227|Q25227]]
| 
| ANT&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bf25a9001b8462c071bbee32380ffaa44c643c8b3b5593348fbfcea6e912638a&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-3_newsletter_i-6.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| AHO
| [[File:Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986–2010).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Netherlands Antilles (1986-2010).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Antillas Nederlandese]]
| [[File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region (Caribbean special).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31063|Q31063]]
| 
| CXR
| 
| [[File:Flag of Christmas Island.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Insula de Natal]]
| [[File:Christmas Island on globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;[[insula]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q37024|Q37024]]
| 
| SCG&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a998332fc626f8b32ec1bc2e0ca26894f577cc645a6f823d717ad80c0c92bc11&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-3_newsletter_i-4.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| SCG
| [[File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q37024|Serbia and Montenegro]]''
| [[File:Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q47863|Q47863]]
| 
| MID
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q47863|Midway Atoll]]''
| [[File:Midway Atoll in United States.svg|center|48px]]
| UM-71
| 
| ''[[:d:Q1550680|unorganized territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q83286|Q83286]]
| 
| YUG
| 
| [[File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Yugoslavia (1963–1992).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''
| [[File:Yugoslavia 1956-1990.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q129003|Q129003]]
| 
| ATF
| 
| [[File:Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Armoiries Terres australes et antarctiques françaises.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Terras Austral Francese]]
| [[File:French Southern and Antarctic Lands in France (zoomed).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-TF&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b358201b6f12d036d1d725230e7d6741d07c711fce3b940b1cb25462f96118c0&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FR&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Africa]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q129237|Q129237]]
| 
| PCI
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands seal.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q129237|Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]''
| [[File:TTPI-locatormap.png|center|48px]]
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q985073|United Nations trust territory]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q131008|Q131008]]
| 
| JTN
| 
| [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q131008|Johnston Atoll]]''
| [[File:LocationJohnstonAtoll.png|center|48px]]
| UM-67
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Atollo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q139595919|reef island]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ecbd17383f1f46dc7954797b33cfc4f55f90a08051dd0f28e2baa19799e70c36&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q57859044|Classifying Pacific islands]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q131198|Q131198]]
| 
| HMD
| 
| [[File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Insula de Heard e Insulas de McDonald]]
| [[File:Heard Island and McDonald Islands on the globe (Antarctica centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[archipelago]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q38048753|natural cultural heritage site]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_61c66ae5b30ad6078e22b9f22c9b9b78d9794dff664cca19b7133532d8da93fd&quot;&gt;http://data.gov.au/dataset/2016-soe-her-aus-national-heritage&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q165783|Q165783]]
| 
| ATB
| 
| [[File:Flag of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q165783|British Antarctic Territory]]''
| [[File:BritishAntarcticTerritory.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783953|territorial claims in Antarctica]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q189999|Q189999]]
| 
| ATN
| 
| [[File:Flag of Norway, state.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q189999|Queen Maud Land]]''
| [[File:Antarctica, Norway territorial claim.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q5260616|dependency of Norway]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7db06d5476b3f5c24f5ebb17af080c176272f9c7a4682401c5d83cbd2bb2d168&quot;&gt;https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1930-02-27-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783953|territorial claims in Antarctica]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7db06d5476b3f5c24f5ebb17af080c176272f9c7a4682401c5d83cbd2bb2d168&quot;&gt;https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1930-02-27-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q212429|Q212429]]
| 
| FXX
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q212429|metropolitan France]]''
| 
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q192498|administrative territorial entity of France]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q752431|Q752431]]
| 
| NHB
| 
| [[File:Flag of New Hebrides (1969).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of New Hebrides.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q752431|New Hebrides]]''
| [[File:LocationVanuatu.png|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q734818|condominium]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q797422|Q797422]]
| 
| HVO
| VOL
| [[File:Flag of Upper Volta.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Upper Volta.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q797422|Republic of Upper Volta]]''
| [[File:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q798431|Q798431]]
| 
| DHY
| 
| [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Dahomey (1958–1964).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q798431|Republic of Dahomey]]''
| [[File:Benin in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1138279|associated state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q838261|Q838261]]
| 
| YUG
| 
| [[File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q838261|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''
| [[File:Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q842829|Q842829]]
| 
| SJM
| 
| No/unknown value&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q842829|Svalbard and Jan Mayen]]''
| [[File:Svalbard and Jan Mayen in the world (W3).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1050859|Q1050859]]
| 
| GEL
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1937–1976).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1937-1979).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q1050859|Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]''
| [[File:LocationGilbertandEllice.png|center|48px]]
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q133156|colonia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1450765|Q1450765]]
| 
| AFI
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q1450765|French Territory of the Afars and the Issas]]''
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q133156|colonia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1620908|historical region]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2618621|Q2618621]]
| 
| CTE
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2618621|Canton and Enderbury Islands]]''
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q734818|condominium]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3405693|Q3405693]]
| 
| CRQ
| 
| [[File:Flag of Sark.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Sark.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q3405693|Sark]]''
| [[File:Guernsey-Sark.png|center|48px]]
| 
| 
| [[insula]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q64953083|car-free place]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16|Q16]]
| +1
| CAN
| CAN
| [[File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Royal Coat of arms of Canada.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Canada]]
| [[File:CAN orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e171e0277f9d5d9c526b1a4c0a95293daaba9cdf6db99b96253f3b627413064a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/canada&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30|Q30]]
| +1
| USA&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4d80a9e7ddc84c2bda41cb23318f27faf6fe7628d4c9954662c5c77f43af71a8&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:US&lt;/ref&gt;
| USA
| [[File:Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Statos Unite de America]]
| [[File:United States - Location Map (2013) - USA - UNOCHA.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a2c50115ba8fd8fe7aad116280f4d98d9286995c98da34321d783b05ad96c032&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/united-states&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fb44dbd8e36ba0b1337ed6b2078b4ca9e01a621aeb978bf3115574eb73965cec&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c1dc48b76c664759133329f1e6125b7e8b014aa98e54ea77b635f7141d81ac32&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec56b845d70b983ce9320cbf0ed603da1d146d7a3f4277abc7d8a633a8c69bed&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q113012671|NCI Thesaurus OBO Edition]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b6dead0d44acfe6a7b1c36ae1c0f2eb8a2a5fab45c851d9436c852977010ee7e&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q199897|Medical Subject Headings]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q778|Q778]]
| +1242
| BHS
| BAH
| [[File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Bahamas.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bahamas]]
| [[File:Bahamas in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dc208dc74ffeb5aca1f9f7fff7711206ab88f6c284cfe4b9e0550cb30d365fd6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/the-bahamas&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q244|Q244]]
| +1246
| BRB
| BAR
| [[File:Flag of Barbados.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Barbados (2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Barbados]]
| [[File:BRB orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_11799d3be9df75a40f35faf1d3391efa4d32ed26b946bbca02357974f9ed5627&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/barbados&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25228|Q25228]]
| +1264
| AIA
| 
| [[File:Flag of Anguilla.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Anguilla.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25228|Anguilla]]''
| [[File:Anguilla on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q781|Q781]]
| +1268
| ATG
| ANT
| [[File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Antigua e Barbuda]]
| [[File:ATG orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_09f1d5ff44ff7736d3d1bae71b93da1c59b126ac12fc4617d1e90d69b88c6ddd&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/antigua-and-barbuda&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3244203|monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25305|Q25305]]
| +1284
| VGB
| IVB
| [[File:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the British Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25305|British Virgin Islands]]''
| [[File:British Virgin Islands on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| VG
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11703|Q11703]]
| +1340
| VIR
| ISV
| [[File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11703|United States Virgin Islands]]''
| [[File:United States Virgin Islands on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| VI
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5785|Q5785]]
| +1345
| CYM
| CAY
| [[File:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Cayman Islands Coat of Arms.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q5785|Cayman Islands]]''
| [[File:Cayman Islands in United Kingdom.svg|center|48px]]
| KY
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q23635|Q23635]]
| +1441
| BMU
| BER
| [[File:Flag of Bermuda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bermuda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bermuda]]
| [[File:United Kingdom on the globe (Bermuda special) (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_062d6a907457c2cd5018246f8dbe44927859fc0e258af56b43a0695d3e0dfd2d&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bermuda/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q769|Q769]]
| +1473
| GRD
| GRN
| [[File:Flag of Grenada.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Grenada.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Grenada]]
| [[File:Grenada in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3f0562f88c5f83143020992c291623aa07812993a62211117ad5a61498725aa7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/grenada&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q18221|Q18221]]
| +1649
| TCA
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q18221|Turks and Caicos Islands]]''
| [[File:Turks and Caicos Islands in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q13353|Q13353]]
| +1664
| MSR
| 
| [[File:Flag of Montserrat.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Montserrat.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q13353|Montserrat]]''
| [[File:Montserrat in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[insula]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16644|Q16644]]
| +1670
| MNP&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ab6934192ea8c6c60b949cb7f56be9c127a7421c2660ed39599b39c49ad0119c&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:code:3166:MP&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q16644|Northern Mariana Islands]]''
| [[File:Northern Mariana Islands in Oceania (small islands magnified).svg|center|48px]]
| US-MP&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e2f611e48ca35a2ee76d828427ab1313b3e8e3f9874fc92a31963fc7fd56005b&quot;&gt;https://www.doi.gov/oia/budget/authorities-public-law&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e2f611e48ca35a2ee76d828427ab1313b3e8e3f9874fc92a31963fc7fd56005b&quot;&gt;https://www.doi.gov/oia/budget/authorities-public-law&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q609591|commonwealth]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16635|Q16635]]
| +1671
| GUM
| GUM
| [[File:Flag of Guam.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of Guam.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guam]]
| [[File:Guam on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| US-GU
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e2f611e48ca35a2ee76d828427ab1313b3e8e3f9874fc92a31963fc7fd56005b&quot;&gt;https://www.doi.gov/oia/budget/authorities-public-law&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[insula]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d0f09ed15666b50e8d9a68ba9dbc619bb6d784d90a7618c64f8a2f648668f919&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3337001|nationality for sports]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16641|Q16641]]
| +1684
| ASM
| ASA
| [[File:Flag of American Samoa.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of American Samoa.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q16641|American Samoa]]''
| [[File:American Samoa on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| US-AS
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q26273|Q26273]]
| +1721
| SXM
| 
| [[File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Wapen van Sint Maarten.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sint Maarten]]
| [[File:Sint Maarten on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| NL-SX&lt;br/&gt;SX
| [[America del Nord]]
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q760|Q760]]
| +1758
| LCA
| LCA
| [[File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Saint Lucia.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q760|Saint Lucia]]''
| [[File:Saint Lucia on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fb441f96bc19e51bbad4888d2165c239dfe62ed0a81da8c4ed161778650c8b5f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/st-lucia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q784|Q784]]
| +1767
| DMA
| DMA
| [[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Dominica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Dominica (pais)|Dominica]]
| [[File:Dominica on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ce2ca7ee5a6aee5e4345061162899de6bc67957888919023f4aa0408e117652f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dominica&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q757|Q757]]
| +1784
| VCT
| VIN
| [[File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
| [[File:VCT orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e9f717b19c71c60963608cbbcd52fffbd7ee75971c650b5ac85d42c4ca5d17a4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/st-vincent-and-the-grenadines&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1183|Q1183]]
| +1787&lt;br/&gt;+1939
| PRI
| PUR
| [[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Porto Rico]]
| [[File:LocationPuertoRico.svg|center|48px]]
| US-PR
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dfc403209caf0578c8559357b9205638ab0e828262f336253dc24a8fdeb22bd0&quot;&gt;https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6444&amp;context=faculty_scholarship&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7252696|Provincial deputation in Spanish America]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3502482|region cultural]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q609591|commonwealth]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q786|Q786]]
| +1809&lt;br/&gt;+1829&lt;br/&gt;+1849
| DOM
| DOM
| [[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Dominican]]
| [[File:Dominican Republic (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2d3317b8f28cb2ab48a69a5b94320185ab9cd34a03d00ab68371545440bfbcaf&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dominican-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q754|Q754]]
| +1868
| TTO
| TTO
| [[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago (2025).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q754|Trinidad e Tobago]]''
| [[File:Trinidad and Tobago (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6b24ef5766d6593f3bca14f6db720c265ecb22ed13e07a68c31c0bad40b21ebc&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/trinidad-and-tobago&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q763|Q763]]
| +1869
| KNA
| SKN
| [[File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
| [[File:KNA orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_572a680bf2df81619d989b05b7e918f4e013ffc89fac4dcf74747630757dc0ad&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/st-kitts-and-nevis&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais insular caribe
|-
| [[:d:Q766|Q766]]
| +1876
| JAM
| JAM
| [[File:Flag of Jamaica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Jamaica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Jamaica]]
| [[File:Jamaica (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29e2b19937e6da0259be4f72a6eb2f505c9ce8dd4ebc4b84b148e0a76e890ec8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/jamaica&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q918240|territorial evolution of the British Empire]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fd3330f2d80033c175da2dfd52ded267e02db5ca01cb0080f78f14d38bee1ac&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q87326082|МСЭ2/Ямайка]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79|Q79]]
| +20
| EGY
| EGY
| [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Egypt (Official).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Egypto]]
| [[File:EGY orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed424f60b984d0f7e4fbdf509c1407bc29f1273d084de2e07da8d3b59211bc0d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/egypt&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q958|Q958]]
| +211&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75070a596399354e56de25935a4456671bf660c31ae1108e470be9e01babf2c6&quot;&gt;http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Country+New+Number+Country+Code+211+Officially+Assigned+To+South+Sudan.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;
| SSD
| SSD
| [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of South Sudan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sudan del Sud]]
| [[File:LocationSouthSudan.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3ad676ef4ff211fdab637b8c1fbeb62388cd3b4d7539610cca0866b5ec1d6a6f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/south-sudan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1028|Q1028]]
| +212
| MAR
| MAR
| [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Morocco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Marocco]]
| [[File:Morocco WS-excluded (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fe6c7628fb1d2077eccf0ed994887b11a993b407cd4bc92a569c96b51db30b6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/morocco&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Monarchia constitutional]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6250|Q6250]]
| +212
| ESH
| 
| 
| 
| [[Sahara Occidental]]
| [[File:Location Western Sahara AU Africa.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q262|Q262]]
| +213
| DZA
| ALG
| [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Algeria]]
| [[File:Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ee95f4536e5a883aedf388ace8d9cdb0f5ce274fd904d98594462ed3604d1235&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/algeria&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0d68ad2342f20c5aedf1007877b78f219bf3c78c3bafc42a9ec6a9bf41b84f47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q111513095|Algérie, la tierce rive en Méditerranée]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q948|Q948]]
| +216&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5e89d1a314dd29839cdb51eedeeac8edf77cced867af145d85275b4d4f93297a&quot;&gt;http://www.lincmad.com/world.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_32afd4aaf77ac08422830adc1157b155457aa0b10f5598cc364ccd262778e3dc&quot;&gt;https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-2016-PDF-E.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7973cab252e7ab99b8674d2a939c3d0347e6d9452b837eccc968be606349fc51&quot;&gt;http://www.wtng.info/wtng-216-tn.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| TUN
| TUN
| [[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Tunisia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tunisia]]
| [[File:Tunisia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ac576d7796fb72c4a756c7d4ca4266554dd3db3d387207612ab0c25aa0ed1eee&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/tunisia&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1016|Q1016]]
| +218
| LBY
| LBA
| [[File:Flag of Libya.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Government of National Unity (Libya).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Libya]]
| [[File:Libya (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7e38f88226d0b9ae38c754fa7562839a0ea71de798c8df4f53e4272c480dc61d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/libya&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1005|Q1005]]
| +220
| GMB
| GAM
| [[File:Flag of The Gambia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of The Gambia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Gambia]]
| [[File:Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_80edda68a00697376c3eea9450e37159a7541dc0fe4aeec63b7c53b3da7dfa30&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/the-gambia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1041|Q1041]]
| +221
| SEN
| SEN
| [[File:Flag of Senegal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Senegal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Senegal]]
| [[File:LocationSenegal.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d3b7f537cc23372add2ccb60849cb34789a8b935fd6a7f97b7b055676874a90&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/senegal&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1025|Q1025]]
| +222
| MRT
| MTN
| [[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National Seal of Mauritania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mauritania]]
| [[File:LocationMauritania.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5e70311e8908f1020e1c20e67f022310cf140c2b943ba9ff4dfc7fc7cd2fbfb7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mauritania&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Republica islamic]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q912|Q912]]
| +223
| MLI
| MLI
| [[File:Flag of Mali.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Mali.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mali]]
| [[File:Mali (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d57e8ee5b41d783aa6987e6fc110bb141ff779fe93cdd6eef507978d1039b307&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mali&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1006|Q1006]]
| +224
| GIN
| GUI
| [[File:Flag of Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guinea]]
| [[File:Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b37c6657d01d288c2c6f56657182225ef8b81d696802693da55a3391c1482a0e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/guinea&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1008|Q1008]]
| +225
| CIV
| CIV
| [[File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Ivory Coast (2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Costa de Ebore]]
| [[File:CIV orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_407653e0871137b25d1f805a69a6c73a331e192b4b29789fbbd06bc849013d31&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cote-d-ivoire&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca070e9a5eb15c3dccfde88694c68f2863907488ea9e5eec31ad0622694ece24&quot;&gt;https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/cote-d-ivoire/presentation-de-la-cote-d-ivoire/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0dad73dd85c33cae8349a2e2ca72f0917d0ffc3785f00eede7e40d57c79381da&quot;&gt;https://www.presidence.ci/presentation-ci/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q965|Q965]]
| +226
| BFA
| BUR
| [[File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Burkina Faso (1984-2025).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| [[File:BFA orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5964f81f18ecdaff0f7e224d8b8c637c58d73620022c3ef2b6317605d1f49963&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/burkina-faso&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1032|Q1032]]
| +227
| NER
| NIG
| [[File:Flag of Niger.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Niger.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Niger]]
| [[File:LocationNiger.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bf28e07b81e655cb04dde3e6f298819601bdf0e3a33dfa8048ab006e00eb8a2&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/niger&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q945|Q945]]
| +228
| TGO
| TOG
| [[File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Armoiries du Togo.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fffc7b435c279fc8e3b1f7f88e349523ca571e2226ff624cc2995bee274222ae&quot;&gt;https://novissi.gouv.tg/en/home-new-en/&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Togo]]
| [[File:Togo on the globe (Africa centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9b84245c581d4eb0c6d5286c3a008d0d2c41f9a57f4c5fe3987adaa802884588&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/togo&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q962|Q962]]
| +229
| BEN
| BEN
| [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Benin.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Benin]]
| [[File:Benin (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5f18767bd2d98da3806a4be03fc3e0914161790d0489a7458a73e6e4df7f3652&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/benin&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1027|Q1027]]
| +230
| MUS
| MRI
| [[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Mauritius.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mauritio]]
| [[File:Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd7c9c5c115de492113d029f3708fa8b03faa30e67fd271d607256934089be12&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mauritius&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd7c9c5c115de492113d029f3708fa8b03faa30e67fd271d607256934089be12&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mauritius&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1014|Q1014]]
| +231
| LBR
| LBR
| [[File:Flag of Liberia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Liberia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Liberia]]
| [[File:Liberia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_868cd0a7e8501049422594c75ef7c0e7c364d3647d871ef7998c0a37a4085157&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/liberia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1044|Q1044]]
| +232
| SLE
| SLE
| [[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Sierra Leone.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| [[File:Sierra Leone (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_78eb41018084cad06dfc1204555bfb6bc9603332ae5be910a6b475bbcd95da36&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sierra-leone&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q117|Q117]]
| +233
| GHA
| GHA
| [[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Ghana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ghana]]
| [[File:Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_764eb912fc07e35ce8a25c3b8b210b7412379c722d24082650b3de9744a90880&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ghana&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1033|Q1033]]
| +234
| NGA
| NGR
| [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nigeria]]
| [[File:LocationNigeria.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bf7ab02390aa28ad9c923dcdfdba88d815a2df540c887ede6da7c0db60a0dede&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/nigeria&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q512187|republica federal]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8c50fa2d8e3156c148a83db2383a7989df01611ed6cdf3e2f2974120c846783&quot;&gt;https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7c16b139c1c51716df89b9fa1b129d4c530567a8ed5b275075fd91aaa2b1a2f9&quot;&gt;https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/nigeria.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_85f1e39a5788c1aa07c69ec708f789307f51c414537a388e555de05af05c6fc5&quot;&gt;https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_76c1c3d9335871d3018c93daa405050159f0c30ae60630766a04d7d5a9c48396&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/places/nigeria/?sh=171606ed4b80&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_20e6f4914c5b7943b46d51c4f77d5302928b5e184ea5d6fa9bb5b6d4bc73b833&quot;&gt;https://www.lonelyplanet.com/nigeria&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ac96336048c4cbe3228acfb72a8083a12fdf9afbfeb00ef881255ae3f37b5dd7&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/nigeria/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q657|Q657]]
| +235
| TCD
| CHA
| [[File:Flag of Chad.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Chad.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tchad]]
| [[File:TCD orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_093e9b3617bf3a7edb26bce4dc4e4b1128e50c15e45160dfc6e401040f81d570&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/chad&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q929|Q929]]
| +236
| CAF
| CAF
| [[File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Central African Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Centroafrican]]
| [[File:CAF orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4b47c62a69dfeac290d5413d021f657bd6aa45f5c0c9471c4bce26618d61aa65&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/central-african-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1009|Q1009]]
| +237
| CMR
| CMR
| [[File:Flag of Cameroon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Camerun]]
| [[File:CMR orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d20e0d837999104a09d98560c25da0c1abaee593df6f8d5cd402c7fc67be1237&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cameroon&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1011|Q1011]]
| +238
| CPV
| CPV
| [[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Cape Verde.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Capo Verde]]
| [[File:CPV orthographic NaturalEarth.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3357aaa6b6e577600ac27a0eee2a61668a2659ecdfa4ad79e4969df1cf5f6171&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cabo-verde&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1039|Q1039]]
| +239
| STP
| STP
| [[File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[São Tomé e Príncipe]]
| [[File:Sao Tome and Principe on the globe (Africa centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_94f880423f8876888de93690d580a38559b71ebab1a3afb7fda0708c1741963b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sao-tome-and-principe&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4198907|parliamentary republic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q158454|biosphere reserve]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f15cce0aaf4bcc7168adeb395beefca9131e69ae44ffbb3ed154c895c8968bd8&quot;&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/environnement/20250927-l-unesco-d%C3%A9signe-26-nouvelles-r%C3%A9serves-de-biosph%C3%A8re-dont-l-%C3%AEle-de-s%C3%A3o-tom%C3%A9-et-principe&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q983|Q983]]
| +240
| GNQ
| GEQ
| [[File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guinea Equatorial]]
| [[File:GNQ orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b546b878db5c1e3df6a721f9a40187e57b40547f563f650b4b5dfd3f833cfd22&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/equatorial-guinea&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1000|Q1000]]
| +241
| GAB
| GAB
| [[File:Flag of Gabon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Gabon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Gabon]]
| [[File:Gabon (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0999b25be8bb5308dedff7663f3b7af24eea6a5ee116b573189107227ff29588&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/gabon&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q971|Q971]]
| +242
| COG
| CGO
| [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica del Congo]]
| [[File:LocationRepublicoftheCongo.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_86686282cb84d15b07d8af7a9af14e9e25c3afdbee5412730461876f2a5e11ef&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/congo&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q974|Q974]]
| +243
| COD
| COD
| [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (black spear).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Democratic del Congo]]
| [[File:COD orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed806c47cd810026be18b273086c4a0bce497d753577b6badca4efc5741bf580&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dem-rep-congo&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed806c47cd810026be18b273086c4a0bce497d753577b6badca4efc5741bf580&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dem-rep-congo&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q916|Q916]]
| +244
| AGO
| ANG
| [[File:Flag of Angola.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Angola.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Angola]]
| [[File:Angola (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_43e908f02d57f4e04d4c97ead4830eee0748c5289b4804757e33bc11ce7ee885&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/angola&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1007|Q1007]]
| +245
| GNB
| GBS
| [[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Guinea-Bissau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]
| [[File:Guinea-Bissau on the globe (Africa centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f6e9d3d38179dc6428bb907333e2bbe8c43f333436d77a9671070f601fd72daf&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/guinea-bissau&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q43448|Q43448]]
| +246
| IOT
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q43448|British Indian Ocean Territory]]''
| [[File:British Indian Ocean Territory on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q192184|Q192184]]
| +247&lt;br/&gt;+27&lt;br/&gt;+290
| SHN
| 
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q192184|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]''
| [[File:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31890709|Q31890709]]
| +247
| ASC
| 
| [[File:Flag of Ascension Island.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Ascension Island.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q31890709|Ascension]]''
| 
| SH-AC&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_28e067ba6d443e585cc6bae200ecabedea38d4555441bfa6e50598093c75548b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1194038|Geographic Names Server]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1042|Q1042]]
| +248
| SYC
| SEY
| [[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Seychelles.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Seychelles]]
| [[File:SYC orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f9f1b404f98d745554d8407c28c693b61b03004cb428c553574d86973dcb54d3&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/seychelles&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1049|Q1049]]
| +249
| SDN
| SUD
| [[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Sudan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sudan]]
| [[File:Sudan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8754a1422e0bab03629555e9b4197b99533e6965af8742fd10369e08dd5ae6f6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sudan&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1088391|rump state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1037|Q1037]]
| +250
| RWA
| RWA
| [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ruanda]]
| [[File:LocationRwanda.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_30e70b61f5d9350df30630fecb2b58752cddae729d177d4989a865fcfe3cbd8b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q115|Q115]]
| +251
| ETH
| ETH
| [[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Ethiopia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ethiopia]]
| [[File:Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_edc2fab86e50cec4422ea17373796e8bf33c96df1568995feb78f6aff375f401&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q87326639|МСЭ2/Эфиопия]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_827fd2f42dc61f872c0ef41b7b34f8cfa5795fdf443c0db470cc9144b7cb32df&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ethiopia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_edc2fab86e50cec4422ea17373796e8bf33c96df1568995feb78f6aff375f401&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q87326639|МСЭ2/Эфиопия]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1045|Q1045]]
| +252
| SOM
| SOM
| [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Somalia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Somalia]]
| [[File:Somalia (orthographic projection)2.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e00d7da220a8570d8c21f3e5ecb549474fb0d3ca5dfb3b5481417e5a9a7fc2d0&quot;&gt;https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Somalia;4169147.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ab54ba9bbaed152730dfaca4b87a26581fef0a018ab9d4440ad47a7148aee172&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/somalia&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q512187|republica federal]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q977|Q977]]
| +253
| DJI
| DJI
| [[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Djibouti.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Djibuti]]
| [[File:Djibouti (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_edb9210d1f33512c9b2e4c283bd3111f992bec0fcf02dc288f7db18596b87b0e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/djibouti&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| pais de Africa
|-
| [[:d:Q114|Q114]]
| +254
| KEN
| KEN
| [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kenya]]
| [[File:Kenya (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fe23413cfa8cc8f594b7429792f91299730e0f35a44a5ff91dc250b2d7cefa0&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kenya&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q924|Q924]]
| +255
| TZA
| TAN
| [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tanzania]]
| [[File:Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b832e4a1abfe6aeb0fa4b3bd6518bd955b8fdd2387b7e6b9ffe61a4413bcd83a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/tanzania&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_66afe8a0af55b4c72538a606d569b267b8291b8e859cb3431b45dfa5e7e740d0&quot;&gt;https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1036|Q1036]]
| +256
| UGA
| UGA
| [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Uganda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Uganda]]
| [[File:Uganda (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca313d9a5c34631458f5293cc2377562c8fcabf68f6f5c3aafbbafaec8ebf5d4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/uganda&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_96c78443365f47d6b9190ab9c0a9f169f7cc2ed3f7942acfef00afdbabc34b44&quot;&gt;https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/what-uganda-has-gone-through-since-1962--4787868#story&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q967|Q967]]
| +257
| BDI
| BDI
| [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Burundi.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Burundi]]
| [[File:Burundi (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_da83a16073ca8fd5065adcb0e7e6c916123f70236d0dd5b67ae3499ab33a4765&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/burundi&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6cac7bdde4be279b526ef08604ad918b112e3faa287696c1b915fbb81f2f4f0b&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1029|Q1029]]
| +258
| MOZ
| MOZ
| [[File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Mozambique.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mozambique]]
| [[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c00027422ebc98e9b9a93e17dde4b494de50fad77bdc2d30d007e9d18b7fea61&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mozambique&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q953|Q953]]
| +260
| ZMB
| ZAM
| [[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Zambia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Zambia]]
| [[File:Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f33f7da773f54e96f1f031902c01c743d43e8c7b4bc2097744109b40bbe5bfdb&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/zambia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1019|Q1019]]
| +261
| MDG
| MAD
| [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of Madagascar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Madagascar]]
| [[File:MDG orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f77aada61884fa2e07e488f8f9f265ddc7904291d07a68b8832730785fbc4cd&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/madagascar&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17063|Q17063]]
| +262
| MYT
| 
| [[File:Flag of Mayotte (Local).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q17063|Mayotte]]''
| [[File:Mayotte (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-976
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17070|Q17070]]
| +262
| REU
| 
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Armoiries Réunion.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Reunion]]
| [[File:Département 974 in France.svg|center|48px]]
| FR-974
| [[Africa]]
| [[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[insula]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q954|Q954]]
| +263
| ZWE
| ZIM
| [[File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Zimbabwe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| [[File:Zimbabwe (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d5722fe0537cb5a5e7c27c67a8f413daa932cd5a87b5817ece423b7e7cabc73a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/zimbabwe&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1030|Q1030]]
| +264
| NAM
| NAM
| [[File:Flag of Namibia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Namibia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Namibia]]
| [[File:LocationNamibia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d648354f17344fc616dbc2270eafa426f710d848c89f5d67dded07dfb8f13b23&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/namibia&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1020|Q1020]]
| +265
| MWI
| MAW
| [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Malawi]]
| [[File:LocationMalawi.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec0a43d9c70b905117bd8563e77de7f3ed50e42caddcfaf2ad01ab2205b2c573&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/malawi&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1013|Q1013]]
| +266
| LSO
| LES
| [[File:Flag of Lesotho.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Lesotho]]
| [[File:Lesotho (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a29a68435169aae19610bac77ae706a93a8195152d416fc9764d782f0a3df451&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/lesotho&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q171441|enclave]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q963|Q963]]
| +267
| BWA
| BOT
| [[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Botswana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Botswana]]
| [[File:Botswana (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0daac7d680dd6eeb4c12f04e6a412000c70d57bdc03b315e279e490f62f63344&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/botswana&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1050|Q1050]]
| +268
| SWZ
| SWZ
| [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Eswatini.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Eswatini]]
| [[File:Location Eswatini.png|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5d90bc90a2a32192880fa038f13ddcc43a369ed2aa94d56c667901da8408ced1&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/eswatini&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais in Africa
|-
| [[:d:Q970|Q970]]
| +269
| COM
| COM
| [[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Comoros.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Comores]]
| [[File:Comoros (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_aa0206c562d2b4f753a32b37af1bf862bec7f35e26ef7e5a40e21f1388193cdb&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/comoros&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q258|Q258]]
| +27
| ZAF
| RSA
| [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Africa del Sud]]
| [[File:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6dd295942ca33418478ee7e92381e7b39e612a8688e8065c0efd5f6b104b0238&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/south-africa&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q986|Q986]]
| +291
| ERI
| ERI
| [[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Eritrea (or argent azur).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Eritrea]]
| [[File:Eritrea (Africa orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_55c0f57c296108bdac91dac571469eab5712aa66cc56e9853a861cc3e22e1d28&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/eritrea&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q21203|Q21203]]
| +297
| ABW
| ARU
| [[File:Flag of Aruba.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Aruba wapen.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Aruba]]
| [[File:Aruba in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| NL-AW
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4628|Q4628]]
| +298
| FRO
| FRO
| [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Faroe Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insulas Feroe]]
| [[File:Europe-Faroe Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q66724388|autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| pais constitutive del Regno de Danmark
|-
| [[:d:Q223|Q223]]
| +299
| GRL
| 
| [[File:Flag of Greenland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Greenland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Groenlandia]]
| [[File:Greenland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| DK-GL
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e1a1438fffe26481dcce7a3a041a830eca669d0de2adf0aaaaa56bd581a8ce1d&quot;&gt;http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/nth/og/pubs/prosp/c6_ba-eng.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q66724388|autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''
| Pais autonome intra le Regno de Danmark
|-
| [[:d:Q41|Q41]]
| +30
| GRC
| GRE
| [[File:Flag of Greece.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Greece.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Grecia]]
| [[File:Greece on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fbcd7da80077a1bc2938b596c96446109645525fc27e4c3c5b470d37779a5e20&quot;&gt;http://www.britannica.com/nations/Greece&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_919eb75a9d61674a213fc961a84ae3d02bc6358d230df24385ec1cfca9d01dfd&quot;&gt;http://www.justgreece.org&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bbccf96b5d48698decad5413c8b90dacd924a8ba54e80d8c7e2a8f52fe06c774&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c2d67b9e3a07d872ee28f66d2f0e22aa78db5c8eb2e9b18c4acd26b41f3eea1f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/greece&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c2d67b9e3a07d872ee28f66d2f0e22aa78db5c8eb2e9b18c4acd26b41f3eea1f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/greece&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q29999|Q29999]]
| +31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fdf1ab678fe59093d6331cd3a6439e9bdb1149acefa85346c0263c5ac6f4e3cd&quot;&gt;http://www.countrycallingcodes.com/country.php?country=Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;
| NLD
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Regno del Paises Basse]]
| [[File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region (special marker).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20181813|colonial power]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31|Q31]]
| +32
| BEL
| BEL
| [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Great coat of arms of Belgium.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Belgica]]
| [[File:EU-Belgium.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_595bd2d9063b0d63ab50f51fdaf3e73b9865533f726f11989b931e54cd295aa2&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/belgium&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q142|Q142]]
| +33
| FRA
| FRA
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_24586f4cbffe0665081df82c9c5e73f79348356487223b2dc34f514cfc958a02&quot;&gt;https://www.europe1.fr/politique/info-e1-le-drapeau-francais-a-change-de-couleur-4076943&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Arms of the French Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Francia]]
| [[File:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a92d077c5f3818620affb2a5d7c48fa8255ac5b86d0bca5eb9961dbcf2aaf058&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/france&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a92d077c5f3818620affb2a5d7c48fa8255ac5b86d0bca5eb9961dbcf2aaf058&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/france&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q29|Q29]]
| +34
| ESP
| ESP&lt;br/&gt;SPA&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_441ce199c513a152aef7457e8d9baa34eaaafd6b369d45f9de3c14d47f6defc1&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q180672|list of IOC country codes]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Escudo de España (variant).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Espania]]
| [[File:Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_816656db543d7f192ac0f5eedc1b0406efcaf2501630b58d76d99c4105e7ce6b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/spain&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2142a8fd8def11ae59fe9733016dc538b1c6142a96c6a95f190270525975ed16&quot;&gt;https://books.google.es/books?id=dciHDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=espa%C3%B1a+forma+Europa+geograf%C3%ADa&amp;hl=es&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwju7ImYhdqKAxUlRvEDHTpLCPsQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=espa%C3%B1a%20forma%20Europa%20geograf%C3%ADa&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c0734c4a4c9f9a09f2283bfb005697cd4dea47545ed0aea5eb3d79a7b3dc6766&quot;&gt;https://books.google.es/books?id=dciHDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14&amp;dq=espa%C3%B1a+estado+soberano&amp;hl=es&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZvb7YgdqKAxW9TaQEHYi1L-AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=espa%C3%B1a%20estado%20soberano&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c0734c4a4c9f9a09f2283bfb005697cd4dea47545ed0aea5eb3d79a7b3dc6766&quot;&gt;https://books.google.es/books?id=dciHDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14&amp;dq=espa%C3%B1a+estado+soberano&amp;hl=es&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZvb7YgdqKAxW9TaQEHYi1L-AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=espa%C3%B1a%20estado%20soberano&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_816656db543d7f192ac0f5eedc1b0406efcaf2501630b58d76d99c4105e7ce6b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/spain&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f6e643aeb8317c43addd1338add17398b2150b82005b8eb7fe9f4a62db4f1a20&quot;&gt;https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/biodiversidad/temas/espacios-protegidos/pbl_rn_region_mediterranea_tcm30-197189.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179671|nation state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1410|Q1410]]
| +350
| GIB
| 
| [[File:Flag of Gibraltar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Gibraltar1.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Gibraltar]]
| [[File:Gibraltar location in Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d29c82e3baa841b09d9b9b3d90dfa52de4372e39fcb0938708203ec1cab03f2&quot;&gt;https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press/gibraltar-fact-sheets&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d29c82e3baa841b09d9b9b3d90dfa52de4372e39fcb0938708203ec1cab03f2&quot;&gt;https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press/gibraltar-fact-sheets&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2264924|port city]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q900119|United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_48b69b1d187d696733b5fe4c026ed451633a131e2317cfa1a73d9d01cc933ea8&quot;&gt;http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgovterritories.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q902814|border city]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d29c82e3baa841b09d9b9b3d90dfa52de4372e39fcb0938708203ec1cab03f2&quot;&gt;https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press/gibraltar-fact-sheets&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1200957|tourist destination]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[citate]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_90fc85d406f4fa37137ab499b9cce2bfdb857196e9342ab74d8f58415463d6c8&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62710553&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q45|Q45]]
| +351
| PRT
| POR
| [[File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Portugal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Portugal]]
| [[File:Portugal on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7dd3b4f770cc92367bf28c3810ee5f21e0cc00e546274fe622cc301b1595ad35&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/portugal&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7dd3b4f770cc92367bf28c3810ee5f21e0cc00e546274fe622cc301b1595ad35&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/portugal&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q32|Q32]]
| +352
| LUX
| LUX
| [[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Greater coat of arms of the grand-duchy of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Luxemburg]]
| [[File:EU-Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f6b9cbeea5b73d80fca82c231fa303dace021cea2b19f981218c30adced2e96&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/luxembourg&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q165116|grand duchy]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27|Q27]]
| +353
| IRL
| IRL
| [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Ireland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica de Irlanda]]
| [[File:EU-Ireland.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0226aa9a6623e7b13b638119210b88dfc56094dcf1b162eba78e05b6cfb6b67b&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ei.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3c60a482042fbb74b4f5bbbd1cbad0afee30c87787c812bc10f5b7a2791441f0&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ireland&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q189|Q189]]
| +354
| ISL
| ISL
| [[File:Flag of Iceland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Iceland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Islanda]]
| [[File:Iceland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2f30bc0710ff0e3662171c0fc9fd97ca39729aade81cead0ece7873b13f2d2a1&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/iceland&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_98d1b23b41cd51e23b3bfe865c80c37dbf722f949048af4d2eb8b52b7047cc9a&quot;&gt;https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/504/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q222|Q222]]
| +355
| ALB
| ALB
| [[File:Flag of Albania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Albania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Albania]]
| [[File:Albania (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_097291be158962d4fd9a39cf0bee371c5e32d0cc0583316874812456c0448b29&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/albania&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q233|Q233]]
| +356
| MLT
| MLT
| [[File:Flag of Malta.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Malta.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Malta]]
| [[File:EU-Malta.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b7d4225b765f9a3f3a6ee09618f7d4756f4eeed6e4278db7bd84c056a17e386e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/malta&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b7d4225b765f9a3f3a6ee09618f7d4756f4eeed6e4278db7bd84c056a17e386e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/malta&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q229|Q229]]
| +357
| CYP
| CYP
| [[File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Cyprus (2006).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Cypro]]
| [[File:EU-Cyprus highlighted.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1d71be780813515197a846a13da1d3e1bbdc5470c1e3a52b378998a62e8c7f47&quot;&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=_bF8n8DaQtoC&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_89890a7a7bc1588181d8bf35632c151e020ed8b05fc81718d88ba90b328f393d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cyprus&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q33|Q33]]
| +358
| FIN
| FIN
| [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Finland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Finlandia]]
| [[File:Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b2fbbe130ed7a86b3cbf749b9ae5e393e0a863eed9fff73c9888f286f28a1c86&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/finland&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_318da0135bfb25d1f42d651688f070b4056ca932b27cf562763c8b665a912c1c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q14334357|Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q219|Q219]]
| +359
| BGR
| BUL
| [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| [[File:Bulgaria (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c15d54ddab3e72940b361236236fc06bc4dff3d83613ac2db29c9204711c91f4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bulgaria&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q28|Q28]]
| +36
| HUN
| HUN
| [[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Hungary.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Hungaria]]
| [[File:EU-Hungary.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_953180b37fdb8af1a50baf297e99d796da7fca898ce1c64dc2b6b39273134fb7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/hungary&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4483f66877946ec33f67c3904523e9d019870bd6fd337507938223bc808df79f&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hu.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q43|Q43]]
| +36&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1469c45d8c5bc6b566b5bd5ef8a84d55c944ca058a1c8f2f7e8c9047f8037c2c&quot;&gt;https://www.mistikalem.com/bilim/teknoloji/turkiyenin-uluslararasi-telefon-kodu-neden-36-iken-90-oldu-haberi-16868&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;+90&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1469c45d8c5bc6b566b5bd5ef8a84d55c944ca058a1c8f2f7e8c9047f8037c2c&quot;&gt;https://www.mistikalem.com/bilim/teknoloji/turkiyenin-uluslararasi-telefon-kodu-neden-36-iken-90-oldu-haberi-16868&lt;/ref&gt;
| TUR
| TUR
| [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Turchia]]
| [[File:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9d123b803345e5f5fd93f6ed7b47471adbabd6d11e687cc8abae11a1010b52ab&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/turkey&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9e59fb0cade2e24af05b8139af1c56c8541241a8b9a620ca0b1c15c7c4c3fc35&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q619610|social state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q339834|regional power]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16957|Q16957]]
| +37
| DDR
| GDR
| [[File:Flag of the German Democratic Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:State arms of the German Democratic Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Germania Oriental]]
| [[File:East Germany 1956-1990.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q37|Q37]]
| +370
| LTU
| LTU
| [[File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Lituania]]
| [[File:Lithuania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_79a1fa5e385278944beec646bc8f107e57e651278d8346fc564118944b938877&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/lithuania&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q211|Q211]]
| +371
| LVA
| LAT
| [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Latvia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Lettonia]]
| [[File:Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7479e1fb1e27d7411d1ffd3322266c5f8c8e1729f809fb7e5f9fe281e087b395&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/latvia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| republica in le nord de Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q191|Q191]]
| +372
| EST
| EST
| [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Estonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Estonia]]
| [[File:EU-Estonia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_89858635d1d4e1e5cf622dbd9ab76a49f5468813d004350e3380e228dd35b83d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/estonia&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_89858635d1d4e1e5cf622dbd9ab76a49f5468813d004350e3380e228dd35b83d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/estonia&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_54e342fdf5e3df1445603c89567af796e487dcfef339f4a0ae5ed1b3fe9ffe09&quot;&gt;https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/521052015001/consolide/current&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q217|Q217]]
| +373
| MDA
| MDA
| [[File:Flag of Moldova.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Moldova.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Moldavia]]
| [[File:Location Moldova Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_18ec1cec48f5ad51ce97a6876b0c6db3d720e58b0ad76e42e68bf5b1836a8230&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/moldova&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q399|Q399]]
| +374
| ARM
| ARM
| [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Armenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Armenia]]
| [[File:Armenia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5456e2b473ba6d1537df5b7e21d19f742275ee23ad78827658777b14690b939b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/armenia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais eurasian del Caucaso Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q184|Q184]]
| +375
| BLR
| BLR
| [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Belarus (2020–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bielorussia]]
| [[File:Belarus on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d249a9563d71da3c3f5d6459610dfca1efa9663c5a5ceff9f792ef86b4a59c48&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/belarus&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q619610|social state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q228|Q228]]
| +376
| AND
| AND
| [[File:Flag of Andorra.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Andorra.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Andorra]]
| [[File:Andorra on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_332debc29b1bcc8f4b944ce17dc1c2f3f0cbad9f9e18c7814e5af20bc64c5faa&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/andorra&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q235|Q235]]
| +377
| MCO
| MON
| [[File:Flag of Monaco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Monaco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Monaco (principato)|Monaco]]
| [[File:Monaco on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_235dc882e6b895d848f43fc4df01ad49b7ad2acd7a54e338bd4a5c0aff6708ae&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/monaco&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Principato]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q902814|border city]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q238|Q238]]
| +378
| SMR
| SMR
| [[File:Flag of San Marino.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of San Marino.svg|center|48px]]
| [[San Marino]]
| [[File:Location San Marino Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f0a15b91b618e1b83cee389e1150eeeda64872ac241f3a1605e645b0d76f1254&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/san-marino&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q171441|enclave]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q244381|microstate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q237|Q237]]
| +379&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bc9e3e7286431ef16ca38929df8897e9bcd1dc5065fcdd2b34861b72b58ee370&quot;&gt;https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-11-2011-PDF-E.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| VAT
| 
| [[File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Citate Vatican]]
| [[File:Location of the Vatican City in Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| [[Citate-stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q171441|enclave]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q98116669|religious complex]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19691007|institutional complex]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q702492|area urban]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1200957|tourist destination]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10551526|confessional state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7396640|sacerdotal state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4946826ee9ce2d52acabe7edc229e145f75a6a1b7f524761b7b4efcba9af1c75&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Vatican-City&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q212|Q212]]
| +380
| UKR
| UKR
| [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5ed3251867e0b91b05961b69a825c79af31d20592aa1b6c6c02c084f36419866&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q127974|flag of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Ukraine (Pantone).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ukraina]]
| [[File:Ukraine (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d7f3fbf911ccc5e0cabba1efbe3a7d2fe53e36a359a9eb710109378e62030924&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q4041526|Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d8fc93073faf2413a7418e9dcfa2147fe213392313ac54f77016b70c806e0b7f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ukraine&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6ffc63bfb6be52fa62e52df154cb155bb3608a135ef80e4f6f72beb583682da2&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f356e30362b34841f34d2d2aa38ba88bf15d98584825e43e49f099d271bd872&quot;&gt;http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30096/Ukraine&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q619610|social state]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_26acfc01b6c3b5a18a274ccd29ed3d723b814fc3cbec9643244ef3238ffb54cf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1048515|political world map]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| pais de Europa oriental
|-
| [[:d:Q403|Q403]]
| +381
| SRB
| SRB
| [[File:Flag of Serbia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Serbia]]
| [[File:Europe-Serbia (2006–2008).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_56178fb2b3ba2afb7bf8122966b7655d29662167cb1f249ac845318eb480993e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/serbia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q236|Q236]]
| +382
| MNE
| MNE
| [[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Montenegro]]
| [[File:LocationMontenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2cb60dd1db08471e0e95accfd5f62ff8f6c8b16268cef03b4e69cc8e935f7a98&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/montenegro&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1246|Q1246]]
| +383
| XKS
| KOS
| [[File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of the Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kosovo]]
| [[File:Europe-Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_aa458e28623f0fe17ade40df0205fb0b44f4aea39e935882d7bc0ce285236eb7&quot;&gt;https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/kosovo/2013-04-24/kosovo-and-serbia-make-deal&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q224|Q224]]
| +385
| HRV
| CRO
| [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Croatia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Croatia]]
| [[File:EU-Croatia (orthographic projection).png|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3672a2a82782c55b216fc45d48687811ab5a0e821a47ce40e8a5b5579b5701eb&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/croatia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q215|Q215]]
| +386
| SVN
| SLO
| [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Slovenia]]
| [[File:EU-Slovenia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3a191855b72e446ee66c8c377ac37367f78b5eace54eb970b2408cdfd3731602&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/slovenia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q22909549|unitary parliamentary republic]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q225|Q225]]
| +387
| BIH
| BIH
| [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91d8dae1fb677ac9bde8fc11b256aefd8ba4f1c12509013b20d34becf66815ad&quot;&gt;https://www.ohr.int/decision-imposing-the-law-on-the-flag-of-bih-2/?print=print&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fe44227e43c41dc1c415654f064dd2f0737e321840ea890a854a5f4b7aafbbb6&quot;&gt;https://www.ohr.int/decision-on-the-shape-and-design-of-the-coat-of-arms-of-bih-2/&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Bosnia e Herzegovina]]
| [[File:Bosnia and Herzegovina (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d8d30cea60639f17b5f61e0794e2d456119e9b044d21fe6a6afc3122899e34a4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bosnia-and-herzegovina&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8423ba8340e8b33fb505561ed0125432eb23a2565c8790412ae86b19bd45f82&quot;&gt;https://www.ustavnisud.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_engl.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1265034880a3fb39e9f370775e304074872aa7a725d583ce48de56740d8b8e81&quot;&gt;https://treaties.un.org/pages/HistoricalInfo.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q221|Q221]]
| +389
| MKD
| MKD
| [[File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Macedonia del Nord|Republica del Macedonia del Nord]]
| [[File:North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_36b85b5b3863115ec3948b3809826e138d217113d38e743f3554e586eeb08575&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/north-macedonia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q38|Q38]]
| +39
| ITA
| ITA
| [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Italy.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Italia]]
| [[File:Italy on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fe4898b5ac99c11de0a2928de4169b888882f4443640945f2f432a910b4853d6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/italy&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;
| Italia es un pais del sud de Europa, membro del Union Europee
|-
| [[:d:Q218|Q218]]
| +40
| ROU
| ROU
| [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Romania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[File:Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d755d4b97dd1829ec35094fc9d098713ef5e2284882ef097aad95113b338f4b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/romania&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179671|nation state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q39|Q39]]
| +41
| CHE
| SUI
| [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ab7fc05533a6a1045f2ce8ad338b0792ed51296f1397b7e775499d19e43c8e57&quot;&gt;https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20091656/index.html#app1ahref0&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Switza]]
| [[File:Switzerland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dd92ac4d34f2a75f0a50a741fe8e7d2946841a2df58853aef2804394d2df61a5&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/switzerland&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q170156|confederation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43702|federation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| republica federal in Europa occidental
|-
| [[:d:Q33946|Q33946]]
| +42
| CSK
| TCH
| [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia (1960–1990).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Checoslovachia]]
| [[File:Czechoslovakia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q213|Q213]]
| +420&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_df79ecfd6cebe09b4d21d14e878829878d442d477e525f5c08223b432e633c9c&quot;&gt;https://www.itu.int/oth/T0202.aspx?parent=T0202&lt;/ref&gt;
| CZE
| CZE
| [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Chec]]
| [[File:EU-Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8645e6affd6454487e5530ed31ed7a90de88f9b018af1bac5423f56ba4bfad7f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/czech-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8645e6affd6454487e5530ed31ed7a90de88f9b018af1bac5423f56ba4bfad7f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/czech-republic&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3e5b9bab813465412853331eda013f076fbcdd7ad1a4220fc096b9ec9c3819bf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2948382|Constitution of the Czech Republic]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| pais de Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q214|Q214]]
| +421
| SVK
| SVK
| [[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Slovachia]]
| [[File:EU-Slovakia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1424c4194101285151107afadf98760d8d7016023fc10c482db8b7d6ec89b87f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/slovak-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q347|Q347]]
| +423
| LIE
| LIE
| [[File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| [[File:Liechtenstein on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0d937f1eaa0a8ce3c1dbab48fbc6a3a1758a45e720a52f371696280451670afc&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/liechtenstein&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q40|Q40]]
| +43
| AUT
| AUT
| [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Austria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Austria]]
| [[File:EU-Austria.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e33536185a3a577767c4df8815505e3839cdb3ac340226ff3e9f0263fb53a77a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/austria&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8c9140023642283c5ce8f0054419301e4e661b4d544d74f911a04dbe4e1b2919&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1005391|Federal Constitutional Law]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8c9140023642283c5ce8f0054419301e4e661b4d544d74f911a04dbe4e1b2919&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1005391|Federal Constitutional Law]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e33536185a3a577767c4df8815505e3839cdb3ac340226ff3e9f0263fb53a77a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/austria&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q145|Q145]]
| +44
| GBR
| GBR
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2e1423dcb8b790e2e90a3897a27b6871f1f66485f3fef42b8884658e2a229779&quot;&gt;https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Regno Unite]]
| [[File:Europe-UK.svg|center|48px]]
| GB-UKM
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dfdffa9d57b2fb35a670d3ccd0f5108d106431f778afe76ae9340c6b22d4a968&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/united-kingdom&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_07aba9f4379b9bcc0a6454827692516fc6c733e43765fde9ef8e09c53c9b2bab&quot;&gt;https://www.legislation.gov.uk/aip/Geo3/40/38&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20181813|colonial power]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q785|Q785]]
| +44
| JEY&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca652d7e17bcaf3c9763053fbd648993f635d0474f5bfa63eea979be1687f653&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1520117|Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| [[File:Flag of Jersey.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Jersey.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q785|Jersey]]''
| [[File:Europe-Jersey.svg|center|48px]]
| GB-JSY
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q9676|Q9676]]
| +44&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b714df18ef994aabad5b33575fae9a331bb1a7dc5b689b12caafedbcadefb338&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/isle-of-man/&lt;/ref&gt;
| IMN
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Isle of Man.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insula de Man]]
| [[File:Europe-Isle of Man.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25230|Q25230]]
| +44
| GGY
| 
| [[File:Flag of Guernsey.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guernsey.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25230|Guernsey]]''
| [[File:Europe-Guernsey.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4996207|bailiwick]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q35|Q35]]
| +45
| DNK
| DEN
| [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National coat of arms of Denmark.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Danmark]]
| [[File:Denmark (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2ab2d3efd2b6883b381ce9a652bd0a5322344d6df7b3edab85734fc96927cc79&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/denmark&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20181813|colonial power]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q66724388|autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q34|Q34]]
| +46
| SWE
| SWE
| [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Great coat of arms of Sweden.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Svedia]]
| [[File:Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_85068a0db46453daf483b5ba47c8fa4ab52bb44c01b35806a36e5e3a58b5717f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sweden&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Monarchia constitutional]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q20|Q20]]
| +47
| NOR
| NOR
| [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Norvegia|Norvega]]
| [[File:Europe-Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fc099a57536d047473ad7df4ff76be5a912448e57d6a1fbd89f6dff87c3affb7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/norway&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_238811c00bbde06ebcef712fe55f6c4e005d6573d58ef9fc61e20136bd11c169&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| pais in Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q36|Q36]]
| +48
| POL
| POL
| [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Herb Polski.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Polonia]]
| [[File:Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1141d2922ee6e0af6cb7b1552630080174d486c3a0ec7527e3f165a83465e88e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/poland&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q183|Q183]]
| +49
| DEU
| GER&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7051b4fa8b9e1fd011a3751668a1a7d17dace442ab69f795ae7cd785f21ca7e6&quot;&gt;https://www.laenderdaten.de/kuerzel/olympia.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_14f12b58ecf7e955915f42a62d53c127443a3805dc49bc5b11cfcbf6a89c6802&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q28796597|Olympic.org athletes database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_79e4d44474c511272c7ee74bc50614da858523aec6ef10464aea6ef133b76b29&quot;&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/countrycodes.php&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1d422822f174182146a3ebf7ed95f411618ba7c64ac7d21c1e4fe9147edeb999&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1be4b5c5406071713a14f29b675da8b4bf2fcf605c1e15c08f26ab8844ae1f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q836156|Bundesgesetzblatt]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Germania]]
| [[File:Germany (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8994a5d7462aefdbea449b87b3c75500724d67a43898039a18a6f10e06f8d2ce&quot;&gt;https://tuerkei.diplo.de/tr-de/themen/08-kids-corner/-/1602334&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_28b4a876afe5bc29aa93ea5e1d077508e10499391b0dca5ba9a493d360bd35a8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e8d288976e5fc82ece1969aac468ee1b37e61ce5becb93cfcc5ed975493294e&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1206379|General Treaty]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0aaaa5a7a82b0a7c136905d5fdcea358424e8a04be48b9d47cb8e8cd8be10345&quot;&gt;https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/chronologie/Deutschlandvertrag-Wie-die-Bundesrepublik-souveraen-wurde,deutschlandvertrag100.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2ebe9814d2917c7003bf83a374e6ebc357663e1b2a5ad7faa6d40ad2e07afc3d&quot;&gt;https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/579364/034b11190e6f59ada9686600ee020f37/wd-3-119-09-pdf-data.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q9648|Q9648]]
| +500
| FLK
| FLK
| [[File:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of the Falkland Islands (relief).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insulas Falkland]]
| [[File:Location map of the Falklands – Alternative version 4.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_203f3398d59e1eab4d90d7772b9082a662f7d5689d7d159c89ce7bc067c1b4bb&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/south-america-human-geography/print/&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''
| archipelago in le Atlantico meridional, e un territorio britannic de ultramar, disputate per Argentina
|-
| [[:d:Q35086|Q35086]]
| +500
| SGS
| 
| [[File:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q35086|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]''
| [[File:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q242|Q242]]
| +501
| BLZ
| BIZ
| [[File:Flag of Belize.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Belize.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Belize]]
| [[File:BLZ orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3c98eafb0d4c40878e965dfadc6441c2c87d66ccc85fd5c1f1a72495d062fb80&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/belize&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q774|Q774]]
| +502
| GTM
| GUA
| [[File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guatemala]]
| [[File:Guatemala on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_98679fcaebc52997a11177fc30555e916cfc69b530f2421ecb540aecf9db30e9&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/guatemala&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q171751|banana republic]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q792|Q792]]
| +503
| SLV
| ESA
| [[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of El Salvador.svg|center|48px]]
| [[El Salvador]]
| [[File:Orthographic Map of El Salvador.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70b20e416ca5a00772ef3965e3330e0d5b9bbce4968b133f3a416e50f7bda5ce&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/el-salvador&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q783|Q783]]
| +504
| HND
| HON
| [[File:Flag of Honduras (1949–2022, 2026–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Honduras.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Honduras]]
| [[File:Honduras (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0d1c3e1552324fe47da2fcbd9bd42258c5818c866757f0381d5aaeee643cab10&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/honduras&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q811|Q811]]
| +505
| NIC
| NCA
| [[File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nicaragua]]
| [[File:Nicaragua (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a75c072cecb60eed6d2fdbf2f67c23b4730f13f79c6a5af8702cd2bb43554ec8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/nicaragua&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q800|Q800]]
| +506
| CRI
| CRC
| [[File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Costa Rica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Costa Rica]]
| [[File:Costa Rica (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ddab406ed76bc355fe46531eaf50bcae55bbbe305380b0bc0306ebb912b36599&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/costa-rica&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ddab406ed76bc355fe46531eaf50bcae55bbbe305380b0bc0306ebb912b36599&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/costa-rica&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q804|Q804]]
| +507
| PAN
| PAN
| [[File:Flag of Panama.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Panama.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Panama]]
| [[File:PAN orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q34617|Q34617]]
| +508
| SPM
| 
| [[File:Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Armoiries SaintPierreetMiquelon.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q34617|Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]''
| [[File:Saint Pierre and Miquelon in France.svg|center|48px]]
| FR-PM
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q790|Q790]]
| +509
| HTI
| HAI
| [[File:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Haiti.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Haiti]]
| [[File:Haiti (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_905bef37a7c7392a2f0df8827fe0818ee03e71dcf51b29d39e3ca3f7d65c6bba&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/haiti&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q419|Q419]]
| +51
| PER
| PER
| [[File:Flag of Peru.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Escudo nacional del Perú.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Peru]]
| [[File:Peru (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1fd5d6cd2fb26be70c8c8fcd6dd3496cda984b2d1f36def17dca285aeeab3b64&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/peru&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q96|Q96]]
| +52
| MEX&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_48d0ce6be950795de8ca7fff8e44dbc620d6e5a7b241a75d037258726867406a&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MX&lt;/ref&gt;
| MEX
| [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Mexico.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Mexico]]
| [[File:MEX orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed55f80116d256bcda4e59c84019208f7437ab56659e14f04b1fc61d7bea6a61&quot;&gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_57a61da440053f5fb9c595807f0e40a5716a527552ffc7b6563d171d0c18dcc6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mexico&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q241|Q241]]
| +53
| CUB
| CUB
| [[File:Flag of Cuba.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Cuba]]
| [[File:Cuba (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5c70ac92f86e31f55867c9d14bb707f54acdbbfff2caa8898681ac3b65c9a30d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cuba&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q849866|communist state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q414|Q414]]
| +54
| ARG
| ARG
| [[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Argentina.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Argentina]]
| [[File:ARG orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e616ef27e84dce01a65dcb178dbd75b7dbceb23fb4bff8a3c79f35707040b686&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/argentina&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[nation]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10551526|confessional state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q155|Q155]]
| +55
| BRA
| BRA
| [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Brazil.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Brasil]]
| [[File:BRA orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fddb9d0df98a18a5136998def2603820369b7f646426d22a09005e177fde7afc&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/brazil&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5c82beb1fb4dd02d663f37b907e0cca990987aef221d1fbf12883eefd4a2f8b1&quot;&gt;https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_02c70ce7e82c7b584465384c48cfa48df62e8157043980dd85c87ac7ede9f667&quot;&gt;https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm?lang=pt&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q298|Q298]]
| +56
| CHL
| CHI
| [[File:Flag of Chile.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Chile (c).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Chile]]
| [[File:CHL orthographic (+all claims).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e1310045a66773c61bd0e84b83324cf1e2fa4d46dfe527c44eb0b834a66ec172&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/chile&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[nation]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5255892|republica democratic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q739|Q739]]
| +57
| COL
| COL
| [[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Colombia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Colombia]]
| [[File:COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_994d63c4bc3c8f9e8f60ac8f00f3f218cd213b0e0a0ed07075aeface0e40a86e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/colombia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q717|Q717]]
| +58
| VEN
| VEN
| [[File:Flag of Venezuela.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Venezuela]]
| [[File:VEN orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34753d3ee3e55d18087148c8246f9edac384974ed010dee94db2716ef96bed2d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/venezuela&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q17012|Q17012]]
| +590
| GLP
| 
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guadeloupe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guadalupe|Guadeloupe]]
| [[File:Guadeloupe in France 2016.svg|center|48px]]
| FR-971
| [[America del Nord]]
| [[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25362|Q25362]]
| +590
| BLM
| 
| [[File:Flag of Saint Barthélemy (local).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Blason St Barthélémy TOM entire.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25362|Saint Barthélemy]]''
| [[File:Saint Barthelemy in France.svg|center|48px]]
| FR-BL
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_acb678d6cb9dd51a3fd3981405e68362fe227c398b2f88f9205d3f195172710d&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q47486150|loi organique n° 2007-223 du 21 février 2007 portant dispositions statutaires et institutionnelles relatives à l'outre-mer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q126125|Q126125]]
| +590
| MAF
| 
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:St Martin Coat.png|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q126125|Saint-Martin]]''
| [[File:Saint Martin in its region (zoom).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-MF
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q750|Q750]]
| +591
| BOL
| BOL
| [[File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Escudo de Bolivia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bolivia]]
| [[File:BOL orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2514490d267edd0ccf67aeebd5cdef6d1a6d46658d0144e8b169f7a5d0e7fcb4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bolivia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q734|Q734]]
| +592
| GUY
| GUY
| [[File:Flag of Guyana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guyana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guyana]]
| [[File:GUY orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_67a868b6b67f9a228949dd4acfd83f0001226596d8ef5d369cd4e6cafa99769a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/guyana&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q736|Q736]]
| +593
| ECU
| ECU
| [[File:Flag of Ecuador.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Ecuador.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ecuador]]
| [[File:ECU orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e295c77e6eef104bd08bdae6da90dff1b51e9bdd08fddcf3e2a516176409d6ac&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1549cd7b08d3efa66a50a207465ae84b898d1ee78b3472cd0f637050f3df5674&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ecuador&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q3769|Q3769]]
| +594
| GUF
| 
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of French Guiana, according to the original displayed at the Museum Franconie, at Cayenne.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q3769|French Guiana]]''
| [[File:French Guiana (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-973
| [[America del Sud]]
| ''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q733|Q733]]
| +595
| PRY
| PAR
| [[File:Flag of Paraguay.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Paraguay.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Paraguay]]
| [[File:PRY orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_498e84adec1a718348a511c10a611145cd12143230bf83cba372af4ddc8f5ca8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/paraguay&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17054|Q17054]]
| +596
| MTQ
| 
| [[File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Martinica]]
| [[File:Martinique-CIA WFB Map.png|center|48px]]
| FR-972
| [[America del Nord]]
| [[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q730|Q730]]
| +597
| SUR
| SUR
| [[File:Flag of Suriname.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Suriname.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Suriname]]
| [[File:SURINAME orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q116052725|national geopolitical entity]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q77|Q77]]
| +598
| URY
| URU
| [[File:Flag of Uruguay.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Uruguay.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Uruguay]]
| [[File:URY orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3fc46b9f24a8ea483e8de2a69e4e9850b7ca55f5a20994df6ed612892cc8a304&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/uruguay&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1520223|republica constitutional]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27561|Q27561]]
| +599
| BES&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b487e18951526d42430f1cf1c21ee328d29004b78388d2bd2e82fab9d7187199&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-1_newsletter_vi-8_split_of_the_dutch_antilles_final-en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q27561|Caribbean Netherlands]]''
| [[File:BES islands location map.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25279|Q25279]]
| +5999
| CUW
| 
| [[File:Flag of Curaçao.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25279|Curaçao]]''
| [[File:Curacao in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| NL-CW&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q833|Q833]]
| +60
| MYS&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91ced5a92c53470c76e4c318a3e14e7348c772d5741a91228cccdd5a43e6e26a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q292649|AGROVOC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| MAS
| [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Malaysia]]
| [[File:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4db31c2abbd25705c252d2a83966507548cf6104716341bf45b5502c200016d5&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/malaysia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_87e6c82e5f9b0556ae953ae2489ab52303f0d0299fb57a9cf6edfcb59ff06036&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230703175319/https://books.google.com/books?id=hmIDAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=%22Norfolk+Island+,+New+Zealand+,+and+some+smaller%22&amp;pg=PA458&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q408|Q408]]
| +61&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3c8ec2e7664ec852051e6cd9f0b6b2fbb0da9322c5c9c9cf52343863015308a9&quot;&gt;http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/telephone-country-and-area-codes&lt;/ref&gt;
| AUS&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_63f5ca7a183963ae457d8f89197c39e30c3e1963bcf902fb3e780d1dbf4e9c8a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q25275|ISO 3166-1]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| AUS
| [[File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_81c89a07f6d8245f3f610a5338eb4d06b8867ad0833011281075a438da9ceee8&quot;&gt;https://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/flag.cfm&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Australia]]
| [[File:AUS orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_55b989eb7cce48a09a35b5932d4bfe396cfa0c87723f34b78db550924ba8e125&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/australia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43702|federation]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q36004|Q36004]]
| +61891
| CCK
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Island.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Clunies-Ross family arms.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q36004|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]''
| [[File:Cocos (Keeling) Islands on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q252|Q252]]
| +62
| IDN
| INA
| [[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| [[File:Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_970dd6a46d4f65845c7cbd5220c7d0d74219a48387ec0cabf1594edb82643050&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continent/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c55e382eccb9df0acee0cc1da5d37980fd422383f9c3ecf6120f084c3ec5f28d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/indonesia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1520223|republica constitutional]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q928|Q928]]
| +63
| PHL
| PHI
| [[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Philippinas]]
| [[File:Philippines on the globe (Philippines centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_90ddd9118d68da7e61f33410d7080c6b560febc48a82e4ce29895642ab46bf64&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/philippines&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_81ccc0a78ceeb0d2999af5af7bc2806ac346781fcd398871eaf267afc8de71d0&quot;&gt;http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q664|Q664]]
| +64
| NZL
| NZL
| [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of New Zealand.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nove Zelanda]]
| [[File:NZL orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_43526c89d88275bc84852dc4b538fedc841dc0a120e0c438af7a537de4086408&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/new-zealand&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c6871316bdeb1556c2cb74d8cc18cbb2d6fdef879d68bebda378e8b70461e1f2&quot;&gt;https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/research-papers/document/00PLLawRP07041/new-zealand-sovereignty-1857-1907-1947-or-1987&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q35672|Q35672]]
| +64
| PCN
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insulas Pitcairn]]
| [[File:Pitcairn Islands on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[archipelago]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q334|Q334]]
| +65
| SGP
| SGP
| [[File:Flag of Singapore.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Singapore.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Singapur]]
| [[File:Singapore on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) zoom.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_591a47b973127214527a344ead22a6b9c5a29e61cecdefd3efe8549371974412&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/singapore&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[citate]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2264924|port city]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1549591|citate grande]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q902814|border city]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate global]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q108178728|national capital]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q869|Q869]]
| +66
| THA
| THA
| [[File:Flag of Thailand.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Thailand.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Thailanda]]
| [[File:Thailand (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1662d307f567064dc266b2cfac2a07109ffb99efbaf1b75321fe85a45954972d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/thailand&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Monarchia constitutional]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q574|Q574]]
| +670
| TLS
| TLS
| [[File:Flag of East Timor.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of East Timor.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Timor Oriental]]
| [[File:Timor Leste (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8362efb05122fa36809795881d4668b18e17bdd60c854c2c5fab6a7f55182648&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/timor-leste&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q51|Q51]]
| +672
| ATA
| 
| 
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| [[File:Antarctica (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| 
| [[continente]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_683b2661c49be29f69007bda6012994faeb7dbcefb33fdba8ec0685c5503f9be&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q43400782|БСЭ1 / Антарктида]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q312461|terra nullius]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2418896|part of the world]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''
| continente
|-
| [[:d:Q10372207|Q10372207]]
| +672
| ATA
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Antarctic Treaty.svg|center|48px]]
| No/unknown value
| ''[[:d:Q10372207|Antarctic Treaty area]]''
| [[File:Mapa Polo Sur.png|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q734818|condominium]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q312461|terra nullius]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31057|Q31057]]
| +6723
| NFK
| 
| [[File:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Norfolk Island.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Norfuk Ailen]]
| [[File:Australia in its region (Norfolk Island special).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14192199|territory of Australia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q921|Q921]]
| +673
| BRN&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_85f197c05a3a50ab610b9354a76864571e64192440bbfe1f06301e0f182262ec&quot;&gt;https://www.ISO.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BN&lt;/ref&gt;
| BRU
| [[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Brunei.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Brunei]]
| [[File:Brunei on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4becd3be642e592e77e314fc7d958e6dad76a875a3179bc1ff6f9d1916367001&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/brunei&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Sultanato]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_85f197c05a3a50ab610b9354a76864571e64192440bbfe1f06301e0f182262ec&quot;&gt;https://www.ISO.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BN&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q697|Q697]]
| +674&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f445a3c22990f1d62e6cc18fc0fe03673e9da07854dda7c809cfb12ee03b8b84&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q373|Wikivoyage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| NRU
| NRU
| [[File:Flag of Nauru.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Nauru (2020).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nauru]]
| [[File:Nauru on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q691|Q691]]
| +675
| PNG
| PNG
| [[File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National emblem of Papua New Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Papua Nove Guinea]]
| [[File:Papua New Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Monarchia constitutional]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q678|Q678]]
| +676
| TON
| TGA
| [[File:Flag of Tonga.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Tonga.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tonga]]
| [[File:Tonga on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q918240|territorial evolution of the British Empire]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q685|Q685]]
| +677
| SLB
| SOL
| [[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Solomon Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insulas Salomon]]
| [[File:Solomon Islands on the globe (Oceania centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f5ca980c7c2189a89782643533e6234e580f7f98aa6844d2d32279248a3e8ad&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/solomon-islands&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q686|Q686]]
| +678
| VUT
| VAN
| [[File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Vanuatu.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Vanuatu]]
| [[File:Vanuatu on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q712|Q712]]
| +679&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_202d137c6425b2a43a20e310db64cbd63e6934c5462ed66403c3e1a2d82eeab6&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| FJI
| FIJ
| [[File:Flag of Fiji.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Fiji.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Fiji]]
| [[File:Fiji (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_202d137c6425b2a43a20e310db64cbd63e6934c5462ed66403c3e1a2d82eeab6&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q695|Q695]]
| +680
| PLW
| PLW
| [[File:Flag of Palau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of Palau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Palau]]
| [[File:Palau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_daf169b91264e60c8364612cb2060080f814d06ec09d7ebceeda0cfaba3360c4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/palau&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q35555|Q35555]]
| +681
| WLF
| 
| [[File:Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:BlasonWallisetFutuna.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q35555|Wallis and Futuna]]''
| [[File:Wallis and Futuna in France (zoomed).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-WF
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q26988|Q26988]]
| +682
| COK
| COK
| [[File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Cook Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q26988|Cook Islands]]''
| [[File:Cook Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1138279|associated state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q34020|Q34020]]
| +683
| NIU
| 
| [[File:Flag of Niue.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Niue.jpg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q34020|Niue]]''
| [[File:Niue on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1138279|associated state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q683|Q683]]
| +685
| WSM
| SAM
| [[File:Flag of Samoa.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Public Seal of Samoa.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Samoa]]
| [[File:Samoa on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q710|Q710]]
| +686
| KIR
| KIR
| [[File:Flag of Kiribati.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Kiribati.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kiribati]]
| [[File:Kiribati on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d7c103e6ebce9cca16cd4b40558d38bf1c32b659302b6caf56e1517ac3078a0b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kiribati&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q33788|Q33788]]
| +687
| NCL
| 
| [[File:Flag of FLNKS.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of New Caledonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nove Caledonia]]
| [[File:New Caledonia in France (zoomed).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-NC
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q672|Q672]]
| +688
| TUV
| TUV
| [[File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Tuvalu.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tuvalu]]
| [[File:Tuvalu in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7cd05220d2aea3511b2677c79066753c92268a3a67a0a57bd82accd0e6458f8c&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/tuvalu&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30971|Q30971]]
| +689
| PYF
| 
| [[File:Flag of French Polynesia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of French Polynesia.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q30971|French Polynesia]]''
| [[File:French Polynesia on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-PF
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q36823|Q36823]]
| +690
| TKL
| 
| [[File:Flag of Tokelau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Badge of Tokelau.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q36823|Tokelau]]''
| [[File:LocationTokelau.png|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q702|Q702]]
| +691
| FSM
| FSM
| [[File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Statos Federate de Micronesia|Micronesia]]
| [[File:Micronesia on the globe (Micronesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_35ec7f61ba88d07db6051a9635d5a80b6346c204c801f053db14ed60df06a80f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/micronesia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q709|Q709]]
| +692
| MHL
| MHL
| [[File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Marshall Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q709|Marshall Islands]]''
| [[File:Marshall Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q159|Q159]]
| +7
| RUS
| RUS
| [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Russia]]
| [[File:LocationRussia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a3e468da529f6170ebe537841394006365958e82b1c66e74caf70fcb621997a4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/russia&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Asia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Eurasia]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_51cfe82ebe6b6b1410c83f0e5d300685a554345e61cbb37d2ecf3e5be2d6b1ad&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11836865|Declaration of the Council of Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 142-N of 26 December 1991]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f61b0d5d011a8872156b5d698bf39e3bbdc7397313a70de6d7d097c7048b5b4c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q652062|Constitution of Russia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f61b0d5d011a8872156b5d698bf39e3bbdc7397313a70de6d7d097c7048b5b4c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q652062|Constitution of Russia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q232|Q232]]
| +7&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_869fc93f19bd3db0d26985eae23a7cdc35e3955bcc025f142ba7028febd1acc8&quot;&gt;http://countrycode.org/kazakhstan&lt;/ref&gt;
| KAZ
| KAZ
| [[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Kazakhstan latin.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Qazaqstan|Kazakhstan]]
| [[File:Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0c2352a80be92c3210ce7156d90b4c25cf17b2997c3c354578a49c50ae82e7e0&quot;&gt;http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=9998&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_00f4a00217006243f1f5d216b71903ba86d97ebca781de7880fb7d1ae44c389b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kazakhstan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| stato euroasiatic
|-
| [[:d:Q17|Q17]]
| +81
| JPN
| JPN
| [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Kamon of the Imperial House of Japan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Japon]]
| [[File:Japan on the globe (de-facto) (Japan centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_18b47b49cacad6ae73f045f727a828dab6f9032777e094eaacf4f43697017d32&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/japan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_abc3a7b6a82b0e7dce0ee5331c624e8c53edf38da63fef7cf24d52e956bcedd7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q66481470|МСЭ2 / Япония]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_abc3a7b6a82b0e7dce0ee5331c624e8c53edf38da63fef7cf24d52e956bcedd7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q66481470|МСЭ2 / Япония]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| pais de Asia
|-
| [[:d:Q884|Q884]]
| +82
| KOR
| KOR
| [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of South Korea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Corea del Sud]]
| [[File:South Korea (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed06a6210c3250c4513da4dbeeeef173390ab6ec6bc7e2ebb62135ead8e6dd31&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/korea&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1520223|republica constitutional]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b56d7a5874cc979de67507be4b9d0ec0309a3055065d3b2c94872cb63e655bc8&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Korea&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q881|Q881]]
| +84
| VNM
| VIE
| [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Vietnam.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Vietnam]]
| [[File:Vietnam on the globe (Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3cdd1c3c0f83a1f617d30538f8f473fd74f6c0ec9f6c4f795af39aa128e1f9cb&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/vietnam&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q849866|communist state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q423|Q423]]
| +850
| PRK
| PRK
| [[File:Flag of North Korea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of North Korea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Corea del Nord]]
| [[File:LocationNorthKorea.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5d92736853365d9e85e7b28bcbfce24d004923f1f10cf7563666126117dfd42d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dem-people-s-rep-korea&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q465613|republica popular]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1309121|hermit kingdom]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3303230|pariah state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q8646|Q8646]]
| +852
| HKG
| HKG
| [[File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Regional Emblem of Hong Kong.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Hong Kong]]
| [[File:Hong Kong in China (zoomed) (+all claims hatched).svg|center|48px]]
| CN-HK
| [[Asia]]
| ''[[:d:Q779415|region administrative special]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[citate]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1549591|citate grande]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q200250|metropole]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate global]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q125470455|customs territory of China]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3337001|nationality for sports]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q14773|Q14773]]
| +853
| MAC
| MAC
| [[File:Flag of Macau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Regional Emblem of Macau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Macao]]
| [[File:Macau locator map.svg|center|48px]]
| CN-MO
| [[Asia]]
| ''[[:d:Q779415|region administrative special]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1549591|citate grande]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1200957|tourist destination]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q125470455|customs territory of China]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q424|Q424]]
| +855
| KHM
| CAM
| [[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Royal arms of Cambodia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Cambodja|Cambodgia]]
| [[File:Cambodia on the globe (Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_abe4358184070f9b6797681a5adb73e29bd1da4d11a88cd83ae1664ab59a73bd&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cambodia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q819|Q819]]
| +856
| LAO
| LAO
| [[File:Flag of Laos.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Laos (1991-2025).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Laos]]
| [[File:Laos on the globe (Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_39b1fd2e1c22a49137d4e9548d1988e3f3e9aa478b87789b44044b20140fc4b9&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/lao-pdr&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q849866|communist state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q465613|republica popular]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| stato soveran in Asia del sud-est
|-
| [[:d:Q148|Q148]]
| +86
| CHN
| CHN
| [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|center|48px]]
| [[China]]
| [[File:CHN orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a99460e35c29523fbc64f3e501526e4e548dc1a24bf60644edd14ee96b8d9f75&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/china&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q902|Q902]]
| +880
| BGD
| BAN
| [[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National emblem of Bangladesh.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bangladesh]]
| [[File:Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ab9a52b2415e4258c2ccb5504794704ed5046ee1482b61e585b8669706229b8b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bangladesh&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q865|Q865]]
| +886
| TWN
| TPE&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_57a0ad33f5b6f27f02f92a9efa64f01b99937ab26de151c23288f5b72c3c0fb2&quot;&gt;https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-olympics-full-list-ioc-national-olympic-committee-codes&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Taiwan|Republica de China]]
| [[File:Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5255892|republica democratic]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a9f70626dc74e5b985084e8b1f64ad3ff7e0f85a25e82df819ca2f9557c85049&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q213099|Constitution of the Republic of China]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c1a15e1a1d9b909b4bb07e4dc4f5be3a202d16916c872c87fb7d5f3047286520&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10926890|Fundamentals of National Reconstruction]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q668|Q668]]
| +91
| IND
| IND
| [[File:Flag of India.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|center|48px]]
| [[India]]
| [[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f529af02bea9f37111f5ff64a1ecb27e4148cfe3bfa74c586f9e3fcf2ca8574&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/india&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q843|Q843]]
| +92
| PAK
| PAK
| [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Pakistan]]
| [[File:Pakistan on the globe (de-facto and claimed hatched) (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_37b442a17714a61e024650736f93e269f286a7c916ba24fac9139775925b34e0&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/pakistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q889|Q889]]
| +93
| AFG
| AFG
| [[File:Flag of the Taliban.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Afghanistan]]
| [[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d1b2dd0c80f9f9d33adddf70d21067d1f1739a3646ccb2c797f0d93469c08730&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/afghanistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q854|Q854]]
| +94
| LKA
| SRI
| [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Sri Lanka.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| [[File:Sri Lanka (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a5b2f7f145888ef200ccfcec3e73bef97ccbd3157ddbbbb6160bd6803f7b51b2&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sri-lanka&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q836|Q836]]
| +95
| MMR
| MYA
| [[File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:State Seal of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Birmania]]
| [[File:Myanmar on the globe (Myanmar centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a20b46494326aff210a40fb9b2eea5e738e9385f36f0c36a24f790b010ba6e27&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/myanmar&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q826|Q826]]
| +960
| MDV
| MDV
| [[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Maldives.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Maldivas]]
| [[File:Maldives (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca38c12334a859eed2ac9814492e6f861112b0460ba2b09b781f89acd2373b49&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/maldives&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| pais archipelagic de Asia
|-
| [[:d:Q822|Q822]]
| +961
| LBN
| LBN
| [[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Lebanon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Libano]]
| [[File:Lebanon (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_852f696db1749aeed11812ff08d49b6ee67c7dd78b8c7b135092052ed9cac018&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/lebanon&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q810|Q810]]
| +962
| JOR
| JOR
| [[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Jordan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Jordania]]
| [[File:Jordan on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9f846bfa4bc40138822f26e7705b2f459bb74eee955fcfddfa745ba4c26b853a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/jordan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Monarchia constitutional]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q858|Q858]]
| +963
| SYR
| SYR
| [[File:Flag of Syria (2025-).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Syria (2025–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Syria]]
| [[File:Syria (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_412fa4b836a6613010597160bf80f588d683992c3a7c230e40132d4d1dd5909a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/syrian-arab-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q796|Q796]]
| +964
| IRQ
| IRQ
| [[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Iraq.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Irak]]
| [[File:Iraq (orthographic-projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8235b932b9266c6c4a026faf3ec34936d71d553e259e66933aff9d02b124a1ea&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/iraq&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q817|Q817]]
| +965
| KWT
| KUW
| [[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of the State of Kuwait.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kuwait]]
| [[File:KWT orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3ace251482c28923d1f51ac0d92f9a6660ecff6563b0ba65d49cf6d4240edd98&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kuwait&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q851|Q851]]
| +966
| SAU
| KSA
| [[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Arabia Saudita]]
| [[File:Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_26784e44a0327d74d0bef416db5c974641a0f4599932def46a46ff3cab16958e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/saudi-arabia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q805|Q805]]
| +967
| YEM
| YEM
| [[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Yemen (2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Yemen]]
| [[File:Yemen orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a8ffbdbb020752731956fe0b761b6fb68d783b10c1a0bb0d7af2c800aef460f8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/yemen&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q842|Q842]]
| +968
| OMN
| OMA
| [[File:Flag of Oman.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National emblem of Oman.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Oman]]
| [[File:Oman (better) (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_01586d2a30f5bcd896fe98d3b34625be88b8acaacdc447a62f9c38744cb89b8e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/oman&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sultanato]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q219060|Q219060]]
| +970
| PSE&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3f75e303bf4853c467c06725a05dba6eeb7112ce137fb140bdc7a80e567b6d9a&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search&lt;/ref&gt;
| PLE
| [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Palestine.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Stato de Palestina]]
| [[File:State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2eb2aafc86ec576fb04cf58b8c5a6b5ccc975adff5e06377af3f6986e526b197&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/west-bank-and-gaza&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_61cb9542cfec0192ac28895ad39604419ece3afcc2d24629fa49d44e66ca8713&quot;&gt;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1aa0d02a4d329d277dd84e6b641dfc97d3cea6ca9ee7087854a9c8096d827e5d&quot;&gt;https://www.visualcapitalist.com/recognition-of-israel-and-palestine-map/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''
| stato partialmente recognoscite in Asia
|-
| [[:d:Q407199|Q407199]]
| +970
| PSE
| 
| [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q407199|Occupied Palestinian territory]]''
| [[File:Palestinian territories (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]
| ''[[:d:Q2577883|occupied territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q878|Q878]]
| +971
| ARE
| UAE
| [[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]]
| [[File:United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_59a1d652766a06f92458495e7cef738309868b7ba5a287d913c5709c1714791e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/united-arab-emirates&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q801|Q801]]
| +972
| ISR
| ISR
| [[File:Flag of Israel.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Israel.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Israel]]
| [[File:Israel (orthographic projection) with disputed territories.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_333461128a2048d57dd11c82262c851de1f5550ad2f5f6ffcd74b818b46835a7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/israel&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q398|Q398]]
| +973
| BHR
| BRN
| [[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of The Kingdom of Bahrain.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bahrain]]
| [[File:Map of Bahrain.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2dc5aa10c6e6e1dca2838777318ef05bd87fb4d13951325b8aebc61573ab766d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bahrain&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[archipelago]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q846|Q846]]
| +974
| QAT
| QAT
| [[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Qatar-2022.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Qatar]]
| [[File:QAT orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_524121d7265c4d0c8f3f7af1dc2f6c1b7e2c6f762b4df1d0540d05fec95dbf91&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/qatar&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q189898|emirato]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q917|Q917]]
| +975
| BTN
| BHU
| [[File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Bhutan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bhutan]]
| [[File:Bhutan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8006f2781cb69049dfa601b23976a7cca3397823cd5645fa63a657e7aba6ada8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bhutan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1309121|hermit kingdom]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q711|Q711]]
| +976&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d1c754bbb9c79f4e261ec07b06c3412be495db3ef2a3f0b65778cafa7f09ce7&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/&lt;/ref&gt;
| MNG
| MGL
| [[File:Flag of Mongolia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:State emblem of Mongolia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mongolia]]
| [[File:Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b08be61c8e97998a5328bd0e6b1c3a8fd62dade52c1805737707718aca51b1d1&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mongolia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q837|Q837]]
| +977
| NPL
| NEP
| [[File:Flag of Nepal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Nepal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nepal]]
| [[File:Nepal (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b578e9b2d5b6f56d16b4b36cbb6fe645ba081b193d8db1718aa578c3ced4e709&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/nepal&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q842112|staato socialista]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q794|Q794]]
| +98
| IRN
| IRI
| [[File:Flag of Iran.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Iran.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Iran]]
| [[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_706c979762a1bfe0bb4d75a7fa59245b9273be5b15e78cd69c3f108939e0d350&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3462918|Mo'in Encyclopedic Dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5a63f22cd00dda7cb42010c027da62f2730910950ae460faa8e9903ff6b486c1&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/iran&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_706c979762a1bfe0bb4d75a7fa59245b9273be5b15e78cd69c3f108939e0d350&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3462918|Mo'in Encyclopedic Dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q863|Q863]]
| +992
| TJK
| TJK
| [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Tajikistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tajikistan]]
| [[File:Tajikistan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4393707e56515aadf68c912d8642d7702233b42c189aaed34d5f97897b12aa9f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/tajikistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q874|Q874]]
| +993
| TKM
| TKM
| [[File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Turkmenistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| [[File:Turkmenistan on the globe (Turkmenistan centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1efe86a44bb88263ac1c1ec613c2b2610305f571ffcc443c0ceacd65ddfaa25e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/turkmenistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q227|Q227]]
| +994
| AZE
| AZE
| [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Azerbaijan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| [[File:Azerbaijan orthographic projection.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c64cca2d5d5e7de7d1c417b5b3491c2239c382f1b3289d13f432b1df36ca5d11&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/azerbaijan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q230|Q230]]
| +995
| GEO
| GEO
| [[File:Flag of Georgia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Georgia (pais)|Georgia]]
| [[File:Europe-Georgia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q236036|republic of the Soviet Union]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5c230e70bc98bbb5feb57eebe6a26f1f466f19895c08275dad9169e8102d4f75&quot;&gt;https://iverieli.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/274221/1/Komunisti_1921_N1.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q140892892|country sometimes considered transcontinental]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q813|Q813]]
| +996
| KGZ
| KGZ
| [[File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Kyrgyzstan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kirghizistan]]
| [[File:Kyrgyzstan on the globe (Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6de0896fad4919ad7aff39f603c5366c3771f0a85c09be612a9ba5642f156cfc&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kyrgyz-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| stato soveran in Asia central
|-
| [[:d:Q265|Q265]]
| +998
| UZB
| UZB
| [[File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| [[File:UZB orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d4949d4e544e92e3c5cdacf99f8862cb8fa6d1da83b12f3804a9bb8ca0b650c3&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/uzbekistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q136361597|doubly landlocked country]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kitab-i-Aqdas</title>
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        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
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      <text bytes="29075" sha1="i83ch52wqqqibjl9dakinhzbxwb33w1" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox/articulo}}
Le '''''Kitāb-al Aqdas''''' (in arabe ‏الكتاب الأقدس‎ ''al-Kitāb al-Aqdas'') [etiam: ''Kitáb-i-Aqdas''] es le ›Libro Sacrissime‹ del [[Bahai|Bahā’ismo]] e le plus elevate texto de iste communitate neoreligiose derivate del [[Islam|Islām]] [[Shia|šī‘ite]]. Le autor de iste obra es [[Baha’u’llah|Bahā’u’llāh]] (1817-1892) qui lo redigeva in 1873 in su exilio de ‘Akkā (Palestina). 

Le Kitāb al-Aqdas contine le leges religiose del Bahā’ismo, e es anque nominate le ›Libro del Leges‹ que se divide in 190 segmentos numerate. Al texto es addite un annexo de 107 ›Questiones e Responsas‹ (Q&amp;R), ma cuje autorato non es perfectemente clar. Pro le Bahā’īs (le fideles del Bahā’ismo) il se tracta de expositiones de Bahā’u’llāh, durante que alicunes los attribue a Zaynu’l-Muqqarabīn (1818-1903), qui era secretario del [[propheta]] e copista de su scriptos.&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;.

Udo Schaefer&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt; vide in iste annexo (Q&amp;R), nominate ''Risāla-i su’āl u-ğawāb''&lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt;, un catalogo de »questiones pro le empleo del leges«&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt; que Zayn’ul-Muqarrabīn adressava a Bahā’u’llāh, le qual de su parte los respondeva. Secundo Schaefer&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt;, iste texto »esseva publicate usque a ille tempore solmente in extractos«&lt;sup&gt;[6]&lt;/sup&gt;. Alterubi, Schaefer nota que iste catalogo de Questiones e Responsas existeva »solmente in un traduction non authentic de Māzinderānī/Gail«&lt;sup&gt;[7]&lt;/sup&gt;. Le autorato de iste compilation (Q&amp;R) – cuje authenticitate es negate de Schaefer – resta confuse per falta de datos e referentias non assatis fundite.

Le Aqdas contine anque 194 commentos o explicationes supplementari (Expl.) que se refere al texto sacre. Ma viste que Bahā’u’llāh prohibiva cata interpretation del textos sacre [Aqdas 105], on debe examinar iste ›Explicationes‹ con grande reservas. 

== Religion de lege ==
In le concurso del religiones, le Bahā’ismo se presenta como un distachante e incomparabile phenomeno de importantia universal e como un nove [[revelation]] de [[Deo]] que pretende unir tote le [[humanitate]] in un sol systema religiose e social. Assi le Bahā’ismo non es un message que se dirige unicamente al individuo; illo se comprende in prime loco como un religion e movimento universal que aspira al unitate del humanitate integre.

Analogemente al Islām, le Bahā’ismo non cognosce un [[separation de Religion e Stato|separation de Religion e Stato]]; illo es religion e societate in un ''(dīn wa daula)'' que include tote le spheras de vita. In iste aspecto le [[lege religiose]] del Bahā’ismo es in multo comparabile al ''šarī‘a'' (vide: [[sharia]] o [[shari'a]]) islamic. Ambes (Bahā’ismo e Islam) son ›religiones de [[obedientia]]‹ que impone al fideles le normas divin que in se son [[absolutismo|absolute]] e invariabile. Iste normas son documentate in le Kitāb al-Aqdas que contine le ordine juridic de Deo ''(ḥaqq Allāh)'', e le qual non vale solmente pro le adherentes del Bahā’ismo ma pro tote le mundo, perque »le libro [le Aqdas] contine le lege divin pro le integre humanitate«.&lt;sup&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt; 

Inter le numerose obras de Bahā’u’llāh, le Kitāb-al Aqdas pretende un position supreme. Tanto plus il surprende que le libro – redigite in 1873 in lingua arabe, le lingua del prophetia – per longe tempore non era disponibile pro le majoritate del fideles o al minus pro illes del mundo occidental. Le prime traduction (in anglese) es del anno 1992. Intertanto le obra existe in varie translationes al quales non es addite le texto original in arabe. Le Bahā’īs recognosce solmente le traductiones approbate per le autoritates del communitate.

== Le determinationes del Kitāb al-Aqdas ==
Le Kitāb al-Aqdas expone in particular :
* le preceptos de [[culto]] ([[precaria|precarias]] obligatori, le [[jejuno]] e le [[pelegrinage]]);
* diverse dispositiones, regulas e admonitiones;
* le base financiari del communitate (contributiones, [[imposto|impostos]] social e obras pie);
* le base del ordine administrative;
* le normas civil ([[derecto matrimonial]], [[derecto de succession|derecto de succession]]);
* le normas del [[derecto penal]].

== Le preceptos de culto ==
Le preceptos de culto regula le precarias, le jejuno e le pelegrinage al locos sacre del communitate. A omne credente de 15 a 70 annos es imponite de exequer tres vices per die certe precarias obligatori ''(ṣalat)'' [Aqdas 6, 8-13]. Istos son accompaniate de ablutiones ritual ''(wudu’)'', de certe posturas del corpore ''(rak‘a)'' e del orientation geographic a ‘Akkā ''([[qibla]])'', ubi se trova le [[sepultura]] de Bahā’u’llāh. On exeque le precarias obligatori in privato e non in communitate; solmente le oration pro le mortos es celebrate in publico [Aqdas 12]. In plus al adherentes il es imponite le recitation del &quot;Nomine le plus grande de Deo&quot; ''(Allāh’u- abhā)'' 95 vices per die [Aqdas 18]. 

Le [[jejuno]] (angl. ''fasting'') durante le mense de ‘Alā del calendario bahā’iste (le 2 usque le 21 de martio) es obligatori pro le viros ab le 15e anno de vita e contine le abstinentia de cata alimentation fixe e liquide, partiente del levar del sol usque le poner del sol [Aqdas 16,17]. 

Le pelegrinage al ›Casa le plus Grande‹ de Bahā’u’llāh in Bagdad o al ›Casa del Prime Puncto‹ de Sayyid al-[[Bab|Bāb]]&lt;sup&gt;[9]&lt;/sup&gt; in Shiras (Iran) es obligatori pro tote le homines (viros); le feminas son dispensate [Aqdas 32]. Post le morte de Bahā’u’llāh, [[Abdu’l-Baha|‘Abdu’l Bahā]], filio e successor del propheta, designava le sanctuario (le sepultura de Bahā’u’llāh) in Bahğī (in le proximitate de ‘Akkā in Palestina) como nove loco de pelegrinage [Aqdas, Expl. 54].

== Diverse dispositiones, regulas e admonitiones ==
Le Kitāb al-Aqdas contine un multitude de leges, ordines e admonitiones que se refere primarimente al vita individual e social del adherentes. Le ordine maxime consiste in obedir al lege divin [Aqdas 7]. 

Inter altere son obligate: le obedientia al autoritates [Aqdas 95]; le exercitio de un travalio professional [Aqdas 33]; le inseniamento del infantes [Aqdas 48,150]; le redaction de un testamento [Aqdas 109]; le sepultura subterranee (prohibitión del cremation), le qual debe effectuar se non plus distante de un percurso de un hora [Aqdas 130]; le recognition del mission de Bahā’u’llāh in le actual cyclo de mille annos [Aqdas 37].&lt;sup&gt;[10]&lt;/sup&gt;

Inter altere son prohibite: Le interpretation individual del Sacre Scripturas [Aqdas 105,168; Expl. 130]; le sclavitute (Aqdas 72]; le ascetismo e monastismo [Aqdas 36]; le confession [Aqdas 34]; le mendication e anque de dar a un mendicante [Aqdas 147]; le basia-mano [Aqdas 34]; le biberage alcoholic e opium&lt;sup&gt;[11]&lt;/sup&gt; [Aqdas 119,155,190; Expl. 144,170]; le joco de hasardo [Aqdas 155]; cata acto sexual foris del matrimonio [Aqdas 19]; le impudicitate e [[homosexualitate]] [Aqdas 107; Expl. 134]; pigressa e otiositate [Aqdas 33]; maledicentia e diffamation [Aqdas 19]; assassinato e homocidio [Aqdas 19]; le portar de armas (excepte si es necessari) [Aqdas 159]; le lesion corporal, litigiositate e lucta [Aqdas 148]; le entrar in un casa sin permisso del proprietario [Aqdas 145]; le murmuration de versos sacre in publicitate [Aqdas 108]; le mitter le manos in cibos [Aqdas 46]; le rasura del capillos e le crescimento del capillos viril supra le lobulos auricular [Aqdas 44].

Il son abolite: Cata restriction con reguardo al vestimentos e del barba; le impuritate de cosas e populos; le impuritate del semine; restrictiones quanto al viage; le prohibition del uso de objectos de auro e de argento; le prohibition del musica.

Le fideles son convitate (inter alteres): de cultivar le communitate con le adherentes de altere religiones; de respectar le parentes; de inseniar e propagar le fide; de approfundar se in le studio del doctrinas; de non livrar se del sacre scripturas; de consultar le scripturas in caso de dissentimentos; de recitar melodicamente le sacre versos; de studiar le artes e le scientias in tanto que illos son de beneficio pro le humanitate; de consultar se con alteres; de repentir le peccatos ante Deo; de distinguer se per bon obras; de abstiner se del maltractamento del animales; de lavar se le pedes; de taliar se le ungulas; de perfumar se; de baniar in aqua munde; de esser sin macula in su vestitura. 

== Le base financiari del communitate ==
Pro garantir le base financiari del communitate, le Kitāb al-Aqdas previde diverse fontes de ingressos, del quales es accentuate le pagamento del ''ḥuqūq’ullāh'' (›derectos de Deo‹) que se compone de 19 per cento del fortuna obtenite [Aqdas 97]. Altere fontes de ingressos consiste in le pagamento del ''zakāt'', un taxa social [Aqdas 146], in operas pie o beneficente ''(waqf,'' Plur. ''awqāf)'' [Aqdas 42], in quotas del hereditage [Aqdas 20-29], in mulctas pro lesiones corporal ''(diya)'' [Aqdas 56], in altere mulctas pro diverse delictos e, al fin, in donos voluntari.

== Le ordine administrative ==
Bahā’u’llāh non designava in su ›Libro Sacrissime‹ (Kitāb al-Aqdas) un successor, un cosa que es regulate in su testamento ''(Kitāb-i ‘ahd)'' de 1890, in que ille nominava [[Abdu’l-Baha|‘Abdu’l Bahā]], su filio major (1844-1921), como successor. 

Es definite in le Kitāb al-Aqdas que in cata citate on debe establir un ›[[Casa de Justitia]]‹ ''(bait al-‘adl,'' Plur. ''buyūt al-‘adl)'' [Aqdas 30] que presentemente es nominate ›[[Assemblea Spiritual]]‹. Illo es le puncto de referentia administrative e le centro vital de omne communitate local. Cata Assemblea Spiritual ha 9 membros (homines e feminas) qui son eligite annualmente per le membros del communitate local. Actualmente (2015) il ha plus que 17.000 centros local in le mundo. 

Anteponite al Assembleas Spiritual es le ›[[Assemblea Spiritual National]]‹ a que incumbe le exercitio del deberes national. Iste institution non es mentionate in le Kitāb al-Aqdas o in altere textos de Bahā’u’llāh. Le gremio ha tamben 9 membros (homines e feminas) e es eligite cata anno per le representantes del Assembleas local. A scala mundial il ha plus que 170 Assembleas National.

Le institutiones supra mentionate son dirigite »per le spirito de Deo« e son, per consequente, infallibile o al minus divinmente animate in lor decisiones.

Non mentionate in le Kitāb al-Aqdas es tamben le ›[[Casa Universal de Justitia]]‹ ''(bait’ul ‘adl- i a‘zam)''&lt;sup&gt;[12]&lt;/sup&gt;, le centro mundial del Bahā’ismo, malgrado que illo appare in multe contextos del Kitāb al-Aqdas, specialmente in le duo appendices ›Questiones e Responsas‹ e ›Explicationes‹ que non forma un parte integral del sacre texto. Le Casa Universal de Justitia (establite in 1963) non es un institution fundate de Bahā’u’llāh, ma un creation de ‘Abdu’l Bahā qui lo habeva anticipate in su testamento.&lt;sup&gt;[13]&lt;/sup&gt; 

Le Casa Universal de Justitia ha su sede in Haifa (Israel), le centro universal del communitate del Bahā’īs. Illo se compone de 9 membros (solmente homines) e es eligite omne 5 annos per tote le Assembleas National del mundo. 

Non mentionate in le Kitāb-al Aqdas o in altere scripturas de Bahā’u’llāh es tamben le institution del ›Guardianismo‹, le qual se refere a ‘Abdu’l Bahā qui nominava in su testamento Šawqī Rabbānī o [[Shoghi Effendi]] (1897-1957) como ›Custode‹ o ›Guardiano‹ ''(valī-i amr’ullāh)'' del Bahā’ismo. Malgrado isto, le institution del ›Guardianismo‹ appare in un appendice del citate libro [Aqdas, Expl. 66], ubi es suggerite que Bahā’u’ullāh ya haberea previste iste institution. Le ›Guardianismo‹ existeva de 1921-1957 e expirava in 1957 con le morte de Shoghi Effendi. 

== Le normas del derecto civil ==
'''''a) Derecto matrimonial'''''

Le [[matrimonio]] ''(nikāḥ)'' es un »institution divin« e, assi, obligatori [Aqdas 63]. Tamen, il pare que se tracta de un »obligation« non obligatori quando alterubi es dicite: »Il es non obligatori« [Aqdas, Q&amp;R 46; Expl. 91].

Le [[polygamia|polygamía]] non es explicitemente prohibite, ben que Bahā’u’ullāh consilia de non maritar se con plus que duo feminas, dante mesmo le preferentia al [[monogamia|monogamía]]. Del predilectión matrimonial del femina, le Kitāb al-Aqdas non da informationes, malgrado que le Bahā’ismo affirma emphaticamente le equalitate del sexos. 

Al homine (viro) es permittite de prender ultra su sposa(s) anque un »virgine«, semper e quando isto es decorate con decentia [Aqdas 63]. Al femina non es concedite un derecto equal; es a dicer: illa non pote haber ultra le marito anque un ephebo o un viro adolescente.

'''''b) Divorcio'''''

Es disapprobate le divorcio ''(ṭalāq)'' [Aqdas 70], ma permittite post un moratorio de un anno [Aqdas 68]. Es solmente le homine qui pote divorciar se; de un identic derecto concedite al femina, le Kitāb al-Aqdas non da informationes.&lt;sup&gt;[14]&lt;/sup&gt;

Durante le moratorio de un anno que precede al divorcio, le femina accusate de infidelitate non pote reclamar un sustentamento o alimentos [Aqdas 70]&lt;sup&gt;[15]&lt;/sup&gt;. In quanto al consequentias que resulta del infidelitate del homine (viro), le Kitāb al-Aqdas guarda silentio.

'''''d) Derecto de succession'''''

»Omne individuo es obligate a facer un testamento« [Adas 109]. Le testator pote disponer liberemente de su benes. Le repartition del haberes se realisa post le pagamento del ''ḥuqūq’ullāh'' (›derectos de Deo‹), le liquidation de eventual debitas e le costos funeral [Aqdas 28]. In caso que non existe un testamento, il es previste un detaliate succession legal, in que le descendentes mascule son privilegiate con reguardo al feminas [Aqdas 20; Expl 38]. Si le defuncto non lassa descendentes, le quota del quales cade al Casa de Justitia competente [Aqdas 21]. Non-Bahā’īs son excludite del succession legal; es a dicer: »Qui – malgrado le categoria hereditari – sta foris del fide, es reguardate nonexistente e non pote hereditar« [Aqdas, Q&amp;R 34]. 

== Le normas del derecto penal ==
Secundo le opinion del Bahā’īs, le ordine del mundo es fundate sur le principios de »recompensa e punition«&lt;sup&gt;[16]&lt;/sup&gt;. Il non es le misericordia, ma le derecto e le ordine divín que exige un preeminentia absolute. Ergo, le valor cardinal del ordine mundial constiste in le justitia ''(‘adl)'' e non in le amor remittente.&lt;sup&gt;[17]&lt;/sup&gt;

Le sanctiones penal previde in prime loco le pagamento de mulctas pro le delictos committite. Il son prohibite e punibile le cohabitation foris del matrimonio ''(zinā’)'' [Aqdas 19,49], adulterio [Aqdas, Expl. 36,77] e homosexualitate [Aqdas 107]. Le violation non es mentionate in le texto, ma reguardate como forma de impudicitate ''(zina’)'' [Aqdas, Expl. 36]. Con toto isto, de relevantia penal es solmente le acto sexual extra-matrimonial [Aqdas, Expl. 36]. Le persecution de altere delictos incumbe – in application del derecto supplementari ''(ius divinum complementarum)'' – al Casa Universal de Justitia [Aqdas, Expl. 36] e/o al Assembleas Spiritual (local o national) [Aqdas, Expl. 77]. Le objectivo principal del pena es le compromitter del delinquente, su vergonia e dishonor ante le societate [Aqdas, Expl. 77]. 

Pro le furto es decretate le bannimento e prision, e ab le tertie delicto le application de un »marca« sur le fronte facial, »a fin que, assi identificate, le delinquente non sia acceptate in le citates e paises de Deo« [Aqdas 45]. Le Bahā’īs guarda silentio in clarificar de que qualitate es iste »marca«&lt;sup&gt;[18]&lt;/sup&gt; (un marca de ustion, un tatu o un altere forma de mutilation o deformation physic?). Certe es in omne caso que se tracta de un [[stigmatisation]] ben visibile e inextinguibile, con que es intendite le permanente exclusion social del delinquente.

Pro homicidio e incendio criminal le [[pena de morte]] es ordinate. Un pena alternative es le prision perpetue [Aqdas 62]. 

== Considerationes final ==
Le derecto bahā’iste non cognosce un [[separation de poteres]], i.e. le poter legislative, le poter executive e le poter judicial, sub le quales se funda omne stato de derecto moderne. In le Bahā’ismo il es le »Administration« (le organo administrative del communitate) que de modo simultanee reuni le tres poteres exclusivemente in un sol corporation, divinmente fundate. Il domina le idea que le mundo es governate in tote su aspectos de Deo e non de ulle instantia secular. Assi, le derecto secular es »ni fonte ni modello« pro le ordine juridic del Bahā’is&lt;sup&gt;[19]&lt;/sup&gt;. Per consequente, le fideles son convitate de appellar in caso de controversias juridic unicamente al instantias interne del administration religiose&lt;sup&gt;[20]&lt;/sup&gt;. Isto es un aspecto central in que le Bahā’ismo va conforme con le Islam [[fundamentalismo|fundamentalistic]], que tamben refusa un ordine juridic e social non basate sur le religion.

Pro le Bahā’īs, le Kitāb al-Aqdas es le »obra supersaliente« del mission de Bahā’u’llāh. Illo es le nove ''šarī‘a'' (vide: ''[[sharia]]'' o ''[[shari'a]]''), le lege supreme de un futur mundo unificate, le charta de un [[theocratia]] universal, in que le systemas de valores de un mundo secular sera restituite de un dominio divin. 

»Iste obra … es singular e incomparabile inter le sacre scripturas del mundo. Manifestate del prime usque le ultime parola del fundator del Fide Bahá’í, le Kitáb-i-Aqdas conserva al posterioritate le leges, sur le quales reposa le construction de su futur ordine mundial«.&lt;sup&gt;[21]&lt;/sup&gt;

»In iste Libro Sacrissime, cuje dispositiones sera in vigor pro al minus mille annos e cuje systema involvera tote le orbe, on pote ben vider le descendita le plus lucide del spirito de Bahá’u’lláh, le libro matre de Su mission, le Charta de Su nove ordine mundial.«&lt;sup&gt;[22]&lt;/sup&gt;

Le leges del Kitāb al-Aqdas »son de Deo« e, per consequente, [[infallibilitate|infallibile]] e invariabile. Illos pretende in le presente [[millennio]] (epocha de al minus mille annos) un vigentia [[absolutismo|absolute]] e non pote esser abrogate o adaptate a nove conditiones e situationes. In consequentia, le texto – in su qualitate de esser le »Verbo de Deo« authentic – anque non pote esser interpretate de qualcunque modo [Aqdas 105]. Isto non vale solmente pro le Aqdas, ma pro tote le sacre scripturas del Bahā’ismo. Le instantias autorisate al interpretation era in le passato solmente ‘Abdu’l Bahā (le successor de Bahā’u’llāh; †1921) e Shoghi Effendi (le prime e al mesmo le ultime custode del communitate; †1957). Le Casa Universal de Justitia (le supreme dirigentia del communitate; establite in 1963) es a su vice un organo administrative e juridic, e in iste function non competente in quanto al [[exegese]] ''(tafsīr)''. Essente assi, le Bahā’ismo ya non dispone de un autoritate interpretative.&lt;sup&gt;[23]&lt;/sup&gt;

Tanto plus il surprende que le Kitāb al-Aqdas es proviste de varie textos interpretative que in su amplitude supera le texto legal [Aqdas 1-190]. Multes de iste interpretationes contradice profundemente al dispositiones del Aqdas, revelate de Bahā’u’llāh. Il sembla exister un tendentia de relativar e harmonisar certe passages inopportun, a fin que illos appare in un luce favorabile. Illo es anque un methodo in que alicun dispositiones de Bahā’u’llāh cade in perdita total o son cambiate in lor pur contrario (p.ex. elementos del derecto matrimonial, del derecto del divorcio, del derectos feminin etc.). On pote trovar in iste machinationes un certe analogia con le practica del ''[[taqiya|taqīya]]'' (etiam: ''taqīyya'' = ›autoprotectión‹) que es diffundite super toto in le Islam šī‘ite e su ramificationes. Iste practica permitte le renegation e le dissimulation del proprie fide o de certe doctrinas in situationes periculose o disavantagiose. Le Bahā’īs evita le parola ›taqīya‹ e lo substitue per le termino ''ḥiqma'' ''([[sagessa]]'', angl. ''wisdom)''.

In summa on pote constatar que le Kitāb al-Aqdas se presenta como un codice in que le normas son exponite al disponibilitate arbitrari, con que es incerte lo que realmente exige un irresistente pretension legal&lt;sup&gt;[24]&lt;/sup&gt;. Isto produce un certe confusion e rende difficile non solmente le discussion interne ma anque le dialogo interreligiose. 

== Referentias ==
1 Bormann, K.: ''Das Aqdas'', p. 55-56). Vide etiam: Francesco Ficicchia: ''Bahā’ī – Einheitsreligion und globale Theokratie'', p. 101 (nota 1) e p. 109 (nota 6).

2 ''Desinformation als Methode'', p. 258.

3 Bormann, K..: ''Das Aqdas'', p. 55-56.

4 Il pare que se tracta de procedimentos in quanto al uso del Aqdas e non de alterationes e addendas posterior. Un catalogo de ›questiones&quot; e ›responsas&quot; non pote reclamar simplemente fortia legal. 

5 ''Desinformation al Methode'', p. 258.

6 In: Fāḍil-i-Māzindarānī, ''Amr va Khalq'', vol. 1-4, Tiḥrān 1965-1974.

7 ''Desinformation als Methode'', p. 281.

8 Schaefer, U.: ''Das Recht der Religionsgemeinschaft der Bahā’ī'', p.. 29.

9 Sayyid ‘Alī Muḥammad al-Bāb (1819-1850) es le fundator del [[Babismo|Bābismo]] (in 1844), del qual in 1866 nasceva le Bahā’ismo. 

10 Le Bahā’ismo pretende de esser mundialmente le sol religion valide in le presente cyclo millennari (de 1844 usque +/-2850). Isto corresponde con le idea que Deo se manifesta in diverse eras historic semper de nove. Cata systema religiose es, per consequente, limitate in su temporalitate, ben que in le epocha de su existentia le merita un rango absolute.

11 Con opium‹ es intendite cata forma de drogas e assi le narcotraffico.

12 »Le institution international non es in particular definite in le litteratura de Bahā’u’llāh e pote esser distinguite solmente per assignationes functional.« – Schaefer, U.: ''Das Recht der Religionsgemeinschaft der Bahā’ī'', p. 40, nota 243.

13 Le authenticitate de iste testamento es contestate. – White, R.: ''The Baha’i Religion and its Enemy – the Baha’i Organization'' (Rutland Vt. 1929); White, R..: ''Abdul Bahas Alleged Will is fraudulent'' (Rutland Vt. 1930); White, R.: ''Abdul Bahas Questioned Will and Testament'' (Beverly Hills 1946); Zimmer, H.: ''Eine Testamentsfälschung wertet die Bahai-Religion ab in den politischen Shoghismus'' (Waiblingen/Stuttgart 1971) [English transl.: ''A Fraudulent Testament Devalues the Bahai Religion into political Shoghism'', Waiblingen 1973]; Ficicchia, F.: ''Bahā’ī ― Einheitsreligion und globale Theokratie'', p. 48-49.

14 Schaefer, U., in: Schaefer et al.: ''Desinformation als Methode'', p. 282; Schaefer, U.: ''Das Recht der Religionsgemeinschaft der Bahā’ī'', p. 34, nota 169.

15 Iste disposition divin [Aqdas 70] es transformate per via interpretative in su pur contrario [Aqdas, Expl. 100].

16 Bahā’u’llāh, cit. in: ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: ''Briefe und Botschaften'' (Hofheim 1992), 3:25; 6:25; 8:55, 8:61; 11:6.

17 Schaefer, U.: ''Einige Anmerkungen zu den strafrechtlichen Bestimmungen im Kitābu’l-Aqdas'' (vide: http://www.udoschaefer.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831042116/http://www.udoschaefer.com/articles/english.html |date=2019-08-31 }}). 

18 Schaefer, U. et al.: ''Desinformation als Methode'', p. 314.

19 Schaefer, U.: ''Die Grundlagen der Verwaltungsordnung der Bahá’i'', p. 78; Shoghi Effendi: ''Bahá’í Procedure'', p. 85.

20 Schaefer, U.: ''Die Grundlagen der Verwaltungsordnung der Bahá’i'', p. 166.

21 Shoghi Effendi, cit. in: ''Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Das Heiligste Buch'', p. 19-20. 

22 Shoghi Effendi, cit. in: ''Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Das Heiligste Buch'', p. 19.

23 Schaefer, U. et al.: ''Desinformation als Methode'', p. 564.

24 Udo Schaefer explica que le introduction del leges se realisara »poco a poco« e quando »le tempore es matur pro isto« (''Desinformation als Methode'', p. 259).

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*Shoghi Effendi: ''Bahá’í Administration''. Wilmette, Ill., 1953 (repr. 1968).
*Shoghi Effendi: ''Gott geht vorüber''. (Prime editión) Oxford 1954.
*Smith, P.: ''A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá’í Faith''. Oxford 2002.
*Sohrab, A.: ''Broken Silence - The Story of Today’s Struggle for Religious Freedom''. New York 1942.
*Sohrab, A.: ''The Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l Bahā - An Analysis''. New York 1944.
*Tumansky, A.H. (éd.): ›Kitabe Aqdas‹. In: ''Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Petersbourg''. VIIIe série, vol. III, N° 6. St-Petersbourg 1899.
*White, R.: ''The Baha’i Religion and its Enemy – the Baha’i Organization''. Rutland, Vt. 1929.
*White, R.: ''‘Abdu’l Bahas Alleged Will is fraudulent''. Rutland, Vt. 1930.
*White, R.: ''‘Abdu’l Bahas Questioned Will and Testament''. Beverly Hills 1946.
*Zimmer, H.: ''Eine Testamentsfälschung wertet die Bahai-Religion ab in den politischen Shoghismus''. Waiblingen 1971 (English: ''A Fraudulent Testament Devalues the Bahai Religion into political Shoghism''. Waiblingen 1973).

[[Categoria:Fide Bahá'í]]</text>
      <sha1>i83ch52wqqqibjl9dakinhzbxwb33w1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendice:Lista de designationes pro entitates territorial administrative</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>39840</id>
    <revision>
      <id>700892</id>
      <parentid>700439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:11:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>24326</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>700892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="131450" sha1="8sao6x0ize9gack6b87wkm0le4nu5j4" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE {  ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q15617994 } 
|wdq=
|columns=item,label,P279,P31,description
|thumb=32
|links=
|references=all
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! item
! label
! subclasse de
! instantia de
! description
|-
| [[:d:Q5084|Q5084]]
| ''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3055118|single entity of population]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11939023|populated place nucleus]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1497375|architectural ensemble]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4632675|dwelling place]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6256|Q6256]]
| [[pais]]
| ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7275|Q7275]]
| [[stato]]
| ''[[:d:Q155076|juridical person]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1896989|subject of international law]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q96196009|former or current state]]''
| ''[[:d:Q211606|social structure]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| organisation politic e juridic de un territorio delimitate
|-
| [[:d:Q7688|Q7688]]
| ''[[:d:Q7688|raion]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12829|Q12829]]
| ''[[:d:Q12829|comarca]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15284|Q15284]]
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2659904|government organization]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| division administrative
|-
| [[:d:Q19576|Q19576]]
| ''[[:d:Q19576|wilaya]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q23058|Q23058]]
| [[cantones de Switza]]
| ''[[:d:Q7631075|entitate territorial administrative de Switza]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[canton]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| entitates administrative constituente de Switza
|-
| [[:d:Q24764|Q24764]]
| ''[[:d:Q24764|municipality of the Philippines]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1350310|administrative territorial entity of the Philippines]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3957|burgo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27002|Q27002]]
| ''[[:d:Q27002|selsoviet]]''
| ''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q31749783|selsoviet]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q28575|Q28575]]
| ''[[:d:Q28575|county]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30059|Q30059]]
| ''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q34876|Q34876]]
| [[provincia]]
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q42132|Q42132]]
| ''[[:d:Q42132|eup]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q44753|Q44753]]
| ''[[:d:Q44753|province of Argentina]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3042547|administrative territorial entity of Argentina]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q46169|Q46169]]
| [[parco national]]
| [[parco]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_420055a4825d3d507a1b1bab63ea8356b7d9c4b38be8887d8bcf27ff32cf86f6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q52441805|Thesaurus for Graphic Materials]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q62059246|public reserve]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q386426|natural heritage]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q108028209|designation type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q57318|Q57318]]
| ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]''
| [[citate]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q26830017|state in the Holy Roman Empire]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q61878|Q61878]]
| [[barangay]]
| ''[[:d:Q1350310|administrative territorial entity of the Philippines]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q86622|Q86622]]
| ''[[:d:Q86622|governorate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q17310396|administrative territorial entity of the Russian Empire]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q102496|Q102496]]
| ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q112099|Q112099]]
| [[stato insular]]
| [[stato]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q111018943|habited island]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q127448|Q127448]]
| ''[[:d:Q127448|communa svedese]]''
| ''[[:d:Q914262|administrative territorial entity of Sweden]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10541491|legal form]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5b5ad8eccbd23d32f8151624d3a14f5e5e47154a2fa1fe282807b0648f6c1a3e&quot;&gt;https://www.skatteverket.se/foretag/drivaforetag/startaochregistrera/organisationsnummer.4.361dc8c15312eff6fd235d1.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| municipalitate in Svedia
|-
| [[:d:Q131401|Q131401]]
| ''[[:d:Q131401|califato]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4204060|stato islamic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q148837|Q148837]]
| ''[[:d:Q148837|polis]]''
| [[Citate-stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15661340|ancient city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q149621|Q149621]]
| ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q154547|Q154547]]
| [[ducato]]
| [[stato]]&lt;br/&gt;[[monarchia]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q161243|Q161243]]
| ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q618123|geographical feature]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q165116|Q165116]]
| ''[[:d:Q165116|grand duchy]]''
| [[ducato]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q171308|Q171308]]
| [[oblast]]
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q182547|Q182547]]
| [[provincia del Imperio Roman]]
| ''[[:d:Q100205512|administrative territorial entity of ancient Rome]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q183366|Q183366]]
| [[Territorio]]
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q191093|Q191093]]
| ''[[:d:Q191093|province of South Africa]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4683555|administrative territorial entity of South Africa]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[provincia]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q196068|Q196068]]
| ''[[:d:Q196068|lordship]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19944802|government structure]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q208500|Q208500]]
| [[Principato]]
| [[stato]]&lt;br/&gt;[[monarchia]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q223573|Q223573]]
| ''[[:d:Q223573|barony]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q264441|Q264441]]
| ''[[:d:Q264441|Bezirk]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q285181|Q285181]]
| ''[[:d:Q285181|eparchy]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q94670589|Christian organization]]''
| ''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q104098715|territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q313354|Q313354]]
| ''[[:d:Q313354|hundred]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q353344|Q353344]]
| ''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q373074|Q373074]]
| ''[[:d:Q373074|suffragan diocese]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q665487|diocese]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q374614|Q374614]]
| ''[[:d:Q374614|urban district of Great Britain and Ireland]]''
| ''[[:d:Q717478|administrative territorial entity of the United Kingdom]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q398141|Q398141]]
| ''[[:d:Q398141|school district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2385804|educational institution]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6663997|local education agency]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q399445|Q399445]]
| ''[[:d:Q399445|amt]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q451019|Q451019]]
| ''[[:d:Q451019|gutsbezirk]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q837766|local authority]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q475050|Q475050]]
| [[Districto federal]]
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5214867|federal territory]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q482810|Q482810]]
| ''[[:d:Q482810|Special City of Korea]]''
| [[citate]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q483515|Q483515]]
| ''[[:d:Q483515|myeon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q483519|Q483519]]
| ''[[:d:Q483519|ri]]''
| ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[village]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q485258|Q485258]]
| ''[[:d:Q485258|Statos de Brasil]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10374536|administrative territorial entity of Brazil]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| entitates federative de Brasil
|-
| [[:d:Q490933|Q490933]]
| ''[[:d:Q490933|local community]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q177634|community]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q137018865|type of place]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q499073|Q499073]]
| ''[[:d:Q499073|direct-controlled municipality]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15092400|independent city]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q515483|Q515483]]
| ''[[:d:Q515483|baladiyya]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q515716|Q515716]]
| ''[[:d:Q515716|prefecture]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q517267|Q517267]]
| ''[[:d:Q517267|commandery]]''
| ''[[:d:Q41761295|administrative territorial entity of China]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q562061|Q562061]]
| ''[[:d:Q562061|market municipality]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q18511725|urbe de mercato]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q609042|Q609042]]
| ''[[:d:Q609042|shtetl]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3374262|miasteczko]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[village]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q620225|Q620225]]
| ''[[:d:Q620225|apostolic vicariate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17197366|type of organization]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q625160|Q625160]]
| ''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[provincia]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q643589|Q643589]]
| ''[[:d:Q643589|departimento]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q687121|Q687121]]
| ''[[:d:Q687121|volost]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q688385|Q688385]]
| ''[[:d:Q688385|Talschaft]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q718570|Q718570]]
| ''[[:d:Q718570|circuit]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q770948|Q770948]]
| ''[[:d:Q770948|okres]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q771444|Q771444]]
| ''[[:d:Q771444|aul]]''
| ''[[:d:Q136678713|fortified village]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q782614|Q782614]]
| ''[[:d:Q782614|autonomous region]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q788176|Q788176]]
| ''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q817477|Q817477]]
| ''[[:d:Q817477|tehsil]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q839328|Q839328]]
| ''[[:d:Q839328|fu]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q905280|Q905280]]
| ''[[:d:Q905280|pyatina]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q914262|Q914262]]
| ''[[:d:Q914262|administrative territorial entity of Sweden]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q923805|Q923805]]
| ''[[:d:Q923805|trittys]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q935921|Q935921]]
| ''[[:d:Q935921|kaza]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1070912|Q1070912]]
| ''[[:d:Q1070912|zhou]]''
| ''[[:d:Q515716|prefecture]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q41761295|administrative territorial entity of China]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1087624|Q1087624]]
| ''[[:d:Q1087624|nahiyah]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1093829|Q1093829]]
| ''[[:d:Q1093829|citate del Statos Unite de America]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3327870|municipality in the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[citate]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5951278|urban area of the United States]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1122846|Q1122846]]
| ''[[:d:Q1122846|district of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q517267|commandery]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1138414|Q1138414]]
| ''[[:d:Q1138414|isolated settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4632675|dwelling place]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2887356|farmyard]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1497364|building complex]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1141653|Q1141653]]
| ''[[:d:Q1141653|prowincja]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;[[provincia]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1205915|Q1205915]]
| ''[[:d:Q1205915|German Reich within the borders of 31 December 1937]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q17524420|aspect of history]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1209783|Q1209783]]
| ''[[:d:Q1209783|shukuba]]''
| ''[[:d:Q786014|rest area]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63987304|stage station]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q120922181|postal station]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1210300|Q1210300]]
| ''[[:d:Q1210300|Mkhare]]''
| ''[[:d:Q244339|administrative territorial entity of Georgia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1273945|Q1273945]]
| ''[[:d:Q1273945|pashalik]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1288520|Q1288520]]
| ''[[:d:Q1288520|local council in Israel]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2762194|local government in Israel]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1336152|Q1336152]]
| ''[[:d:Q1336152|princely state]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15646492|administrative territorial entity of British India]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1371288|vassal state]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1345234|Q1345234]]
| ''[[:d:Q1345234|comarca of Spain]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3183364|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12829|comarca]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Territorio]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1350181|Q1350181]]
| ''[[:d:Q1350181|shire of Scotland]]''
| ''[[:d:Q461231|administrative territorial entity of Scotland]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q67376938|historic county of the United Kingdom]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1364324|Q1364324]]
| ''[[:d:Q1364324|uezd]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1367821|Q1367821]]
| ''[[:d:Q1367821|subprefecture]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1427085|Q1427085]]
| ''[[:d:Q1427085|okrug]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1462047|Q1462047]]
| ''[[:d:Q1462047|vilayet]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19576|wilaya]]''
| ''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91c7c23bff8c4dcbdbe5d51fa021788763682add9ec85294b192cf219b99e5bb&quot;&gt;https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/vilayet&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1503467|Q1503467]]
| ''[[:d:Q1503467|Unrechtsstaat]]''
| [[stato]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1506541|Q1506541]]
| ''[[:d:Q1506541|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical region]]''
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1541735|Q1541735]]
| ''[[:d:Q1541735|former province of Hokkaidō]]''
| ''[[:d:Q860290|province of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1564271|Q1564271]]
| ''[[:d:Q1564271|nahiye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1087624|nahiyah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1584957|Q1584957]]
| ''[[:d:Q1584957|district of Palermo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3976662|subdivision of Palermo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1631226|Q1631226]]
| ''[[:d:Q1631226|settlement council]]''
| ''[[:d:Q948571|organ of state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1633408|Q1633408]]
| ''[[:d:Q1633408|concelho]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1683373|Q1683373]]
| ''[[:d:Q1683373|Edo-period village]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4174776|village of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1761072|Q1761072]]
| ''[[:d:Q1761072|state park]]''
| ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[parco]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_420055a4825d3d507a1b1bab63ea8356b7d9c4b38be8887d8bcf27ff32cf86f6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q52441805|Thesaurus for Graphic Materials]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1761350|Q1761350]]
| ''[[:d:Q1761350|sum]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1761572|Q1761572]]
| ''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]''
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1764608|Q1764608]]
| ''[[:d:Q1764608|muhafazah]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1771656|Q1771656]]
| ''[[:d:Q1771656|mintaqa]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1780506|Q1780506]]
| ''[[:d:Q1780506|commune of Benin]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3502443|administrative territorial entity of Benin]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1782540|Q1782540]]
| ''[[:d:Q1782540|railway town]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1787683|Q1787683]]
| ''[[:d:Q1787683|Kreishauptmannschaft]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1790016|Q1790016]]
| ''[[:d:Q1790016|protected area of Colombia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1798622|Q1798622]]
| ''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1839674|Q1839674]]
| ''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1887569|Q1887569]]
| ''[[:d:Q1887569|shōen]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2478141|aristocrate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q178706|institution]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2116450|manor estate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1990968|Q1990968]]
| ''[[:d:Q1990968|Divisional Secretariat of Sri Lanka]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15313532|administrative territorial entity of Sri Lanka]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q859482|secretariat]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2023000|Q2023000]]
| ''[[:d:Q2023000|khutor]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q72030539|farmstead]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2029182|Q2029182]]
| ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1435020|General Curia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q124098638|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q104098715|territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2029618|Q2029618]]
| ''[[:d:Q2029618|markaz]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1306755|centro administrative]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2034632|Q2034632]]
| ''[[:d:Q2034632|starostwo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q64606162|administrative territorial entity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2083380|Q2083380]]
| ''[[:d:Q2083380|parish union]]''
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q124964|coalition]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2113743|Q2113743]]
| ''[[:d:Q2113743|magiri]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q75020334|administrative division of the Ryukyu Kingdom]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2139516|Q2139516]]
| ''[[:d:Q2139516|riksintresse (Sweden)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q96211395|heritage site in Sweden]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2177636|Q2177636]]
| ''[[:d:Q2177636|municipality of Denmark]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11618279|LAU 1]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3976655|administrative territorial entity of Denmark]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10541491|legal form]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2225692|Q2225692]]
| ''[[:d:Q2225692|fourth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[village]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2246189|Q2246189]]
| ''[[:d:Q2246189|justiciarate]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2298529|Q2298529]]
| ''[[:d:Q2298529|corregimiento]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17147964|administrative territorial entity of the Spanish Empire]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2311958|Q2311958]]
| [[canton]]
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| unitate administrative in varie paises
|-
| [[:d:Q2330190|Q2330190]]
| ''[[:d:Q2330190|subprefecture in Hokkaidō]]''
| ''[[:d:Q850450|subprefecture of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2349866|Q2349866]]
| ''[[:d:Q2349866|Stimmkreis]]''
| ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2385925|Q2385925]]
| ''[[:d:Q2385925|presidencies and provinces in British India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15646492|administrative territorial entity of British India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2401504|Q2401504]]
| ''[[:d:Q2401504|darugha]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2460358|Q2460358]]
| ''[[:d:Q2460358|municipality of Turkey]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2916486|administrative territorial entity type of Turkey]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2500304|Q2500304]]
| ''[[:d:Q2500304|electoral division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3356092|administrative territorial entity of Ireland]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2513212|Q2513212]]
| ''[[:d:Q2513212|županija]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2514025|Q2514025]]
| ''[[:d:Q2514025|posyolok]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2543447|Q2543447]]
| ''[[:d:Q2543447|region of Nunavut]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1414991|area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| lista de un projecto de Wikimedia
|-
| [[:d:Q2576151|Q2576151]]
| ''[[:d:Q2576151|daïra]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2577883|Q2577883]]
| ''[[:d:Q2577883|occupied territory]]''
| ''[[:d:Q123614767|occupied location]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2615343|Q2615343]]
| ''[[:d:Q2615343|region]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2631496|Q2631496]]
| ''[[:d:Q2631496|constituency of the European Parliament]]''
| ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2695008|Q2695008]]
| ''[[:d:Q2695008|administrative territorial entity of Luxembourg]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2706826|Q2706826]]
| ''[[:d:Q2706826|sheikhdom]]''
| [[Principato]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2738486|Q2738486]]
| ''[[:d:Q2738486|krai]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2880091|Q2880091]]
| ''[[:d:Q2880091|bayrak]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2135465|legal term or legal concept]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2885819|Q2885819]]
| ''[[:d:Q2885819|ledanía]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2944629|Q2944629]]
| ''[[:d:Q2944629|Arrotxapea]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2944644|Q2944644]]
| ''[[:d:Q2944644|Ezcaba]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2944651|Q2944651]]
| ''[[:d:Q2944651|Buztintxuri]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2944737|Q2944737]]
| ''[[:d:Q2944737|Iturrama]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2991489|Q2991489]]
| ''[[:d:Q2991489|County palatine]]''
| ''[[:d:Q28575|county]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3012073|Q3012073]]
| ''[[:d:Q3012073|daikansho]]''
| ''[[:d:Q481289|residentia official]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3015636|Q3015636]]
| ''[[:d:Q3015636|Txantrea]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3025553|Q3025553]]
| ''[[:d:Q3025553|Diputación Foral de Navarra]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q3044930|provincial deputation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3183364|Q3183364]]
| ''[[:d:Q3183364|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3187075|Q3187075]]
| ''[[:d:Q3187075|aimag]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3252884|Q3252884]]
| ''[[:d:Q3252884|Gau]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3266850|Q3266850]]
| ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3268571|Q3268571]]
| ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3327874|Q3327874]]
| ''[[:d:Q3327874|rural municipality of Canada]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3788231|municipal government in Canada]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3333989|Q3333989]]
| ''[[:d:Q3333989|minor local entity of Spain]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10854310|administrative territorial entity below municipality in Spain]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3360771|Q3360771]]
| ''[[:d:Q3360771|administrative territorial entity of Cameroon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3373237|Q3373237]]
| ''[[:d:Q3373237|payam]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15623929|administrative territorial entity of South Sudan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3434769|Q3434769]]
| ''[[:d:Q3434769|macroregion]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q137022846|type of region]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3455524|Q3455524]]
| ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q18810687|political institution]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q137022846|type of region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1969448|term]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3477348|Q3477348]]
| ''[[:d:Q3477348|urban area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3491994|Q3491994]]
| ''[[:d:Q3491994|subdistrict]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3518810|Q3518810]]
| ''[[:d:Q3518810|unorganized area of Canada]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q269528|unincorporated area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3532042|Q3532042]]
| ''[[:d:Q3532042|block]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3642453|Q3642453]]
| ''[[:d:Q3642453|Borgate officielles de Rome]]''
| ''[[:d:Q702492|area urban]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3677901|Q3677901]]
| ''[[:d:Q3677901|circunscripción]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q21286738|Wikimedia permanent duplicate item]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3689003|Q3689003]]
| ''[[:d:Q3689003|contrada]]''
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3772949|Q3772949]]
| ''[[:d:Q3772949|subah]]''
| [[provincia]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3818638|Q3818638]]
| ''[[:d:Q3818638|mudiriyah]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3826458|Q3826458]]
| ''[[:d:Q3826458|lamidat]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4008486|Q4008486]]
| ''[[:d:Q4008486|Borgo Vanchiglia]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4024737|Q4024737]]
| ''[[:d:Q4024737|pastoral zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4129217|Q4129217]]
| ''[[:d:Q4129217|vyselok]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4165160|Q4165160]]
| ''[[:d:Q4165160|ドーリャ]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4208486|Q4208486]]
| ''[[:d:Q4208486|qadiyat]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4313916|Q4313916]]
| ''[[:d:Q4313916|Nasleg]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1192440|history of the administrative division of Russia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1376945|Administrative divisions of the Sakha Republic]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4315043|Q4315043]]
| ''[[:d:Q4315043|district national]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1427085|okrug]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4332636|Q4332636]]
| ''[[:d:Q4332636|Кас]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4377540|Q4377540]]
| ''[[:d:Q4377540|praetorian prefecture]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15644911|administrative territorial entity of the Roman Empire]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4388751|Q4388751]]
| ''[[:d:Q4388751|razryad]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4393587|Q4393587]]
| ''[[:d:Q4393587|republic]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4425709|Q4425709]]
| ''[[:d:Q4425709|sō]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4174776|village of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4456179|Q4456179]]
| ''[[:d:Q4456179|territorial unit with special status of Moscow]]''
| ''[[:d:Q462667|administrative territorial entity of Moscow]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4535144|Q4535144]]
| ''[[:d:Q4535144|yurt]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4691989|Q4691989]]
| ''[[:d:Q4691989|agency]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4856913|Q4856913]]
| ''[[:d:Q4856913|banner]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4897108|Q4897108]]
| ''[[:d:Q4897108|partida]]''
| ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4899885|Q4899885]]
| ''[[:d:Q4899885|beylerbeylik]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4976993|Q4976993]]
| ''[[:d:Q4976993|parish]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5121385|Q5121385]]
| ''[[:d:Q5121385|circle]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5144960|Q5144960]]
| ''[[:d:Q5144960|microregion]]''
| [[region]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5148433|Q5148433]]
| ''[[:d:Q5148433|Mexico City colonia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5154611|Q5154611]]
| ''[[:d:Q5154611|community]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5195043|Q5195043]]
| ''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5284423|Q5284423]]
| ''[[:d:Q5284423|division]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5284624|Q5284624]]
| ''[[:d:Q5284624|division of West Bengal]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5434436|Q5434436]]
| ''[[:d:Q5434436|fanzhen]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10922837|administrative territorial entity of the Tang dynasty]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1197588|military government]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5473816|Q5473816]]
| ''[[:d:Q5473816|Crown land]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5571369|Q5571369]]
| ''[[:d:Q5571369|quarter of a city in Italy]]''
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2824645|divisiones administrative de Italia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5639312|Q5639312]]
| [[voivodato]]
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5811429|Q5811429]]
| ''[[:d:Q5811429|districto de Managua]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15633191|distrito]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c5c18d02d2456633a865aa182f508540bb9b7fd9b79faec5410bcc187a564713&quot;&gt;https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/3eeff3b3d65b7dca062570a100578775?OpenDocument=&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2140b8da7d48a7bcf9ae7ac2fa244fac2a7e7090ffd0d9dc0eae783758b76f89&quot;&gt;https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/%28%24All%29/CB601E7A823CA0F2062576C600548A12?OpenDocument&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c1ecf794bf294dbadc7b7cd4a918fce24e3a2a7c515bb0f5aa4e78d3265d6202&quot;&gt;https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/b34f77cd9d23625e06257265005d21fa/09721a4025c41318062570a1005830de&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c5c18d02d2456633a865aa182f508540bb9b7fd9b79faec5410bcc187a564713&quot;&gt;https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/3133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/3eeff3b3d65b7dca062570a100578775?OpenDocument=&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c1ecf794bf294dbadc7b7cd4a918fce24e3a2a7c515bb0f5aa4e78d3265d6202&quot;&gt;https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/b34f77cd9d23625e06257265005d21fa/09721a4025c41318062570a1005830de&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2140b8da7d48a7bcf9ae7ac2fa244fac2a7e7090ffd0d9dc0eae783758b76f89&quot;&gt;https://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Normaweb.nsf/%28%24All%29/CB601E7A823CA0F2062576C600548A12?OpenDocument&lt;/ref&gt;
| typo de unitate territorial de Managua, Nicaragua; septe districtos create per Decreto Executive 421 (1989), reducite a cinque post Lege 329 e le creation de Ciudad Sandino e El Crucero (1999), e reorganisate in septe per Ordination Municipal 03-2009
|-
| [[:d:Q5942455|Q5942455]]
| ''[[:d:Q5942455|keverang]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6014817|Q6014817]]
| ''[[:d:Q6014817|karye]]''
| 
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6024226|Q6024226]]
| ''[[:d:Q6024226|metropolitan municipality]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q200250|metropole]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1907114|area metropolitan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6026936|Q6026936]]
| ''[[:d:Q6026936|liva]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q176799|military unit]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6063891|Q6063891]]
| ''[[:d:Q6063891|partido]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6100739|Q6100739]]
| ''[[:d:Q6100739|administrative territorial entity of Istanbul]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6104039|Q6104039]]
| ''[[:d:Q6104039|región socioeconómica de Costa Rica]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6106059|Q6106059]]
| ''[[:d:Q6106059|Indian republics]]''
| ''[[:d:Q25380035|ethnic community]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6972919|Q6972919]]
| ''[[:d:Q6972919|National Government Park]]''
| ''[[:d:Q22746|urban park]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7194321|Q7194321]]
| ''[[:d:Q7194321|has]]''
| ''[[:d:Q975783|estate in land]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5473816|Crown land]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_268b7068665b16c80a5ae4117de3e05654b47632163243a2af084b0f27b515d0&quot;&gt;https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/has--arazi&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_268b7068665b16c80a5ae4117de3e05654b47632163243a2af084b0f27b515d0&quot;&gt;https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/has--arazi&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7251287|Q7251287]]
| ''[[:d:Q7251287|protected area of Wales]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7251293|protected area of the United Kingdom]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7251291|Q7251291]]
| ''[[:d:Q7251291|protected area of the Northern Territory]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13406463|lista de Wikimedia]]''
| lista de un projecto de Wikimedia
|-
| [[:d:Q7375078|Q7375078]]
| ''[[:d:Q7375078|royal manor]]''
| ''[[:d:Q196068|lordship]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1550557|manorialism]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7380054|Q7380054]]
| ''[[:d:Q7380054|Luak Tanah Mengandung]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q118594136|luak]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7425963|Q7425963]]
| ''[[:d:Q7425963|Satavado]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7432341|Q7432341]]
| ''[[:d:Q7432341|school division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q398141|school district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7444705|Q7444705]]
| ''[[:d:Q7444705|sector]]''
| ''[[:d:Q219858|zone]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7495728|Q7495728]]
| ''[[:d:Q7495728|shiyakha]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7551933|Q7551933]]
| ''[[:d:Q7551933|mahalla]]''
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7631923|Q7631923]]
| ''[[:d:Q7631923|subregion]]''
| [[region]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7703797|Q7703797]]
| ''[[:d:Q7703797|Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3253485|administrative territorial entity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q141463208|Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7886462|Q7886462]]
| ''[[:d:Q7886462|moshav shitufi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q917146|moshav]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161387|kibbutz]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7887960|Q7887960]]
| ''[[:d:Q7887960|United Kingdom aircraft registration]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2438179|civil aircraft]]''
| ''[[:d:Q838849|aircraft registration]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7888177|Q7888177]]
| ''[[:d:Q7888177|United Kingdom military aircraft registration mark]]''
| ''[[:d:Q838849|aircraft registration]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q216916|military aircraft]]''
| ''[[:d:Q140396411|military aircraft registration mark]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q8071905|Q8071905]]
| ''[[:d:Q8071905|Zillah]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q8242634|Q8242634]]
| ''[[:d:Q8242634|Baronía de Cárcer]]''
| 
| [[Territorio]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q8501237|Q8501237]]
| ''[[:d:Q8501237|large city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q50231|administrative territorial entity of the People's Republic of China]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q9367715|Q9367715]]
| ''[[:d:Q9367715|ulus]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q10139375|Q10139375]]
| ''[[:d:Q10139375|Eastern Catholic ecclesiastical province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q427961|metropolis]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q10296503|Q10296503]]
| ''[[:d:Q10296503|župa]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q10433151|Q10433151]]
| ''[[:d:Q10433151|civic municipality]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1969448|term]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q10466601|Q10466601]]
| ''[[:d:Q10466601|Danske grevskaber og baronier]]''
| ''[[:d:Q353344|countship]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q10545864|Q10545864]]
| ''[[:d:Q10545864|kism]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q10551473|Q10551473]]
| ''[[:d:Q10551473|parish union]]''
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q10666776|Q10666776]]
| ''[[:d:Q10666776|setting]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q10861243|Q10861243]]
| ''[[:d:Q10861243|stamp territory]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q10910840|Q10910840]]
| ''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11183787|Q11183787]]
| ''[[:d:Q11183787|Ortschaft]]''
| ''[[:d:Q253019|Ortsteil]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11385643|Q11385643]]
| ''[[:d:Q11385643|ho]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q29428403|pentad]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11396088|Q11396088]]
| ''[[:d:Q11396088|bunkoku]]''
| ''[[:d:Q860290|province of Japan]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Territorio]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11414697|Q11414697]]
| ''[[:d:Q11414697|myō]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11424278|Q11424278]]
| ''[[:d:Q11424278|autonomous ward (Japan)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11479488|Q11479488]]
| ''[[:d:Q11479488|Industrial District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1662024|industrial district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11479490|Q11479490]]
| ''[[:d:Q11479490|Exclusive Industrial District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11480694|Q11480694]]
| ''[[:d:Q11480694|urbanization promotion area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11480695|Q11480695]]
| ''[[:d:Q11480695|urbanization control area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11488831|Q11488831]]
| ''[[:d:Q11488831|mikuriya]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1887569|shōen]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11564383|Q11564383]]
| ''[[:d:Q11564383|Quasi-residential District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11564397|Q11564397]]
| ''[[:d:Q11564397|Quasi-industrial District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11564414|Q11564414]]
| ''[[:d:Q11564414|quasi-city planning area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q28692710|state territory]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11564415|Q11564415]]
| ''[[:d:Q11564415|Quasi-fire Prevention District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11570788|Q11570788]]
| ''[[:d:Q11570788|special use district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11570918|Q11570918]]
| ''[[:d:Q11570918|Specified Block]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11602099|Q11602099]]
| ''[[:d:Q11602099|Category 1 Medium-to-high-rise Exclusive Residential District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11602100|Q11602100]]
| ''[[:d:Q11602100|Category 1 Residential District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11602101|Q11602101]]
| ''[[:d:Q11602101|Category 1 Low-rise Exclusive Residential District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11602320|Q11602320]]
| ''[[:d:Q11602320|Category 2 Medium-to-high-rise Exclusive Residential District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11602321|Q11602321]]
| ''[[:d:Q11602321|Category 2 Low-rise Exclusive Residential District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11602322|Q11602322]]
| ''[[:d:Q11602322|Category 2 Residential District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11602738|Q11602738]]
| ''[[:d:Q11602738|suji]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11607807|Q11607807]]
| ''[[:d:Q11607807|Ryokuchi hozen chiiki]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5162954|conservation designation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11631303|Q11631303]]
| ''[[:d:Q11631303|hyō]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11639125|Q11639125]]
| ''[[:d:Q11639125|Neighborhood Commercial District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11643597|Q11643597]]
| ''[[:d:Q11643597|Special Districts for Urban Renaissance]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11643682|Q11643682]]
| ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q28692710|state territory]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11649786|Q11649786]]
| ''[[:d:Q11649786|railway zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1192403|concession]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11657023|Q11657023]]
| ''[[:d:Q11657023|Fire Prevention District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11664885|Q11664885]]
| ''[[:d:Q11664885|ryō]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11665558|Q11665558]]
| ''[[:d:Q11665558|Scenic districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q759882|protected landscape area]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q858308|Cultural Property of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11668267|Q11668267]]
| ''[[:d:Q11668267|駐車場整備地区]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11669892|Q11669892]]
| ''[[:d:Q11669892|High-level Use District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11669894|Q11669894]]
| ''[[:d:Q11669894|Height Control District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11916810|Q11916810]]
| ''[[:d:Q11916810|Deli en Serdang]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11970574|Q11970574]]
| ''[[:d:Q11970574|Country (Norwegian history)]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12033861|Q12033861]]
| ''[[:d:Q12033861|Lokalie]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12039398|Q12039398]]
| ''[[:d:Q12039398|městská část]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12132320|Q12132320]]
| ''[[:d:Q12132320|Енпуç ен]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12409827|Q12409827]]
| ''[[:d:Q12409827|Territory of the Tribe of Manasseh]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12479773|Q12479773]]
| ''[[:d:Q12479773|first-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12479774|Q12479774]]
| ''[[:d:Q12479774|second-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3299260|local government area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12724246|Q12724246]]
| ''[[:d:Q12724246|cnezat]]''
| [[Principato]]
| ''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12778511|Q12778511]]
| ''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12910663|Q12910663]]
| ''[[:d:Q12910663|srez]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12978349|Q12978349]]
| ''[[:d:Q12978349|Special Grade Municipalities]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q13058507|Q13058507]]
| ''[[:d:Q13058507|subdivision of West Bengal]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q13358528|Q13358528]]
| ''[[:d:Q13358528|fiscal district]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10947702|administrative territorial entity of Song dynasty]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16077826|administrative territorial entity of Jin dynasty]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11387891|administrative territorial entity of the Yuan Empire]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q718570|circuit]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q13526752|Q13526752]]
| ''[[:d:Q13526752|lugar]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11939023|populated place nucleus]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3055118|single entity of population]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q13646349|Q13646349]]
| ''[[:d:Q13646349|Government (Dutch East Indies)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q14777355|Q14777355]]
| ''[[:d:Q14777355|mahalla of Bangladesh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2271985|administrative territorial entity of Bangladesh]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7551933|mahalla]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q14916058|Q14916058]]
| ''[[:d:Q14916058|territory]]''
| [[Territorio]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15253706|Q15253706]]
| ''[[:d:Q15253706|city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7930989|city or town]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15630906|Q15630906]]
| ''[[:d:Q15630906|rural district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15637757|Q15637757]]
| ''[[:d:Q15637757|mahakuma]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15649504|Q15649504]]
| ''[[:d:Q15649504|satrapy]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1371288|vassal state]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15725677|Q15725677]]
| ''[[:d:Q15725677|pedanía]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15727673|Q15727673]]
| ''[[:d:Q15727673|city district of Hanover]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2740635|Stadtbezirk]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15728204|Q15728204]]
| ''[[:d:Q15728204|province of Saudi Arabia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1771656|mintaqa]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15894786|Q15894786]]
| ''[[:d:Q15894786|United States administrative division type]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15901936|Q15901936]]
| ''[[:d:Q15901936|district of South Korea  (autonomous)]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q58446572|Q58446572]]
| ''[[:d:Q58446572|electoral division of County Galway]]''
| ''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q58872171|Q58872171]]
| ''[[:d:Q58872171|baronía]]''
| ''[[:d:Q9008644|Ancient Regime of Spain]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q188063|fiefdom]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q223573|barony]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q61478101|administrative territorial entity of the Crown of Castile]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q60843390|Q60843390]]
| ''[[:d:Q60843390|subdivision of Odisha]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q61089180|Q61089180]]
| ''[[:d:Q61089180|municipal part of the Czech Republic]]''
| ''[[:d:Q115252541|part of a municipality in Czech Republic and Slovakia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3507889|administrative territorial entity of the Czech Republic]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q61763780|Q61763780]]
| ''[[:d:Q61763780|administrative territorial entity of Aragon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3183364|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q63645004|Q63645004]]
| ''[[:d:Q63645004|territorial autonomy]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1307214|forma de governamento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q65251207|Q65251207]]
| ''[[:d:Q65251207|Territory of the Tribe of Benjamin]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q65281628|Q65281628]]
| ''[[:d:Q65281628|行政区]]''
| ''[[:d:Q137773|ward of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q65522058|Q65522058]]
| ''[[:d:Q65522058|府藩県]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q66661665|Q66661665]]
| ''[[:d:Q66661665|governorate of Saudi Arabia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_80b3aaf6e6432e022cda75644619f938b777b2cf758fa0e768d75257f71be855&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q105518758|Law of Provinces]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1798622|governorate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1764608|muhafazah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q66980180|Q66980180]]
| ''[[:d:Q66980180|macrohood]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q66980952|Q66980952]]
| ''[[:d:Q66980952|microhood]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q69935452|Q69935452]]
| ''[[:d:Q69935452|town of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q69936911|county of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q69935538|Q69935538]]
| ''[[:d:Q69935538|village of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q69936911|county of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10910840|Ting]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q85882297|Q85882297]]
| ''[[:d:Q85882297|Exceptional Floor Area Ratio District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q86725643|Q86725643]]
| ''[[:d:Q86725643|fumoto]]''
| ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q86726256|Q86726256]]
| ''[[:d:Q86726256|province cartusienne]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q90511324|Q90511324]]
| ''[[:d:Q90511324|Franciscan province (O.F.M.)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q92157630|Q92157630]]
| ''[[:d:Q92157630|school sector]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q93389881|Q93389881]]
| ''[[:d:Q93389881|región sanitaria de Cataluña]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q96196009|Q96196009]]
| ''[[:d:Q96196009|former or current state]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1063239|polity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q97344267|Q97344267]]
| ''[[:d:Q97344267|Поселение]]''
| ''[[:d:Q192287|administrative divisions of Russia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q102104752|Q102104752]]
| ''[[:d:Q102104752|city of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''
| ''[[:d:Q843752|political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q102131920|Q102131920]]
| ''[[:d:Q102131920|thikana]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1336152|princely state]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q104442652|Q104442652]]
| ''[[:d:Q104442652|territory of a tribe]]''
| [[region]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q104530683|Q104530683]]
| ''[[:d:Q104530683|Pusta]]''
| ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q104711456|Q104711456]]
| ''[[:d:Q104711456|Трудовая коммуна (РСФСР)]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q105063846|Q105063846]]
| ''[[:d:Q105063846|part of the municipality part]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3507889|administrative territorial entity of the Czech Republic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q105985227|Q105985227]]
| ''[[:d:Q105985227|省]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106078286|Q106078286]]
| ''[[:d:Q106078286|component city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106079704|Q106079704]]
| ''[[:d:Q106079704|independent component city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106458883|Q106458883]]
| ''[[:d:Q106458883|state]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106458918|Q106458918]]
| ''[[:d:Q106458918|parish]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106531650|Q106531650]]
| ''[[:d:Q106531650|province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[provincia]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106532582|Q106532582]]
| ''[[:d:Q106532582|territory]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106533981|Q106533981]]
| ''[[:d:Q106533981|district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106534046|Q106534046]]
| ''[[:d:Q106534046|dependency]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106592151|Q106592151]]
| ''[[:d:Q106592151|national nature park]]''
| [[parco national]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106698210|Q106698210]]
| ''[[:d:Q106698210|arrondissement of Cameroon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3360771|administrative territorial entity of Cameroon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106889447|Q106889447]]
| ''[[:d:Q106889447|ardiaconate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q107484850|Q107484850]]
| ''[[:d:Q107484850|alcaldía mayor]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q107759421|Q107759421]]
| ''[[:d:Q107759421|mountain hamlet]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q107918234|Q107918234]]
| ''[[:d:Q107918234|městský obvod]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4286337|city district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q108000498|Q108000498]]
| ''[[:d:Q108000498|part of municipality in Czechoslovakia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20724760|administrative territorial entity of Czechoslovakia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q108379543|Q108379543]]
| ''[[:d:Q108379543|Fauna and Flora Sanctuary]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1790016|protected area of Colombia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179049|nature reserve]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q108494671|Q108494671]]
| ''[[:d:Q108494671|Greek catholic parish]]''
| ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q163740|nonprofit organization]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1530022|organisation religiose]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109562558|Q109562558]]
| ''[[:d:Q109562558|salesian province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109586943|Q109586943]]
| ''[[:d:Q109586943|Capuchin province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109587150|Q109587150]]
| ''[[:d:Q109587150|Conventual Franciscan province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109593182|Q109593182]]
| ''[[:d:Q109593182|province of the Order of Preachers]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_11f0eddf37fa068d6459534293196ef29db5f4ec33a8062b36139827c576f973&quot;&gt;https://www.op.org/provincias/?lang=es#1559123084713-8a1110dd-2fca&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109612062|Q109612062]]
| ''[[:d:Q109612062|territorial demarcation of the Pious Schools]]''
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109612325|Q109612325]]
| ''[[:d:Q109612325|vice-province]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110158634|Q110158634]]
| ''[[:d:Q110158634|Сєлѥниѥ градьска тѷпа]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2989457|urban-type settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110256042|Q110256042]]
| ''[[:d:Q110256042|police-administered area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q114839325|police administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110256333|Q110256333]]
| ''[[:d:Q110256333|new city of Egypt]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1074523|planned community]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15044339|administrative territorial entity of Egypt]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110390579|Q110390579]]
| ''[[:d:Q110390579|city of United Kingdom]]''
| [[citate]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110946229|Q110946229]]
| ''[[:d:Q110946229|dong]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q111081341|Q111081341]]
| ''[[:d:Q111081341|waterfront district (Japan)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q111264878|Q111264878]]
| ''[[:d:Q111264878|demarcación paisajística]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q111737478|Q111737478]]
| ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1492823|ecclesiastical district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q112245920|Q112245920]]
| ''[[:d:Q112245920|полицейская часть]]''
| ''[[:d:Q17310396|administrative territorial entity of the Russian Empire]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q112945489|Q112945489]]
| ''[[:d:Q112945489|circaria]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q113386230|Q113386230]]
| ''[[:d:Q113386230|independent subprovince]]''
| ''[[:d:Q330425|sanjak]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q113388921|Q113388921]]
| ''[[:d:Q113388921|privileged Ottoman province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q113389351|Q113389351]]
| ''[[:d:Q113389351|mutasarrifate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1993723|administrative territorial entity of the Ottoman Empire]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q113389576|Q113389576]]
| ''[[:d:Q113389576|nahiye seat]]''
| ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q113390156|Q113390156]]
| ''[[:d:Q113390156|kaza seat]]''
| ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q113390205|Q113390205]]
| ''[[:d:Q113390205|sanjak seat]]''
| ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1306755|centro administrative]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8f744e3de8e53df3722302465cf1f48e542fd72eabe15b2c2796f7dfba6618c6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q61720929|Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd edition]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q113390253|Q113390253]]
| ''[[:d:Q113390253|vilayet seat]]''
| ''[[:d:Q470540|seat]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q113660981|Q113660981]]
| ''[[:d:Q113660981|Otok (administrative unit)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q946868|Tumen]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q115252541|Q115252541]]
| ''[[:d:Q115252541|part of a municipality in Czech Republic and Slovakia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q115916908|Q115916908]]
| ''[[:d:Q115916908|electoral area of British Columbia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17457753|census subdivision in Canada]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q115943990|Q115943990]]
| ''[[:d:Q115943990|Colonias of Cuautitlan Izcalli]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q116007761|Q116007761]]
| ''[[:d:Q116007761|land district of British Columbia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3750285|administrative territorial entity of Canada]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q18346622|cadastral division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q116215373|Q116215373]]
| ''[[:d:Q116215373|imperial city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q116215378|Q116215378]]
| ''[[:d:Q116215378|free city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q57318|free imperial city]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13218276|free city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q116691874|Q116691874]]
| ''[[:d:Q116691874|area classification (Japan)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11643682|city planning area of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q117209621|Q117209621]]
| ''[[:d:Q117209621|commune of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3253485|administrative territorial entity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q117350247|Q117350247]]
| ''[[:d:Q117350247|Commercial District in Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5152545|commercial area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1133961|commercial district]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q117351014|Q117351014]]
| ''[[:d:Q117351014|災害危険区域]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q117351402|Q117351402]]
| ''[[:d:Q117351402|歴史的風土特別保存地区]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q117351444|Q117351444]]
| ''[[:d:Q117351444|第一種歴史的風土保存地区]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q118593746|Q118593746]]
| ''[[:d:Q118593746|Luak Berundang]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q118594136|Q118594136]]
| ''[[:d:Q118594136|luak]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q118601355|Q118601355]]
| ''[[:d:Q118601355|Luak Beradat]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q119146498|Q119146498]]
| ''[[:d:Q119146498|Colonias of State of Mexico]]''
| ''[[:d:Q5148198|colonia of Mexico]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q120410026|Q120410026]]
| ''[[:d:Q120410026|Local Educational Management Unit]]''
| ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2385804|educational institution]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6663997|local education agency]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q122146132|Q122146132]]
| ''[[:d:Q122146132|special green space conservation districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q23790|natural monument]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179049|nature reserve]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5162954|conservation designation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q122911647|Q122911647]]
| ''[[:d:Q122911647|territorial episcopal vicariate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q16646034|episcopal vicariate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q122955538|Q122955538]]
| ''[[:d:Q122955538|treding]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q122956696|Q122956696]]
| ''[[:d:Q122956696|subdivision of Sikkim]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q122987727|Q122987727]]
| ''[[:d:Q122987727|subdivision of Lakshadweep]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q122987729|Q122987729]]
| ''[[:d:Q122987729|subdivision of Manipur]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q105626471|subdistrict of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q123009250|Q123009250]]
| ''[[:d:Q123009250|community development block of Tamil Nadu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2775236|community development block in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q123340192|Q123340192]]
| ''[[:d:Q123340192|pobláu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q123553915|Q123553915]]
| ''[[:d:Q123553915|part of National Government Park]]''
| ''[[:d:Q6972919|National Government Park]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q124022543|Q124022543]]
| ''[[:d:Q124022543|Kotar]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q124098638|Q124098638]]
| ''[[:d:Q124098638|Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q111737478|Catholic ecclesiastical district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q625160|ecclesiastical province]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q124466626|Q124466626]]
| ''[[:d:Q124466626|Gokusho Urban Landscape Formation District]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q676050|old town]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q124474738|Q124474738]]
| ''[[:d:Q124474738|Jōtenji-dōri Urban Landscape Formation District]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q124669069|Q124669069]]
| ''[[:d:Q124669069|division of Madhya Pradesh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125352368|Q125352368]]
| ''[[:d:Q125352368|村镇]]''
| ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125626392|Q125626392]]
| ''[[:d:Q125626392|revenue division in Tamil Nadu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125626445|Q125626445]]
| ''[[:d:Q125626445|revenue division in Andhra Pradesh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125626476|Q125626476]]
| ''[[:d:Q125626476|revenue division in Telangana]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125627541|Q125627541]]
| ''[[:d:Q125627541|revenue division in Kerala]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125631936|Q125631936]]
| ''[[:d:Q125631936|subdivision of Bihar]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125631953|Q125631953]]
| ''[[:d:Q125631953|subdivision of Uttar Pradesh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907346|Q125907346]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907346|division of Uttar Pradesh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907347|Q125907347]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907347|division of Jharkhand]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907349|Q125907349]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907349|division of Chhattisgarh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907350|Q125907350]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907350|division of Rajasthan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907351|Q125907351]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907351|division of Haryana]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907352|Q125907352]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907352|division of Jammu And Kashmir]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907353|Q125907353]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907353|division of Bihar]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907354|Q125907354]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907354|division of Assam]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907355|Q125907355]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907355|division of Odisha]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907356|Q125907356]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907356|division of Delhi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907357|Q125907357]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907357|division of Maharashtra]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907359|Q125907359]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907359|division of Himachal Pradesh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907360|Q125907360]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907360|division of Karnataka]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907362|Q125907362]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907362|division of Meghalaya]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907363|Q125907363]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907363|division of Arunachal Pradesh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907364|Q125907364]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907364|division of Ladakh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907365|Q125907365]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907365|division of Punjab]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907368|Q125907368]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907368|division of Uttarakhand]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125907369|Q125907369]]
| ''[[:d:Q125907369|division of Nagaland]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1230708|division in India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125918906|Q125918906]]
| ''[[:d:Q125918906|subdivision of Maharashtra]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125919325|Q125919325]]
| ''[[:d:Q125919325|subdivision of Uttarakhand]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125919353|Q125919353]]
| ''[[:d:Q125919353|subdivision of Jharkhand]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q125923559|Q125923559]]
| ''[[:d:Q125923559|subdivsion of Gujarat]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7631016|subdivision of India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q126896673|Q126896673]]
| ''[[:d:Q126896673|district of South Korea (non-autonomous)]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q127229284|Q127229284]]
| ''[[:d:Q127229284|Ammany of Brussels]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q127378230|Q127378230]]
| ''[[:d:Q127378230|isolated dwelling in Latvia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q109779065|human settlement in Latvia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q128477938|Q128477938]]
| ''[[:d:Q128477938|haengjeongmyeon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q483515|myeon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q128807925|Q128807925]]
| ''[[:d:Q128807925|арбан]]''
| [[village]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q98966309|classification of human settlements]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q130241638|Q130241638]]
| ''[[:d:Q130241638|каймаканство]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q130376174|Q130376174]]
| ''[[:d:Q130376174|ri (administrative)]]''
| [[village]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q130458414|Q130458414]]
| ''[[:d:Q130458414|郷]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q130616842|Q130616842]]
| ''[[:d:Q130616842|circoscrizione di Ravenna]]''
| ''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dd65dee6a537ba0e05d1f1ed5316bd12d7968992a988c0fc93b55df5d013f4e0&quot;&gt;https://www.comune.ra.it/il-comune/decentramento/&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q132730984|Q132730984]]
| ''[[:d:Q132730984|commune of Burundi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q132732881|Q132732881]]
| ''[[:d:Q132732881|administrative territorial entity of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q133800978|Q133800978]]
| ''[[:d:Q133800978|praefectura]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15644911|administrative territorial entity of the Roman Empire]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q134552029|Q134552029]]
| ''[[:d:Q134552029|Pana (Meitei culture)]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135009855|Q135009855]]
| ''[[:d:Q135009855|sub-tehsil]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135111350|Q135111350]]
| ''[[:d:Q135111350|district]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135112192|Q135112192]]
| ''[[:d:Q135112192|parish annex]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135299026|Q135299026]]
| ''[[:d:Q135299026|territorial unit (uban) of a Tbilisi district]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_71c6998a0c78646412338731cf5df74a1762d1601988206b4d7e04c6c89b3f5f&quot;&gt;https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2602734&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_71c6998a0c78646412338731cf5df74a1762d1601988206b4d7e04c6c89b3f5f&quot;&gt;https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2602734&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135415335|Q135415335]]
| ''[[:d:Q135415335|Hêm]]''
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135437929|Q135437929]]
| ''[[:d:Q135437929|hetmanate]]''
| [[stato]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135447139|Q135447139]]
| ''[[:d:Q135447139|Verbrecherstaat]]''
| [[stato]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135451523|Q135451523]]
| ''[[:d:Q135451523|mezraa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135455595|Q135455595]]
| ''[[:d:Q135455595|kasaba]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3957|burgo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q135512166|Q135512166]]
| ''[[:d:Q135512166|gospodarlık]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q136098733|Q136098733]]
| ''[[:d:Q136098733|paşa livası]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q136431832|Q136431832]]
| ''[[:d:Q136431832|Ortschaft (Niedersachsen)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11183787|Ortschaft]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q136442176|Q136442176]]
| ''[[:d:Q136442176|Zone police]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q136442212|Q136442212]]
| ''[[:d:Q136442212|Zone gendarmerie]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q136534136|Q136534136]]
| ''[[:d:Q136534136|поссовет в СССР]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1631226|settlement council]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q136534923|Q136534923]]
| ''[[:d:Q136534923|горсовет в СССР]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3154693|city council]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q211201|soviet]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4204491|administrative territorial entity of the Soviet Union]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q136935588|Q136935588]]
| ''[[:d:Q136935588|Guinean neighborhood]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q137211599|Q137211599]]
| ''[[:d:Q137211599|aksakal]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q137211677|Q137211677]]
| ''[[:d:Q137211677|tuman (Bukhara Emirate)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q137211923|Q137211923]]
| ''[[:d:Q137211923|qūrğancha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q137260405|Q137260405]]
| ''[[:d:Q137260405|SS-Abschnitt XXXIX]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q18332808|SS-Abschnitt]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q207320|paramilitary organization]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q153936|militia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q138388710|Q138388710]]
| ''[[:d:Q138388710|consiglio di zona of Livorno]]''
| ''[[:d:Q13582281|circoscrizione di decentramento comunale in Italy]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q138823494|Q138823494]]
| ''[[:d:Q138823494|federated region]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q138823699|Q138823699]]
| ''[[:d:Q138823699|federated community]]''
| ''[[:d:Q138823755|administrative community]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q138823755|Q138823755]]
| ''[[:d:Q138823755|administrative community]]''
| ''[[:d:Q177634|community]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q140039150|Q140039150]]
| ''[[:d:Q140039150|presbytery]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q140835258|Q140835258]]
| ''[[:d:Q140835258|arrondissement municipal du Gabon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q837766|local authority]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q140835651|Q140835651]]
| ''[[:d:Q140835651|commune gabonaise]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3266850|commune]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q141164518|Q141164518]]
| ''[[:d:Q141164518|fifth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15640612|fifth-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q141164534|Q141164534]]
| ''[[:d:Q141164534|sixth-level administrative division in Indonesia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q22927291|sixth-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q141164550|Q141164550]]
| ''[[:d:Q141164550|seventh-level administrative division in Indonesia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1799794|administrative territorial entity of a specific level]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15903862|Q15903862]]
| ''[[:d:Q15903862|縣轄區]]''
| ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q28872924|designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16118675|Q16118675]]
| ''[[:d:Q16118675|حي شعبي]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16142566|Q16142566]]
| ''[[:d:Q16142566|city planning (Japan)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q69883|urbanistica]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q69883|urbanistica]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16181672|Q16181672]]
| ''[[:d:Q16181672|special autonomous city in South Korea]]''
| ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[citate]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16638537|Q16638537]]
| ''[[:d:Q16638537|мястэчка]]''
| ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16646034|Q16646034]]
| ''[[:d:Q16646034|episcopal vicariate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12778511|vicariate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16652878|Q16652878]]
| ''[[:d:Q16652878|zaimka]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16915726|Q16915726]]
| ''[[:d:Q16915726|mesoregion]]''
| [[region]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17051044|Q17051044]]
| ''[[:d:Q17051044|mahalle]]''
| ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123705|vicinitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2916486|administrative territorial entity type of Turkey]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17130641|Q17130641]]
| ''[[:d:Q17130641|syssel]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17143723|Q17143723]]
| ''[[:d:Q17143723|Catholic parish]]''
| ''[[:d:Q102496|parish]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_077f98c9b6834479313df83a5999c3486ebb74fd613105ca4b4d0d994ab4f2d8&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q7005198|New Advent]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_077f98c9b6834479313df83a5999c3486ebb74fd613105ca4b4d0d994ab4f2d8&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q7005198|New Advent]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13358519|parish]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q23955632|Catholic organization]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43229|organisation]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q118905629|type of Roman Catholic institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17147958|Q17147958]]
| ''[[:d:Q17147958|intendency]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17208868|Q17208868]]
| ''[[:d:Q17208868|都市再生緊急整備地域]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17217734|Q17217734]]
| ''[[:d:Q17217734|tenaga]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17299748|Q17299748]]
| ''[[:d:Q17299748|Vulka]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17319258|Q17319258]]
| ''[[:d:Q17319258|presidency of British India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2385925|presidencies and provinces in British India]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3558349|presidency]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17361443|Q17361443]]
| ''[[:d:Q17361443|administrative territorial entity of a state of the United States]]''
| [[divisiones politic del Statos Unite]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17990737|Q17990737]]
| ''[[:d:Q17990737|Landscape Districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q759882|protected landscape area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q18199255|Q18199255]]
| ''[[:d:Q18199255|Amtskommune]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q18658990|Q18658990]]
| ''[[:d:Q18658990|Ke-tsng-siā-hiunn]]''
| ''[[:d:Q18652293|Pó-lí-hiong-ò]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3268571|administrative territorial entity of a single country]]''
| ''[[:d:Q18658211|administrative territorial entity of Taiwan under Qing rule]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10915529|administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q18729324|Q18729324]]
| ''[[:d:Q18729324|razyezd]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q19563262|Q19563262]]
| ''[[:d:Q19563262|county of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q64606162|administrative territorial entity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q26654367|former county]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q19610511|Q19610511]]
| ''[[:d:Q19610511|township]]''
| ''[[:d:Q141104744|geopolitical region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q19703730|Q19703730]]
| ''[[:d:Q19703730|district-notary office]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q19832689|Q19832689]]
| ''[[:d:Q19832689|îlot]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q19868905|Q19868905]]
| ''[[:d:Q19868905|administrative territorial entity of Minas Gerais]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10374536|administrative territorial entity of Brazil]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q19905455|Q19905455]]
| ''[[:d:Q19905455|borough]]''
| ''[[:d:Q688718|administrative territorial entity of Quebec]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5195043|borough]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q30059|arrondissement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q19939940|Q19939940]]
| ''[[:d:Q19939940|ban]]''
| ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15640612|fifth-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5084|hamlet]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q19941361|Q19941361]]
| ''[[:d:Q19941361|tong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14757767|fourth-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q20113851|Q20113851]]
| ''[[:d:Q20113851|gun]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q20180964|Q20180964]]
| ''[[:d:Q20180964|franciscan custody]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q20203616|Q20203616]]
| ''[[:d:Q20203616|Indian reservation]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1839674|lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q57237926|reservation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q25380035|ethnic community]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q20541692|Q20541692]]
| ''[[:d:Q20541692|settlement in Galicia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3257686|localitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[village]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3183364|entitate territorial administrative de Espania]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1fbd72c043ce0480eaea53a397388f5226d3cd78ac056c09e7b89586971eb320&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3306957|Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1fbd72c043ce0480eaea53a397388f5226d3cd78ac056c09e7b89586971eb320&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3306957|Galician Statute of Autonomy of 1981]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q20826981|Q20826981]]
| ''[[:d:Q20826981|Rural community (local government)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q387917|administrative divisions of Germany]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q175185|rural area]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q20986707|Q20986707]]
| ''[[:d:Q20986707|cantred]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q21039427|Q21039427]]
| ''[[:d:Q21039427|boma]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15623929|administrative territorial entity of South Sudan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q21619677|Q21619677]]
| ''[[:d:Q21619677|amanate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q6501447|local government]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q21824758|Q21824758]]
| ''[[:d:Q21824758|ga]]''
| ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q21824871|Q21824871]]
| ''[[:d:Q21824871|ro]]''
| ''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q22085013|Q22085013]]
| ''[[:d:Q22085013|eparchy]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q22693483|Q22693483]]
| ''[[:d:Q22693483|Pflegamt]]''
| ''[[:d:Q643589|departimento]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q23827464|Q23827464]]
| ''[[:d:Q23827464|centre of Saudi Arabia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15623255|administrative territorial entity of Saudi Arabia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q24024848|Q24024848]]
| ''[[:d:Q24024848|eup of South Korea]]''
| ''[[:d:Q42132|eup]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q41156|administrative territorial entity of South Korea]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q24026248|Q24026248]]
| ''[[:d:Q24026248|участок]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q24859699|Q24859699]]
| ''[[:d:Q24859699|総合区]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1850442|administrative territorial entity of Japan]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q29925520|borough of Japan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q24949989|Q24949989]]
| ''[[:d:Q24949989|Zonal Council]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q24953176|Q24953176]]
| ''[[:d:Q24953176|special administrative region]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25377531|Q25377531]]
| ''[[:d:Q25377531|Territorial Authority]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25532202|Q25532202]]
| ''[[:d:Q25532202|amlak]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25537045|Q25537045]]
| ''[[:d:Q25537045|khaganate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''
| ''[[:d:Q17362920|Wikimedia duplicated page]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q26262476|Q26262476]]
| ''[[:d:Q26262476|third-level administrative country subdivision in Indonesia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1434505|administrative territorial entity of Indonesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357920|third-level administrative division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q26912005|Q26912005]]
| ''[[:d:Q26912005|regio]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15642541|human-geographic territorial entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27254663|Q27254663]]
| ''[[:d:Q27254663|Station village]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27254666|Q27254666]]
| ''[[:d:Q27254666|urban-type settlement by the railway station]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27295972|Q27295972]]
| ''[[:d:Q27295972|посёлок железнодорожной платформы]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27517998|Q27517998]]
| ''[[:d:Q27517998|маяк]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27518087|Q27518087]]
| ''[[:d:Q27518087|казарма]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27518260|Q27518260]]
| ''[[:d:Q27518260|монтёрский пункт]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27518266|Q27518266]]
| ''[[:d:Q27518266|метеостанция]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27518282|Q27518282]]
| ''[[:d:Q27518282|гидрологический пост]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27518287|Q27518287]]
| ''[[:d:Q27518287|контрольный пункт связи]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27518793|Q27518793]]
| ''[[:d:Q27518793|железнодорожный блокпост]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27526294|Q27526294]]
| ''[[:d:Q27526294|железнодорожный пост]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27526303|Q27526303]]
| ''[[:d:Q27526303|лесной посёлок]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27531730|Q27531730]]
| ''[[:d:Q27531730|kordon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27532791|Q27532791]]
| ''[[:d:Q27532791|railway booth]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27532818|Q27532818]]
| ''[[:d:Q27532818|railway barracks]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27537456|Q27537456]]
| ''[[:d:Q27537456|железнодорожный дом]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27537502|Q27537502]]
| ''[[:d:Q27537502|посёлок лесоучастка]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27566198|Q27566198]]
| ''[[:d:Q27566198|остановочная платформа]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27577201|Q27577201]]
| ''[[:d:Q27577201|железнодорожная платформа]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27587207|Q27587207]]
| ''[[:d:Q27587207|city municipality]]''
| ''[[:d:Q192287|administrative divisions of Russia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27587491|Q27587491]]
| ''[[:d:Q27587491|urban-type settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15078955|urban-type settlement in Russia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27588300|Q27588300]]
| ''[[:d:Q27588300|железнодорожная площадка]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27588331|Q27588331]]
| ''[[:d:Q27588331|state farm settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10354598|rural settlement]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q28081313|Q28081313]]
| ''[[:d:Q28081313|municipality section]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q28517354|Q28517354]]
| ''[[:d:Q28517354|sesma]]''
| ''[[:d:Q19832712|historical administrative division]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19953632|former administrative territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q28683636|Q28683636]]
| ''[[:d:Q28683636|High-rise residential Attraction District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11424233|district and zone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q28754498|Q28754498]]
| ''[[:d:Q28754498|chōme]]''
| ''[[:d:Q5327369|chōchō]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q29925520|Q29925520]]
| ''[[:d:Q29925520|borough of Japan]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q29946056|Q29946056]]
| ''[[:d:Q29946056|highly urbanized city]]''
| ''[[:d:Q104157|city of the Philippines]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30674761|Q30674761]]
| ''[[:d:Q30674761|Australian marine park]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2616170|marine reserve]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30749622|Q30749622]]
| ''[[:d:Q30749622|archpriesthood]]''
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q385337|deanery]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20926517|religious administrative territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30928563|Q30928563]]
| ''[[:d:Q30928563|邑]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q7884789|toponym]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30943418|Q30943418]]
| ''[[:d:Q30943418|城]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31835971|Q31835971]]
| ''[[:d:Q31835971|Munizipalität]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15284|municipalitate]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31883575|Q31883575]]
| ''[[:d:Q31883575|amt]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q33146843|Q33146843]]
| ''[[:d:Q33146843|municipality of Catalonia]]''
| [[municipalitates de Espania]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11917457|subdivisions of Catalonia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q42692874|Q42692874]]
| ''[[:d:Q42692874|Verwaltungsbezirk]]''
| ''[[:d:Q264441|Bezirk]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q47795905|Q47795905]]
| ''[[:d:Q47795905|Piarist province]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2029182|province of a religious order]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q109612062|territorial demarcation of the Pious Schools]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q48760287|Q48760287]]
| ''[[:d:Q48760287|Countryside Residential District]]''
| ''[[:d:Q30921518|use districts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q48784221|Q48784221]]
| ''[[:d:Q48784221|collación]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1761572|barrio]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1626455|parroquia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q48816145|Q48816145]]
| ''[[:d:Q48816145|sector of Islamabad]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7444705|sector]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q51041800|Q51041800]]
| ''[[:d:Q51041800|religious administrative entity]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1530022|organisation religiose]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121144515|type of religious institution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q52063214|Q52063214]]
| ''[[:d:Q52063214|provincial park]]''
| ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[parco]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q728904|nature park]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q137393561|type of park]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q52226526|Q52226526]]
| ''[[:d:Q52226526|Roede van Harelbeke]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[canton]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q55237813|Q55237813]]
| ''[[:d:Q55237813|village of New York]]''
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q751708|village in the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q47682|administrative territorial entity of New York]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q55998242|Q55998242]]
| ''[[:d:Q55998242|administrative region of Quebec]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3455524|region administrative]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q56205755|Q56205755]]
| ''[[:d:Q56205755|district of Rotuma]]''
| ''[[:d:Q149621|district]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12357832|division administrative del secunde nivello]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q56271507|Q56271507]]
| ''[[:d:Q56271507|鎮]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q15617994|administrative territorial entity type]]''
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>8sao6x0ize9gack6b87wkm0le4nu5j4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendice:Lista de taxones del classe Mammalia</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>41382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>700936</id>
      <parentid>700820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T05:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>24326</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>700936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="87261" sha1="i4j6rpjtytbsjyhid68ziz9fdqh7iy7" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item ?sl { ?item wdt:P171* wd:Q7377  . OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?sl } . 
                     FILTER (?sl &gt;= 50)
                     } ORDER BY DESC(?sl)
|section=
|sort=
|columns=number:#,item,label:Article,P225,?sl,description,P18,P31,P279,P171,P361
|thumb=48
|min_section=
|links=red_only
|summary=itemnumber
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! #
! item
! Article
! nomine del taxon
! ?sl
! description
! imagine
! instantia de
! subclasse de
! taxon superior immediate
! parte de
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1
| [[:d:Q58697|Q58697]]
| [[Sus scrofa]]
| Sus scrofa
| 163
| 
| [[File:Wildschwein, Nähe Pulverstampftor.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Sus]]
| [[Sus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 2
| [[:d:Q9482|Q9482]]
| [[Sciuridae]]
| Sciuridae
| 158
| 
| [[File:Sciurus carolinensis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sciuromorpha]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 3
| [[:d:Q10850|Q10850]]
| [[Rodent]]
| Rodentia
| 155
| 
| [[File:Tamias striatus CT.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[fur-bearing animal]]
| [[Glires]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Simplicidentata]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 4
| [[:d:Q34718|Q34718]]
| [[Rhinocerotidae]]
| Rhinocerotidae
| 155
| 
| [[File:Waterberg Nashorn1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[perissodactylos]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Rhinocerotoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 5
| [[:d:Q34505|Q34505]]
| [[Hippopotamus amphibius]]
| Hippopotamus amphibius
| 147
| 
| [[File:Portrait Hippopotamus in the water.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hippopotamus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 6
| [[:d:Q33602|Q33602]]
| [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]]
| Ailuropoda melanoleuca
| 146
| 
| [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Ursidae]]
| [[Ailuropoda]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 7
| [[:d:Q42046|Q42046]]
| [[Hyaenidae]]
| Hyaenidae
| 144
| 
| [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Herpestoidea]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Aeluroidea]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Feliformia|feliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 8
| [[:d:Q46076|Q46076]]
| [[Lepus]]
| Lepus
| 142
| 
| [[File:Hare Hare (20300967221).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Leporidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 9
| [[:d:Q15083|Q15083]]
| [[Giraffa camelopardalis]]
| Giraffa camelopardalis
| 139
| 
| [[File:Rothschild's giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Murchison Falls National Park.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Giraffa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 10
| [[:d:Q36341|Q36341]]
| [[Ursus arctos]]
| Ursus arctos
| 138
| 
| [[File:202309 Ezo brown bear.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[bear]]
| [[Ursus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 11
| [[:d:Q30197|Q30197]]
| [[Panthera uncia]]
| Panthera uncia
| 132
| 
| [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[apex predator]]&lt;br/&gt;[[flagship species]]
| 
| [[Panthera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 12
| [[:d:Q35517|Q35517]]
| [[Alces alces]]
| Alces alces
| 130
| 
| [[File:A male moose takes a rest in a field during a light rainshower.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alces]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 13
| [[:d:Q36101|Q36101]]
| [[Phascolarctos cinereus]]
| Phascolarctos cinereus
| 129
| 
| [[File:Koala climbing tree.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phascolarctos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 14
| [[:d:Q25311|Q25311]]
| [[Mustela nivalis]]
| Mustela nivalis
| 123
| 
| [[File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mustela]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 15
| [[:d:Q27066|Q27066]]
| [[Meles meles]]
| Meles meles
| 123
| 
| [[File:European badger (Meles meles taxus) Drenthe.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Meles]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 16
| [[:d:Q29995|Q29995]]
| [[Lutra lutra]]
| Lutra lutra
| 122
| 
| [[File:Otter.png|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lutra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 17
| [[:d:Q83310|Q83310]]
| [[Mus musculus]]
| Mus musculus
| 121
| 
| [[File:202101 Mouse.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 18
| [[:d:Q39624|Q39624]]
| [[Rangifer tarandus]]
| Rangifer tarandus
| 121
| 
| [[File:Caribou.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Cervides|Cervidae]]
| [[Rangifer]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 19
| [[:d:Q26843|Q26843]]
| [[Orcinus orca]]
| Orcinus orca
| 116
| 
| [[File:202402 Killer whale.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Odontoceti]]
| [[Orcinus]]
| [[Blackfish]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 20
| [[:d:Q80479|Q80479]]
| [[Herpestidae]]
| Herpestidae
| 112
| 
| [[File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Feliformia|feliformes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Herpestoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 21
| [[:d:Q41960|Q41960]]
| [[Ailurus fulgens]]
| Ailurus fulgens
| 112
| 
| [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ailurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 22
| [[:d:Q4388|Q4388]]
| [[Sciurus vulgaris]]
| Sciurus vulgaris
| 111
| 
| [[File:Squirrel posing.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sciurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 23
| [[:d:Q41692|Q41692]]
| [[mule]]
| Equus asinus × Equus caballus
| 111
| 
| [[File:Juancito.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[hybrid taxon]]
| [[packhorse]]&lt;br/&gt;[[horse–donkey hybrid]]
| [[Equus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 24
| [[:d:Q42196|Q42196]]
| [[Balaenoptera musculus]]
| Balaenoptera musculus
| 111
| 
| [[File:202501 Blue whale.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Cetacea]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Balaenoptera physalus]]
| [[Balaenoptera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 25
| [[:d:Q25345|Q25345]]
| [[Mustela erminea]]
| Mustela erminea
| 110
| 
| [[File:Røyskatt (Mustela erminea erminea), Lista, Norway.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mustela]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 26
| [[:d:Q30847|Q30847]]
| [[Caracal caracal]]
| Caracal caracal
| 109
| 
| [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[big cat]]
| [[Caracal]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 27
| [[:d:Q79794|Q79794]]
| [[Cervus elaphus]]
| Cervus elaphus
| 109
| 
| [[File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cervus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 28
| [[:d:Q79803|Q79803]]
| [[Cavia porcellus]]
| Cavia porcellus
| 108
| 
| [[File:Conill porquí gàbia.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[organismo modelo]]
| 
| [[Cavia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 29
| [[:d:Q122069|Q122069]]
| [[Capreolus capreolus]]
| Capreolus capreolus
| 108
| 
| [[File:Capreolus (js)11.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Capreolus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 30
| [[:d:Q30263|Q30263]]
| [[Pinnipedia]]
| Pinnipedia
| 107
| 
| [[File:Common seal (Phoca vitulina) 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Mammiferos]]
| [[Caniformia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 31
| [[:d:Q46212|Q46212]]
| [[Orycteropus afer]]
| Orycteropus afer
| 106
| 
| [[File:Orycteropus afer stuffed.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[insectivore]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mammiferos]]
| [[Orycteropus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 32
| [[:d:Q14334|Q14334]]
| [[glutton]]
| Gulo gulo
| 106
| mammifero carnivore
| [[File:Gulo gulo 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gulo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 33
| [[:d:Q82738|Q82738]]
| [[Vulpes lagopus]]
| Vulpes lagopus
| 105
| 
| [[File:Vulpes lagopus in Iceland (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 34
| [[:d:Q41631|Q41631]]
| [[Soricidae]]
| Soricidae
| 104
| 
| [[File:Southern short-tailed shrew.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eulipotyphla]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 35
| [[:d:Q159429|Q159429]]
| [[Papio]]
| Papio
| 103
| 
| [[File:Olive baboon.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cercopithecinae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Papionini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 36
| [[:d:Q25437|Q25437]]
| [[Mustelidae]]
| Mustelidae
| 101
| 
| [[File:Marten with Flowers.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Musteloidea]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Caniformia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 37
| [[:d:Q200184|Q200184]]
| [[Lutrinae]]
| Lutrinae
| 101
| 
| [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mustelidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 38
| [[:d:Q125525|Q125525]]
| [[jackal]]
| 
| 101
| 
| [[File:Golden jackal (Canis aureus indicus) male head.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[organisms known by a particular common name]]
| [[Canina]]
| [[Canina]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 39
| [[:d:Q128098|Q128098]]
| [[Canis aureus]]
| Canis aureus
| 101
| 
| [[File:033 Golden jackal in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 40
| [[:d:Q25851|Q25851]]
| [[Oryctolagus cuniculus]]
| Oryctolagus cuniculus
| 100
| 
| [[File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[conilio]]
| [[Oryctolagus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 41
| [[:d:Q122783|Q122783]]
| [[Ursus americanus]]
| Ursus americanus
| 99
| 
| [[File:American black bear (19647087094).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Ursidae]]
| [[Ursus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 42
| [[:d:Q19537|Q19537]]
| [[bonobo]]
| Pan paniscus
| 99
| specie de primate
| [[File:Bonobo at Nsele Valley Park, Kinshasa, DR Congo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chimpanze]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 43
| [[:d:Q862089|Q862089]]
| [[Giraffa]]
| Giraffa
| 99
| 
| [[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Giraffina]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 44
| [[:d:Q82037|Q82037]]
| [[Okapia johnstoni]]
| Okapia johnstoni
| 98
| 
| [[File:Okapi and son.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Okapia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 45
| [[:d:Q25374|Q25374]]
| [[perissodactylos]]
| Perissodactyla
| 97
| 
| [[File:00296 zebra.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Mammiferos]]
| [[Perissodactylamorpha]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 46
| [[:d:Q10798|Q10798]]
| [[Sus]]
| Sus
| 97
| 
| [[File:Zwijntje.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[animal]]
| [[Suini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 47
| [[:d:Q81214|Q81214]]
| [[Physeter macrocephalus]]
| Physeter macrocephalus
| 97
| 
| [[File:Mother and baby sperm whale.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[whale]]
| [[Physeter]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 48
| [[:d:Q123102|Q123102]]
| [[Thylacinus cynocephalus]]
| Thylacinus cynocephalus
| 96
| 
| [[File:Thylacines.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Thylacinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 49
| [[:d:Q26046|Q26046]]
| [[Martes martes]]
| Martes martes
| 96
| 
| [[File:Pine Marten (48173751702).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Martes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 50
| [[:d:Q2274076|Q2274076]]
| [[Folivora]]
| Folivora
| 95
| 
| [[File:Bradypus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pilosa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 51
| [[:d:Q42797|Q42797]]
| [[Trichechus]]
| Trichechus
| 95
| 
| [[File:Endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) (7636816484).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Trichechidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 52
| [[:d:Q185939|Q185939]]
| [[Hylobatidae]]
| Hylobatidae
| 95
| 
| [[File:Hylobates lar pair of white and black 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hominoide]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 53
| [[:d:Q133006|Q133006]]
| [[Elephas maximus]]
| Elephas maximus
| 95
| 
| [[File:Asian elephant - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[elephante]]
| [[Elephas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 54
| [[:d:Q25401|Q25401]]
| [[Lagomorpha]]
| Lagomorpha
| 94
| 
| [[File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Glires]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 55
| [[:d:Q6120|Q6120]]
| [[Erinaceinae]]
| Erinaceinae
| 93
| 
| [[File:Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Erinaceidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 56
| [[:d:Q80952|Q80952]]
| [[Panthera tigris tigris]]
| Panthera tigris tigris
| 93
| 
| [[File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 05.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[tigre]]
| [[tigre]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 57
| [[:d:Q6573|Q6573]]
| [[Cricetinae]]
| Cricetinae
| 93
| 
| [[File:A pet hamster named Peach.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Cricetidae]]
| [[Cricetidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 58
| [[:d:Q173128|Q173128]]
| [[Mellivora capensis]]
| Mellivora capensis
| 92
| 
| [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mellivora]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 59
| [[:d:Q134015|Q134015]]
| [[Suricata suricatta]]
| Suricata suricatta
| 92
| 
| [[File:Meerkat (Suricata suricatta).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Suricata]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 60
| [[:d:Q173651|Q173651]]
| [[Lycaon pictus]]
| Lycaon pictus
| 92
| 
| [[File:Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lycaon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 61
| [[:d:Q166794|Q166794]]
| [[Otocolobus manul]]
| Otocolobus manul
| 90
| 
| [[File:Otocolobus manul -Zurich Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Otocolobus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 62
| [[:d:Q124410|Q124410]]
| [[Ursus thibetanus]]
| Ursus thibetanus
| 90
| 
| [[File:Ursus thibetanus 3 (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ursus]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Selenarctos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 63
| [[:d:Q47867|Q47867]]
| [[Dasypodidae]]
| Dasypodidae
| 90
| 
| [[File:Nine-banded Armadillo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cingulata]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 64
| [[:d:Q104825|Q104825]]
| [[Talpidae]]
| Talpidae
| 90
| 
| [[File:Talpa europaea MHNT.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eulipotyphla]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 65
| [[:d:Q177601|Q177601]]
| [[Macaca]]
| Macaca
| 90
| 
| [[File:Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cercopithecinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 66
| [[:d:Q36557|Q36557]]
| [[Loxodonta africana]]
| Loxodonta africana
| 90
| 
| [[File:178 Male African bush elephant in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Loxodonta]]
| [[Loxodonta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 67
| [[:d:Q26838|Q26838]]
| [[Lepus europaeus]]
| Lepus europaeus
| 89
| 
| [[File:European Brown Hare (50341079472).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eulagos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 68
| [[:d:Q166898|Q166898]]
| [[Suidae]]
| Suidae
| 89
| 
| [[File:Lightmatter unidentified pig-like animal.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Suina]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Suoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 69
| [[:d:Q172923|Q172923]]
| [[Capra]]
| Capra
| 89
| 
| [[File:Bouquetin01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Caprini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 70
| [[:d:Q25431|Q25431]]
| [[Sirenia]]
| Sirenia
| 88
| 
| [[File:FL fig04.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Placentarios]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mammiferos]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tethytheria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 71
| [[:d:Q28521|Q28521]]
| [[Mustela]]
| Mustela
| 88
| 
| [[File:Mustela species mosaic.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mustelinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 72
| [[:d:Q38584|Q38584]]
| [[Canis lupus dingo]]
| Canis familiaris dingo
| 88
| 
| [[File:Dingo Side.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[racia can]]&lt;br/&gt;[[organisms known by a particular common name]]
| [[feral dog]]
| [[Canis familiaris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 73
| [[:d:Q132585|Q132585]]
| [[Cuon alpinus]]
| Cuon alpinus
| 87
| 
| [[File:Dhole (Asiatic wild dog) cropped.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cuon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 74
| [[:d:Q103237|Q103237]]
| [[Australopithecus]]
| Australopithecus
| 87
| 
| [[File:Australopithecus Afarensis - Transparent Background.png|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Australopithecinae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Australopithecine]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 75
| [[:d:Q26533|Q26533]]
| [[Martes]]
| Martes
| 86
| 
| [[File:Martes martes crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Guloninae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 76
| [[:d:Q185194|Q185194]]
| [[Vulpes]]
| Vulpes
| 86
| 
| [[File:Genus vulpes.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpini]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Canides|Canidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 77
| [[:d:Q26423|Q26423]]
| [[Martes zibellina]]
| Martes zibellina
| 86
| 
| [[File:Sobol bur.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Martes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 78
| [[:d:Q131564|Q131564]]
| [[Vulpes zerda]]
| Vulpes zerda
| 86
| 
| [[File:Fennec Fox (9163009503).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 79
| [[:d:Q128001|Q128001]]
| [[Tapirus]]
| Tapirus
| 86
| 
| [[File:Malayan Tapir.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tapiridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 80
| [[:d:Q26283|Q26283]]
| [[Ondatra zibethicus]]
| Ondatra zibethicus
| 86
| 
| [[File:Ondatra zibethicus FWS.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ondatra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 81
| [[:d:Q159918|Q159918]]
| [[Ceratotherium simum]]
| Ceratotherium simum
| 86
| 
| [[File:White rhinoceros africa.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ceratotherium]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 82
| [[:d:Q132905|Q132905]]
| [[Megaptera novaeangliae]]
| Megaptera novaeangliae
| 86
| 
| [[File:202312 Humpback whale.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Megaptera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 83
| [[:d:Q21834|Q21834]]
| [[Didelphidae]]
| Didelphidae
| 85
| 
| [[File:Opossum 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Didelphimorphia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 84
| [[:d:Q26582|Q26582]]
| [[Mustela putorius]]
| Mustela putorius
| 85
| 
| [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mustela]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 85
| [[:d:Q95036|Q95036]]
| [[Diceros bicornis]]
| Diceros bicornis
| 85
| 
| [[File:2012 Black Rhinoceros Gemsbokvlakte.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Diceros]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 86
| [[:d:Q184004|Q184004]]
| [[Ovibos moschatus]]
| Ovibos moschatus
| 85
| 
| [[File:Ovibos moschatus qtl3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ovibos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 87
| [[:d:Q159857|Q159857]]
| [[Dama dama]]
| Dama dama
| 85
| 
| [[File:Fallow deer in field.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[deer]]
| [[Dama]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 88
| [[:d:Q132072|Q132072]]
| [[Delphinapterus leucas]]
| Delphinapterus leucas
| 85
| 
| [[File:Beluga oceanografic.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Delphinapterus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 89
| [[:d:Q23175|Q23175]]
| [[Vombatidae]]
| Vombatidae
| 84
| 
| [[File:Vombatus ursinus (Wombat in snow).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vombatiformes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Vombatoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 90
| [[:d:Q69581|Q69581]]
| [[Panthera tigris altaica]]
| Panthera tigris altaica
| 84
| 
| [[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[tigre]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 91
| [[:d:Q5452918|Q5452918]]
| [[Simiiformes]]
| Simiiformes
| 84
| 
| [[File:Simiiformes.png|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haplorrhini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 92
| [[:d:Q131340|Q131340]]
| [[Rupicapra rupicapra]]
| Rupicapra rupicapra
| 84
| 
| [[File:064 Wild Chamois Parc régional Chasseral Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rupicapra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 93
| [[:d:Q6145|Q6145]]
| [[Erinaceus europaeus]]
| Erinaceus europaeus
| 83
| 
| [[File:Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Erinaceus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 94
| [[:d:Q42627|Q42627]]
| [[Prionailurus bengalensis]]
| Prionailurus bengalensis
| 83
| 
| [[File:Close-up of a Leopard Cat in Sundarban.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Prionailurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 95
| [[:d:Q36135|Q36135]]
| [[Neofelis nebulosa]]
| Neofelis nebulosa
| 83
| 
| [[File:Clouded Leopard (205918213).jpeg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neofelis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 96
| [[:d:Q21824|Q21824]]
| [[echidna]]
| Tachyglossidae
| 82
| 
| [[File:Tachyglossus aculeatus side on.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Monotremas|Monotremata]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ornithorhynchoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 97
| [[:d:Q27366|Q27366]]
| [[Martes foina]]
| Martes foina
| 82
| 
| [[File:Beech Marten.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Martes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 98
| [[:d:Q133189|Q133189]]
| [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]]
| Nyctereutes procyonoides
| 82
| 
| [[File:Енотовидная собака Гродно (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nyctereutes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 99
| [[:d:Q129544|Q129544]]
| [[Dugong dugon]]
| Dugong dugon
| 81
| 
| [[File:Dugong Marsa Alam.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dugong]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 100
| [[:d:Q129727|Q129727]]
| [[Lynx pardinus]]
| Lynx pardinus
| 81
| 
| [[File:Lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), Almuradiel, Ciudad Real, España, 2021-12-19, DD 07.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lynx (taxon)]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 101
| [[:d:Q144923|Q144923]]
| [[Helarctos malayanus]]
| Helarctos malayanus
| 81
| 
| [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Helarctos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 102
| [[:d:Q184224|Q184224]]
| [[Rattus norvegicus]]
| Rattus norvegicus
| 81
| 
| [[File:A river rat.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[organismo modelo]]
| 
| [[Ratto]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 103
| [[:d:Q180404|Q180404]]
| [[Cervus canadensis]]
| Cervus canadensis
| 81
| 
| [[File:Jasper.Wapiti-Hirsch.P1033401.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cervus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 104
| [[:d:Q46889|Q46889]]
| [[Bos primigenius indicus]]
| Bos primigenius indicus
| 81
| 
| [[File:A well-fed bull in Kuno WS AJTJ P1070807.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[milk yielding animal]]
| [[Bos taurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 105
| [[:d:Q182347|Q182347]]
| [[leon asiatic]]
| Panthera leo persica
| 80
| 
| [[File:Asiatic Lioness in Gir Forest.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[leon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 106
| [[:d:Q971343|Q971343]]
| [[Microchiroptera]]
| Microchiroptera
| 79
| 
| [[File:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 107
| [[:d:Q147114|Q147114]]
| [[Procyonidae]]
| Procyonidae
| 79
| 
| [[File:Procyonidae-01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Musteloidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 108
| [[:d:Q41407|Q41407]]
| [[Enhydra lutris]]
| Enhydra lutris
| 79
| 
| [[File:Otter in Seward, Alaska, April 2017.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Enhydra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 109
| [[:d:Q209067|Q209067]]
| [[Talpa europaea]]
| Talpa europaea
| 78
| 
| [[File:Talpa europaea MHNT.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Talpa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 110
| [[:d:Q126683|Q126683]]
| [[Saiga tatarica]]
| Saiga tatarica
| 78
| 
| [[File:Saiga antelope at the Stepnoi Sanctuary.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Saiga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 111
| [[:d:Q10867|Q10867]]
| [[Phocoenidae]]
| Phocoenidae
| 78
| 
| [[File:Porpoise 042.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Delphinoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 112
| [[:d:Q185864|Q185864]]
| [[Viverridae]]
| Viverridae
| 77
| 
| [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Feliformia|feliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 113
| [[:d:Q178089|Q178089]]
| [[Crocuta crocuta]]
| Crocuta crocuta
| 77
| 
| [[File:Hiena manchada (Crocuta crocuta), parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 22.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Crocuta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 114
| [[:d:Q171004|Q171004]]
| [[Ursus arctos horribilis]]
| Ursus arctos horribilis
| 77
| 
| [[File:Grizzly Denali edit.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ursus arctos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 115
| [[:d:Q185038|Q185038]]
| [[Loxodonta]]
| Loxodonta
| 77
| 
| [[File:African Bush Elephant.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[elephante]]
| [[Elephante|Elephantidae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Loxodontini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 116
| [[:d:Q47910|Q47910]]
| [[Rhinoceros unicornis]]
| Rhinoceros unicornis
| 77
| 
| [[File:Greater one-horned rhinoceros at Chitwan.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Mammiferos]]
| [[Rhinoceros]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 117
| [[:d:Q174296|Q174296]]
| [[Gauro]]
| Bos gaurus
| 77
| 
| [[File:Gaur Indian Bison.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 118
| [[:d:Q190858|Q190858]]
| [[Gazella]]
| Gazella
| 77
| 
| [[File:Chinkara - Shreeram M V - Bikaner.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Antilopini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 119
| [[:d:Q185231|Q185231]]
| [[Mirounga]]
| Mirounga
| 76
| 
| [[File:Mirounga leonina.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Monachinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 120
| [[:d:Q42602|Q42602]]
| [[felinos]]
| Felinae
| 76
| 
| [[File:Felinae diversity 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[felides]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 121
| [[:d:Q146457|Q146457]]
| [[Lynx canadensis]]
| Lynx canadensis
| 76
| 
| [[File:Canada lynx by Michael Zahra.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lynx (taxon)]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 122
| [[:d:Q187704|Q187704]]
| [[Myocastor coypus]]
| Myocastor coypus
| 76
| 
| [[File:202401 Myocastor coypus.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Myocastor]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 123
| [[:d:Q26547|Q26547]]
| [[Yak salvage]]
| Bos mutus
| 76
| 
| [[File:Wild Yak Stuffed.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[taxon synonyme]]
| 
| [[Bos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 124
| [[:d:Q156606|Q156606]]
| [[Macaca mulatta]]
| Macaca mulatta
| 76
| 
| [[File:112 Baby rhesus macaque in Jim Corbett National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[organismo modelo]]
| 
| [[Macaca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 125
| [[:d:Q23193|Q23193]]
| [[Macropodidae]]
| Macropodidae
| 75
| 
| [[File:Kangaroo.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Macropodiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 126
| [[:d:Q27179|Q27179]]
| [[Neovison vison]]
| Neogale vison
| 75
| 
| [[File:American Mink.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neovison]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Neogale]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 127
| [[:d:Q190674|Q190674]]
| [[Prionailurus viverrinus]]
| Prionailurus viverrinus
| 75
| 
| [[File:Prionailurus viverrinus 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Prionailurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 128
| [[:d:Q192231|Q192231]]
| [[Caracal aurata]]
| Profelis aurata
| 75
| 
| [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Caracal]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 129
| [[:d:Q182968|Q182968]]
| [[Cercopithecidae]]
| Cercopithecidae
| 75
| 
| [[File:Olive baboon Ngorongoro.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cercopithecoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 130
| [[:d:Q183339|Q183339]]
| [[Antilope cervicapra]]
| Antilope cervicapra
| 75
| 
| [[File:BlackBuck.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Antilope]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 131
| [[:d:Q213084|Q213084]]
| [[Antidorcas marsupialis]]
| Antidorcas marsupialis
| 75
| 
| [[File:174 Male Springbok in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Antidorcas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 132
| [[:d:Q26559|Q26559]]
| [[Mustela lutreola]]
| Mustela lutreola
| 74
| 
| [[File:Europäischer Nerz.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mustela]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 133
| [[:d:Q188657|Q188657]]
| [[Hyaena hyaena]]
| Hyaena hyaena
| 74
| 
| [[File:Museo della Specola (Florence) - Hyaena hyaena.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hyaena]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 134
| [[:d:Q180035|Q180035]]
| [[Lepus timidus]]
| Lepus timidus
| 74
| 
| [[File:Lepus timidus in Volgograd Oblast.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lepus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 135
| [[:d:Q190516|Q190516]]
| [[Cervus nippon]]
| Cervus nippon
| 74
| 
| [[File:202308 Japanese deer.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cervus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 136
| [[:d:Q182304|Q182304]]
| [[Puma yagouaroundi]]
| Puma yagouaroundi
| 73
| 
| [[File:Puma yagouaroundi.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Puma]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 137
| [[:d:Q108235|Q108235]]
| [[Gliridae]]
| Gliridae
| 73
| 
| [[File:Graphiurus spec -murinus-1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sciuromorpha]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 138
| [[:d:Q216815|Q216815]]
| [[Taurotragus oryx]]
| Taurotragus oryx
| 73
| 
| [[File:Taurotragus oryx - young bull - Etosha 2015.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Taurotragus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 139
| [[:d:Q174199|Q174199]]
| [[Tursiops truncatus]]
| Tursiops truncatus
| 73
| 
| [[File:Tursiops truncatus 01-cropped.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tursiops]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 140
| [[:d:Q26913|Q26913]]
| [[Phoca vitulina]]
| Phoca vitulina
| 72
| 
| [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 141
| [[:d:Q185295|Q185295]]
| [[Proteles cristata]]
| Proteles cristata
| 72
| 
| [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Proteles]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 142
| [[:d:Q145016|Q145016]]
| [[Melursus ursinus]]
| Melursus ursinus
| 72
| 
| [[File:SlothBear.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Melursus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 143
| [[:d:Q231550|Q231550]]
| [[Scandentia]]
| Scandentia
| 72
| 
| [[File:Tupaia belangeri -Kaeng Krachan.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Euarchonta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 144
| [[:d:Q186778|Q186778]]
| [[Daubentonia madagascariensis]]
| Daubentonia madagascariensis
| 72
| 
| [[File:Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), Tsimbazaza Zoo, Madagascar (3897947810).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Daubentonia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 145
| [[:d:Q185385|Q185385]]
| [[Lemur catta]]
| Lemur catta
| 72
| 
| [[File:Lemur catta 001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lemur]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 146
| [[:d:Q29220|Q29220]]
| [[Dicerorhinus sumatrensis]]
| Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
| 72
| 
| [[File:Sumatran Rhino 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dicerorhinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 147
| [[:d:Q168327|Q168327]]
| [[Capra ibex]]
| Capra ibex
| 72
| 
| [[File:094 Wild female Alpine Ibex at Creux du Van (crop) Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Capra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 148
| [[:d:Q192930|Q192930]]
| [[Chinchilla]]
| Chinchilla
| 71
| 
| [[File:Chinchilla lanigera (Wroclaw zoo)-2.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Rodent]]
| [[Chinchillidae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Chinchillinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 149
| [[:d:Q189514|Q189514]]
| [[Loxodonta cyclotis]]
| Loxodonta cyclotis
| 71
| 
| [[File:Loxodontacyclotis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Loxodonta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 150
| [[:d:Q186267|Q186267]]
| [[Ovis ammon]]
| Ovis ammon
| 71
| 
| [[File:Ovis ammon (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ovis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 151
| [[:d:Q180960|Q180960]]
| [[Equus hemionus]]
| Equus hemionus
| 71
| 
| [[File:Kulan (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Equus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 152
| [[:d:Q179020|Q179020]]
| [[Balaenoptera physalus]]
| Balaenoptera physalus
| 71
| 
| [[File:Finhval.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Balaenidae]]
| [[Balaenoptera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 153
| [[:d:Q243359|Q243359]]
| [[Ursus]]
| Ursus
| 70
| 
| [[File:Black bear large.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ursinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 154
| [[:d:Q147128|Q147128]]
| [[Glis glis]]
| Glis glis
| 70
| 
| [[File:Glis glis 4058.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Glis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 155
| [[:d:Q26332|Q26332]]
| [[Diprotodontia]]
| Diprotodontia
| 69
| 
| [[File:Macropus agilis - 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mammiferos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 156
| [[:d:Q230177|Q230177]]
| [[Pantherinae]]
| Pantherinae
| 69
| 
| [[File:Jaguar head shot.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[felides]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 157
| [[:d:Q187024|Q187024]]
| [[Vulpes corsac]]
| Vulpes corsac
| 69
| 
| [[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 158
| [[:d:Q188717|Q188717]]
| [[Smilodon]]
| Smilodon
| 69
| 
| [[File:Smilodon californicus mount.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Smilodontini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 159
| [[:d:Q185239|Q185239]]
| [[Galagidae]]
| Galagidae
| 69
| 
| [[File:Greater Bush Baby.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lorisiformes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Lorisoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 160
| [[:d:Q200444|Q200444]]
| [[Boselaphus tragocamelus]]
| Boselaphus tragocamelus
| 69
| 
| [[File:Female neelgai 1 gir 2006 karthick.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Boselaphus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 161
| [[:d:Q185230|Q185230]]
| [[Pteropodidae]]
| Pteropodidae
| 68
| 
| [[File:Pteropus conspicillatus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 162
| [[:d:Q183330|Q183330]]
| [[Cryptoprocta ferox]]
| Cryptoprocta ferox
| 68
| 
| [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cryptoprocta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 163
| [[:d:Q18764|Q18764]]
| [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]]
| Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
| 68
| 
| [[File:Asian palm civet in Rabindra Sarobar October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Paradoxurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 164
| [[:d:Q213141|Q213141]]
| [[Arctictis binturong]]
| Arctictis binturong
| 68
| 
| [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Arctictis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 165
| [[:d:Q214835|Q214835]]
| [[Vulpes bengalensis]]
| Vulpes bengalensis
| 68
| 
| [[File:Bengal Fox - Shreeram M V - Rajasthan, India.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 166
| [[:d:Q182573|Q182573]]
| [[liger]]
| Panthera leo × Panthera tigris
| 68
| 
| [[File:Liger couple.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[hybrid]]
| [[Panthera hybrid]]
| [[Panthera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 167
| [[:d:Q106133|Q106133]]
| [[Rattus rattus]]
| Rattus rattus
| 68
| 
| [[File:20191212 Szczury w Świątyni Karni Maty w Deśnok 1038 8111 DxO.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ratto]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 168
| [[:d:Q187927|Q187927]]
| [[Capra falconeri]]
| Capra falconeri
| 68
| 
| [[File:Markhor Schraubenziege Capra falconeri Zoo Augsburg-02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Capra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 169
| [[:d:Q186154|Q186154]]
| [[Giraffidae]]
| Giraffidae
| 68
| 
| [[File:Okapi.bristol.600pix.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Giraffoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 170
| [[:d:Q130942|Q130942]]
| [[Theria]]
| Theria
| 67
| 
| [[File:Theria.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Boreosphenida]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Holotheria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 171
| [[:d:Q178973|Q178973]]
| [[Mustela putorius furo]]
| Mustela furo
| 67
| 
| [[File:202305 Mustela putorius furo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mustela]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 172
| [[:d:Q82261|Q82261]]
| [[Haplorrhini]]
| Haplorhini
| 67
| 
| [[File:Totenkopfaeffchen.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[primate]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 173
| [[:d:Q82265|Q82265]]
| [[Strepsirrhini]]
| Strepsirrhini
| 67
| 
| [[File:Propithecus verreauxi.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[primate]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 174
| [[:d:Q232866|Q232866]]
| [[Tayassuidae]]
| Tayassuidae
| 67
| 
| [[File:Collared peccary02 - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Suina]]&lt;br/&gt;[[artiodactylos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 175
| [[:d:Q199251|Q199251]]
| [[Spermophilus]]
| Spermophilus
| 67
| 
| [[File:Europäischer Ziesel in Hockstellung.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Marmotini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 176
| [[:d:Q13408062|Q13408062]]
| [[Yak domestic]]
| Bos grunniens
| 67
| 
| [[File:Bos grunniens at Letdar on Annapurna Circuit.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 177
| [[:d:Q199962|Q199962]]
| [[Macaca sylvanus]]
| Macaca sylvanus
| 67
| 
| [[File:Portrait of a father.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Macaca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 178
| [[:d:Q192029|Q192029]]
| [[Nasalis larvatus]]
| Nasalis larvatus
| 67
| specie de mammifero
| [[File:Proboscis Monkey in Borneo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Nasalis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 179
| [[:d:Q190154|Q190154]]
| [[Addax nasomaculatus]]
| Addax nasomaculatus
| 67
| 
| [[File:Addax (Addax nasomaculatus) adult male and juvenile.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Addax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 180
| [[:d:Q174652|Q174652]]
| [[Balaena mysticetus]]
| Balaena mysticetus
| 67
| 
| [[File:Bowheads42.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Balaena]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 181
| [[:d:Q726151|Q726151]]
| [[Setonix brachyurus]]
| Setonix brachyurus
| 66
| 
| [[File:Rottnest Quokka 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Setonix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 182
| [[:d:Q1231177|Q1231177]]
| [[Ungulata]]
| Ungulata
| 66
| 
| [[File:Donkey in Clovelly, North Devon, England.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Tetrapoda]]
| [[Placentarios]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Epitheria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Fereuungulata]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 183
| [[:d:Q80191|Q80191]]
| [[catto marmorate]]
| Pardofelis marmorata
| 66
| 
| [[File:Marbled cat borneo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pardofelis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 184
| [[:d:Q184067|Q184067]]
| [[Ochotona]]
| Ochotona
| 66
| 
| [[File:American pika (ochotona princeps) with a mouthful of flowers.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ochotonidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 185
| [[:d:Q193061|Q193061]]
| [[Cricetidae]]
| Cricetidae
| 66
| 
| [[File:European hamster in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Rodent]]
| [[Muroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 186
| [[:d:Q186462|Q186462]]
| [[Lemuridae]]
| Lemuridae
| 66
| 
| [[File:Eulemur coronatus Madagascar 16-07-2004.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lemuroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 187
| [[:d:Q189868|Q189868]]
| [[Mandrillus sphinx]]
| Mandrillus sphinx
| 66
| 
| [[File:Mandrill (4531340530).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mandrillus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 188
| [[:d:Q232054|Q232054]]
| [[Axis axis]]
| Axis axis
| 66
| 
| [[File:Chital in Sundarbans National Park July 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Axis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 189
| [[:d:Q105777|Q105777]]
| [[Homo ergaster]]
| Homo ergaster
| 66
| 
| [[File:Homo ergaster.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 190
| [[:d:Q210872|Q210872]]
| [[Platanista gangetica]]
| Platanista gangetica
| 66
| 
| [[File:Ganges River Dolphin cropped.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Platanista]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 191
| [[:d:Q22110899|Q22110899]]
| [[Choeropsis liberiensis]]
| Choeropsis liberiensis
| 65
| 
| [[File:Pygmy hippopotamus pair.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Choeropsis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 192
| [[:d:Q229337|Q229337]]
| [[Rusa unicolor]]
| Rusa unicolor
| 65
| 
| [[File:A Sambal Deer at Peace.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rusa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 193
| [[:d:Q45969|Q45969]]
| [[Equus quagga quagga]]
| Equus quagga quagga
| 65
| 
| [[File:Berlin Quagga.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Equus quagga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 194
| [[:d:Q187943|Q187943]]
| [[Antilocapra americana]]
| Antilocapra americana
| 65
| 
| [[File:Antilocapra americana female (Wyoming, 2012).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Antilocapra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 195
| [[:d:Q188130|Q188130]]
| [[Lipotes vexillifer]]
| Lipotes vexillifer
| 65
| 
| [[File:Baiji Dolphin killed by Charles Hoy 1914.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lipotes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 196
| [[:d:Q27370|Q27370]]
| [[Halichoerus grypus]]
| Halichoerus grypus
| 64
| 
| [[File:Halichoerus grypus male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Halichoerus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 197
| [[:d:Q186663|Q186663]]
| [[Hydrurga leptonyx]]
| Hydrurga leptonyx
| 64
| 
| [[File:Hydrurga leptonyx edit1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hydrurga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 198
| [[:d:Q241256|Q241256]]
| [[Civettictis civetta]]
| Civettictis civetta
| 64
| 
| [[File:African civet.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Civettictis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 199
| [[:d:Q191129|Q191129]]
| [[Panthera tigris sumatrae]]
| Panthera tigris sumatrae
| 64
| 
| [[File:Sumatran Tiger Berlin Tierpark.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[tigre]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 200
| [[:d:Q9490|Q9490]]
| [[Pteromyini]]
| Pteromyini
| 64
| 
| [[File:Glaucomys sabrinus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sciurinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 201
| [[:d:Q231625|Q231625]]
| [[Lepus arcticus]]
| Lepus arcticus
| 64
| 
| [[File:Arctic Hare 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lepus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 202
| [[:d:Q188949|Q188949]]
| [[Coelodonta antiquitatis]]
| Coelodonta antiquitatis
| 64
| 
| [[File:Coelodonta antiquitatis .jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Coelodonta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 203
| [[:d:Q234121|Q234121]]
| [[Muntiacus]]
| Muntiacus
| 64
| 
| [[File:Muntiacus reevesi, Cologne Zoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muntiacini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 204
| [[:d:Q207114|Q207114]]
| [[Delphinus delphis]]
| Delphinus delphis
| 64
| 
| [[File:Delphinus delphis 326708883.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Delphinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 205
| [[:d:Q972452|Q972452]]
| [[Vermilingua]]
| Vermilingua
| 63
| 
| [[File:DirkvdM tamandua.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pilosa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 206
| [[:d:Q184389|Q184389]]
| [[Chrysocyon brachyurus]]
| Chrysocyon brachyurus
| 63
| 
| [[File:Chrysocyon brachyurus no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra por Celso Ferrarezi Jr (07).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chrysocyon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 207
| [[:d:Q8535351|Q8535351]]
| [[Tragulidae]]
| Tragulidae
| 63
| 
| [[File:Mouse-deer Singapore Zoo 2012.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tragulina]]&lt;br/&gt;[[artiodactylos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 208
| [[:d:Q189484|Q189484]]
| [[Papio hamadryas]]
| Papio hamadryas
| 63
| 
| [[File:Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Papio]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 209
| [[:d:Q242602|Q242602]]
| [[Oreamnos americanus]]
| Oreamnos americanus
| 63
| 
| [[File:Mountain Goat Mount Massive.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oreamnos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 210
| [[:d:Q193469|Q193469]]
| [[Budorcas taxicolor]]
| Budorcas taxicolor
| 63
| 
| [[File:Budorcas taxicolor01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Budorcas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 211
| [[:d:Q219565|Q219565]]
| [[Equus grevyi]]
| Equus grevyi
| 63
| 
| [[File:Equus grevyi in Samburu.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Equus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 212
| [[:d:Q3699044|Q3699044]]
| [[Woolly Mammoth]]
| Mammuthus primigenius
| 63
| 
| [[File:202003 Woolly mammoth.png|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Mammuthus|Mammut]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 213
| [[:d:Q232829|Q232829]]
| [[Balaenopteridae]]
| Balaenopteridae
| 63
| 
| [[File:Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Balaenopteroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 214
| [[:d:Q179154|Q179154]]
| [[Eschrichtius robustus]]
| Eschrichtius robustus
| 63
| 
| [[File:Gray whale.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eschrichtius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 215
| [[:d:Q3887135|Q3887135]]
| [[Otariinae]]
| Otariinae
| 62
| 
| [[File:California sea lion in La Jolla (70568).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Otariidae]]
| [[Otariidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 216
| [[:d:Q203033|Q203033]]
| [[Myrmecophaga tridactyla]]
| Myrmecophaga tridactyla
| 62
| 
| [[File:Giant anteater at MAV-USP.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Myrmecophaga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 217
| [[:d:Q53462|Q53462]]
| [[Macropus rufus]]
| Macropus rufus
| 62
| 
| [[File:Red kangaroo - melbourne zoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Macropus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 218
| [[:d:Q208549|Q208549]]
| [[Monachus monachus]]
| Monachus monachus
| 62
| 
| [[File:Billy monk seal 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Monachus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 219
| [[:d:Q204322|Q204322]]
| [[Felis bieti]]
| Felis bieti
| 62
| 
| [[File:Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis Bieti) in XiNing Wild Zoo 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cattos|catto]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 220
| [[:d:Q200400|Q200400]]
| [[Otocyon megalotis]]
| Otocyon megalotis
| 62
| 
| [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Otocyon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 221
| [[:d:Q302006|Q302006]]
| [[Hystricidae]]
| Hystricidae
| 62
| 
| [[File:Porcupine Berlin Zoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[porcupine]]
| [[Hystricognathi]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 222
| [[:d:Q273071|Q273071]]
| [[Dipodidae]]
| Dipodidae
| 62
| 
| [[File:Jaculus orientalis Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dipodoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 223
| [[:d:Q207148|Q207148]]
| [[Muscardinus avellanarius]]
| Muscardinus avellanarius
| 62
| 
| [[File:Haselmaus.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muscardinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 224
| [[:d:Q139487|Q139487]]
| [[Tragelaphus strepsiceros]]
| Tragelaphus strepsiceros
| 62
| 
| [[File:Greater kudu skeleton at MAV-USP.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Kudu]]
| [[Tragelaphus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 225
| [[:d:Q243213|Q243213]]
| [[Equus zebra]]
| Equus zebra
| 62
| 
| [[File:Equus zebra - Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge, Orlando, Florida, USA - 20100119.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Equus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 226
| [[:d:Q192993|Q192993]]
| [[Homo erectus erectus]]
| Homo erectus erectus
| 62
| 
| [[File:Javamensch Replik Rosensteinmuseum.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Homo erectus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 227
| [[:d:Q185097|Q185097]]
| [[Balaenoptera borealis]]
| Balaenoptera borealis
| 62
| 
| [[File:Balaenoptera borealis 3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Balaenoptera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 228
| [[:d:Q28157482|Q28157482]]
| [[Parahyaena brunnea]]
| Parahyaena brunnea
| 61
| 
| [[File:Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) (6472940707).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Parahyaena]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 229
| [[:d:Q192742|Q192742]]
| [[Panthera tigris corbetti]]
| Panthera tigris corbetti
| 61
| 
| [[File:Indochinese tiger in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[tigre]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 230
| [[:d:Q191781|Q191781]]
| [[Macaca fuscata]]
| Macaca fuscata
| 61
| 
| [[File:202308 Japanese macaque.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[monkey]]
| [[Macaca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 231
| [[:d:Q208561|Q208561]]
| [[Papio anubis]]
| Papio anubis
| 61
| 
| [[File:Male Olive Baboon 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Papio]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 232
| [[:d:Q623434|Q623434]]
| [[Kobus ellipsiprymnus]]
| Kobus ellipsiprymnus
| 61
| 
| [[File:Antílope acuático (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), parque nacional de Chobe, Botsuana, 2018-07-28, DD 49.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Kobus]]
| [[Wasserbock]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 233
| [[:d:Q644255|Q644255]]
| [[Cervus]]
| Cervus
| 61
| 
| [[File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cervini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 234
| [[:d:Q45931|Q45931]]
| [[Peking Man]]
| Homo erectus pekinensis
| 61
| 
| [[File:Sinathropus pekinensis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Homo erectus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 235
| [[:d:Q213333|Q213333]]
| [[Dasyuromorphia]]
| Dasyuromorphia
| 60
| 
| [[File:Dasyurus maculatus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Australidelphia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Marsupiales|Marsupialia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mammiferos]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Agreodontia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 236
| [[:d:Q190691|Q190691]]
| [[Desmodontinae]]
| Desmodontinae
| 60
| 
| [[File:Desmo-boden.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phyllostomidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 237
| [[:d:Q43221|Q43221]]
| [[Genetta]]
| Genetta
| 60
| 
| [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Viverridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 238
| [[:d:Q147267|Q147267]]
| [[Didelphis virginiana]]
| Didelphis virginiana
| 60
| 
| [[File:Opossum 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Didelphis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 239
| [[:d:Q149405|Q149405]]
| [[Erignathus barbatus]]
| Erignathus barbatus
| 60
| 
| [[File:Bartrobbe 3-2002.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Pinnipedia]]
| [[Erignathus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 240
| [[:d:Q254630|Q254630]]
| [[kinkajou]]
| Potos flavus
| 60
| 
| [[File:Potos flavus (22985770100).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Potos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 241
| [[:d:Q185401|Q185401]]
| [[Panthera tigris balica]]
| Panthera tigris balica
| 60
| 
| [[File:BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[tigre]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 242
| [[:d:Q188957|Q188957]]
| [[Canis simensis]]
| Canis simensis
| 60
| 
| [[File:Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii) 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 243
| [[:d:Q30359|Q30359]]
| [[Cynomys]]
| Cynomys
| 60
| 
| [[File:Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Eating.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Marmotini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 244
| [[:d:Q622880|Q622880]]
| [[Alcelaphus buselaphus]]
| Alcelaphus buselaphus
| 60
| 
| [[File:Coke's Hartebeest, running.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alcelaphus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 245
| [[:d:Q207043|Q207043]]
| [[Oryx gazella]]
| Oryx gazella
| 60
| 
| [[File:Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) female ... (50917402268).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oryx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 246
| [[:d:Q212185|Q212185]]
| [[Apodemus sylvaticus]]
| Apodemus sylvaticus
| 60
| 
| [[File:Apodemus sylvaticus (Sardinia).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apodemus]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sylvaemus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 247
| [[:d:Q213889|Q213889]]
| [[Symphalangus syndactylus]]
| Symphalangus syndactylus
| 60
| 
| [[File:Siamang 2014.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Symphalangus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 248
| [[:d:Q215887|Q215887]]
| [[Odocoileus virginianus]]
| Odocoileus virginianus
| 60
| 
| [[File:White tailed doe odocoileus virginianus standing alertly in low brush and looking.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Odocoileus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 249
| [[:d:Q208112|Q208112]]
| [[Litocranius walleri]]
| Litocranius walleri
| 60
| 
| [[File:Giraffe gazelle africa.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Litocranius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 250
| [[:d:Q201808|Q201808]]
| [[Balaenoptera acutorostrata]]
| Balaenoptera acutorostrata
| 60
| 
| [[File:Balaenoptera-acutorostrata.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Balaenoptera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 251
| [[:d:Q27027|Q27027]]
| [[Phocoena phocoena]]
| Phocoena phocoena
| 60
| 
| [[File:Daan Close Up.PNG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phocoena]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 252
| [[:d:Q191737|Q191737]]
| [[Speothos venaticus]]
| Speothos venaticus
| 59
| 
| [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Speothos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 253
| [[:d:Q309274|Q309274]]
| [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]]
| Prionailurus rubiginosus
| 59
| 
| [[File:Rostkatze.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Prionailurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 254
| [[:d:Q188535|Q188535]]
| [[Panthera tigris virgata]]
| Panthera tigris virgata
| 59
| 
| [[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[tigre]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 255
| [[:d:Q192967|Q192967]]
| [[Panthera pardus orientalis]]
| Panthera pardus orientalis
| 59
| 
| [[File:Amur Leopard Panthera pardus orientalis Facing Forward 1761px.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[leopardo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 256
| [[:d:Q237260|Q237260]]
| [[Ursus arctos middendorffi]]
| Ursus arctos middendorffi
| 59
| 
| [[File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ursus arctos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 257
| [[:d:Q237157|Q237157]]
| [[Platyrrhini]]
| Platyrrhini
| 59
| 
| [[File:BrownSpiderMonkey (edit2).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Simiiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 258
| [[:d:Q243339|Q243339]]
| [[Pteromys volans]]
| Pteromys volans
| 59
| 
| [[File:Lendorava pabulad.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pteromys]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 259
| [[:d:Q192272|Q192272]]
| [[Mammut]]
| Mammut
| 59
| 
| [[File:American mastodon with calf.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Mammutidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 260
| [[:d:Q205329|Q205329]]
| [[Inia geoffrensis]]
| Inia geoffrensis
| 59
| 
| [[File:Amazonas Flussdelfin Apure Orinoco Duisburg 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Inia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 261
| [[:d:Q271459|Q271459]]
| [[Mustela sibirica]]
| Mustela sibirica
| 58
| 
| [[File:Mustela sibirica Russia5.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mustela]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 262
| [[:d:Q70529|Q70529]]
| [[Vormela peregusna]]
| Vormela peregusna
| 58
| 
| [[File:Marbled Polecat, Suzakskiy, Kazakhstan 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vormela]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 263
| [[:d:Q215250|Q215250]]
| [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]]
| Urocyon cinereoargenteus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Gray fox.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Urocyon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 264
| [[:d:Q14592562|Q14592562]]
| [[Bassaricyon neblina]]
| Bassaricyon neblina
| 58
| 
| [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bassaricyon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 265
| [[:d:Q258244|Q258244]]
| [[Ateles]]
| Ateles
| 58
| 
| [[File:Ateles fusciceps Colombia.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Atelinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 266
| [[:d:Q27016|Q27016]]
| [[Arvicola amphibius]]
| Arvicola amphibius
| 58
| 
| [[File:Water.vole.arp.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[homotypic synonym]]
| 
| [[Arvicola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 267
| [[:d:Q658179|Q658179]]
| [[Oryx]]
| Oryx
| 58
| 
| [[File:Oryx gazella (Chudop).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hippotraginae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 268
| [[:d:Q208077|Q208077]]
| [[Cricetus cricetus]]
| Cricetus cricetus
| 58
| 
| [[File:European hamster in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cricetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 269
| [[:d:Q193400|Q193400]]
| [[Tragelaphus eurycerus]]
| Tragelaphus eurycerus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Bongo Burger Zoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tragelaphus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 270
| [[:d:Q208140|Q208140]]
| [[Equus africanus]]
| Equus africanus
| 58
| 
| [[File:African wild Ass.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Equus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 271
| [[:d:Q273331|Q273331]]
| [[Orcaella brevirostris]]
| Orcaella brevirostris
| 58
| 
| [[File:Irrawaddy Dolphin.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Orcaella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 272
| [[:d:Q242419|Q242419]]
| [[numbat]]
| Myrmecobius fasciatus
| 57
| 
| [[File:Numbat.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Myrmecobius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 273
| [[:d:Q203208|Q203208]]
| [[Phoca hispida]]
| Pusa hispida
| 57
| 
| [[File:Phoca hispida.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pusa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 274
| [[:d:Q187484|Q187484]]
| [[Hydrodamalis gigas]]
| Hydrodamalis gigas
| 57
| 
| [[File:Hydrodamalis gigas skeleton - Finnish Museum of Natural History - DSC04529.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Hydrodamalis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 275
| [[:d:Q83774|Q83774]]
| [[Pteronura brasiliensis]]
| Pteronura brasiliensis
| 57
| 
| [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pteronura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 276
| [[:d:Q232129|Q232129]]
| [[Taxidea taxus]]
| Taxidea taxus
| 57
| 
| [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Taxidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 277
| [[:d:Q272933|Q272933]]
| [[Vulpes chama]]
| Vulpes chama
| 57
| 
| [[File:Vulpes chama (Etosha).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 278
| [[:d:Q200848|Q200848]]
| [[Panthera tigris amoyensis]]
| Panthera tigris amoyensis
| 57
| 
| [[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[tigre]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 279
| [[:d:Q203868|Q203868]]
| [[Indri indri]]
| Indri indri
| 57
| 
| [[File:Indri indri 001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Indri]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 280
| [[:d:Q328809|Q328809]]
| [[gnu blau]]
| Connochaetes taurinus
| 57
| 
| [[File:Blue Wildebeest, Ngorongoro.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[gnu]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 281
| [[:d:Q194080|Q194080]]
| [[Theropithecus gelada]]
| Theropithecus gelada
| 57
| 
| [[File:Southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscura) female with baby.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Theropithecus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 282
| [[:d:Q460977|Q460977]]
| [[Gazella subgutturosa]]
| Gazella subgutturosa
| 57
| 
| [[File:Female goitered gazelle, Shirvan National Park, Azerbaijan.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gazella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 283
| [[:d:Q506308|Q506308]]
| [[Rucervus duvaucelii]]
| Rucervus duvaucelii
| 57
| 
| [[File:Barasingha females.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rucervus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 284
| [[:d:Q275615|Q275615]]
| [[Ourebia ourebi]]
| Ourebia ourebi
| 57
| 
| [[File:Sudan Oribi (Ourebia montana) female (18199933351).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ourebia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 285
| [[:d:Q599672|Q599672]]
| [[Pongo pygmaeus]]
| Pongo pygmaeus
| 57
| 
| [[File:Nanga with male baby.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[endemic species]]
| 
| [[Pongo (taxon)|Pongo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 286
| [[:d:Q311212|Q311212]]
| [[Paraceratherium]]
| Paraceratherium
| 57
| 
| [[File:Indricotherium skeleton.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]&lt;br/&gt;[[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Paraceratheriidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 287
| [[:d:Q203897|Q203897]]
| [[Grampus griseus]]
| Grampus griseus
| 57
| 
| [[File:Rundkopfdelfin.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Grampus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 288
| [[:d:Q1241332|Q1241332]]
| [[Pteropus]]
| Pteropus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Bristol.zoo.livfruitbat.arp.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pteropodidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 289
| [[:d:Q4535|Q4535]]
| [[Pusa sibirica]]
| Pusa sibirica
| 56
| 
| [[File:Из жизни байкальской нерпы близ Ушканьих островов 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pusa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 290
| [[:d:Q193182|Q193182]]
| [[Tachyglossus aculeatus]]
| Tachyglossus aculeatus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Wild shortbeak echidna.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tachyglossus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 291
| [[:d:Q319070|Q319070]]
| [[Vulpes ferrilata]]
| Vulpes ferrilata
| 56
| 
| [[File:Vulpes ferrilata.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 292
| [[:d:Q200442|Q200442]]
| [[Canis lupus rufus]]
| Canis lupus rufus
| 56
| 
| [[File:07-03-23RedWolfAlbanyGAChehaw.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[lupo gris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 293
| [[:d:Q685772|Q685772]]
| [[Caviidae]]
| Caviidae
| 56
| 
| [[File:Wildmeerschweinchen-06.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hystricognathi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Cavioidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 294
| [[:d:Q192710|Q192710]]
| [[Tapirus indicus]]
| Tapirus indicus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Malayan Tapir.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tapirus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 295
| [[:d:Q301676|Q301676]]
| [[Macaca fascicularis]]
| Macaca fascicularis
| 56
| 
| [[File:Macaca fascicularis, Ubud Monkey Forest, Bali, 20220822 1053 0059.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Macaca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 296
| [[:d:Q234597|Q234597]]
| [[Tragelaphus spekii]]
| Tragelaphus spekii
| 56
| 
| [[File:Sitatunga (1).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tragelaphus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 297
| [[:d:Q216263|Q216263]]
| [[Madoqua]]
| Madoqua
| 56
| 
| [[File:Dik-dik (male) -Tarangire National Park -Tanzania.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neotragini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 298
| [[:d:Q218792|Q218792]]
| [[Pseudoryx nghetinhensis]]
| Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
| 56
| 
| [[File:Pseudoryx nghetinhensis.PNG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Pseudoryx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 299
| [[:d:Q20962857|Q20962857]]
| [[Homo naledi]]
| Homo naledi
| 56
| 
| [[File:Homo naledi skeletal specimens.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 300
| [[:d:Q210358|Q210358]]
| [[Vespertilionidae]]
| Vespertilionidae
| 55
| 
| [[File:Abendsegler-drawing.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Microchiroptera]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Vespertilion|Chiroptera]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Vespertilionoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 301
| [[:d:Q9324400|Q9324400]]
| [[Macroscelididae]]
| Macroscelididae
| 55
| 
| [[File:Elephantulus rupestris 57766063.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Macroscelidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 302
| [[:d:Q244277|Q244277]]
| [[Aonyx cinerea]]
| Aonyx cinerea
| 55
| 
| [[File:Small-clawed otter from Western Ghats.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aonyx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 303
| [[:d:Q373558|Q373558]]
| [[Lycalopex culpaeus]]
| Lycalopex culpaeus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lycalopex]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 304
| [[:d:Q200381|Q200381]]
| [[Panthera tigris sondaica]]
| Panthera tigris sondaica
| 55
| 
| [[File:Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[tigre]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 305
| [[:d:Q496689|Q496689]]
| [[Aenocyon dirus]]
| Aenocyon dirus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Canis dirus Skeleton.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Aenocyon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 306
| [[:d:Q206930|Q206930]]
| [[Catarrhini]]
| Catarrhini
| 55
| 
| [[File:Petit-cercopithecus-hamlyni.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Simiiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 307
| [[:d:Q81063|Q81063]]
| [[Lepus americanus]]
| Lepus americanus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Lepus americanus 5459 cropped.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Poecilolagus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 308
| [[:d:Q216580|Q216580]]
| [[bank vole]]
| Myodes glareolus
| 55
| 
| [[File:BankVole.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[red-backed vole]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 309
| [[:d:Q209516|Q209516]]
| [[Micromys minutus]]
| Micromys minutus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Micromys minutus - British Wildlife Centre.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[animal]]
| 
| [[Micromys]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 310
| [[:d:Q272293|Q272293]]
| [[Pantholops hodgsonii]]
| Pantholops hodgsonii
| 55
| 
| [[File:Atilope du Tibet.png|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pantholops]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 311
| [[:d:Q237267|Q237267]]
| [[Kobus kob]]
| Kobus kob
| 55
| 
| [[File:Ugandan kob (Kobus kob thomasi) male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Kobus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 312
| [[:d:Q239381|Q239381]]
| [[Hippotragus niger]]
| Hippotragus niger
| 55
| 
| [[File:Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) adult male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hippotragus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 313
| [[:d:Q243727|Q243727]]
| [[Microtus arvalis]]
| Microtus arvalis
| 55
| 
| [[File:Feldmaus Microtus arvalis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Microtus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 314
| [[:d:Q322141|Q322141]]
| [[Ammotragus lervia]]
| Ammotragus lervia
| 55
| 
| [[File:Two Barbary sheep.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ammotragus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 315
| [[:d:Q107685|Q107685]]
| [[Australopithecus afarensis]]
| Australopithecus afarensis
| 55
| 
| [[File:Lucy Mexico.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| [[early human migrations]]
| [[Australopithecus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 316
| [[:d:Q533451|Q533451]]
| [[Muntiacus muntjak]]
| Muntiacus muntjak
| 55
| 
| [[File:Muntiacus muntjak 34068208 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muntiacus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 317
| [[:d:Q192573|Q192573]]
| [[Hydropotes inermis]]
| Hydropotes inermis
| 55
| 
| [[File:Hydropotes inermis male.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hydropotes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 318
| [[:d:Q310846|Q310846]]
| [[Homo antecessor]]
| Homo antecessor
| 55
| 
| [[File:Homo antecessor.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| [[Hominini]]
| [[Homo (taxon)|Homo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Homo erectus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 319
| [[:d:Q190508|Q190508]]
| [[Moschus moschiferus]]
| Moschus moschiferus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Moschus moschiferus in Plzen zoo (12.02.2011).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Moschus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 320
| [[:d:Q649306|Q649306]]
| [[Herpestes ichneumon]]
| Herpestes ichneumon
| 54
| 
| [[File:Herpestes ichneumon Египетский мангуст, или фараонова крыса, или ихневмо́н.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Herpestes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 321
| [[:d:Q215343|Q215343]]
| [[Mirounga leonina]]
| Mirounga leonina
| 54
| 
| [[File:0046 Tiere der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mirounga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 322
| [[:d:Q269871|Q269871]]
| [[Neofelis]]
| Neofelis
| 54
| 
| [[File:Neofelis nebulosa.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pantherinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 323
| [[:d:Q217291|Q217291]]
| [[Vulpes cana]]
| Vulpes cana
| 54
| 
| [[File:Blandford's fox 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 324
| [[:d:Q205935|Q205935]]
| [[Dusicyon australis]]
| Dusicyon australis
| 54
| 
| [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Dusicyon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 325
| [[:d:Q321376|Q321376]]
| [[Cerdocyon thous]]
| Cerdocyon thous
| 54
| 
| [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cerdocyon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 326
| [[:d:Q274177|Q274177]]
| [[Prionailurus planiceps]]
| Prionailurus planiceps
| 54
| 
| [[File:Flat-headed cat 1 Jim Sanderson 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Prionailurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 327
| [[:d:Q215836|Q215836]]
| [[Panthera tigris jacksoni]]
| Panthera tigris jacksoni
| 54
| 
| [[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[tigre]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mainland Asian tiger]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 328
| [[:d:Q141490808|Q141490808]]
| [[Leopardus tilcayo]]
| Leopardus tilcayo
| 54
| 
| [[File:Leopardus tilcayo (5x3 cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Margay]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 329
| [[:d:Q23340|Q23340]]
| [[Tenrecidae]]
| Tenrecidae
| 54
| 
| [[File:Gewone tenrek 5.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tenrecomorpha]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 330
| [[:d:Q369889|Q369889]]
| [[Suncus etruscus]]
| Suncus etruscus
| 54
| 
| [[File:Suncus etruscus crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Suncus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 331
| [[:d:Q323847|Q323847]]
| [[Procavia capensis]]
| Procavia capensis
| 54
| 
| [[File:Cape Dassie.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Procavia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 332
| [[:d:Q244770|Q244770]]
| [[Gerbillinae]]
| Gerbillinae
| 54
| 
| [[File:Chibita gerbil 2002 10 04.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Murides]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 333
| [[:d:Q60205|Q60205]]
| [[Tarsius]]
| Tarsius
| 54
| 
| [[File:Tarsius spectrumgurskyae.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tarsiidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 334
| [[:d:Q329187|Q329187]]
| [[Tamias sibiricus]]
| Tamias sibiricus
| 54
| 
| [[File:Streifenhoernchen.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[invasive species]]
| 
| [[Eutamias]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 335
| [[:d:Q471785|Q471785]]
| [[Hippotragus equinus]]
| Hippotragus equinus
| 54
| 
| [[File:Hippotragus equinus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hippotragus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 336
| [[:d:Q237286|Q237286]]
| [[Oryx leucoryx]]
| Oryx leucoryx
| 54
| 
| [[File:Oryx.jpeg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oryx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 337
| [[:d:Q207906|Q207906]]
| [[Elaphurus davidianus]]
| Elaphurus davidianus
| 54
| 
| [[File:Elaphurus davidianus - 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Elaphurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 338
| [[:d:Q273580|Q273580]]
| [[Tetracerus quadricornis]]
| Tetracerus quadricornis
| 54
| 
| [[File:Four-horned Antelope.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tetracerus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 339
| [[:d:Q233608|Q233608]]
| [[Equus ferus ferus]]
| Equus ferus ferus
| 54
| 
| [[File:Kherson tarpan.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Equus ferus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 340
| [[:d:Q782603|Q782603]]
| [[Balaenidae]]
| Balaenidae
| 54
| 
| [[File:Eubalaena glacialis with calf.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Cetacea]]
| [[Balaenoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 341
| [[:d:Q40261|Q40261]]
| [[Trichechus manatus]]
| Trichechus manatus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Manatee with calf.PD - colour corrected.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Trichechus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 342
| [[:d:Q210708|Q210708]]
| [[Plecotus auritus]]
| Plecotus auritus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Plecotus auritus 2013-2 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Plecotus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 343
| [[:d:Q446882|Q446882]]
| [[Lutra]]
| Lutra
| 53
| 
| [[File:Fischotter Lutra lutra1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lutrinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 344
| [[:d:Q209324|Q209324]]
| [[Pagophilus groenlandicus]]
| Pagophilus groenlandicus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), Greenland Sea IMG 5006.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pagophilus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 345
| [[:d:Q513081|Q513081]]
| [[civetta de palma african]]
| Nandinia binotata
| 53
| specie de mammifero carnivore
| [[File:Nandinia binotata, crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nandinia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 346
| [[:d:Q220248|Q220248]]
| [[Martes flavigula]]
| Martes flavigula
| 53
| 
| [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Martes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Charronia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 347
| [[:d:Q584064|Q584064]]
| [[Martes pennanti]]
| Martes pennanti
| 53
| 
| [[File:Fisher (animal).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Martes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 348
| [[:d:Q295994|Q295994]]
| [[Vulpes rueppellii]]
| Vulpes rueppellii
| 53
| 
| [[File:Rüppell's fox.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 349
| [[:d:Q176901|Q176901]]
| [[Pipistrellus pipistrellus]]
| Pipistrellus pipistrellus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Pipistrellus pipistrellus lateral.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus)]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 350
| [[:d:Q37212|Q37212]]
| [[Lemuriformes]]
| Lemuriformes
| 53
| 
| [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strepsirrhini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 351
| [[:d:Q748185|Q748185]]
| [[Lepus capensis]]
| Lepus capensis
| 53
| 
| [[File:Cape Hare, near Prince Albert, Western Cape, South Africa - panoramio.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lepus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 352
| [[:d:Q1114471|Q1114471]]
| [[Tarsiidae]]
| Tarsiidae
| 53
| 
| [[File:Tarsier Hugs Mossy Branch.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tarsiiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 353
| [[:d:Q286088|Q286088]]
| [[Cavia]]
| Cavia
| 53
| 
| [[File:Wildmeerschweinchen-06.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Caviinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 354
| [[:d:Q204175|Q204175]]
| [[Mesocricetus auratus]]
| Mesocricetus auratus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Golden hamster front 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Cricetinae]]
| [[Mesocricetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 355
| [[:d:Q751636|Q751636]]
| [[Papio cynocephalus]]
| Papio cynocephalus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Amboseli National Park, Kenya (53470637505).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Papio]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 356
| [[:d:Q221434|Q221434]]
| [[Mandrillus leucophaeus]]
| Mandrillus leucophaeus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Drill Lincolnparkzoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mandrillus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 357
| [[:d:Q494436|Q494436]]
| [[Naemorhedus goral]]
| Naemorhedus goral
| 53
| 
| [[File:The Himalayan Ghoral.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Naemorhedus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 358
| [[:d:Q372169|Q372169]]
| [[Axis porcinus]]
| Axis porcinus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Axis porcinus - Flickr - Lip Kee (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hyelaphus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 359
| [[:d:Q232558|Q232558]]
| [[Babyrousa]]
| Babyrousa
| 53
| 
| [[File:Hirscheber1a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Babyrousini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 360
| [[:d:Q543424|Q543424]]
| [[Pongo abelii]]
| Pongo abelii
| 53
| 
| [[File:Orangutan 103.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[endemic species]]
| 
| [[Pongo (taxon)|Pongo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 361
| [[:d:Q221056|Q221056]]
| [[Balaenoptera brydei]]
| Balaenoptera brydei
| 53
| 
| [[File:Balaenoptera brydei.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Balaenoptera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 362
| [[:d:Q215332|Q215332]]
| [[Stenella coeruleoalba]]
| Stenella coeruleoalba
| 53
| 
| [[File:Stenella coeruleoalba.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Stenella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 363
| [[:d:Q193683|Q193683]]
| [[Eubalaena glacialis]]
| Eubalaena glacialis
| 53
| 
| [[File:Eubalaena glacialis with calf.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eubalaena]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 364
| [[:d:Q737413|Q737413]]
| [[Rhinolophus ferrumequinum]]
| Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
| 52
| 
| [[File:Greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) Hrdovicka.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rhinolophus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 365
| [[:d:Q626023|Q626023]]
| [[Mirounga angustirostris]]
| Mirounga angustirostris
| 52
| 
| [[File:Elephant seals fighting.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mirounga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 366
| [[:d:Q42592|Q42592]]
| [[Prionailurus]]
| Prionailurus
| 52
| 
| [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[felinos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 367
| [[:d:Q270748|Q270748]]
| [[Puma]]
| Puma
| 52
| 
| [[File:Puma - 49044464307.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[felinos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 368
| [[:d:Q1383362|Q1383362]]
| [[tigon]]
| Panthera tigris × Panthera leo
| 52
| 
| [[File:Tigon tiger x lion hybrid by artbyjrc df4918k.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[hybrid]]
| [[Panthera hybrid]]
| [[Panthera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 369
| [[:d:Q275163|Q275163]]
| [[Neofelis diardi]]
| Neofelis diardi
| 52
| 
| [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neofelis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 370
| [[:d:Q221094|Q221094]]
| [[leon berbere]]
| Panthera leo leo
| 52
| 
| [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[population]]
| 
| [[leon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 371
| [[:d:Q368623|Q368623]]
| [[Lorisidae]]
| Lorisidae
| 52
| 
| [[File:Loris tardigradus tardigradus 001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lorisiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 372
| [[:d:Q271785|Q271785]]
| [[Cheirogaleidae]]
| Cheirogaleidae
| 52
| 
| [[File:Microcebus myoxinus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cheirogaleoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 373
| [[:d:Q752467|Q752467]]
| [[Manis crassicaudata]]
| Manis crassicaudata
| 52
| 
| [[File:IndianPangolin.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Manis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 374
| [[:d:Q269728|Q269728]]
| [[Manis javanica]]
| Manis javanica
| 52
| 
| [[File:Pangolin borneo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Paramanis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 375
| [[:d:Q273565|Q273565]]
| [[Kobus leche]]
| Kobus leche
| 52
| 
| [[File:Leaping Lechwe.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Kobus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 376
| [[:d:Q369817|Q369817]]
| [[Oryx dammah]]
| Oryx dammah
| 52
| 
| [[File:Oryx Dammah.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oryx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 377
| [[:d:Q216871|Q216871]]
| [[Apodemus flavicollis]]
| Apodemus flavicollis
| 52
| 
| [[File:Apodemus.flavicollis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apodemus]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sylvaemus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 378
| [[:d:Q271705|Q271705]]
| [[Eudorcas thomsonii]]
| Eudorcas thomsonii
| 52
| 
| [[File:Eudorcas thomsonii 313407401 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudorcas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 379
| [[:d:Q312054|Q312054]]
| [[Megaloceros giganteus]]
| Megaloceros giganteus
| 52
| 
| [[File:Megaloceros 1856.png|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Megaloceros]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 380
| [[:d:Q208132|Q208132]]
| [[Pseudorca crassidens]]
| Pseudorca crassidens
| 52
| 
| [[File:False killer whale 890002.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pseudorca]]
| [[Blackfish]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 381
| [[:d:Q244410|Q244410]]
| [[Eubalaena australis]]
| Eubalaena australis
| 52
| 
| [[File:Southern right whale6.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eubalaena]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 382
| [[:d:Q244587|Q244587]]
| [[Peramelemorphia]]
| Peramelemorphia
| 51
| 
| [[File:Taxidermied Bandicoot.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Australidelphia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Marsupiales|Marsupialia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mammiferos]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Agreodontia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 383
| [[:d:Q206538|Q206538]]
| [[Myrmecophagidae]]
| Myrmecophagidae
| 51
| 
| [[File:Myresluger2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vermilingua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 384
| [[:d:Q322145|Q322145]]
| [[Martes americana]]
| Martes americana
| 51
| 
| [[File:Marten bounding through the snow (512488bd-68e6-4b67-8e14-95657c022029).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Martes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 385
| [[:d:Q734351|Q734351]]
| [[Viverricula indica]]
| Viverricula indica
| 51
| 
| [[File:Small Indian Civet (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Viverricula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 386
| [[:d:Q745751|Q745751]]
| [[Vulpes macrotis]]
| Vulpes macrotis
| 51
| 
| [[File:San Joaquin kit fox male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vulpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 387
| [[:d:Q216441|Q216441]]
| [[Canis lupus arctos]]
| Canis lupus arctos
| 51
| 
| [[File:Arctic Wolf in Aulavik National Park 04 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[lupo gris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 388
| [[:d:Q23351|Q23351]]
| [[Chrysochloridae]]
| Chrysochloridae
| 51
| 
| [[File:NHM Chrysospalax trevelyani (cropped).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chrysochloridea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 389
| [[:d:Q58949|Q58949]]
| [[Muroidea]]
| Muroidea
| 51
| 
| [[File:Feldmaus Microtus arvalis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Rodent]]
| [[Myomorpha]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 390
| [[:d:Q1192405|Q1192405]]
| [[Lemuroidea]]
| Lemuroidea
| 51
| 
| [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lemuriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 391
| [[:d:Q244372|Q244372]]
| [[Sorex minutus]]
| Sorex minutus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Sorex minutus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sorex]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 392
| [[:d:Q465786|Q465786]]
| [[Eliomys quercinus]]
| Eliomys quercinus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Eliomys quercinus01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eliomys]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 393
| [[:d:Q842283|Q842283]]
| [[Manis pentadactyla]]
| Manis pentadactyla
| 51
| 
| [[File:Manis pentadactyla (29054818144).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Manis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 394
| [[:d:Q504247|Q504247]]
| [[Alouatta]]
| Alouatta
| 51
| 
| [[File:Mantled howler monkey and baby (81337)2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alouattinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 395
| [[:d:Q339418|Q339418]]
| [[Rattus exulans]]
| Rattus exulans
| 51
| 
| [[File:Pacific rat.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ratto]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 396
| [[:d:Q220271|Q220271]]
| [[Tapirus terrestris]]
| Tapirus terrestris
| 51
| 
| [[File:Brazilian tapir zoo.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tapirus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 397
| [[:d:Q239032|Q239032]]
| [[Tragelaphus angasii]]
| Tragelaphus angasii
| 51
| 
| [[File:Nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tragelaphus]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Nyala]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 398
| [[:d:Q465019|Q465019]]
| [[Pseudois nayaur]]
| Pseudois nayaur
| 51
| 
| [[File:Bharal - Shreeram M V - Kibber, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pseudois]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 399
| [[:d:Q208043|Q208043]]
| [[Hylobates lar]]
| Hylobates lar
| 51
| 
| [[File:Hylobates lar - Kaeng Krachan WB.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hylobates]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 400
| [[:d:Q111463|Q111463]]
| [[Paranthropus]]
| Paranthropus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Paranthropus-boisei-Nairobi.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Australopithecinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 401
| [[:d:Q239272|Q239272]]
| [[Australopithecus africanus]]
| Australopithecus africanus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Mrs Ples Face.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Australopithecus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 402
| [[:d:Q189466|Q189466]]
| [[Ovis canadensis]]
| Ovis canadensis
| 51
| 
| [[File:Big Horn Sheep.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ovis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 403
| [[:d:Q328516|Q328516]]
| [[Capra nubiana]]
| Capra nubiana
| 51
| 
| [[File:Israel. Nubian ibex (15625972648).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Capra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 404
| [[:d:Q754947|Q754947]]
| [[Capra sibirica]]
| Capra sibirica
| 51
| 
| [[File:Siberian Ibex.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Capra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 405
| [[:d:Q501491|Q501491]]
| [[Capreolus pygargus]]
| Capreolus pygargus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Siberian roe deer.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Capreolus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 406
| [[:d:Q3645260|Q3645260]]
| [[Phacochoerus]]
| Phacochoerus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Desert Warthog, Samburu, Kenya 04.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phacochoerini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 407
| [[:d:Q498993|Q498993]]
| [[Erinaceus]]
| Erinaceus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Erinaceus europeaus (DarkAn9el).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Erinaceinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 408
| [[:d:Q214287|Q214287]]
| [[Cystophora cristata]]
| Cystophora cristata
| 50
| 
| [[File:2016-klappmützemuseumkoenig.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cystophora]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 409
| [[:d:Q434197|Q434197]]
| [[Mustela altaica]]
| Mustela altaica
| 50
| 
| [[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mustela]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 410
| [[:d:Q757265|Q757265]]
| [[Viverra zibetha]]
| Viverra zibetha
| 50
| 
| [[File:Large Indian Civet, Viverra zibetha in Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Viverra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 411
| [[:d:Q214869|Q214869]]
| [[Eptesicus serotinus]]
| Eptesicus serotinus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Eptesicus serotinus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eptesicus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 412
| [[:d:Q626049|Q626049]]
| [[Paguma larvata]]
| Paguma larvata
| 50
| 
| [[File:202309 Masked palm civet.svg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Paguma]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 413
| [[:d:Q832036|Q832036]]
| [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]]
| Lycalopex gymnocercus
| 50
| specie de mammal
| [[File:Leão baio.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lycalopex]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 414
| [[:d:Q148462|Q148462]]
| [[Nasua nasua]]
| Nasua nasua
| 50
| 
| [[File:N. nasua, Duisburg (DE) -- 2023 -- 0219.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nasua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 415
| [[:d:Q270098|Q270098]]
| [[Macropus giganteus]]
| Macropus giganteus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Eastern grey kangaroo dec07 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Macropus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 416
| [[:d:Q175626|Q175626]]
| [[Indridae]]
| Indriidae
| 50
| 
| [[File:Indri Indri.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[primate]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Lemuroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 417
| [[:d:Q465986|Q465986]]
| [[Neomys fodiens]]
| Neomys fodiens
| 50
| 
| [[File:Neomys fodiens TF 090829.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neomys]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 418
| [[:d:Q244361|Q244361]]
| [[Callithrix pygmaea]]
| Callithrix pygmaea
| 50
| 
| [[File:Dværgsilkeabe Callithrix pygmaea.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Callithrix]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Cebuella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 419
| [[:d:Q276290|Q276290]]
| [[Heterocephalus glaber]]
| Heterocephalus glaber
| 50
| 
| [[File:Nacktmull.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Heterocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 420
| [[:d:Q223960|Q223960]]
| [[Tapirus pinchaque]]
| Tapirus pinchaque
| 50
| 
| [[File:Mountain Tapir.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tapirus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 421
| [[:d:Q506518|Q506518]]
| [[Macaca silenus]]
| Macaca silenus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Lion Tailed Macaque aggression.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Macaca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 422
| [[:d:Q728636|Q728636]]
| [[Hemitragus jemlahicus]]
| Hemitragus jemlahicus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Himalayan Tahr Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary Uttarakhand India 30.11.2015.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hemitragus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 423
| [[:d:Q106565|Q106565]]
| [[Ardipithecus]]
| Ardipithecus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Ardi.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Preanthropinae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Australopithecine]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 424
| [[:d:Q221380|Q221380]]
| [[Equus kiang]]
| Equus kiang
| 50
| 
| [[File:Equus kiang holdereri02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Equus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 425
| [[:d:Q591305|Q591305]]
| [[Elephas maximus indicus]]
| Elephas maximus indicus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Elephas maximus]]
| [[Elephas maximus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 426
| [[:d:Q623173|Q623173]]
| [[Ziphius cavirostris]]
| Ziphius cavirostris
| 50
| 
| [[File:Ziphius cavirostris 47619123 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ziphius]]
| 
|}
----
&amp;sum; 426 items.
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>i4j6rpjtytbsjyhid68ziz9fdqh7iy7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usator:Interlingvisto</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>61141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>700857</id>
      <parentid>700812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T12:08:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3946" sha1="ixtxmavtzr2tw1srzs1b8vaka5d7d0w" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>ixtxmavtzr2tw1srzs1b8vaka5d7d0w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700874</id>
      <parentid>700857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:00:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3971" sha1="qnz97uqwqj6xzzvviafj19orhm0wq0h" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>qnz97uqwqj6xzzvviafj19orhm0wq0h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700878</id>
      <parentid>700874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T13:32:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4017" sha1="thvidwbgwetndh8uvtqoyt5vr2wn0mf" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>thvidwbgwetndh8uvtqoyt5vr2wn0mf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700891</id>
      <parentid>700878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:08:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700891</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4032" sha1="hrdqcn1k71eqd2fsqe8s16a5jbs5fd3" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>hrdqcn1k71eqd2fsqe8s16a5jbs5fd3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700895</id>
      <parentid>700891</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:17:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4057" sha1="2rsg6smwgwistp60yhl9j6zc7n4wvnt" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>2rsg6smwgwistp60yhl9j6zc7n4wvnt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700904</id>
      <parentid>700895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:43:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4082" sha1="ss5p6fv3twyauq7h3t3h6f6r86ak4jw" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]
* [[Palatio del Cortes]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>ss5p6fv3twyauq7h3t3h6f6r86ak4jw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700910</id>
      <parentid>700904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T17:04:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4106" sha1="f00wb1tq38zy4oc3lzmfg1pm6pje6nq" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]
* [[Palatio del Cortes]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>f00wb1tq38zy4oc3lzmfg1pm6pje6nq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700918</id>
      <parentid>700910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T19:31:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4133" sha1="qoc8ont2c2okengjb9j8y88znj4nx2t" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]
* [[Palatio del Cortes]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>qoc8ont2c2okengjb9j8y88znj4nx2t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700921</id>
      <parentid>700918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T19:53:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4152" sha1="oyh4mvrh9r0l881gvkrbqdathjedlip" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]
* [[Palatio del Cortes]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>oyh4mvrh9r0l881gvkrbqdathjedlip</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700924</id>
      <parentid>700921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T20:21:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4182" sha1="82bfqne1whq5t72aecyn2aiz1a5n0wz" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]
* [[Palatio del Cortes]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Stato Major del Defensa]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>82bfqne1whq5t72aecyn2aiz1a5n0wz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700925</id>
      <parentid>700924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T20:21:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4182" sha1="sxavp820jgvizhek9bwozs6d5sp1qro" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]
* [[Palatio del Cortes]]
* [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>sxavp820jgvizhek9bwozs6d5sp1qro</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700928</id>
      <parentid>700925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T20:49:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4222" sha1="sg40zitoio0w06wod82ar5v5ke5mnq0" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]
* [[Palatio del Cortes]]
* [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>sg40zitoio0w06wod82ar5v5ke5mnq0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700929</id>
      <parentid>700928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T20:49:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4245" sha1="lladm7ratfrbsszblqkxlj6js4mpf3t" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* Defensa de Espania
** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]
* [[Palatio del Cortes]]
* [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>lladm7ratfrbsszblqkxlj6js4mpf3t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700950</id>
      <parentid>700929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T08:07:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4277" sha1="dni8xvzs6o4sfbifl628u9bi15j5ab4" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
* [[Ceuta]]
* [[Stricto de Gibraltar]]
* [[Melilla]]
* [[Mustela frenata]]
* [[Pression arterial]]
* [[Invictus (film de 2009)]]
* [[Tadorna ferruginea]]
* [[Alcedo atthis]]
* [[Lutra de pelle lisie]]
* [[Mata Atlantica]]
* [[Nimes]]
* [[Telangana]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Departimentos de Francia]]
* [[Ducato de Calabria]]
* [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]]
* [[Keiko Fujimori]]
* [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]]
* [[Dönmeh]]
* [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]]
* [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]
* [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]]
* [[Nationalismo espaniol]]
* [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]]
* [[Societat Civil Catalana]]
* [[Transition espaniol]]
* Defensa de Espania
** [[Stato Major del Defensa]]
** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]]
* [[Politica de Espania]]
** [[Administration General del Stato]]
** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]]
** [[Congresso del Deputatos]]
** [[Senato de Espania]]
** [[Cortes General]]
** [[Presupostos General del Stato]]
** [[Boletin Official del Stato]]
** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
** [[Derecto de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]]
** [[Poter judicial de Espania]]
** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]]
** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]]
** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia National (Espania)]]
** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]]
** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]]
** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]]
** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]]
** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]]
** [[Administration local (Espania)]]
** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]]
** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]]
* [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]]
* Ministerios
** Ministerio del Affaires Interne
*** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Tribunal de Justitia]]
* [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]]
* [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]]
* [[Economia de Espania]]
* [[Societate espaniol]]
* [[Cultura de Espania]]
* [[Palatio del Senato]]
* [[Palatio del Cortes]]
* [[Aqueducto de Segovia]]
* [[HazteOir.org]]
* [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]]
* [[Agitprop]]
* [[Occidentalisation]]
* [[Fortias Armate de Espania]]

[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
      <sha1>dni8xvzs6o4sfbifl628u9bi15j5ab4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>700960</id>
      <parentid>700950</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-26T11:34:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>700960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4312" sha1="cmqk9ciyu3ftoiqs77k4it9mypnucka" xml:space="preserve">{{Babel|ia-2}}
Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas.

== Articulos facite e meliorate ==
* [[Figura de collina]]
* [[Interdisciplinaritate]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Solutionismo]]
* [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]]
* [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]]
* [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]]
* [[Universitate de Madrid]]
* [[Philosophia continental]]
* [[Philosophia occidental]]
* [[Philosophia oriental]]
* [[Niendorfer Gehege]]
* [[Ugo Foscolo]]
* [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]]
* [[Friedrich Schiller]]
* [[Logistica]]
* [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]]
* [[Terence McKenna]]
* [[Edith Södergran]]
* [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]]
* [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]]
* [[Phindu Zaie Banda]]
* [[Hebban olla vogala]]
* [[Litteratura del Renascentia]]
* [[Juan José Flores]]
* [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]]
* [[Revolution francese]]
* [[Provincia de Badajoz]]
* [[Julián Méndez]]
* [[Extremadura]]
* [[Agentia National de Securitate]]
* [[Feudalismo]]
* [[Martin Van Buren]]
* [[John Tyler]]
* [[Delcygate]]
* [[Zachary Taylor]]
* [[Millard Fillmore]]
* [[Franklin Pierce]]
* [[James A. Garfield]]
* [[Chester A. Arthur]]
* [[William Howard Taft]]
* [[Herbert Hoover]]
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[[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]]
[[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026</title>
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Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un grave crise frontieric e humanitari initiate al fin de julio de 2026, quando decenas de milles de personas entrava irregularmente in le [[Ceuta|citate autonome espaniol]] ab [[Marocco]]. Le episodio attingeva su maxime intensitate inter le 30 e le 31 de julio, quando, secundo le [[Governamento de Espania|Governamento espaniol]], circa 72 000 personas entrava in Ceuta durante le entrata massive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le arrivadas occurreva principalmente a transverso del molo de El Tarajal e per medio de transversamentos a nando.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le magnitude del arrivadas superava le capacitate ordinari del systemas local de reception, assistentia, identification e controlo frontieric. Le crise provocava operationes de salvamento, un importante mobilisation del fortias de securitate e del Armea e un numero elevate de mortes. Secundo le ONG Caminando Fronteras, 141 personas moriva durante le crise, 78 in Ceuta e 63 in territorio marocchin; le ONG indicava que le mortes includeva principalmente casos de ahogamento e de aplastamento. Iste cifra esseva ulteriormente citate etiam per altere organisationes de derectos human.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le majoria del personas qui habeva entrate retornava posteriormente a Marocco, ma milles remaneva durante septimanas in Ceuta. Le situation posterior deveniva assi un problema major pro le administrationes espaniol e local, particularmente in materia de allogiamento, identification, reception e tramitation del situation administrative del personas remanente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Antecedentes ==
Ceuta constitue un del principal punctos de contacto terrestre inter le [[Union Europee]] e [[Africa]] e, pro su situation geographic, ha experimentate periodicamente tentativas de entrata irregular. Un precedente importante esseva le crise de maio de 2021, quando circa 8 000 personas entrava in le citate durante un periodo de tension diplomatic inter [[Espania]] e Marocco. In le annos posterior continuava le tentativas de accesso per mar e per le frontiera terrestre.

In le septimanas anterior al evenimentos del fin de julio de 2026 se produceva un augmento del arrivadas a nando. Secundo le [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania|Tribunal Supreme]] espaniol, un sententia del 29 de junio de 2026 confirmava que le regime special de rechazo al frontiera previde per le legislation espaniol non esseva applicabile a migrantes interceptate in alto mar qui tentava entrar a nando in Ceuta o Melilla; secundo le tribunal, in iste casos debeva applicar le procedura ordinari de devolución previde per le lege de extranjeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/2026-07-08/supremo-devolucion-caliente-migrantes-mar/ |título=El Supremo confirma que no se puede aplicar la devolución en caliente a migrantes que llegan por mar |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=8 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste sententia esseva posteriormente presentate in retes social como un possibile factor del mobilisation. Tamen, le causas exacte del entrata massive e le grado de influentia del information difundite super le resolution judicial remaneva objecto de investigation. Un investigation de RTVE concludeva in septembre que non existeva ancora un explication definitive super qui habeva organise le mobilisation o qual factores habeva provocate le entrata massive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Entrata massive e emergentia humanitari ==
Le incremento del arrivadas in le dies anterior jam habeva exercite pression super le recursos de reception de Ceuta. Le situation attingeva un puncto critic le 30 de julio, quando un entrata massive desde Marocco conduceva a le arrivata de decenas de milles de personas in un periodo multo breve. Le Governamento espaniol stabiliva le cifra del entrata massive a circa 72 000 personas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le transversamentos a nando e le tentativas de passar le frontiera terrestre provocava mortes e situationes de grande periculo. Le fortias de Salvamento Marítimo, Guardia Civil, Policía Nacional e Armea esseva mobilisate pro controlar le frontiera, assister le personas qui arrivava e intervenir in le operationes de salvamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le numero de victimas esseva difficile a determinar durante le prime dies. Le ONG Caminando Fronteras publicava le 5 de augusto un estimation de 141 mortes, includente 63 cadaveres recuperate in Marocco e 78 in Ceuta. Le organisation precisava que illo non habeva accesso a le autopsias e que le causas includiva principalmente ahogamentos e aplastamentos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Responsa de Espania e Marocco ==
Le responsa espaniol combinava le reinfortio del frontiera, le operationes de retorno, le identification del personas arrivate e le ampliation progressive del dispositivos de reception. Le Governamento indicava que le majoria del personas entrate retornava a Marocco in le prime 24 a 48 horas, ma un numero importante remaneva in Ceuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 25 de augusto, le Governamento declarava per decreto le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National in Ceuta. Le decreto justificava le decision per le pression super le capacitate de controlo frontieric, identification, assistentia humanitari e reception, e per le effectos super le servicios public. Le mesura esseva establite initialmente usque al 31 de decembre 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le decreto designava le ministro de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic como Autoritate Functional incarregate de impulsar e coordinar le actiones relationate con le crise. Le instrumento non transferiva le totalitate del competencias a un nove commandamento, ma establi un mechanismo de coordination inter le administrationes participante.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Espania demandava etiam assistentia a le Union Europee. Le Ministerio del Interior solicitava a Frontex, Europol e le Agentia del Union Europee pro le Asylo (EUAA) supporto pro le triaje, le collection de informationes e le tramitation del expedientes del personas qui remaneva in Ceuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le action de Marocco deveniva un del aspectos le plus controvertite del crise. Le investigationes posterior examinava le grado de implication del autoritates marocchine e le possibilitate que le fluxo habeva essite facilitate o tolereate. Tamen, al initio de septembre, le investigationes non habeva stabilite un explication definitive super le responsabilitate del differentes actores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Consequentias social e politic ==
Le permanentia prolongate de milles de migrantes generava un forte pression super le servicios public de Ceuta, specialmente super le reception, le protection del minores, le sanitate, le securitate e le identification administrative. Le Governamento espaniol descriveva officialmente le situation como un pression inedite super le capacitate ordinari del administrationes e le funcionamento de servicios public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le crise habeva etiam repercussiones social. Durante augusto e septembre se produceva protestas, conflictos e episodios de tension in le spatio public, al mesme tempore que residentes, organizaciones social e voluntarios organiseva initiatives de assistentia humanitari. Le situation de personas qui dormiva in plagias e altere spatios public deveniva un del problemas le plus visibile del phase posterior del crise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le crise habeva in plus repercussiones al nivello del Union Europee. Le [[Commission Europee]] offereva assistentia de su agencias e Espania solicitava formalmente supporto de Frontex, Europol e EUAA pro tractar le situation del personas remanente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Disinformation ==
Le retes social jocava un rolo importante ante, durante e post le entrata massive. Verificatores documentava numerose bulos, imagines false, videos extraite de altere contextos e narratives conspirative relationate con le origine e le objectivos del migrationes. Maldita.es, per exemplo, catalogava decenas de contenidos false o ingannose relative al crise e indicava que circa 80 000 personas habeva transversate le frontiera secundo le informationes preliminari que illo habeva recipite del Ministerio del Interior; le cifra official posteriormente retenite per le Governamento esseva 72 000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://maldita.es/desinfo/20260918/bulos-desinformaciones-y-contexto-sobre-la-crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta-en-julio-de-2026/ |título=61 bulos, desinformaciones y contexto sobre la entrada de personas migrantes a Ceuta en julio de 2026 |sitioweb=Maldita.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un del aspectos plus controvertite esseva le possibile rol de actores estranier in le mobilisation. Investigationes jornalistic e del servicios de verification documentava le circulation de messages e narratives attribuente le crise a Marrocco, [[Russia]], [[Israel]] o altere actores. Tamen, le investigation de RTVE indicava que al 3 de septembre non existeva un explication concludente que attribuisse le entrata massive a un stato estranier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le crisis habeva etiam un effecto mensurabile super le discurso de odio in retes social. Secundo datos del Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia (OBERAXE), le numero de messages de discurso de odio monitorate augmentava fortemente in augusto in comparation con julio, e un parte importante esseva directemente relationate con le situation de Ceuta.

== Situation posterior ==
Durante augusto e septembre continuava le processo de transferimento de personas qui remaneva in spatios public verso installationes temporal de reception. Le decreto de interesse pro le Securitate National indicava que le crisis habeva entrate in un nove phase, caracterisate per le permanentia de un grande numero de personas in Ceuta e per le necessitate de resolver lor identification, tramitation e retorno conforme al legislation vigente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 18 de septembre, le autoritates organisava un nove operative pro transferer circa 1 700 personas qui remaneva in le plagias de Benítez e El Trampolín verso un installation temporal in le porto de Ceuta. Le installation habeva un capacitate conjointe de circa 1 700 personas e se trovava insufficiente pro le totalitate del personas qui remaneva in le plagias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le operation esseva accompaniate per un importante dispositivo policial e per momentos de tension, pois que le numero de personas presente superava le capacitate del nove installation. Le autoritates indicava al fin del operation que le 1 700 placias habeva essite occupate, dum que plure milles de personas remaneva sin accesso immediate a iste allogiamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.europapress.es/videos/video-traslado-1700-migrantes-puerto-ceuta-concluye-altercados-torres-20260918133057.html |título=El traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta concluye &quot;sin altercados&quot;, según Torres |sitioweb=Europa Press |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Al 18 de septembre, le Governamento espaniol e le autoritates local continuava assi a tractar le consequentias del entrata massive del fin de julio. Le crise habeva lassate effectos prolongate super le gestion migratori, le controlo frontieric, le protection del minores, le servicios public e le relationes inter Espania, Marocco e le Union Europee. Le investigationes super le circumstantias que rendeva possibile le mobilisation massive e le responsabilitates eventual del differentes actores continuava in curso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Investigationes e questiones ancora aperte ==
Le entrata massive esseva objecto de investigationes judicial, policial e de intelligentia. Al 16 de septembre, le Audiencia Nacional habeva initiate diligencias pro determinar le organisation del transversamentos massive, le possibles mecanismos de appoio, le mortes registrate e le responsa del autoritates. Le investigation includeva le requesta de informationes a organisationes e plataformas digital como Meta, WhatsApp e Telegram, assi como le analyse de datos super le activitate in retes social e le possible financiation del mobilisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le question del grado de implication de Marocco remaneva parimente non resolvite. Le investigationes journalistico indicava que existeva indicios e allegations concernente le rol del autoritates marocchine, ma que non habeva alora un conclusion definitive public que permitter affirmar que le Governamento de Marocco habeva deliberate organisate le entrata massive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referencias ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]]</text>
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    <title>Congresso del Deputatos</title>
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Le '''Congresso del Deputatos''' es le camera basse del [[Cortes General]] de [[Espania]] e, insimul con le [[Senato de Espania|Senato]], exerce le poter legislative del Stato. Il representa le populo espaniol e ha un position central in le systema parlamentar, particularmente in le formation e controlo del [[Governamento de Espania|Governamento]]. Le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|Constitution de 1978]] attribue al Cortes le approbation del leges e del budgets general e le controlo del action governamental, con certe competentias specific al Congresso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, artículos 66–68 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sede del Congresso es le [[Palatio del Cortes]], situate in le Placia del Cortes de Madrid. Le camera es reglate principalmente per le Constitution e per su proprie Regimento, que determina su organisation e proceduras interne. Le legislatura dura normalmente quatro annos, ma pote terminar ante tempore si le camera es disolvite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/func |título=El Congreso de los Diputados: caracteres y funciones constitucionales |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Composition e election ==
Le Constitution establi que le Congresso debe haber inter 300 e 400 deputatos; le legislation electoral ha fixate lor numero a 350. Illes es eligite per suffragio universal, libere, equal, directe e secrete. Le provincia constitue le principal circumscription electoral, con un representation initial minimal e le distribution del altere sede secundo le population; Ceuta e Melilla ha cata un deputato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, artículo 68 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/funciones1 |título=Funciones y composición del Congreso de los Diputados |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le electiones usa un systema de representation proportional intra cata circumscription, con listas de candidatos presentate per partitos, coalitiones o agrupationes de electores. Le deputatos representa le populo espaniol e non es ligate per un mandato imperative, ben que illes pote organizarse in gruppos parlamentar e participar in le activitate del camera secundo le reglementos correspondente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/funcdip |título=Funciones de las Diputadas y los Diputados |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation e functionamento ==
Le organos del Congresso comprende le Pleno, le Presidente, le Tabula, le Junta de Portavoces, le Commissiones e le Deputation Permanente. Le Presidente representa le camera e dirige su sessiones, dum le Tabula organiza le functionamento parlamentari. Le gruppos parlamentar constitue un elemento central del activitate interne e participa in le distribution del cargos, commissiones e tempore de parola.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/func |título=Funciones y organización del Congreso |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Congresso tene ordinariamente sessiones inter februario e junio e inter septembre e decembre, con le possibilitate de convocar sessiones extraordinari. Durante le periodos sin sessiones ordinari, le Deputation Permanente conserva certe competentias del camera. Le Commissiones examina le legislation e altere materias specialisate e prepara multe del debates que posteriormente arriva al Pleno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/func |título=Funcionamiento y organización del Congreso de los Diputados |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Function legislative ==
Le Congresso participa principalemente in le elaboration e approbation del leges. Le initiative legislative pote provenir del Governamento, del Congresso, del Senado, del assembleas de communitates autonome e, sub certe conditiones, del citatanos per medio del initiative legislative popular. Le propositiones e projectos es examinate inicialmente per le camera e passa per un processo de emendamentos, analyse in commission e debates ante le adoption del texto final.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/func |título=La función legislativa del Congreso de los Diputados |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Senado participa equalmente in le processo legislative, ma le Constitution accorda al Congresso un position predominant in plure proceduras. Le camera pote finalemente acceptar o rejectar le emendamentos e vetos formulate per le Senado intra le conditiones constitutional establite. Le Congresso participa equalmente in le approbation del Presuposto General del Stato e in altere decisions attribuite al Cortes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, artículos 66 y 90 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Function politic e controlo del Governamento ==
Un del principal competentias politic del Congresso es le investitura del Presidente del Governamento. Post le electiones general, le candidato proposite debe obtener le confidentia del camera secundo le procedura establite per le Constitution. Le Congresso pote anque controlar le action del Governamento per questiones, interpellationes, debates e commissiones parlamentari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, artículos 99 y 108–113 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le relation inter le Congresso e le Governamento es dunque un elemento fundamental del regime parlamentar. Le camera pote approbar un question de confidentia o, per medio del motion de censura, provocar le substitution del Presidente del Governamento secundo le requisitos constitutional. Iste competentias distingui le rolo politic del Congresso de illo del Senado, que ha principalmente un character de representation territorial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/funciones1 |título=Funciones políticas y de control del Congreso |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Congresso moderne ha antecedentes in le tradition parlamentari espaniol, cuje prime importante manifestation esseva le Cortes de Cádiz e le Constitution de 1812. Le denomination «Congresso del Deputatos» esseva establite durante le construction del systema bicameral del 19e seculo e esseva recuperate con le restauration del systema democratic post le fin del franquismo. Le Constitution de 1978 definitive le actual configuration del Congresso intra le Cortes General.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/func |título=El Congreso de los Diputados: antecedentes históricos y funciones constitucionales |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Desde le electiones democratic de 1977, le Congresso ha constituite le principal camera del parlamentarismo espaniol. Su composition ha variate con le successive electiones e con le evolution del systema de partidos, ma su functiones fundamental —legislation, approbation del budgets, investitura e controlo del Governamento— deriva del quadro constitutional establite in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/func |título=El Congreso de los Diputados y el sistema parlamentario español |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Cameras basse|Espania]]
[[Categoria:Congresso del Deputatos| ]]
[[Categoria:Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
[[Categoria:Congressos e Parlamentos]]</text>
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    <title>Cortes General</title>
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Le '''Cortes General''' es le parlamento bicameral del [[Espania]] e es formate per le [[Congresso del Deputatos]] e le [[Senato de Espania|Senato]]. Illes representa le populo espaniol e constitue le principal organo del poter legislative del Stato. Secundo le Constitution de 1978, le Cortes approba le leges e le [[Presupostos General del Stato]], controla le action del Governamento e exerce le altere competentias que le Constitution les attribue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, Título III, artículos 66–96 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Congresso es le camera basse e representa le citatanos principalmente per un systema electoral proportional, dum le Senato es designate como camera de representation territorial, con senatores eligite directemente e alteres designate per le assembleas del communitates autonome. Le duo cameras ha lor proprie regulamentos e organos interne, ma exerce in commun le principal functiones del Cortes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/funcionessenado/index.html |título=Funciones del Senado |sitioweb=Senado de España |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Natura e organisation ==
Le Cortes General es un institution representative, deliberative e inviolabile. Le membros del Parlamento representa le populo e non es ligate per un mandato imperative. Le legislaturas dura normalmente quatro annos, ben que le cameras pote esser dissolvite ante le expiration del termino constitutional. Le Congress e le Senato es organisate independentemente, con presidentes, mesas, plenarios, commissiones e deputationes permanente proprie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, artículos 66–78 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sessiones parlamentar es normalmente ordinari durante le periodos establite per le Constitution, ma sessiones extraordinari pote esser convocate in certe conditiones. Le principal activitate legislative se distribue inter le Pleno e le Commissiones, que examina projectos, propositiones e altere materias ante lor debate e adoption. Cata camera regula su functionamento per medio de un Regimento proprie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/func |título=Funciones y organización del Congreso de los Diputados |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Function legislative ==
Le Cortes General exerce le poter legislative del Stato. Le projectos de lege del Governamento e le propositiones legislative proveniente de parlamentarios, del Senato, del assembleas autonome o, sub certe conditiones, del citatanos passa per un processo de examina, emendamentos e votation. Le Constitution attribue al Congresso un position predominant in le approbation final del multe textos, ben que le Senato participa in le processo e pote formular emendamentos o vetos intra le limites constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/funcionessenado/index.html |título=Funciones del Senado |sitioweb=Senado de España |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Cortes ha equalmente competentias in materia tributari e budgetari. Le creation o modification de tributos depende del lege, e le Presupostos General del Stato debe esser examinate e approbate per le Cortes. Le Constitution regula anque le limites del legislation budgetari e le proceduras applicabile al prorogation del presuposto si un nove non es approbate in tempore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, artículos 31, 66, 133 y 134 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controlo del Governamento ==
Un del principal functiones del Cortes es controlar le action del Governamento. Le cameras pote demandar informationes e explicationes al Executive per questiones e interpellationes, convocar ministros e crear commissiones de investigation. Le deputatos e senatores usa iste instrumentos durante le sessiones e commissiones pro examinar le activitate governamental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/funciones1 |título=Funciones del Congreso de los Diputados |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Congresso ha in addition un rolo decisive in le formation e stabilitate del Governamento. Post electiones general, le Presidente del Governamento debe obtener le confidentia del Congresso per le procedura de investitura. Le Constitution prevede anque le question de confidentia e le motion de censura como instrumentos del relation politic inter le Executive e le camera basse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, artículos 99, 112 y 113 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politica international e altere competentias ==
Le Cortes General participa in certe decisions relative al politica international del Stato. Secundo le Constitution, le conclusion de certe tractatos international require authorization parlamentar, particularmente quando illes concerni materias politic, militar, territorial o le derectos e deberes fundamental. Le Cortes pote equalmente intervenir in altere materias constitutionalmente definite, includente certe decisions relative al defense e al relationes exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, artículos 63 y 94 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cameras ha anque un rolo in le nomination o election de membros de certe organos constitutional e institutiones public, secundo le proportion e proceduras establite per le Constitution e le legislation. Iste competentias contribue al participation del Parlamento in le functionamento general del Stato ultra le elaboration del leges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, Título III y otras disposiciones constitucionales |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le tradition parlamentar espaniol ha antecedentes in le Cortes medieval, ma le moderne Parlamento nasce durante le transition al [[liberalismo]] e le Constitution de Cádiz de 1812. Durante le 19e e 202 seculos, le systema de cameras, lor competentias e le relation inter [[Parlamento]] e [[monarchia]] varia per effecto del differentes constitutiones e regimes politic. Le [[Secunde Republica espaniol|Secunde Republica]] adopta un Parlamento unicameral, dum le regime franquista establiva institutiones representative non comparabile al actual systema parlamentar democratic.

Le transition democratic post le morte de [[Francisco Franco]] conduceva al electiones de 1977 e al elaboration del Constitution approbate in 1978. Iste Constitution restabili le Cortes General bicameral como organo central del nove regime parlamentar. Desde le prime legislatura democratic, le Congresso e le Senato ha continuate a functionar intra le quadro constitutional, con cambios in lor composition e in le panorama politic secundo le successive electiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/constitucion |título=Constitución de 1978 y transición democrática |sitioweb=Congreso de los Diputados |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sede e protection institutional ==
Le Congresso del Deputatos ha su sede in le Palacio de las Cortes, in [[Madrid]], e le Senato in le Palacio del Senato. Le Constitution establi que le Cortes General es inviolabile e accorda anque certe garanties e immunitates al membros de cata camera pro proteger le libre exercitio de lor functiones parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |título=Constitución Española, artículos 66 y 71 |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=22 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cortes General| ]]
[[Categoria:Politica de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Constitution espaniol de 1978]]
[[Categoria:Derecto constitutional]]
[[Categoria:Cortes]]
[[Categoria:Parlamentos national del Union Europee]]</text>
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    <title>Declaration de Independentia del Statos Unite</title>
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[[File:United States Declaration of Independence.jpg|thumb]]

Le '''Declaration de Independentia del [[Statos Unite de America]]''' (4 julio 1776) constatava su independentia ab [[Anglaterra]], le creation del nation, e es un declaration del derectos human.

Le Secunde Congresso Continental del dece-tres colonias anglese in [[America del Nord]] (1775-1788) fixava un comite de cinque homines pro scriber le declaration. Un de illes,  [[Thomas Jefferson]], deveniva le autor principal del declaration. Jefferson lo presentava a duo alter membros del comite, [[Benjamin Franklin]] e [[John Adams]], qui faceva micre cambios. Interim le congresso ja ha adoptate un declaration de independentia de Richard Henry Lee de Virginia 2 julio 1776:

:... que iste Colonias Unite es, e per derecto debe esser, statos libere e independente, que illes es dissolvite ab tote obedir al corona britannic, e que tote connection politic inter illes e le Stato de Grande Britannia es, e debe es, dissolvite totalmente.

Le congresso considerava le declaration, faceva cambios e lo adoptava 4 julio 1776. Iste data es considerate le anniversario del SUA.

Le declaration se comenciava assi:

:Quando in le curso de eventos human deveni necesse pro un populo dissolver le bandas politic, que ha connectite les con un altere, e acceptar inter le poteres del terra le positiones separate e equal, quales le leges de natura e le Deo de natura illes da, un respecto apte al opiniones de tote humanos demanda que illes deberea declarar le causas, le quales les pulsa al separation.

:Nos constata que iste veritates es evidente de se mesme, que tote  homines es create equal, que illes es date per le Creator con certe derectos inalterabile, que inter illos es le vita, libertate e cerca de felicitate; que facer iste derectos secur, governamentos es establite inter homines, obtenente lor poteres juste del consenso de governantes; que quando alicun forma de governamento deveni destructive de iste scopos, il es le derecto del homines abolir lo e establir un governamento nove, establiente le fundo super tal principios e organisante su poteres in tal formas, como a illes sembla le plus possibile causar lor securitate e felicitate. Prudentia dice que governamentos establite longe non sia cambiate pro causas legier e fugiente...

Dunque le declaration es considerate esser anque un declaration del derectos human.

Le declaration continuava a constatar planctos contra le rege de Anglaterra. Postea illo continuava:

:Dunque nos, le representantes del Statos Unite de America, in assemblea del Congresso general, appellante al Judice supreme del mundo pro le justitia de nostre intentiones, in le nomine e per le autoritate del bon homines de iste colonias, publica e declara gravemente que iste Colonias Unite es, e secundo justitia debe esser, statos libere e independente...

Le declaration ora es visitabile in le Edificio de Archivos National in Washington, D.C.

===Resultatos del declaration===

*Anglaterra augmentava su presentia militar in le SUA.
*Membros del Congresso Continental esseva chassate per le governamento anglese. Poc illes esseva occidite, e poc illes perdeva casas e possessiones.
*Francia esseva incoragiate pro adjutar statouniteses con moneta e soldatos.
*Altere nationes controlava o removeva reges per le scriber de constituitiones e revolutiones.

==Referentias==

https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/declaration

https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-history

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Declaration-of-Independence

https://www.history.com/articles/declaration-of-independence</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Geographia de Espania</title>
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Le '''geographia de Espania''' studia le position, le territorio, le relief, le clima, le hidrografia, le vegetacion, le population e le distribution del activitates economic del [[Espania]]. Le pais es situate in le extremo sud-occidental de [[Europa]] e occupa le major parte del [[peninsula iberic]], al qual se adjunge le [[Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le citates autonome de [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]] in le nord de [[Africa]].

Le territorio espaniol ha un superficie de circa 506 000 km² e es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de formas de relief, climas e paisages. Le position inter le [[Oceano Atlantic]], le [[Mar Mediterraneo]], Europa e Africa explica parte de iste diversitate geographic.

== Position geographic ==
Espania es un Stato transcontinental, con le major parte de su territorio in le Peninsula Iberic e un parve parte in le continente africano. Le peninsula es limitate al west per [[Portugal]], al nord-est per [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]], e al sud per le territorio britanno de [[Gibraltar]] e le costas del [[Mar Mediterraneo]]. Ceuta e Melilla ha frontieras terrestre con [[Marocco]].

Le territorio peninsular es circumdate per le Oceano Atlantic al nord e west, le Mar Cantabrico al nord e le Mar Mediterraneo al sud e est. Le Insulas Canari se trova in le Atlantic, al proximitate del costa occidental de Africa, mentre le Insulas Balear se trova in le Mediterraneo oriental.

Le major parte del territorio espaniol se trova in le zona temperate del Hemispherio Nord, ben que le Insulas Canari ha un position plus meridional e un clima influentiate per lor proximitate al Africa.

== Geographia physic ==
Le geographia physic de Espania es caracterisate per le grande diversitate del relief, del clima, del vegetation e del rete hydrographic. Le position inter le Atlantic e le Mediterraneo e le importante altitude del territorio contribui a iste diversitate.

=== Relief ===
Le relief del Peninsula Iberic es dominate per le [[Meseta Central]], un grande altipiano interior con un altitude medie de circa 600 a 800 metros. Le Meseta occupa un parte importante del centro del peninsula e es dividite per le [[Sistema Central]] in le submeseta septentrional e le submeseta meridional.

Le Meseta es circumdate per plure sistemas montuose. Al nord se trova le [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], al nord-est e est le [[Cordillera Iberic]], e al sud le [[Sierra Morena]]. Al nord-est le [[Pireneos]] forma le principal sistema montuose inter Espania e Francia.

Al exterior del Meseta se trova etiam le depressiones del [[Ebro]] e del [[Guadalquivir]], insimul con diverse cordilleras littoral e mediterranee. Le altitude medie del Peninsula es circa 660 metros, un del plus alte inter le paises europee.

Le plus alte puncto del territorio espaniol es le [[Teide]], in le insula de [[Tenerife]], con 3 715 metros super le nivello del mar. In le Peninsula, le culmine maxime alte es le [[Mulhacen]], in le [[Sierra Nevada]], con 3 479 metros.

=== Insulas ===
Le Insulas Balear constitue un archipelago in le Mar Mediterraneo, al est del Peninsula. Le principales insulas es [[Mallorca]], [[Menorca]], [[Ibiza]], [[Formentera]] e [[Cabrera]].

Le Insulas Canari forma un archipelago de origine volcanic in le Oceano Atlantic. Le principales insulas es [[Tenerife]], [[Gran Canaria]], [[Lanzarote]], [[Fuerteventura]], [[La Palma]], [[La Gomera]], [[El Hierro]] e [[La Graciosa]]. Le origine volcanic explica le predominio de formas de relief volcanic e le altitude del Teide.

=== Costas e mares ===
Espania possede un extensive litoral, con costas appartenente al Atlantic, al Mar Cantabrico e al Mediterraneo. Le costa septentrional es generalmente plus umide e presenta numerosas rias, golfos e estuarios, specialmente in [[Galicia]].

Le costa mediterranee presenta numerosas plaias, golfos e sectores rocheose, con un forte concentration de population e activitate turistic. Le insulas contribue etiam al extension e al diversitate del litoral espaniol.

=== Hydrographia ===
[[File:Demarcaciones hidrográficas de España 2012 mapa 13483 spa.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Bassinos hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic.]]
Le rete hydrographic espaniol es organise principalmente in tres grandes vertentes: Atlantic, Cantabric e Mediterranee. Le major parte del grandes fluvios del peninsula flue verso le Atlantic, inter illos le [[Douro]], le [[Tago]], le [[Guadiana]] e le [[Guadalquivir]].

Le principal fluvio del vertente Mediterranee es le [[Ebro]], que nasce in le nord e desemboca in le Mediterraneo per un grande delta. Altere fluvios mediterranee, como le [[Jucar]] e le [[Segura]], ha un curso plus breve e presenta un regime plus irregular.

Le rios del vertente Cantabric es generalmente breve, perque le montanias se trova proxime al costa, ma presenta un fluxo plus regular a causa del pluvas frequente del nord. Le Instituto Geografico National include in su bases geographic le principales cursos de aqua, massas de aqua e cuencas hydrographic del territorio espaniol.

== Clima ==
Le clima de Espania es multo diverse a causa del extension territorial, del relief, del altitude e del influentia maritime. Le nord e nord-west ha un clima oceanic, caracterisate per temperaturas moderate e pluvas relativement regular durante le anno.

Le major parte del peninsula ha un clima mediterranee, con estates calide e sic e pluvas concentrate principalmente in le primavera e le autumno. In le interior del Meseta, le altitude e le distantia del mar favorisa contrastes termic plus forte inter estate e hiberno.

In partes del sud-est del peninsula existe zonas con climate plus aride o semi-aride, specialmente in le region de [[Murcia]] e in le sud-est de [[Andalusia]]. Le Insulas Canari presenta un clima subtropical, con variationes inter insulas e altitude.

== Vegetation e medio ambiente ==
Le diversitate climatic e geographic produce un grande varietate de vegetation. Le zonas humides del nord es caracterisate per boscos decidue e prados, mentre le regiones mediterranee presenta vegetation adaptate al siccitate, como le quercia, le pin, le olive selvatic e diverse arbustos.

In le regiones plus aride del sud-est le vegetation es plus sparse. In le montanias, le vegetation varia secundo le altitude, con differentias inter le basse zonas, le boscos montan e le vegetation de alte montania.

Le protection del medio ambiente include le conservation de parcos national, reservas natural, zonas humide e altere areas protegite. Le observation del territorio e le cartographia official es coordinate principalmente per le Instituto Geografico National.

== Geographia human ==
Le population espaniol es distribute de maniera irregular. Le major concentrationes demographic se trova in le regiones littoral e in le grandes areas metropolitan, inter le quales [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Sevilla]], [[Bilbao]] e [[Malaga]].

Le interior peninsular presenta in plure zonas un densitate demographic plus basse, con exceptiones importante como le area metropolitane de Madrid. Iste contrastes ha essite influentiate per le industrialisation, le urbanisation, le migrationes interne e le transformation del activitates economic.

Le urbanisation ha crescite fortemente durante le 20e e le initio del 21e seculo. Le grandes citates concentra un parte importante del population, del services, del administration e del activitate economic.

=== Organisation territorial ===
Le territorio de Espania es dividite administrativemente in 17 [[Communitates autonome de Espania|communitates autonome]] e 2 citates autonome, [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]]. Le Communitates Autonome es subdividite in provincias, con exceptiones in le quales le organisation provincial ha particularitates.

Le organisation territorial reflecte le diversitate historic, cultural e geographic del pais. Le Communitates Autonome dispone de differentes nivellos de competentia in materias como education, sanitate, transportes e administration territorial.

== Geographia economic ==
Le activitate economic presenta importante contrastes territorial. Le grandes areas urban e industrial concentra services avantiate, industria, administration e infrastructure, mentre le zonas rural conserva un rol importante in le agricultura, le ganaderia e le exploitation forestal.

Le industria es particularmente importante in regiones como Catalonia, le Pais Basc, Navarra, Madrid, Valencia e Aragon. Le turismo ha un importante concentration in le costas mediterranee, le Insulas Balear, le Insulas Canari e le grandes citates.

Le agricultura varia fortemente secundo le clima e le relief. Le agricultura mediterranee es importante in le production de olive, citros, fructos e vino, mentre le interior del peninsula presenta grande areas de cereales e ganaderia.

Le position geographic de Espania e su rete de portos, aeroportos, autovias e ferrovias favorisa le commercio con le resto de Europa, Africa e America. Le Instituto Geografico National considera le geographia physic, human e economic como partes interconnectite del analyse del territorio.

== Diversitate geographic ==
Le principal characteristica del territorio espaniol es le combination de grande extension, altitude elevate, varietate climatic e position inter Europa e Africa. Le Peninsula, le Insulas Balear, le Insulas Canari, Ceuta e Melilla forma un territorio geographic multo diverse.

Iste diversitate se reflecte in le paisages, le climatologia, le distribution del population, le agricultura, le industria e le turismo. Le geographia de Espania es assi marcate per le relation constante inter le factores physic e le activitate human.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''geographia de Espania''' studia le position, le territorio, le relief, le clima, le hidrografia, le vegetacion, le population e le distribution del activitates economic del [[Espania]]. Le pais es situate in le extremo sud-occidental de [[Europa]] e occupa le major parte del [[peninsula iberic]], al qual se adjunge le [[Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le citates autonome de [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]] in le nord de [[Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ane-datos-geograficos |title=Información Geográfica Destacada |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le territorio espaniol ha un superficie de circa 506 000 km² e es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de formas de relief, climas e paisages. Le position inter le [[Oceano Atlantic]], le [[Mar Mediterraneo]], Europa e Africa explica parte de iste diversitate geographic.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/caractersticas_del_relieve_espaol.html |title=Características del relieve español |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Position geographic ==
Espania es un Stato transcontinental, con le major parte de su territorio in le Peninsula Iberic e un parve parte in le continente africano. Le peninsula es limitate al west per [[Portugal]], al nord-est per [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]], e al sud per le territorio britanno de [[Gibraltar]] e le costas del [[Mar Mediterraneo]]. Ceuta e Melilla ha frontieras terrestre con [[Marocco]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;

Le territorio peninsular es circumdate per le Oceano Atlantic al nord e west, le Mar Cantabrico al nord e le Mar Mediterraneo al sud e est. Le Insulas Canari se trova in le Atlantic, al proximitate del costa occidental de Africa, mentre le Insulas Balear se trova in le Mediterraneo oriental.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le major parte del territorio espaniol se trova in le zona temperate del Hemispherio Nord, ben que le Insulas Canari ha un position plus meridional e un clima subtropical influentiate per lor position oceanic e proximitate al Africa.

== Geographia physic ==
Le geographia physic de Espania es caracterisate per le grande diversitate del relief, del clima, del vegetation e del rete hydrographic. Le position inter le Atlantic e le Mediterraneo e le importante altitude del territorio contribui a iste diversitate.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

=== Relief ===
Le relief del Peninsula Iberic es dominate per le [[Meseta Central]], un grande altipiano interior con un altitude medie de circa 600 a 800 metros. Le Meseta occupa un parte importante del centro del peninsula e es dividite per le [[Sistema Central]] in le submeseta septentrional e le submeseta meridional.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNmeseta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/la_meseta.html |title=La Meseta |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Meseta es circumdate per plure sistemas montuose. Al nord se trova le [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], al nord-est e est le [[Cordillera Iberic]], e al sud le [[Sierra Morena]]. Al nord-est le [[Pireneos]] forma le principal sistema montuose inter Espania e Francia.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Al exterior del Meseta se trova etiam le depressiones del [[Ebro]] e del [[Guadalquivir]], insimul con diverse cordilleras littoral e mediterranee. Le altitude medie del Peninsula es circa 660 metros, un del plus alte inter le paises europee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le plus alte puncto del territorio espaniol es le [[Teide]], in le insula de [[Tenerife]], con 3 715 metros super le nivello del mar. In le Peninsula, le culmine maxime alte es le [[Mulhacen]], in le [[Sierra Nevada]], con 3 479 metros.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNcumbres&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-eso/formas_del_relieve.html |title=Formas del relieve |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Insulas ===
Le Insulas Balear constitue un archipelago in le Mar Mediterraneo, al est del Peninsula. Le principales insulas es [[Mallorca]], [[Menorca]], [[Ibiza]], [[Formentera]] e [[Cabrera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le Insulas Canari forma un archipelago de origine volcanic in le Oceano Atlantic. Le principales insulas es [[Tenerife]], [[Gran Canaria]], [[Lanzarote]], [[Fuerteventura]], [[La Palma]], [[La Gomera]], [[El Hierro]] e [[La Graciosa]]. Le origine volcanic explica le predominio de formas de relief volcanic e le altitude del Teide.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

=== Costas e mares ===
Espania possede un extensive litoral, con costas appartenente al Atlantic, al Mar Cantabrico e al Mediterraneo. Le costa septentrional es generalmente plus umide e presenta numerosas rias, golfos e estuarios, specialmente in [[Galicia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le costa mediterranee presenta numerosas plaias, golfos e sectores rocheose, con un forte concentration de population e activitate turistic. Le insulas contribue etiam al extension e al diversitate del litoral espaniol.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEturismo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2025_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |title=España en cifras 2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hydrographia ===
[[File:Demarcaciones hidrográficas de España 2012 mapa 13483 spa.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Bassinos hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic.]]

Le rete hydrographic espaniol es organise principalmente in tres grandes vertentes: Atlantic, Cantabric e Mediterranee. Le major parte del grandes fluvios del peninsula flue verso le Atlantic, inter illos le [[Douro]], le [[Tago]], le [[Guadiana]] e le [[Guadalquivir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/seccion-hidrografia |title=Hidrografía |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le principal fluvio del vertente Mediterranee es le [[Ebro]], que nasce in le nord e desemboca in le Mediterraneo per un grande delta. Altere fluvios mediterranee, como le [[Jucar]] e le [[Segura]], ha un curso plus breve e presenta un regime plus irregular.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot; /&gt;

Le rios del vertente Cantabric es generalmente breve, perque le montanias se trova proxime al costa, ma presenta un fluxo plus regular a causa del pluvas frequente del nord. Le Instituto Geografico National include in su bases geographic le principales cursos de aqua, massas de aqua e cuencas hydrographic del territorio espaniol.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot; /&gt;

== Clima ==
Le clima de Espania es multo diverse a causa del extension territorial, del relief, del altitude e del influentia maritime. Le nord e nord-west ha un clima oceanic, caracterisate per temperaturas moderate e pluvas relativement regular durante le anno.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOclima&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/picos.html |title=Parque Nacional de los Picos de Europa |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le major parte del peninsula ha un clima mediterranee, con estates calide e sic e pluvas concentrate principalmente in le primavera e le autumno. In le interior del Meseta, le altitude e le distantia del mar favorisa contrastes termic plus forte inter estate e hiberno.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOcabaneros&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/cabaneros.html |title=Parque Nacional de Cabañeros |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In partes del sud-est del peninsula existe zonas con climate plus aride o semi-aride, specialmente in le region de [[Murcia]] e in le sud-est de [[Andalusia]]. Le Insulas Canari presenta un clima subtropical, con variationes inter insulas e altitude.

== Vegetation e medio ambiente ==
Le diversitate climatic e geographic produce un grande varietate de vegetation. Le zonas humides del nord es caracterisate per boscos decidue e prados, mentre le regiones mediterranee presenta vegetation adaptate al siccitate, como le quercia, le pin, le olive selvatic e diverse arbustos.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECObiodiversitate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/impactos-vulnerabilidad-y-adaptacion/plan-nacional-adaptacion-cambio-climatico/pnatural-bd.html |title=Patrimonio natural, biodiversidad y áreas protegidas |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le regiones plus aride del sud-est le vegetation es plus sparse. In le montanias, le vegetation varia secundo le altitude, con differentias inter le basse zonas, le boscos montan e le vegetation de alte montania.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECObiodiversitate&quot; /&gt;

Le protection del medio ambiente include le conservation de parcos national, reservas natural, zonas humide e altere areas protegite. Le observation del territorio e le cartographia official es coordinate principalmente per le Instituto Geografico National.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOcartografia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/cartografia.html |title=Cartografía de los sistemas naturales terrestres |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNobserv&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/es/ign/portal/obs-area-observacion-territorio |title=Observación del Territorio |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographia human ==
Le population espaniol es distribute de maniera irregular. Le major concentrationes demographic se trova in le regiones littoral e in le grandes areas metropolitan, inter le quales [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Sevilla]], [[Bilbao]] e [[Malaga]]. Le Instituto National de Statistica publica datos de population per communitate autonome, provincia, municipio e grado de urbanisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?capsel=11398&amp;padre=11555 |title=Censo anual de población 2021-2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le interior peninsular presenta in plure zonas un densitate demographic plus basse, con exceptiones importante como le area metropolitane de Madrid. Iste contrastes ha essite influentiate per le industrialisation, le urbanisation, le migrationes interne e le transformation del activitates economic.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

Le urbanisation ha crescite fortemente durante le 20e e le initio del 21e seculo. Le grandes citates concentra un parte importante del population, del services, del administration e del activitate economic.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

=== Organisation territorial ===
Le territorio de Espania es dividite administrativemente in 17 [[Communitates autonome de Espania|communitates autonome]] e 2 citates autonome, [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]]. Le Communitates Autonome es subdividite in provincias, con exceptiones in le quales le organisation provincial ha particularitates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Administracion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/espanaAdmon/comoSeOrganizaEstado/Sistema_Politico.html?imprimir=1 |title=Organización del Estado español |publisher=Punto de Acceso General, Gobierno de España |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation territorial reflecte le diversitate historic, cultural e geographic del pais. Le Communitates Autonome dispone de differentes nivellos de competentia in materias como education, sanitate, transportes e administration territorial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Administracion&quot; /&gt;

== Geographia economic ==
Le activitate economic presenta importante contrastes territorial. Le grandes areas urban e industrial concentra services avantiate, industria, administration e infrastructure, mentre le zonas rural conserva un rol importante in le agricultura, le ganaderia e le exploitation forestal.

Le industria es particularmente importante in regiones como Catalonia, le Pais Basc, Navarra, Madrid, Valencia e Aragon. Le turismo ha un importante concentration in le costas mediterranee, le Insulas Balear, le Insulas Canari e le grandes citates.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEturismo&quot; /&gt;

Le agricultura varia fortemente secundo le clima e le relief. Le agricultura mediterranee es importante in le production de olive, citros, fructos e vino, mentre le interior del peninsula presenta grande areas de cereales e ganaderia.

Le position geographic de Espania e su rete de portos, aeroportos, autovias e ferrovias favorisa le commercio con le resto de Europa, Africa e America. Le Instituto Geografico National considera le geographia physic, human e economic como partes interconnectite del analyse del territorio.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;

== Diversitate geographic ==
Le principal characteristica del territorio espaniol es le combination de grande extension, altitude elevate, varietate climatic e position inter Europa e Africa. Le Peninsula, le Insulas Balear, le Insulas Canari, Ceuta e Melilla forma un territorio geographic multo diverse.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Iste diversitate se reflecte in le paisages, le climatologia, le distribution del population, le agricultura, le industria e le turismo. Le geographia de Espania es assi marcate per le relation constante inter le factores physic e le activitate human.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''geographia de Espania''' studia le position, le territorio, le relief, le clima, le hidrografia, le vegetacion, le population e le distribution del activitates economic del [[Espania]]. Le pais es situate in le extremo sud-occidental de [[Europa]] e occupa le major parte del [[peninsula iberic]], al qual se adjunge le [[Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le citates autonome de [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]] in le nord de [[Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ane-datos-geograficos |title=Información Geográfica Destacada |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le territorio espaniol ha un superficie de circa 506 000 km² e es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de formas de relief, climas e paisages. Le position inter le [[Oceano Atlantic]], le [[Mar Mediterraneo]], Europa e Africa explica parte de iste diversitate geographic.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/caractersticas_del_relieve_espaol.html |title=Características del relieve español |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Position geographic ==
Espania es un Stato transcontinental, con le major parte de su territorio in le Peninsula Iberic e un parve parte in le continente africano. Le peninsula es limitate al west per [[Portugal]], al nord-est per [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]], e al sud per le territorio britanno de [[Gibraltar]] e le costas del [[Mar Mediterraneo]]. Ceuta e Melilla ha frontieras terrestre con [[Marocco]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;

Le territorio peninsular es circumdate per le Oceano Atlantic al nord e west, le Mar Cantabrico al nord e le Mar Mediterraneo al sud e est. Le Insulas Canari se trova in le Atlantic, al proximitate del costa occidental de Africa, mentre le Insulas Balear se trova in le Mediterraneo oriental.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le major parte del territorio espaniol se trova in le zona temperate del Hemispherio Nord, ben que le Insulas Canari ha un position plus meridional e un clima subtropical influentiate per lor position oceanic e proximitate al Africa.

== Geographia physic ==
Le geographia physic de Espania es caracterisate per le grande diversitate del relief, del clima, del vegetation e del rete hydrographic. Le position inter le Atlantic e le Mediterraneo e le importante altitude del territorio contribui a iste diversitate.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

=== Relief ===
Le relief del Peninsula Iberic es dominate per le [[Meseta Central]], un grande altipiano interior con un altitude medie de circa 600 a 800 metros. Le Meseta occupa un parte importante del centro del peninsula e es dividite per le [[Sistema Central]] in le submeseta septentrional e le submeseta meridional.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNmeseta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/la_meseta.html |title=La Meseta |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Meseta es circumdate per plure sistemas montuose. Al nord se trova le [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], al nord-est e est le [[Cordillera Iberic]], e al sud le [[Sierra Morena]]. Al nord-est le [[Pireneos]] forma le principal sistema montuose inter Espania e Francia.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Al exterior del Meseta se trova etiam le depressiones del [[Ebro]] e del [[Guadalquivir]], insimul con diverse cordilleras littoral e mediterranee. Le altitude medie del Peninsula es circa 660 metros, un del plus alte inter le paises europee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le plus alte puncto del territorio espaniol es le [[Teide]], in le insula de [[Tenerife]], con 3 715 metros super le nivello del mar. In le Peninsula, le culmine maxime alte es le [[Mulhacen]], in le [[Sierra Nevada]], con 3 479 metros.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNcumbres&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-eso/formas_del_relieve.html |title=Formas del relieve |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Insulas ===
Le Insulas Balear constitue un archipelago in le Mar Mediterraneo, al est del Peninsula. Le principales insulas es [[Mallorca]], [[Menorca]], [[Ibiza]], [[Formentera]] e [[Cabrera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le Insulas Canari forma un archipelago de origine volcanic in le Oceano Atlantic. Le principales insulas es [[Tenerife]], [[Gran Canaria]], [[Lanzarote]], [[Fuerteventura]], [[La Palma]], [[La Gomera]], [[El Hierro]] e [[La Graciosa]]. Le origine volcanic explica le predominio de formas de relief volcanic e le altitude del Teide.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

=== Costas e mares ===
Espania possede un extensive litoral, con costas appartenente al Atlantic, al Mar Cantabrico e al Mediterraneo. Le costa septentrional es generalmente plus umide e presenta numerosas rias, golfos e estuarios, specialmente in [[Galicia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le costa mediterranee presenta numerosas plaias, golfos e sectores rocheose, con un forte concentration de population e activitate turistic. Le insulas contribue etiam al extension e al diversitate del litoral espaniol.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEturismo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2025_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |title=España en cifras 2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hydrographia ===
[[File:Demarcaciones hidrográficas de España 2012 mapa 13483 spa.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Bassinos hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic.]]

Le rete hydrographic espaniol es organise principalmente in tres grandes vertentes: Atlantic, Cantabric e Mediterranee. Le major parte del grandes fluvios del peninsula flue verso le Atlantic, inter illos le [[Douro]], le [[Tago]], le [[Guadiana]] e le [[Guadalquivir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/seccion-hidrografia |title=Hidrografía |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le principal fluvio del vertente Mediterranee es le [[Ebro]], que nasce in le nord e desemboca in le Mediterraneo per un grande delta. Altere fluvios mediterranee, como le [[Jucar]] e le [[Segura]], ha un curso plus breve e presenta un regime plus irregular.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot; /&gt;

Le rios del vertente Cantabric es generalmente breve, perque le montanias se trova proxime al costa, ma presenta un fluxo plus regular a causa del pluvas frequente del nord. Le Instituto Geografico National include in su bases geographic le principales cursos de aqua, massas de aqua e cuencas hydrographic del territorio espaniol.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot; /&gt;

== Clima ==
Le clima de Espania es multo diverse a causa del extension territorial, del relief, del altitude e del influentia maritime. Le nord e nord-west ha un clima oceanic, caracterisate per temperaturas moderate e pluvas relativement regular durante le anno.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOclima&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/picos.html |title=Parque Nacional de los Picos de Europa |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le major parte del peninsula ha un clima mediterranee, con estates calide e sic e pluvas concentrate principalmente in le primavera e le autumno. In le interior del Meseta, le altitude e le distantia del mar favorisa contrastes termic plus forte inter estate e hiberno.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOcabaneros&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/cabaneros.html |title=Parque Nacional de Cabañeros |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In partes del sud-est del peninsula existe zonas con climate plus aride o semi-aride, specialmente in le region de [[Murcia]] e in le sud-est de [[Andalusia]]. Le Insulas Canari presenta un clima subtropical, con variationes inter insulas e altitude.

== Vegetation e medio ambiente ==
Le diversitate climatic e geographic produce un grande varietate de vegetation. Le zonas humides del nord es caracterisate per boscos decidue e prados, mentre le regiones mediterranee presenta vegetation adaptate al siccitate, como le quercia, le pin, le olive selvatic e diverse arbustos.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECObiodiversitate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/impactos-vulnerabilidad-y-adaptacion/plan-nacional-adaptacion-cambio-climatico/pnatural-bd.html |title=Patrimonio natural, biodiversidad y áreas protegidas |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le regiones plus aride del sud-est le vegetation es plus sparse. In le montanias, le vegetation varia secundo le altitude, con differentias inter le basse zonas, le boscos montan e le vegetation de alte montania.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECObiodiversitate&quot; /&gt;

Le protection del medio ambiente include le conservation de parcos national, reservas natural, zonas humide e altere areas protegite. Le observation del territorio e le cartographia official es coordinate principalmente per le Instituto Geografico National.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOcartografia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/cartografia.html |title=Cartografía de los sistemas naturales terrestres |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNobserv&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/es/ign/portal/obs-area-observacion-territorio |title=Observación del Territorio |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographia human ==
Le population espaniol es distribute de maniera irregular. Le major concentrationes demographic se trova in le regiones littoral e in le grandes areas metropolitan, inter le quales [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Sevilla]], [[Bilbao]] e [[Malaga]]. Le Instituto National de Statistica publica datos de population per communitate autonome, provincia, municipio e grado de urbanisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?capsel=11398&amp;padre=11555 |title=Censo anual de población 2021-2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le interior peninsular presenta in plure zonas un densitate demographic plus basse, con exceptiones importante como le area metropolitane de Madrid. Iste contrastes ha essite influentiate per le industrialisation, le urbanisation, le migrationes interne e le transformation del activitates economic.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

Le urbanisation ha crescite fortemente durante le 20e e le initio del 21e seculo. Le grandes citates concentra un parte importante del population, del services, del administration e del activitate economic.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

=== Organisation territorial ===
Le territorio de Espania es dividite administrativemente in 17 [[Communitates autonome de Espania|communitates autonome]] e 2 citates autonome, [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]]. Le Communitates Autonome es subdividite in provincias, con exceptiones in le quales le organisation provincial ha particularitates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Administracion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/espanaAdmon/comoSeOrganizaEstado/Sistema_Politico.html?imprimir=1 |title=Organización del Estado español |publisher=Punto de Acceso General, Gobierno de España |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation territorial reflecte le diversitate historic, cultural e geographic del pais. Le Communitates Autonome dispone de differentes nivellos de competentia in materias como education, sanitate, transportes e administration territorial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Administracion&quot; /&gt;

== Geographia economic ==
Le activitate economic presenta importante contrastes territorial. Le grandes areas urban e industrial concentra services avantiate, industria, administration e infrastructure, mentre le zonas rural conserva un rol importante in le agricultura, le ganaderia e le exploitation forestal.

Le industria es particularmente importante in regiones como [[Catalonia]], le [[Pais Basc]], [[Navarra]], Madrid, Valencia e Aragon. Le turismo ha un importante concentration in le costas mediterranee, le [[Insulas Baleares|Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le grandes citates.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEturismo&quot; /&gt;

Le agricultura varia fortemente secundo le clima e le relief. Le agricultura mediterranee es importante in le production de olive, citros, fructos e vino, mentre le interior del peninsula presenta grande areas de cereales e ganaderia.

Le position geographic de Espania e su rete de portos, aeroportos, autovias e ferrovias favorisa le commercio con le resto de Europa, Africa e America. Le Instituto Geografico National considera le geographia physic, human e economic como partes interconnectite del analyse del territorio.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;

== Diversitate geographic ==
Le principal characteristica del territorio espaniol es le combination de grande extension, altitude elevate, varietate climatic e position inter Europa e Africa. Le Peninsula, le Insulas Balear, le Insulas Canari, Ceuta e Melilla forma un territorio geographic multo diverse.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Iste diversitate se reflecte in le paisages, le climatologia, le distribution del population, le agricultura, le industria e le turismo. Le geographia de Espania es assi marcate per le relation constante inter le factores physic e le activitate human.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''geographia de Espania''' studia le position, le territorio, le relief, le clima, le hidrografia, le vegetacion, le population e le distribution del activitates economic del [[Espania]]. Le pais es situate in le extremo sud-occidental de [[Europa]] e occupa le major parte del [[peninsula iberic]], al qual se adjunge le [[Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le citates autonome de [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]] in le nord de [[Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ane-datos-geograficos |title=Información Geográfica Destacada |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le territorio espaniol ha un superficie de circa 506 000 km² e es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de formas de relief, climas e paisages. Le position inter le [[Oceano Atlantic]], le [[Mar Mediterranee]], Europa e Africa explica parte de iste diversitate geographic.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/caractersticas_del_relieve_espaol.html |title=Características del relieve español |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Position geographic ==
Espania es un Stato transcontinental, con le major parte de su territorio in le Peninsula Iberic e un parve parte in le continente africano. Le peninsula es limitate al west per [[Portugal]], al nord-est per [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]], e al sud per le territorio britanno de [[Gibraltar]] e le costas del [[Mar Mediterraneo]]. Ceuta e Melilla ha frontieras terrestre con [[Marocco]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;

Le territorio peninsular es circumdate per le Oceano Atlantic al nord e west, le Mar Cantabrico al nord e le Mar Mediterraneo al sud e est. Le Insulas Canari se trova in le Atlantic, al proximitate del costa occidental de Africa, mentre le Insulas Balear se trova in le Mediterraneo oriental.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le major parte del territorio espaniol se trova in le zona temperate del Hemispherio Nord, ben que le Insulas Canari ha un position plus meridional e un clima subtropical influentiate per lor position oceanic e proximitate al Africa.

== Geographia physic ==
Le geographia physic de Espania es caracterisate per le grande diversitate del relief, del clima, del vegetation e del rete hydrographic. Le position inter le Atlantic e le Mediterraneo e le importante altitude del territorio contribui a iste diversitate.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

=== Relief ===
Le relief del Peninsula Iberic es dominate per le [[Meseta Central]], un grande altipiano interior con un altitude medie de circa 600 a 800 metros. Le Meseta occupa un parte importante del centro del peninsula e es dividite per le [[Sistema Central]] in le submeseta septentrional e le submeseta meridional.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNmeseta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/la_meseta.html |title=La Meseta |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Meseta es circumdate per plure sistemas montuose. Al nord se trova le [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], al nord-est e est le [[Cordillera Iberic]], e al sud le [[Sierra Morena]]. Al nord-est le [[Pireneos]] forma le principal sistema montuose inter Espania e Francia.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Al exterior del Meseta se trova etiam le depressiones del [[Ebro]] e del [[Guadalquivir]], insimul con diverse cordilleras littoral e mediterranee. Le altitude medie del Peninsula es circa 660 metros, un del plus alte inter le paises europee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le plus alte puncto del territorio espaniol es le [[Teide]], in le insula de [[Tenerife]], con 3 715 metros super le nivello del mar. In le Peninsula, le culmine maxime alte es le [[Mulhacen]], in le [[Sierra Nevada]], con 3 479 metros.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNcumbres&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-eso/formas_del_relieve.html |title=Formas del relieve |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Insulas ===
Le Insulas Balear constitue un archipelago in le Mar Mediterraneo, al est del Peninsula. Le principales insulas es [[Mallorca]], [[Menorca]], [[Ibiza]], [[Formentera]] e [[Cabrera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le Insulas Canari forma un archipelago de origine volcanic in le Oceano Atlantic. Le principales insulas es [[Tenerife]], [[Gran Canaria]], [[Lanzarote]], [[Fuerteventura]], [[La Palma]], [[La Gomera]], [[El Hierro]] e [[La Graciosa]]. Le origine volcanic explica le predominio de formas de relief volcanic e le altitude del Teide.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

=== Costas e mares ===
Espania possede un extensive litoral, con costas appartenente al Atlantic, al Mar Cantabrico e al Mediterraneo. Le costa septentrional es generalmente plus umide e presenta numerosas rias, golfos e estuarios, specialmente in [[Galicia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le costa mediterranee presenta numerosas plaias, golfos e sectores rocheose, con un forte concentration de population e activitate turistic. Le insulas contribue etiam al extension e al diversitate del litoral espaniol.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEturismo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2025_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |title=España en cifras 2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hydrographia ===
[[File:Demarcaciones hidrográficas de España 2012 mapa 13483 spa.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Bassinos hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic.]]

Le rete hydrographic espaniol es organise principalmente in tres grandes vertentes: Atlantic, Cantabric e Mediterranee. Le major parte del grandes fluvios del peninsula flue verso le Atlantic, inter illos le [[Douro]], le [[Tago]], le [[Guadiana]] e le [[Guadalquivir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/seccion-hidrografia |title=Hidrografía |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le principal fluvio del vertente Mediterranee es le [[Ebro]], que nasce in le nord e desemboca in le Mediterraneo per un grande delta. Altere fluvios mediterranee, como le [[Jucar]] e le [[Segura]], ha un curso plus breve e presenta un regime plus irregular.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot; /&gt;

Le rios del vertente Cantabric es generalmente breve, perque le montanias se trova proxime al costa, ma presenta un fluxo plus regular a causa del pluvas frequente del nord. Le Instituto Geografico National include in su bases geographic le principales cursos de aqua, massas de aqua e cuencas hydrographic del territorio espaniol.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot; /&gt;

== Clima ==
Le clima de Espania es multo diverse a causa del extension territorial, del relief, del altitude e del influentia maritime. Le nord e nord-west ha un clima oceanic, caracterisate per temperaturas moderate e pluvas relativement regular durante le anno.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOclima&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/picos.html |title=Parque Nacional de los Picos de Europa |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le major parte del peninsula ha un clima mediterranee, con estates calide e sic e pluvas concentrate principalmente in le primavera e le autumno. In le interior del Meseta, le altitude e le distantia del mar favorisa contrastes termic plus forte inter estate e hiberno.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOcabaneros&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/cabaneros.html |title=Parque Nacional de Cabañeros |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In partes del sud-est del peninsula existe zonas con climate plus aride o semi-aride, specialmente in le region de [[Murcia]] e in le sud-est de [[Andalusia]]. Le Insulas Canari presenta un clima subtropical, con variationes inter insulas e altitude.

== Vegetation e medio ambiente ==
Le diversitate climatic e geographic produce un grande varietate de vegetation. Le zonas humides del nord es caracterisate per boscos decidue e prados, mentre le regiones mediterranee presenta vegetation adaptate al siccitate, como le quercia, le pin, le olive selvatic e diverse arbustos.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECObiodiversitate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/impactos-vulnerabilidad-y-adaptacion/plan-nacional-adaptacion-cambio-climatico/pnatural-bd.html |title=Patrimonio natural, biodiversidad y áreas protegidas |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le regiones plus aride del sud-est le vegetation es plus sparse. In le montanias, le vegetation varia secundo le altitude, con differentias inter le basse zonas, le boscos montan e le vegetation de alte montania.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECObiodiversitate&quot; /&gt;

Le protection del medio ambiente include le conservation de parcos national, reservas natural, zonas humide e altere areas protegite. Le observation del territorio e le cartographia official es coordinate principalmente per le Instituto Geografico National.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOcartografia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/cartografia.html |title=Cartografía de los sistemas naturales terrestres |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNobserv&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/es/ign/portal/obs-area-observacion-territorio |title=Observación del Territorio |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographia human ==
Le population espaniol es distribute de maniera irregular. Le major concentrationes demographic se trova in le regiones littoral e in le grandes areas metropolitan, inter le quales [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Sevilla]], [[Bilbao]] e [[Malaga]]. Le Instituto National de Statistica publica datos de population per communitate autonome, provincia, municipio e grado de urbanisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?capsel=11398&amp;padre=11555 |title=Censo anual de población 2021-2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le interior peninsular presenta in plure zonas un densitate demographic plus basse, con exceptiones importante como le area metropolitane de Madrid. Iste contrastes ha essite influentiate per le industrialisation, le urbanisation, le migrationes interne e le transformation del activitates economic.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

Le urbanisation ha crescite fortemente durante le 20e e le initio del 21e seculo. Le grandes citates concentra un parte importante del population, del services, del administration e del activitate economic.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

=== Organisation territorial ===
Le territorio de Espania es dividite administrativemente in 17 [[Communitates autonome de Espania|communitates autonome]] e 2 citates autonome, [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]]. Le Communitates Autonome es subdividite in provincias, con exceptiones in le quales le organisation provincial ha particularitates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Administracion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/espanaAdmon/comoSeOrganizaEstado/Sistema_Politico.html?imprimir=1 |title=Organización del Estado español |publisher=Punto de Acceso General, Gobierno de España |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation territorial reflecte le diversitate historic, cultural e geographic del pais. Le Communitates Autonome dispone de differentes nivellos de competentia in materias como education, sanitate, transportes e administration territorial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Administracion&quot; /&gt;

== Geographia economic ==
Le activitate economic presenta importante contrastes territorial. Le grandes areas urban e industrial concentra services avantiate, industria, administration e infrastructure, mentre le zonas rural conserva un rol importante in le agricultura, le ganaderia e le exploitation forestal.

Le industria es particularmente importante in regiones como [[Catalonia]], le [[Pais Basc]], [[Navarra]], Madrid, Valencia e Aragon. Le turismo ha un importante concentration in le costas mediterranee, le [[Insulas Baleares|Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le grandes citates.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEturismo&quot; /&gt;

Le agricultura varia fortemente secundo le clima e le relief. Le agricultura mediterranee es importante in le production de olive, citros, fructos e vino, mentre le interior del peninsula presenta grande areas de cereales e ganaderia.

Le position geographic de Espania e su rete de portos, aeroportos, autovias e ferrovias favorisa le commercio con le resto de Europa, Africa e America. Le Instituto Geografico National considera le geographia physic, human e economic como partes interconnectite del analyse del territorio.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;

== Diversitate geographic ==
Le principal characteristica del territorio espaniol es le combination de grande extension, altitude elevate, varietate climatic e position inter Europa e Africa. Le Peninsula, le Insulas Balear, le Insulas Canari, Ceuta e Melilla forma un territorio geographic multo diverse.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Iste diversitate se reflecte in le paisages, le climatologia, le distribution del population, le agricultura, le industria e le turismo. Le geographia de Espania es assi marcate per le relation constante inter le factores physic e le activitate human.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''geographia de Espania''' studia le position, le territorio, le relief, le clima, le hidrografia, le vegetacion, le population e le distribution del activitates economic del [[Espania]]. Le pais es situate in le extremo sud-occidental de [[Europa]] e occupa le major parte del [[peninsula iberic]], al qual se adjunge le [[Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le citates autonome de [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]] in le nord de [[Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/ane-datos-geograficos |title=Información Geográfica Destacada |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le territorio espaniol ha un superficie de circa 506 000 km² e es caracterisate per un grande diversitate de formas de relief, climas e paisages. Le position inter le [[Oceano Atlantic]], le [[Mar Mediterranee]], Europa e Africa explica parte de iste diversitate geographic.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/caractersticas_del_relieve_espaol.html |title=Características del relieve español |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Position geographic ==
Espania es un Stato transcontinental, con le major parte de su territorio in le Peninsula Iberic e un parve parte in le continente africano. Le peninsula es limitate al west per [[Portugal]], al nord-est per [[Francia]] e [[Andorra]], e al sud per le territorio britanno de [[Gibraltar]] e le costas del [[Mar Mediterraneo]]. Ceuta e Melilla ha frontieras terrestre con [[Marocco]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;

Le territorio peninsular es circumdate per le Oceano Atlantic al nord e west, le Mar Cantabrico al nord e le Mar Mediterraneo al sud e est. Le Insulas Canari se trova in le Atlantic, al proximitate del costa occidental de Africa, mentre le Insulas Balear se trova in le Mediterraneo oriental.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le major parte del territorio espaniol se trova in le zona temperate del Hemispherio Nord, ben que le Insulas Canari ha un position plus meridional e un clima subtropical influentiate per lor position oceanic e proximitate al Africa.

== Geographia physic ==
Le geographia physic de Espania es caracterisate per le grande diversitate del relief, del clima, del vegetation e del rete hydrographic. Le position inter le Atlantic e le Mediterraneo e le importante altitude del territorio contribui a iste diversitate.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

=== Relief ===
Le relief del Peninsula Iberic es dominate per le [[Meseta Central]], un grande altipiano interior con un altitude medie de circa 600 a 800 metros. Le Meseta occupa un parte importante del centro del peninsula e es dividite per le [[Sistema Central]] in le submeseta septentrional e le submeseta meridional.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNmeseta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-bach/la_meseta.html |title=La Meseta |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Meseta es circumdate per plure sistemas montuose. Al nord se trova le [[Cordillera Cantabrica]], al nord-est e est le [[Cordillera Iberic]], e al sud le [[Sierra Morena]]. Al nord-est le [[Pireneos]] forma le principal sistema montuose inter Espania e Francia.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Al exterior del Meseta se trova etiam le depressiones del [[Ebro]] e del [[Guadalquivir]], insimul con diverse cordilleras littoral e mediterranee. Le altitude medie del Peninsula es circa 660 metros, un del plus alte inter le paises europee.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le plus alte puncto del territorio espaniol es le [[Teide]], in le insula de [[Tenerife]], con 3 715 metros super le nivello del mar. In le Peninsula, le culmine maxime alte es le [[Mulhacen]], in le [[Sierra Nevada]], con 3 479 metros.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNcumbres&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://educativo.ign.es/atlas-didactico/relieve-eso/formas_del_relieve.html |title=Formas del relieve |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Insulas ===
Le Insulas Balear constitue un archipelago in le Mar Mediterraneo, al est del Peninsula. Le principales insulas es [[Mallorca]], [[Menorca]], [[Ibiza]], [[Formentera]] e [[Cabrera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le Insulas Canari forma un archipelago de origine volcanic in le Oceano Atlantic. Le principales insulas es [[Tenerife]], [[Gran Canaria]], [[Lanzarote]], [[Fuerteventura]], [[La Palma]], [[La Gomera]], [[El Hierro]] e [[La Graciosa]]. Le origine volcanic explica le predominio de formas de relief volcanic e le altitude del Teide.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

=== Costas e mares ===
Espania possede un extensive litoral, con costas appartenente al Atlantic, al Mar Cantabrico e al Mediterraneo. Le costa septentrional es generalmente plus umide e presenta numerosas rias, golfos e estuarios, specialmente in [[Gallecia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Le costa mediterranee presenta numerosas plaias, golfos e sectores rocheose, con un forte concentration de population e activitate turistic. Le insulas contribue etiam al extension e al diversitate del litoral espaniol.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEturismo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2025_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |title=España en cifras 2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hydrographia ===
[[File:Demarcaciones hidrográficas de España 2012 mapa 13483 spa.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Bassinos hydrographic del Peninsula Iberic.]]

Le rete hydrographic espaniol es organise principalmente in tres grandes vertentes: Atlantic, Cantabric e Mediterranee. Le major parte del grandes fluvios del peninsula flue verso le Atlantic, inter illos le [[Douro]], le [[Tago]], le [[Guadiana]] e le [[Guadalquivir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/seccion-hidrografia |title=Hidrografía |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le principal fluvio del vertente Mediterranee es le [[Ebro]], que nasce in le nord e desemboca in le Mediterraneo per un grande delta. Altere fluvios mediterranee, como le [[Jucar]] e le [[Segura]], ha un curso plus breve e presenta un regime plus irregular.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot; /&gt;

Le rios del vertente Cantabric es generalmente breve, perque le montanias se trova proxime al costa, ma presenta un fluxo plus regular a causa del pluvas frequente del nord. Le Instituto Geografico National include in su bases geographic le principales cursos de aqua, massas de aqua e cuencas hydrographic del territorio espaniol.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNhidro&quot; /&gt;

== Clima ==
Le clima de Espania es multo diverse a causa del extension territorial, del relief, del altitude e del influentia maritime. Le nord e nord-west ha un clima oceanic, caracterisate per temperaturas moderate e pluvas relativement regular durante le anno.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOclima&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/picos.html |title=Parque Nacional de los Picos de Europa |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le major parte del peninsula ha un clima mediterranee, con estates calide e sic e pluvas concentrate principalmente in le primavera e le autumno. In le interior del Meseta, le altitude e le distantia del mar favorisa contrastes termic plus forte inter estate e hiberno.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOcabaneros&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/red-seguimiento/cabaneros.html |title=Parque Nacional de Cabañeros |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In partes del sud-est del peninsula existe zonas con climate plus aride o semi-aride, specialmente in le region de [[Murcia]] e in le sud-est de [[Andalusia]]. Le Insulas Canari presenta un clima subtropical, con variationes inter insulas e altitude.

== Vegetation e medio ambiente ==
Le diversitate climatic e geographic produce un grande varietate de vegetation. Le zonas humides del nord es caracterisate per boscos decidue e prados, mentre le regiones mediterranee presenta vegetation adaptate al siccitate, como le quercia, le pin, le olive selvatic e diverse arbustos.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECObiodiversitate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/impactos-vulnerabilidad-y-adaptacion/plan-nacional-adaptacion-cambio-climatico/pnatural-bd.html |title=Patrimonio natural, biodiversidad y áreas protegidas |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le regiones plus aride del sud-est le vegetation es plus sparse. In le montanias, le vegetation varia secundo le altitude, con differentias inter le basse zonas, le boscos montan e le vegetation de alte montania.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECObiodiversitate&quot; /&gt;

Le protection del medio ambiente include le conservation de parcos national, reservas natural, zonas humide e altere areas protegite. Le observation del territorio e le cartographia official es coordinate principalmente per le Instituto Geografico National.&lt;ref name=&quot;MITECOcartografia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/seguimiento/seguimiento-ecologico/cartografia.html |title=Cartografía de los sistemas naturales terrestres |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNobserv&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.es/web/es/ign/portal/obs-area-observacion-territorio |title=Observación del Territorio |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographia human ==
Le population espaniol es distribute de maniera irregular. Le major concentrationes demographic se trova in le regiones littoral e in le grandes areas metropolitan, inter le quales [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Sevilla]], [[Bilbao]] e [[Malaga]]. Le Instituto National de Statistica publica datos de population per communitate autonome, provincia, municipio e grado de urbanisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?capsel=11398&amp;padre=11555 |title=Censo anual de población 2021-2025 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le interior peninsular presenta in plure zonas un densitate demographic plus basse, con exceptiones importante como le area metropolitane de Madrid. Iste contrastes ha essite influentiate per le industrialisation, le urbanisation, le migrationes interne e le transformation del activitates economic.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

Le urbanisation ha crescite fortemente durante le 20e e le initio del 21e seculo. Le grandes citates concentra un parte importante del population, del services, del administration e del activitate economic.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

=== Organisation territorial ===
Le territorio de Espania es dividite administrativemente in 17 [[Communitates autonome de Espania|communitates autonome]] e 2 citates autonome, [[Ceuta]] e [[Melilla]]. Le Communitates Autonome es subdividite in provincias, con exceptiones in le quales le organisation provincial ha particularitates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Administracion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/espanaAdmon/comoSeOrganizaEstado/Sistema_Politico.html?imprimir=1 |title=Organización del Estado español |publisher=Punto de Acceso General, Gobierno de España |accessdate=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation territorial reflecte le diversitate historic, cultural e geographic del pais. Le Communitates Autonome dispone de differentes nivellos de competentia in materias como education, sanitate, transportes e administration territorial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Administracion&quot; /&gt;

== Geographia economic ==
Le activitate economic presenta importante contrastes territorial. Le grandes areas urban e industrial concentra services avantiate, industria, administration e infrastructure, mentre le zonas rural conserva un rol importante in le agricultura, le ganaderia e le exploitation forestal.

Le industria es particularmente importante in regiones como [[Catalonia]], le [[Pais Basc]], [[Navarra]], Madrid, Valencia e Aragon. Le turismo ha un importante concentration in le costas mediterranee, le [[Insulas Baleares|Insulas Balear]], le [[Insulas Canari]] e le grandes citates.&lt;ref name=&quot;INEturismo&quot; /&gt;

Le agricultura varia fortemente secundo le clima e le relief. Le agricultura mediterranee es importante in le production de olive, citros, fructos e vino, mentre le interior del peninsula presenta grande areas de cereales e ganaderia.

Le position geographic de Espania e su rete de portos, aeroportos, autovias e ferrovias favorisa le commercio con le resto de Europa, Africa e America. Le Instituto Geografico National considera le geographia physic, human e economic como partes interconnectite del analyse del territorio.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;

== Diversitate geographic ==
Le principal characteristica del territorio espaniol es le combination de grande extension, altitude elevate, varietate climatic e position inter Europa e Africa. Le Peninsula, le Insulas Balear, le Insulas Canari, Ceuta e Melilla forma un territorio geographic multo diverse.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNrelief&quot; /&gt;

Iste diversitate se reflecte in le paisages, le climatologia, le distribution del population, le agricultura, le industria e le turismo. Le geographia de Espania es assi marcate per le relation constante inter le factores physic e le activitate human.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGNdatos&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INEpopulation&quot; /&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Geographia de Espania]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Societate espaniol</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Societate espaniol''' es le insimul del structuras social, relationes interpersonal, institutiones, valores, practicas cultural e formas de vita que characterisa le population de [[Hispania]]. Illo es un societate complexe e heterogenee, marcate per importante transformationes demographic, economic, cultural e institutional desde le ultime parte del seculo XX.  Le societate espaniol contemporanee es caracterisate inter altere aspectos...”</comment>
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      <text bytes="50872" sha1="2eor1k39d0tztlxctbsnv4x8bdca3m2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
'''Societate espaniol''' es le insimul del structuras social, relationes interpersonal, institutiones, valores, practicas cultural e formas de vita que characterisa le population de [[Hispania]]. Illo es un societate complexe e heterogenee, marcate per importante transformationes demographic, economic, cultural e institutional desde le ultime parte del seculo XX.

Le societate espaniol contemporanee es caracterisate inter altere aspectos per le urbanisation, le envejecimento demografic, le basse fecunditate, le immigration international, le diversification del structuras familiar, le expansion del education, le transformation del mercato laboral, le secularisation e le diffusion del technologia digital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le studio del societate espaniol comprende disciplinas como le sociologia, le demographia, le economia, le historia social, le scientia politic e le antropologia. Le obra collective ''España 2025. Estructura y cambio social'', promovite per le [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]], reúne le labores de circa 145 especialistas e examina le principal transformationes social, economic, politic e cultural del societate espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/es/w/espana-2025-estructura-y-cambio-social-vol-1-estructura-social |title=España 2025. Estructura y Cambio Social — Vol. 1: Estructura Social |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |date=10 junio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution historic del societate espaniol ==
=== Le societate traditional e le Ancian Regime ===
Durante le Ancian Regime, le population del territorio que constitue hodie Hispania esseva majoritariemente rural. Le agricultura representa­va le principal fonte de occupation e de subsistentia, e le societate esseva organisate secundo hierarchias juridic, economic e social.

Le monarchia, le aristocratia e le Ecclesia habeva un peso important in le organisation del vita social. Le differentias inter proprietarios de terra, campesinos, artesanos, mercatores e altere gruppos definiva in grande parte le stratification social.

Le familie extendite, le communitate local e le relationes de vicinitate habeva un rolo important in le organisation quotidian. Le possibilitates de mobilitate social esseva general­mente limitate, ben que le commercio, le administration e le servicio militar permitteva a certe individuos de cambiar de position.

Le [[Revolte del Communeros]], le crises del seculo XVII e le transformationes politic e economic del seculos XVIII e XIX affectava progressivemente iste structura social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Industrialisation e urbanisation ===

Le industrialisation de Hispania esseva un processo irregular e territorialmente differenti. Durante le seculo XIX, le industria se developpava particularmente in Catalonia, le Pais Basque e altere areas, durante que grande parte del interior remaneva dependente del agricultura.

Le industrialisation produceva le formation de un classe obrera industrial e le croissance del burguesia urban. Le migrationes desde le campo verso le citates transformava le structura del population.

Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid e altere centros urban deveniva polos de attraction pro le population rural. Le croissance urban accompaniava le apparition de nove formas de organisation obrera, sindicatos, associations mutualiste e movimentos politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transformationes social durante le seculo XX ===

Le seculo XX esseva marcate per guerras, dictatura, industrialisation accelerate, migrationes interne e transformationes cultural.

Le [[Guerra civil espaniol]] de 1936–1939 produceva profundes rupturas social e politic. Le subsequente dictatura franquista institueva un regime autoritari que durava usque al morte de Francisco Franco in 1975.

Durante le decennios 1950 e 1960, le industrialisation e le urbanisation se accelera­va. Miliones de personas migrava desde regiones rural e agricola verso Madrid, Catalonia, le Pais Basque, Valencia e altere centros industrial. Simultaneemente, un importante migration exterior se dirigeva verso paises europee como Francia, Germania occidental, Svizzera e Belgica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le expansion economic del ultime periodo franquista transformava le composition del population active e accelerava le formation de un societate urban e industrial.

=== Le societate espaniol desde le Transition ===

Le [[Transition espaniol]] desde le regime franquista verso un systema democratic produceva cambios institutional que habeva etiam importantes effectos social.

Le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] establiva un systema democratic e recognosceva derechos fundamental, le autonomia territorial e le pluralitate linguistic e cultural del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le decennios 1980 e 1990, le societate cognosceva un expansion del education, un transformation del mercato laboral, le incorporation crescente del feminas al employment, le expansion del stato de benesser e un rapide secularisation.

Le integration in le [[Comunitate Economic Europee]] in 1986 e le posterior participation in le [[Union Europee]] intensificava le mobilitate del personas, le integration economic e le transformation del relationes international.

=== Globalisation e transformationes del seculo XXI ===

Durante le prime decennios del seculo XXI, le societate espaniol ha essite affectate per le globalisation economic, le crise financiari de 2008, le immigration, le transformation digital, le pandemia de COVID-19 e le transformationes del mercato del labor.

Le immigration deveniva un componente important del croissance demographic, durante que le fecunditate remaneva basse e le population invejeciva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Structura demographic ==

=== Population ===

Al 1 de januario 2025, Hispania habeva 49 128 297 habitantes. Del total, 42 216 326 habeva nationalitate espaniol e 6 911 971 habeva nationalitate estranier, equivalente a 14,1 % del population. Le personas nascite foras del pais attingeva 9 464 210, o circa 19,3 % del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le crescimento demographic recente ha essite fortemente influentiate per le saldo migratori, que ha compensate le saldo natural negative resultante del numero de defunctiones superior al numero de nascentias.

=== Distribution territorial e urbanisation ===

Le population es inequalmente distribuite. Le principal concentrationes se trova in le areas metropolitan e litoral, durante que partes del interior presenta densitates plus basse e, in certe casos, envejecimento e despoblation.

Madrid es le principal centro metropolitan e politic-administrative. Barcelona es un altere grande polo metropolitan e economic. Valencia, Sevilla, Bilbao, Malaga, Zaragoza e altere citates constitue importante centros urban.

Le urbanisation ha modificate le relation inter spatio rural e urban. Multe communitates rural depende hodie economicamente de centros urban plus grande, ben que illos conserva importante activitates agricole, forestal, touristic e cultural.

=== Envejecimento e sperantia de vita ===

Le envejecimento demographic es un del principal characteristicas del societate espaniol contemporanee. Al 1 de januario 2025, le personas de plus de 64 annos representa­va 20,7 % del population residente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sperantia de vita al nascentia attingeva 84,01 annos in 2024. Illa esseva de 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le envejecimento ha consequentias pro le systema de pensiones, le servicios sanitari, le cura a personas dependente e le relationes intergeneration.

=== Natalitate e fecunditate ===

In 2024 nasceva in Hispania 318 005 infantes, 0,8 % minus que in 2023. Le numero medie de infantes per femina esseva 1,10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le basse fecunditate es associate a transformationes in le formation del familia, le postponement del maternitate, le situation del empleo, le accesso al habitation e le costages economic del crianza. Le studio del relation inter fecunditate, employment e familia es un del themas central del demographia espaniol contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mortalitate ===

In 2024 moriva 436 118 personas in Hispania. Le mortalitate es fortemente concentrate in le gruppos de etate plus ancian, in concordantia con le structura envejecite del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le differentia inter nascentias e defunctiones produce un saldo natural negative. Le crescimento total del population ha essite possibile principalmente per le saldo migratori positive.

=== Migrationes ===

Le migrationes international constitue un factor central del evolution recente del population. In 2024, le saldo migratori de Hispania con le exterior esseva positive per 626 268 personas. In le mesme anno, 1 288 562 personas entrava in Hispania desde altere paises e 662 294 emigrava verso le exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le principal nationalitates inter le immigrantes exterior in 2024 includeva colombianos, marroquinos e venezuelanos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Despoblation e desequilibrios territorial ===

Multe areas rural del interior ha cognoscite durante decennios un declino del population, associate al migration interne verso citates, al basse fecunditate e al envejecimento.

Le desequilibrios territorial concerne non solmente le numero de habitantes, ma etiam le accesso al servicios, le employment, le transporto, le habitation e le infrastructure digital.

Le problema del despoblation ha devenite un thema central del politicas territorial e del investigation super le mundo rural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Familia e relationes social ==

=== Evolution del structuras familiar ===

Le familia espaniol ha transformate se profundemente desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Le modello familiar traditional coexiste hodie con familias monoparental, familias reconstituite, parejas sin matrimonio, hogares unipersonal e altere formas de conviventia.

Le diminution del matrimonio religiose, le legalization del divortio, le incorporation del feminas al empleo e le recognition juridic de nove formas de pareja ha cambiate le structura del familia.

=== Matrimonio, parejas e divortio ===

Le matrimonio remane un forma importante de formation del familia, ma su peso relative ha diminuite in relation con altere formas de conviventia.

In 2024 se celebrava 175 364 matrimonios in Hispania, 1,7 % plus que in 2023. Le matrimonios civil representava le majoritate del total, con 146 605 matrimonios civil in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/mnp_prensa.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le divortio es un fenomen normalisate in le societate contemporanee e contribui al diversification del trajectorias familial.

=== Hogares e conviventia ===

Le reduction del dimension medie del hogares es un del cambios associate al envejecimento, al basse fecunditate e al augmento del hogares unipersonal.

Le conviventia pote comprender personas sol, parejas, familias con infantes, familias monoparental e familias reconstituite. Le composition del hogar ha consequentias super le habitation, le consumo e le organisation del cura.

=== Natalitate e crianza ===

Le decision de haber infantes es influentiate per factores economic, professional, residential e cultural. Le retardamento del maternitate es un characteristica del demographia espaniol contemporanee.

Le nascentias de matres nascite foras de Hispania representava­va 33,3 % del total del nascentias in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retes familiar e relationes interpersonal ===

Le relationes familiar continua a haber un rolo important in le supporto economic, emotional e pratic del individuos. Isto es particular­mente visibile durante le periodos de unemployment, difficultates residential, formation del familia e cura del personas dependente.

Le transformation del relationes familial ha essite accompaniate per un plus grande autonomia individual, ma le familia continua a esser un del principal retes de solidaritate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cuidados e dependentia ===

Le envejecimento del population ha augmentate le demanda de cura pro personas ancian e dependente. Le cura es compartite inter familia, servicios public e servicios private.

Le distribution del labores de cura ha etiam un dimension de genero, perque le feminas continua a realizar un portion importante del labor domestic e del cura non remunerate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Genere e cambios social ==

=== Situation social del feminas ===

Le position social del feminas ha cambiate considerabilemente desde le seculo XX. Le expansion del education e le participation crescente in le employment ha augmentate lor autonomia economic e social.

Tamen, persist­e differentias inter homines e feminas in employment, salarios, tempore dedicate al cura e representation in certe occupations.

=== Incorporation del feminas al mercato laboral ===

Le participation del feminas al mercato laboral ha crescite fortemente desde le fin del regime franquista. Le feminisation del employment ha modificate le relation inter familia e labor.

Le participation del feminas es tamen differente secundo etate, education, numero de infantes, sector economic e territorio.

=== Brechas de genere ===

Le brechas de genere pote esser observate in salarios, employment, tempore de labor, responsabilitates de cura e trajectorias professional.

Secundo le Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial, le salario medie annual esseva 28 049,94 euros in 2023; le salario medie del feminas esseva 25 591,31 euros e illo del homines 30 372,49 euros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EAES2023.htm |title=Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial. Año 2023 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=28 maio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conciliation e corresponsabilitate ===

Le conciliation inter employment e vita familiar es un thema important del societate contemporanee. Le responsabilitate pro le cura de infantes e dependentes pote influentiar le participation laboral, le tempore de labor e le trajectoria professional.

Le question del corresponsabilitate implica le distribution del labores domestic e de cura inter le membros del familia.

=== Equalitate e transformationes del roles de genere ===

Le transformation del roles de genere ha accompaniate cambios juridic e cultural. Le accesso del feminas al education, employment e vita public ha augmentate, durante que le division traditional del roles familiar ha devenite minus rigide.

Le transformationes es tamen inegual secundo generation, classe social e situation familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juventute e generationes ==

=== Juventute e transition verso le vita adulte ===

Le transition verso le vita adulte ha devenite plus longe que in generationes anterior. Le prolongation del education, le tardive incorporation al empleo stabile e le costage del habitation pote retardar le emancipation.

Le trajectorias juvene es heterogenee e dependente de education, origine familiar, territorio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Education e empleo juvenil ===

Le juventute presenta un nivello educative superior al de generationes ancian, ma le passage del education al employment pote esser complexe.

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha historicamente presentate un taxa de unemployment juvenil plus alte que le taxa general, ben que le situation varia secundo periodo e qualification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Emancipation e habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales factores que conditiona le emancipation juvene. Le precio del alquiler, le precio del proprietate, le empleo e le ingresos del juvenes affecta le etate a qual illes lassa le hogar parental.

Le emancipation residencial es etiam differente inter regiones e areas urban e rural.

=== Differentias generationale ===

Le generationes differe in nivello de education, trajectorias laboral, uso de technologia, formas de familia e valores.

Le juvenes ha essite socialisate in un ambiente plus digitalisate que le generationes ancian, durante que le generationes ancian ha un plus longe experientia del systemas economic e institutionale anterior.

=== Personas ancian e envejecimento social ===

Le augmento del sperantia de vita ha expandite le tempore que le personas passa in le etates ancian. Isto ha transformate le notion de retirement e ha augmentate le importantia del activitate social, cura e participation del personas ancian.

Le envejecimento es simultaneemente un processo individual e un transformation del structura del societate.

== Education ==

=== Systema educative ===

Le systema educative espaniol comprende education infantil, education primari, education secundari obligatori, baccalaureato, formation professional, education universitari e altere formas de education.

Le competentes educative es repartite inter le Stato e le communitates autonome secundo le Constitution e le legislation educative.

Le Constitution recognosce le derecto al education in su articulo 27.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Escolarisation e nivello educative ===

Le expansion del escolarisation ha essite un del principal transformationes del societate espaniol. Le generationes juvene ha attingite nivellos de education formal multo plus alte que le generationes nascite in le prime medietate del seculo XX.

Le education influentia le possibilitates de employment, le ingresos, le mobilitate social e le participation civic.

=== Education universitari ===

Le education universitari ha un important participation in le population juvene. Le universidades public e private es distribuite per le territorio e include un grande numero de disciplinas.

Le expansion del education superior ha contribuite al formation de un population professional plus qualificate, ma le retornos economic del education pote variar secundo campo de studio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Formation professional ===

Le formation professional constitute un via de qualification pro le incorporation al mercato laboral. Illo comprende grados de differente nivello e include formation dual in collaboration con empresas.

Le demandanda de qualificationes technic ha augmentate in relation con le transformation digital e del structura economic.

=== Inequalitates educational ===

Le resultatos educational e le accesso al nivellos superior de education es influentiate per factores como origine socio-economic, education parental, territorio e recursos familiar.

Le inequalitates educational pote esser transmittite inter generationes, ma le systema educative pote etiam functionar como un mechanism de mobilitate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labor e structura economic ==

=== Mercato laboral ===

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha experimentate un transformation del agricultura e industria verso un economia con un importante peso del sector servicios.

Le empleo es distribuite in modo differente secundo territorio, etate, sexo, qualification e nationalitate.

=== Empleo e desempleo ===

Durante le quarto trimestre de 2025, le EPA estimava 2 477 100 personas in paro e un taxa de paro de 9,93 %. Le numero de personas occupate esseva plus de 22 milliones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EPA4T25.htm |title=Encuesta de Población Activa. Cuarto trimestre 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=27 januario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le desempleo ha essite un del problemas structural del mercato laboral espaniol, con variationes importante secundo le periodo economic.

=== Structura occupationale ===

Le sector servicios representa le principal portion del employment, includente commercio, administration, education, sanitate, turismo, transporto, finantias e altere activitates.

Le industria e construction conserva un rolo important in certe regiones, durante que le agricultura ha un peso plus basse in le empleo total que in le passato.

=== Conditiones laboral ===

Le conditiones laboral varie secundo sector, occupation e qualification. Le jornada, le salario, le stabilitate del contracto, le possibilitate de telelabor e le protection social es elementos central del conditiones de empleo.

Le transformation del mercato laboral ha includite un reduction del peso de certe formas de temporalitate, augmento del empleo in servicios e expansion del telelabor in certe occupations.

=== Sindicatos e relationes laboral ===

Le sindicatos representa le interesses collective del trabajadores e participa in negotiationes collective con organisationes patronal e in le dialogo social con le Stato.

Le relationes laboral in Hispania es regulate per le legislation laboral, le conventions collective e le accordos inter actores social.

=== Labor autonome e economia informal ===

Le labor autonome representa un portion del population active. Illo include professionales independente, proprietarios de parve negotios e altere formas de activitate economic.

Como in altere economias europee, existe etiam activitates que pote non esser plenmente declarate al administrationes fiscal e social. Le mesura del economia informal es difficil per definition, e su dimension varia secundo le methodo de estimation.

== Renta, inequalitate e stratification social ==

=== Distribution del renta ===

Le distribution del renta in Hispania es heterogenee inter familias e individuos. Le renta depende de employment, qualification, numero de personas in le hogar, patrimonio e transferentias social.

Le inegalitate de renta es etiam territorial, con differentias inter communitates autonome e inter areas urban e rural.

=== Paupertate e exclusion social ===

Secundo le Encuesta de Conditiones de Vita, 25,7 % del population residente in Hispania se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social in 2025 secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le paupertate es associate a employment instabile, unemployment, basse qualification, situation familiar, origine e altere factores. Illo non es distribuite uniformemente inter le territorio.

=== Inequalitate economic ===

Le inegalitate economic comprende differentias de renta, patrimonio e accesso al recursos. Le proprietate de habitation representa un importante componente del patrimonio familiar in Hispania.

Le crises economic pote affectar differentemente le gruppos social, con plus grande vulnerabilitate pro personas con basse ingresos o empleo precari.

=== Classes e stratos social ===

Le stratification social espaniol pote esser analysate mediante classe occupationale, education, renta, patrimonio e origine familial.

Le croissance del education superior ha augmentate le numero de personas in occupationes qualificate, durante que le expansion del sector servicios ha create occupationes con nivellos de qualification multo differente.

=== Mobilitate social ===

Le mobilitate social refere al cambiamento del position social inter generationes o durante le vita del individuo. Le education, le employment e le transformationes economic pote favorisar mobilitate ascendente.

Le origine socio-economic continua tamen a influentiar le opportunitates educative e professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inequalitates territorial ===

Le inegalitates territorial concern le renta, employment, services, population e accesso al infrastructure. Le regiones metropolit e le regiones litoral pote presentar conditiones differente de multe areas del interior rural.

Le desequilibrios demographic e economic es interdependente: le perdita de population pote reducer le demanda local e le services, durante que le concentration del empleo pote accelerar le migration verso areas urban.

== Habitation ==

=== Accesso al habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales problemas social associate al emancipation e al formation de familias.

Le possibilitate de accesso depende del precio del habitation, ingresos, employment, credito, oferta de alquiler e territorio.

=== Proprietate e alquiler ===

Le proprietate de habitation ha habite historicamente un peso important in Hispania. Le alquiler es plus frequente in grande cities e inter certe gruppos juvene e immigrante.

Le mercato del habitation varia fortemente secundo territorio, con costos plus elevate in multe grandes areas metropolitan e destinos touristic.

=== Emancipation residential ===

Le emancipation residential es ligate al empleo, al ingresos e al costage del habitation. Le juvenes pote prolongar lor residentia in le hogar parental quando le accesso al mercato del habitation es difficil.

Le emancipation tardive es un del elementos que contribue a explicar le postponement del formation de familias e del nascentia del prime infante.

=== Habitation e inequalitate ===

Le habitation pote functionar como fonte de securitate economic, ma le inegal accesso al proprietate e al alquiler pote augmentar le differentias patrimonial.

Le costo del habitation pote haber un effecto particular super hogares con basse renta, pro le qual le proportion del ingresos destinate al habitation pote esser alte.

=== Personas sin hogar ===

Le sin-abitance constitue un del formas plus severe de exclusion residential. Illo es associate a factors economic, laboral, familial, sanitari e residential.

Le estimation del numero de personas sin domicilio stabile depende del definition e del methodo de recenseamento.

== Migrationes e diversitate ==

=== Immigration ===

Le immigration international ha devenite un componente structural del societate espaniol desde le ultime decennios del seculo XX.

Le population residente de nationalitate estranier attingeva 6,91 milliones al 1 de januario 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le immigration participa al mercato laboral, al evolution demographic e al diversification cultural del societate.

=== Emigration espaniol ===

Hispania ha essite durante le historia recente un pais de emigration. Durante le seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, emigrantes se dirigeva inter altere destinos verso America.

Durante le industrialisation del Europa occidental post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, altere fluxos se dirigeva verso Francia, Germania, Svizzera e Belgica.

In le seculo XXI, le mobilitate international del espanioles include studentes, professionales e personas que cambia de residentia pro rationes economic o personal.

=== Population estranier e nationalitate ===

Le population de nationalitate estranier es diverse per origine geographic, etate, education e situation laboral.

Le nationalitate e le pais de nascentia non es equivalente: un persona de nationalitate espaniol pote esser nascite foras de Hispania e un persona de nationalitate estranier pote esser nascite in Hispania.

=== Integration social ===

Le integration social del immigrantes concerne le accesso al education, employment, habitation, sanitate, participation social e relationes interpersonal.

Le processo de integration es influentiate per le tempore de residentia, le cognoscentia linguistic, le situation laboral, le status juridic e le retes social.

=== Diversitate cultural e linguistic ===

Le societate espaniol es linguisticamente e culturalmente diverse. Le castellano es le lingua official del Stato, durante que le Constitution establiva que le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo lor statutos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catalano, galiciano, basco e altere varietates linguistic ha differente statuto juridic e areas de uso.

=== Discrimination e racismo ===

Le discrimination super base de origine, nationalitate, apparentia ethnic o altere characteristicas constitue un thema del studio del relationes inter gruppos.

Le formas de discrimination pote apparer in employment, habitation, education, servicios e relationes quotidian. Le mesura del discrimination objective e del discrimination percipite require methodologias differente.

== Stato de benesser e servicios public ==

=== Systema sanitari ===

Le systema sanitari espaniol combina un importante sector public con provisores private. Le servicios public de sanitate es gestionate principalmente per le communitates autonome.

Le accesso al sanitate public es un del pilares del stato de benesser e contribui al alte sperantia de vita del population.

=== Systema educative ===

Le education public es un altere componente central del stato de benesser. Le systema es reglementate per le legislation statal e gestionate in grande parte per le communitates autonome.

Le expansion del education ha contribuite a augmentar le nivello general de qualification del population.

=== Pensiones ===

Le systema de pensiones constitue un del principal instrumentos de protection social pro le personas ancian.

Le envejecimento del population e le relation inter population occupate e pensionate es factores central in le debatto super le evolution futur del systema.

=== Servicios social ===

Le servicios social include assistentia a personas vulnerabile, familias, personas ancian, personas sin habitation e altere gruppos.

Le competentes es repartite inter diverse nivellos de administration, con un importante participation del communitates autonome e municipalitates.

=== Dependentia e cuidados ===

Le systema de cura a personas dependente ha ganiate importantia con le envejecimento demographic.

Le cura pote esser formal, per servicios professional, o informal, per membros del familia. Le carga del cura informal es in multe casos inegalmente distribuite secundo genero.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Protection contra le paupertate e le exclusion ===

Le stato de benesser comprende transferentias e servicios destinate a reducer le effectos del paupertate, del desempleo e de altere situationes de vulnerabilitate.

Le efficacia del protection social varia secundo le situation familial, le employment, le etate e le nivello de ingresos.

== Sanitate e conditiones de vita ==

=== Sanitate del population ===

Le population espaniol presenta in general un alte sperantia de vita, ma le stato de sanitate varia secundo etate, sexo, conditiones economic e territorio.

Le enfermedades chronic deveni plus importante con le envejecimento del population.

=== Sperantia de vita e mortalitate ===

In 2024 le sperantia de vita al nascentia esseva 84,01 annos. Le cifra esseva 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le mortalitate infantil esseva 3,04 defunctiones per 1 000 nascite vive in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sanitate mental ===

Le sanitate mental ha devenite plus visibile in le debatto public e in le investigation social e sanitari.

Le problemas de sanitate mental pote esser associate a factores individual e social, includente isolation, conditiones laboral, precaritate economic, problemas familiar e altere circumstantias.

=== Disabilitate e dependentia ===

Le disabilitate concerne un parte importante del population e pote affectar le participation in education, employment, habitation e vita social.

Le politicas de inclusion combina protection social, accessibilitate, education, employment protegite e adaptation del ambiente.

=== Habitos e stilos de vita ===

Le conditiones de vita es influentiate per alimentation, activitate physic, consumo de tabaco e alcohol, labor, habitation e altere comportamentos.

Le stilos de vita varia secundo etate, education, renta e territorio.

== Cultura, valores e formas de vita ==

=== Linguas de Hispania ===

Le castellano es le lingua official del Stato. Le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo le statutos de autonomia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter le linguas con recognition official regional figura le catalano, le galiciano e le basco. Existe etiam varietates linguistic e dialectal con differente nivellos de protection e transmission.

=== Religion e secularisation ===

Le catholicismo ha habite un rolo historic important in le societate espaniol. Desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX, le societate ha experimentate un processo de secularisation.

Le pluralitate religiose ha etiam augmentate in consequentia del immigration international. Le population include catholicos practicante e non practicante, personas de altere religiones e personas sin affiliation religiose.

=== Valores social ===

Le valores social del population espaniol ha transformate se durante le ultime decennios. Le secularisation, le individualisation, le expansion del education e le transformation del familia ha modificate certe attitudes super matrimonio, genero, religione e vita private.

Le valores es tamen heterogenee secundo generation, education, classe social e territorio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cultura e consumo cultural ===

Le consumo cultural comprende lectura, musica, cinema, artes, television, spectaculos e altere activitates.

Le accesso al cultura ha essite transformate per le digitalisation, que ha diminuite le dependentia de supportos physic in multe campos e ha cambiate le formas de production e distribution cultural.

=== Medios de communication ===

Le medios de communication traditional include television, radio, prensa e magazines. Le Internet ha introducite nove formas de distribution del information e ha modificate le relation inter productores e public.

Le redes social ha augmentate le velocitate de circulation del information e le possibility de interaction directe inter usatores e productores de contento.

=== Internet e redes social ===

Le uso de Internet es practic universal inter le generationes plus juvene e ha devenite multo commun inter le population adulte.

In 2025, 96,3 % del population de 16 a 74 annos habeva usate Internet durante le tres ultime menses, e 92,5 % lo usava quotidianemente. Le 59,6 % habeva facite compras per Internet durante le mesme periodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ocio, deporte e turismo ===

Le ocio comprende activitates cultural, sport, social e recreation. Le sport ha un important rolo in le cultura popular, con football, basketball, tennis e altere disciplinas.

Le turismo es etiam un activitate economic e social importante, tanto per le numero de visitantes international como per le mobilitate interne del population.

== Identitates social e territorial ==

=== Identitate espaniol ===

Le identitate espaniol es un identitate national que coexiste con altere identitates territorial, linguistic, familial e cultural.

Le senso de identitate pote variar secundo region, generation, orientation cultural, historia familiar e altere factores.

=== Identitates autonome ===

Le organisation territorial in communitates autonome ha contribuite a institutionalizar identitates regional e national-territorial.

In certe regiones existe forte identitates regional distincte, que pote coexist­er con un identitate espaniol o esser prioritari pro certe personas.

=== Identitates local ===

Le identitate local refere al identification con municipalitates, citates, comarcas o altere communitates territorial.

Le identitate local es influentiate per historia, cultura, relationes social, sport, dialecto e traditiones.

=== Pluralitate linguistic e cultural ===

Le pluralitate linguistic e cultural es un characteristica structural del societate espaniol. Le Constitution establiva un systema de protection del diverse linguas espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le linguas e culturas regional ha differente grados de transmission inter generationes e de uso in education, administration e medios de communication.

=== Identitates e cohesion social ===

Le coexist­entia de identitates multiple pote esser un factor de pluralismo cultural. Simultaneemente, le differente identitates territorial e national ha essite un del themas del debatto public espaniol.

Le cohesion social depende non solmente del identitate, ma etiam del inegalitate economic, le participation institutional, le relationes inter gruppos e le accesso equal al servicios.

== Participation social e vita public ==

=== Associationismo ===

Le associationismo comprende organisationes civic, cultural, sport, professional, charitable e altere formas de organisation collective.

Le associationes constitue un importante medio de participation social e de creation de retes local.

=== Movimentos social ===

Le societate espaniol ha cognoscite differente movimentos social durante le ultime decennios, includente movimentos feministe, ambientalista, juvene, laboral e pro le habitation.

Le formas de mobilisation ha cambiate con le expansion del Internet e del redes social.

=== Voluntariato ===

Le voluntariato comprende activitates non remunerate realisate per motives social, civic, cultural o humanitari.

Le organisationes non governamental e le associations depende in multe casos del participation de personas voluntari.

=== Participation politic ===

Le participation politic include voto, affiliation a partidos o associations, participation in campagne, protestas, petitiones e altere formas de action civic.

Le formas traditional de participation coexiste con formas digital, como campagne in redes social e petitiones online.

=== Confidentia in le institutiones ===

Le confidentia in le institutiones es un dimension importante del relation inter citatanos e systema politic.

Le nivello de confidentia pote variar inter institutiones e durante le tempore. Le CIS studia regularmente attitudes verso le institutiones, le partidos, le administrationes e altere actores social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cambios e tendentias social contemporanee ==

=== Transformationes demographic ===

Le principal transformationes demographic es le envejecimento, le basse fecunditate, le augmento del sperantia de vita e le importantia crescente del migrationes.

Le population espaniol continua a crescer malgrado le saldo natural negative, principal­mente per le saldo migratori positive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Digitalisation ===

Le digitalisation ha transformate le labor, le education, le communication, le consumo e le relationes social.

In 2025, le majoritate del population de 16 a 74 annos usava Internet, e 37,9 % declarava haber usate instrumentos de intelligentia artificial generative durante le tres ultime menses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cambios in le formas de familia ===

Le familias es plus diverse que in le societate traditional. Le familias monoparental, le parejas non marital, le hogares unipersonal e le familias reconstituite es hodie componentes ordinari del structura social.

Le transformationes familial es associate al postponement del matrimonio, al baisse fecunditate e al crescente participation del feminas al education e al employment.

=== Transformationes del labor ===

Le mercato laboral ha essite transformate per le tertiarisation, le digitalisation, le globalization e le nove formas de organisation del labor.

Le telelabor, le platformas digital e le automation ha create nove formas de relation inter laboratores e empresas, ben que lor diffusion varia fortemente secundo occupation e sector.

=== Inequalitate e cohesion social ===

Le inegalitate de renta, le accesso al habitation, le conditiones laboral e le desequilibrios territorial es inter le factores que affecta le cohesion social.

In 2025, 25,7 % del population se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retos demographic e social ===

Inter le principal retos del societate espaniol figura le adaptation al envejecimento, le evolution del systema de pensiones, le sustenibilitate del servicios public, le accesso al habitation, le integration del population immigrante, le reduction del inegalitates e le adaptation al transformation digital.

Le combination de basse fecunditate, longevit­ate elevate e immigration importante constitue un del principales elementos que influentia le evolution futur del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Obra completa |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vide etiam ==

* [[Hispania]]
* [[Demographia de Hispania]]
* [[Historia de Hispania]]
* [[Economia de Hispania]]
* [[Cultura de Hispania]]
* [[Education in Hispania]]
* [[Immigration in Hispania]]
* [[Estado de benesser in Hispania]]
* [[Familia in Hispania]]
* [[Linguas de Hispania]]

== Referentias ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==

* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Poder, política y sociedad |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}

== Ligamines externe ==

* {{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |website=INE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=CIS |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ |title=Eurostat |website=Commission Europee |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/ |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado |website=BOE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}

[[Categoria:Sociologia de Hispania]]
[[Categoria:Societate de Hispania]]
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      <text bytes="50538" sha1="rj7siwsp5j2hc8cxgswy35uehhmamd3" xml:space="preserve">'''Societate espaniol''' es le insimul del structuras social, relationes interpersonal, institutiones, valores, practicas cultural e formas de vita que characterisa le population de [[Espania]]. Illo es un societate complexe e heterogenee, marcate per importante transformationes demographic, economic, cultural e institutional desde le ultime parte del seculo XX.

Le societate espaniol contemporanee es caracterisate inter altere aspectos per le urbanisation, le envejecimento demografic, le basse fecunditate, le immigration international, le diversification del structuras familiar, le expansion del education, le transformation del mercato laboral, le secularisation e le diffusion del technologia digital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le studio del societate espaniol comprende disciplinas como le sociologia, le demographia, le economia, le historia social, le scientia politic e le antropologia. Le obra collective ''España 2025. Estructura y cambio social'', promovite per le [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]], reúne le labores de circa 145 especialistas e examina le principal transformationes social, economic, politic e cultural del societate espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/es/w/espana-2025-estructura-y-cambio-social-vol-1-estructura-social |title=España 2025. Estructura y Cambio Social — Vol. 1: Estructura Social |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |date=10 junio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution historic del societate espaniol ==
=== Le societate traditional e le Ancian Regime ===
Durante le Ancian Regime, le population del territorio que constitue hodie Espania esseva majoritariemente rural. Le agricultura representa­va le principal fonte de occupation e de subsistentia, e le societate esseva organisate secundo hierarchias juridic, economic e social.

Le monarchia, le aristocratia e le Ecclesia habeva un peso important in le organisation del vita social. Le differentias inter proprietarios de terra, campesinos, artesanos, mercatores e altere gruppos definiva in grande parte le stratification social.

Le familie extendite, le communitate local e le relationes de vicinitate habeva un rolo important in le organisation quotidian. Le possibilitates de mobilitate social esseva general­mente limitate, ben que le commercio, le administration e le servicio militar permitteva a certe individuos de cambiar de position.

Le [[Revolte del Communeros]], le crises del seculo XVII e le transformationes politic e economic del seculos XVIII e XIX affectava progressivemente iste structura social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Industrialisation e urbanisation ===

Le industrialisation de Espania esseva un processo irregular e territorialmente differenti. Durante le seculo XIX, le industria se developpava particularmente in Catalonia, le Pais Basque e altere areas, durante que grande parte del interior remaneva dependente del agricultura.

Le industrialisation produceva le formation de un classe obrera industrial e le croissance del burguesia urban. Le migrationes desde le campo verso le citates transformava le structura del population.

Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid e altere centros urban deveniva polos de attraction pro le population rural. Le croissance urban accompaniava le apparition de nove formas de organisation obrera, sindicatos, associations mutualiste e movimentos politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transformationes social durante le seculo XX ===

Le seculo XX esseva marcate per guerras, dictatura, industrialisation accelerate, migrationes interne e transformationes cultural.

Le [[Guerra civil espaniol]] de 1936–1939 produceva profundes rupturas social e politic. Le subsequente dictatura franquista institueva un regime autoritari que durava usque al morte de Francisco Franco in 1975.

Durante le decennios 1950 e 1960, le industrialisation e le urbanisation se accelera­va. Miliones de personas migrava desde regiones rural e agricola verso Madrid, Catalonia, le Pais Basque, Valencia e altere centros industrial. Simultaneemente, un importante migration exterior se dirigeva verso paises europee como Francia, Germania occidental, Svizzera e Belgica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le expansion economic del ultime periodo franquista transformava le composition del population active e accelerava le formation de un societate urban e industrial.

=== Le societate espaniol desde le Transition ===

Le [[Transition espaniol]] desde le regime franquista verso un systema democratic produceva cambios institutional que habeva etiam importantes effectos social.

Le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] establiva un systema democratic e recognosceva derechos fundamental, le autonomia territorial e le pluralitate linguistic e cultural del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le decennios 1980 e 1990, le societate cognosceva un expansion del education, un transformation del mercato laboral, le incorporation crescente del feminas al employment, le expansion del stato de benesser e un rapide secularisation.

Le integration in le [[Comunitate Economic Europee]] in 1986 e le posterior participation in le [[Union Europee]] intensificava le mobilitate del personas, le integration economic e le transformation del relationes international.

=== Globalisation e transformationes del seculo XXI ===

Durante le prime decennios del seculo XXI, le societate espaniol ha essite affectate per le globalisation economic, le crise financiari de 2008, le immigration, le transformation digital, le pandemia de COVID-19 e le transformationes del mercato del labor.

Le immigration deveniva un componente important del croissance demographic, durante que le fecunditate remaneva basse e le population invejeciva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Structura demographic ==

=== Population ===

Al 1 de januario 2025, Espania habeva 49 128 297 habitantes. Del total, 42 216 326 habeva nationalitate espaniol e 6 911 971 habeva nationalitate estranier, equivalente a 14,1 % del population. Le personas nascite foras del pais attingeva 9 464 210, o circa 19,3 % del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le crescimento demographic recente ha essite fortemente influentiate per le saldo migratori, que ha compensate le saldo natural negative resultante del numero de defunctiones superior al numero de nascentias.

=== Distribution territorial e urbanisation ===

Le population es inequalmente distribuite. Le principal concentrationes se trova in le areas metropolitan e litoral, durante que partes del interior presenta densitates plus basse e, in certe casos, envejecimento e despoblation.

Madrid es le principal centro metropolitan e politic-administrative. Barcelona es un altere grande polo metropolitan e economic. Valencia, Sevilla, Bilbao, Malaga, Zaragoza e altere citates constitue importante centros urban.

Le urbanisation ha modificate le relation inter spatio rural e urban. Multe communitates rural depende hodie economicamente de centros urban plus grande, ben que illos conserva importante activitates agricole, forestal, touristic e cultural.

=== Envejecimento e sperantia de vita ===

Le envejecimento demographic es un del principal characteristicas del societate espaniol contemporanee. Al 1 de januario 2025, le personas de plus de 64 annos representa­va 20,7 % del population residente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sperantia de vita al nascentia attingeva 84,01 annos in 2024. Illa esseva de 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le envejecimento ha consequentias pro le systema de pensiones, le servicios sanitari, le cura a personas dependente e le relationes intergeneration.

=== Natalitate e fecunditate ===

In 2024 nasceva in Espania 318 005 infantes, 0,8 % minus que in 2023. Le numero medie de infantes per femina esseva 1,10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le basse fecunditate es associate a transformationes in le formation del familia, le postponement del maternitate, le situation del empleo, le accesso al habitation e le costages economic del crianza. Le studio del relation inter fecunditate, employment e familia es un del themas central del demographia espaniol contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mortalitate ===

In 2024 moriva 436 118 personas in Espania. Le mortalitate es fortemente concentrate in le gruppos de etate plus ancian, in concordantia con le structura envejecite del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le differentia inter nascentias e defunctiones produce un saldo natural negative. Le crescimento total del population ha essite possibile principalmente per le saldo migratori positive.

=== Migrationes ===

Le migrationes international constitue un factor central del evolution recente del population. In 2024, le saldo migratori de Espania con le exterior esseva positive per 626 268 personas. In le mesme anno, 1 288 562 personas entrava in Espania desde altere paises e 662 294 emigrava verso le exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le principal nationalitates inter le immigrantes exterior in 2024 includeva colombianos, marroquinos e venezuelanos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Despoblation e desequilibrios territorial ===

Multe areas rural del interior ha cognoscite durante decennios un declino del population, associate al migration interne verso citates, al basse fecunditate e al envejecimento.

Le desequilibrios territorial concerne non solmente le numero de habitantes, ma etiam le accesso al servicios, le employment, le transporto, le habitation e le infrastructure digital.

Le problema del despoblation ha devenite un thema central del politicas territorial e del investigation super le mundo rural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Familia e relationes social ==

=== Evolution del structuras familiar ===

Le familia espaniol ha transformate se profundemente desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Le modello familiar traditional coexiste hodie con familias monoparental, familias reconstituite, parejas sin matrimonio, hogares unipersonal e altere formas de conviventia.

Le diminution del matrimonio religiose, le legalization del divortio, le incorporation del feminas al empleo e le recognition juridic de nove formas de pareja ha cambiate le structura del familia.

=== Matrimonio, parejas e divortio ===

Le matrimonio remane un forma importante de formation del familia, ma su peso relative ha diminuite in relation con altere formas de conviventia.

In 2024 se celebrava 175 364 matrimonios in Espania, 1,7 % plus que in 2023. Le matrimonios civil representava le majoritate del total, con 146 605 matrimonios civil in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/mnp_prensa.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le divortio es un fenomen normalisate in le societate contemporanee e contribui al diversification del trajectorias familial.

=== Hogares e conviventia ===

Le reduction del dimension medie del hogares es un del cambios associate al envejecimento, al basse fecunditate e al augmento del hogares unipersonal.

Le conviventia pote comprender personas sol, parejas, familias con infantes, familias monoparental e familias reconstituite. Le composition del hogar ha consequentias super le habitation, le consumo e le organisation del cura.

=== Natalitate e crianza ===

Le decision de haber infantes es influentiate per factores economic, professional, residential e cultural. Le retardamento del maternitate es un characteristica del demographia espaniol contemporanee.

Le nascentias de matres nascite foras de Espania representava­ 33,3 % del total del nascentias in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retes familiar e relationes interpersonal ===

Le relationes familiar continua a haber un rolo important in le supporto economic, emotional e pratic del individuos. Isto es particular­mente visibile durante le periodos de unemployment, difficultates residential, formation del familia e cura del personas dependente.

Le transformation del relationes familial ha essite accompaniate per un plus grande autonomia individual, ma le familia continua a esser un del principal retes de solidaritate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cuidados e dependentia ===

Le envejecimento del population ha augmentate le demanda de cura pro personas ancian e dependente. Le cura es compartite inter familia, servicios public e servicios private.

Le distribution del labores de cura ha etiam un dimension de genero, perque le feminas continua a realizar un portion importante del labor domestic e del cura non remunerate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Genere e cambios social ==

=== Situation social del feminas ===

Le position social del feminas ha cambiate considerabilemente desde le seculo XX. Le expansion del education e le participation crescente in le employment ha augmentate lor autonomia economic e social.

Tamen, persist­e differentias inter homines e feminas in employment, salarios, tempore dedicate al cura e representation in certe occupations.

=== Incorporation del feminas al mercato laboral ===

Le participation del feminas al mercato laboral ha crescite fortemente desde le fin del regime franquista. Le feminisation del employment ha modificate le relation inter familia e labor.

Le participation del feminas es tamen differente secundo etate, education, numero de infantes, sector economic e territorio.

=== Brechas de genere ===

Le brechas de genere pote esser observate in salarios, employment, tempore de labor, responsabilitates de cura e trajectorias professional.

Secundo le Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial, le salario medie annual esseva 28 049,94 euros in 2023; le salario medie del feminas esseva 25 591,31 euros e illo del homines 30 372,49 euros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EAES2023.htm |title=Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial. Año 2023 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=28 maio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conciliation e corresponsabilitate ===

Le conciliation inter employment e vita familiar es un thema important del societate contemporanee. Le responsabilitate pro le cura de infantes e dependentes pote influentiar le participation laboral, le tempore de labor e le trajectoria professional.

Le question del corresponsabilitate implica le distribution del labores domestic e de cura inter le membros del familia.

=== Equalitate e transformationes del roles de genere ===

Le transformation del roles de genere ha accompaniate cambios juridic e cultural. Le accesso del feminas al education, employment e vita public ha augmentate, durante que le division traditional del roles familiar ha devenite minus rigide.

Le transformationes es tamen inegual secundo generation, classe social e situation familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juventute e generationes ==

=== Juventute e transition verso le vita adulte ===

Le transition verso le vita adulte ha devenite plus longe que in generationes anterior. Le prolongation del education, le tardive incorporation al empleo stabile e le costage del habitation pote retardar le emancipation.

Le trajectorias juvene es heterogenee e dependente de education, origine familiar, territorio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Education e empleo juvenil ===

Le juventute presenta un nivello educative superior al de generationes ancian, ma le passage del education al employment pote esser complexe.

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha historicamente presentate un taxa de unemployment juvenil plus alte que le taxa general, ben que le situation varia secundo periodo e qualification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Emancipation e habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales factores que conditiona le emancipation juvene. Le precio del alquiler, le precio del proprietate, le empleo e le ingresos del juvenes affecta le etate a qual illes lassa le hogar parental.

Le emancipation residencial es etiam differente inter regiones e areas urban e rural.

=== Differentias generationale ===

Le generationes differe in nivello de education, trajectorias laboral, uso de technologia, formas de familia e valores.

Le juvenes ha essite socialisate in un ambiente plus digitalisate que le generationes ancian, durante que le generationes ancian ha un plus longe experientia del systemas economic e institutionale anterior.

=== Personas ancian e envejecimento social ===

Le augmento del sperantia de vita ha expandite le tempore que le personas passa in le etates ancian. Isto ha transformate le notion de retirement e ha augmentate le importantia del activitate social, cura e participation del personas ancian.

Le envejecimento es simultaneemente un processo individual e un transformation del structura del societate.

== Education ==

=== Systema educative ===

Le systema educative espaniol comprende education infantil, education primari, education secundari obligatori, baccalaureato, formation professional, education universitari e altere formas de education.

Le competentes educative es repartite inter le Stato e le communitates autonome secundo le Constitution e le legislation educative.

Le Constitution recognosce le derecto al education in su articulo 27.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Escolarisation e nivello educative ===

Le expansion del escolarisation ha essite un del principal transformationes del societate espaniol. Le generationes juvene ha attingite nivellos de education formal multo plus alte que le generationes nascite in le prime medietate del seculo XX.

Le education influentia le possibilitates de employment, le ingresos, le mobilitate social e le participation civic.

=== Education universitari ===

Le education universitari ha un important participation in le population juvene. Le universidades public e private es distribuite per le territorio e include un grande numero de disciplinas.

Le expansion del education superior ha contribuite al formation de un population professional plus qualificate, ma le retornos economic del education pote variar secundo campo de studio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Formation professional ===

Le formation professional constitute un via de qualification pro le incorporation al mercato laboral. Illo comprende grados de differente nivello e include formation dual in collaboration con empresas.

Le demandanda de qualificationes technic ha augmentate in relation con le transformation digital e del structura economic.

=== Inequalitates educational ===

Le resultatos educational e le accesso al nivellos superior de education es influentiate per factores como origine socio-economic, education parental, territorio e recursos familiar.

Le inequalitates educational pote esser transmittite inter generationes, ma le systema educative pote etiam functionar como un mechanism de mobilitate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labor e structura economic ==

=== Mercato laboral ===

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha experimentate un transformation del agricultura e industria verso un economia con un importante peso del sector servicios.

Le empleo es distribuite in modo differente secundo territorio, etate, sexo, qualification e nationalitate.

=== Empleo e desempleo ===

Durante le quarto trimestre de 2025, le EPA estimava 2 477 100 personas in paro e un taxa de paro de 9,93 %. Le numero de personas occupate esseva plus de 22 milliones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EPA4T25.htm |title=Encuesta de Población Activa. Cuarto trimestre 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=27 januario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le desempleo ha essite un del problemas structural del mercato laboral espaniol, con variationes importante secundo le periodo economic.

=== Structura occupationale ===

Le sector servicios representa le principal portion del employment, includente commercio, administration, education, sanitate, turismo, transporto, finantias e altere activitates.

Le industria e construction conserva un rolo important in certe regiones, durante que le agricultura ha un peso plus basse in le empleo total que in le passato.

=== Conditiones laboral ===

Le conditiones laboral varie secundo sector, occupation e qualification. Le jornada, le salario, le stabilitate del contracto, le possibilitate de telelabor e le protection social es elementos central del conditiones de empleo.

Le transformation del mercato laboral ha includite un reduction del peso de certe formas de temporalitate, augmento del empleo in servicios e expansion del telelabor in certe occupations.

=== Sindicatos e relationes laboral ===

Le sindicatos representa le interesses collective del trabajadores e participa in negotiationes collective con organisationes patronal e in le dialogo social con le Stato.

Le relationes laboral in Espania es regulate per le legislation laboral, le conventions collective e le accordos inter actores social.

=== Labor autonome e economia informal ===

Le labor autonome representa un portion del population active. Illo include professionales independente, proprietarios de parve negotios e altere formas de activitate economic.

Como in altere economias europee, existe etiam activitates que pote non esser plenmente declarate al administrationes fiscal e social. Le mesura del economia informal es difficil per definition, e su dimension varia secundo le methodo de estimation.

== Renta, inequalitate e stratification social ==

=== Distribution del renta ===

Le distribution del renta in Espania es heterogenee inter familias e individuos. Le renta depende de employment, qualification, numero de personas in le hogar, patrimonio e transferentias social.

Le inegalitate de renta es etiam territorial, con differentias inter communitates autonome e inter areas urban e rural.

=== Paupertate e exclusion social ===

Secundo le Encuesta de Conditiones de Vita, 25,7 % del population residente in Espania se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social in 2025 secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le paupertate es associate a employment instabile, unemployment, basse qualification, situation familiar, origine e altere factores. Illo non es distribuite uniformemente inter le territorio.

=== Inequalitate economic ===

Le inegalitate economic comprende differentias de renta, patrimonio e accesso al recursos. Le proprietate de habitation representa un importante componente del patrimonio familiar in Espania.

Le crises economic pote affectar differentemente le gruppos social, con plus grande vulnerabilitate pro personas con basse ingresos o empleo precari.

=== Classes e stratos social ===

Le stratification social espaniol pote esser analysate mediante classe occupationale, education, renta, patrimonio e origine familial.

Le croissance del education superior ha augmentate le numero de personas in occupationes qualificate, durante que le expansion del sector servicios ha create occupationes con nivellos de qualification multo differente.

=== Mobilitate social ===

Le mobilitate social refere al cambiamento del position social inter generationes o durante le vita del individuo. Le education, le employment e le transformationes economic pote favorisar mobilitate ascendente.

Le origine socio-economic continua tamen a influentiar le opportunitates educative e professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inequalitates territorial ===

Le inegalitates territorial concern le renta, employment, services, population e accesso al infrastructure. Le regiones metropolit e le regiones litoral pote presentar conditiones differente de multe areas del interior rural.

Le desequilibrios demographic e economic es interdependente: le perdita de population pote reducer le demanda local e le services, durante que le concentration del empleo pote accelerar le migration verso areas urban.

== Habitation ==

=== Accesso al habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales problemas social associate al emancipation e al formation de familias.

Le possibilitate de accesso depende del precio del habitation, ingresos, employment, credito, oferta de alquiler e territorio.

=== Proprietate e alquiler ===

Le proprietate de habitation ha habite historicamente un peso important in Espania. Le alquiler es plus frequente in grande cities e inter certe gruppos juvene e immigrante.

Le mercato del habitation varia fortemente secundo territorio, con costos plus elevate in multe grandes areas metropolitan e destinos touristic.

=== Emancipation residential ===

Le emancipation residential es ligate al empleo, al ingresos e al costage del habitation. Le juvenes pote prolongar lor residentia in le hogar parental quando le accesso al mercato del habitation es difficil.

Le emancipation tardive es un del elementos que contribue a explicar le postponement del formation de familias e del nascentia del prime infante.

=== Habitation e inequalitate ===

Le habitation pote functionar como fonte de securitate economic, ma le inegal accesso al proprietate e al alquiler pote augmentar le differentias patrimonial.

Le costo del habitation pote haber un effecto particular super hogares con basse renta, pro le qual le proportion del ingresos destinate al habitation pote esser alte.

=== Personas sin hogar ===

Le sin-abitance constitue un del formas plus severe de exclusion residential. Illo es associate a factors economic, laboral, familial, sanitari e residential.

Le estimation del numero de personas sin domicilio stabile depende del definition e del methodo de recenseamento.

== Migrationes e diversitate ==

=== Immigration ===

Le immigration international ha devenite un componente structural del societate espaniol desde le ultime decennios del seculo XX.

Le population residente de nationalitate estranier attingeva 6,91 milliones al 1 de januario 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le immigration participa al mercato laboral, al evolution demographic e al diversification cultural del societate.

=== Emigration espaniol ===

Espania ha essite durante le historia recente un pais de emigration. Durante le seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, emigrantes se dirigeva inter altere destinos verso America.

Durante le industrialisation del Europa occidental post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, altere fluxos se dirigeva verso Francia, Germania, Svizzera e Belgica.

In le seculo XXI, le mobilitate international del espanioles include studentes, professionales e personas que cambia de residentia pro rationes economic o personal.

=== Population estranier e nationalitate ===

Le population de nationalitate estranier es diverse per origine geographic, etate, education e situation laboral.

Le nationalitate e le pais de nascentia non es equivalente: un persona de nationalitate espaniol pote esser nascite foras de Espania e un persona de nationalitate estranier pote esser nascite in Espania.

=== Integration social ===

Le integration social del immigrantes concerne le accesso al education, employment, habitation, sanitate, participation social e relationes interpersonal.

Le processo de integration es influentiate per le tempore de residentia, le cognoscentia linguistic, le situation laboral, le status juridic e le retes social.

=== Diversitate cultural e linguistic ===

Le societate espaniol es linguisticamente e culturalmente diverse. Le castellano es le lingua official del Stato, durante que le Constitution establiva que le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo lor statutos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catalano, galiciano, basco e altere varietates linguistic ha differente statuto juridic e areas de uso.

=== Discrimination e racismo ===

Le discrimination super base de origine, nationalitate, apparentia ethnic o altere characteristicas constitue un thema del studio del relationes inter gruppos.

Le formas de discrimination pote apparer in employment, habitation, education, servicios e relationes quotidian. Le mesura del discrimination objective e del discrimination percipite require methodologias differente.

== Stato de benesser e servicios public ==

=== Systema sanitari ===

Le systema sanitari espaniol combina un importante sector public con provisores private. Le servicios public de sanitate es gestionate principalmente per le communitates autonome.

Le accesso al sanitate public es un del pilares del stato de benesser e contribui al alte sperantia de vita del population.

=== Systema educative ===

Le education public es un altere componente central del stato de benesser. Le systema es reglementate per le legislation statal e gestionate in grande parte per le communitates autonome.

Le expansion del education ha contribuite a augmentar le nivello general de qualification del population.

=== Pensiones ===

Le systema de pensiones constitue un del principal instrumentos de protection social pro le personas ancian.

Le envejecimento del population e le relation inter population occupate e pensionate es factores central in le debatto super le evolution futur del systema.

=== Servicios social ===

Le servicios social include assistentia a personas vulnerabile, familias, personas ancian, personas sin habitation e altere gruppos.

Le competentes es repartite inter diverse nivellos de administration, con un importante participation del communitates autonome e municipalitates.

=== Dependentia e cuidados ===

Le systema de cura a personas dependente ha ganiate importantia con le envejecimento demographic.

Le cura pote esser formal, per servicios professional, o informal, per membros del familia. Le carga del cura informal es in multe casos inegalmente distribuite secundo genero.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Protection contra le paupertate e le exclusion ===

Le stato de benesser comprende transferentias e servicios destinate a reducer le effectos del paupertate, del desempleo e de altere situationes de vulnerabilitate.

Le efficacia del protection social varia secundo le situation familial, le employment, le etate e le nivello de ingresos.

== Sanitate e conditiones de vita ==

=== Sanitate del population ===

Le population espaniol presenta in general un alte sperantia de vita, ma le stato de sanitate varia secundo etate, sexo, conditiones economic e territorio.

Le enfermedades chronic deveni plus importante con le envejecimento del population.

=== Sperantia de vita e mortalitate ===

In 2024 le sperantia de vita al nascentia esseva 84,01 annos. Le cifra esseva 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le mortalitate infantil esseva 3,04 defunctiones per 1 000 nascite vive in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sanitate mental ===

Le sanitate mental ha devenite plus visibile in le debatto public e in le investigation social e sanitari.

Le problemas de sanitate mental pote esser associate a factores individual e social, includente isolation, conditiones laboral, precaritate economic, problemas familiar e altere circumstantias.

=== Disabilitate e dependentia ===

Le disabilitate concerne un parte importante del population e pote affectar le participation in education, employment, habitation e vita social.

Le politicas de inclusion combina protection social, accessibilitate, education, employment protegite e adaptation del ambiente.

=== Habitos e stilos de vita ===

Le conditiones de vita es influentiate per alimentation, activitate physic, consumo de tabaco e alcohol, labor, habitation e altere comportamentos.

Le stilos de vita varia secundo etate, education, renta e territorio.

== Cultura, valores e formas de vita ==

=== Linguas de Espania ===

Le castellano es le lingua official del Stato. Le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo le statutos de autonomia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter le linguas con recognition official regional figura le catalano, le galiciano e le basco. Existe etiam varietates linguistic e dialectal con differente nivellos de protection e transmission.

=== Religion e secularisation ===

Le catholicismo ha habite un rolo historic important in le societate espaniol. Desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX, le societate ha experimentate un processo de secularisation.

Le pluralitate religiose ha etiam augmentate in consequentia del immigration international. Le population include catholicos practicante e non practicante, personas de altere religiones e personas sin affiliation religiose.

=== Valores social ===

Le valores social del population espaniol ha transformate se durante le ultime decennios. Le secularisation, le individualisation, le expansion del education e le transformation del familia ha modificate certe attitudes super matrimonio, genero, religione e vita private.

Le valores es tamen heterogenee secundo generation, education, classe social e territorio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cultura e consumo cultural ===

Le consumo cultural comprende lectura, musica, cinema, artes, television, spectaculos e altere activitates.

Le accesso al cultura ha essite transformate per le digitalisation, que ha diminuite le dependentia de supportos physic in multe campos e ha cambiate le formas de production e distribution cultural.

=== Medios de communication ===

Le medios de communication traditional include television, radio, prensa e magazines. Le Internet ha introducite nove formas de distribution del information e ha modificate le relation inter productores e public.

Le redes social ha augmentate le velocitate de circulation del information e le possibility de interaction directe inter usatores e productores de contento.

=== Internet e redes social ===

Le uso de Internet es practic universal inter le generationes plus juvene e ha devenite multo commun inter le population adulte.

In 2025, 96,3 % del population de 16 a 74 annos habeva usate Internet durante le tres ultime menses, e 92,5 % lo usava quotidianemente. Le 59,6 % habeva facite compras per Internet durante le mesme periodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ocio, deporte e turismo ===

Le ocio comprende activitates cultural, sport, social e recreation. Le sport ha un important rolo in le cultura popular, con football, basketball, tennis e altere disciplinas.

Le turismo es etiam un activitate economic e social importante, tanto per le numero de visitantes international como per le mobilitate interne del population.

== Identitates social e territorial ==

=== Identitate espaniol ===

Le identitate espaniol es un identitate national que coexiste con altere identitates territorial, linguistic, familial e cultural.

Le senso de identitate pote variar secundo region, generation, orientation cultural, historia familiar e altere factores.

=== Identitates autonome ===

Le organisation territorial in communitates autonome ha contribuite a institutionalizar identitates regional e national-territorial.

In certe regiones existe forte identitates regional distincte, que pote coexist­er con un identitate espaniol o esser prioritari pro certe personas.

=== Identitates local ===

Le identitate local refere al identification con municipalitates, citates, comarcas o altere communitates territorial.

Le identitate local es influentiate per historia, cultura, relationes social, sport, dialecto e traditiones.

=== Pluralitate linguistic e cultural ===

Le pluralitate linguistic e cultural es un characteristica structural del societate espaniol. Le Constitution establiva un systema de protection del diverse linguas espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le linguas e culturas regional ha differente grados de transmission inter generationes e de uso in education, administration e medios de communication.

=== Identitates e cohesion social ===

Le coexist­entia de identitates multiple pote esser un factor de pluralismo cultural. Simultaneemente, le differente identitates territorial e national ha essite un del themas del debatto public espaniol.

Le cohesion social depende non solmente del identitate, ma etiam del inegalitate economic, le participation institutional, le relationes inter gruppos e le accesso equal al servicios.

== Participation social e vita public ==

=== Associationismo ===

Le associationismo comprende organisationes civic, cultural, sport, professional, charitable e altere formas de organisation collective.

Le associationes constitue un importante medio de participation social e de creation de retes local.

=== Movimentos social ===

Le societate espaniol ha cognoscite differente movimentos social durante le ultime decennios, includente movimentos feministe, ambientalista, juvene, laboral e pro le habitation.

Le formas de mobilisation ha cambiate con le expansion del Internet e del redes social.

=== Voluntariato ===

Le voluntariato comprende activitates non remunerate realisate per motives social, civic, cultural o humanitari.

Le organisationes non governamental e le associations depende in multe casos del participation de personas voluntari.

=== Participation politic ===

Le participation politic include voto, affiliation a partidos o associations, participation in campagne, protestas, petitiones e altere formas de action civic.

Le formas traditional de participation coexiste con formas digital, como campagne in redes social e petitiones online.

=== Confidentia in le institutiones ===

Le confidentia in le institutiones es un dimension importante del relation inter citatanos e systema politic.

Le nivello de confidentia pote variar inter institutiones e durante le tempore. Le CIS studia regularmente attitudes verso le institutiones, le partidos, le administrationes e altere actores social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cambios e tendentias social contemporanee ==

=== Transformationes demographic ===

Le principal transformationes demographic es le envejecimento, le basse fecunditate, le augmento del sperantia de vita e le importantia crescente del migrationes.

Le population espaniol continua a crescer malgrado le saldo natural negative, principal­mente per le saldo migratori positive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Digitalisation ===

Le digitalisation ha transformate le labor, le education, le communication, le consumo e le relationes social.

In 2025, le majoritate del population de 16 a 74 annos usava Internet, e 37,9 % declarava haber usate instrumentos de intelligentia artificial generative durante le tres ultime menses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cambios in le formas de familia ===

Le familias es plus diverse que in le societate traditional. Le familias monoparental, le parejas non marital, le hogares unipersonal e le familias reconstituite es hodie componentes ordinari del structura social.

Le transformationes familial es associate al postponement del matrimonio, al baisse fecunditate e al crescente participation del feminas al education e al employment.

=== Transformationes del labor ===

Le mercato laboral ha essite transformate per le tertiarisation, le digitalisation, le globalization e le nove formas de organisation del labor.

Le telelabor, le platformas digital e le automation ha create nove formas de relation inter laboratores e empresas, ben que lor diffusion varia fortemente secundo occupation e sector.

=== Inequalitate e cohesion social ===

Le inegalitate de renta, le accesso al habitation, le conditiones laboral e le desequilibrios territorial es inter le factores que affecta le cohesion social.

In 2025, 25,7 % del population se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retos demographic e social ===
Inter le principal retos del societate espaniol figura le adaptation al envejecimento, le evolution del systema de pensiones, le sustenibilitate del servicios public, le accesso al habitation, le integration del population immigrante, le reduction del inegalitates e le adaptation al transformation digital.

Le combination de basse fecunditate, longevit­ate elevate e immigration importante constitue un del principales elementos que influentia le evolution futur del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Obra completa |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Poder, política y sociedad |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}

== Ligamines externe ==

* {{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |website=INE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=CIS |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ |title=Eurostat |website=Commission Europee |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/ |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado |website=BOE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Sociologia de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Societate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Espania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="50539" sha1="o21zjh0ydf2rq78tz7ztw3s4jr47iha" xml:space="preserve">'''Societate espaniol''' es le insimul del structuras social, relationes interpersonal, institutiones, valores, practicas cultural e formas de vita que characterisa le population de [[Espania]]. Illo es un societate complexe e heterogenee, marcate per importante transformationes demographic, economic, cultural e institutional desde le ultime parte del seculo XX.

Le societate espaniol contemporanee es caracterisate inter altere aspectos per le urbanisation, le envejecimento demografic, le basse fecunditate, le immigration international, le diversification del structuras familiar, le expansion del education, le transformation del mercato laboral, le secularisation e le diffusion del technologia digital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le studio del societate espaniol comprende disciplinas como le sociologia, le demographia, le economia, le historia social, le scientia politic e le antropologia. Le obra collective ''España 2025. Estructura y cambio social'', promovite per le [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]], reúne le labores de circa 145 especialistas e examina le principal transformationes social, economic, politic e cultural del societate espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/es/w/espana-2025-estructura-y-cambio-social-vol-1-estructura-social |title=España 2025. Estructura y Cambio Social — Vol. 1: Estructura Social |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |date=10 junio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution historic del societate espaniol ==
=== Le societate traditional e le Ancian Regime ===
Durante le Ancian Regime, le population del territorio que constitue hodie Espania esseva majoritariemente rural. Le agricultura representa­va le principal fonte de occupation e de subsistentia, e le societate esseva organisate secundo hierarchias juridic, economic e social.

Le monarchia, le aristocratia e le Ecclesia habeva un peso important in le organisation del vita social. Le differentias inter proprietarios de terra, campesinos, artesanos, mercatores e altere gruppos definiva in grande parte le stratification social.

Le familie extendite, le communitate local e le relationes de vicinitate habeva un rolo important in le organisation quotidian. Le possibilitates de mobilitate social esseva general­mente limitate, ben que le commercio, le administration e le servicio militar permitteva a certe individuos de cambiar de position.

Le [[Revolte del Communeros]], le crises del seculo XVII e le transformationes politic e economic del seculos XVIII e XIX affectava progressivemente iste structura social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Industrialisation e urbanisation ===

Le industrialisation de Espania esseva un processo irregular e territorialmente differenti. Durante le seculo XIX, le industria se developpava particularmente in Catalonia, le Pais Basque e altere areas, durante que grande parte del interior remaneva dependente del agricultura.

Le industrialisation produceva le formation de un classe obrera industrial e le croissance del burguesia urban. Le migrationes desde le campo verso le citates transformava le structura del population.

Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid e altere centros urban deveniva polos de attraction pro le population rural. Le croissance urban accompaniava le apparition de nove formas de organisation obrera, sindicatos, associations mutualiste e movimentos politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transformationes social durante le seculo XX ===

Le seculo XX esseva marcate per guerras, dictatura, industrialisation accelerate, migrationes interne e transformationes cultural.

Le [[Guerra civil espaniol]] de 1936–1939 produceva profundes rupturas social e politic. Le subsequente dictatura franquista institueva un regime autoritari que durava usque al morte de Francisco Franco in 1975.

Durante le decennios 1950 e 1960, le industrialisation e le urbanisation se accelera­va. Miliones de personas migrava desde regiones rural e agricola verso Madrid, Catalonia, le Pais Basque, Valencia e altere centros industrial. Simultaneemente, un importante migration exterior se dirigeva verso paises europee como Francia, Germania occidental, Svizzera e Belgica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le expansion economic del ultime periodo franquista transformava le composition del population active e accelerava le formation de un societate urban e industrial.

=== Le societate espaniol desde le Transition ===

Le [[Transition espaniol]] desde le regime franquista verso un systema democratic produceva cambios institutional que habeva etiam importantes effectos social.

Le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] establiva un systema democratic e recognosceva derechos fundamental, le autonomia territorial e le pluralitate linguistic e cultural del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le decennios 1980 e 1990, le societate cognosceva un expansion del education, un transformation del mercato laboral, le incorporation crescente del feminas al employment, le expansion del stato de benesser e un rapide secularisation.

Le integration in le [[Comunitate Economic Europee]] in 1986 e le posterior participation in le [[Union Europee]] intensificava le mobilitate del personas, le integration economic e le transformation del relationes international.

=== Globalisation e transformationes del seculo XXI ===

Durante le prime decennios del seculo XXI, le societate espaniol ha essite affectate per le globalisation economic, le crise financiari de 2008, le immigration, le transformation digital, le pandemia de COVID-19 e le transformationes del mercato del labor.

Le immigration deveniva un componente important del croissance demographic, durante que le fecunditate remaneva basse e le population invejeciva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Structura demographic ==

=== Population ===

Al 1 de januario 2025, Espania habeva 49 128 297 habitantes. Del total, 42 216 326 habeva nationalitate espaniol e 6 911 971 habeva nationalitate estranier, equivalente a 14,1 % del population. Le personas nascite foras del pais attingeva 9 464 210, o circa 19,3 % del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le crescimento demographic recente ha essite fortemente influentiate per le saldo migratori, que ha compensate le saldo natural negative resultante del numero de defunctiones superior al numero de nascentias.

=== Distribution territorial e urbanisation ===

Le population es inequalmente distribuite. Le principal concentrationes se trova in le areas metropolitan e litoral, durante que partes del interior presenta densitates plus basse e, in certe casos, envejecimento e despoblation.

Madrid es le principal centro metropolitan e politic-administrative. Barcelona es un altere grande polo metropolitan e economic. Valencia, Sevilla, Bilbao, Malaga, Zaragoza e altere citates constitue importante centros urban.

Le urbanisation ha modificate le relation inter spatio rural e urban. Multe communitates rural depende hodie economicamente de centros urban plus grande, ben que illos conserva importante activitates agricole, forestal, touristic e cultural.

=== Envejecimento e sperantia de vita ===

Le envejecimento demographic es un del principal characteristicas del societate espaniol contemporanee. Al 1 de januario 2025, le personas de plus de 64 annos representa­va 20,7 % del population residente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sperantia de vita al nascentia attingeva 84,01 annos in 2024. Illa esseva de 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le envejecimento ha consequentias pro le systema de pensiones, le servicios sanitari, le cura a personas dependente e le relationes intergeneration.

=== Natalitate e fecunditate ===

In 2024 nasceva in Espania 318 005 infantes, 0,8 % minus que in 2023. Le numero medie de infantes per femina esseva 1,10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le basse fecunditate es associate a transformationes in le formation del familia, le postponement del maternitate, le situation del empleo, le accesso al habitation e le costages economic del crianza. Le studio del relation inter fecunditate, employment e familia es un del themas central del demographia espaniol contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mortalitate ===

In 2024 moriva 436 118 personas in Espania. Le mortalitate es fortemente concentrate in le gruppos de etate plus ancian, in concordantia con le structura envejecite del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le differentia inter nascentias e defunctiones produce un saldo natural negative. Le crescimento total del population ha essite possibile principalmente per le saldo migratori positive.

=== Migrationes ===

Le migrationes international constitue un factor central del evolution recente del population. In 2024, le saldo migratori de Espania con le exterior esseva positive per 626 268 personas. In le mesme anno, 1 288 562 personas entrava in Espania desde altere paises e 662 294 emigrava verso le exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le principal nationalitates inter le immigrantes exterior in 2024 includeva colombianos, marroquinos e venezuelanos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Despoblation e desequilibrios territorial ===

Multe areas rural del interior ha cognoscite durante decennios un declino del population, associate al migration interne verso citates, al basse fecunditate e al envejecimento.

Le desequilibrios territorial concerne non solmente le numero de habitantes, ma etiam le accesso al servicios, le employment, le transporto, le habitation e le infrastructure digital.

Le problema del despoblation ha devenite un thema central del politicas territorial e del investigation super le mundo rural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Familia e relationes social ==

=== Evolution del structuras familiar ===

Le familia espaniol ha transformate se profundemente desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Le modello familiar traditional coexiste hodie con familias monoparental, familias reconstituite, parejas sin matrimonio, hogares unipersonal e altere formas de conviventia.

Le diminution del matrimonio religiose, le legalization del divortio, le incorporation del feminas al empleo e le recognition juridic de nove formas de pareja ha cambiate le structura del familia.

=== Matrimonio, parejas e divortio ===

Le matrimonio remane un forma importante de formation del familia, ma su peso relative ha diminuite in relation con altere formas de conviventia.

In 2024 se celebrava 175 364 matrimonios in Espania, 1,7 % plus que in 2023. Le matrimonios civil representava le majoritate del total, con 146 605 matrimonios civil in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/mnp_prensa.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le divortio es un fenomen normalisate in le societate contemporanee e contribui al diversification del trajectorias familial.

=== Hogares e conviventia ===

Le reduction del dimension medie del hogares es un del cambios associate al envejecimento, al basse fecunditate e al augmento del hogares unipersonal.

Le conviventia pote comprender personas sol, parejas, familias con infantes, familias monoparental e familias reconstituite. Le composition del hogar ha consequentias super le habitation, le consumo e le organisation del cura.

=== Natalitate e crianza ===

Le decision de haber infantes es influentiate per factores economic, professional, residential e cultural. Le retardamento del maternitate es un characteristica del demographia espaniol contemporanee.

Le nascentias de matres nascite foras de Espania representava­ 33,3 % del total del nascentias in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retes familiar e relationes interpersonal ===

Le relationes familiar continua a haber un rolo important in le supporto economic, emotional e pratic del individuos. Isto es particular­mente visibile durante le periodos de unemployment, difficultates residential, formation del familia e cura del personas dependente.

Le transformation del relationes familial ha essite accompaniate per un plus grande autonomia individual, ma le familia continua a esser un del principal retes de solidaritate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cuidados e dependentia ===

Le envejecimento del population ha augmentate le demanda de cura pro personas ancian e dependente. Le cura es compartite inter familia, servicios public e servicios private.

Le distribution del labores de cura ha etiam un dimension de genero, perque le feminas continua a realizar un portion importante del labor domestic e del cura non remunerate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Genere e cambios social ==

=== Situation social del feminas ===

Le position social del feminas ha cambiate considerabilemente desde le seculo XX. Le expansion del education e le participation crescente in le employment ha augmentate lor autonomia economic e social.

Tamen, persist­e differentias inter homines e feminas in employment, salarios, tempore dedicate al cura e representation in certe occupations.

=== Incorporation del feminas al mercato laboral ===

Le participation del feminas al mercato laboral ha crescite fortemente desde le fin del regime franquista. Le feminisation del employment ha modificate le relation inter familia e labor.

Le participation del feminas es tamen differente secundo etate, education, numero de infantes, sector economic e territorio.

=== Brechas de genere ===

Le brechas de genere pote esser observate in salarios, employment, tempore de labor, responsabilitates de cura e trajectorias professional.

Secundo le Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial, le salario medie annual esseva 28 049,94 euros in 2023; le salario medie del feminas esseva 25 591,31 euros e illo del homines 30 372,49 euros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EAES2023.htm |title=Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial. Año 2023 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=28 maio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conciliation e corresponsabilitate ===

Le conciliation inter employment e vita familiar es un thema important del societate contemporanee. Le responsabilitate pro le cura de infantes e dependentes pote influentiar le participation laboral, le tempore de labor e le trajectoria professional.

Le question del corresponsabilitate implica le distribution del labores domestic e de cura inter le membros del familia.

=== Equalitate e transformationes del roles de genere ===

Le transformation del roles de genere ha accompaniate cambios juridic e cultural. Le accesso del feminas al education, employment e vita public ha augmentate, durante que le division traditional del roles familiar ha devenite minus rigide.

Le transformationes es tamen inegual secundo generation, classe social e situation familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juventute e generationes ==

=== Juventute e transition verso le vita adulte ===

Le transition verso le vita adulte ha devenite plus longe que in generationes anterior. Le prolongation del education, le tardive incorporation al empleo stabile e le costage del habitation pote retardar le emancipation.

Le trajectorias juvene es heterogenee e dependente de education, origine familiar, territorio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Education e empleo juvenil ===

Le juventute presenta un nivello educative superior al de generationes ancian, ma le passage del education al employment pote esser complexe.

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha historicamente presentate un taxa de unemployment juvenil plus alte que le taxa general, ben que le situation varia secundo periodo e qualification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Emancipation e habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales factores que conditiona le emancipation juvene. Le precio del alquiler, le precio del proprietate, le empleo e le ingresos del juvenes affecta le etate a qual illes lassa le hogar parental.

Le emancipation residencial es etiam differente inter regiones e areas urban e rural.

=== Differentias generationale ===

Le generationes differe in nivello de education, trajectorias laboral, uso de technologia, formas de familia e valores.

Le juvenes ha essite socialisate in un ambiente plus digitalisate que le generationes ancian, durante que le generationes ancian ha un plus longe experientia del systemas economic e institutionale anterior.

=== Personas ancian e envejecimento social ===

Le augmento del sperantia de vita ha expandite le tempore que le personas passa in le etates ancian. Isto ha transformate le notion de retirement e ha augmentate le importantia del activitate social, cura e participation del personas ancian.

Le envejecimento es simultaneemente un processo individual e un transformation del structura del societate.

== Education ==

=== Systema educative ===

Le systema educative espaniol comprende education infantil, education primari, education secundari obligatori, baccalaureato, formation professional, education universitari e altere formas de education.

Le competentes educative es repartite inter le Stato e le communitates autonome secundo le Constitution e le legislation educative.

Le Constitution recognosce le derecto al education in su articulo 27.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Escolarisation e nivello educative ===

Le expansion del escolarisation ha essite un del principal transformationes del societate espaniol. Le generationes juvene ha attingite nivellos de education formal multo plus alte que le generationes nascite in le prime medietate del seculo XX.

Le education influentia le possibilitates de employment, le ingresos, le mobilitate social e le participation civic.

=== Education universitari ===

Le education universitari ha un important participation in le population juvene. Le universidades public e private es distribuite per le territorio e include un grande numero de disciplinas.

Le expansion del education superior ha contribuite al formation de un population professional plus qualificate, ma le retornos economic del education pote variar secundo campo de studio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Formation professional ===

Le formation professional constitute un via de qualification pro le incorporation al mercato laboral. Illo comprende grados de differente nivello e include formation dual in collaboration con empresas.

Le demandanda de qualificationes technic ha augmentate in relation con le transformation digital e del structura economic.

=== Inequalitates educational ===

Le resultatos educational e le accesso al nivellos superior de education es influentiate per factores como origine socio-economic, education parental, territorio e recursos familiar.

Le inequalitates educational pote esser transmittite inter generationes, ma le systema educative pote etiam functionar como un mechanism de mobilitate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labor e structura economic ==

=== Mercato laboral ===

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha experimentate un transformation del agricultura e industria verso un economia con un importante peso del sector servicios.

Le empleo es distribuite in modo differente secundo territorio, etate, sexo, qualification e nationalitate.

=== Empleo e desempleo ===

Durante le quarto trimestre de 2025, le EPA estimava 2 477 100 personas in paro e un taxa de paro de 9,93 %. Le numero de personas occupate esseva plus de 22 milliones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EPA4T25.htm |title=Encuesta de Población Activa. Cuarto trimestre 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=27 januario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le desempleo ha essite un del problemas structural del mercato laboral espaniol, con variationes importante secundo le periodo economic.

=== Structura occupationale ===

Le sector servicios representa le principal portion del employment, includente commercio, administration, education, sanitate, turismo, transporto, finantias e altere activitates.

Le industria e construction conserva un rolo important in certe regiones, durante que le agricultura ha un peso plus basse in le empleo total que in le passato.

=== Conditiones laboral ===

Le conditiones laboral varie secundo sector, occupation e qualification. Le jornada, le salario, le stabilitate del contracto, le possibilitate de telelabor e le protection social es elementos central del conditiones de empleo.

Le transformation del mercato laboral ha includite un reduction del peso de certe formas de temporalitate, augmento del empleo in servicios e expansion del telelabor in certe occupations.

=== Sindicatos e relationes laboral ===

Le sindicatos representa le interesses collective del trabajadores e participa in negotiationes collective con organisationes patronal e in le dialogo social con le Stato.

Le relationes laboral in Espania es regulate per le legislation laboral, le conventions collective e le accordos inter actores social.

=== Labor autonome e economia informal ===

Le labor autonome representa un portion del population active. Illo include professionales independente, proprietarios de parve negotios e altere formas de activitate economic.

Como in altere economias europee, existe etiam activitates que pote non esser plenmente declarate al administrationes fiscal e social. Le mesura del economia informal es difficil per definition, e su dimension varia secundo le methodo de estimation.

== Renta, inequalitate e stratification social ==

=== Distribution del renta ===

Le distribution del renta in Espania es heterogenee inter familias e individuos. Le renta depende de employment, qualification, numero de personas in le hogar, patrimonio e transferentias social.

Le inegalitate de renta es etiam territorial, con differentias inter communitates autonome e inter areas urban e rural.

=== Paupertate e exclusion social ===

Secundo le Encuesta de Conditiones de Vita, 25,7 % del population residente in Espania se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social in 2025 secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le paupertate es associate a employment instabile, unemployment, basse qualification, situation familiar, origine e altere factores. Illo non es distribuite uniformemente inter le territorio.

=== Inequalitate economic ===

Le inegalitate economic comprende differentias de renta, patrimonio e accesso al recursos. Le proprietate de habitation representa un importante componente del patrimonio familiar in Espania.

Le crises economic pote affectar differentemente le gruppos social, con plus grande vulnerabilitate pro personas con basse ingresos o empleo precari.

=== Classes e stratos social ===

Le stratification social espaniol pote esser analysate mediante classe occupationale, education, renta, patrimonio e origine familial.

Le croissance del education superior ha augmentate le numero de personas in occupationes qualificate, durante que le expansion del sector servicios ha create occupationes con nivellos de qualification multo differente.

=== Mobilitate social ===

Le mobilitate social refere al cambiamento del position social inter generationes o durante le vita del individuo. Le education, le employment e le transformationes economic pote favorisar mobilitate ascendente.

Le origine socio-economic continua tamen a influentiar le opportunitates educative e professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inequalitates territorial ===

Le inegalitates territorial concern le renta, employment, services, population e accesso al infrastructure. Le regiones metropolit e le regiones litoral pote presentar conditiones differente de multe areas del interior rural.

Le desequilibrios demographic e economic es interdependente: le perdita de population pote reducer le demanda local e le services, durante que le concentration del empleo pote accelerar le migration verso areas urban.

== Habitation ==

=== Accesso al habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales problemas social associate al emancipation e al formation de familias.

Le possibilitate de accesso depende del precio del habitation, ingresos, employment, credito, oferta de alquiler e territorio.

=== Proprietate e alquiler ===

Le proprietate de habitation ha habite historicamente un peso important in Espania. Le alquiler es plus frequente in grande cities e inter certe gruppos juvene e immigrante.

Le mercato del habitation varia fortemente secundo territorio, con costos plus elevate in multe grandes areas metropolitan e destinos touristic.

=== Emancipation residential ===

Le emancipation residential es ligate al empleo, al ingresos e al costage del habitation. Le juvenes pote prolongar lor residentia in le hogar parental quando le accesso al mercato del habitation es difficil.

Le emancipation tardive es un del elementos que contribue a explicar le postponement del formation de familias e del nascentia del prime infante.

=== Habitation e inequalitate ===

Le habitation pote functionar como fonte de securitate economic, ma le inegal accesso al proprietate e al alquiler pote augmentar le differentias patrimonial.

Le costo del habitation pote haber un effecto particular super hogares con basse renta, pro le qual le proportion del ingresos destinate al habitation pote esser alte.

=== Personas sin hogar ===

Le sin-abitance constitue un del formas plus severe de exclusion residential. Illo es associate a factors economic, laboral, familial, sanitari e residential.

Le estimation del numero de personas sin domicilio stabile depende del definition e del methodo de recenseamento.

== Migrationes e diversitate ==

=== Immigration ===

Le immigration international ha devenite un componente structural del societate espaniol desde le ultime decennios del seculo XX.

Le population residente de nationalitate estranier attingeva 6,91 milliones al 1 de januario 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le immigration participa al mercato laboral, al evolution demographic e al diversification cultural del societate.

=== Emigration espaniol ===

Espania ha essite durante le historia recente un pais de emigration. Durante le seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, emigrantes se dirigeva inter altere destinos verso America.

Durante le industrialisation del Europa occidental post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, altere fluxos se dirigeva verso Francia, Germania, Svizzera e Belgica.

In le seculo XXI, le mobilitate international del espanioles include studentes, professionales e personas que cambia de residentia pro rationes economic o personal.

=== Population estranier e nationalitate ===

Le population de nationalitate estranier es diverse per origine geographic, etate, education e situation laboral.

Le nationalitate e le pais de nascentia non es equivalente: un persona de nationalitate espaniol pote esser nascite foras de Espania e un persona de nationalitate estranier pote esser nascite in Espania.

=== Integration social ===

Le integration social del immigrantes concerne le accesso al education, employment, habitation, sanitate, participation social e relationes interpersonal.

Le processo de integration es influentiate per le tempore de residentia, le cognoscentia linguistic, le situation laboral, le status juridic e le retes social.

=== Diversitate cultural e linguistic ===

Le societate espaniol es linguisticamente e culturalmente diverse. Le castellano es le lingua official del Stato, durante que le Constitution establiva que le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo lor statutos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catalano, galiciano, basco e altere varietates linguistic ha differente statuto juridic e areas de uso.

=== Discrimination e racismo ===

Le discrimination super base de origine, nationalitate, apparentia ethnic o altere characteristicas constitue un thema del studio del relationes inter gruppos.

Le formas de discrimination pote apparer in employment, habitation, education, servicios e relationes quotidian. Le mesura del discrimination objective e del discrimination percipite require methodologias differente.

== Stato de benesser e servicios public ==

=== Systema sanitari ===

Le systema sanitari espaniol combina un importante sector public con provisores private. Le servicios public de sanitate es gestionate principalmente per le communitates autonome.

Le accesso al sanitate public es un del pilares del stato de benesser e contribui al alte sperantia de vita del population.

=== Systema educative ===

Le education public es un altere componente central del stato de benesser. Le systema es reglementate per le legislation statal e gestionate in grande parte per le communitates autonome.

Le expansion del education ha contribuite a augmentar le nivello general de qualification del population.

=== Pensiones ===

Le systema de pensiones constitue un del principal instrumentos de protection social pro le personas ancian.

Le envejecimento del population e le relation inter population occupate e pensionate es factores central in le debatto super le evolution futur del systema.

=== Servicios social ===

Le servicios social include assistentia a personas vulnerabile, familias, personas ancian, personas sin habitation e altere gruppos.

Le competentes es repartite inter diverse nivellos de administration, con un importante participation del communitates autonome e municipalitates.

=== Dependentia e cuidados ===

Le systema de cura a personas dependente ha ganiate importantia con le envejecimento demographic.

Le cura pote esser formal, per servicios professional, o informal, per membros del familia. Le carga del cura informal es in multe casos inegalmente distribuite secundo genero.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Protection contra le paupertate e le exclusion ===

Le stato de benesser comprende transferentias e servicios destinate a reducer le effectos del paupertate, del desempleo e de altere situationes de vulnerabilitate.

Le efficacia del protection social varia secundo le situation familial, le employment, le etate e le nivello de ingresos.

== Sanitate e conditiones de vita ==

=== Sanitate del population ===

Le population espaniol presenta in general un alte sperantia de vita, ma le stato de sanitate varia secundo etate, sexo, conditiones economic e territorio.

Le enfermedades chronic deveni plus importante con le envejecimento del population.

=== Sperantia de vita e mortalitate ===

In 2024 le sperantia de vita al nascentia esseva 84,01 annos. Le cifra esseva 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le mortalitate infantil esseva 3,04 defunctiones per 1 000 nascite vive in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sanitate mental ===

Le sanitate mental ha devenite plus visibile in le debatto public e in le investigation social e sanitari.

Le problemas de sanitate mental pote esser associate a factores individual e social, includente isolation, conditiones laboral, precaritate economic, problemas familiar e altere circumstantias.

=== Disabilitate e dependentia ===

Le disabilitate concerne un parte importante del population e pote affectar le participation in education, employment, habitation e vita social.

Le politicas de inclusion combina protection social, accessibilitate, education, employment protegite e adaptation del ambiente.

=== Habitos e stilos de vita ===

Le conditiones de vita es influentiate per alimentation, activitate physic, consumo de tabaco e alcohol, labor, habitation e altere comportamentos.

Le stilos de vita varia secundo etate, education, renta e territorio.

== Cultura, valores e formas de vita ==

=== Linguas de Espania ===
Le [[espaniol]] es le lingua official del Stato. Le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo le statutos de autonomia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter le linguas con recognition official regional figura le catalano, le galiciano e le basco. Existe etiam varietates linguistic e dialectal con differente nivellos de protection e transmission.

=== Religion e secularisation ===

Le catholicismo ha habite un rolo historic important in le societate espaniol. Desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX, le societate ha experimentate un processo de secularisation.

Le pluralitate religiose ha etiam augmentate in consequentia del immigration international. Le population include catholicos practicante e non practicante, personas de altere religiones e personas sin affiliation religiose.

=== Valores social ===

Le valores social del population espaniol ha transformate se durante le ultime decennios. Le secularisation, le individualisation, le expansion del education e le transformation del familia ha modificate certe attitudes super matrimonio, genero, religione e vita private.

Le valores es tamen heterogenee secundo generation, education, classe social e territorio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cultura e consumo cultural ===

Le consumo cultural comprende lectura, musica, cinema, artes, television, spectaculos e altere activitates.

Le accesso al cultura ha essite transformate per le digitalisation, que ha diminuite le dependentia de supportos physic in multe campos e ha cambiate le formas de production e distribution cultural.

=== Medios de communication ===

Le medios de communication traditional include television, radio, prensa e magazines. Le Internet ha introducite nove formas de distribution del information e ha modificate le relation inter productores e public.

Le redes social ha augmentate le velocitate de circulation del information e le possibility de interaction directe inter usatores e productores de contento.

=== Internet e redes social ===

Le uso de Internet es practic universal inter le generationes plus juvene e ha devenite multo commun inter le population adulte.

In 2025, 96,3 % del population de 16 a 74 annos habeva usate Internet durante le tres ultime menses, e 92,5 % lo usava quotidianemente. Le 59,6 % habeva facite compras per Internet durante le mesme periodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ocio, deporte e turismo ===

Le ocio comprende activitates cultural, sport, social e recreation. Le sport ha un important rolo in le cultura popular, con football, basketball, tennis e altere disciplinas.

Le turismo es etiam un activitate economic e social importante, tanto per le numero de visitantes international como per le mobilitate interne del population.

== Identitates social e territorial ==

=== Identitate espaniol ===

Le identitate espaniol es un identitate national que coexiste con altere identitates territorial, linguistic, familial e cultural.

Le senso de identitate pote variar secundo region, generation, orientation cultural, historia familiar e altere factores.

=== Identitates autonome ===

Le organisation territorial in communitates autonome ha contribuite a institutionalizar identitates regional e national-territorial.

In certe regiones existe forte identitates regional distincte, que pote coexist­er con un identitate espaniol o esser prioritari pro certe personas.

=== Identitates local ===

Le identitate local refere al identification con municipalitates, citates, comarcas o altere communitates territorial.

Le identitate local es influentiate per historia, cultura, relationes social, sport, dialecto e traditiones.

=== Pluralitate linguistic e cultural ===

Le pluralitate linguistic e cultural es un characteristica structural del societate espaniol. Le Constitution establiva un systema de protection del diverse linguas espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le linguas e culturas regional ha differente grados de transmission inter generationes e de uso in education, administration e medios de communication.

=== Identitates e cohesion social ===

Le coexist­entia de identitates multiple pote esser un factor de pluralismo cultural. Simultaneemente, le differente identitates territorial e national ha essite un del themas del debatto public espaniol.

Le cohesion social depende non solmente del identitate, ma etiam del inegalitate economic, le participation institutional, le relationes inter gruppos e le accesso equal al servicios.

== Participation social e vita public ==

=== Associationismo ===

Le associationismo comprende organisationes civic, cultural, sport, professional, charitable e altere formas de organisation collective.

Le associationes constitue un importante medio de participation social e de creation de retes local.

=== Movimentos social ===

Le societate espaniol ha cognoscite differente movimentos social durante le ultime decennios, includente movimentos feministe, ambientalista, juvene, laboral e pro le habitation.

Le formas de mobilisation ha cambiate con le expansion del Internet e del redes social.

=== Voluntariato ===

Le voluntariato comprende activitates non remunerate realisate per motives social, civic, cultural o humanitari.

Le organisationes non governamental e le associations depende in multe casos del participation de personas voluntari.

=== Participation politic ===

Le participation politic include voto, affiliation a partidos o associations, participation in campagne, protestas, petitiones e altere formas de action civic.

Le formas traditional de participation coexiste con formas digital, como campagne in redes social e petitiones online.

=== Confidentia in le institutiones ===

Le confidentia in le institutiones es un dimension importante del relation inter citatanos e systema politic.

Le nivello de confidentia pote variar inter institutiones e durante le tempore. Le CIS studia regularmente attitudes verso le institutiones, le partidos, le administrationes e altere actores social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cambios e tendentias social contemporanee ==

=== Transformationes demographic ===

Le principal transformationes demographic es le envejecimento, le basse fecunditate, le augmento del sperantia de vita e le importantia crescente del migrationes.

Le population espaniol continua a crescer malgrado le saldo natural negative, principal­mente per le saldo migratori positive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Digitalisation ===

Le digitalisation ha transformate le labor, le education, le communication, le consumo e le relationes social.

In 2025, le majoritate del population de 16 a 74 annos usava Internet, e 37,9 % declarava haber usate instrumentos de intelligentia artificial generative durante le tres ultime menses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cambios in le formas de familia ===

Le familias es plus diverse que in le societate traditional. Le familias monoparental, le parejas non marital, le hogares unipersonal e le familias reconstituite es hodie componentes ordinari del structura social.

Le transformationes familial es associate al postponement del matrimonio, al baisse fecunditate e al crescente participation del feminas al education e al employment.

=== Transformationes del labor ===

Le mercato laboral ha essite transformate per le tertiarisation, le digitalisation, le globalization e le nove formas de organisation del labor.

Le telelabor, le platformas digital e le automation ha create nove formas de relation inter laboratores e empresas, ben que lor diffusion varia fortemente secundo occupation e sector.

=== Inequalitate e cohesion social ===

Le inegalitate de renta, le accesso al habitation, le conditiones laboral e le desequilibrios territorial es inter le factores que affecta le cohesion social.

In 2025, 25,7 % del population se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retos demographic e social ===
Inter le principal retos del societate espaniol figura le adaptation al envejecimento, le evolution del systema de pensiones, le sustenibilitate del servicios public, le accesso al habitation, le integration del population immigrante, le reduction del inegalitates e le adaptation al transformation digital.

Le combination de basse fecunditate, longevit­ate elevate e immigration importante constitue un del principales elementos que influentia le evolution futur del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Obra completa |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Poder, política y sociedad |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}

== Ligamines externe ==

* {{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |website=INE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=CIS |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ |title=Eurostat |website=Commission Europee |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/ |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado |website=BOE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Sociologia de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Societate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Espania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="50525" sha1="tocaw2uqxmky8g6o3yvgsmflaxqrxug" xml:space="preserve">'''Societate espaniol''' es le insimul del structuras social, relationes interpersonal, institutiones, valores, practicas cultural e formas de vita que characterisa le population de [[Espania]]. Illo es un societate complexe e heterogenee, marcate per importante transformationes demographic, economic, cultural e institutional desde le ultime parte del seculo XX.

Le societate espaniol contemporanee es caracterisate inter altere aspectos per le urbanisation, le envejecimento demografic, le basse fecunditate, le immigration international, le diversification del structuras familiar, le expansion del education, le transformation del mercato laboral, le secularisation e le diffusion del technologia digital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le studio del societate espaniol comprende disciplinas como le sociologia, le demographia, le economia, le historia social, le scientia politic e le antropologia. Le obra collective ''España 2025. Estructura y cambio social'', promovite per le [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]], reúne le labores de circa 145 especialistas e examina le principal transformationes social, economic, politic e cultural del societate espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/es/w/espana-2025-estructura-y-cambio-social-vol-1-estructura-social |title=España 2025. Estructura y Cambio Social — Vol. 1: Estructura Social |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |date=10 junio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution historic del societate espaniol ==
=== Le societate traditional e le Ancian Regime ===
Durante le Ancian Regime, le population del territorio que constitue hodie Espania esseva majoritariemente rural. Le agricultura representa­va le principal fonte de occupation e de subsistentia, e le societate esseva organisate secundo hierarchias juridic, economic e social.

Le monarchia, le aristocratia e le Ecclesia habeva un peso important in le organisation del vita social. Le differentias inter proprietarios de terra, campesinos, artesanos, mercatores e altere gruppos definiva in grande parte le stratification social.

Le familie extendite, le communitate local e le relationes de vicinitate habeva un rolo important in le organisation quotidian. Le possibilitates de mobilitate social esseva general­mente limitate, ben que le commercio, le administration e le servicio militar permitteva a certe individuos de cambiar de position.

Le [[Revolte del Communeros]], le crises del seculo XVII e le transformationes politic e economic del seculos XVIII e XIX affectava progressivemente iste structura social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Industrialisation e urbanisation ===

Le industrialisation de Espania esseva un processo irregular e territorialmente differenti. Durante le seculo XIX, le industria se developpava particularmente in Catalonia, le Pais Basque e altere areas, durante que grande parte del interior remaneva dependente del agricultura.

Le industrialisation produceva le formation de un classe obrera industrial e le croissance del burguesia urban. Le migrationes desde le campo verso le citates transformava le structura del population.

Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid e altere centros urban deveniva polos de attraction pro le population rural. Le croissance urban accompaniava le apparition de nove formas de organisation obrera, sindicatos, associations mutualiste e movimentos politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transformationes social durante le seculo XX ===

Le seculo XX esseva marcate per guerras, dictatura, industrialisation accelerate, migrationes interne e transformationes cultural.

Le [[Guerra civil espaniol]] de 1936–1939 produceva profundes rupturas social e politic. Le subsequente dictatura franquista institueva un regime autoritari que durava usque al morte de Francisco Franco in 1975.

Durante le decennios 1950 e 1960, le industrialisation e le urbanisation se accelera­va. Miliones de personas migrava desde regiones rural e agricola verso Madrid, Catalonia, le Pais Basque, Valencia e altere centros industrial. Simultaneemente, un importante migration exterior se dirigeva verso paises europee como Francia, Germania occidental, Svizzera e Belgica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le expansion economic del ultime periodo franquista transformava le composition del population active e accelerava le formation de un societate urban e industrial.

=== Le societate espaniol desde le Transition ===

Le [[Transition espaniol]] desde le regime franquista verso un systema democratic produceva cambios institutional que habeva etiam importantes effectos social.

Le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] establiva un systema democratic e recognosceva derechos fundamental, le autonomia territorial e le pluralitate linguistic e cultural del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le decennios 1980 e 1990, le societate cognosceva un expansion del education, un transformation del mercato laboral, le incorporation crescente del feminas al employment, le expansion del stato de benesser e un rapide secularisation.

Le integration in le [[Comunitate Economic Europee]] in 1986 e le posterior participation in le [[Union Europee]] intensificava le mobilitate del personas, le integration economic e le transformation del relationes international.

=== Globalisation e transformationes del seculo XXI ===

Durante le prime decennios del seculo XXI, le societate espaniol ha essite affectate per le globalisation economic, le crise financiari de 2008, le immigration, le transformation digital, le pandemia de COVID-19 e le transformationes del mercato del labor.

Le immigration deveniva un componente important del croissance demographic, durante que le fecunditate remaneva basse e le population invejeciva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Structura demographic ==

=== Population ===

Al 1 de januario 2025, Espania habeva 49 128 297 habitantes. Del total, 42 216 326 habeva nationalitate espaniol e 6 911 971 habeva nationalitate estranier, equivalente a 14,1 % del population. Le personas nascite foras del pais attingeva 9 464 210, o circa 19,3 % del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le crescimento demographic recente ha essite fortemente influentiate per le saldo migratori, que ha compensate le saldo natural negative resultante del numero de defunctiones superior al numero de nascentias.

=== Distribution territorial e urbanisation ===

Le population es inequalmente distribuite. Le principal concentrationes se trova in le areas metropolitan e litoral, durante que partes del interior presenta densitates plus basse e, in certe casos, envejecimento e despoblation.

Madrid es le principal centro metropolitan e politic-administrative. Barcelona es un altere grande polo metropolitan e economic. Valencia, Sevilla, Bilbao, Malaga, Zaragoza e altere citates constitue importante centros urban.

Le urbanisation ha modificate le relation inter spatio rural e urban. Multe communitates rural depende hodie economicamente de centros urban plus grande, ben que illos conserva importante activitates agricole, forestal, touristic e cultural.

=== Envejecimento e sperantia de vita ===

Le envejecimento demographic es un del principal characteristicas del societate espaniol contemporanee. Al 1 de januario 2025, le personas de plus de 64 annos representa­va 20,7 % del population residente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sperantia de vita al nascentia attingeva 84,01 annos in 2024. Illa esseva de 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le envejecimento ha consequentias pro le systema de pensiones, le servicios sanitari, le cura a personas dependente e le relationes intergeneration.

=== Natalitate e fecunditate ===

In 2024 nasceva in Espania 318 005 infantes, 0,8 % minus que in 2023. Le numero medie de infantes per femina esseva 1,10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le basse fecunditate es associate a transformationes in le formation del familia, le postponement del maternitate, le situation del empleo, le accesso al habitation e le costages economic del crianza. Le studio del relation inter fecunditate, employment e familia es un del themas central del demographia espaniol contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mortalitate ===

In 2024 moriva 436 118 personas in Espania. Le mortalitate es fortemente concentrate in le gruppos de etate plus ancian, in concordantia con le structura envejecite del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le differentia inter nascentias e defunctiones produce un saldo natural negative. Le crescimento total del population ha essite possibile principalmente per le saldo migratori positive.

=== Migrationes ===

Le migrationes international constitue un factor central del evolution recente del population. In 2024, le saldo migratori de Espania con le exterior esseva positive per 626 268 personas. In le mesme anno, 1 288 562 personas entrava in Espania desde altere paises e 662 294 emigrava verso le exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le principal nationalitates inter le immigrantes exterior in 2024 includeva colombianos, marroquinos e venezuelanos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Despoblation e desequilibrios territorial ===

Multe areas rural del interior ha cognoscite durante decennios un declino del population, associate al migration interne verso citates, al basse fecunditate e al envejecimento.

Le desequilibrios territorial concerne non solmente le numero de habitantes, ma etiam le accesso al servicios, le employment, le transporto, le habitation e le infrastructure digital.

Le problema del despoblation ha devenite un thema central del politicas territorial e del investigation super le mundo rural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Familia e relationes social ==

=== Evolution del structuras familiar ===

Le familia espaniol ha transformate se profundemente desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Le modello familiar traditional coexiste hodie con familias monoparental, familias reconstituite, parejas sin matrimonio, hogares unipersonal e altere formas de conviventia.

Le diminution del matrimonio religiose, le legalization del divortio, le incorporation del feminas al empleo e le recognition juridic de nove formas de pareja ha cambiate le structura del familia.

=== Matrimonio, parejas e divortio ===

Le matrimonio remane un forma importante de formation del familia, ma su peso relative ha diminuite in relation con altere formas de conviventia.

In 2024 se celebrava 175 364 matrimonios in Espania, 1,7 % plus que in 2023. Le matrimonios civil representava le majoritate del total, con 146 605 matrimonios civil in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/mnp_prensa.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le divortio es un fenomen normalisate in le societate contemporanee e contribui al diversification del trajectorias familial.

=== Hogares e conviventia ===

Le reduction del dimension medie del hogares es un del cambios associate al envejecimento, al basse fecunditate e al augmento del hogares unipersonal.

Le conviventia pote comprender personas sol, parejas, familias con infantes, familias monoparental e familias reconstituite. Le composition del hogar ha consequentias super le habitation, le consumo e le organisation del cura.

=== Natalitate e crianza ===

Le decision de haber infantes es influentiate per factores economic, professional, residential e cultural. Le retardamento del maternitate es un characteristica del demographia espaniol contemporanee.

Le nascentias de matres nascite foras de Espania representava­ 33,3 % del total del nascentias in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retes familiar e relationes interpersonal ===

Le relationes familiar continua a haber un rolo important in le supporto economic, emotional e pratic del individuos. Isto es particular­mente visibile durante le periodos de unemployment, difficultates residential, formation del familia e cura del personas dependente.

Le transformation del relationes familial ha essite accompaniate per un plus grande autonomia individual, ma le familia continua a esser un del principal retes de solidaritate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cuidados e dependentia ===

Le envejecimento del population ha augmentate le demanda de cura pro personas ancian e dependente. Le cura es compartite inter familia, servicios public e servicios private.

Le distribution del labores de cura ha etiam un dimension de genero, perque le feminas continua a realizar un portion importante del labor domestic e del cura non remunerate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Genere e cambios social ==

=== Situation social del feminas ===

Le position social del feminas ha cambiate considerabilemente desde le seculo XX. Le expansion del education e le participation crescente in le employment ha augmentate lor autonomia economic e social.

Tamen, persist­e differentias inter homines e feminas in employment, salarios, tempore dedicate al cura e representation in certe occupations.

=== Incorporation del feminas al mercato laboral ===

Le participation del feminas al mercato laboral ha crescite fortemente desde le fin del regime franquista. Le feminisation del employment ha modificate le relation inter familia e labor.

Le participation del feminas es tamen differente secundo etate, education, numero de infantes, sector economic e territorio.

=== Brechas de genere ===

Le brechas de genere pote esser observate in salarios, employment, tempore de labor, responsabilitates de cura e trajectorias professional.

Secundo le Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial, le salario medie annual esseva 28 049,94 euros in 2023; le salario medie del feminas esseva 25 591,31 euros e illo del homines 30 372,49 euros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EAES2023.htm |title=Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial. Año 2023 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=28 maio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conciliation e corresponsabilitate ===

Le conciliation inter employment e vita familiar es un thema important del societate contemporanee. Le responsabilitate pro le cura de infantes e dependentes pote influentiar le participation laboral, le tempore de labor e le trajectoria professional.

Le question del corresponsabilitate implica le distribution del labores domestic e de cura inter le membros del familia.

=== Equalitate e transformationes del roles de genere ===

Le transformation del roles de genere ha accompaniate cambios juridic e cultural. Le accesso del feminas al education, employment e vita public ha augmentate, durante que le division traditional del roles familiar ha devenite minus rigide.

Le transformationes es tamen inegual secundo generation, classe social e situation familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juventute e generationes ==

=== Juventute e transition verso le vita adulte ===

Le transition verso le vita adulte ha devenite plus longe que in generationes anterior. Le prolongation del education, le tardive incorporation al empleo stabile e le costage del habitation pote retardar le emancipation.

Le trajectorias juvene es heterogenee e dependente de education, origine familiar, territorio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Education e empleo juvenil ===

Le juventute presenta un nivello educative superior al de generationes ancian, ma le passage del education al employment pote esser complexe.

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha historicamente presentate un taxa de unemployment juvenil plus alte que le taxa general, ben que le situation varia secundo periodo e qualification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Emancipation e habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales factores que conditiona le emancipation juvene. Le precio del alquiler, le precio del proprietate, le empleo e le ingresos del juvenes affecta le etate a qual illes lassa le hogar parental.

Le emancipation residencial es etiam differente inter regiones e areas urban e rural.

=== Differentias generationale ===

Le generationes differe in nivello de education, trajectorias laboral, uso de technologia, formas de familia e valores.

Le juvenes ha essite socialisate in un ambiente plus digitalisate que le generationes ancian, durante que le generationes ancian ha un plus longe experientia del systemas economic e institutionale anterior.

=== Personas ancian e envejecimento social ===

Le augmento del sperantia de vita ha expandite le tempore que le personas passa in le etates ancian. Isto ha transformate le notion de retirement e ha augmentate le importantia del activitate social, cura e participation del personas ancian.

Le envejecimento es simultaneemente un processo individual e un transformation del structura del societate.

== Education ==

=== Systema educative ===

Le systema educative espaniol comprende education infantil, education primari, education secundari obligatori, baccalaureato, formation professional, education universitari e altere formas de education.

Le competentes educative es repartite inter le Stato e le communitates autonome secundo le Constitution e le legislation educative.

Le Constitution recognosce le derecto al education in su articulo 27.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Escolarisation e nivello educative ===

Le expansion del escolarisation ha essite un del principal transformationes del societate espaniol. Le generationes juvene ha attingite nivellos de education formal multo plus alte que le generationes nascite in le prime medietate del seculo XX.

Le education influentia le possibilitates de employment, le ingresos, le mobilitate social e le participation civic.

=== Education universitari ===

Le education universitari ha un important participation in le population juvene. Le universidades public e private es distribuite per le territorio e include un grande numero de disciplinas.

Le expansion del education superior ha contribuite al formation de un population professional plus qualificate, ma le retornos economic del education pote variar secundo campo de studio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Formation professional ===

Le formation professional constitute un via de qualification pro le incorporation al mercato laboral. Illo comprende grados de differente nivello e include formation dual in collaboration con empresas.

Le demandanda de qualificationes technic ha augmentate in relation con le transformation digital e del structura economic.

=== Inequalitates educational ===

Le resultatos educational e le accesso al nivellos superior de education es influentiate per factores como origine socio-economic, education parental, territorio e recursos familiar.

Le inequalitates educational pote esser transmittite inter generationes, ma le systema educative pote etiam functionar como un mechanism de mobilitate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labor e structura economic ==

=== Mercato laboral ===

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha experimentate un transformation del agricultura e industria verso un economia con un importante peso del sector servicios.

Le empleo es distribuite in modo differente secundo territorio, etate, sexo, qualification e nationalitate.

=== Empleo e desempleo ===

Durante le quarto trimestre de 2025, le EPA estimava 2 477 100 personas in paro e un taxa de paro de 9,93 %. Le numero de personas occupate esseva plus de 22 milliones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EPA4T25.htm |title=Encuesta de Población Activa. Cuarto trimestre 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=27 januario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le desempleo ha essite un del problemas structural del mercato laboral espaniol, con variationes importante secundo le periodo economic.

=== Structura occupationale ===

Le sector servicios representa le principal portion del employment, includente commercio, administration, education, sanitate, turismo, transporto, finantias e altere activitates.

Le industria e construction conserva un rolo important in certe regiones, durante que le agricultura ha un peso plus basse in le empleo total que in le passato.

=== Conditiones laboral ===

Le conditiones laboral varie secundo sector, occupation e qualification. Le jornada, le salario, le stabilitate del contracto, le possibilitate de telelabor e le protection social es elementos central del conditiones de empleo.

Le transformation del mercato laboral ha includite un reduction del peso de certe formas de temporalitate, augmento del empleo in servicios e expansion del telelabor in certe occupations.

=== Sindicatos e relationes laboral ===

Le sindicatos representa le interesses collective del trabajadores e participa in negotiationes collective con organisationes patronal e in le dialogo social con le Stato.

Le relationes laboral in Espania es regulate per le legislation laboral, le conventions collective e le accordos inter actores social.

=== Labor autonome e economia informal ===

Le labor autonome representa un portion del population active. Illo include professionales independente, proprietarios de parve negotios e altere formas de activitate economic.

Como in altere economias europee, existe etiam activitates que pote non esser plenmente declarate al administrationes fiscal e social. Le mesura del economia informal es difficil per definition, e su dimension varia secundo le methodo de estimation.

== Renta, inequalitate e stratification social ==

=== Distribution del renta ===

Le distribution del renta in Espania es heterogenee inter familias e individuos. Le renta depende de employment, qualification, numero de personas in le hogar, patrimonio e transferentias social.

Le inegalitate de renta es etiam territorial, con differentias inter communitates autonome e inter areas urban e rural.

=== Paupertate e exclusion social ===

Secundo le Encuesta de Conditiones de Vita, 25,7 % del population residente in Espania se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social in 2025 secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le paupertate es associate a employment instabile, unemployment, basse qualification, situation familiar, origine e altere factores. Illo non es distribuite uniformemente inter le territorio.

=== Inequalitate economic ===

Le inegalitate economic comprende differentias de renta, patrimonio e accesso al recursos. Le proprietate de habitation representa un importante componente del patrimonio familiar in Espania.

Le crises economic pote affectar differentemente le gruppos social, con plus grande vulnerabilitate pro personas con basse ingresos o empleo precari.

=== Classes e stratos social ===

Le stratification social espaniol pote esser analysate mediante classe occupationale, education, renta, patrimonio e origine familial.

Le croissance del education superior ha augmentate le numero de personas in occupationes qualificate, durante que le expansion del sector servicios ha create occupationes con nivellos de qualification multo differente.

=== Mobilitate social ===

Le mobilitate social refere al cambiamento del position social inter generationes o durante le vita del individuo. Le education, le employment e le transformationes economic pote favorisar mobilitate ascendente.

Le origine socio-economic continua tamen a influentiar le opportunitates educative e professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inequalitates territorial ===

Le inegalitates territorial concern le renta, employment, services, population e accesso al infrastructure. Le regiones metropolit e le regiones litoral pote presentar conditiones differente de multe areas del interior rural.

Le desequilibrios demographic e economic es interdependente: le perdita de population pote reducer le demanda local e le services, durante que le concentration del empleo pote accelerar le migration verso areas urban.

== Habitation ==

=== Accesso al habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales problemas social associate al emancipation e al formation de familias.

Le possibilitate de accesso depende del precio del habitation, ingresos, employment, credito, oferta de alquiler e territorio.

=== Proprietate e alquiler ===

Le proprietate de habitation ha habite historicamente un peso important in Espania. Le alquiler es plus frequente in grande cities e inter certe gruppos juvene e immigrante.

Le mercato del habitation varia fortemente secundo territorio, con costos plus elevate in multe grandes areas metropolitan e destinos touristic.

=== Emancipation residential ===

Le emancipation residential es ligate al empleo, al ingresos e al costage del habitation. Le juvenes pote prolongar lor residentia in le hogar parental quando le accesso al mercato del habitation es difficil.

Le emancipation tardive es un del elementos que contribue a explicar le postponement del formation de familias e del nascentia del prime infante.

=== Habitation e inequalitate ===

Le habitation pote functionar como fonte de securitate economic, ma le inegal accesso al proprietate e al alquiler pote augmentar le differentias patrimonial.

Le costo del habitation pote haber un effecto particular super hogares con basse renta, pro le qual le proportion del ingresos destinate al habitation pote esser alte.

=== Personas sin hogar ===

Le sin-abitance constitue un del formas plus severe de exclusion residential. Illo es associate a factors economic, laboral, familial, sanitari e residential.

Le estimation del numero de personas sin domicilio stabile depende del definition e del methodo de recenseamento.

== Migrationes e diversitate ==

=== Immigration ===

Le immigration international ha devenite un componente structural del societate espaniol desde le ultime decennios del seculo XX.

Le population residente de nationalitate estranier attingeva 6,91 milliones al 1 de januario 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le immigration participa al mercato laboral, al evolution demographic e al diversification cultural del societate.

=== Emigration espaniol ===

Espania ha essite durante le historia recente un pais de emigration. Durante le seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, emigrantes se dirigeva inter altere destinos verso America.

Durante le industrialisation del Europa occidental post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, altere fluxos se dirigeva verso Francia, Germania, Svizzera e Belgica.

In le seculo XXI, le mobilitate international del espanioles include studentes, professionales e personas que cambia de residentia pro rationes economic o personal.

=== Population estranier e nationalitate ===

Le population de nationalitate estranier es diverse per origine geographic, etate, education e situation laboral.

Le nationalitate e le pais de nascentia non es equivalente: un persona de nationalitate espaniol pote esser nascite foras de Espania e un persona de nationalitate estranier pote esser nascite in Espania.

=== Integration social ===

Le integration social del immigrantes concerne le accesso al education, employment, habitation, sanitate, participation social e relationes interpersonal.

Le processo de integration es influentiate per le tempore de residentia, le cognoscentia linguistic, le situation laboral, le status juridic e le retes social.

=== Diversitate cultural e linguistic ===

Le societate espaniol es linguisticamente e culturalmente diverse. Le castellano es le lingua official del Stato, durante que le Constitution establiva que le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo lor statutos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catalano, galiciano, basco e altere varietates linguistic ha differente statuto juridic e areas de uso.

=== Discrimination e racismo ===

Le discrimination super base de origine, nationalitate, apparentia ethnic o altere characteristicas constitue un thema del studio del relationes inter gruppos.

Le formas de discrimination pote apparer in employment, habitation, education, servicios e relationes quotidian. Le mesura del discrimination objective e del discrimination percipite require methodologias differente.

== Stato de benesser e servicios public ==

=== Systema sanitari ===

Le systema sanitari espaniol combina un importante sector public con provisores private. Le servicios public de sanitate es gestionate principalmente per le communitates autonome.

Le accesso al sanitate public es un del pilares del stato de benesser e contribui al alte sperantia de vita del population.

=== Systema educative ===

Le education public es un altere componente central del stato de benesser. Le systema es reglementate per le legislation statal e gestionate in grande parte per le communitates autonome.

Le expansion del education ha contribuite a augmentar le nivello general de qualification del population.

=== Pensiones ===

Le systema de pensiones constitue un del principal instrumentos de protection social pro le personas ancian.

Le envejecimento del population e le relation inter population occupate e pensionate es factores central in le debatto super le evolution futur del systema.

=== Servicios social ===

Le servicios social include assistentia a personas vulnerabile, familias, personas ancian, personas sin habitation e altere gruppos.

Le competentes es repartite inter diverse nivellos de administration, con un importante participation del communitates autonome e municipalitates.

=== Dependentia e cuidados ===

Le systema de cura a personas dependente ha ganiate importantia con le envejecimento demographic.

Le cura pote esser formal, per servicios professional, o informal, per membros del familia. Le carga del cura informal es in multe casos inegalmente distribuite secundo genero.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Protection contra le paupertate e le exclusion ===

Le stato de benesser comprende transferentias e servicios destinate a reducer le effectos del paupertate, del desempleo e de altere situationes de vulnerabilitate.

Le efficacia del protection social varia secundo le situation familial, le employment, le etate e le nivello de ingresos.

== Sanitate e conditiones de vita ==

=== Sanitate del population ===

Le population espaniol presenta in general un alte sperantia de vita, ma le stato de sanitate varia secundo etate, sexo, conditiones economic e territorio.

Le enfermedades chronic deveni plus importante con le envejecimento del population.

=== Sperantia de vita e mortalitate ===

In 2024 le sperantia de vita al nascentia esseva 84,01 annos. Le cifra esseva 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le mortalitate infantil esseva 3,04 defunctiones per 1 000 nascite vive in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sanitate mental ===

Le sanitate mental ha devenite plus visibile in le debatto public e in le investigation social e sanitari.

Le problemas de sanitate mental pote esser associate a factores individual e social, includente isolation, conditiones laboral, precaritate economic, problemas familiar e altere circumstantias.

=== Disabilitate e dependentia ===

Le disabilitate concerne un parte importante del population e pote affectar le participation in education, employment, habitation e vita social.

Le politicas de inclusion combina protection social, accessibilitate, education, employment protegite e adaptation del ambiente.

=== Habitos e stilos de vita ===

Le conditiones de vita es influentiate per alimentation, activitate physic, consumo de tabaco e alcohol, labor, habitation e altere comportamentos.

Le stilos de vita varia secundo etate, education, renta e territorio.

== Cultura, valores e formas de vita ==

=== Linguas de Espania ===
Le [[espaniol]] es le lingua official del Stato. Le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo le statutos de autonomia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter le linguas con recognition official regional figura le catalano, le galiciano e le basco. Existe etiam varietates linguistic e dialectal con differente nivellos de protection e transmission.

=== Religion e secularisation ===

Le catholicismo ha habite un rolo historic important in le societate espaniol. Desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX, le societate ha experimentate un processo de secularisation.

Le pluralitate religiose ha etiam augmentate in consequentia del immigration international. Le population include catholicos practicante e non practicante, personas de altere religiones e personas sin affiliation religiose.

=== Valores social ===

Le valores social del population espaniol ha transformate se durante le ultime decennios. Le secularisation, le individualisation, le expansion del education e le transformation del familia ha modificate certe attitudes super matrimonio, genero, religione e vita private.

Le valores es tamen heterogenee secundo generation, education, classe social e territorio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cultura e consumo cultural ===

Le consumo cultural comprende lectura, musica, cinema, artes, television, spectaculos e altere activitates.

Le accesso al cultura ha essite transformate per le digitalisation, que ha diminuite le dependentia de supportos physic in multe campos e ha cambiate le formas de production e distribution cultural.

=== Medios de communication ===

Le medios de communication traditional include television, radio, prensa e magazines. Le Internet ha introducite nove formas de distribution del information e ha modificate le relation inter productores e public.

Le redes social ha augmentate le velocitate de circulation del information e le possibility de interaction directe inter usatores e productores de contento.

=== Internet e redes social ===

Le uso de Internet es practic universal inter le generationes plus juvene e ha devenite multo commun inter le population adulte.

In 2025, 96,3 % del population de 16 a 74 annos habeva usate Internet durante le tres ultime menses, e 92,5 % lo usava quotidianemente. Le 59,6 % habeva facite compras per Internet durante le mesme periodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ocio, deporte e turismo ===

Le ocio comprende activitates cultural, sport, social e recreation. Le sport ha un important rolo in le cultura popular, con football, basketball, tennis e altere disciplinas.

Le turismo es etiam un activitate economic e social importante, tanto per le numero de visitantes international como per le mobilitate interne del population.

== Identitates social e territorial ==

=== Identitate espaniol ===

Le identitate espaniol es un identitate national que coexiste con altere identitates territorial, linguistic, familial e cultural.

Le senso de identitate pote variar secundo region, generation, orientation cultural, historia familiar e altere factores.

=== Identitates autonome ===

Le organisation territorial in communitates autonome ha contribuite a institutionalizar identitates regional e national-territorial.

In certe regiones existe forte identitates regional distincte, que pote coexist­er con un identitate espaniol o esser prioritari pro certe personas.

=== Identitates local ===

Le identitate local refere al identification con municipalitates, citates, comarcas o altere communitates territorial.

Le identitate local es influentiate per historia, cultura, relationes social, sport, dialecto e traditiones.

=== Pluralitate linguistic e cultural ===

Le pluralitate linguistic e cultural es un characteristica structural del societate espaniol. Le Constitution establiva un systema de protection del diverse linguas espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le linguas e culturas regional ha differente grados de transmission inter generationes e de uso in education, administration e medios de communication.

=== Identitates e cohesion social ===

Le coexist­entia de identitates multiple pote esser un factor de pluralismo cultural. Simultaneemente, le differente identitates territorial e national ha essite un del themas del debatto public espaniol.

Le cohesion social depende non solmente del identitate, ma etiam del inegalitate economic, le participation institutional, le relationes inter gruppos e le accesso equal al servicios.

== Participation social e vita public ==

=== Associationismo ===

Le associationismo comprende organisationes civic, cultural, sport, professional, charitable e altere formas de organisation collective.

Le associationes constitue un importante medio de participation social e de creation de retes local.

=== Movimentos social ===

Le societate espaniol ha cognoscite differente movimentos social durante le ultime decennios, includente movimentos feministe, ambientalista, juvene, laboral e pro le habitation.

Le formas de mobilisation ha cambiate con le expansion del Internet e del redes social.

=== Voluntariato ===

Le voluntariato comprende activitates non remunerate realisate per motives social, civic, cultural o humanitari.

Le organisationes non governamental e le associations depende in multe casos del participation de personas voluntari.

=== Participation politic ===

Le participation politic include voto, affiliation a partidos o associations, participation in campagne, protestas, petitiones e altere formas de action civic.

Le formas traditional de participation coexiste con formas digital, como campagne in redes social e petitiones online.

=== Confidentia in le institutiones ===

Le confidentia in le institutiones es un dimension importante del relation inter citatanos e systema politic.

Le nivello de confidentia pote variar inter institutiones e durante le tempore. Le CIS studia regularmente attitudes verso le institutiones, le partidos, le administrationes e altere actores social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cambios e tendentias social contemporanee ==

=== Transformationes demographic ===

Le principal transformationes demographic es le envejecimento, le basse fecunditate, le augmento del sperantia de vita e le importantia crescente del migrationes.

Le population espaniol continua a crescer malgrado le saldo natural negative, principal­mente per le saldo migratori positive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Digitalisation ===

Le digitalisation ha transformate le labor, le education, le communication, le consumo e le relationes social.

In 2025, le majoritate del population de 16 a 74 annos usava Internet, e 37,9 % declarava haber usate instrumentos de intelligentia artificial generative durante le tres ultime menses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cambios in le formas de familia ===

Le familias es plus diverse que in le societate traditional. Le familias monoparental, le parejas non marital, le hogares unipersonal e le familias reconstituite es hodie componentes ordinari del structura social.

Le transformationes familial es associate al postponement del matrimonio, al baisse fecunditate e al crescente participation del feminas al education e al employment.

=== Transformationes del labor ===

Le mercato laboral ha essite transformate per le tertiarisation, le digitalisation, le globalization e le nove formas de organisation del labor.

Le telelabor, le platformas digital e le automation ha create nove formas de relation inter laboratores e empresas, ben que lor diffusion varia fortemente secundo occupation e sector.

=== Inequalitate e cohesion social ===

Le inegalitate de renta, le accesso al habitation, le conditiones laboral e le desequilibrios territorial es inter le factores que affecta le cohesion social.

In 2025, 25,7 % del population se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retos demographic e social ===
Inter le principal retos del societate espaniol figura le adaptation al envejecimento, le evolution del systema de pensiones, le sustenibilitate del servicios public, le accesso al habitation, le integration del population immigrante, le reduction del inegalitates e le adaptation al transformation digital.

Le combination de basse fecunditate, longevit­ate elevate e immigration importante constitue un del principales elementos que influentia le evolution futur del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Obra completa |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Referentias}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Poder, política y sociedad |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}

== Ligamines externe ==

* {{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |website=INE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=CIS |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ |title=Eurostat |website=Commission Europee |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/ |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado |website=BOE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Sociologia de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Societate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Espania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="50517" sha1="hmj8y9wqr8nqmvzj8q1x6cq6j35jeyj" xml:space="preserve">'''Societate espaniol''' es le insimul del structuras social, relationes interpersonal, institutiones, valores, practicas cultural e formas de vita que characterisa le population de [[Espania]]. Illo es un societate complexe e heterogenee, marcate per importante transformationes demographic, economic, cultural e institutional desde le ultime parte del seculo XX.

Le societate espaniol contemporanee es caracterisate inter altere aspectos per le urbanisation, le envejecimento demografic, le basse fecunditate, le immigration international, le diversification del structuras familiar, le expansion del education, le transformation del mercato laboral, le secularisation e le diffusion del technologia digital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le studio del societate espaniol comprende disciplinas como le sociologia, le demographia, le economia, le historia social, le scientia politic e le antropologia. Le obra collective ''España 2025. Estructura y cambio social'', promovite per le [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]], reúne le labores de circa 145 especialistas e examina le principal transformationes social, economic, politic e cultural del societate espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/es/w/espana-2025-estructura-y-cambio-social-vol-1-estructura-social |title=España 2025. Estructura y Cambio Social — Vol. 1: Estructura Social |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |date=10 junio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Evolution historic del societate espaniol ==
=== Le societate traditional e le Ancian Regime ===
Durante le Ancian Regime, le population del territorio que constitue hodie Espania esseva majoritariemente rural. Le agricultura representa­va le principal fonte de occupation e de subsistentia, e le societate esseva organisate secundo hierarchias juridic, economic e social.

Le monarchia, le aristocratia e le Ecclesia habeva un peso important in le organisation del vita social. Le differentias inter proprietarios de terra, campesinos, artesanos, mercatores e altere gruppos definiva in grande parte le stratification social.

Le familie extendite, le communitate local e le relationes de vicinitate habeva un rolo important in le organisation quotidian. Le possibilitates de mobilitate social esseva general­mente limitate, ben que le commercio, le administration e le servicio militar permitteva a certe individuos de cambiar de position.

Le [[Revolte del Communeros]], le crises del seculo XVII e le transformationes politic e economic del seculos XVIII e XIX affectava progressivemente iste structura social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Industrialisation e urbanisation ===

Le industrialisation de Espania esseva un processo irregular e territorialmente differenti. Durante le seculo XIX, le industria se developpava particularmente in Catalonia, le Pais Basque e altere areas, durante que grande parte del interior remaneva dependente del agricultura.

Le industrialisation produceva le formation de un classe obrera industrial e le croissance del burguesia urban. Le migrationes desde le campo verso le citates transformava le structura del population.

Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid e altere centros urban deveniva polos de attraction pro le population rural. Le croissance urban accompaniava le apparition de nove formas de organisation obrera, sindicatos, associations mutualiste e movimentos politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Transformationes social durante le seculo XX ===

Le seculo XX esseva marcate per guerras, dictatura, industrialisation accelerate, migrationes interne e transformationes cultural.

Le [[Guerra civil espaniol]] de 1936–1939 produceva profundes rupturas social e politic. Le subsequente dictatura franquista institueva un regime autoritari que durava usque al morte de Francisco Franco in 1975.

Durante le decennios 1950 e 1960, le industrialisation e le urbanisation se accelera­va. Miliones de personas migrava desde regiones rural e agricola verso Madrid, Catalonia, le Pais Basque, Valencia e altere centros industrial. Simultaneemente, un importante migration exterior se dirigeva verso paises europee como Francia, Germania occidental, Svizzera e Belgica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le expansion economic del ultime periodo franquista transformava le composition del population active e accelerava le formation de un societate urban e industrial.

=== Le societate espaniol desde le Transition ===

Le [[Transition espaniol]] desde le regime franquista verso un systema democratic produceva cambios institutional que habeva etiam importantes effectos social.

Le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] establiva un systema democratic e recognosceva derechos fundamental, le autonomia territorial e le pluralitate linguistic e cultural del pais.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le decennios 1980 e 1990, le societate cognosceva un expansion del education, un transformation del mercato laboral, le incorporation crescente del feminas al employment, le expansion del stato de benesser e un rapide secularisation.

Le integration in le [[Comunitate Economic Europee]] in 1986 e le posterior participation in le [[Union Europee]] intensificava le mobilitate del personas, le integration economic e le transformation del relationes international.

=== Globalisation e transformationes del seculo XXI ===

Durante le prime decennios del seculo XXI, le societate espaniol ha essite affectate per le globalisation economic, le crise financiari de 2008, le immigration, le transformation digital, le pandemia de COVID-19 e le transformationes del mercato del labor.

Le immigration deveniva un componente important del croissance demographic, durante que le fecunditate remaneva basse e le population invejeciva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Structura demographic ==

=== Population ===

Al 1 de januario 2025, Espania habeva 49 128 297 habitantes. Del total, 42 216 326 habeva nationalitate espaniol e 6 911 971 habeva nationalitate estranier, equivalente a 14,1 % del population. Le personas nascite foras del pais attingeva 9 464 210, o circa 19,3 % del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le crescimento demographic recente ha essite fortemente influentiate per le saldo migratori, que ha compensate le saldo natural negative resultante del numero de defunctiones superior al numero de nascentias.

=== Distribution territorial e urbanisation ===

Le population es inequalmente distribuite. Le principal concentrationes se trova in le areas metropolitan e litoral, durante que partes del interior presenta densitates plus basse e, in certe casos, envejecimento e despoblation.

Madrid es le principal centro metropolitan e politic-administrative. Barcelona es un altere grande polo metropolitan e economic. Valencia, Sevilla, Bilbao, Malaga, Zaragoza e altere citates constitue importante centros urban.

Le urbanisation ha modificate le relation inter spatio rural e urban. Multe communitates rural depende hodie economicamente de centros urban plus grande, ben que illos conserva importante activitates agricole, forestal, touristic e cultural.

=== Envejecimento e sperantia de vita ===

Le envejecimento demographic es un del principal characteristicas del societate espaniol contemporanee. Al 1 de januario 2025, le personas de plus de 64 annos representa­va 20,7 % del population residente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sperantia de vita al nascentia attingeva 84,01 annos in 2024. Illa esseva de 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le envejecimento ha consequentias pro le systema de pensiones, le servicios sanitari, le cura a personas dependente e le relationes intergeneration.

=== Natalitate e fecunditate ===

In 2024 nasceva in Espania 318 005 infantes, 0,8 % minus que in 2023. Le numero medie de infantes per femina esseva 1,10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le basse fecunditate es associate a transformationes in le formation del familia, le postponement del maternitate, le situation del empleo, le accesso al habitation e le costages economic del crianza. Le studio del relation inter fecunditate, employment e familia es un del themas central del demographia espaniol contemporanee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mortalitate ===

In 2024 moriva 436 118 personas in Espania. Le mortalitate es fortemente concentrate in le gruppos de etate plus ancian, in concordantia con le structura envejecite del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le differentia inter nascentias e defunctiones produce un saldo natural negative. Le crescimento total del population ha essite possibile principalmente per le saldo migratori positive.

=== Migrationes ===

Le migrationes international constitue un factor central del evolution recente del population. In 2024, le saldo migratori de Espania con le exterior esseva positive per 626 268 personas. In le mesme anno, 1 288 562 personas entrava in Espania desde altere paises e 662 294 emigrava verso le exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le principal nationalitates inter le immigrantes exterior in 2024 includeva colombianos, marroquinos e venezuelanos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Despoblation e desequilibrios territorial ===

Multe areas rural del interior ha cognoscite durante decennios un declino del population, associate al migration interne verso citates, al basse fecunditate e al envejecimento.

Le desequilibrios territorial concerne non solmente le numero de habitantes, ma etiam le accesso al servicios, le employment, le transporto, le habitation e le infrastructure digital.

Le problema del despoblation ha devenite un thema central del politicas territorial e del investigation super le mundo rural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Familia e relationes social ==

=== Evolution del structuras familiar ===

Le familia espaniol ha transformate se profundemente desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Le modello familiar traditional coexiste hodie con familias monoparental, familias reconstituite, parejas sin matrimonio, hogares unipersonal e altere formas de conviventia.

Le diminution del matrimonio religiose, le legalization del divortio, le incorporation del feminas al empleo e le recognition juridic de nove formas de pareja ha cambiate le structura del familia.

=== Matrimonio, parejas e divortio ===

Le matrimonio remane un forma importante de formation del familia, ma su peso relative ha diminuite in relation con altere formas de conviventia.

In 2024 se celebrava 175 364 matrimonios in Espania, 1,7 % plus que in 2023. Le matrimonios civil representava le majoritate del total, con 146 605 matrimonios civil in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/mnp_prensa.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le divortio es un fenomen normalisate in le societate contemporanee e contribui al diversification del trajectorias familial.

=== Hogares e conviventia ===

Le reduction del dimension medie del hogares es un del cambios associate al envejecimento, al basse fecunditate e al augmento del hogares unipersonal.

Le conviventia pote comprender personas sol, parejas, familias con infantes, familias monoparental e familias reconstituite. Le composition del hogar ha consequentias super le habitation, le consumo e le organisation del cura.

=== Natalitate e crianza ===

Le decision de haber infantes es influentiate per factores economic, professional, residential e cultural. Le retardamento del maternitate es un characteristica del demographia espaniol contemporanee.

Le nascentias de matres nascite foras de Espania representava­ 33,3 % del total del nascentias in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retes familiar e relationes interpersonal ===

Le relationes familiar continua a haber un rolo important in le supporto economic, emotional e pratic del individuos. Isto es particular­mente visibile durante le periodos de unemployment, difficultates residential, formation del familia e cura del personas dependente.

Le transformation del relationes familial ha essite accompaniate per un plus grande autonomia individual, ma le familia continua a esser un del principal retes de solidaritate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cuidados e dependentia ===

Le envejecimento del population ha augmentate le demanda de cura pro personas ancian e dependente. Le cura es compartite inter familia, servicios public e servicios private.

Le distribution del labores de cura ha etiam un dimension de genero, perque le feminas continua a realizar un portion importante del labor domestic e del cura non remunerate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Genere e cambios social ==

=== Situation social del feminas ===

Le position social del feminas ha cambiate considerabilemente desde le seculo XX. Le expansion del education e le participation crescente in le employment ha augmentate lor autonomia economic e social.

Tamen, persist­e differentias inter homines e feminas in employment, salarios, tempore dedicate al cura e representation in certe occupations.

=== Incorporation del feminas al mercato laboral ===

Le participation del feminas al mercato laboral ha crescite fortemente desde le fin del regime franquista. Le feminisation del employment ha modificate le relation inter familia e labor.

Le participation del feminas es tamen differente secundo etate, education, numero de infantes, sector economic e territorio.

=== Brechas de genere ===

Le brechas de genere pote esser observate in salarios, employment, tempore de labor, responsabilitates de cura e trajectorias professional.

Secundo le Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial, le salario medie annual esseva 28 049,94 euros in 2023; le salario medie del feminas esseva 25 591,31 euros e illo del homines 30 372,49 euros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EAES2023.htm |title=Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial. Año 2023 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=28 maio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Conciliation e corresponsabilitate ===

Le conciliation inter employment e vita familiar es un thema important del societate contemporanee. Le responsabilitate pro le cura de infantes e dependentes pote influentiar le participation laboral, le tempore de labor e le trajectoria professional.

Le question del corresponsabilitate implica le distribution del labores domestic e de cura inter le membros del familia.

=== Equalitate e transformationes del roles de genere ===

Le transformation del roles de genere ha accompaniate cambios juridic e cultural. Le accesso del feminas al education, employment e vita public ha augmentate, durante que le division traditional del roles familiar ha devenite minus rigide.

Le transformationes es tamen inegual secundo generation, classe social e situation familiar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juventute e generationes ==

=== Juventute e transition verso le vita adulte ===

Le transition verso le vita adulte ha devenite plus longe que in generationes anterior. Le prolongation del education, le tardive incorporation al empleo stabile e le costage del habitation pote retardar le emancipation.

Le trajectorias juvene es heterogenee e dependente de education, origine familiar, territorio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Education e empleo juvenil ===

Le juventute presenta un nivello educative superior al de generationes ancian, ma le passage del education al employment pote esser complexe.

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha historicamente presentate un taxa de unemployment juvenil plus alte que le taxa general, ben que le situation varia secundo periodo e qualification.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Emancipation e habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales factores que conditiona le emancipation juvene. Le precio del alquiler, le precio del proprietate, le empleo e le ingresos del juvenes affecta le etate a qual illes lassa le hogar parental.

Le emancipation residencial es etiam differente inter regiones e areas urban e rural.

=== Differentias generationale ===

Le generationes differe in nivello de education, trajectorias laboral, uso de technologia, formas de familia e valores.

Le juvenes ha essite socialisate in un ambiente plus digitalisate que le generationes ancian, durante que le generationes ancian ha un plus longe experientia del systemas economic e institutionale anterior.

=== Personas ancian e envejecimento social ===

Le augmento del sperantia de vita ha expandite le tempore que le personas passa in le etates ancian. Isto ha transformate le notion de retirement e ha augmentate le importantia del activitate social, cura e participation del personas ancian.

Le envejecimento es simultaneemente un processo individual e un transformation del structura del societate.

== Education ==

=== Systema educative ===

Le systema educative espaniol comprende education infantil, education primari, education secundari obligatori, baccalaureato, formation professional, education universitari e altere formas de education.

Le competentes educative es repartite inter le Stato e le communitates autonome secundo le Constitution e le legislation educative.

Le Constitution recognosce le derecto al education in su articulo 27.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Escolarisation e nivello educative ===

Le expansion del escolarisation ha essite un del principal transformationes del societate espaniol. Le generationes juvene ha attingite nivellos de education formal multo plus alte que le generationes nascite in le prime medietate del seculo XX.

Le education influentia le possibilitates de employment, le ingresos, le mobilitate social e le participation civic.

=== Education universitari ===

Le education universitari ha un important participation in le population juvene. Le universidades public e private es distribuite per le territorio e include un grande numero de disciplinas.

Le expansion del education superior ha contribuite al formation de un population professional plus qualificate, ma le retornos economic del education pote variar secundo campo de studio e situation del mercato laboral.

=== Formation professional ===

Le formation professional constitute un via de qualification pro le incorporation al mercato laboral. Illo comprende grados de differente nivello e include formation dual in collaboration con empresas.

Le demandanda de qualificationes technic ha augmentate in relation con le transformation digital e del structura economic.

=== Inequalitates educational ===

Le resultatos educational e le accesso al nivellos superior de education es influentiate per factores como origine socio-economic, education parental, territorio e recursos familiar.

Le inequalitates educational pote esser transmittite inter generationes, ma le systema educative pote etiam functionar como un mechanism de mobilitate social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labor e structura economic ==

=== Mercato laboral ===

Le mercato laboral espaniol ha experimentate un transformation del agricultura e industria verso un economia con un importante peso del sector servicios.

Le empleo es distribuite in modo differente secundo territorio, etate, sexo, qualification e nationalitate.

=== Empleo e desempleo ===

Durante le quarto trimestre de 2025, le EPA estimava 2 477 100 personas in paro e un taxa de paro de 9,93 %. Le numero de personas occupate esseva plus de 22 milliones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EPA4T25.htm |title=Encuesta de Población Activa. Cuarto trimestre 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=27 januario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le desempleo ha essite un del problemas structural del mercato laboral espaniol, con variationes importante secundo le periodo economic.

=== Structura occupationale ===

Le sector servicios representa le principal portion del employment, includente commercio, administration, education, sanitate, turismo, transporto, finantias e altere activitates.

Le industria e construction conserva un rolo important in certe regiones, durante que le agricultura ha un peso plus basse in le empleo total que in le passato.

=== Conditiones laboral ===

Le conditiones laboral varie secundo sector, occupation e qualification. Le jornada, le salario, le stabilitate del contracto, le possibilitate de telelabor e le protection social es elementos central del conditiones de empleo.

Le transformation del mercato laboral ha includite un reduction del peso de certe formas de temporalitate, augmento del empleo in servicios e expansion del telelabor in certe occupations.

=== Sindicatos e relationes laboral ===

Le sindicatos representa le interesses collective del trabajadores e participa in negotiationes collective con organisationes patronal e in le dialogo social con le Stato.

Le relationes laboral in Espania es regulate per le legislation laboral, le conventions collective e le accordos inter actores social.

=== Labor autonome e economia informal ===

Le labor autonome representa un portion del population active. Illo include professionales independente, proprietarios de parve negotios e altere formas de activitate economic.

Como in altere economias europee, existe etiam activitates que pote non esser plenmente declarate al administrationes fiscal e social. Le mesura del economia informal es difficil per definition, e su dimension varia secundo le methodo de estimation.

== Renta, inequalitate e stratification social ==

=== Distribution del renta ===

Le distribution del renta in Espania es heterogenee inter familias e individuos. Le renta depende de employment, qualification, numero de personas in le hogar, patrimonio e transferentias social.

Le inegalitate de renta es etiam territorial, con differentias inter communitates autonome e inter areas urban e rural.

=== Paupertate e exclusion social ===

Secundo le Encuesta de Conditiones de Vita, 25,7 % del population residente in Espania se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social in 2025 secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le paupertate es associate a employment instabile, unemployment, basse qualification, situation familiar, origine e altere factores. Illo non es distribuite uniformemente inter le territorio.

=== Inequalitate economic ===

Le inegalitate economic comprende differentias de renta, patrimonio e accesso al recursos. Le proprietate de habitation representa un importante componente del patrimonio familiar in Espania.

Le crises economic pote affectar differentemente le gruppos social, con plus grande vulnerabilitate pro personas con basse ingresos o empleo precari.

=== Classes e stratos social ===

Le stratification social espaniol pote esser analysate mediante classe occupationale, education, renta, patrimonio e origine familial.

Le croissance del education superior ha augmentate le numero de personas in occupationes qualificate, durante que le expansion del sector servicios ha create occupationes con nivellos de qualification multo differente.

=== Mobilitate social ===

Le mobilitate social refere al cambiamento del position social inter generationes o durante le vita del individuo. Le education, le employment e le transformationes economic pote favorisar mobilitate ascendente.

Le origine socio-economic continua tamen a influentiar le opportunitates educative e professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inequalitates territorial ===

Le inegalitates territorial concern le renta, employment, services, population e accesso al infrastructure. Le regiones metropolit e le regiones litoral pote presentar conditiones differente de multe areas del interior rural.

Le desequilibrios demographic e economic es interdependente: le perdita de population pote reducer le demanda local e le services, durante que le concentration del empleo pote accelerar le migration verso areas urban.

== Habitation ==

=== Accesso al habitation ===

Le accesso al habitation es un del principales problemas social associate al emancipation e al formation de familias.

Le possibilitate de accesso depende del precio del habitation, ingresos, employment, credito, oferta de alquiler e territorio.

=== Proprietate e alquiler ===

Le proprietate de habitation ha habite historicamente un peso important in Espania. Le alquiler es plus frequente in grande cities e inter certe gruppos juvene e immigrante.

Le mercato del habitation varia fortemente secundo territorio, con costos plus elevate in multe grandes areas metropolitan e destinos touristic.

=== Emancipation residential ===

Le emancipation residential es ligate al empleo, al ingresos e al costage del habitation. Le juvenes pote prolongar lor residentia in le hogar parental quando le accesso al mercato del habitation es difficil.

Le emancipation tardive es un del elementos que contribue a explicar le postponement del formation de familias e del nascentia del prime infante.

=== Habitation e inequalitate ===

Le habitation pote functionar como fonte de securitate economic, ma le inegal accesso al proprietate e al alquiler pote augmentar le differentias patrimonial.

Le costo del habitation pote haber un effecto particular super hogares con basse renta, pro le qual le proportion del ingresos destinate al habitation pote esser alte.

=== Personas sin hogar ===

Le sin-abitance constitue un del formas plus severe de exclusion residential. Illo es associate a factors economic, laboral, familial, sanitari e residential.

Le estimation del numero de personas sin domicilio stabile depende del definition e del methodo de recenseamento.

== Migrationes e diversitate ==

=== Immigration ===

Le immigration international ha devenite un componente structural del societate espaniol desde le ultime decennios del seculo XX.

Le population residente de nationalitate estranier attingeva 6,91 milliones al 1 de januario 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le immigration participa al mercato laboral, al evolution demographic e al diversification cultural del societate.

=== Emigration espaniol ===

Espania ha essite durante le historia recente un pais de emigration. Durante le seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, emigrantes se dirigeva inter altere destinos verso America.

Durante le industrialisation del Europa occidental post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, altere fluxos se dirigeva verso Francia, Germania, Svizzera e Belgica.

In le seculo XXI, le mobilitate international del espanioles include studentes, professionales e personas que cambia de residentia pro rationes economic o personal.

=== Population estranier e nationalitate ===

Le population de nationalitate estranier es diverse per origine geographic, etate, education e situation laboral.

Le nationalitate e le pais de nascentia non es equivalente: un persona de nationalitate espaniol pote esser nascite foras de Espania e un persona de nationalitate estranier pote esser nascite in Espania.

=== Integration social ===

Le integration social del immigrantes concerne le accesso al education, employment, habitation, sanitate, participation social e relationes interpersonal.

Le processo de integration es influentiate per le tempore de residentia, le cognoscentia linguistic, le situation laboral, le status juridic e le retes social.

=== Diversitate cultural e linguistic ===

Le societate espaniol es linguisticamente e culturalmente diverse. Le castellano es le lingua official del Stato, durante que le Constitution establiva que le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo lor statutos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catalano, galiciano, basco e altere varietates linguistic ha differente statuto juridic e areas de uso.

=== Discrimination e racismo ===

Le discrimination super base de origine, nationalitate, apparentia ethnic o altere characteristicas constitue un thema del studio del relationes inter gruppos.

Le formas de discrimination pote apparer in employment, habitation, education, servicios e relationes quotidian. Le mesura del discrimination objective e del discrimination percipite require methodologias differente.

== Stato de benesser e servicios public ==

=== Systema sanitari ===

Le systema sanitari espaniol combina un importante sector public con provisores private. Le servicios public de sanitate es gestionate principalmente per le communitates autonome.

Le accesso al sanitate public es un del pilares del stato de benesser e contribui al alte sperantia de vita del population.

=== Systema educative ===

Le education public es un altere componente central del stato de benesser. Le systema es reglementate per le legislation statal e gestionate in grande parte per le communitates autonome.

Le expansion del education ha contribuite a augmentar le nivello general de qualification del population.

=== Pensiones ===

Le systema de pensiones constitue un del principal instrumentos de protection social pro le personas ancian.

Le envejecimento del population e le relation inter population occupate e pensionate es factores central in le debatto super le evolution futur del systema.

=== Servicios social ===

Le servicios social include assistentia a personas vulnerabile, familias, personas ancian, personas sin habitation e altere gruppos.

Le competentes es repartite inter diverse nivellos de administration, con un importante participation del communitates autonome e municipalitates.

=== Dependentia e cuidados ===

Le systema de cura a personas dependente ha ganiate importantia con le envejecimento demographic.

Le cura pote esser formal, per servicios professional, o informal, per membros del familia. Le carga del cura informal es in multe casos inegalmente distribuite secundo genero.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Protection contra le paupertate e le exclusion ===

Le stato de benesser comprende transferentias e servicios destinate a reducer le effectos del paupertate, del desempleo e de altere situationes de vulnerabilitate.

Le efficacia del protection social varia secundo le situation familial, le employment, le etate e le nivello de ingresos.

== Sanitate e conditiones de vita ==

=== Sanitate del population ===

Le population espaniol presenta in general un alte sperantia de vita, ma le stato de sanitate varia secundo etate, sexo, conditiones economic e territorio.

Le enfermedades chronic deveni plus importante con le envejecimento del population.

=== Sperantia de vita e mortalitate ===

In 2024 le sperantia de vita al nascentia esseva 84,01 annos. Le cifra esseva 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le mortalitate infantil esseva 3,04 defunctiones per 1 000 nascite vive in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sanitate mental ===

Le sanitate mental ha devenite plus visibile in le debatto public e in le investigation social e sanitari.

Le problemas de sanitate mental pote esser associate a factores individual e social, includente isolation, conditiones laboral, precaritate economic, problemas familiar e altere circumstantias.

=== Disabilitate e dependentia ===

Le disabilitate concerne un parte importante del population e pote affectar le participation in education, employment, habitation e vita social.

Le politicas de inclusion combina protection social, accessibilitate, education, employment protegite e adaptation del ambiente.

=== Habitos e stilos de vita ===

Le conditiones de vita es influentiate per alimentation, activitate physic, consumo de tabaco e alcohol, labor, habitation e altere comportamentos.

Le stilos de vita varia secundo etate, education, renta e territorio.

== Cultura, valores e formas de vita ==

=== Linguas de Espania ===
Le [[espaniol]] es le lingua official del Stato. Le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo le statutos de autonomia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter le linguas con recognition official regional figura le catalano, le galiciano e le basco. Existe etiam varietates linguistic e dialectal con differente nivellos de protection e transmission.

=== Religion e secularisation ===

Le catholicismo ha habite un rolo historic important in le societate espaniol. Desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX, le societate ha experimentate un processo de secularisation.

Le pluralitate religiose ha etiam augmentate in consequentia del immigration international. Le population include catholicos practicante e non practicante, personas de altere religiones e personas sin affiliation religiose.

=== Valores social ===

Le valores social del population espaniol ha transformate se durante le ultime decennios. Le secularisation, le individualisation, le expansion del education e le transformation del familia ha modificate certe attitudes super matrimonio, genero, religione e vita private.

Le valores es tamen heterogenee secundo generation, education, classe social e territorio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cultura e consumo cultural ===

Le consumo cultural comprende lectura, musica, cinema, artes, television, spectaculos e altere activitates.

Le accesso al cultura ha essite transformate per le digitalisation, que ha diminuite le dependentia de supportos physic in multe campos e ha cambiate le formas de production e distribution cultural.

=== Medios de communication ===

Le medios de communication traditional include television, radio, prensa e magazines. Le Internet ha introducite nove formas de distribution del information e ha modificate le relation inter productores e public.

Le redes social ha augmentate le velocitate de circulation del information e le possibility de interaction directe inter usatores e productores de contento.

=== Internet e redes social ===

Le uso de Internet es practic universal inter le generationes plus juvene e ha devenite multo commun inter le population adulte.

In 2025, 96,3 % del population de 16 a 74 annos habeva usate Internet durante le tres ultime menses, e 92,5 % lo usava quotidianemente. Le 59,6 % habeva facite compras per Internet durante le mesme periodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ocio, deporte e turismo ===

Le ocio comprende activitates cultural, sport, social e recreation. Le sport ha un important rolo in le cultura popular, con football, basketball, tennis e altere disciplinas.

Le turismo es etiam un activitate economic e social importante, tanto per le numero de visitantes international como per le mobilitate interne del population.

== Identitates social e territorial ==

=== Identitate espaniol ===

Le identitate espaniol es un identitate national que coexiste con altere identitates territorial, linguistic, familial e cultural.

Le senso de identitate pote variar secundo region, generation, orientation cultural, historia familiar e altere factores.

=== Identitates autonome ===

Le organisation territorial in communitates autonome ha contribuite a institutionalizar identitates regional e national-territorial.

In certe regiones existe forte identitates regional distincte, que pote coexist­er con un identitate espaniol o esser prioritari pro certe personas.

=== Identitates local ===

Le identitate local refere al identification con municipalitates, citates, comarcas o altere communitates territorial.

Le identitate local es influentiate per historia, cultura, relationes social, sport, dialecto e traditiones.

=== Pluralitate linguistic e cultural ===

Le pluralitate linguistic e cultural es un characteristica structural del societate espaniol. Le Constitution establiva un systema de protection del diverse linguas espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le linguas e culturas regional ha differente grados de transmission inter generationes e de uso in education, administration e medios de communication.

=== Identitates e cohesion social ===

Le coexist­entia de identitates multiple pote esser un factor de pluralismo cultural. Simultaneemente, le differente identitates territorial e national ha essite un del themas del debatto public espaniol.

Le cohesion social depende non solmente del identitate, ma etiam del inegalitate economic, le participation institutional, le relationes inter gruppos e le accesso equal al servicios.

== Participation social e vita public ==

=== Associationismo ===

Le associationismo comprende organisationes civic, cultural, sport, professional, charitable e altere formas de organisation collective.

Le associationes constitue un importante medio de participation social e de creation de retes local.

=== Movimentos social ===

Le societate espaniol ha cognoscite differente movimentos social durante le ultime decennios, includente movimentos feministe, ambientalista, juvene, laboral e pro le habitation.

Le formas de mobilisation ha cambiate con le expansion del Internet e del redes social.

=== Voluntariato ===

Le voluntariato comprende activitates non remunerate realisate per motives social, civic, cultural o humanitari.

Le organisationes non governamental e le associations depende in multe casos del participation de personas voluntari.

=== Participation politic ===

Le participation politic include voto, affiliation a partidos o associations, participation in campagne, protestas, petitiones e altere formas de action civic.

Le formas traditional de participation coexiste con formas digital, como campagne in redes social e petitiones online.

=== Confidentia in le institutiones ===

Le confidentia in le institutiones es un dimension importante del relation inter citatanos e systema politic.

Le nivello de confidentia pote variar inter institutiones e durante le tempore. Le CIS studia regularmente attitudes verso le institutiones, le partidos, le administrationes e altere actores social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cambios e tendentias social contemporanee ==

=== Transformationes demographic ===

Le principal transformationes demographic es le envejecimento, le basse fecunditate, le augmento del sperantia de vita e le importantia crescente del migrationes.

Le population espaniol continua a crescer malgrado le saldo natural negative, principal­mente per le saldo migratori positive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Digitalisation ===

Le digitalisation ha transformate le labor, le education, le communication, le consumo e le relationes social.

In 2025, le majoritate del population de 16 a 74 annos usava Internet, e 37,9 % declarava haber usate instrumentos de intelligentia artificial generative durante le tres ultime menses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cambios in le formas de familia ===

Le familias es plus diverse que in le societate traditional. Le familias monoparental, le parejas non marital, le hogares unipersonal e le familias reconstituite es hodie componentes ordinari del structura social.

Le transformationes familial es associate al postponement del matrimonio, al baisse fecunditate e al crescente participation del feminas al education e al employment.

=== Transformationes del labor ===

Le mercato laboral ha essite transformate per le tertiarisation, le digitalisation, le globalization e le nove formas de organisation del labor.

Le telelabor, le platformas digital e le automation ha create nove formas de relation inter laboratores e empresas, ben que lor diffusion varia fortemente secundo occupation e sector.

=== Inequalitate e cohesion social ===

Le inegalitate de renta, le accesso al habitation, le conditiones laboral e le desequilibrios territorial es inter le factores que affecta le cohesion social.

In 2025, 25,7 % del population se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social secundo le indicatore AROPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Retos demographic e social ===
Inter le principal retos del societate espaniol figura le adaptation al envejecimento, le evolution del systema de pensiones, le sustenibilitate del servicios public, le accesso al habitation, le integration del population immigrante, le reduction del inegalitates e le adaptation al transformation digital.

Le combination de basse fecunditate, longevit­ate elevate e immigration importante constitue un del principales elementos que influentia le evolution futur del population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Obra completa |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Ref}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Poder, política y sociedad |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}

== Ligamines externe ==

* {{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |website=INE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=CIS |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ |title=Eurostat |website=Commission Europee |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/ |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado |website=BOE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Sociologia de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Societate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Espania]]</text>
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    <title>Cultura de Espania</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con...”</comment>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le traditiones espaniol varia considerabilemente inter le regiones. Festas religiose como le Semana Sancte, festas patronal, procession, peregrinationes e celebrationes popular forma un parte important del vita cultural. Existent etiam traditiones secular e local, como le verbenas, le festas del recolta e varie celebrationes regional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/fiestas-espana-patrimonio-inmaterial-unesco/ |titulo=Un viaje por las tradiciones de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia, le encierros e altere festas associate con le tauros ha un longe historia in certe partes del pais, ben que lor practica e signification cultural varia secundo le territorio. Altere traditiones, como le castells catalan, le Fallas de Valencia, le patios de Cordoba e le Silbo Gomero, forma parte del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
Le arte espaniol ha producite obras importante desde le antiquitate usque al epocha contemporanee. Le arte medieval combina influentias christian, islamic e judee, mentre que le Renascimento e le Baroco produce artistes como El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Zurbarán e Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Plus tarde, Francisco de Goya deveni un figura central del arte europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del XIX.

In le seculo XX, le arte espaniol es representate inter alteres per Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí e Antoni Tàpies. Le architectura presenta etiam un grande diversitate, desde le monumentos roman e medieval usque al modernismo catalan, representate specialmente per Antoni Gaudí, e le architectura contemporanee. Le patrimonio monumental comprende etiam exemplos del arte roman, gotic, mudejar, renascentista, baroc e moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/patrimonio-mundial-espana/ |titulo=Patrimonio Mundial de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Linguas ==
Le cultura espaniol es caracterisate per le coexistencia de plure linguas. Le castellano o espaniol es le lingua official del Stato, mentre que le [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], le [[valenciano]], le [[gallego]], le [[Lingua basc|basco]] e le [[Lingua occitan|aranese]] possede status official in certe Communitates Autonome. Existent etiam linguas regional e minoritari como le [[Lingua asturian|asturleonese]] e le [[Lingua aragonese|aragonese]]. Le multilinguismo es assi un elemento important del cultura regional de Espania.

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia espaniol es caracterisate per su grande diversitate regional e per le influentia del productos, clima e historia de cada territorio. Inter le alimentos e pratos plus cognoscite se trova le paella, le tortilla de patatas, le jamon iberic, le tapas, le pulpo al gallega e le fabada asturian. Le cultura del ''tapeo'' constitue un importante forma de sociabilitate gastronomic.

Le cocina espaniol include etiam un grande varietate de quesos, vinos, oleos e productos agricole. Le dieta mediterranee, compartite con altere paises del Mediterraneo, ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO como patrimonio cultural immaterial, includente non solmente le alimentos ma etiam le practicas social associate al preparation e al consumo del comida.

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le traditiones espaniol varia considerabilemente inter le regiones. Festas religiose como le Semana Sancte, festas patronal, procession, peregrinationes e celebrationes popular forma un parte important del vita cultural. Existent etiam traditiones secular e local, como le verbenas, le festas del recolta e varie celebrationes regional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/fiestas-espana-patrimonio-inmaterial-unesco/ |titulo=Un viaje por las tradiciones de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia, le encierros e altere festas associate con le tauros ha un longe historia in certe partes del pais, ben que lor practica e signification cultural varia secundo le territorio. Altere traditiones, como le castells catalan, le Fallas de Valencia, le patios de Cordoba e le Silbo Gomero, forma parte del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
Le arte espaniol ha producite obras importante desde le antiquitate usque al epocha contemporanee. Le arte medieval combina influentias christian, islamic e judee, mentre que le Renascimento e le Baroco produce artistes como El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Zurbarán e Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Plus tarde, Francisco de Goya deveni un figura central del arte europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del XIX.

In le seculo XX, le arte espaniol es representate inter alteres per Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí e Antoni Tàpies. Le architectura presenta etiam un grande diversitate, desde le monumentos roman e medieval usque al modernismo catalan, representate specialmente per Antoni Gaudí, e le architectura contemporanee. Le patrimonio monumental comprende etiam exemplos del arte roman, gotic, mudejar, renascentista, baroc e moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/patrimonio-mundial-espana/ |titulo=Patrimonio Mundial de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Linguas ==
Le cultura espaniol es caracterisate per le coexistencia de plure linguas. Le castellano o espaniol es le lingua official del Stato, mentre que le [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], le [[valenciano]], le [[gallego]], le [[Lingua basc|basco]] e le [[Lingua occitan|aranese]] possede status official in certe Communitates Autonome. Existent etiam linguas regional e minoritari como le [[Lingua asturian|asturleonese]] e le [[Lingua aragonese|aragonese]]. Le multilinguismo es assi un elemento important del cultura regional de Espania.

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia espaniol es caracterisate per su grande diversitate regional e per le influentia del productos, clima e historia de cada territorio. Inter le alimentos e pratos plus cognoscite se trova le paella, le tortilla de patatas, le jamon iberic, le tapas, le pulpo al gallega e le fabada asturian. Le cultura del ''tapeo'' constitue un importante forma de sociabilitate gastronomic.

Le cocina espaniol include etiam un grande varietate de quesos, vinos, oleos e productos agricole. Le dieta mediterranee, compartite con altere paises del Mediterraneo, ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO como patrimonio cultural immaterial, includente non solmente le alimentos ma etiam le practicas social associate al preparation e al consumo del comida.

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le traditiones espaniol varia considerabilemente inter le regiones. Festas religiose como le Semana Sancte, festas patronal, procession, peregrinationes e celebrationes popular forma un parte important del vita cultural. Existent etiam traditiones secular e local, como le verbenas, le festas del recolta e varie celebrationes regional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/fiestas-espana-patrimonio-inmaterial-unesco/ |titulo=Un viaje por las tradiciones de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia, le encierros e altere festas associate con le tauros ha un longe historia in certe partes del pais, ben que lor practica e signification cultural varia secundo le territorio. Altere traditiones, como le castells catalan, le Fallas de Valencia, le patios de Cordoba e le Silbo Gomero, forma parte del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
Le arte espaniol ha producite obras importante desde le antiquitate usque al epocha contemporanee. Le arte medieval combina influentias christian, islamic e judee, mentre que le Renascimento e le Baroco produce artistes como El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Zurbarán e Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Plus tarde, Francisco de Goya deveni un figura central del arte europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del XIX.

In le seculo XX, le arte espaniol es representate inter alteres per Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí e Antoni Tàpies. Le architectura presenta etiam un grande diversitate, desde le monumentos roman e medieval usque al modernismo catalan, representate specialmente per Antoni Gaudí, e le architectura contemporanee. Le patrimonio monumental comprende etiam exemplos del arte roman, gotic, mudejar, renascentista, baroc e moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/patrimonio-mundial-espana/ |titulo=Patrimonio Mundial de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Linguas ==
Le cultura espaniol es caracterisate per le coexistencia de plure linguas. Le castellano o espaniol es le lingua official del Stato, mentre que le [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], le [[valenciano]], le [[gallego]], le [[Lingua basc|basco]] e le [[Lingua occitan|aranese]] possede status official in certe Communitates Autonome. Existent etiam linguas regional e minoritari como le [[Lingua asturian|asturleonese]] e le [[Lingua aragonese|aragonese]]. Le multilinguismo es assi un elemento important del cultura regional de Espania.

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia espaniol es caracterisate per su grande diversitate regional e per le influentia del productos, clima e historia de cada territorio. Inter le alimentos e pratos plus cognoscite se trova le paella, le tortilla de patatas, le jamon iberic, le tapas, le pulpo al gallega e le fabada asturian. Le cultura del ''tapeo'' constitue un importante forma de sociabilitate gastronomic.

Le cocina espaniol include etiam un grande varietate de quesos, vinos, oleos e productos agricole. Le dieta mediterranee, compartite con altere paises del Mediterraneo, ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO como patrimonio cultural immaterial, includente non solmente le alimentos ma etiam le practicas social associate al preparation e al consumo del comida.

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le traditiones espaniol varia considerabilemente inter le regiones. Festas religiose como le Semana Sancte, festas patronal, procession, peregrinationes e celebrationes popular forma un parte important del vita cultural. Existent etiam traditiones secular e local, como le verbenas, le festas del recolta e varie celebrationes regional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/fiestas-espana-patrimonio-inmaterial-unesco/ |titulo=Un viaje por las tradiciones de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia, le encierros e altere festas associate con le tauros ha un longe historia in certe partes del pais, ben que lor practica e signification cultural varia secundo le territorio. Altere traditiones, como le castells catalan, le Fallas de Valencia, le patios de Cordoba e le Silbo Gomero, forma parte del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
Le arte espaniol ha producite obras importante desde le antiquitate usque al epocha contemporanee. Le arte medieval combina influentias christian, islamic e judee, mentre que le Renascimento e le Baroco produce artistes como El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Zurbarán e Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Plus tarde, Francisco de Goya deveni un figura central del arte europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del XIX.

In le seculo XX, le arte espaniol es representate inter alteres per Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí e Antoni Tàpies. Le architectura presenta etiam un grande diversitate, desde le monumentos roman e medieval usque al modernismo catalan, representate specialmente per Antoni Gaudí, e le architectura contemporanee. Le patrimonio monumental comprende etiam exemplos del arte roman, gotic, mudejar, renascentista, baroc e moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/patrimonio-mundial-espana/ |titulo=Patrimonio Mundial de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Le cultura espaniol es caracterisate per le coexistencia de plure linguas. Le castellano o espaniol es le lingua official del Stato, mentre que le [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], le [[valenciano]], le [[gallego]], le [[Lingua basc|basco]] e le [[Lingua occitan|aranese]] possede status official in certe Communitates Autonome. Existent etiam linguas regional e minoritari como le [[Lingua asturian|asturleonese]] e le [[Lingua aragonese|aragonese]]. Le multilinguismo es assi un elemento important del cultura regional de Espania.

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia espaniol es caracterisate per su grande diversitate regional e per le influentia del productos, clima e historia de cada territorio. Inter le alimentos e pratos plus cognoscite se trova le paella, le tortilla de patatas, le jamon iberic, le tapas, le pulpo al gallega e le fabada asturian. Le cultura del ''tapeo'' constitue un importante forma de sociabilitate gastronomic.

Le cocina espaniol include etiam un grande varietate de quesos, vinos, oleos e productos agricole. Le dieta mediterranee, compartite con altere paises del Mediterraneo, ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO como patrimonio cultural immaterial, includente non solmente le alimentos ma etiam le practicas social associate al preparation e al consumo del comida.

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le traditiones espaniol varia considerabilemente inter le regiones. Festas religiose como le Semana Sancte, festas patronal, procession, peregrinationes e celebrationes popular forma un parte important del vita cultural. Existent etiam traditiones secular e local, como le verbenas, le festas del recolta e varie celebrationes regional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/fiestas-espana-patrimonio-inmaterial-unesco/ |titulo=Un viaje por las tradiciones de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia, le encierros e altere festas associate con le tauros ha un longe historia in certe partes del pais, ben que lor practica e signification cultural varia secundo le territorio. Altere traditiones, como le castells catalan, le Fallas de Valencia, le patios de Cordoba e le Silbo Gomero, forma parte del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
Le arte espaniol ha producite obras importante desde le antiquitate usque al epocha contemporanee. Le arte medieval combina influentias christian, islamic e judee, mentre que le Renascimento e le Baroco produce artistes como El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Zurbarán e Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Plus tarde, Francisco de Goya deveni un figura central del arte europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del XIX.

In le seculo XX, le arte espaniol es representate inter alteres per Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí e Antoni Tàpies. Le architectura presenta etiam un grande diversitate, desde le monumentos roman e medieval usque al modernismo catalan, representate specialmente per Antoni Gaudí, e le architectura contemporanee. Le patrimonio monumental comprende etiam exemplos del arte roman, gotic, mudejar, renascentista, baroc e moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/patrimonio-mundial-espana/ |titulo=Patrimonio Mundial de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Le cultura espaniol es caracterisate per le coexistencia de plure linguas. Le castellano o espaniol es le lingua official del Stato, mentre que le [[Lingua catalan|catalano]], le [[valenciano]], le [[gallego]], le [[Lingua basc|basco]] e le [[Lingua occitan|aranese]] possede status official in certe Communitates Autonome. Existent etiam linguas regional e minoritari como le [[Lingua asturian|asturleonese]] e le [[Lingua aragonese|aragonese]]. Le multilinguismo es assi un elemento important del cultura regional de Espania.

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia espaniol es caracterisate per su grande diversitate regional e per le influentia del productos, clima e historia de cada territorio. Inter le alimentos e pratos plus cognoscite se trova le paella, le tortilla de patatas, le jamon iberic, le tapas, le pulpo al gallega e le fabada asturian. Le cultura del ''tapeo'' constitue un importante forma de sociabilitate gastronomic.

Le cocina espaniol include etiam un grande varietate de quesos, vinos, oleos e productos agricole. Le dieta mediterranee, compartite con altere paises del Mediterraneo, ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO como patrimonio cultural immaterial, includente non solmente le alimentos ma etiam le practicas social associate al preparation e al consumo del comida.

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le traditiones espaniol varia considerabilemente inter le regiones. Festas religiose como le Semana Sancte, festas patronal, procession, peregrinationes e celebrationes popular forma un parte important del vita cultural. Existent etiam traditiones secular e local, como le verbenas, le festas del recolta e varie celebrationes regional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/fiestas-espana-patrimonio-inmaterial-unesco/ |titulo=Un viaje por las tradiciones de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia, le encierros e altere festas associate con le tauros ha un longe historia in certe partes del pais, ben que lor practica e signification cultural varia secundo le territorio. Altere traditiones, como le castells catalan, le Fallas de Valencia, le patios de Cordoba e le Silbo Gomero, forma parte del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
Le arte espaniol ha producite obras importante desde le antiquitate usque al epocha contemporanee. Le arte medieval combina influentias christian, islamic e judee, mentre que le Renascimento e le Baroco produce artistes como El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Zurbarán e Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Plus tarde, Francisco de Goya deveni un figura central del arte europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del XIX.

In le seculo XX, le arte espaniol es representate inter alteres per Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí e Antoni Tàpies. Le architectura presenta etiam un grande diversitate, desde le monumentos roman e medieval usque al modernismo catalan, representate specialmente per Antoni Gaudí, e le architectura contemporanee. Le patrimonio monumental comprende etiam exemplos del arte roman, gotic, mudejar, renascentista, baroc e moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/patrimonio-mundial-espana/ |titulo=Patrimonio Mundial de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&amp;p=20260520&amp;tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le '''castellano''' o '''espaniol''' es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo.

Le '''catalan''' es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como '''valencian'''. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia.

Le '''gallego''' es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia.

Le '''basco''' es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral.

Le '''aranese''', varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le '''asturleonese''', parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le '''aragonese''', conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente.

Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&amp;lang=es&amp;p=&amp;tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia espaniol es caracterisate per su grande diversitate regional e per le influentia del productos, clima e historia de cada territorio. Inter le alimentos e pratos plus cognoscite se trova le paella, le tortilla de patatas, le jamon iberic, le tapas, le pulpo al gallega e le fabada asturian. Le cultura del ''tapeo'' constitue un importante forma de sociabilitate gastronomic.

Le cocina espaniol include etiam un grande varietate de quesos, vinos, oleos e productos agricole. Le dieta mediterranee, compartite con altere paises del Mediterraneo, ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO como patrimonio cultural immaterial, includente non solmente le alimentos ma etiam le practicas social associate al preparation e al consumo del comida.

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le traditiones espaniol varia considerabilemente inter le regiones. Festas religiose como le Semana Sancte, festas patronal, procession, peregrinationes e celebrationes popular forma un parte important del vita cultural. Existent etiam traditiones secular e local, como le verbenas, le festas del recolta e varie celebrationes regional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/fiestas-espana-patrimonio-inmaterial-unesco/ |titulo=Un viaje por las tradiciones de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia, le encierros e altere festas associate con le tauros ha un longe historia in certe partes del pais, ben que lor practica e signification cultural varia secundo le territorio. Altere traditiones, como le castells catalan, le Fallas de Valencia, le patios de Cordoba e le Silbo Gomero, forma parte del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
Le arte espaniol ha producite obras importante desde le antiquitate usque al epocha contemporanee. Le arte medieval combina influentias christian, islamic e judee, mentre que le Renascimento e le Baroco produce artistes como El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Zurbarán e Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Plus tarde, Francisco de Goya deveni un figura central del arte europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del XIX.

In le seculo XX, le arte espaniol es representate inter alteres per Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí e Antoni Tàpies. Le architectura presenta etiam un grande diversitate, desde le monumentos roman e medieval usque al modernismo catalan, representate specialmente per Antoni Gaudí, e le architectura contemporanee. Le patrimonio monumental comprende etiam exemplos del arte roman, gotic, mudejar, renascentista, baroc e moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/patrimonio-mundial-espana/ |titulo=Patrimonio Mundial de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&amp;p=20260520&amp;tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le '''castellano''' o '''espaniol''' es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo.

Le '''catalan''' es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como '''valencian'''. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia.

Le '''gallego''' es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia.

Le '''basco''' es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral.

Le '''aranese''', varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le '''asturleonese''', parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le '''aragonese''', conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente.

Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&amp;lang=es&amp;p=&amp;tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia de Espania es un del elementos plus importante del cultura quotidian del pais e se caracteriza per un grande diversitate de productos, recetas e technicas. Le geographia, le clima e le differentes traditions historic ha favorate le formation de numerosas cocinas regional. Le cocina del litoral incorpora abundantemente pisces e fructos de mar, le regiones del interior ha un importante tradition de carnes, embutitos e guisados, e le zonas mediterranee accorda un grande rol al oleo de oliva, verduras, legumines e productos fresc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le oleo de oliva es un del ingredientes fundamental del cocina espaniol e es particularmente important in le regiones mediterranee e del sud. Illo es usate pro frigir, condir, marinar e elaborar numerosas preparatos. Le jamon iberic es un altere producto emblematic, specialmente associate con le zonas occidental del peninsula, e le production de quesos varia considerablemente inter le regiones, con exemplos como le Manchego, Cabrales, Idiazabal e Mahón.

Le pan e le cereales ha un longe tradition in le cocina espaniol, mentre que le legumines es le base de numerose platos traditional. Le pois e le lenticules entra in guisados e potages como le fabada asturian, le cocido madrilen e altere preparationes regional. Le patata, introducite in Europa post le contacto con America, deveni etiam un ingrediente central, particularmente in le tortilla de patatas e numerose pratos regional.

Le tapas constitue un del formas gastronomic plus recognoscibile de Espania. Illas pote esser parve portiones de comida servite como aperitivo o como parte de un repasto plus ample, e include preparatos multo diverse como tortilla, croquetas, patatas bravas, olives, calamari, quesos, jamon e altere productos. Le practica de mangiar tapas ha etiam un dimension social, per le qual le comida es associate con conversation, encontros e vita urban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-gastronomia/ |titulo=Gastronomía de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cuisine regional presenta characteristicas proprie. In le Andalusia, platos como le gazpacho, le salmorejo e le pesca frigite son ben cognoscite. Le Galicia es associate con le pulpo, le mariscos e le empanadas. Le País Basco ha developpate un cuisine con grande uso de pisces, fructos de mar e preparationes traditional, al mesme tempore que ha essite un centro importante del nove cuisine espaniol. Le Asturias es cognoscite per le fabada e le productos lactee, mentre que le Valencia es particularmente associate con le paella e altere platos basate sur le arroz. Le Canarias possede preparationes proprie como le papas arrugadas con mojo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le dieta mediterranee constitue un important referent cultural e gastronomic. Illa include non solmente le alimentos, ma etiam le practicas de agricultura, pesca, preparation, consumption e transmission del conocimientos culinar. Le UNESCO la inscribe in 2013 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate, describente le comida commun como un elemento de interaction social, transmission cultural e cohésion del communitates. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-dieta-mediterranea-00884 |titulo=La dieta mediterránea |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le vino forma etiam un parte importante del cultura gastronomic. Espania possede numerose regiones vinicole e denominationes de origine, inter illas Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Jerez, Rías Baixas, Cava e Priorat. Le vino es frequentemente associate con le gastronomia regional e con festas, mercatos e celebrationes local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/gastronomia-enoturismo/ |titulo=Gastronomía y enoturismo |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le ultime decennios, le alta cuisine espaniol ha acquirite un importante reputation international. Chefs espaniol ha developpate technicas nove e ha reinterpretate productos e platos traditional, combinante innovation con elementos del cocina regional. Iste evolution ha establite un ponte inter le gastronomia traditional e le cuisine contemporanee e ha augmentate le internationalisation del cultura gastronomic espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/top/razones-elegir-alta-cocina-espana/ |titulo=La alta cocina de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le costumes e traditiones de Espania forma un conjunto multo diverse de practicas social, festas, ceremonias, musicas, dansas e costumes local que se ha developpate durante le historia. Le grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e historic del pais ha facite que quasi cata region possede un calendario festive e un patrimonio traditional proprie. Le festas pote haber un origine religiose, agricole, historic o secular, ma in multe casos combina plure de iste elementos. Le celebrationes public contribue al cohésion del communitates e al transmission inter generationes del memoria e del identitate local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le festa religiose ha un important presentia in le cultura traditional, specialmente in le areas ubi le catholicismo ha exercite un grande influentia historic. Le Semana Sancte es celebrate in numerose citates e villages per processiones, confraternitates, musica sacre e representationes del Passion de Christ. Le celebrationes varia considerabilemente de un territorio al altere; inter le plus cognoscite se trova los de Sevilla, Malaga, Valladolid, Zamora e Cuenca. Le Corpus Christi es etiam celebrate in diverse localidades con procession, alfombras de flores, decoration del calles e ceremonias traditional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/semana-santa-espana/ |titulo=Semana Santa en España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Natal e le Epiphania conserva etiam numerose traditiones popular. Le 24 e 25 de decembre es associate con reuniones familial e comidas festive, mentre que le Reyes Magos es celebrate le 6 de januario e es particularmente importante pro le tradition del regalos al infantes. In numerose citates e villages se organisa cavalcatas durante le vespere del 5 de januario. Le Carnaval constitue un altere grande periodo festive e es caracterisate per costumes, mascas, musicas, dansas e processiones. Inter le celebrationes plus cognoscite se trova le Carnavales de Cadiz e de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le calendario festive comprende etiam numerose festas patronal e popular. Durante le estate, plazas e calles de multe citates e villages deveni spatios pro concerts, dansas, procession, spectaculos e reuniones commun. Le verbenas son celebrationes nocturne popular, sovente accompaniate per musica, dansa e comidas. Le romerias combina frequentemente le peregrination religiose con un celebration popular in le qual familias e communitates se reuni in un spatio natural o in le vicinitate de un sanctuario. Iste eventos conserva un importante dimension familial e communitari.

Inter le festas plus cognoscite se trova le Sanfermines de Pamplona, celebrate in julio e caracterisate inter altere cosas per le encierros; le Fallas de Valencia, celebrate in martio con monumentos artistic, procession, musica e pirotechnia; le Feria de Abril de Sevilla, con casetas, dansas, costumes traditional e cavallos; le Hogueras de San Juan in diverse partes del litoral mediterranee; e le Tomatina de Buñol, un festa popular contemporanee. Iste celebrationes ha acquis un grande notorietate national e international e attracte numerose visitatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fallas de Valencia constitue un del plus importante exemplos del interaction inter arte, artisanato e festa popular. Durante le festa, le commisiones falleras erige grande constructiones artistic appellate *fallas*, frequentemente decorate con figuras satiric e allusive a eventos del actualitate. Le celebration comprende procession, musica, pirotechnia e actos ceremonial e culmina con le combustion del major parte del monumentos. Le UNESCO ha inscribite iste festa in 2016 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-fiesta-de-las-fallas-de-valencia-00859 |titulo=La fiesta de las Fallas de Valencia |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Catalonia, le castells es un del traditiones plus distinctive. Gruppes de *castellers* forma torres human que pote attinger inter sex e dece nivellos, normalmente durante festas local e celebrationes annual. Le construction demanda coordination inter personas de differentes edades e es accompaniate per musica de *gralla*. Le tradition es transmittite principalmente per le participation directe in le gruppos e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/los-castells-00364 |titulo=Los castells |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Patum de Berga, etiam in Catalonia, combina elementos religiose, profane e theatrical. Associate historicamente con le celebrationes del Corpus Christi, illa include procession, figures gigant, tamburos, dansas, pirotechnia e personnages symbolic como le gigantes e le diablos. Le UNESCO la ha inscribite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-patum-de-berga-00156 |titulo=La Patum de Berga |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le País Basco e Navarra, le festas traditional include dansas regional, musica popular, procession e celebrationes associate con le vita rural e le calendario religiose. Le Tamborrada de San Sebastian es un del celebrationes plus cognoscite, con gruppos que percute tamburos durante le festa de San Sebastian. In altere localidades, le dansas traditional e le deporte rural, como le levantamento de pedras, le cortamento de troncos e altere provas physic, conserva un forte connexion con le historia del vita rural basc.

In Galicia, le traditiones combine le cultura rural, le musica, le gastronomia e le festas religiose. Le romerias e le peregrinationes al sanctuarios es frequente, e le musica traditional usa instrumentos como le *gaita gallega*, le tambor e le pandeiro. Le Santiago de Compostela e le Camino de Santiago constitue etiam un important foco de traditiones religiose e cultural que ha connectate Galicia con altere partes de Europa durante multe seculos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/camino-santiago/ |titulo=Camino de Santiago |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Andalusia, le traditiones include le flamenco, le ferias, le romerias e numerose festas patronal. Le flamenco combina canto, dansa e guitarra e es associate con un longe tradition artistic e social in le sud del Peninsula Iberic. Le Feria de Abril de Sevilla e le Romeria del Rocio son exemplos de celebrationes ubi se combina musica, vestimentos traditional, equitation, gastronomia e sociabilitate. Le flamenco ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Valle de Aran e altere partes del Pyrenees, como in le Pyrenees aragonese e catalan, existe traditiones associate con le ciclo agricole, le transhumantia e le celebrationes del solsticio. Le Festas del Foc del Solsticio de Estate in le Pyrenees es un conjunto de traditiones in le qual gruppos porta faculas o troncos incendente desde le montes verso le villages durante le nocte del solsticio. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite iste traditiones como patrimonio cultural immaterial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/fiestas-del-fuego-del-solsticio-de-verano-en-los-pirineos-01073 |titulo=Fiestas del fuego del solsticio de verano en los Pirineos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Insulas Canari e le Insulas Balear ha etiam traditiones proprie. In le Canarias, le Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife es un del principal celebrationes popular e combina musica, costumes, dansa e parades. Le Silbo Gomero, un systema de communication per siblo usate historicamente in le insula de La Gomera, es un del elementos del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. In le Balear, le canto de la Sibila es un tradition musical religiose medieval que ha essite conservate specialmente in Mallorca e ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia e le encierros forma etiam un parte historic del cultura festive de certe regiones de Espania. Le encierro consiste in le conduction de tauros per un percurso urban delimitate e es associate con celebrationes local como le Sanfermines de Pamplona. Le tauromachia ha un longe tradition historic e artistic, ma su practica e su presentia in le vita cultural varia considerablemente secundo le territorio e le periodo historic.

Altere traditiones popular include le giants e cabezudos, le tamboradas, le dansas regional, le procession de figures, le mercados traditional, le representationes teatral de episodies historic e le celebrationes agricole. Le tamboradas, per exemplo, consiste in procession e interpretation collective de tamburos durante festas local e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un characteristica commun de multe de iste traditiones es lor transmission inter generationes. Le conocimientos relative al preparation del festas, le confection del costumes, le execution del musica, le construction de figuras e le organisation del actos es frequentemente transmittite per familias, associationes cultural, confraternitates e gruppos local. Assi, le festa non es solmente un evento periodic, ma etiam un forma de transmission del memoria, del identitate e del relationes social del communitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/usos-sociales-rituales-y-00055 |titulo=Usos sociales, rituales y actos festivos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le patrimonio festive de Espania es assi multiforme e include elementos religiose, secular, rural, urban e artistic. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose de iste traditiones, inter illos le Fallas de Valencia, le castells, le flamenco, le Patum de Berga, le Silbo Gomero, le canto de la Sibila de Mallorca, le fiestas del foc del Pyrenees e altere manifestationes. In conjunto, iste traditiones illustra le grande diversitate cultural del pais e le capacitate del communitates de conservar e adaptar lor patrimonio cultural al societate contemporanee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
Le arte espaniol ha producite obras importante desde le antiquitate usque al epocha contemporanee. Le arte medieval combina influentias christian, islamic e judee, mentre que le Renascimento e le Baroco produce artistes como El Greco, Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Zurbarán e Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Plus tarde, Francisco de Goya deveni un figura central del arte europee del fin del seculo XVIII e del initio del XIX.

In le seculo XX, le arte espaniol es representate inter alteres per Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí e Antoni Tàpies. Le architectura presenta etiam un grande diversitate, desde le monumentos roman e medieval usque al modernismo catalan, representate specialmente per Antoni Gaudí, e le architectura contemporanee. Le patrimonio monumental comprende etiam exemplos del arte roman, gotic, mudejar, renascentista, baroc e moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/patrimonio-mundial-espana/ |titulo=Patrimonio Mundial de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&amp;p=20260520&amp;tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le '''castellano''' o '''espaniol''' es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo.

Le '''catalan''' es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como '''valencian'''. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia.

Le '''gallego''' es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia.

Le '''basco''' es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral.

Le '''aranese''', varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le '''asturleonese''', parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le '''aragonese''', conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente.

Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&amp;lang=es&amp;p=&amp;tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia de Espania es un del elementos plus importante del cultura quotidian del pais e se caracteriza per un grande diversitate de productos, recetas e technicas. Le geographia, le clima e le differentes traditions historic ha favorate le formation de numerosas cocinas regional. Le cocina del litoral incorpora abundantemente pisces e fructos de mar, le regiones del interior ha un importante tradition de carnes, embutitos e guisados, e le zonas mediterranee accorda un grande rol al oleo de oliva, verduras, legumines e productos fresc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le oleo de oliva es un del ingredientes fundamental del cocina espaniol e es particularmente important in le regiones mediterranee e del sud. Illo es usate pro frigir, condir, marinar e elaborar numerosas preparatos. Le jamon iberic es un altere producto emblematic, specialmente associate con le zonas occidental del peninsula, e le production de quesos varia considerablemente inter le regiones, con exemplos como le Manchego, Cabrales, Idiazabal e Mahón.

Le pan e le cereales ha un longe tradition in le cocina espaniol, mentre que le legumines es le base de numerose platos traditional. Le pois e le lenticules entra in guisados e potages como le fabada asturian, le cocido madrilen e altere preparationes regional. Le patata, introducite in Europa post le contacto con America, deveni etiam un ingrediente central, particularmente in le tortilla de patatas e numerose pratos regional.

Le tapas constitue un del formas gastronomic plus recognoscibile de Espania. Illas pote esser parve portiones de comida servite como aperitivo o como parte de un repasto plus ample, e include preparatos multo diverse como tortilla, croquetas, patatas bravas, olives, calamari, quesos, jamon e altere productos. Le practica de mangiar tapas ha etiam un dimension social, per le qual le comida es associate con conversation, encontros e vita urban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-gastronomia/ |titulo=Gastronomía de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cuisine regional presenta characteristicas proprie. In le Andalusia, platos como le gazpacho, le salmorejo e le pesca frigite son ben cognoscite. Le Galicia es associate con le pulpo, le mariscos e le empanadas. Le País Basco ha developpate un cuisine con grande uso de pisces, fructos de mar e preparationes traditional, al mesme tempore que ha essite un centro importante del nove cuisine espaniol. Le Asturias es cognoscite per le fabada e le productos lactee, mentre que le Valencia es particularmente associate con le paella e altere platos basate sur le arroz. Le Canarias possede preparationes proprie como le papas arrugadas con mojo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le dieta mediterranee constitue un important referent cultural e gastronomic. Illa include non solmente le alimentos, ma etiam le practicas de agricultura, pesca, preparation, consumption e transmission del conocimientos culinar. Le UNESCO la inscribe in 2013 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate, describente le comida commun como un elemento de interaction social, transmission cultural e cohésion del communitates. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-dieta-mediterranea-00884 |titulo=La dieta mediterránea |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le vino forma etiam un parte importante del cultura gastronomic. Espania possede numerose regiones vinicole e denominationes de origine, inter illas Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Jerez, Rías Baixas, Cava e Priorat. Le vino es frequentemente associate con le gastronomia regional e con festas, mercatos e celebrationes local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/gastronomia-enoturismo/ |titulo=Gastronomía y enoturismo |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le ultime decennios, le alta cuisine espaniol ha acquirite un importante reputation international. Chefs espaniol ha developpate technicas nove e ha reinterpretate productos e platos traditional, combinante innovation con elementos del cocina regional. Iste evolution ha establite un ponte inter le gastronomia traditional e le cuisine contemporanee e ha augmentate le internationalisation del cultura gastronomic espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/top/razones-elegir-alta-cocina-espana/ |titulo=La alta cocina de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le costumes e traditiones de Espania forma un conjunto multo diverse de practicas social, festas, ceremonias, musicas, dansas e costumes local que se ha developpate durante le historia. Le grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e historic del pais ha facite que quasi cata region possede un calendario festive e un patrimonio traditional proprie. Le festas pote haber un origine religiose, agricole, historic o secular, ma in multe casos combina plure de iste elementos. Le celebrationes public contribue al cohésion del communitates e al transmission inter generationes del memoria e del identitate local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le festa religiose ha un important presentia in le cultura traditional, specialmente in le areas ubi le catholicismo ha exercite un grande influentia historic. Le Semana Sancte es celebrate in numerose citates e villages per processiones, confraternitates, musica sacre e representationes del Passion de Christ. Le celebrationes varia considerabilemente de un territorio al altere; inter le plus cognoscite se trova los de Sevilla, Malaga, Valladolid, Zamora e Cuenca. Le Corpus Christi es etiam celebrate in diverse localidades con procession, alfombras de flores, decoration del calles e ceremonias traditional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/semana-santa-espana/ |titulo=Semana Santa en España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Natal e le Epiphania conserva etiam numerose traditiones popular. Le 24 e 25 de decembre es associate con reuniones familial e comidas festive, mentre que le Reyes Magos es celebrate le 6 de januario e es particularmente importante pro le tradition del regalos al infantes. In numerose citates e villages se organisa cavalcatas durante le vespere del 5 de januario. Le Carnaval constitue un altere grande periodo festive e es caracterisate per costumes, mascas, musicas, dansas e processiones. Inter le celebrationes plus cognoscite se trova le Carnavales de Cadiz e de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le calendario festive comprende etiam numerose festas patronal e popular. Durante le estate, plazas e calles de multe citates e villages deveni spatios pro concerts, dansas, procession, spectaculos e reuniones commun. Le verbenas son celebrationes nocturne popular, sovente accompaniate per musica, dansa e comidas. Le romerias combina frequentemente le peregrination religiose con un celebration popular in le qual familias e communitates se reuni in un spatio natural o in le vicinitate de un sanctuario. Iste eventos conserva un importante dimension familial e communitari.

Inter le festas plus cognoscite se trova le Sanfermines de Pamplona, celebrate in julio e caracterisate inter altere cosas per le encierros; le Fallas de Valencia, celebrate in martio con monumentos artistic, procession, musica e pirotechnia; le Feria de Abril de Sevilla, con casetas, dansas, costumes traditional e cavallos; le Hogueras de San Juan in diverse partes del litoral mediterranee; e le Tomatina de Buñol, un festa popular contemporanee. Iste celebrationes ha acquis un grande notorietate national e international e attracte numerose visitatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fallas de Valencia constitue un del plus importante exemplos del interaction inter arte, artisanato e festa popular. Durante le festa, le commisiones falleras erige grande constructiones artistic appellate *fallas*, frequentemente decorate con figuras satiric e allusive a eventos del actualitate. Le celebration comprende procession, musica, pirotechnia e actos ceremonial e culmina con le combustion del major parte del monumentos. Le UNESCO ha inscribite iste festa in 2016 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-fiesta-de-las-fallas-de-valencia-00859 |titulo=La fiesta de las Fallas de Valencia |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Catalonia, le castells es un del traditiones plus distinctive. Gruppes de *castellers* forma torres human que pote attinger inter sex e dece nivellos, normalmente durante festas local e celebrationes annual. Le construction demanda coordination inter personas de differentes edades e es accompaniate per musica de *gralla*. Le tradition es transmittite principalmente per le participation directe in le gruppos e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/los-castells-00364 |titulo=Los castells |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Patum de Berga, etiam in Catalonia, combina elementos religiose, profane e theatrical. Associate historicamente con le celebrationes del Corpus Christi, illa include procession, figures gigant, tamburos, dansas, pirotechnia e personnages symbolic como le gigantes e le diablos. Le UNESCO la ha inscribite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-patum-de-berga-00156 |titulo=La Patum de Berga |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le País Basco e Navarra, le festas traditional include dansas regional, musica popular, procession e celebrationes associate con le vita rural e le calendario religiose. Le Tamborrada de San Sebastian es un del celebrationes plus cognoscite, con gruppos que percute tamburos durante le festa de San Sebastian. In altere localidades, le dansas traditional e le deporte rural, como le levantamento de pedras, le cortamento de troncos e altere provas physic, conserva un forte connexion con le historia del vita rural basc.

In Galicia, le traditiones combine le cultura rural, le musica, le gastronomia e le festas religiose. Le romerias e le peregrinationes al sanctuarios es frequente, e le musica traditional usa instrumentos como le *gaita gallega*, le tambor e le pandeiro. Le Santiago de Compostela e le Camino de Santiago constitue etiam un important foco de traditiones religiose e cultural que ha connectate Galicia con altere partes de Europa durante multe seculos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/camino-santiago/ |titulo=Camino de Santiago |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Andalusia, le traditiones include le flamenco, le ferias, le romerias e numerose festas patronal. Le flamenco combina canto, dansa e guitarra e es associate con un longe tradition artistic e social in le sud del Peninsula Iberic. Le Feria de Abril de Sevilla e le Romeria del Rocio son exemplos de celebrationes ubi se combina musica, vestimentos traditional, equitation, gastronomia e sociabilitate. Le flamenco ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Valle de Aran e altere partes del Pyrenees, como in le Pyrenees aragonese e catalan, existe traditiones associate con le ciclo agricole, le transhumantia e le celebrationes del solsticio. Le Festas del Foc del Solsticio de Estate in le Pyrenees es un conjunto de traditiones in le qual gruppos porta faculas o troncos incendente desde le montes verso le villages durante le nocte del solsticio. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite iste traditiones como patrimonio cultural immaterial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/fiestas-del-fuego-del-solsticio-de-verano-en-los-pirineos-01073 |titulo=Fiestas del fuego del solsticio de verano en los Pirineos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Insulas Canari e le Insulas Balear ha etiam traditiones proprie. In le Canarias, le Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife es un del principal celebrationes popular e combina musica, costumes, dansa e parades. Le Silbo Gomero, un systema de communication per siblo usate historicamente in le insula de La Gomera, es un del elementos del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. In le Balear, le canto de la Sibila es un tradition musical religiose medieval que ha essite conservate specialmente in Mallorca e ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia e le encierros forma etiam un parte historic del cultura festive de certe regiones de Espania. Le encierro consiste in le conduction de tauros per un percurso urban delimitate e es associate con celebrationes local como le Sanfermines de Pamplona. Le tauromachia ha un longe tradition historic e artistic, ma su practica e su presentia in le vita cultural varia considerablemente secundo le territorio e le periodo historic.

Altere traditiones popular include le giants e cabezudos, le tamboradas, le dansas regional, le procession de figures, le mercados traditional, le representationes teatral de episodies historic e le celebrationes agricole. Le tamboradas, per exemplo, consiste in procession e interpretation collective de tamburos durante festas local e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un characteristica commun de multe de iste traditiones es lor transmission inter generationes. Le conocimientos relative al preparation del festas, le confection del costumes, le execution del musica, le construction de figuras e le organisation del actos es frequentemente transmittite per familias, associationes cultural, confraternitates e gruppos local. Assi, le festa non es solmente un evento periodic, ma etiam un forma de transmission del memoria, del identitate e del relationes social del communitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/usos-sociales-rituales-y-00055 |titulo=Usos sociales, rituales y actos festivos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le patrimonio festive de Espania es assi multiforme e include elementos religiose, secular, rural, urban e artistic. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose de iste traditiones, inter illos le Fallas de Valencia, le castells, le flamenco, le Patum de Berga, le Silbo Gomero, le canto de la Sibila de Mallorca, le fiestas del foc del Pyrenees e altere manifestationes. In conjunto, iste traditiones illustra le grande diversitate cultural del pais e le capacitate del communitates de conservar e adaptar lor patrimonio cultural al societate contemporanee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
Le arte e architectura de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de estilos e influentias, resultato del succession de civilisationes que ha occupate le peninsula e le altere territorios del pais. Le patrimonio artistic espaniol comprende arte prehistorica, roman, christian, islamic, judee, medieval, renascentista, baroc, moderne e contemporanee. Le position del peninsula inter Europa, Mediterraneo e Africa ha favorate le incontro inter traditiones artistic differente, que sovente se ha influentiate reciprocamente.

Le arte prehistorica es representate principalmente per le picturas rupestre del Paleolithico e del Neolithico. Le Caverna de Altamira, in Cantabria, contine un del plus importante insiemes de arte rupestre paleolithic de Europa, con representationes de bisontes, cavallos, cervos e altere animales. Le arte rupestre del arco mediterranee presenta un stilo differente, con figuras human e scenas de chasse, dansa e vita quotidian. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios de arte rupestre del Peninsula Iberic como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/310/ |titulo=Cueva de Altamira y arte rupestre paleolítico del norte de España |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte roman lassava un importante hereditage architectural. Le romanisation introducite nove formas urban, temples, pontes, vias, aqueductos, theatros e amphitheatros. Inter le exemplos plus notabile se trova le Aqueducto de Segovia, le murallas de Lugo, le amphitheatro de Tarraco e le Ponte roman de Alcantara. Le architectura roman constitue un del fundamentos sur le qual se developpava plus tarde le paisage urban e monumental de multe partes de Espania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/875/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Segovia y su acueducto |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le medio evo, le architectura christian produceva iglesias, monasterios, cathedral e fortificationes. Le romanico se diffundeva specialmente desde le seculo XI e es caracterisate per muros spisse, arcos semicircular, absides e decoration sculptural. Le gotico se developpava plus tarde e introduceva arcos ogival, voûtes de cruceria e grandes fenestras con vitraios. Cathedrales como los de Burgos, Leon, Toledo, Palma e Sevilla illustra le evolution del architectura christian medieval. Le Cathedral de Burgos e le centro historic de Santiago de Compostela forma parte del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/316/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Santiago de Compostela |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte hispanomusulman es un del elementos plus distinctive del patrimonio espaniol. Durante le periodo de Al-Andalus se developpava un architectura caracterisate per le uso del arcos, patios, jardins, aqua, ceramica, azulejos, stucco e inscriptiones decorative. Le Moschea-Cathedral de Cordoba representa un del exemplos plus importante, con su grande sala de columnas e arcs bicolore. Le Alhambra de Granada e le Generalife representa le apogeo del arte nasrid, con palatios, patios, jardins, decoration geometric e calligraphic e un uso elaborate del aqua. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/313/ |titulo=Centro histórico de Córdoba |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/314/ |titulo=Alhambra, Generalife y Albaicín de Granada |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte mudéjar nasce del interaction inter traditiones islamic e christian post le conquista christian del territorios musulman. Architects e artesanos musulman, judee e christian collaborava in le construction e decoration de edificios christian, incorporante material e technicas associate con le tradition islamic. Le mudéjar es particularmentemente importante in Aragon, Castille e Leon, Toledo e altere zonas del centro e del nord del peninsula. Le Architectura mudéjar de Aragon es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO e comprende ecclesias, turres e altere edificios decorate con ladrillos, ceramica e motives geometric. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/378/ |titulo=Arquitectura mudéjar de Aragón |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Renascimento introducite in Espania le ideas artistic italian del seculo XV e XVI, ma illos se combina con traditiones local. Le architectura renascentista usa proportiones classic, columnas, frontones e decoration inspirate per le antiquitate grec e roman. Le Universitate de Alcala de Henares, le cathedrales renascentista de Jaen e Granada e numerose palatios e edificios civic demonstra iste evolution. Le ensemble monumental de Ubeda e Baeza es un del exemplos plus importante del Renascimento espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/522/ |titulo=Conjuntos monumentales renacentistas de Úbeda y Baeza |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Baroco espaniol se developpava durante le seculos XVII e XVIII e es caracterisate per un grande richesse decorative, dramaticitate e uso abundante de sculptura e ornamentation. In le pintura, Diego Velazquez, Francisco de Zurbaran, Bartolome Esteban Murillo e José de Ribera deveni figuras central. Velazquez, specialmente, es considerate un del plus importante pintores del cultura espaniol e europee, con obras como *Las Meninas*, *La rendición de Breda* e le serie de retratos del corte.

Le sculptura baroc ha etiam un importante dimension religiose. Le imagines policrome de Christo, le Virgine e le sanctos es usate in retablos e procession. Sculptores como Gregorio Fernández, Juan Martínez Montañés e Pedro de Mena developpava un stilo caracterisate per grande realismo e expression emotional. Le retablos monumental del ecclesias deveni un del elementos plus recognoscibile del arte religiose del epocha.

Le architectura baroc se manifesta in ecclesias, palatios, plazas e edificios civic. Le Plaza Mayor de Salamanca, le facada del Obradoiro del cathedral de Santiago e numerose ecclesias e palatios del Madrid del seculo XVII e XVIII illustra le varietate del baroc espaniol. Le Monasterio de El Escorial, construite in le seculo XVI per Philippo II, representa un combination de function religiose, royal e cultural e ha un importante rol in le historia del architectura espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/318/ |titulo=Monasterio y sitio de El Escorial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XVIII, le influentia del Il·lustration e del classicismo produce un nove interesse in le architectura classic e in le urbanismo. Le creation de promenades, jardines, museos e edificios scientific corresponde al nove ideal del citate illustrate. In Madrid, le Paseo del Prado e le ensemble del Buen Retiro constitue un exemplo important de iste evolution urban e cultural. Le sitio es recognoscite per le UNESCO como paisage cultural de valor universal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/1618/ |titulo=Paseo del Prado y Buen Retiro, paisaje de las artes y las ciencias |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le seculo XIX es marcate per le Romanticismo, le Realismo e le transformation del citates. Le industrialisation, le construction de nove vias ferroviari e le croissance del population urban modifica le architectura e le paisage urbane. In le arte, Francisco de Goya occupa un position central inter le Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su obras comprende pinturas de corte, escenas popular, gravuras e representationes dramatic del guerra e del societate.

Le Modernismo catalan del fin del seculo XIX e initio del seculo XX constitue un del manifestationes plus distinctive del architectura espaniol moderne. Le movimento combina formas inspirate per le natura con nove technicas constructive e un uso integrate de architectura, sculptura, ceramica, vitraio e ferreria. Antoni Gaudi es su figura plus cognoscite, con obras como le Sagrada Familia, le Parc Guell, le Casa Batllo, le Casa Mila e le Palau Guell. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite septe obras de Gaudi como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/320/ |titulo=Obras de Antoni Gaudí |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altere architectos del Modernismo, como Lluis Domenech i Montaner e Josep Puig i Cadafalch, contribue al transformation del architectura de Barcelona e de altere citates catalan. Le Palau de la Musica Catalana e le Hospital de Sant Pau es exemplos major de iste stilo, caracterisate per le combination de structura moderne, decoration artistic e motifs inspirate per le historia e le natura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/804/ |titulo=Palau de la Música Catalana y Hospital de Sant Pau |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte del seculo XX es marcate per un grande diversification del avantgardias e del nove linguages artistic. Pablo Picasso participa in le evolution del cubismo e deveni un del artistas plus influente del seculo. Joan Miro developpa un linguage personal basate sur formas abstracte, colores e symbolos, mentre que Salvador Dali es un del principales representantes del surrealismo. Alteres artistes, como Juan Gris, Julio Gonzalez e Antoni Tapies, contribue etiam al evolution del arte moderne espaniol.

Le Guerra Civil e le transformationes social del seculo XX influentiate le production artistic. Le arte deveni in multe casos un medio de expression personal, experiment artistic e reflexion sur le guerra, le societate e le condition human. Post le restauration del democratia, le scena artistic espaniol se internationalisa plus, con museos, galerias, centros de arte contemporanee e grandes eventos cultural.

Le architectura contemporanee presenta un grande varietate de styles, ab le rationalismo e le brutalismo usque al architectura experimental e sustainable. Le expansion urban del ultime decennios ha producite nove museos, auditorios, bibliothecas, centros cultural e infrastructuras. Architectos espaniol como Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill e altere professionales ha realisate obras in Espania e in altere paises.

Le museos e institutiones cultural ha un rol central in le conservation e diffusion del arte. Le Museo del Prado in Madrid conserva un del plus importante collectiones de pintura europee, con un particular concentration de obras de Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Rubens e altere maestros. Le Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia se concentra specialmente sur le arte moderne e contemporanee e conserva *Guernica* de Picasso. Le Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, inaugurate in 1997, es un exemplo importante del architectura cultural contemporanee e ha devenite un del symbolos architectural del citate.

Le patrimonio architectural espaniol include non solmente monumentos isolates, ma etiam centros historic, paisages cultural, ensembles urban, monasterios, castellos, fortificationes e architectura popular. Citates como Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Cordoba, Santiago de Compostela, Cuenca e Caceres conserva ensembles historic que documenta diverse periodos del historia del peninsula. Le UNESCO recognosce actualmente 50 sitios del Patrimonio Mundial in Espania, inter le quales le major parte es de natura cultural. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/estadospartes/es |titulo=España — Convención del Patrimonio Mundial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le protection del patrimonio artistic e architectural es etiam un responsabilitate del Stato e del Communitates Autonome. Le legislation espaniol establi diverse nivellos de protection del patrimonio historic, includente le categoria de Bien de Interes Cultural. Iste protection concerne edificios, monumentos, sitios archeologic, jardins historic, obras artistic e altere elementos de valor historic, artistic, archeologic, ethnographic o scientific. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/patrimonio/bienes-culturales-protegidos/niveles-de-proteccion/regimen-general.html |titulo=Régimen general de protección del Patrimonio Histórico |sito=Ministerio de Cultura |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In conjunto, le arte e architectura de Espania representa un succession de stilos e influentias que va desde le arte rupestre prehistorica usque al creation contemporanee. Le combination de traditiones mediterranee, europee e islamic, insimul con le forte diversitate regional, ha producite un patrimonio artistic particularmente ample, in le qual monumentos, citates historic, obras de arte e architectura moderne forma un parte central del cultura espaniol.

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&amp;p=20260520&amp;tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le '''castellano''' o '''espaniol''' es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo.

Le '''catalan''' es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como '''valencian'''. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia.

Le '''gallego''' es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia.

Le '''basco''' es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral.

Le '''aranese''', varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le '''asturleonese''', parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le '''aragonese''', conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente.

Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&amp;lang=es&amp;p=&amp;tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia de Espania es un del elementos plus importante del cultura quotidian del pais e se caracteriza per un grande diversitate de productos, recetas e technicas. Le geographia, le clima e le differentes traditions historic ha favorate le formation de numerosas cocinas regional. Le cocina del litoral incorpora abundantemente pisces e fructos de mar, le regiones del interior ha un importante tradition de carnes, embutitos e guisados, e le zonas mediterranee accorda un grande rol al oleo de oliva, verduras, legumines e productos fresc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le oleo de oliva es un del ingredientes fundamental del cocina espaniol e es particularmente important in le regiones mediterranee e del sud. Illo es usate pro frigir, condir, marinar e elaborar numerosas preparatos. Le jamon iberic es un altere producto emblematic, specialmente associate con le zonas occidental del peninsula, e le production de quesos varia considerablemente inter le regiones, con exemplos como le Manchego, Cabrales, Idiazabal e Mahón.

Le pan e le cereales ha un longe tradition in le cocina espaniol, mentre que le legumines es le base de numerose platos traditional. Le pois e le lenticules entra in guisados e potages como le fabada asturian, le cocido madrilen e altere preparationes regional. Le patata, introducite in Europa post le contacto con America, deveni etiam un ingrediente central, particularmente in le tortilla de patatas e numerose pratos regional.

Le tapas constitue un del formas gastronomic plus recognoscibile de Espania. Illas pote esser parve portiones de comida servite como aperitivo o como parte de un repasto plus ample, e include preparatos multo diverse como tortilla, croquetas, patatas bravas, olives, calamari, quesos, jamon e altere productos. Le practica de mangiar tapas ha etiam un dimension social, per le qual le comida es associate con conversation, encontros e vita urban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-gastronomia/ |titulo=Gastronomía de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cuisine regional presenta characteristicas proprie. In le Andalusia, platos como le gazpacho, le salmorejo e le pesca frigite son ben cognoscite. Le Galicia es associate con le pulpo, le mariscos e le empanadas. Le País Basco ha developpate un cuisine con grande uso de pisces, fructos de mar e preparationes traditional, al mesme tempore que ha essite un centro importante del nove cuisine espaniol. Le Asturias es cognoscite per le fabada e le productos lactee, mentre que le Valencia es particularmente associate con le paella e altere platos basate sur le arroz. Le Canarias possede preparationes proprie como le papas arrugadas con mojo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le dieta mediterranee constitue un important referent cultural e gastronomic. Illa include non solmente le alimentos, ma etiam le practicas de agricultura, pesca, preparation, consumption e transmission del conocimientos culinar. Le UNESCO la inscribe in 2013 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate, describente le comida commun como un elemento de interaction social, transmission cultural e cohésion del communitates. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-dieta-mediterranea-00884 |titulo=La dieta mediterránea |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le vino forma etiam un parte importante del cultura gastronomic. Espania possede numerose regiones vinicole e denominationes de origine, inter illas Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Jerez, Rías Baixas, Cava e Priorat. Le vino es frequentemente associate con le gastronomia regional e con festas, mercatos e celebrationes local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/gastronomia-enoturismo/ |titulo=Gastronomía y enoturismo |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le ultime decennios, le alta cuisine espaniol ha acquirite un importante reputation international. Chefs espaniol ha developpate technicas nove e ha reinterpretate productos e platos traditional, combinante innovation con elementos del cocina regional. Iste evolution ha establite un ponte inter le gastronomia traditional e le cuisine contemporanee e ha augmentate le internationalisation del cultura gastronomic espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/top/razones-elegir-alta-cocina-espana/ |titulo=La alta cocina de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le costumes e traditiones de Espania forma un conjunto multo diverse de practicas social, festas, ceremonias, musicas, dansas e costumes local que se ha developpate durante le historia. Le grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e historic del pais ha facite que quasi cata region possede un calendario festive e un patrimonio traditional proprie. Le festas pote haber un origine religiose, agricole, historic o secular, ma in multe casos combina plure de iste elementos. Le celebrationes public contribue al cohésion del communitates e al transmission inter generationes del memoria e del identitate local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le festa religiose ha un important presentia in le cultura traditional, specialmente in le areas ubi le catholicismo ha exercite un grande influentia historic. Le Semana Sancte es celebrate in numerose citates e villages per processiones, confraternitates, musica sacre e representationes del Passion de Christ. Le celebrationes varia considerabilemente de un territorio al altere; inter le plus cognoscite se trova los de Sevilla, Malaga, Valladolid, Zamora e Cuenca. Le Corpus Christi es etiam celebrate in diverse localidades con procession, alfombras de flores, decoration del calles e ceremonias traditional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/semana-santa-espana/ |titulo=Semana Santa en España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Natal e le Epiphania conserva etiam numerose traditiones popular. Le 24 e 25 de decembre es associate con reuniones familial e comidas festive, mentre que le Reyes Magos es celebrate le 6 de januario e es particularmente importante pro le tradition del regalos al infantes. In numerose citates e villages se organisa cavalcatas durante le vespere del 5 de januario. Le Carnaval constitue un altere grande periodo festive e es caracterisate per costumes, mascas, musicas, dansas e processiones. Inter le celebrationes plus cognoscite se trova le Carnavales de Cadiz e de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le calendario festive comprende etiam numerose festas patronal e popular. Durante le estate, plazas e calles de multe citates e villages deveni spatios pro concerts, dansas, procession, spectaculos e reuniones commun. Le verbenas son celebrationes nocturne popular, sovente accompaniate per musica, dansa e comidas. Le romerias combina frequentemente le peregrination religiose con un celebration popular in le qual familias e communitates se reuni in un spatio natural o in le vicinitate de un sanctuario. Iste eventos conserva un importante dimension familial e communitari.

Inter le festas plus cognoscite se trova le Sanfermines de Pamplona, celebrate in julio e caracterisate inter altere cosas per le encierros; le Fallas de Valencia, celebrate in martio con monumentos artistic, procession, musica e pirotechnia; le Feria de Abril de Sevilla, con casetas, dansas, costumes traditional e cavallos; le Hogueras de San Juan in diverse partes del litoral mediterranee; e le Tomatina de Buñol, un festa popular contemporanee. Iste celebrationes ha acquis un grande notorietate national e international e attracte numerose visitatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fallas de Valencia constitue un del plus importante exemplos del interaction inter arte, artisanato e festa popular. Durante le festa, le commisiones falleras erige grande constructiones artistic appellate *fallas*, frequentemente decorate con figuras satiric e allusive a eventos del actualitate. Le celebration comprende procession, musica, pirotechnia e actos ceremonial e culmina con le combustion del major parte del monumentos. Le UNESCO ha inscribite iste festa in 2016 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-fiesta-de-las-fallas-de-valencia-00859 |titulo=La fiesta de las Fallas de Valencia |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Catalonia, le castells es un del traditiones plus distinctive. Gruppes de *castellers* forma torres human que pote attinger inter sex e dece nivellos, normalmente durante festas local e celebrationes annual. Le construction demanda coordination inter personas de differentes edades e es accompaniate per musica de *gralla*. Le tradition es transmittite principalmente per le participation directe in le gruppos e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/los-castells-00364 |titulo=Los castells |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Patum de Berga, etiam in Catalonia, combina elementos religiose, profane e theatrical. Associate historicamente con le celebrationes del Corpus Christi, illa include procession, figures gigant, tamburos, dansas, pirotechnia e personnages symbolic como le gigantes e le diablos. Le UNESCO la ha inscribite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-patum-de-berga-00156 |titulo=La Patum de Berga |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le País Basco e Navarra, le festas traditional include dansas regional, musica popular, procession e celebrationes associate con le vita rural e le calendario religiose. Le Tamborrada de San Sebastian es un del celebrationes plus cognoscite, con gruppos que percute tamburos durante le festa de San Sebastian. In altere localidades, le dansas traditional e le deporte rural, como le levantamento de pedras, le cortamento de troncos e altere provas physic, conserva un forte connexion con le historia del vita rural basc.

In Galicia, le traditiones combine le cultura rural, le musica, le gastronomia e le festas religiose. Le romerias e le peregrinationes al sanctuarios es frequente, e le musica traditional usa instrumentos como le *gaita gallega*, le tambor e le pandeiro. Le Santiago de Compostela e le Camino de Santiago constitue etiam un important foco de traditiones religiose e cultural que ha connectate Galicia con altere partes de Europa durante multe seculos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/camino-santiago/ |titulo=Camino de Santiago |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Andalusia, le traditiones include le flamenco, le ferias, le romerias e numerose festas patronal. Le flamenco combina canto, dansa e guitarra e es associate con un longe tradition artistic e social in le sud del Peninsula Iberic. Le Feria de Abril de Sevilla e le Romeria del Rocio son exemplos de celebrationes ubi se combina musica, vestimentos traditional, equitation, gastronomia e sociabilitate. Le flamenco ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Valle de Aran e altere partes del Pyrenees, como in le Pyrenees aragonese e catalan, existe traditiones associate con le ciclo agricole, le transhumantia e le celebrationes del solsticio. Le Festas del Foc del Solsticio de Estate in le Pyrenees es un conjunto de traditiones in le qual gruppos porta faculas o troncos incendente desde le montes verso le villages durante le nocte del solsticio. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite iste traditiones como patrimonio cultural immaterial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/fiestas-del-fuego-del-solsticio-de-verano-en-los-pirineos-01073 |titulo=Fiestas del fuego del solsticio de verano en los Pirineos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Insulas Canari e le Insulas Balear ha etiam traditiones proprie. In le Canarias, le Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife es un del principal celebrationes popular e combina musica, costumes, dansa e parades. Le Silbo Gomero, un systema de communication per siblo usate historicamente in le insula de La Gomera, es un del elementos del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. In le Balear, le canto de la Sibila es un tradition musical religiose medieval que ha essite conservate specialmente in Mallorca e ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia e le encierros forma etiam un parte historic del cultura festive de certe regiones de Espania. Le encierro consiste in le conduction de tauros per un percurso urban delimitate e es associate con celebrationes local como le Sanfermines de Pamplona. Le tauromachia ha un longe tradition historic e artistic, ma su practica e su presentia in le vita cultural varia considerablemente secundo le territorio e le periodo historic.

Altere traditiones popular include le giants e cabezudos, le tamboradas, le dansas regional, le procession de figures, le mercados traditional, le representationes teatral de episodies historic e le celebrationes agricole. Le tamboradas, per exemplo, consiste in procession e interpretation collective de tamburos durante festas local e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un characteristica commun de multe de iste traditiones es lor transmission inter generationes. Le conocimientos relative al preparation del festas, le confection del costumes, le execution del musica, le construction de figuras e le organisation del actos es frequentemente transmittite per familias, associationes cultural, confraternitates e gruppos local. Assi, le festa non es solmente un evento periodic, ma etiam un forma de transmission del memoria, del identitate e del relationes social del communitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/usos-sociales-rituales-y-00055 |titulo=Usos sociales, rituales y actos festivos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le patrimonio festive de Espania es assi multiforme e include elementos religiose, secular, rural, urban e artistic. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose de iste traditiones, inter illos le Fallas de Valencia, le castells, le flamenco, le Patum de Berga, le Silbo Gomero, le canto de la Sibila de Mallorca, le fiestas del foc del Pyrenees e altere manifestationes. In conjunto, iste traditiones illustra le grande diversitate cultural del pais e le capacitate del communitates de conservar e adaptar lor patrimonio cultural al societate contemporanee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:12 Vista general del techo de polícromos.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Tecto del Grande Sala del Cavernas de Altamira desde le puncto de vista de un visitante actual. ]]
[[File:Ancient Roman theatre in Mérida 2023.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Le theatro roman de [[Mérida]], in Extremadura.]]
[[File:Aqueduct of Segovia 02.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le Aqueducto de Segovia.]]
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
[[File:Córdoba (5157827355).jpg|thumb|right|Sala hypostyle con columnas maurese in le [[Moschea-Cathedral de Cordova]].]]

Le arte e architectura de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de estilos e influentias, resultato del succession de civilisationes que ha occupate le peninsula e le altere territorios del pais. Le patrimonio artistic espaniol comprende arte prehistorica, roman, christian, islamic, judee, medieval, renascentista, baroc, moderne e contemporanee. Le position del peninsula inter Europa, Mediterraneo e Africa ha favorate le incontro inter traditiones artistic differente, que sovente se ha influentiate reciprocamente.

Le arte prehistorica es representate principalmente per le picturas rupestre del Paleolithico e del Neolithico. Le Caverna de Altamira, in [[Cantabria]], contine un del plus importante insiemes de arte rupestre paleolithic de Europa, con representationes de bisontes, cavallos, cervos e altere animales. Le arte rupestre del arco mediterranee presenta un stilo differente, con figuras human e scenas de chasse, dansa e vita quotidian. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios de arte rupestre del Peninsula Iberic como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/310/ |titulo=Cueva de Altamira y arte rupestre paleolítico del norte de España |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte roman lassava un importante hereditage architectural. Le romanisation introducite nove formas urban, temples, pontes, vias, aqueductos, theatros e amphitheatros. Inter le exemplos plus notabile se trova le Aqueducto de Segovia, le murallas de Lugo, le amphitheatro de Tarraco e le Ponte roman de Alcantara. Le architectura roman constitue un del fundamentos sur le qual se developpava plus tarde le paisage urban e monumental de multe partes de Espania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/875/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Segovia y su acueducto |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le medievo, le architectura christian produceva iglesias, monasterios, cathedral e fortificationes. Le romanico se diffundeva specialmente desde le 11e seculo e es caracterisate per muros spisse, arcos semicircular, absides e decoration sculptural. Le gotico se developpava plus tarde e introduceva arcos ogival, voûtes de cruceria e grandes fenestras con vitraios. Cathedrales como los de Burgos, Leon, Toledo, Palma e Sevilla illustra le evolution del architectura christian medieval. Le Cathedral de Burgos e le centro historic de Santiago de Compostela forma parte del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/316/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Santiago de Compostela |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte hispanomusulman es un del elementos plus distinctive del patrimonio espaniol. Durante le periodo de Al-Andalus se developpava un architectura caracterisate per le uso del arcos, patios, jardins, aqua, ceramica, azulejos, stucco e inscriptiones decorative. Le Moschea-Cathedral de Cordoba representa un del exemplos plus importante, con su grande sala de columnas e arcs bicolore. Le Alhambra de Granada e le Generalife representa le apogeo del arte nasrid, con palatios, patios, jardins, decoration geometric e calligraphic e un uso elaborate del aqua. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/313/ |titulo=Centro histórico de Córdoba |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/314/ |titulo=Alhambra, Generalife y Albaicín de Granada |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte mudéjar nasce del interaction inter traditiones islamic e christian post le conquista christian del territorios musulman. Architects e artesanos musulman, judee e christian collaborava in le construction e decoration de edificios christian, incorporante material e technicas associate con le tradition islamic. Le mudéjar es particularmentemente importante in Aragon, Castille e Leon, Toledo e altere zonas del centro e del nord del peninsula. Le Architectura mudéjar de Aragon es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO e comprende ecclesias, turres e altere edificios decorate con ladrillos, ceramica e motives geometric. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/378/ |titulo=Arquitectura mudéjar de Aragón |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Renascimento introducite in Espania le ideas artistic italian del 15e e 16e seculos, ma illos se combina con traditiones local. Le architectura renascentista usa proportiones classic, columnas, frontones e decoration inspirate per le antiquitate grec e roman. Le Universitate de Alcala de Henares, le cathedrales renascentista de Jaen e Granada e numerose palatios e edificios civic demonstra iste evolution. Le ensemble monumental de Ubeda e Baeza es un del exemplos plus importante del Renascimento espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/522/ |titulo=Conjuntos monumentales renacentistas de Úbeda y Baeza |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Baroco espaniol se developpava durante le 17e e 18e seculos e es caracterisate per un grande richesse decorative, dramaticitate e uso abundante de sculptura e ornamentation. In le pintura, Diego Velazquez, Francisco de Zurbaran, Bartolome Esteban Murillo e José de Ribera deveni figuras central. Velazquez, specialmente, es considerate un del plus importante pintores del cultura espaniol e europee, con obras como ''Las Meninas'', ''La rendición de Breda'' e le serie de retratos del corte.

Le sculptura baroc ha etiam un importante dimension religiose. Le imagines policrome de Christo, le Virgine e le sanctos es usate in retablos e procession. Sculptores como Gregorio Fernández, Juan Martínez Montañés e Pedro de Mena developpava un stilo caracterisate per grande realismo e expression emotional. Le retablos monumental del ecclesias deveni un del elementos plus recognoscibile del arte religiose del epocha.

Le architectura baroc se manifesta in ecclesias, palatios, plazas e edificios civic. Le Plaza Mayor de Salamanca, le facada del Obradoiro del cathedral de Santiago e numerose ecclesias e palatios del Madrid del 17e e 18e seculos illustra le varietate del baroc espaniol. Le Monasterio de El Escorial, construite in le 16e seculo per Philippo II, representa un combination de function religiose, royal e cultural e ha un importante rol in le historia del architectura espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/318/ |titulo=Monasterio y sitio de El Escorial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le 18e seculo, le influentia del Il·lustration e del classicismo produce un nove interesse in le architectura classic e in le urbanismo. Le creation de promenades, jardines, museos e edificios scientific corresponde al nove ideal del citate illustrate. In Madrid, le Paseo del Prado e le ensemble del Buen Retiro constitue un exemplo important de iste evolution urban e cultural. Le sitio es recognoscite per le UNESCO como paisage cultural de valor universal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/1618/ |titulo=Paseo del Prado y Buen Retiro, paisaje de las artes y las ciencias |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 19e seculo es marcate per le Romanticismo, le Realismo e le transformation del citates. Le industrialisation, le construction de nove vias ferroviari e le croissance del population urban modifica le architectura e le paisage urbane. In le arte, Francisco de Goya occupa un position central inter le Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su obras comprende pinturas de corte, escenas popular, gravuras e representationes dramatic del guerra e del societate.

Le Modernismo catalan del fin del 19e seculo e initio del 20e seculo constitue un del manifestationes plus distinctive del architectura espaniol moderne. Le movimento combina formas inspirate per le natura con nove technicas constructive e un uso integrate de architectura, sculptura, ceramica, vitraio e ferreria. Antoni Gaudi es su figura plus cognoscite, con obras como le Sagrada Familia, le Parc Guell, le Casa Batllo, le Casa Mila e le Palau Guell. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite septe obras de Gaudi como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/320/ |titulo=Obras de Antoni Gaudí |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altere architectos del Modernismo, como Lluis Domenech i Montaner e Josep Puig i Cadafalch, contribue al transformation del architectura de Barcelona e de altere citates catalan. Le Palau de la Musica Catalana e le Hospital de Sant Pau es exemplos major de iste stilo, caracterisate per le combination de structura moderne, decoration artistic e motifs inspirate per le historia e le natura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/804/ |titulo=Palau de la Música Catalana y Hospital de Sant Pau |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte del 10e seculo es marcate per un grande diversification del avantgardias e del nove linguages artistic. Pablo Picasso participa in le evolution del cubismo e deveni un del artistas plus influente del seculo. Joan Miro developpa un linguage personal basate sur formas abstracte, colores e symbolos, mentre que Salvador Dali es un del principales representantes del surrealismo. Alteres artistes, como Juan Gris, Julio Gonzalez e Antoni Tapies, contribue etiam al evolution del arte moderne espaniol.

Le Guerra Civil e le transformationes social del 20e seculo influentiate le production artistic. Le arte deveni in multe casos un medio de expression personal, experiment artistic e reflexion sur le guerra, le societate e le condition human. Post le restauration del democratia, le scena artistic espaniol se internationalisa plus, con museos, galerias, centros de arte contemporanee e grandes eventos cultural.

Le architectura contemporanee presenta un grande varietate de styles, ab le rationalismo e le brutalismo usque al architectura experimental e sustainable. Le expansion urban del ultime decennios ha producite nove museos, auditorios, bibliothecas, centros cultural e infrastructuras. Architectos espaniol como Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill e altere professionales ha realisate obras in Espania e in altere paises.

Le museos e institutiones cultural ha un rol central in le conservation e diffusion del arte. Le Museo del Prado in Madrid conserva un del plus importante collectiones de pintura europee, con un particular concentration de obras de Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Rubens e altere maestros. Le Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia se concentra specialmente sur le arte moderne e contemporanee e conserva *Guernica* de Picasso. Le Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, inaugurate in 1997, es un exemplo importante del architectura cultural contemporanee e ha devenite un del symbolos architectural del citate.

Le patrimonio architectural espaniol include non solmente monumentos isolates, ma etiam centros historic, paisages cultural, ensembles urban, monasterios, castellos, fortificationes e architectura popular. Citates como Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Cordoba, Santiago de Compostela, Cuenca e Caceres conserva ensembles historic que documenta diverse periodos del historia del peninsula. Le UNESCO recognosce actualmente 50 sitios del Patrimonio Mundial in Espania, inter le quales le major parte es de natura cultural. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/estadospartes/es |titulo=España — Convención del Patrimonio Mundial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le protection del patrimonio artistic e architectural es etiam un responsabilitate del Stato e del Communitates Autonome. Le legislation espaniol establi diverse nivellos de protection del patrimonio historic, includente le categoria de Bien de Interes Cultural. Iste protection concerne edificios, monumentos, sitios archeologic, jardins historic, obras artistic e altere elementos de valor historic, artistic, archeologic, ethnographic o scientific. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/patrimonio/bienes-culturales-protegidos/niveles-de-proteccion/regimen-general.html |titulo=Régimen general de protección del Patrimonio Histórico |sito=Ministerio de Cultura |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In conjunto, le arte e architectura de Espania representa un succession de stilos e influentias que va desde le arte rupestre prehistorica usque al creation contemporanee. Le combination de traditiones mediterranee, europee e islamic, insimul con le forte diversitate regional, ha producite un patrimonio artistic particularmente ample, in le qual monumentos, citates historic, obras de arte e architectura moderne forma un parte central del cultura espaniol.

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&amp;p=20260520&amp;tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le '''castellano''' o '''espaniol''' es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo.

Le '''catalan''' es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como '''valencian'''. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia.

Le '''gallego''' es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia.

Le '''basco''' es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral.

Le '''aranese''', varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le '''asturleonese''', parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le '''aragonese''', conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente.

Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&amp;lang=es&amp;p=&amp;tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia de Espania es un del elementos plus importante del cultura quotidian del pais e se caracteriza per un grande diversitate de productos, recetas e technicas. Le geographia, le clima e le differentes traditions historic ha favorate le formation de numerosas cocinas regional. Le cocina del litoral incorpora abundantemente pisces e fructos de mar, le regiones del interior ha un importante tradition de carnes, embutitos e guisados, e le zonas mediterranee accorda un grande rol al oleo de oliva, verduras, legumines e productos fresc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le oleo de oliva es un del ingredientes fundamental del cocina espaniol e es particularmente important in le regiones mediterranee e del sud. Illo es usate pro frigir, condir, marinar e elaborar numerosas preparatos. Le jamon iberic es un altere producto emblematic, specialmente associate con le zonas occidental del peninsula, e le production de quesos varia considerablemente inter le regiones, con exemplos como le Manchego, Cabrales, Idiazabal e Mahón.

Le pan e le cereales ha un longe tradition in le cocina espaniol, mentre que le legumines es le base de numerose platos traditional. Le pois e le lenticules entra in guisados e potages como le fabada asturian, le cocido madrilen e altere preparationes regional. Le patata, introducite in Europa post le contacto con America, deveni etiam un ingrediente central, particularmente in le tortilla de patatas e numerose pratos regional.

Le tapas constitue un del formas gastronomic plus recognoscibile de Espania. Illas pote esser parve portiones de comida servite como aperitivo o como parte de un repasto plus ample, e include preparatos multo diverse como tortilla, croquetas, patatas bravas, olives, calamari, quesos, jamon e altere productos. Le practica de mangiar tapas ha etiam un dimension social, per le qual le comida es associate con conversation, encontros e vita urban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-gastronomia/ |titulo=Gastronomía de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cuisine regional presenta characteristicas proprie. In le Andalusia, platos como le gazpacho, le salmorejo e le pesca frigite son ben cognoscite. Le Galicia es associate con le pulpo, le mariscos e le empanadas. Le País Basco ha developpate un cuisine con grande uso de pisces, fructos de mar e preparationes traditional, al mesme tempore que ha essite un centro importante del nove cuisine espaniol. Le Asturias es cognoscite per le fabada e le productos lactee, mentre que le Valencia es particularmente associate con le paella e altere platos basate sur le arroz. Le Canarias possede preparationes proprie como le papas arrugadas con mojo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le dieta mediterranee constitue un important referent cultural e gastronomic. Illa include non solmente le alimentos, ma etiam le practicas de agricultura, pesca, preparation, consumption e transmission del conocimientos culinar. Le UNESCO la inscribe in 2013 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate, describente le comida commun como un elemento de interaction social, transmission cultural e cohésion del communitates. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-dieta-mediterranea-00884 |titulo=La dieta mediterránea |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le vino forma etiam un parte importante del cultura gastronomic. Espania possede numerose regiones vinicole e denominationes de origine, inter illas Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Jerez, Rías Baixas, Cava e Priorat. Le vino es frequentemente associate con le gastronomia regional e con festas, mercatos e celebrationes local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/gastronomia-enoturismo/ |titulo=Gastronomía y enoturismo |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le ultime decennios, le alta cuisine espaniol ha acquirite un importante reputation international. Chefs espaniol ha developpate technicas nove e ha reinterpretate productos e platos traditional, combinante innovation con elementos del cocina regional. Iste evolution ha establite un ponte inter le gastronomia traditional e le cuisine contemporanee e ha augmentate le internationalisation del cultura gastronomic espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/top/razones-elegir-alta-cocina-espana/ |titulo=La alta cocina de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le costumes e traditiones de Espania forma un conjunto multo diverse de practicas social, festas, ceremonias, musicas, dansas e costumes local que se ha developpate durante le historia. Le grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e historic del pais ha facite que quasi cata region possede un calendario festive e un patrimonio traditional proprie. Le festas pote haber un origine religiose, agricole, historic o secular, ma in multe casos combina plure de iste elementos. Le celebrationes public contribue al cohésion del communitates e al transmission inter generationes del memoria e del identitate local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le festa religiose ha un important presentia in le cultura traditional, specialmente in le areas ubi le catholicismo ha exercite un grande influentia historic. Le Semana Sancte es celebrate in numerose citates e villages per processiones, confraternitates, musica sacre e representationes del Passion de Christ. Le celebrationes varia considerabilemente de un territorio al altere; inter le plus cognoscite se trova los de Sevilla, Malaga, Valladolid, Zamora e Cuenca. Le Corpus Christi es etiam celebrate in diverse localidades con procession, alfombras de flores, decoration del calles e ceremonias traditional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/semana-santa-espana/ |titulo=Semana Santa en España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Natal e le Epiphania conserva etiam numerose traditiones popular. Le 24 e 25 de decembre es associate con reuniones familial e comidas festive, mentre que le Reyes Magos es celebrate le 6 de januario e es particularmente importante pro le tradition del regalos al infantes. In numerose citates e villages se organisa cavalcatas durante le vespere del 5 de januario. Le Carnaval constitue un altere grande periodo festive e es caracterisate per costumes, mascas, musicas, dansas e processiones. Inter le celebrationes plus cognoscite se trova le Carnavales de Cadiz e de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le calendario festive comprende etiam numerose festas patronal e popular. Durante le estate, plazas e calles de multe citates e villages deveni spatios pro concerts, dansas, procession, spectaculos e reuniones commun. Le verbenas son celebrationes nocturne popular, sovente accompaniate per musica, dansa e comidas. Le romerias combina frequentemente le peregrination religiose con un celebration popular in le qual familias e communitates se reuni in un spatio natural o in le vicinitate de un sanctuario. Iste eventos conserva un importante dimension familial e communitari.

Inter le festas plus cognoscite se trova le Sanfermines de Pamplona, celebrate in julio e caracterisate inter altere cosas per le encierros; le Fallas de Valencia, celebrate in martio con monumentos artistic, procession, musica e pirotechnia; le Feria de Abril de Sevilla, con casetas, dansas, costumes traditional e cavallos; le Hogueras de San Juan in diverse partes del litoral mediterranee; e le Tomatina de Buñol, un festa popular contemporanee. Iste celebrationes ha acquis un grande notorietate national e international e attracte numerose visitatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fallas de Valencia constitue un del plus importante exemplos del interaction inter arte, artisanato e festa popular. Durante le festa, le commisiones falleras erige grande constructiones artistic appellate *fallas*, frequentemente decorate con figuras satiric e allusive a eventos del actualitate. Le celebration comprende procession, musica, pirotechnia e actos ceremonial e culmina con le combustion del major parte del monumentos. Le UNESCO ha inscribite iste festa in 2016 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-fiesta-de-las-fallas-de-valencia-00859 |titulo=La fiesta de las Fallas de Valencia |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Catalonia, le castells es un del traditiones plus distinctive. Gruppes de *castellers* forma torres human que pote attinger inter sex e dece nivellos, normalmente durante festas local e celebrationes annual. Le construction demanda coordination inter personas de differentes edades e es accompaniate per musica de *gralla*. Le tradition es transmittite principalmente per le participation directe in le gruppos e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/los-castells-00364 |titulo=Los castells |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Patum de Berga, etiam in Catalonia, combina elementos religiose, profane e theatrical. Associate historicamente con le celebrationes del Corpus Christi, illa include procession, figures gigant, tamburos, dansas, pirotechnia e personnages symbolic como le gigantes e le diablos. Le UNESCO la ha inscribite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-patum-de-berga-00156 |titulo=La Patum de Berga |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le País Basco e Navarra, le festas traditional include dansas regional, musica popular, procession e celebrationes associate con le vita rural e le calendario religiose. Le Tamborrada de San Sebastian es un del celebrationes plus cognoscite, con gruppos que percute tamburos durante le festa de San Sebastian. In altere localidades, le dansas traditional e le deporte rural, como le levantamento de pedras, le cortamento de troncos e altere provas physic, conserva un forte connexion con le historia del vita rural basc.

In Galicia, le traditiones combine le cultura rural, le musica, le gastronomia e le festas religiose. Le romerias e le peregrinationes al sanctuarios es frequente, e le musica traditional usa instrumentos como le *gaita gallega*, le tambor e le pandeiro. Le Santiago de Compostela e le Camino de Santiago constitue etiam un important foco de traditiones religiose e cultural que ha connectate Galicia con altere partes de Europa durante multe seculos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/camino-santiago/ |titulo=Camino de Santiago |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Andalusia, le traditiones include le flamenco, le ferias, le romerias e numerose festas patronal. Le flamenco combina canto, dansa e guitarra e es associate con un longe tradition artistic e social in le sud del Peninsula Iberic. Le Feria de Abril de Sevilla e le Romeria del Rocio son exemplos de celebrationes ubi se combina musica, vestimentos traditional, equitation, gastronomia e sociabilitate. Le flamenco ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Valle de Aran e altere partes del Pyrenees, como in le Pyrenees aragonese e catalan, existe traditiones associate con le ciclo agricole, le transhumantia e le celebrationes del solsticio. Le Festas del Foc del Solsticio de Estate in le Pyrenees es un conjunto de traditiones in le qual gruppos porta faculas o troncos incendente desde le montes verso le villages durante le nocte del solsticio. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite iste traditiones como patrimonio cultural immaterial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/fiestas-del-fuego-del-solsticio-de-verano-en-los-pirineos-01073 |titulo=Fiestas del fuego del solsticio de verano en los Pirineos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Insulas Canari e le Insulas Balear ha etiam traditiones proprie. In le Canarias, le Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife es un del principal celebrationes popular e combina musica, costumes, dansa e parades. Le Silbo Gomero, un systema de communication per siblo usate historicamente in le insula de La Gomera, es un del elementos del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. In le Balear, le canto de la Sibila es un tradition musical religiose medieval que ha essite conservate specialmente in Mallorca e ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia e le encierros forma etiam un parte historic del cultura festive de certe regiones de Espania. Le encierro consiste in le conduction de tauros per un percurso urban delimitate e es associate con celebrationes local como le Sanfermines de Pamplona. Le tauromachia ha un longe tradition historic e artistic, ma su practica e su presentia in le vita cultural varia considerablemente secundo le territorio e le periodo historic.

Altere traditiones popular include le giants e cabezudos, le tamboradas, le dansas regional, le procession de figures, le mercados traditional, le representationes teatral de episodies historic e le celebrationes agricole. Le tamboradas, per exemplo, consiste in procession e interpretation collective de tamburos durante festas local e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un characteristica commun de multe de iste traditiones es lor transmission inter generationes. Le conocimientos relative al preparation del festas, le confection del costumes, le execution del musica, le construction de figuras e le organisation del actos es frequentemente transmittite per familias, associationes cultural, confraternitates e gruppos local. Assi, le festa non es solmente un evento periodic, ma etiam un forma de transmission del memoria, del identitate e del relationes social del communitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/usos-sociales-rituales-y-00055 |titulo=Usos sociales, rituales y actos festivos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le patrimonio festive de Espania es assi multiforme e include elementos religiose, secular, rural, urban e artistic. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose de iste traditiones, inter illos le Fallas de Valencia, le castells, le flamenco, le Patum de Berga, le Silbo Gomero, le canto de la Sibila de Mallorca, le fiestas del foc del Pyrenees e altere manifestationes. In conjunto, iste traditiones illustra le grande diversitate cultural del pais e le capacitate del communitates de conservar e adaptar lor patrimonio cultural al societate contemporanee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:12 Vista general del techo de polícromos.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Tecto del Grande Sala del Cavernas de Altamira desde le puncto de vista de un visitante actual. ]]
[[File:Ancient Roman theatre in Mérida 2023.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Le theatro roman de [[Mérida]], in Extremadura.]]
[[File:Aqueduct of Segovia 02.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Le Aqueducto de Segovia.]]
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
[[File:Córdoba (5157827355).jpg|thumb|right|Sala hypostyle con columnas maurese in le [[Moschea-Cathedral de Cordova]].]]

Le arte e architectura de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de estilos e influentias, resultato del succession de civilisationes que ha occupate le peninsula e le altere territorios del pais. Le patrimonio artistic espaniol comprende arte prehistorica, roman, christian, islamic, judee, medieval, renascentista, baroc, moderne e contemporanee. Le position del peninsula inter Europa, Mediterraneo e Africa ha favorate le incontro inter traditiones artistic differente, que sovente se ha influentiate reciprocamente.

Le arte prehistorica es representate principalmente per le picturas rupestre del Paleolithico e del Neolithico. Le Caverna de Altamira, in [[Cantabria]], contine un del plus importante insiemes de arte rupestre paleolithic de Europa, con representationes de bisontes, cavallos, cervos e altere animales. Le arte rupestre del arco mediterranee presenta un stilo differente, con figuras human e scenas de chasse, dansa e vita quotidian. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios de arte rupestre del Peninsula Iberic como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/310/ |titulo=Cueva de Altamira y arte rupestre paleolítico del norte de España |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte roman lassava un importante hereditage architectural. Le romanisation introducite nove formas urban, temples, pontes, vias, aqueductos, theatros e amphitheatros. Inter le exemplos plus notabile se trova le Aqueducto de Segovia, le murallas de Lugo, le amphitheatro de Tarraco e le Ponte roman de Alcantara. Le architectura roman constitue un del fundamentos sur le qual se developpava plus tarde le paisage urban e monumental de multe partes de Espania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/875/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Segovia y su acueducto |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le medievo, le architectura christian produceva iglesias, monasterios, cathedral e fortificationes. Le romanico se diffundeva specialmente desde le 11e seculo e es caracterisate per muros spisse, arcos semicircular, absides e decoration sculptural. Le gotico se developpava plus tarde e introduceva arcos ogival, voûtes de cruceria e grandes fenestras con vitraios. Cathedrales como los de Burgos, Leon, Toledo, Palma e Sevilla illustra le evolution del architectura christian medieval. Le Cathedral de Burgos e le centro historic de Santiago de Compostela forma parte del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/316/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Santiago de Compostela |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte hispanomusulman es un del elementos plus distinctive del patrimonio espaniol. Durante le periodo de Al-Andalus se developpava un architectura caracterisate per le uso del arcos, patios, jardins, aqua, ceramica, azulejos, stucco e inscriptiones decorative. Le Moschea-Cathedral de Cordoba representa un del exemplos plus importante, con su grande sala de columnas e arcs bicolore. Le Alhambra de Granada e le Generalife representa le apogeo del arte nasrid, con palatios, patios, jardins, decoration geometric e calligraphic e un uso elaborate del aqua. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/313/ |titulo=Centro histórico de Córdoba |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/314/ |titulo=Alhambra, Generalife y Albaicín de Granada |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte mudéjar nasce del interaction inter traditiones islamic e christian post le conquista christian del territorios musulman. Architects e artesanos musulman, judee e christian collaborava in le construction e decoration de edificios christian, incorporante material e technicas associate con le tradition islamic. Le mudéjar es particularmentemente importante in Aragon, Castille e Leon, Toledo e altere zonas del centro e del nord del peninsula. Le Architectura mudéjar de Aragon es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO e comprende ecclesias, turres e altere edificios decorate con ladrillos, ceramica e motives geometric. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/378/ |titulo=Arquitectura mudéjar de Aragón |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Renascimento introducite in Espania le ideas artistic italian del 15e e 16e seculos, ma illos se combina con traditiones local. Le architectura renascentista usa proportiones classic, columnas, frontones e decoration inspirate per le antiquitate grec e roman. Le Universitate de Alcala de Henares, le cathedrales renascentista de Jaen e Granada e numerose palatios e edificios civic demonstra iste evolution. Le ensemble monumental de Ubeda e Baeza es un del exemplos plus importante del Renascimento espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/522/ |titulo=Conjuntos monumentales renacentistas de Úbeda y Baeza |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Baroco espaniol se developpava durante le 17e e 18e seculos e es caracterisate per un grande richesse decorative, dramaticitate e uso abundante de sculptura e ornamentation. In le pintura, Diego Velazquez, Francisco de Zurbaran, Bartolome Esteban Murillo e José de Ribera deveni figuras central. Velazquez, specialmente, es considerate un del plus importante pintores del cultura espaniol e europee, con obras como ''Las Meninas'', ''La rendición de Breda'' e le serie de retratos del corte.

Le sculptura baroc ha etiam un importante dimension religiose. Le imagines policrome de Christo, le Virgine e le sanctos es usate in retablos e procession. Sculptores como Gregorio Fernández, Juan Martínez Montañés e Pedro de Mena developpava un stilo caracterisate per grande realismo e expression emotional. Le retablos monumental del ecclesias deveni un del elementos plus recognoscibile del arte religiose del epocha.

Le architectura baroc se manifesta in ecclesias, palatios, plazas e edificios civic. Le Plaza Mayor de Salamanca, le facada del Obradoiro del cathedral de Santiago e numerose ecclesias e palatios del Madrid del 17e e 18e seculos illustra le varietate del baroc espaniol. Le Monasterio de El Escorial, construite in le 16e seculo per Philippo II, representa un combination de function religiose, royal e cultural e ha un importante rol in le historia del architectura espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/318/ |titulo=Monasterio y sitio de El Escorial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le 18e seculo, le influentia del Il·lustration e del classicismo produce un nove interesse in le architectura classic e in le urbanismo. Le creation de promenades, jardines, museos e edificios scientific corresponde al nove ideal del citate illustrate. In Madrid, le Paseo del Prado e le ensemble del Buen Retiro constitue un exemplo important de iste evolution urban e cultural. Le sitio es recognoscite per le UNESCO como paisage cultural de valor universal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/1618/ |titulo=Paseo del Prado y Buen Retiro, paisaje de las artes y las ciencias |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 19e seculo es marcate per le Romanticismo, le Realismo e le transformation del citates. Le industrialisation, le construction de nove vias ferroviari e le croissance del population urban modifica le architectura e le paisage urbane. In le arte, Francisco de Goya occupa un position central inter le Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su obras comprende pinturas de corte, escenas popular, gravuras e representationes dramatic del guerra e del societate.

Le Modernismo catalan del fin del 19e seculo e initio del 20e seculo constitue un del manifestationes plus distinctive del architectura espaniol moderne. Le movimento combina formas inspirate per le natura con nove technicas constructive e un uso integrate de architectura, sculptura, ceramica, vitraio e ferreria. Antoni Gaudi es su figura plus cognoscite, con obras como le Sagrada Familia, le Parc Guell, le Casa Batllo, le Casa Mila e le Palau Guell. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite septe obras de Gaudi como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/320/ |titulo=Obras de Antoni Gaudí |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altere architectos del Modernismo, como Lluis Domenech i Montaner e Josep Puig i Cadafalch, contribue al transformation del architectura de Barcelona e de altere citates catalan. Le Palau de la Musica Catalana e le Hospital de Sant Pau es exemplos major de iste stilo, caracterisate per le combination de structura moderne, decoration artistic e motifs inspirate per le historia e le natura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/804/ |titulo=Palau de la Música Catalana y Hospital de Sant Pau |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte del 10e seculo es marcate per un grande diversification del avantgardias e del nove linguages artistic. Pablo Picasso participa in le evolution del cubismo e deveni un del artistas plus influente del seculo. Joan Miro developpa un linguage personal basate sur formas abstracte, colores e symbolos, mentre que Salvador Dali es un del principales representantes del surrealismo. Alteres artistes, como Juan Gris, Julio Gonzalez e Antoni Tapies, contribue etiam al evolution del arte moderne espaniol.

Le Guerra Civil e le transformationes social del 20e seculo influentiate le production artistic. Le arte deveni in multe casos un medio de expression personal, experiment artistic e reflexion sur le guerra, le societate e le condition human. Post le restauration del democratia, le scena artistic espaniol se internationalisa plus, con museos, galerias, centros de arte contemporanee e grandes eventos cultural.

Le architectura contemporanee presenta un grande varietate de styles, ab le rationalismo e le brutalismo usque al architectura experimental e sustainable. Le expansion urban del ultime decennios ha producite nove museos, auditorios, bibliothecas, centros cultural e infrastructuras. Architectos espaniol como Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill e altere professionales ha realisate obras in Espania e in altere paises.

Le museos e institutiones cultural ha un rol central in le conservation e diffusion del arte. Le Museo del Prado in Madrid conserva un del plus importante collectiones de pintura europee, con un particular concentration de obras de Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Rubens e altere maestros. Le Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia se concentra specialmente sur le arte moderne e contemporanee e conserva *Guernica* de Picasso. Le Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, inaugurate in 1997, es un exemplo importante del architectura cultural contemporanee e ha devenite un del symbolos architectural del citate.

Le patrimonio architectural espaniol include non solmente monumentos isolates, ma etiam centros historic, paisages cultural, ensembles urban, monasterios, castellos, fortificationes e architectura popular. Citates como Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Cordoba, Santiago de Compostela, Cuenca e Caceres conserva ensembles historic que documenta diverse periodos del historia del peninsula. Le UNESCO recognosce actualmente 50 sitios del Patrimonio Mundial in Espania, inter le quales le major parte es de natura cultural. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/estadospartes/es |titulo=España — Convención del Patrimonio Mundial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le protection del patrimonio artistic e architectural es etiam un responsabilitate del Stato e del Communitates Autonome. Le legislation espaniol establi diverse nivellos de protection del patrimonio historic, includente le categoria de Bien de Interes Cultural. Iste protection concerne edificios, monumentos, sitios archeologic, jardins historic, obras artistic e altere elementos de valor historic, artistic, archeologic, ethnographic o scientific. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/patrimonio/bienes-culturales-protegidos/niveles-de-proteccion/regimen-general.html |titulo=Régimen general de protección del Patrimonio Histórico |sito=Ministerio de Cultura |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In conjunto, le arte e architectura de Espania representa un succession de stilos e influentias que va desde le arte rupestre prehistorica usque al creation contemporanee. Le combination de traditiones mediterranee, europee e islamic, insimul con le forte diversitate regional, ha producite un patrimonio artistic particularmente ample, in le qual monumentos, citates historic, obras de arte e architectura moderne forma un parte central del cultura espaniol.

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&amp;p=20260520&amp;tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le '''castellano''' o '''espaniol''' es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo.

Le '''catalan''' es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como '''valencian'''. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia.

Le '''gallego''' es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia.

Le '''basco''' es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral.

Le '''aranese''', varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le '''asturleonese''', parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le '''aragonese''', conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente.

Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&amp;lang=es&amp;p=&amp;tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia de Espania es un del elementos plus importante del cultura quotidian del pais e se caracteriza per un grande diversitate de productos, recetas e technicas. Le geographia, le clima e le differentes traditions historic ha favorate le formation de numerosas cocinas regional. Le cocina del litoral incorpora abundantemente pisces e fructos de mar, le regiones del interior ha un importante tradition de carnes, embutitos e guisados, e le zonas mediterranee accorda un grande rol al oleo de oliva, verduras, legumines e productos fresc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le oleo de oliva es un del ingredientes fundamental del cocina espaniol e es particularmente important in le regiones mediterranee e del sud. Illo es usate pro frigir, condir, marinar e elaborar numerosas preparatos. Le jamon iberic es un altere producto emblematic, specialmente associate con le zonas occidental del peninsula, e le production de quesos varia considerablemente inter le regiones, con exemplos como le Manchego, Cabrales, Idiazabal e Mahón.

Le pan e le cereales ha un longe tradition in le cocina espaniol, mentre que le legumines es le base de numerose platos traditional. Le pois e le lenticules entra in guisados e potages como le fabada asturian, le cocido madrilen e altere preparationes regional. Le patata, introducite in Europa post le contacto con America, deveni etiam un ingrediente central, particularmente in le tortilla de patatas e numerose pratos regional.

Le tapas constitue un del formas gastronomic plus recognoscibile de Espania. Illas pote esser parve portiones de comida servite como aperitivo o como parte de un repasto plus ample, e include preparatos multo diverse como tortilla, croquetas, patatas bravas, olives, calamari, quesos, jamon e altere productos. Le practica de mangiar tapas ha etiam un dimension social, per le qual le comida es associate con conversation, encontros e vita urban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-gastronomia/ |titulo=Gastronomía de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cuisine regional presenta characteristicas proprie. In le Andalusia, platos como le gazpacho, le salmorejo e le pesca frigite son ben cognoscite. Le Galicia es associate con le pulpo, le mariscos e le empanadas. Le País Basco ha developpate un cuisine con grande uso de pisces, fructos de mar e preparationes traditional, al mesme tempore que ha essite un centro importante del nove cuisine espaniol. Le Asturias es cognoscite per le fabada e le productos lactee, mentre que le Valencia es particularmente associate con le paella e altere platos basate sur le arroz. Le Canarias possede preparationes proprie como le papas arrugadas con mojo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le dieta mediterranee constitue un important referent cultural e gastronomic. Illa include non solmente le alimentos, ma etiam le practicas de agricultura, pesca, preparation, consumption e transmission del conocimientos culinar. Le UNESCO la inscribe in 2013 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate, describente le comida commun como un elemento de interaction social, transmission cultural e cohésion del communitates. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-dieta-mediterranea-00884 |titulo=La dieta mediterránea |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le vino forma etiam un parte importante del cultura gastronomic. Espania possede numerose regiones vinicole e denominationes de origine, inter illas Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Jerez, Rías Baixas, Cava e Priorat. Le vino es frequentemente associate con le gastronomia regional e con festas, mercatos e celebrationes local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/gastronomia-enoturismo/ |titulo=Gastronomía y enoturismo |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le ultime decennios, le alta cuisine espaniol ha acquirite un importante reputation international. Chefs espaniol ha developpate technicas nove e ha reinterpretate productos e platos traditional, combinante innovation con elementos del cocina regional. Iste evolution ha establite un ponte inter le gastronomia traditional e le cuisine contemporanee e ha augmentate le internationalisation del cultura gastronomic espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/top/razones-elegir-alta-cocina-espana/ |titulo=La alta cocina de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religions e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le costumes e traditiones de Espania forma un conjunto multo diverse de practicas social, festas, ceremonias, musicas, dansas e costumes local que se ha developpate durante le historia. Le grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e historic del pais ha facite que quasi cata region possede un calendario festive e un patrimonio traditional proprie. Le festas pote haber un origine religiose, agricole, historic o secular, ma in multe casos combina plure de iste elementos. Le celebrationes public contribue al cohésion del communitates e al transmission inter generationes del memoria e del identitate local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le festa religiose ha un important presentia in le cultura traditional, specialmente in le areas ubi le catholicismo ha exercite un grande influentia historic. Le Semana Sancte es celebrate in numerose citates e villages per processiones, confraternitates, musica sacre e representationes del Passion de Christ. Le celebrationes varia considerabilemente de un territorio al altere; inter le plus cognoscite se trova los de Sevilla, Malaga, Valladolid, Zamora e Cuenca. Le Corpus Christi es etiam celebrate in diverse localidades con procession, alfombras de flores, decoration del calles e ceremonias traditional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/semana-santa-espana/ |titulo=Semana Santa en España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Natal e le Epiphania conserva etiam numerose traditiones popular. Le 24 e 25 de decembre es associate con reuniones familial e comidas festive, mentre que le Reyes Magos es celebrate le 6 de januario e es particularmente importante pro le tradition del regalos al infantes. In numerose citates e villages se organisa cavalcatas durante le vespere del 5 de januario. Le Carnaval constitue un altere grande periodo festive e es caracterisate per costumes, mascas, musicas, dansas e processiones. Inter le celebrationes plus cognoscite se trova le Carnavales de Cadiz e de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le calendario festive comprende etiam numerose festas patronal e popular. Durante le estate, plazas e calles de multe citates e villages deveni spatios pro concerts, dansas, procession, spectaculos e reuniones commun. Le verbenas son celebrationes nocturne popular, sovente accompaniate per musica, dansa e comidas. Le romerias combina frequentemente le peregrination religiose con un celebration popular in le qual familias e communitates se reuni in un spatio natural o in le vicinitate de un sanctuario. Iste eventos conserva un importante dimension familial e communitari.

Inter le festas plus cognoscite se trova le Sanfermines de Pamplona, celebrate in julio e caracterisate inter altere cosas per le encierros; le Fallas de Valencia, celebrate in martio con monumentos artistic, procession, musica e pirotechnia; le Feria de Abril de Sevilla, con casetas, dansas, costumes traditional e cavallos; le Hogueras de San Juan in diverse partes del litoral mediterranee; e le Tomatina de Buñol, un festa popular contemporanee. Iste celebrationes ha acquis un grande notorietate national e international e attracte numerose visitatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fallas de Valencia constitue un del plus importante exemplos del interaction inter arte, artisanato e festa popular. Durante le festa, le commisiones falleras erige grande constructiones artistic appellate *fallas*, frequentemente decorate con figuras satiric e allusive a eventos del actualitate. Le celebration comprende procession, musica, pirotechnia e actos ceremonial e culmina con le combustion del major parte del monumentos. Le UNESCO ha inscribite iste festa in 2016 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-fiesta-de-las-fallas-de-valencia-00859 |titulo=La fiesta de las Fallas de Valencia |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Catalonia, le castells es un del traditiones plus distinctive. Gruppes de *castellers* forma torres human que pote attinger inter sex e dece nivellos, normalmente durante festas local e celebrationes annual. Le construction demanda coordination inter personas de differentes edades e es accompaniate per musica de *gralla*. Le tradition es transmittite principalmente per le participation directe in le gruppos e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/los-castells-00364 |titulo=Los castells |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Patum de Berga, etiam in Catalonia, combina elementos religiose, profane e theatrical. Associate historicamente con le celebrationes del Corpus Christi, illa include procession, figures gigant, tamburos, dansas, pirotechnia e personnages symbolic como le gigantes e le diablos. Le UNESCO la ha inscribite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-patum-de-berga-00156 |titulo=La Patum de Berga |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le País Basco e Navarra, le festas traditional include dansas regional, musica popular, procession e celebrationes associate con le vita rural e le calendario religiose. Le Tamborrada de San Sebastian es un del celebrationes plus cognoscite, con gruppos que percute tamburos durante le festa de San Sebastian. In altere localidades, le dansas traditional e le deporte rural, como le levantamento de pedras, le cortamento de troncos e altere provas physic, conserva un forte connexion con le historia del vita rural basc.

In Galicia, le traditiones combine le cultura rural, le musica, le gastronomia e le festas religiose. Le romerias e le peregrinationes al sanctuarios es frequente, e le musica traditional usa instrumentos como le *gaita gallega*, le tambor e le pandeiro. Le Santiago de Compostela e le Camino de Santiago constitue etiam un important foco de traditiones religiose e cultural que ha connectate Galicia con altere partes de Europa durante multe seculos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/camino-santiago/ |titulo=Camino de Santiago |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Andalusia, le traditiones include le flamenco, le ferias, le romerias e numerose festas patronal. Le flamenco combina canto, dansa e guitarra e es associate con un longe tradition artistic e social in le sud del Peninsula Iberic. Le Feria de Abril de Sevilla e le Romeria del Rocio son exemplos de celebrationes ubi se combina musica, vestimentos traditional, equitation, gastronomia e sociabilitate. Le flamenco ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Valle de Aran e altere partes del Pyrenees, como in le Pyrenees aragonese e catalan, existe traditiones associate con le ciclo agricole, le transhumantia e le celebrationes del solsticio. Le Festas del Foc del Solsticio de Estate in le Pyrenees es un conjunto de traditiones in le qual gruppos porta faculas o troncos incendente desde le montes verso le villages durante le nocte del solsticio. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite iste traditiones como patrimonio cultural immaterial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/fiestas-del-fuego-del-solsticio-de-verano-en-los-pirineos-01073 |titulo=Fiestas del fuego del solsticio de verano en los Pirineos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Insulas Canari e le Insulas Balear ha etiam traditiones proprie. In le Canarias, le Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife es un del principal celebrationes popular e combina musica, costumes, dansa e parades. Le Silbo Gomero, un systema de communication per siblo usate historicamente in le insula de La Gomera, es un del elementos del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. In le Balear, le canto de la Sibila es un tradition musical religiose medieval que ha essite conservate specialmente in Mallorca e ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia e le encierros forma etiam un parte historic del cultura festive de certe regiones de Espania. Le encierro consiste in le conduction de tauros per un percurso urban delimitate e es associate con celebrationes local como le Sanfermines de Pamplona. Le tauromachia ha un longe tradition historic e artistic, ma su practica e su presentia in le vita cultural varia considerablemente secundo le territorio e le periodo historic.

Altere traditiones popular include le giants e cabezudos, le tamboradas, le dansas regional, le procession de figures, le mercados traditional, le representationes teatral de episodies historic e le celebrationes agricole. Le tamboradas, per exemplo, consiste in procession e interpretation collective de tamburos durante festas local e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un characteristica commun de multe de iste traditiones es lor transmission inter generationes. Le conocimientos relative al preparation del festas, le confection del costumes, le execution del musica, le construction de figuras e le organisation del actos es frequentemente transmittite per familias, associationes cultural, confraternitates e gruppos local. Assi, le festa non es solmente un evento periodic, ma etiam un forma de transmission del memoria, del identitate e del relationes social del communitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/usos-sociales-rituales-y-00055 |titulo=Usos sociales, rituales y actos festivos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le patrimonio festive de Espania es assi multiforme e include elementos religiose, secular, rural, urban e artistic. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose de iste traditiones, inter illos le Fallas de Valencia, le castells, le flamenco, le Patum de Berga, le Silbo Gomero, le canto de la Sibila de Mallorca, le fiestas del foc del Pyrenees e altere manifestationes. In conjunto, iste traditiones illustra le grande diversitate cultural del pais e le capacitate del communitates de conservar e adaptar lor patrimonio cultural al societate contemporanee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:12 Vista general del techo de polícromos.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Tecto del Grande Sala del Cavernas de Altamira desde le puncto de vista de un visitante actual. ]]
[[File:Ancient Roman theatre in Mérida 2023.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Le theatro roman de [[Mérida]], in Extremadura.]]
[[File:Aqueduct of Segovia 02.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Le Aqueducto de Segovia.]]
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
[[File:Córdoba (5157827355).jpg|thumb|right|Sala hypostyle con columnas maurese in le [[Moschea-Cathedral de Cordova]].]]

Le arte e architectura de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de estilos e influentias, resultato del succession de civilisationes que ha occupate le peninsula e le altere territorios del pais. Le patrimonio artistic espaniol comprende arte prehistorica, roman, christian, islamic, judee, medieval, renascentista, baroc, moderne e contemporanee. Le position del peninsula inter Europa, Mediterraneo e Africa ha favorate le incontro inter traditiones artistic differente, que sovente se ha influentiate reciprocamente.

Le arte prehistorica es representate principalmente per le picturas rupestre del Paleolithico e del Neolithico. Le Caverna de Altamira, in [[Cantabria]], contine un del plus importante insiemes de arte rupestre paleolithic de Europa, con representationes de bisontes, cavallos, cervos e altere animales. Le arte rupestre del arco mediterranee presenta un stilo differente, con figuras human e scenas de chasse, dansa e vita quotidian. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios de arte rupestre del Peninsula Iberic como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/310/ |titulo=Cueva de Altamira y arte rupestre paleolítico del norte de España |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte roman lassava un importante hereditage architectural. Le romanisation introducite nove formas urban, temples, pontes, vias, aqueductos, theatros e amphitheatros. Inter le exemplos plus notabile se trova le Aqueducto de Segovia, le murallas de Lugo, le amphitheatro de Tarraco e le Ponte roman de Alcantara. Le architectura roman constitue un del fundamentos sur le qual se developpava plus tarde le paisage urban e monumental de multe partes de Espania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/875/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Segovia y su acueducto |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le medievo, le architectura christian produceva iglesias, monasterios, cathedral e fortificationes. Le romanico se diffundeva specialmente desde le 11e seculo e es caracterisate per muros spisse, arcos semicircular, absides e decoration sculptural. Le gotico se developpava plus tarde e introduceva arcos ogival, voûtes de cruceria e grandes fenestras con vitraios. Cathedrales como los de Burgos, Leon, Toledo, Palma e Sevilla illustra le evolution del architectura christian medieval. Le Cathedral de Burgos e le centro historic de Santiago de Compostela forma parte del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/316/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Santiago de Compostela |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte hispanomusulman es un del elementos plus distinctive del patrimonio espaniol. Durante le periodo de Al-Andalus se developpava un architectura caracterisate per le uso del arcos, patios, jardins, aqua, ceramica, azulejos, stucco e inscriptiones decorative. Le Moschea-Cathedral de Cordoba representa un del exemplos plus importante, con su grande sala de columnas e arcs bicolore. Le Alhambra de Granada e le Generalife representa le apogeo del arte nasrid, con palatios, patios, jardins, decoration geometric e calligraphic e un uso elaborate del aqua. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/313/ |titulo=Centro histórico de Córdoba |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/314/ |titulo=Alhambra, Generalife y Albaicín de Granada |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte mudéjar nasce del interaction inter traditiones islamic e christian post le conquista christian del territorios musulman. Architects e artesanos musulman, judee e christian collaborava in le construction e decoration de edificios christian, incorporante material e technicas associate con le tradition islamic. Le mudéjar es particularmentemente importante in Aragon, Castille e Leon, Toledo e altere zonas del centro e del nord del peninsula. Le Architectura mudéjar de Aragon es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO e comprende ecclesias, turres e altere edificios decorate con ladrillos, ceramica e motives geometric. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/378/ |titulo=Arquitectura mudéjar de Aragón |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Renascimento introducite in Espania le ideas artistic italian del 15e e 16e seculos, ma illos se combina con traditiones local. Le architectura renascentista usa proportiones classic, columnas, frontones e decoration inspirate per le antiquitate grec e roman. Le Universitate de Alcala de Henares, le cathedrales renascentista de Jaen e Granada e numerose palatios e edificios civic demonstra iste evolution. Le ensemble monumental de Ubeda e Baeza es un del exemplos plus importante del Renascimento espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/522/ |titulo=Conjuntos monumentales renacentistas de Úbeda y Baeza |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Baroco espaniol se developpava durante le 17e e 18e seculos e es caracterisate per un grande richesse decorative, dramaticitate e uso abundante de sculptura e ornamentation. In le pintura, Diego Velazquez, Francisco de Zurbaran, Bartolome Esteban Murillo e José de Ribera deveni figuras central. Velazquez, specialmente, es considerate un del plus importante pintores del cultura espaniol e europee, con obras como ''Las Meninas'', ''La rendición de Breda'' e le serie de retratos del corte.

Le sculptura baroc ha etiam un importante dimension religiose. Le imagines policrome de Christo, le Virgine e le sanctos es usate in retablos e procession. Sculptores como Gregorio Fernández, Juan Martínez Montañés e Pedro de Mena developpava un stilo caracterisate per grande realismo e expression emotional. Le retablos monumental del ecclesias deveni un del elementos plus recognoscibile del arte religiose del epocha.

Le architectura baroc se manifesta in ecclesias, palatios, plazas e edificios civic. Le Plaza Mayor de Salamanca, le facada del Obradoiro del cathedral de Santiago e numerose ecclesias e palatios del Madrid del 17e e 18e seculos illustra le varietate del baroc espaniol. Le Monasterio de El Escorial, construite in le 16e seculo per Philippo II, representa un combination de function religiose, royal e cultural e ha un importante rol in le historia del architectura espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/318/ |titulo=Monasterio y sitio de El Escorial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le 18e seculo, le influentia del Il·lustration e del classicismo produce un nove interesse in le architectura classic e in le urbanismo. Le creation de promenades, jardines, museos e edificios scientific corresponde al nove ideal del citate illustrate. In Madrid, le Paseo del Prado e le ensemble del Buen Retiro constitue un exemplo important de iste evolution urban e cultural. Le sitio es recognoscite per le UNESCO como paisage cultural de valor universal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/1618/ |titulo=Paseo del Prado y Buen Retiro, paisaje de las artes y las ciencias |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 19e seculo es marcate per le Romanticismo, le Realismo e le transformation del citates. Le industrialisation, le construction de nove vias ferroviari e le croissance del population urban modifica le architectura e le paisage urbane. In le arte, Francisco de Goya occupa un position central inter le Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su obras comprende pinturas de corte, escenas popular, gravuras e representationes dramatic del guerra e del societate.

Le Modernismo catalan del fin del 19e seculo e initio del 20e seculo constitue un del manifestationes plus distinctive del architectura espaniol moderne. Le movimento combina formas inspirate per le natura con nove technicas constructive e un uso integrate de architectura, sculptura, ceramica, vitraio e ferreria. Antoni Gaudi es su figura plus cognoscite, con obras como le Sagrada Familia, le Parc Guell, le Casa Batllo, le Casa Mila e le Palau Guell. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite septe obras de Gaudi como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/320/ |titulo=Obras de Antoni Gaudí |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altere architectos del Modernismo, como Lluis Domenech i Montaner e Josep Puig i Cadafalch, contribue al transformation del architectura de Barcelona e de altere citates catalan. Le Palau de la Musica Catalana e le Hospital de Sant Pau es exemplos major de iste stilo, caracterisate per le combination de structura moderne, decoration artistic e motifs inspirate per le historia e le natura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/804/ |titulo=Palau de la Música Catalana y Hospital de Sant Pau |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte del 10e seculo es marcate per un grande diversification del avantgardias e del nove linguages artistic. Pablo Picasso participa in le evolution del cubismo e deveni un del artistas plus influente del seculo. Joan Miro developpa un linguage personal basate sur formas abstracte, colores e symbolos, mentre que Salvador Dali es un del principales representantes del surrealismo. Alteres artistes, como Juan Gris, Julio Gonzalez e Antoni Tapies, contribue etiam al evolution del arte moderne espaniol.

Le Guerra Civil e le transformationes social del 20e seculo influentiate le production artistic. Le arte deveni in multe casos un medio de expression personal, experiment artistic e reflexion sur le guerra, le societate e le condition human. Post le restauration del democratia, le scena artistic espaniol se internationalisa plus, con museos, galerias, centros de arte contemporanee e grandes eventos cultural.

Le architectura contemporanee presenta un grande varietate de styles, ab le rationalismo e le brutalismo usque al architectura experimental e sustainable. Le expansion urban del ultime decennios ha producite nove museos, auditorios, bibliothecas, centros cultural e infrastructuras. Architectos espaniol como Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill e altere professionales ha realisate obras in Espania e in altere paises.

Le museos e institutiones cultural ha un rol central in le conservation e diffusion del arte. Le Museo del Prado in Madrid conserva un del plus importante collectiones de pintura europee, con un particular concentration de obras de Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Rubens e altere maestros. Le Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia se concentra specialmente sur le arte moderne e contemporanee e conserva *Guernica* de Picasso. Le Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, inaugurate in 1997, es un exemplo importante del architectura cultural contemporanee e ha devenite un del symbolos architectural del citate.

Le patrimonio architectural espaniol include non solmente monumentos isolates, ma etiam centros historic, paisages cultural, ensembles urban, monasterios, castellos, fortificationes e architectura popular. Citates como Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Cordoba, Santiago de Compostela, Cuenca e Caceres conserva ensembles historic que documenta diverse periodos del historia del peninsula. Le UNESCO recognosce actualmente 50 sitios del Patrimonio Mundial in Espania, inter le quales le major parte es de natura cultural. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/estadospartes/es |titulo=España — Convención del Patrimonio Mundial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le protection del patrimonio artistic e architectural es etiam un responsabilitate del Stato e del Communitates Autonome. Le legislation espaniol establi diverse nivellos de protection del patrimonio historic, includente le categoria de Bien de Interes Cultural. Iste protection concerne edificios, monumentos, sitios archeologic, jardins historic, obras artistic e altere elementos de valor historic, artistic, archeologic, ethnographic o scientific. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/patrimonio/bienes-culturales-protegidos/niveles-de-proteccion/regimen-general.html |titulo=Régimen general de protección del Patrimonio Histórico |sito=Ministerio de Cultura |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In conjunto, le arte e architectura de Espania representa un succession de stilos e influentias que va desde le arte rupestre prehistorica usque al creation contemporanee. Le combination de traditiones mediterranee, europee e islamic, insimul con le forte diversitate regional, ha producite un patrimonio artistic particularmente ample, in le qual monumentos, citates historic, obras de arte e architectura moderne forma un parte central del cultura espaniol.

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&amp;p=20260520&amp;tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le '''castellano''' o '''espaniol''' es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo.

Le '''catalan''' es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como '''valencian'''. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia.

Le '''gallego''' es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia.

Le '''basco''' es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral.

Le '''aranese''', varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le '''asturleonese''', parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le '''aragonese''', conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente.

Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&amp;lang=es&amp;p=&amp;tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia de Espania es un del elementos plus importante del cultura quotidian del pais e se caracteriza per un grande diversitate de productos, recetas e technicas. Le geographia, le clima e le differentes traditions historic ha favorate le formation de numerosas cocinas regional. Le cocina del litoral incorpora abundantemente pisces e fructos de mar, le regiones del interior ha un importante tradition de carnes, embutitos e guisados, e le zonas mediterranee accorda un grande rol al oleo de oliva, verduras, legumines e productos fresc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le oleo de oliva es un del ingredientes fundamental del cocina espaniol e es particularmente important in le regiones mediterranee e del sud. Illo es usate pro frigir, condir, marinar e elaborar numerosas preparatos. Le jamon iberic es un altere producto emblematic, specialmente associate con le zonas occidental del peninsula, e le production de quesos varia considerablemente inter le regiones, con exemplos como le Manchego, Cabrales, Idiazabal e Mahón.

Le pan e le cereales ha un longe tradition in le cocina espaniol, mentre que le legumines es le base de numerose platos traditional. Le pois e le lenticules entra in guisados e potages como le fabada asturian, le cocido madrilen e altere preparationes regional. Le patata, introducite in Europa post le contacto con America, deveni etiam un ingrediente central, particularmente in le tortilla de patatas e numerose pratos regional.

Le tapas constitue un del formas gastronomic plus recognoscibile de Espania. Illas pote esser parve portiones de comida servite como aperitivo o como parte de un repasto plus ample, e include preparatos multo diverse como tortilla, croquetas, patatas bravas, olives, calamari, quesos, jamon e altere productos. Le practica de mangiar tapas ha etiam un dimension social, per le qual le comida es associate con conversation, encontros e vita urban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-gastronomia/ |titulo=Gastronomía de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cuisine regional presenta characteristicas proprie. In le Andalusia, platos como le gazpacho, le salmorejo e le pesca frigite son ben cognoscite. Le Galicia es associate con le pulpo, le mariscos e le empanadas. Le País Basco ha developpate un cuisine con grande uso de pisces, fructos de mar e preparationes traditional, al mesme tempore que ha essite un centro importante del nove cuisine espaniol. Le Asturias es cognoscite per le fabada e le productos lactee, mentre que le Valencia es particularmente associate con le paella e altere platos basate sur le arroz. Le Canarias possede preparationes proprie como le papas arrugadas con mojo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le dieta mediterranee constitue un important referent cultural e gastronomic. Illa include non solmente le alimentos, ma etiam le practicas de agricultura, pesca, preparation, consumption e transmission del conocimientos culinar. Le UNESCO la inscribe in 2013 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate, describente le comida commun como un elemento de interaction social, transmission cultural e cohésion del communitates. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-dieta-mediterranea-00884 |titulo=La dieta mediterránea |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le vino forma etiam un parte importante del cultura gastronomic. Espania possede numerose regiones vinicole e denominationes de origine, inter illas Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Jerez, Rías Baixas, Cava e Priorat. Le vino es frequentemente associate con le gastronomia regional e con festas, mercatos e celebrationes local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/gastronomia-enoturismo/ |titulo=Gastronomía y enoturismo |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le ultime decennios, le alta cuisine espaniol ha acquirite un importante reputation international. Chefs espaniol ha developpate technicas nove e ha reinterpretate productos e platos traditional, combinante innovation con elementos del cocina regional. Iste evolution ha establite un ponte inter le gastronomia traditional e le cuisine contemporanee e ha augmentate le internationalisation del cultura gastronomic espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/top/razones-elegir-alta-cocina-espana/ |titulo=La alta cocina de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
{{commonscat|Culture of Spain}}
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania| ]]</text>
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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religiones e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le costumes e traditiones de Espania forma un conjunto multo diverse de practicas social, festas, ceremonias, musicas, dansas e costumes local que se ha developpate durante le historia. Le grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e historic del pais ha facite que quasi cata region possede un calendario festive e un patrimonio traditional proprie. Le festas pote haber un origine religiose, agricole, historic o secular, ma in multe casos combina plure de iste elementos. Le celebrationes public contribue al cohésion del communitates e al transmission inter generationes del memoria e del identitate local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le festa religiose ha un important presentia in le cultura traditional, specialmente in le areas ubi le catholicismo ha exercite un grande influentia historic. Le Semana Sancte es celebrate in numerose citates e villages per processiones, confraternitates, musica sacre e representationes del Passion de Christ. Le celebrationes varia considerabilemente de un territorio al altere; inter le plus cognoscite se trova los de Sevilla, Malaga, Valladolid, Zamora e Cuenca. Le Corpus Christi es etiam celebrate in diverse localidades con procession, alfombras de flores, decoration del calles e ceremonias traditional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/semana-santa-espana/ |titulo=Semana Santa en España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Natal e le Epiphania conserva etiam numerose traditiones popular. Le 24 e 25 de decembre es associate con reuniones familial e comidas festive, mentre que le Reyes Magos es celebrate le 6 de januario e es particularmente importante pro le tradition del regalos al infantes. In numerose citates e villages se organisa cavalcatas durante le vespere del 5 de januario. Le Carnaval constitue un altere grande periodo festive e es caracterisate per costumes, mascas, musicas, dansas e processiones. Inter le celebrationes plus cognoscite se trova le Carnavales de Cadiz e de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le calendario festive comprende etiam numerose festas patronal e popular. Durante le estate, plazas e calles de multe citates e villages deveni spatios pro concerts, dansas, procession, spectaculos e reuniones commun. Le verbenas son celebrationes nocturne popular, sovente accompaniate per musica, dansa e comidas. Le romerias combina frequentemente le peregrination religiose con un celebration popular in le qual familias e communitates se reuni in un spatio natural o in le vicinitate de un sanctuario. Iste eventos conserva un importante dimension familial e communitari.

Inter le festas plus cognoscite se trova le Sanfermines de Pamplona, celebrate in julio e caracterisate inter altere cosas per le encierros; le Fallas de Valencia, celebrate in martio con monumentos artistic, procession, musica e pirotechnia; le Feria de Abril de Sevilla, con casetas, dansas, costumes traditional e cavallos; le Hogueras de San Juan in diverse partes del litoral mediterranee; e le Tomatina de Buñol, un festa popular contemporanee. Iste celebrationes ha acquis un grande notorietate national e international e attracte numerose visitatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fallas de Valencia constitue un del plus importante exemplos del interaction inter arte, artisanato e festa popular. Durante le festa, le commisiones falleras erige grande constructiones artistic appellate *fallas*, frequentemente decorate con figuras satiric e allusive a eventos del actualitate. Le celebration comprende procession, musica, pirotechnia e actos ceremonial e culmina con le combustion del major parte del monumentos. Le UNESCO ha inscribite iste festa in 2016 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-fiesta-de-las-fallas-de-valencia-00859 |titulo=La fiesta de las Fallas de Valencia |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Catalonia, le castells es un del traditiones plus distinctive. Gruppes de *castellers* forma torres human que pote attinger inter sex e dece nivellos, normalmente durante festas local e celebrationes annual. Le construction demanda coordination inter personas de differentes edades e es accompaniate per musica de *gralla*. Le tradition es transmittite principalmente per le participation directe in le gruppos e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/los-castells-00364 |titulo=Los castells |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Patum de Berga, etiam in Catalonia, combina elementos religiose, profane e theatrical. Associate historicamente con le celebrationes del Corpus Christi, illa include procession, figures gigant, tamburos, dansas, pirotechnia e personnages symbolic como le gigantes e le diablos. Le UNESCO la ha inscribite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-patum-de-berga-00156 |titulo=La Patum de Berga |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le País Basco e Navarra, le festas traditional include dansas regional, musica popular, procession e celebrationes associate con le vita rural e le calendario religiose. Le Tamborrada de San Sebastian es un del celebrationes plus cognoscite, con gruppos que percute tamburos durante le festa de San Sebastian. In altere localidades, le dansas traditional e le deporte rural, como le levantamento de pedras, le cortamento de troncos e altere provas physic, conserva un forte connexion con le historia del vita rural basc.

In Galicia, le traditiones combine le cultura rural, le musica, le gastronomia e le festas religiose. Le romerias e le peregrinationes al sanctuarios es frequente, e le musica traditional usa instrumentos como le *gaita gallega*, le tambor e le pandeiro. Le Santiago de Compostela e le Camino de Santiago constitue etiam un important foco de traditiones religiose e cultural que ha connectate Galicia con altere partes de Europa durante multe seculos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/camino-santiago/ |titulo=Camino de Santiago |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Andalusia, le traditiones include le flamenco, le ferias, le romerias e numerose festas patronal. Le flamenco combina canto, dansa e guitarra e es associate con un longe tradition artistic e social in le sud del Peninsula Iberic. Le Feria de Abril de Sevilla e le Romeria del Rocio son exemplos de celebrationes ubi se combina musica, vestimentos traditional, equitation, gastronomia e sociabilitate. Le flamenco ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Valle de Aran e altere partes del Pyrenees, como in le Pyrenees aragonese e catalan, existe traditiones associate con le ciclo agricole, le transhumantia e le celebrationes del solsticio. Le Festas del Foc del Solsticio de Estate in le Pyrenees es un conjunto de traditiones in le qual gruppos porta faculas o troncos incendente desde le montes verso le villages durante le nocte del solsticio. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite iste traditiones como patrimonio cultural immaterial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/fiestas-del-fuego-del-solsticio-de-verano-en-los-pirineos-01073 |titulo=Fiestas del fuego del solsticio de verano en los Pirineos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Insulas Canari e le Insulas Balear ha etiam traditiones proprie. In le Canarias, le Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife es un del principal celebrationes popular e combina musica, costumes, dansa e parades. Le Silbo Gomero, un systema de communication per siblo usate historicamente in le insula de La Gomera, es un del elementos del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. In le Balear, le canto de la Sibila es un tradition musical religiose medieval que ha essite conservate specialmente in Mallorca e ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia e le encierros forma etiam un parte historic del cultura festive de certe regiones de Espania. Le encierro consiste in le conduction de tauros per un percurso urban delimitate e es associate con celebrationes local como le Sanfermines de Pamplona. Le tauromachia ha un longe tradition historic e artistic, ma su practica e su presentia in le vita cultural varia considerablemente secundo le territorio e le periodo historic.

Altere traditiones popular include le giants e cabezudos, le tamboradas, le dansas regional, le procession de figures, le mercados traditional, le representationes teatral de episodies historic e le celebrationes agricole. Le tamboradas, per exemplo, consiste in procession e interpretation collective de tamburos durante festas local e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un characteristica commun de multe de iste traditiones es lor transmission inter generationes. Le conocimientos relative al preparation del festas, le confection del costumes, le execution del musica, le construction de figuras e le organisation del actos es frequentemente transmittite per familias, associationes cultural, confraternitates e gruppos local. Assi, le festa non es solmente un evento periodic, ma etiam un forma de transmission del memoria, del identitate e del relationes social del communitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/usos-sociales-rituales-y-00055 |titulo=Usos sociales, rituales y actos festivos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le patrimonio festive de Espania es assi multiforme e include elementos religiose, secular, rural, urban e artistic. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose de iste traditiones, inter illos le Fallas de Valencia, le castells, le flamenco, le Patum de Berga, le Silbo Gomero, le canto de la Sibila de Mallorca, le fiestas del foc del Pyrenees e altere manifestationes. In conjunto, iste traditiones illustra le grande diversitate cultural del pais e le capacitate del communitates de conservar e adaptar lor patrimonio cultural al societate contemporanee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:12 Vista general del techo de polícromos.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Tecto del Grande Sala del Cavernas de Altamira desde le puncto de vista de un visitante actual. ]]
[[File:Ancient Roman theatre in Mérida 2023.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Le theatro roman de [[Mérida]], in Extremadura.]]
[[File:Aqueduct of Segovia 02.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Le Aqueducto de Segovia.]]
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
[[File:Córdoba (5157827355).jpg|thumb|right|Sala hypostyle con columnas maurese in le [[Moschea-Cathedral de Cordova]].]]

Le arte e architectura de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de estilos e influentias, resultato del succession de civilisationes que ha occupate le peninsula e le altere territorios del pais. Le patrimonio artistic espaniol comprende arte prehistorica, roman, christian, islamic, judee, medieval, renascentista, baroc, moderne e contemporanee. Le position del peninsula inter Europa, Mediterraneo e Africa ha favorate le incontro inter traditiones artistic differente, que sovente se ha influentiate reciprocamente.

Le arte prehistorica es representate principalmente per le picturas rupestre del Paleolithico e del Neolithico. Le Caverna de Altamira, in [[Cantabria]], contine un del plus importante insiemes de arte rupestre paleolithic de Europa, con representationes de bisontes, cavallos, cervos e altere animales. Le arte rupestre del arco mediterranee presenta un stilo differente, con figuras human e scenas de chasse, dansa e vita quotidian. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios de arte rupestre del Peninsula Iberic como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/310/ |titulo=Cueva de Altamira y arte rupestre paleolítico del norte de España |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte roman lassava un importante hereditage architectural. Le romanisation introducite nove formas urban, temples, pontes, vias, aqueductos, theatros e amphitheatros. Inter le exemplos plus notabile se trova le Aqueducto de Segovia, le murallas de Lugo, le amphitheatro de Tarraco e le Ponte roman de Alcantara. Le architectura roman constitue un del fundamentos sur le qual se developpava plus tarde le paisage urban e monumental de multe partes de Espania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/875/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Segovia y su acueducto |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le medievo, le architectura christian produceva iglesias, monasterios, cathedral e fortificationes. Le romanico se diffundeva specialmente desde le 11e seculo e es caracterisate per muros spisse, arcos semicircular, absides e decoration sculptural. Le gotico se developpava plus tarde e introduceva arcos ogival, voûtes de cruceria e grandes fenestras con vitraios. Cathedrales como los de Burgos, Leon, Toledo, Palma e Sevilla illustra le evolution del architectura christian medieval. Le Cathedral de Burgos e le centro historic de Santiago de Compostela forma parte del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/316/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Santiago de Compostela |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte hispanomusulman es un del elementos plus distinctive del patrimonio espaniol. Durante le periodo de Al-Andalus se developpava un architectura caracterisate per le uso del arcos, patios, jardins, aqua, ceramica, azulejos, stucco e inscriptiones decorative. Le Moschea-Cathedral de Cordoba representa un del exemplos plus importante, con su grande sala de columnas e arcs bicolore. Le Alhambra de Granada e le Generalife representa le apogeo del arte nasrid, con palatios, patios, jardins, decoration geometric e calligraphic e un uso elaborate del aqua. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/313/ |titulo=Centro histórico de Córdoba |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/314/ |titulo=Alhambra, Generalife y Albaicín de Granada |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte mudéjar nasce del interaction inter traditiones islamic e christian post le conquista christian del territorios musulman. Architects e artesanos musulman, judee e christian collaborava in le construction e decoration de edificios christian, incorporante material e technicas associate con le tradition islamic. Le mudéjar es particularmentemente importante in Aragon, Castille e Leon, Toledo e altere zonas del centro e del nord del peninsula. Le Architectura mudéjar de Aragon es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO e comprende ecclesias, turres e altere edificios decorate con ladrillos, ceramica e motives geometric. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/378/ |titulo=Arquitectura mudéjar de Aragón |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Renascimento introducite in Espania le ideas artistic italian del 15e e 16e seculos, ma illos se combina con traditiones local. Le architectura renascentista usa proportiones classic, columnas, frontones e decoration inspirate per le antiquitate grec e roman. Le Universitate de Alcala de Henares, le cathedrales renascentista de Jaen e Granada e numerose palatios e edificios civic demonstra iste evolution. Le ensemble monumental de Ubeda e Baeza es un del exemplos plus importante del Renascimento espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/522/ |titulo=Conjuntos monumentales renacentistas de Úbeda y Baeza |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Baroco espaniol se developpava durante le 17e e 18e seculos e es caracterisate per un grande richesse decorative, dramaticitate e uso abundante de sculptura e ornamentation. In le pintura, Diego Velazquez, Francisco de Zurbaran, Bartolome Esteban Murillo e José de Ribera deveni figuras central. Velazquez, specialmente, es considerate un del plus importante pintores del cultura espaniol e europee, con obras como ''Las Meninas'', ''La rendición de Breda'' e le serie de retratos del corte.

Le sculptura baroc ha etiam un importante dimension religiose. Le imagines policrome de Christo, le Virgine e le sanctos es usate in retablos e procession. Sculptores como Gregorio Fernández, Juan Martínez Montañés e Pedro de Mena developpava un stilo caracterisate per grande realismo e expression emotional. Le retablos monumental del ecclesias deveni un del elementos plus recognoscibile del arte religiose del epocha.

Le architectura baroc se manifesta in ecclesias, palatios, plazas e edificios civic. Le Plaza Mayor de Salamanca, le facada del Obradoiro del cathedral de Santiago e numerose ecclesias e palatios del Madrid del 17e e 18e seculos illustra le varietate del baroc espaniol. Le Monasterio de El Escorial, construite in le 16e seculo per Philippo II, representa un combination de function religiose, royal e cultural e ha un importante rol in le historia del architectura espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/318/ |titulo=Monasterio y sitio de El Escorial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le 18e seculo, le influentia del Il·lustration e del classicismo produce un nove interesse in le architectura classic e in le urbanismo. Le creation de promenades, jardines, museos e edificios scientific corresponde al nove ideal del citate illustrate. In Madrid, le Paseo del Prado e le ensemble del Buen Retiro constitue un exemplo important de iste evolution urban e cultural. Le sitio es recognoscite per le UNESCO como paisage cultural de valor universal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/1618/ |titulo=Paseo del Prado y Buen Retiro, paisaje de las artes y las ciencias |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 19e seculo es marcate per le Romanticismo, le Realismo e le transformation del citates. Le industrialisation, le construction de nove vias ferroviari e le croissance del population urban modifica le architectura e le paisage urbane. In le arte, Francisco de Goya occupa un position central inter le Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su obras comprende pinturas de corte, escenas popular, gravuras e representationes dramatic del guerra e del societate.

Le Modernismo catalan del fin del 19e seculo e initio del 20e seculo constitue un del manifestationes plus distinctive del architectura espaniol moderne. Le movimento combina formas inspirate per le natura con nove technicas constructive e un uso integrate de architectura, sculptura, ceramica, vitraio e ferreria. Antoni Gaudi es su figura plus cognoscite, con obras como le Sagrada Familia, le Parc Guell, le Casa Batllo, le Casa Mila e le Palau Guell. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite septe obras de Gaudi como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/320/ |titulo=Obras de Antoni Gaudí |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altere architectos del Modernismo, como Lluis Domenech i Montaner e Josep Puig i Cadafalch, contribue al transformation del architectura de Barcelona e de altere citates catalan. Le Palau de la Musica Catalana e le Hospital de Sant Pau es exemplos major de iste stilo, caracterisate per le combination de structura moderne, decoration artistic e motifs inspirate per le historia e le natura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/804/ |titulo=Palau de la Música Catalana y Hospital de Sant Pau |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte del 10e seculo es marcate per un grande diversification del avantgardias e del nove linguages artistic. Pablo Picasso participa in le evolution del cubismo e deveni un del artistas plus influente del seculo. Joan Miro developpa un linguage personal basate sur formas abstracte, colores e symbolos, mentre que Salvador Dali es un del principales representantes del surrealismo. Alteres artistes, como Juan Gris, Julio Gonzalez e Antoni Tapies, contribue etiam al evolution del arte moderne espaniol.

Le Guerra Civil e le transformationes social del 20e seculo influentiate le production artistic. Le arte deveni in multe casos un medio de expression personal, experiment artistic e reflexion sur le guerra, le societate e le condition human. Post le restauration del democratia, le scena artistic espaniol se internationalisa plus, con museos, galerias, centros de arte contemporanee e grandes eventos cultural.

Le architectura contemporanee presenta un grande varietate de styles, ab le rationalismo e le brutalismo usque al architectura experimental e sustainable. Le expansion urban del ultime decennios ha producite nove museos, auditorios, bibliothecas, centros cultural e infrastructuras. Architectos espaniol como Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill e altere professionales ha realisate obras in Espania e in altere paises.

Le museos e institutiones cultural ha un rol central in le conservation e diffusion del arte. Le Museo del Prado in Madrid conserva un del plus importante collectiones de pintura europee, con un particular concentration de obras de Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Rubens e altere maestros. Le Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia se concentra specialmente sur le arte moderne e contemporanee e conserva *Guernica* de Picasso. Le Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, inaugurate in 1997, es un exemplo importante del architectura cultural contemporanee e ha devenite un del symbolos architectural del citate.

Le patrimonio architectural espaniol include non solmente monumentos isolates, ma etiam centros historic, paisages cultural, ensembles urban, monasterios, castellos, fortificationes e architectura popular. Citates como Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Cordoba, Santiago de Compostela, Cuenca e Caceres conserva ensembles historic que documenta diverse periodos del historia del peninsula. Le UNESCO recognosce actualmente 50 sitios del Patrimonio Mundial in Espania, inter le quales le major parte es de natura cultural. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/estadospartes/es |titulo=España — Convención del Patrimonio Mundial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le protection del patrimonio artistic e architectural es etiam un responsabilitate del Stato e del Communitates Autonome. Le legislation espaniol establi diverse nivellos de protection del patrimonio historic, includente le categoria de Bien de Interes Cultural. Iste protection concerne edificios, monumentos, sitios archeologic, jardins historic, obras artistic e altere elementos de valor historic, artistic, archeologic, ethnographic o scientific. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/patrimonio/bienes-culturales-protegidos/niveles-de-proteccion/regimen-general.html |titulo=Régimen general de protección del Patrimonio Histórico |sito=Ministerio de Cultura |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In conjunto, le arte e architectura de Espania representa un succession de stilos e influentias que va desde le arte rupestre prehistorica usque al creation contemporanee. Le combination de traditiones mediterranee, europee e islamic, insimul con le forte diversitate regional, ha producite un patrimonio artistic particularmente ample, in le qual monumentos, citates historic, obras de arte e architectura moderne forma un parte central del cultura espaniol.

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&amp;p=20260520&amp;tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le '''castellano''' o '''espaniol''' es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo.

Le '''catalan''' es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como '''valencian'''. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia.

Le '''gallego''' es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia.

Le '''basco''' es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral.

Le '''aranese''', varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le '''asturleonese''', parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le '''aragonese''', conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente.

Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&amp;lang=es&amp;p=&amp;tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia de Espania es un del elementos plus importante del cultura quotidian del pais e se caracteriza per un grande diversitate de productos, recetas e technicas. Le geographia, le clima e le differentes traditions historic ha favorate le formation de numerosas cocinas regional. Le cocina del litoral incorpora abundantemente pisces e fructos de mar, le regiones del interior ha un importante tradition de carnes, embutitos e guisados, e le zonas mediterranee accorda un grande rol al oleo de oliva, verduras, legumines e productos fresc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le oleo de oliva es un del ingredientes fundamental del cocina espaniol e es particularmente important in le regiones mediterranee e del sud. Illo es usate pro frigir, condir, marinar e elaborar numerosas preparatos. Le jamon iberic es un altere producto emblematic, specialmente associate con le zonas occidental del peninsula, e le production de quesos varia considerablemente inter le regiones, con exemplos como le Manchego, Cabrales, Idiazabal e Mahón.

Le pan e le cereales ha un longe tradition in le cocina espaniol, mentre que le legumines es le base de numerose platos traditional. Le pois e le lenticules entra in guisados e potages como le fabada asturian, le cocido madrilen e altere preparationes regional. Le patata, introducite in Europa post le contacto con America, deveni etiam un ingrediente central, particularmente in le tortilla de patatas e numerose pratos regional.

Le tapas constitue un del formas gastronomic plus recognoscibile de Espania. Illas pote esser parve portiones de comida servite como aperitivo o como parte de un repasto plus ample, e include preparatos multo diverse como tortilla, croquetas, patatas bravas, olives, calamari, quesos, jamon e altere productos. Le practica de mangiar tapas ha etiam un dimension social, per le qual le comida es associate con conversation, encontros e vita urban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-gastronomia/ |titulo=Gastronomía de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cuisine regional presenta characteristicas proprie. In le Andalusia, platos como le gazpacho, le salmorejo e le pesca frigite son ben cognoscite. Le Galicia es associate con le pulpo, le mariscos e le empanadas. Le País Basco ha developpate un cuisine con grande uso de pisces, fructos de mar e preparationes traditional, al mesme tempore que ha essite un centro importante del nove cuisine espaniol. Le Asturias es cognoscite per le fabada e le productos lactee, mentre que le Valencia es particularmente associate con le paella e altere platos basate sur le arroz. Le Canarias possede preparationes proprie como le papas arrugadas con mojo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le dieta mediterranee constitue un important referent cultural e gastronomic. Illa include non solmente le alimentos, ma etiam le practicas de agricultura, pesca, preparation, consumption e transmission del conocimientos culinar. Le UNESCO la inscribe in 2013 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate, describente le comida commun como un elemento de interaction social, transmission cultural e cohésion del communitates. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-dieta-mediterranea-00884 |titulo=La dieta mediterránea |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le vino forma etiam un parte importante del cultura gastronomic. Espania possede numerose regiones vinicole e denominationes de origine, inter illas Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Jerez, Rías Baixas, Cava e Priorat. Le vino es frequentemente associate con le gastronomia regional e con festas, mercatos e celebrationes local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/gastronomia-enoturismo/ |titulo=Gastronomía y enoturismo |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le ultime decennios, le alta cuisine espaniol ha acquirite un importante reputation international. Chefs espaniol ha developpate technicas nove e ha reinterpretate productos e platos traditional, combinante innovation con elementos del cocina regional. Iste evolution ha establite un ponte inter le gastronomia traditional e le cuisine contemporanee e ha augmentate le internationalisation del cultura gastronomic espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/top/razones-elegir-alta-cocina-espana/ |titulo=La alta cocina de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
{{commonscat|Culture of Spain}}
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

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Le '''cultura de Espania''' es le resultato de un longe processo historic in le qual diverse populos, religiones e culturas ha influentiate le societate del pais. Le culturas iberic, celtic, roman, germanic, judee e islamic, inter alteres, ha lassate un importante hereditage in le linguas, le arte, le architectura, le traditiones e le gastronomia. Le diversitate geographic e regional ha favorate le formation de numerose culturas local con characteristicas proprie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia e influentias ==
Le cultura de Espania ha essite formate per le succession e le interaction de differentes civilisationes. Le romanisation introducite le lingua latin, le derecto roman e importante elementos del urbanismo e del administration. Le cultura christian del medio evo se combina con le influentia islamic e judee, particularmente in le architectura, le agricultura, le scientia e le vita urban. Elementos como le ceramica, le azulejos, le patios e certe formas de architectura conserva iste influentias historic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Seculo de Oro espaniol produceva un importante expansion del litteratura, del arte e del theatro. Durante le seculos XVI e XVII, autores como Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega e Calderón de la Barca deveni figuras central del cultura espaniol e europee. In le epocha contemporanee, le Transition al democratia favorate un nove expansion del creation artistic e cultural, specialmente in le cinema, le musica, le litteratura e le cultura urban.

== Costumes e traditiones ==
Le costumes e traditiones de Espania forma un conjunto multo diverse de practicas social, festas, ceremonias, musicas, dansas e costumes local que se ha developpate durante le historia. Le grande diversitate geographic, linguistic e historic del pais ha facite que quasi cata region possede un calendario festive e un patrimonio traditional proprie. Le festas pote haber un origine religiose, agricole, historic o secular, ma in multe casos combina plure de iste elementos. Le celebrationes public contribue al cohésion del communitates e al transmission inter generationes del memoria e del identitate local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le festa religiose ha un important presentia in le cultura traditional, specialmente in le areas ubi le catholicismo ha exercite un grande influentia historic. Le Semana Sancte es celebrate in numerose citates e villages per processiones, confraternitates, musica sacre e representationes del Passion de Christ. Le celebrationes varia considerabilemente de un territorio al altere; inter le plus cognoscite se trova los de Sevilla, Malaga, Valladolid, Zamora e Cuenca. Le Corpus Christi es etiam celebrate in diverse localidades con procession, alfombras de flores, decoration del calles e ceremonias traditional. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/semana-santa-espana/ |titulo=Semana Santa en España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Natal e le Epiphania conserva etiam numerose traditiones popular. Le 24 e 25 de decembre es associate con reuniones familial e comidas festive, mentre que le Reyes Magos es celebrate le 6 de januario e es particularmente importante pro le tradition del regalos al infantes. In numerose citates e villages se organisa cavalcatas durante le vespere del 5 de januario. Le Carnaval constitue un altere grande periodo festive e es caracterisate per costumes, mascas, musicas, dansas e processiones. Inter le celebrationes plus cognoscite se trova le Carnavales de Cadiz e de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le calendario festive comprende etiam numerose festas patronal e popular. Durante le estate, plazas e calles de multe citates e villages deveni spatios pro concerts, dansas, procession, spectaculos e reuniones commun. Le verbenas son celebrationes nocturne popular, sovente accompaniate per musica, dansa e comidas. Le romerias combina frequentemente le peregrination religiose con un celebration popular in le qual familias e communitates se reuni in un spatio natural o in le vicinitate de un sanctuario. Iste eventos conserva un importante dimension familial e communitari.

Inter le festas plus cognoscite se trova le Sanfermines de Pamplona, celebrate in julio e caracterisate inter altere cosas per le encierros; le Fallas de Valencia, celebrate in martio con monumentos artistic, procession, musica e pirotechnia; le Feria de Abril de Sevilla, con casetas, dansas, costumes traditional e cavallos; le Hogueras de San Juan in diverse partes del litoral mediterranee; e le Tomatina de Buñol, un festa popular contemporanee. Iste celebrationes ha acquis un grande notorietate national e international e attracte numerose visitatores. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/fiestas-espana/ |titulo=Fiestas de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fallas de Valencia constitue un del plus importante exemplos del interaction inter arte, artisanato e festa popular. Durante le festa, le commisiones falleras erige grande constructiones artistic appellate *fallas*, frequentemente decorate con figuras satiric e allusive a eventos del actualitate. Le celebration comprende procession, musica, pirotechnia e actos ceremonial e culmina con le combustion del major parte del monumentos. Le UNESCO ha inscribite iste festa in 2016 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-fiesta-de-las-fallas-de-valencia-00859 |titulo=La fiesta de las Fallas de Valencia |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Catalonia, le castells es un del traditiones plus distinctive. Gruppes de *castellers* forma torres human que pote attinger inter sex e dece nivellos, normalmente durante festas local e celebrationes annual. Le construction demanda coordination inter personas de differentes edades e es accompaniate per musica de *gralla*. Le tradition es transmittite principalmente per le participation directe in le gruppos e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/los-castells-00364 |titulo=Los castells |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Patum de Berga, etiam in Catalonia, combina elementos religiose, profane e theatrical. Associate historicamente con le celebrationes del Corpus Christi, illa include procession, figures gigant, tamburos, dansas, pirotechnia e personnages symbolic como le gigantes e le diablos. Le UNESCO la ha inscribite in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-patum-de-berga-00156 |titulo=La Patum de Berga |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le País Basco e Navarra, le festas traditional include dansas regional, musica popular, procession e celebrationes associate con le vita rural e le calendario religiose. Le Tamborrada de San Sebastian es un del celebrationes plus cognoscite, con gruppos que percute tamburos durante le festa de San Sebastian. In altere localidades, le dansas traditional e le deporte rural, como le levantamento de pedras, le cortamento de troncos e altere provas physic, conserva un forte connexion con le historia del vita rural basc.

In Galicia, le traditiones combine le cultura rural, le musica, le gastronomia e le festas religiose. Le romerias e le peregrinationes al sanctuarios es frequente, e le musica traditional usa instrumentos como le *gaita gallega*, le tambor e le pandeiro. Le Santiago de Compostela e le Camino de Santiago constitue etiam un important foco de traditiones religiose e cultural que ha connectate Galicia con altere partes de Europa durante multe seculos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/camino-santiago/ |titulo=Camino de Santiago |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Andalusia, le traditiones include le flamenco, le ferias, le romerias e numerose festas patronal. Le flamenco combina canto, dansa e guitarra e es associate con un longe tradition artistic e social in le sud del Peninsula Iberic. Le Feria de Abril de Sevilla e le Romeria del Rocio son exemplos de celebrationes ubi se combina musica, vestimentos traditional, equitation, gastronomia e sociabilitate. Le flamenco ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le Valle de Aran e altere partes del Pyrenees, como in le Pyrenees aragonese e catalan, existe traditiones associate con le ciclo agricole, le transhumantia e le celebrationes del solsticio. Le Festas del Foc del Solsticio de Estate in le Pyrenees es un conjunto de traditiones in le qual gruppos porta faculas o troncos incendente desde le montes verso le villages durante le nocte del solsticio. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite iste traditiones como patrimonio cultural immaterial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/fiestas-del-fuego-del-solsticio-de-verano-en-los-pirineos-01073 |titulo=Fiestas del fuego del solsticio de verano en los Pirineos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Insulas Canari e le Insulas Balear ha etiam traditiones proprie. In le Canarias, le Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife es un del principal celebrationes popular e combina musica, costumes, dansa e parades. Le Silbo Gomero, un systema de communication per siblo usate historicamente in le insula de La Gomera, es un del elementos del patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. In le Balear, le canto de la Sibila es un tradition musical religiose medieval que ha essite conservate specialmente in Mallorca e ha essite inscribite per le UNESCO in 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tauromachia e le encierros forma etiam un parte historic del cultura festive de certe regiones de Espania. Le encierro consiste in le conduction de tauros per un percurso urban delimitate e es associate con celebrationes local como le Sanfermines de Pamplona. Le tauromachia ha un longe tradition historic e artistic, ma su practica e su presentia in le vita cultural varia considerablemente secundo le territorio e le periodo historic.

Altere traditiones popular include le giants e cabezudos, le tamboradas, le dansas regional, le procession de figures, le mercados traditional, le representationes teatral de episodies historic e le celebrationes agricole. Le tamboradas, per exemplo, consiste in procession e interpretation collective de tamburos durante festas local e ha essite recognoscite per le UNESCO in 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un characteristica commun de multe de iste traditiones es lor transmission inter generationes. Le conocimientos relative al preparation del festas, le confection del costumes, le execution del musica, le construction de figuras e le organisation del actos es frequentemente transmittite per familias, associationes cultural, confraternitates e gruppos local. Assi, le festa non es solmente un evento periodic, ma etiam un forma de transmission del memoria, del identitate e del relationes social del communitate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/usos-sociales-rituales-y-00055 |titulo=Usos sociales, rituales y actos festivos |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le patrimonio festive de Espania es assi multiforme e include elementos religiose, secular, rural, urban e artistic. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose de iste traditiones, inter illos le Fallas de Valencia, le castells, le flamenco, le Patum de Berga, le Silbo Gomero, le canto de la Sibila de Mallorca, le fiestas del foc del Pyrenees e altere manifestationes. In conjunto, iste traditiones illustra le grande diversitate cultural del pais e le capacitate del communitates de conservar e adaptar lor patrimonio cultural al societate contemporanee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Elementos en las listas del patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e architectura ==
[[File:12 Vista general del techo de polícromos.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Tecto del Grande Sala del Cavernas de Altamira desde le puncto de vista de un visitante actual. ]]
[[File:Ancient Roman theatre in Mérida 2023.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Le theatro roman de [[Mérida]], in Extremadura.]]
[[File:Aqueduct of Segovia 02.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Le Aqueducto de Segovia.]]
[[File:Catedral de Burgos-Fernán González.JPG|left|thumb|Le [[Cathedral de Burgos]] es un exemplo de le [[architectura gothic in Espania]].]]
[[File:Córdoba (5157827355).jpg|thumb|right|Sala hypostyle con columnas maurese in le [[Moschea-Cathedral de Cordova]].]]

Le arte e architectura de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de estilos e influentias, resultato del succession de civilisationes que ha occupate le peninsula e le altere territorios del pais. Le patrimonio artistic espaniol comprende arte prehistorica, roman, christian, islamic, judee, medieval, renascentista, baroc, moderne e contemporanee. Le position del peninsula inter Europa, Mediterraneo e Africa ha favorate le incontro inter traditiones artistic differente, que sovente se ha influentiate reciprocamente.

Le arte prehistorica es representate principalmente per le picturas rupestre del Paleolithico e del Neolithico. Le Caverna de Altamira, in [[Cantabria]], contine un del plus importante insiemes de arte rupestre paleolithic de Europa, con representationes de bisontes, cavallos, cervos e altere animales. Le arte rupestre del arco mediterranee presenta un stilo differente, con figuras human e scenas de chasse, dansa e vita quotidian. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite numerose sitios de arte rupestre del Peninsula Iberic como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/310/ |titulo=Cueva de Altamira y arte rupestre paleolítico del norte de España |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte roman lassava un importante hereditage architectural. Le romanisation introducite nove formas urban, temples, pontes, vias, aqueductos, theatros e amphitheatros. Inter le exemplos plus notabile se trova le Aqueducto de Segovia, le murallas de Lugo, le amphitheatro de Tarraco e le Ponte roman de Alcantara. Le architectura roman constitue un del fundamentos sur le qual se developpava plus tarde le paisage urban e monumental de multe partes de Espania. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/875/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Segovia y su acueducto |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le medievo, le architectura christian produceva iglesias, monasterios, cathedral e fortificationes. Le romanico se diffundeva specialmente desde le 11e seculo e es caracterisate per muros spisse, arcos semicircular, absides e decoration sculptural. Le gotico se developpava plus tarde e introduceva arcos ogival, voûtes de cruceria e grandes fenestras con vitraios. Cathedrales como los de Burgos, Leon, Toledo, Palma e Sevilla illustra le evolution del architectura christian medieval. Le Cathedral de Burgos e le centro historic de Santiago de Compostela forma parte del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/316/ |titulo=Ciudad vieja de Santiago de Compostela |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte hispanomusulman es un del elementos plus distinctive del patrimonio espaniol. Durante le periodo de Al-Andalus se developpava un architectura caracterisate per le uso del arcos, patios, jardins, aqua, ceramica, azulejos, stucco e inscriptiones decorative. Le Moschea-Cathedral de Cordoba representa un del exemplos plus importante, con su grande sala de columnas e arcs bicolore. Le Alhambra de Granada e le Generalife representa le apogeo del arte nasrid, con palatios, patios, jardins, decoration geometric e calligraphic e un uso elaborate del aqua. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/313/ |titulo=Centro histórico de Córdoba |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/314/ |titulo=Alhambra, Generalife y Albaicín de Granada |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte mudéjar nasce del interaction inter traditiones islamic e christian post le conquista christian del territorios musulman. Architects e artesanos musulman, judee e christian collaborava in le construction e decoration de edificios christian, incorporante material e technicas associate con le tradition islamic. Le mudéjar es particularmentemente importante in Aragon, Castille e Leon, Toledo e altere zonas del centro e del nord del peninsula. Le Architectura mudéjar de Aragon es inscribite in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial del UNESCO e comprende ecclesias, turres e altere edificios decorate con ladrillos, ceramica e motives geometric. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/378/ |titulo=Arquitectura mudéjar de Aragón |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Renascimento introducite in Espania le ideas artistic italian del 15e e 16e seculos, ma illos se combina con traditiones local. Le architectura renascentista usa proportiones classic, columnas, frontones e decoration inspirate per le antiquitate grec e roman. Le Universitate de Alcala de Henares, le cathedrales renascentista de Jaen e Granada e numerose palatios e edificios civic demonstra iste evolution. Le ensemble monumental de Ubeda e Baeza es un del exemplos plus importante del Renascimento espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/522/ |titulo=Conjuntos monumentales renacentistas de Úbeda y Baeza |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Baroco espaniol se developpava durante le 17e e 18e seculos e es caracterisate per un grande richesse decorative, dramaticitate e uso abundante de sculptura e ornamentation. In le pintura, Diego Velazquez, Francisco de Zurbaran, Bartolome Esteban Murillo e José de Ribera deveni figuras central. Velazquez, specialmente, es considerate un del plus importante pintores del cultura espaniol e europee, con obras como ''Las Meninas'', ''La rendición de Breda'' e le serie de retratos del corte.

Le sculptura baroc ha etiam un importante dimension religiose. Le imagines policrome de Christo, le Virgine e le sanctos es usate in retablos e procession. Sculptores como Gregorio Fernández, Juan Martínez Montañés e Pedro de Mena developpava un stilo caracterisate per grande realismo e expression emotional. Le retablos monumental del ecclesias deveni un del elementos plus recognoscibile del arte religiose del epocha.

Le architectura baroc se manifesta in ecclesias, palatios, plazas e edificios civic. Le Plaza Mayor de Salamanca, le facada del Obradoiro del cathedral de Santiago e numerose ecclesias e palatios del Madrid del 17e e 18e seculos illustra le varietate del baroc espaniol. Le Monasterio de El Escorial, construite in le 16e seculo per Philippo II, representa un combination de function religiose, royal e cultural e ha un importante rol in le historia del architectura espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/318/ |titulo=Monasterio y sitio de El Escorial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le 18e seculo, le influentia del Il·lustration e del classicismo produce un nove interesse in le architectura classic e in le urbanismo. Le creation de promenades, jardines, museos e edificios scientific corresponde al nove ideal del citate illustrate. In Madrid, le Paseo del Prado e le ensemble del Buen Retiro constitue un exemplo important de iste evolution urban e cultural. Le sitio es recognoscite per le UNESCO como paisage cultural de valor universal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/1618/ |titulo=Paseo del Prado y Buen Retiro, paisaje de las artes y las ciencias |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le 19e seculo es marcate per le Romanticismo, le Realismo e le transformation del citates. Le industrialisation, le construction de nove vias ferroviari e le croissance del population urban modifica le architectura e le paisage urbane. In le arte, Francisco de Goya occupa un position central inter le Ancien Regime e le arte moderne. Su obras comprende pinturas de corte, escenas popular, gravuras e representationes dramatic del guerra e del societate.

Le Modernismo catalan del fin del 19e seculo e initio del 20e seculo constitue un del manifestationes plus distinctive del architectura espaniol moderne. Le movimento combina formas inspirate per le natura con nove technicas constructive e un uso integrate de architectura, sculptura, ceramica, vitraio e ferreria. Antoni Gaudi es su figura plus cognoscite, con obras como le Sagrada Familia, le Parc Guell, le Casa Batllo, le Casa Mila e le Palau Guell. Le UNESCO ha recognoscite septe obras de Gaudi como patrimonio mundial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/320/ |titulo=Obras de Antoni Gaudí |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altere architectos del Modernismo, como Lluis Domenech i Montaner e Josep Puig i Cadafalch, contribue al transformation del architectura de Barcelona e de altere citates catalan. Le Palau de la Musica Catalana e le Hospital de Sant Pau es exemplos major de iste stilo, caracterisate per le combination de structura moderne, decoration artistic e motifs inspirate per le historia e le natura. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/804/ |titulo=Palau de la Música Catalana y Hospital de Sant Pau |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arte del 10e seculo es marcate per un grande diversification del avantgardias e del nove linguages artistic. Pablo Picasso participa in le evolution del cubismo e deveni un del artistas plus influente del seculo. Joan Miro developpa un linguage personal basate sur formas abstracte, colores e symbolos, mentre que Salvador Dali es un del principales representantes del surrealismo. Alteres artistes, como Juan Gris, Julio Gonzalez e Antoni Tapies, contribue etiam al evolution del arte moderne espaniol.

Le Guerra Civil e le transformationes social del 20e seculo influentiate le production artistic. Le arte deveni in multe casos un medio de expression personal, experiment artistic e reflexion sur le guerra, le societate e le condition human. Post le restauration del democratia, le scena artistic espaniol se internationalisa plus, con museos, galerias, centros de arte contemporanee e grandes eventos cultural.

Le architectura contemporanee presenta un grande varietate de styles, ab le rationalismo e le brutalismo usque al architectura experimental e sustainable. Le expansion urban del ultime decennios ha producite nove museos, auditorios, bibliothecas, centros cultural e infrastructuras. Architectos espaniol como Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill e altere professionales ha realisate obras in Espania e in altere paises.

Le museos e institutiones cultural ha un rol central in le conservation e diffusion del arte. Le Museo del Prado in Madrid conserva un del plus importante collectiones de pintura europee, con un particular concentration de obras de Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Rubens e altere maestros. Le Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia se concentra specialmente sur le arte moderne e contemporanee e conserva *Guernica* de Picasso. Le Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, inaugurate in 1997, es un exemplo importante del architectura cultural contemporanee e ha devenite un del symbolos architectural del citate.

Le patrimonio architectural espaniol include non solmente monumentos isolates, ma etiam centros historic, paisages cultural, ensembles urban, monasterios, castellos, fortificationes e architectura popular. Citates como Toledo, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Cordoba, Santiago de Compostela, Cuenca e Caceres conserva ensembles historic que documenta diverse periodos del historia del peninsula. Le UNESCO recognosce actualmente 50 sitios del Patrimonio Mundial in Espania, inter le quales le major parte es de natura cultural. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/estadospartes/es |titulo=España — Convención del Patrimonio Mundial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le protection del patrimonio artistic e architectural es etiam un responsabilitate del Stato e del Communitates Autonome. Le legislation espaniol establi diverse nivellos de protection del patrimonio historic, includente le categoria de Bien de Interes Cultural. Iste protection concerne edificios, monumentos, sitios archeologic, jardins historic, obras artistic e altere elementos de valor historic, artistic, archeologic, ethnographic o scientific. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/patrimonio/bienes-culturales-protegidos/niveles-de-proteccion/regimen-general.html |titulo=Régimen general de protección del Patrimonio Histórico |sito=Ministerio de Cultura |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In conjunto, le arte e architectura de Espania representa un succession de stilos e influentias que va desde le arte rupestre prehistorica usque al creation contemporanee. Le combination de traditiones mediterranee, europee e islamic, insimul con le forte diversitate regional, ha producite un patrimonio artistic particularmente ample, in le qual monumentos, citates historic, obras de arte e architectura moderne forma un parte central del cultura espaniol.

== Linguas ==
[[File:Spain languages.svg|thumb|400px|Approximation al [[lingua materne|linguas materne o initial]] de Espania. Espaniol (verde clar), parlate in tote le pais; galiciano, portugese e fala (azul); catalano e valenciano (orange obscur); basco (gris), aranese (rubie); astur-leonese (verde obscur); e aragonese (giallo). Le limites geographic entre linguas pote esser imprecise, specialmente entre castiliano e astur-leonese e entre castiliano e aragonese.]]
Espania es un pais linguisticamente diverse, con un lingua official a nivello del Stato e plure linguas official o protegite a nivello regional. Le Constitution establi que le castellano es le lingua official del Stato e que tote le espanioles ha le deber de cognoscer lo e le derecto de usar lo. Le Constitution recognosce etiam le officialitate del altere linguas espaniol in le Communitates Autonome correspondente e considera le differentes modalidades linguistic como patrimonio cultural que debe esser specialmente protegite. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&amp;p=20260520&amp;tn=0 |titulo=Constitución Española — Artículo 3 |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le espaniol es le lingua plus extendite e es usate in tote le territorio national. Illo deriva principalmente del latino vulgar parlate in le nord del peninsula durante le Medio Evo e se diffundeva progressivemente verso altere partes del territorio. Desde le seculos XVI e XVII, le expansion politic e cultural del monarchia espaniol contribue al su diffusion international, e hodie illo es etiam un del linguas plus parlate del mundo.

Le catalan es parlate principalmente in Catalonia, le Insulas Balear e parte del Communitate Valencian, ubi le lingua es generalmente designate como valencian. Illo possede un longe tradition litterari e un importante production cultural moderne. Le catalan es lingua official, insimul con le castellano, in Catalonia e le Insulas Balear, e le valencian es official in le Communitate Valencian secundo su Statuto de Autonomia.

Le gallecian es parlate principalmente in Galicia e es intimemente associate con le historia linguistic del nord-occidente del Peninsula Iberic. Illo ha un importante tradition poetic medieval, particularmente in le periodo del lirica gallego-portugese, e continua a esser un lingua de uso quotidian, education, administration e creation cultural in Galicia.

Le basco es un lingua de character particular in le panorama europee, pro su origine non esser clarmente associate con le familia del linguas indoeuropee. Illo es parlate principalmente in le País Basco e in certe partes de Navarra. In le Communitate Autonome del País Basco illo es official insimul con le castellano, e in le zonas bascophone de Navarra su recognition e uso es regulate per le legislation foral.

Le aranese, varietate del occitan, es parlate in le Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, e possede un regime de protection e officialitate insimul con le catalan e le castellano in iste territorio. Iste lingua forma parte del patrimonio linguistic occitan e ha un numero de parlantes considerabilemente inferior al del altere linguas official del pais. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2025/09/09/798 |titulo=Real Decreto 798/2025, de 9 de septiembre, por el que se crean y regulan el Consejo de las Lenguas Oficiales y la Oficina para las Lenguas Oficiales |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ultra le linguas official, Espania possede un conjunto de linguas regional e modalidades linguistic traditional. Inter illos se trova le asturleonese, parlate in partes de Asturias e del nord-occidente de Castilla e Leon; le aragonese, conservate principalmente in certe vales del Pyrenees aragonese; e altere varietates traditional del castellano e del catalan. Lor situation juridic e grado de protection varia secundo le Communitate Autonome e le legislation correspondente.

Le multilinguismo ha influentiate profundemente le cultura espaniol. Le linguas regional ha producite litteratura, musica, theatro, prensa, television e cinema proprie, e ha contribuite al formation de identitates cultural regional. Le Stato e le Communitates Autonome ha etiam developpate politicas linguistic pro garantir le uso del linguas official in le education, le administration e altere domaines del vita public. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-8204&amp;lang=es&amp;p=&amp;tn=1 |titulo=Real Decreto 489/1997, de 14 de abril |sito=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Litteratura ==
Le litteratura de Espania possede un longe tradition que se extende desde le textos medieval usque al creation litterari contemporanee. Inter le obras plus ancian se trova le ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'', un del principal poemas epicos medieval in lingua romanica iberic. Le medio evo produce etiam obras de prosa como le ''Libro de buen amor'' e le collectiones de cuentos associate con Alfonso X e Don Juan Manuel.

Le Seculo de Oro, correspondente principalmente al seculos XVI e XVII, es un del periodos plus importante del litteratura espaniol. Le prosa, le poesia e le teatro attinge un grande expansion, con autores como [[Miguel de Cervantes]], Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Luis de Góngora, Garcilaso de la Vega, Santa Teresa de Jesús e San Juan de la Cruz. Le novela picaresque, representate per le ''Lazarillo de Tormes'', constitue un altere tradition importante del period. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/ele_canon/indice.htm |titulo=Enseñanza de español y canon literario |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le obra plus internationalmente cognoscite es le ''[[Don Quixote de La Mancha]]'' de Miguel de Cervantes, publicate in duo partes, in 1605 e 1615. Le obra combina elementos del novele de cavalieria, del satire, del aventura e del analyse del natura human, e exerce un grande influentia sur le evolution del novele moderne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/quijote/ |titulo=Recursos sobre el Quijote |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le seculo XIX, le [[Romanticismo]], le Realismo e le Naturalismo introducite nove formas de expression. Autores como Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Rosalía de Castro, Benito Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas «Clarín» e Emilia Pardo Bazán deveni figuras important. Le Generation de 98, con Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Azorín e Antonio Machado, reflecte sur le crise politic e cultural del fin del seculo.

Le seculo XX es marcate per grande diversitate de movimentos e autores. Le Generation del 27 include poetas como Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Aleixandre e Luis Cernuda. Le Guerra Civil espaniol, le exilio e le dictatura franquista influentiate profundemente le litteratura posterior. Post le restauration del democratia, le novele, le poesia e le essay continua a evolver, con autores de generationes differente e un crescente production in castellano, catalan, gallego e basco. Le Instituto Cervantes continua a documentar le evolution del litteratura espaniol e su diffusion international. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/ |titulo=Literaturas españolas e hispanoamericanas |sito=Centro Virtual Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musica ==
Le musica de Espania presenta un grande diversitate de traditiones regional, religiose, popular e academic. Durante le medio evo se incontrava influentias christian, judee e islamic, specialmente in le territorios ubi viveva communitates de differente traditiones. Durante le Renascimento e le Baroco, le musica espaniol se sviluppava in le corte, le ecclesias e le ambientes popular, con compositores e collectiones de musica vocal e instrumental. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/tetuan/es/claroscuro.-luces-y-sombras-del-siglo-de-oro.-homenaje-a-miguel-de-cervantes/159198 |titulo=Claroscuro. Luces y sombras del Siglo de Oro |sito=Instituto Cervantes |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le musica popular varia fortemente secundo le regiones. Existent traditiones de musica e dansa como le jota in varie partes del nord e del centro del pais, le sardana in Catalonia, le muñeira in Galicia e le sevillanas in Andalusia. Le musica traditional es frequentemente associate con festas local, celebrationes religiose e costumes regional.

Le flamenco es un del elementos plus cognoscite del musica espaniol. Su nucleo historic se trova in Andalusia, ben que il ha etiam radices in regiones como Murcia e Extremadura. Le flamenco combina le canto (''cante''), le dansa (''baile'') e le execution instrumental (''toque''), specialmente con le guitarra flamenca, e pote includer palmas, castaniettas e percussion. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/el-flamenco-00363 |titulo=El flamenco |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XX, artistes como Manuel de Falla, Isaac Albéniz, Enrique Granados, Joaquín Turina e Joaquín Rodrigo contribue al musica academic espaniol. In le flamenco, figures como Carmen Amaya, Camarón de la Isla, Paco de Lucía e Enrique Morente contribue a renovar e internationalisar le genere. Le musica flamenca ha etiam incorporat influentias del jazz, rock, pop e altere genres.

Le musica popular contemporanee comprende un grande numero de genres, ab le pop e rock usque al hip-hop, musica electronic e fusion. In le ultime decennios, varie artistes ha combine elementos del flamenco con genres contemporanee, contribuente al diffusion international de iste tradition musical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/flamenco-actual-espana/ |titulo=De Camarón a Rosalía, ¿qué sabes del flamenco de España de hoy? |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gastronomia ==
Le gastronomia de Espania es un del elementos plus importante del cultura quotidian del pais e se caracteriza per un grande diversitate de productos, recetas e technicas. Le geographia, le clima e le differentes traditions historic ha favorate le formation de numerosas cocinas regional. Le cocina del litoral incorpora abundantemente pisces e fructos de mar, le regiones del interior ha un importante tradition de carnes, embutitos e guisados, e le zonas mediterranee accorda un grande rol al oleo de oliva, verduras, legumines e productos fresc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le oleo de oliva es un del ingredientes fundamental del cocina espaniol e es particularmente important in le regiones mediterranee e del sud. Illo es usate pro frigir, condir, marinar e elaborar numerosas preparatos. Le jamon iberic es un altere producto emblematic, specialmente associate con le zonas occidental del peninsula, e le production de quesos varia considerablemente inter le regiones, con exemplos como le Manchego, Cabrales, Idiazabal e Mahón.

Le pan e le cereales ha un longe tradition in le cocina espaniol, mentre que le legumines es le base de numerose platos traditional. Le pois e le lenticules entra in guisados e potages como le fabada asturian, le cocido madrilen e altere preparationes regional. Le patata, introducite in Europa post le contacto con America, deveni etiam un ingrediente central, particularmente in le tortilla de patatas e numerose pratos regional.

Le tapas constitue un del formas gastronomic plus recognoscibile de Espania. Illas pote esser parve portiones de comida servite como aperitivo o como parte de un repasto plus ample, e include preparatos multo diverse como tortilla, croquetas, patatas bravas, olives, calamari, quesos, jamon e altere productos. Le practica de mangiar tapas ha etiam un dimension social, per le qual le comida es associate con conversation, encontros e vita urban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/descubrir-espana/datos-espana-gastronomia/ |titulo=Gastronomía de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cuisine regional presenta characteristicas proprie. In le Andalusia, platos como le gazpacho, le salmorejo e le pesca frigite son ben cognoscite. Le Galicia es associate con le pulpo, le mariscos e le empanadas. Le País Basco ha developpate un cuisine con grande uso de pisces, fructos de mar e preparationes traditional, al mesme tempore que ha essite un centro importante del nove cuisine espaniol. Le Asturias es cognoscite per le fabada e le productos lactee, mentre que le Valencia es particularmente associate con le paella e altere platos basate sur le arroz. Le Canarias possede preparationes proprie como le papas arrugadas con mojo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/consulta/cocinas-regionales-espana/ |titulo=Cocinas regionales de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le dieta mediterranee constitue un important referent cultural e gastronomic. Illa include non solmente le alimentos, ma etiam le practicas de agricultura, pesca, preparation, consumption e transmission del conocimientos culinar. Le UNESCO la inscribe in 2013 in le Lista Representative del Patrimonio Cultural Immateria del Humanitate, describente le comida commun como un elemento de interaction social, transmission cultural e cohésion del communitates. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/la-dieta-mediterranea-00884 |titulo=La dieta mediterránea |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le vino forma etiam un parte importante del cultura gastronomic. Espania possede numerose regiones vinicole e denominationes de origine, inter illas Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Jerez, Rías Baixas, Cava e Priorat. Le vino es frequentemente associate con le gastronomia regional e con festas, mercatos e celebrationes local. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/gastronomia-enoturismo/ |titulo=Gastronomía y enoturismo |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le ultime decennios, le alta cuisine espaniol ha acquirite un importante reputation international. Chefs espaniol ha developpate technicas nove e ha reinterpretate productos e platos traditional, combinante innovation con elementos del cocina regional. Iste evolution ha establite un ponte inter le gastronomia traditional e le cuisine contemporanee e ha augmentate le internationalisation del cultura gastronomic espaniol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/top/razones-elegir-alta-cocina-espana/ |titulo=La alta cocina de España |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Habitos social e vita quotidian ==
Le clima e le geographia ha influentiate certe formas del vita quotidian. In multe regiones, le vita social se concentra in spatios public, plazas, patios, cafes e terraces. Le passear, le reuniones familial e le participation in festas local remane elementos frequente del sociabilitate.

Le horarios del comidas es generalmente plus tardive que in multe altere paises europee, e le cena pote esser practicata tarde in le vespere. Le siesta existe como tradition historic, ma su practica ha diminuite specialmente in le areas urban.

== Moda e cultura contemporanee ==
Le vestimentos traditional varia inter le regiones e es frequentemente associate con festas e celebrationes local. Le traje regional continua a esser usate in certe eventos, ben que le vestimento quotidian es largemente influentiate per le moda international. Espania ha etiam un sector de moda contemporanee con designers e marcas presente in le mercato international.

Le cultura contemporanee comprende le cinema, le television, le musica popular, le comics, le videojocos, le design e le medios digital. Le autonomia cultural del regiones ha favorate le conservation e le promotion de traditiones local, al mesme tempore que le cultura espaniol participa in un circulation international de ideas e formas artistic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/arte-cultura/ |titulo=Arte y cultura |sito=Spain.info |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Patrimonio cultural immaterial ==
Espania possede un importante patrimonio cultural immaterial recognoscite per le UNESCO. Inter le elementos inscribite se trova le flamenco, le castells, le dieta mediterranee, le festa del patios de Cordoba, le Fallas de Valencia, le Silbo Gomero, le Misterio de Elche, le canto del Sibila de Mallorca e altere traditiones. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ich.unesco.org/es/estado/espana-ES?info=elementos-en-las-listas |titulo=España — Patrimonio cultural inmaterial |sito=UNESCO |fecha=2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste patrimonio demonstra que le cultura de Espania non es un systema uniforme, ma un conjunto de traditiones national, regional e local que ha evoluite durante le historia e continua a transformar se in le societate contemporanee.

== Referentias ==
{{commonscat|Culture of Spain}}
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Espania}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Espania| ]]</text>
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    <title>Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''expansionismo american sub Donald Trump''' es un expression usate per describer le orientationes de politica exterior e territorial associate con le secunde administration de [[Donald Trump]], comenciate in 2025. Inter le casos le plus discutite se trova le ambition declarate de acquirer o controlar [[Groenlandia]], le proposition de facer [[Canada]] le 51e stato del [[Stato Unite]], le interesse pro le [[Canal de Panama]] e le prop...”</comment>
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Le '''expansionismo american sub Donald Trump''' es un expression usate per describer le orientationes de politica exterior e territorial associate con le secunde administration de [[Donald Trump]], comenciate in 2025. Inter le casos le plus discutite se trova le ambition declarate de acquirer o controlar [[Groenlandia]], le proposition de facer [[Canada]] le 51e stato del [[Stato Unite]], le interesse pro le [[Canal de Panama]] e le proposition de establir un controlo american super le [[Striscia de Gaza]]. Le administration ha generalmente presentate iste politicas como questiones de securitate national, commercio, accesso strategic e le principio de ''America First''.

== Origines e contexto ==
Le orientation expansioniste de Trump se inscribe in un historia plus longe del politica exterior american. Le [[Doctrina Monroe]], proclamate in 1823, inicialmente declarava opposition al intervention de potentias europee in le Americas, ma in le curso del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX esseva reinterpretate como justification de un plus grande sfera de influentia del Stato Unite in le Hemispherio Occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Gilderhus |first=Mark T. |title=The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications |publisher=Wiley |year=2006 |pages=5–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00282.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Analystas ha comparate le declarationes de Trump super Groenlandia, Canada e Panama con iste tradition historic, ben que le interpretation de iste continuitate varia. Alcun investigadores parla de un revival del Doctrina Monroe, mentre le administration parla principalmente de securitate, accesso strategic e protection del interessos american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2025/01/trump-greenland-panama-canal-monroe-doctrine-policy |title=Trump’s Greenland and Panama Canal Threats Are a Throwback to an Old, Misguided Foreign Policy |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=7 de januario 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Groenlandia ==
Groenlandia ha occupate un position central in le politica territorial de Trump. In 2019 ille ja manifestava interesse pro le compra del insula, que es parte del Regno de Danmark e possede un importante position strategic in le Arctic. Le idea esseva reprimitamente rejectate per le governamentos danese e groenlandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante su secunde mandato, Trump renovava iste interesse e associava le controlo de Groenlandia con le securitate del America del Nord e le Arctic. Le leaders de Groenlandia e Danmark ha defendite le derecto de Groenlandia a su autodetermination e rejectate le idea de un transfer de sovranitate.

In septembre 2026, le Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia signava un accordo de securitate que augmenta le presentia militar american in Groenlandia. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo include derectos permanente de basamento e limita le establishment de infrastructura militar o investimentos sensibile per potentias adversarie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le accordo non transfer le sovranitate de Groenlandia al Stato Unite.

== Canada ==
Trump ha repetitemente evocate le idea que Canada poterea devenir le 51e stato del Stato Unite. Le proposition esseva accompagnate per declarationes super le commercio, le frontiera e le relationes economic inter le duo paises.

Le question ha provocate opposition del governamento e del classe politic canadese, qui continua a considerar Canada como un stato independente. Le administration Trump ha in plus usate tarifas e altere instrumentos economic in su relation con Canada, specialmente in relation con le questiones de narcotraffico, immigration e securitate del frontiera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/amending-duties-to-address-the-flow-of-illicit-drugs-across-our-northern-border/ |title=Amending Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border |publisher=The White House |date=3 de martio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canal de Panama ==
Trump ha etiam reclamate un plus grande controlo american del Canal de Panama, un infrastructura strategic que conecta le Atlantic e le Pacific. Le administration ha presentate le canal como un infrastructura essential pro le commercio e le securitate national, e ha exprimite opposition al influentia de potentias externe in su operation e infrastructura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2025/03/leading-with-peace-through-strength/ |title=Leading with Peace Through Strength |publisher=The White House |date=2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Canal de Panama esseva construite con participation american e administrate per le Stato Unite durante gran parte del seculo XX. Le controlo del canal esseva transferite gradualmente al Panama secundo le [[Tratatos Torrijos-Carter]], con le administration complete panamense desde 1999. Le interesse de Trump ha dunque reavivate un question historic super le relation inter le Stato Unite e le America Central.

== Striscia de Gaza ==
In februario 2025 Trump proponeva que le Stato Unite assumeva le controlo del [[Striscia de Gaza]] e participava al su reconstruction. Le proposition esseva associate con un idea de redevelopment economic del territorio e con un proposition que le population palestinese poterea esser relocate temporarimente o permanentemente.

Le proposition provocava reactions negative de diverse governamentos e organizaciones international e esseva discutite in relation con le derecto international e le question del autodetermination palestinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/04/08/americans-give-early-trump-foreign-policy-actions-mixed-or-negative-reviews/ |title=Trump’s Early Foreign Policy Moves: Americans Have Mixed, Negative Views |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=8 de april 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arctic e securitate ==
Le Arctic occupa un position crescente in le strategia international del Stato Unite. Groenlandia es importante pro su position inter America del Nord e Europa, le rutas maritime emergente e le proximitate con Russia. Le administration Trump ha dunque collegate le question de Groenlandia con le defense territorial, le infrastructura militar e le competition strategic in le Arctic.

Le accordo de septembre 2026 inter Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia confirma le importance militar del insula. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo permitte le modernization e expansion del infrastructura militar american e le establishment de nove areas de defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrina Monroe e Hemispherio Occidental ==
In 2025 le [[Casa Blanc]] comenciava a usar explicitemente le expression '''Trump Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine''' pro describer su conception del politica exterior in le Hemispherio Occidental. Le administration presenta iste orientation como un efforto pro impedir que potentias externe acquire positiones strategic in le Americas e pro proteger le frontieras e interesses del Stato Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/12/america-250-presidential-message-on-anniversary-of-monroe-doctrine/ |title=America 250: Presidential Message on Anniversary of Monroe Doctrine |publisher=The White House |date=2 de decembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studios academic e analises de politica exterior ha comparate iste orientation con le evolution historic del Doctrina Monroe. Le interpretation varia inter un simple adaptation de un doctrina de securitate hemispheric e un retorno a conceptiones plus extensive del sfera de influentia american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=McPherson |first=Alan |title=The Monroe Doctrine and United States National Security in the Early Twentieth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43431-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reactions international ==
Le declarationes super Groenlandia, Canada, Panama e Gaza ha provocate reactiones diverse. Danmark e le governamento de Groenlandia ha defendite le autodetermination groenlandese; Canada ha rejectate le idea de incorporation al Stato Unite; e Panama ha defendite su sovranitate super le canal.

In le caso de Groenlandia, le accordo de 2026 ha transformate le question de un possibile acquisition territorial in un arrangemento plus concentrate super le cooperation de defense e le presentia militar american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification ==
Le politica exterior de Trump in su secunde mandato ha reintroducite in le debate international le question del expansion territorial american e del sfera de influentia del Stato Unite. Le casos de Groenlandia, Canada e Panama concern le Hemispherio Occidental, mentre le caso de Gaza representa un proposition de natura differente, centrate super controlo territorial e reconstruction.

Le interpretation del fenomeno depende del perspective adoptate. Le administration lo presenta principalmente in terminos de securitate national, accesso strategic e interesses economic; altere observatores lo interpreta in relation con le historia del expansionismo american e le evolution del Doctrina Monroe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/60611/chapter-abstract/524558986 |title=Righteous Peace in an Age of American Expansionism |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=27 de junio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Politica exterior del Stato Unite]]
[[Categoria:Donald Trump]]
[[Categoria:Expansionismo]]
[[Categoria:Doctrina Monroe]]</text>
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Le '''expansionismo american sub Donald Trump''' es un expression usate per describer le orientationes de politica exterior e territorial associate con le secunde administration de [[Donald Trump]], comenciate in 2025. Inter le casos le plus discutite se trova le ambition declarate de acquirer o controlar [[Groenlandia]], le proposition de facer [[Canada]] le 51e stato del [[Statos Unite]], le interesse pro le [[Canal de Panama]] e le proposition de establir un controlo american super le [[Striscia de Gaza]]. Le administration ha generalmente presentate iste politicas como questiones de securitate national, commercio, accesso strategic e le principio de ''America First''.

== Origines e contexto ==
Le orientation expansioniste de Trump se inscribe in un historia plus longe del politica exterior american. Le [[Doctrina Monroe]], proclamate in 1823, inicialmente declarava opposition al intervention de potentias europee in le Americas, ma in le curso del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX esseva reinterpretate como justification de un plus grande sfera de influentia del Stato Unite in le Hemispherio Occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Gilderhus |first=Mark T. |title=The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications |publisher=Wiley |year=2006 |pages=5–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00282.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Analystas ha comparate le declarationes de Trump super Groenlandia, Canada e Panama con iste tradition historic, ben que le interpretation de iste continuitate varia. Alcun investigadores parla de un revival del Doctrina Monroe, mentre le administration parla principalmente de securitate, accesso strategic e protection del interessos american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2025/01/trump-greenland-panama-canal-monroe-doctrine-policy |title=Trump’s Greenland and Panama Canal Threats Are a Throwback to an Old, Misguided Foreign Policy |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=7 de januario 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Groenlandia ==
Groenlandia ha occupate un position central in le politica territorial de Trump. In 2019 ille ja manifestava interesse pro le compra del insula, que es parte del Regno de Danmark e possede un importante position strategic in le Arctic. Le idea esseva reprimitamente rejectate per le governamentos danese e groenlandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante su secunde mandato, Trump renovava iste interesse e associava le controlo de Groenlandia con le securitate del America del Nord e le Arctic. Le leaders de Groenlandia e Danmark ha defendite le derecto de Groenlandia a su autodetermination e rejectate le idea de un transfer de sovranitate.

In septembre 2026, le Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia signava un accordo de securitate que augmenta le presentia militar american in Groenlandia. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo include derectos permanente de basamento e limita le establishment de infrastructura militar o investimentos sensibile per potentias adversarie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le accordo non transfer le sovranitate de Groenlandia al Stato Unite.

== Canada ==
Trump ha repetitemente evocate le idea que Canada poterea devenir le 51e stato del Stato Unite. Le proposition esseva accompagnate per declarationes super le commercio, le frontiera e le relationes economic inter le duo paises.

Le question ha provocate opposition del governamento e del classe politic canadese, qui continua a considerar Canada como un stato independente. Le administration Trump ha in plus usate tarifas e altere instrumentos economic in su relation con Canada, specialmente in relation con le questiones de narcotraffico, immigration e securitate del frontiera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/amending-duties-to-address-the-flow-of-illicit-drugs-across-our-northern-border/ |title=Amending Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border |publisher=The White House |date=3 de martio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canal de Panama ==
Trump ha etiam reclamate un plus grande controlo american del Canal de Panama, un infrastructura strategic que conecta le Atlantic e le Pacific. Le administration ha presentate le canal como un infrastructura essential pro le commercio e le securitate national, e ha exprimite opposition al influentia de potentias externe in su operation e infrastructura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2025/03/leading-with-peace-through-strength/ |title=Leading with Peace Through Strength |publisher=The White House |date=2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Canal de Panama esseva construite con participation american e administrate per le Stato Unite durante gran parte del seculo XX. Le controlo del canal esseva transferite gradualmente al Panama secundo le [[Tratatos Torrijos-Carter]], con le administration complete panamense desde 1999. Le interesse de Trump ha dunque reavivate un question historic super le relation inter le Stato Unite e le America Central.

== Striscia de Gaza ==
In februario 2025 Trump proponeva que le Stato Unite assumeva le controlo del [[Striscia de Gaza]] e participava al su reconstruction. Le proposition esseva associate con un idea de redevelopment economic del territorio e con un proposition que le population palestinese poterea esser relocate temporarimente o permanentemente.

Le proposition provocava reactions negative de diverse governamentos e organizaciones international e esseva discutite in relation con le derecto international e le question del autodetermination palestinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/04/08/americans-give-early-trump-foreign-policy-actions-mixed-or-negative-reviews/ |title=Trump’s Early Foreign Policy Moves: Americans Have Mixed, Negative Views |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=8 de april 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arctic e securitate ==
Le Arctic occupa un position crescente in le strategia international del Stato Unite. Groenlandia es importante pro su position inter America del Nord e Europa, le rutas maritime emergente e le proximitate con Russia. Le administration Trump ha dunque collegate le question de Groenlandia con le defense territorial, le infrastructura militar e le competition strategic in le Arctic.

Le accordo de septembre 2026 inter Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia confirma le importance militar del insula. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo permitte le modernization e expansion del infrastructura militar american e le establishment de nove areas de defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrina Monroe e Hemispherio Occidental ==
In 2025 le [[Casa Blanc]] comenciava a usar explicitemente le expression '''Trump Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine''' pro describer su conception del politica exterior in le Hemispherio Occidental. Le administration presenta iste orientation como un efforto pro impedir que potentias externe acquire positiones strategic in le Americas e pro proteger le frontieras e interesses del Stato Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/12/america-250-presidential-message-on-anniversary-of-monroe-doctrine/ |title=America 250: Presidential Message on Anniversary of Monroe Doctrine |publisher=The White House |date=2 de decembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studios academic e analises de politica exterior ha comparate iste orientation con le evolution historic del Doctrina Monroe. Le interpretation varia inter un simple adaptation de un doctrina de securitate hemispheric e un retorno a conceptiones plus extensive del sfera de influentia american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=McPherson |first=Alan |title=The Monroe Doctrine and United States National Security in the Early Twentieth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43431-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reactions international ==
Le declarationes super Groenlandia, Canada, Panama e Gaza ha provocate reactiones diverse. Danmark e le governamento de Groenlandia ha defendite le autodetermination groenlandese; Canada ha rejectate le idea de incorporation al Stato Unite; e Panama ha defendite su sovranitate super le canal.

In le caso de Groenlandia, le accordo de 2026 ha transformate le question de un possibile acquisition territorial in un arrangemento plus concentrate super le cooperation de defense e le presentia militar american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification ==
Le politica exterior de Trump in su secunde mandato ha reintroducite in le debate international le question del expansion territorial american e del sfera de influentia del Stato Unite. Le casos de Groenlandia, Canada e Panama concern le Hemispherio Occidental, mentre le caso de Gaza representa un proposition de natura differente, centrate super controlo territorial e reconstruction.

Le interpretation del fenomeno depende del perspective adoptate. Le administration lo presenta principalmente in terminos de securitate national, accesso strategic e interesses economic; altere observatores lo interpreta in relation con le historia del expansionismo american e le evolution del Doctrina Monroe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/60611/chapter-abstract/524558986 |title=Righteous Peace in an Age of American Expansionism |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=27 de junio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Politica exterior del Stato Unite]]
[[Categoria:Donald Trump]]
[[Categoria:Expansionismo]]
[[Categoria:Doctrina Monroe]]</text>
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Le '''expansionismo american sub Donald Trump''' es un expression usate per describer le orientationes de politica exterior e territorial associate con le secunde administration de [[Donald Trump]], comenciate in 2025. Inter le casos le plus discutite se trova le ambition declarate de acquirer o controlar [[Groenlandia]], le proposition de facer [[Canada]] le 51e stato del [[Statos Unite]], le interesse pro le [[Canal de Panama]] e le proposition de establir un controlo american super le [[Banda de Gaza]]. Le administration ha generalmente presentate iste politicas como questiones de securitate national, commercio, accesso strategic e le principio de ''America First''.

== Origines e contexto ==
Le orientation expansioniste de Trump se inscribe in un historia plus longe del politica exterior american. Le [[Doctrina Monroe]], proclamate in 1823, inicialmente declarava opposition al intervention de potentias europee in le Americas, ma in le curso del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX esseva reinterpretate como justification de un plus grande sfera de influentia del Stato Unite in le Hemispherio Occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Gilderhus |first=Mark T. |title=The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications |publisher=Wiley |year=2006 |pages=5–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00282.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Analystas ha comparate le declarationes de Trump super Groenlandia, Canada e Panama con iste tradition historic, ben que le interpretation de iste continuitate varia. Alcun investigadores parla de un revival del Doctrina Monroe, mentre le administration parla principalmente de securitate, accesso strategic e protection del interessos american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2025/01/trump-greenland-panama-canal-monroe-doctrine-policy |title=Trump’s Greenland and Panama Canal Threats Are a Throwback to an Old, Misguided Foreign Policy |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=7 de januario 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Groenlandia ==
Groenlandia ha occupate un position central in le politica territorial de Trump. In 2019 ille ja manifestava interesse pro le compra del insula, que es parte del Regno de Danmark e possede un importante position strategic in le Arctic. Le idea esseva reprimitamente rejectate per le governamentos danese e groenlandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante su secunde mandato, Trump renovava iste interesse e associava le controlo de Groenlandia con le securitate del America del Nord e le Arctic. Le leaders de Groenlandia e Danmark ha defendite le derecto de Groenlandia a su autodetermination e rejectate le idea de un transfer de sovranitate.

In septembre 2026, le Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia signava un accordo de securitate que augmenta le presentia militar american in Groenlandia. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo include derectos permanente de basamento e limita le establishment de infrastructura militar o investimentos sensibile per potentias adversarie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le accordo non transfer le sovranitate de Groenlandia al Stato Unite.

== Canada ==
Trump ha repetitemente evocate le idea que Canada poterea devenir le 51e stato del Stato Unite. Le proposition esseva accompagnate per declarationes super le commercio, le frontiera e le relationes economic inter le duo paises.

Le question ha provocate opposition del governamento e del classe politic canadese, qui continua a considerar Canada como un stato independente. Le administration Trump ha in plus usate tarifas e altere instrumentos economic in su relation con Canada, specialmente in relation con le questiones de narcotraffico, immigration e securitate del frontiera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/amending-duties-to-address-the-flow-of-illicit-drugs-across-our-northern-border/ |title=Amending Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border |publisher=The White House |date=3 de martio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canal de Panama ==
Trump ha etiam reclamate un plus grande controlo american del Canal de Panama, un infrastructura strategic que conecta le Atlantic e le Pacific. Le administration ha presentate le canal como un infrastructura essential pro le commercio e le securitate national, e ha exprimite opposition al influentia de potentias externe in su operation e infrastructura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2025/03/leading-with-peace-through-strength/ |title=Leading with Peace Through Strength |publisher=The White House |date=2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Canal de Panama esseva construite con participation american e administrate per le Stato Unite durante gran parte del seculo XX. Le controlo del canal esseva transferite gradualmente al Panama secundo le [[Tratatos Torrijos-Carter]], con le administration complete panamense desde 1999. Le interesse de Trump ha dunque reavivate un question historic super le relation inter le Stato Unite e le America Central.

== Banda de Gaza ==
In februario 2025 Trump proponeva que le Stato Unite assumeva le controlo del [[Banda de Gaza]] e participava al su reconstruction. Le proposition esseva associate con un idea de redevelopment economic del territorio e con un proposition que le population palestinese poterea esser relocate temporarimente o permanentemente.

Le proposition provocava reactions negative de diverse governamentos e organizaciones international e esseva discutite in relation con le derecto international e le question del autodetermination palestinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/04/08/americans-give-early-trump-foreign-policy-actions-mixed-or-negative-reviews/ |title=Trump’s Early Foreign Policy Moves: Americans Have Mixed, Negative Views |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=8 de april 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arctic e securitate ==
Le Arctic occupa un position crescente in le strategia international del Stato Unite. Groenlandia es importante pro su position inter America del Nord e Europa, le rutas maritime emergente e le proximitate con Russia. Le administration Trump ha dunque collegate le question de Groenlandia con le defense territorial, le infrastructura militar e le competition strategic in le Arctic.

Le accordo de septembre 2026 inter Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia confirma le importance militar del insula. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo permitte le modernization e expansion del infrastructura militar american e le establishment de nove areas de defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrina Monroe e Hemispherio Occidental ==
In 2025 le [[Casa Blanc]] comenciava a usar explicitemente le expression '''Trump Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine''' pro describer su conception del politica exterior in le Hemispherio Occidental. Le administration presenta iste orientation como un efforto pro impedir que potentias externe acquire positiones strategic in le Americas e pro proteger le frontieras e interesses del Stato Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/12/america-250-presidential-message-on-anniversary-of-monroe-doctrine/ |title=America 250: Presidential Message on Anniversary of Monroe Doctrine |publisher=The White House |date=2 de decembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studios academic e analises de politica exterior ha comparate iste orientation con le evolution historic del Doctrina Monroe. Le interpretation varia inter un simple adaptation de un doctrina de securitate hemispheric e un retorno a conceptiones plus extensive del sfera de influentia american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=McPherson |first=Alan |title=The Monroe Doctrine and United States National Security in the Early Twentieth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43431-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reactions international ==
Le declarationes super Groenlandia, Canada, Panama e Gaza ha provocate reactiones diverse. Danmark e le governamento de Groenlandia ha defendite le autodetermination groenlandese; Canada ha rejectate le idea de incorporation al Stato Unite; e Panama ha defendite su sovranitate super le canal.

In le caso de Groenlandia, le accordo de 2026 ha transformate le question de un possibile acquisition territorial in un arrangemento plus concentrate super le cooperation de defense e le presentia militar american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification ==
Le politica exterior de Trump in su secunde mandato ha reintroducite in le debate international le question del expansion territorial american e del sfera de influentia del Stato Unite. Le casos de Groenlandia, Canada e Panama concern le Hemispherio Occidental, mentre le caso de Gaza representa un proposition de natura differente, centrate super controlo territorial e reconstruction.

Le interpretation del fenomeno depende del perspective adoptate. Le administration lo presenta principalmente in terminos de securitate national, accesso strategic e interesses economic; altere observatores lo interpreta in relation con le historia del expansionismo american e le evolution del Doctrina Monroe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/60611/chapter-abstract/524558986 |title=Righteous Peace in an Age of American Expansionism |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=27 de junio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Politica exterior del Stato Unite]]
[[Categoria:Donald Trump]]
[[Categoria:Expansionismo]]
[[Categoria:Doctrina Monroe]]</text>
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Le '''expansionismo american sub Donald Trump''' es un expression usate per describer le orientationes de politica exterior e territorial associate con le secunde administration de [[Donald Trump]], comenciate in 2025. Inter le casos le plus discutite se trova le ambition declarate de acquirer o controlar [[Groenlandia]], le proposition de facer [[Canada]] le 51e stato del [[Statos Unite]], le interesse pro le [[Canal de Panama]] e le proposition de establir un controlo american super le [[Banda de Gaza]]. Le administration ha generalmente presentate iste politicas como questiones de securitate national, commercio, accesso strategic e le principio de ''America First''.

== Origines e contexto ==
Le orientation expansioniste de Trump se inscribe in un historia plus longe del politica exterior american. Le [[Doctrina Monroe]], proclamate in 1823, inicialmente declarava opposition al intervention de potentias europee in le Americas, ma in le curso del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX esseva reinterpretate como justification de un plus grande sfera de influentia del Stato Unite in le Hemispherio Occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Gilderhus |first=Mark T. |title=The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications |publisher=Wiley |year=2006 |pages=5–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00282.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Analystas ha comparate le declarationes de Trump super Groenlandia, Canada e Panama con iste tradition historic, ben que le interpretation de iste continuitate varia. Alcun investigadores parla de un revival del Doctrina Monroe, mentre le administration parla principalmente de securitate, accesso strategic e protection del interessos american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2025/01/trump-greenland-panama-canal-monroe-doctrine-policy |title=Trump’s Greenland and Panama Canal Threats Are a Throwback to an Old, Misguided Foreign Policy |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=7 de januario 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Groenlandia ==
Groenlandia ha occupate un position central in le politica territorial de Trump. In 2019 ille ja manifestava interesse pro le compra del insula, que es parte del Regno de Danmark e possede un importante position strategic in le Arctic. Le idea esseva reprimitamente rejectate per le governamentos danese e groenlandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante su secunde mandato, Trump renovava iste interesse e associava le controlo de Groenlandia con le securitate del America del Nord e le Arctic. Le leaders de Groenlandia e Danmark ha defendite le derecto de Groenlandia a su autodetermination e rejectate le idea de un transfer de sovranitate.

In septembre 2026, le Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia signava un accordo de securitate que augmenta le presentia militar american in Groenlandia. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo include derectos permanente de basamento e limita le establishment de infrastructura militar o investimentos sensibile per potentias adversarie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le accordo non transfer le sovranitate de Groenlandia al Stato Unite.

== Canada ==
Trump ha repetitemente evocate le idea que Canada poterea devenir le 51e stato del Stato Unite. Le proposition esseva accompagnate per declarationes super le commercio, le frontiera e le relationes economic inter le duo paises.

Le question ha provocate opposition del governamento e del classe politic canadese, qui continua a considerar Canada como un stato independente. Le administration Trump ha in plus usate tarifas e altere instrumentos economic in su relation con Canada, specialmente in relation con le questiones de narcotraffico, immigration e securitate del frontiera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/amending-duties-to-address-the-flow-of-illicit-drugs-across-our-northern-border/ |title=Amending Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border |publisher=The White House |date=3 de martio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canal de Panama ==
[[File:SD Hegseth Attends CENTSEC 25, Visits Sailors Aboard USS Chosin (54441820241).jpg|thumb|250px|Signatura del accordo conjuncte inter le Statos Unite e Panama (9 de april 2025).]]
Trump ha etiam reclamate un plus grande controlo american del Canal de Panama, un infrastructura strategic que conecta le Atlantic e le Pacific. Le administration ha presentate le canal como un infrastructura essential pro le commercio e le securitate national, e ha exprimite opposition al influentia de potentias externe in su operation e infrastructura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2025/03/leading-with-peace-through-strength/ |title=Leading with Peace Through Strength |publisher=The White House |date=2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Canal de Panama esseva construite con participation american e administrate per le Stato Unite durante gran parte del seculo XX. Le controlo del canal esseva transferite gradualmente al Panama secundo le [[Tratatos Torrijos-Carter]], con le administration complete panamense desde 1999. Le interesse de Trump ha dunque reavivate un question historic super le relation inter le Stato Unite e le America Central.

== Banda de Gaza ==
In februario 2025 Trump proponeva que le Stato Unite assumeva le controlo del [[Banda de Gaza]] e participava al su reconstruction. Le proposition esseva associate con un idea de redevelopment economic del territorio e con un proposition que le population palestinese poterea esser relocate temporarimente o permanentemente.

Le proposition provocava reactions negative de diverse governamentos e organizaciones international e esseva discutite in relation con le derecto international e le question del autodetermination palestinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/04/08/americans-give-early-trump-foreign-policy-actions-mixed-or-negative-reviews/ |title=Trump’s Early Foreign Policy Moves: Americans Have Mixed, Negative Views |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=8 de april 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arctic e securitate ==
Le Arctic occupa un position crescente in le strategia international del Stato Unite. Groenlandia es importante pro su position inter America del Nord e Europa, le rutas maritime emergente e le proximitate con Russia. Le administration Trump ha dunque collegate le question de Groenlandia con le defense territorial, le infrastructura militar e le competition strategic in le Arctic.

Le accordo de septembre 2026 inter Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia confirma le importance militar del insula. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo permitte le modernization e expansion del infrastructura militar american e le establishment de nove areas de defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrina Monroe e Hemispherio Occidental ==
In 2025 le [[Casa Blanc]] comenciava a usar explicitemente le expression '''Trump Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine''' pro describer su conception del politica exterior in le Hemispherio Occidental. Le administration presenta iste orientation como un efforto pro impedir que potentias externe acquire positiones strategic in le Americas e pro proteger le frontieras e interesses del Stato Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/12/america-250-presidential-message-on-anniversary-of-monroe-doctrine/ |title=America 250: Presidential Message on Anniversary of Monroe Doctrine |publisher=The White House |date=2 de decembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studios academic e analises de politica exterior ha comparate iste orientation con le evolution historic del Doctrina Monroe. Le interpretation varia inter un simple adaptation de un doctrina de securitate hemispheric e un retorno a conceptiones plus extensive del sfera de influentia american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=McPherson |first=Alan |title=The Monroe Doctrine and United States National Security in the Early Twentieth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43431-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reactions international ==
Le declarationes super Groenlandia, Canada, Panama e Gaza ha provocate reactiones diverse. Danmark e le governamento de Groenlandia ha defendite le autodetermination groenlandese; Canada ha rejectate le idea de incorporation al Stato Unite; e Panama ha defendite su sovranitate super le canal.

In le caso de Groenlandia, le accordo de 2026 ha transformate le question de un possibile acquisition territorial in un arrangemento plus concentrate super le cooperation de defense e le presentia militar american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification ==
Le politica exterior de Trump in su secunde mandato ha reintroducite in le debate international le question del expansion territorial american e del sfera de influentia del Stato Unite. Le casos de Groenlandia, Canada e Panama concern le Hemispherio Occidental, mentre le caso de Gaza representa un proposition de natura differente, centrate super controlo territorial e reconstruction.

Le interpretation del fenomeno depende del perspective adoptate. Le administration lo presenta principalmente in terminos de securitate national, accesso strategic e interesses economic; altere observatores lo interpreta in relation con le historia del expansionismo american e le evolution del Doctrina Monroe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/60611/chapter-abstract/524558986 |title=Righteous Peace in an Age of American Expansionism |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=27 de junio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Politica exterior del Stato Unite]]
[[Categoria:Donald Trump]]
[[Categoria:Expansionismo]]
[[Categoria:Doctrina Monroe]]</text>
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Le '''expansionismo american sub Donald Trump''' es un expression usate per describer le orientationes de politica exterior e territorial associate con le secunde administration de [[Donald Trump]], comenciate in 2025. Inter le casos le plus discutite se trova le ambition declarate de acquirer o controlar [[Groenlandia]], le proposition de facer [[Canada]] le 51e stato del [[Statos Unite]], le interesse pro le [[Canal de Panama]] e le proposition de establir un controlo american super le [[Banda de Gaza]]. Le administration ha generalmente presentate iste politicas como questiones de securitate national, commercio, accesso strategic e le principio de ''America First''.

== Origines e contexto ==
Le orientation expansioniste de Trump se inscribe in un historia plus longe del politica exterior american. Le [[Doctrina Monroe]], proclamate in 1823, inicialmente declarava opposition al intervention de potentias europee in le Americas, ma in le curso del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX esseva reinterpretate como justification de un plus grande sfera de influentia del Stato Unite in le Hemispherio Occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Gilderhus |first=Mark T. |title=The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications |publisher=Wiley |year=2006 |pages=5–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00282.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Analystas ha comparate le declarationes de Trump super Groenlandia, Canada e Panama con iste tradition historic, ben que le interpretation de iste continuitate varia. Alcun investigadores parla de un revival del Doctrina Monroe, mentre le administration parla principalmente de securitate, accesso strategic e protection del interessos american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2025/01/trump-greenland-panama-canal-monroe-doctrine-policy |title=Trump’s Greenland and Panama Canal Threats Are a Throwback to an Old, Misguided Foreign Policy |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=7 de januario 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Groenlandia ==
Groenlandia ha occupate un position central in le politica territorial de Trump. In 2019 ille ja manifestava interesse pro le compra del insula, que es parte del Regno de Danmark e possede un importante position strategic in le Arctic. Le idea esseva reprimitamente rejectate per le governamentos danese e groenlandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante su secunde mandato, Trump renovava iste interesse e associava le controlo de Groenlandia con le securitate del America del Nord e le Arctic. Le leaders de Groenlandia e Danmark ha defendite le derecto de Groenlandia a su autodetermination e rejectate le idea de un transfer de sovranitate.

In septembre 2026, le Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia signava un accordo de securitate que augmenta le presentia militar american in Groenlandia. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo include derectos permanente de basamento e limita le establishment de infrastructura militar o investimentos sensibile per potentias adversarie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le accordo non transfer le sovranitate de Groenlandia al Stato Unite.

== Canada ==
[[File:President Donald Trump greets Prime Minister of Canada Mark Carney at the West Wing entrance of the White House (54502389070).jpg|thumb|Trump con le prime ministro canadian [[Mark Carney]], 6 de maio 2025]]
Trump ha repetitemente evocate le idea que [[Canada]] poterea devenir le 51e stato del Stato Unite. Le proposition esseva accompagnate per declarationes super le commercio, le frontiera e le relationes economic inter le duo paises.

Le question ha provocate opposition del governamento e del classe politic canadese, qui continua a considerar Canada como un stato independente. Le administration Trump ha in plus usate tarifas e altere instrumentos economic in su relation con Canada, specialmente in relation con le questiones de narcotraffico, immigration e securitate del frontiera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/amending-duties-to-address-the-flow-of-illicit-drugs-across-our-northern-border/ |title=Amending Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border |publisher=The White House |date=3 de martio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canal de Panama ==
[[File:SD Hegseth Attends CENTSEC 25, Visits Sailors Aboard USS Chosin (54441820241).jpg|thumb|250px|Signatura del accordo conjuncte inter le Statos Unite e Panama (9 de april 2025).]]
Trump ha etiam reclamate un plus grande controlo american del Canal de Panama, un infrastructura strategic que conecta le Atlantic e le Pacific. Le administration ha presentate le canal como un infrastructura essential pro le commercio e le securitate national, e ha exprimite opposition al influentia de potentias externe in su operation e infrastructura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2025/03/leading-with-peace-through-strength/ |title=Leading with Peace Through Strength |publisher=The White House |date=2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Canal de Panama esseva construite con participation american e administrate per le Stato Unite durante gran parte del seculo XX. Le controlo del canal esseva transferite gradualmente al Panama secundo le [[Tratatos Torrijos-Carter]], con le administration complete panamense desde 1999. Le interesse de Trump ha dunque reavivate un question historic super le relation inter le Stato Unite e le America Central.

== Banda de Gaza ==
In februario 2025 Trump proponeva que le Stato Unite assumeva le controlo del [[Banda de Gaza]] e participava al su reconstruction. Le proposition esseva associate con un idea de redevelopment economic del territorio e con un proposition que le population palestinese poterea esser relocate temporarimente o permanentemente.

Le proposition provocava reactions negative de diverse governamentos e organizaciones international e esseva discutite in relation con le derecto international e le question del autodetermination palestinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/04/08/americans-give-early-trump-foreign-policy-actions-mixed-or-negative-reviews/ |title=Trump’s Early Foreign Policy Moves: Americans Have Mixed, Negative Views |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=8 de april 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arctic e securitate ==
Le Arctic occupa un position crescente in le strategia international del Stato Unite. Groenlandia es importante pro su position inter America del Nord e Europa, le rutas maritime emergente e le proximitate con Russia. Le administration Trump ha dunque collegate le question de Groenlandia con le defense territorial, le infrastructura militar e le competition strategic in le Arctic.

Le accordo de septembre 2026 inter Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia confirma le importance militar del insula. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo permitte le modernization e expansion del infrastructura militar american e le establishment de nove areas de defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrina Monroe e Hemispherio Occidental ==
In 2025 le [[Casa Blanc]] comenciava a usar explicitemente le expression '''Trump Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine''' pro describer su conception del politica exterior in le Hemispherio Occidental. Le administration presenta iste orientation como un efforto pro impedir que potentias externe acquire positiones strategic in le Americas e pro proteger le frontieras e interesses del Stato Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/12/america-250-presidential-message-on-anniversary-of-monroe-doctrine/ |title=America 250: Presidential Message on Anniversary of Monroe Doctrine |publisher=The White House |date=2 de decembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studios academic e analises de politica exterior ha comparate iste orientation con le evolution historic del Doctrina Monroe. Le interpretation varia inter un simple adaptation de un doctrina de securitate hemispheric e un retorno a conceptiones plus extensive del sfera de influentia american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=McPherson |first=Alan |title=The Monroe Doctrine and United States National Security in the Early Twentieth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43431-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reactions international ==
Le declarationes super Groenlandia, Canada, Panama e Gaza ha provocate reactiones diverse. Danmark e le governamento de Groenlandia ha defendite le autodetermination groenlandese; Canada ha rejectate le idea de incorporation al Stato Unite; e Panama ha defendite su sovranitate super le canal.

In le caso de Groenlandia, le accordo de 2026 ha transformate le question de un possibile acquisition territorial in un arrangemento plus concentrate super le cooperation de defense e le presentia militar american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification ==
Le politica exterior de Trump in su secunde mandato ha reintroducite in le debate international le question del expansion territorial american e del sfera de influentia del Stato Unite. Le casos de Groenlandia, Canada e Panama concern le Hemispherio Occidental, mentre le caso de Gaza representa un proposition de natura differente, centrate super controlo territorial e reconstruction.

Le interpretation del fenomeno depende del perspective adoptate. Le administration lo presenta principalmente in terminos de securitate national, accesso strategic e interesses economic; altere observatores lo interpreta in relation con le historia del expansionismo american e le evolution del Doctrina Monroe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/60611/chapter-abstract/524558986 |title=Righteous Peace in an Age of American Expansionism |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=27 de junio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Politica exterior del Stato Unite]]
[[Categoria:Donald Trump]]
[[Categoria:Expansionismo]]
[[Categoria:Doctrina Monroe]]</text>
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Le '''expansionismo american sub Donald Trump''' es un expression usate per describer le orientationes de politica exterior e territorial associate con le secunde administration de [[Donald Trump]], comenciate in 2025. Inter le casos le plus discutite se trova le ambition declarate de acquirer o controlar [[Groenlandia]], le proposition de facer [[Canada]] le 51e stato del [[Statos Unite]], le interesse pro le [[Canal de Panama]] e le proposition de establir un controlo american super le [[Banda de Gaza]]. Le administration ha generalmente presentate iste politicas como questiones de securitate national, commercio, accesso strategic e le principio de ''America First''.

== Origines e contexto ==
Le orientation expansioniste de Trump se inscribe in un historia plus longe del politica exterior american. Le [[Doctrina Monroe]], proclamate in 1823, inicialmente declarava opposition al intervention de potentias europee in le Americas, ma in le curso del seculo XIX e le initio del seculo XX esseva reinterpretate como justification de un plus grande sfera de influentia del Stato Unite in le Hemispherio Occidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Gilderhus |first=Mark T. |title=The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications |publisher=Wiley |year=2006 |pages=5–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00282.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Analystas ha comparate le declarationes de Trump super Groenlandia, Canada e Panama con iste tradition historic, ben que le interpretation de iste continuitate varia. Alcun investigadores parla de un revival del Doctrina Monroe, mentre le administration parla principalmente de securitate, accesso strategic e protection del interessos american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2025/01/trump-greenland-panama-canal-monroe-doctrine-policy |title=Trump’s Greenland and Panama Canal Threats Are a Throwback to an Old, Misguided Foreign Policy |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |date=7 de januario 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Groenlandia ==
Groenlandia ha occupate un position central in le politica territorial de Trump. In 2019 ille ja manifestava interesse pro le compra del insula, que es parte del Regno de Danmark e possede un importante position strategic in le Arctic. Le idea esseva reprimitamente rejectate per le governamentos danese e groenlandese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante su secunde mandato, Trump renovava iste interesse e associava le controlo de Groenlandia con le securitate del America del Nord e le Arctic. Le leaders de Groenlandia e Danmark ha defendite le derecto de Groenlandia a su autodetermination e rejectate le idea de un transfer de sovranitate.

In septembre 2026, le Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia signava un accordo de securitate que augmenta le presentia militar american in Groenlandia. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo include derectos permanente de basamento e limita le establishment de infrastructura militar o investimentos sensibile per potentias adversarie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le accordo non transfer le sovranitate de Groenlandia al Stato Unite.

== Canada ==
[[File:President Donald Trump greets Prime Minister of Canada Mark Carney at the West Wing entrance of the White House (54502389070).jpg|thumb|Trump con le prime ministro canadian [[Mark Carney]], 6 de maio 2025]]
Trump ha repetitemente evocate le idea que [[Canada]] poterea devenir le 51e stato del Stato Unite. Le proposition esseva accompagnate per declarationes super le commercio, le frontiera e le relationes economic inter le duo paises.

Le question ha provocate opposition del governamento e del classe politic canadese, qui continua a considerar Canada como un stato independente. Le administration Trump ha in plus usate tarifas e altere instrumentos economic in su relation con Canada, specialmente in relation con le questiones de narcotraffico, immigration e securitate del frontiera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/amending-duties-to-address-the-flow-of-illicit-drugs-across-our-northern-border/ |title=Amending Duties to Address the Flow of Illicit Drugs Across Our Northern Border |publisher=The White House |date=3 de martio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canal de Panama ==
[[File:SD Hegseth Attends CENTSEC 25, Visits Sailors Aboard USS Chosin (54441820241).jpg|thumb|250px|Signatura del accordo conjuncte inter le Statos Unite e Panama (9 de april 2025).]]
Trump ha etiam reclamate un plus grande controlo american del Canal de Panama, un infrastructura strategic que conecta le Atlantic e le Pacific. Le administration ha presentate le canal como un infrastructura essential pro le commercio e le securitate national, e ha exprimite opposition al influentia de potentias externe in su operation e infrastructura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2025/03/leading-with-peace-through-strength/ |title=Leading with Peace Through Strength |publisher=The White House |date=2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Canal de Panama esseva construite con participation american e administrate per le Stato Unite durante gran parte del seculo XX. Le controlo del canal esseva transferite gradualmente al Panama secundo le [[Tratatos Torrijos-Carter]], con le administration complete panamense desde 1999. Le interesse de Trump ha dunque reavivate un question historic super le relation inter le Stato Unite e le America Central.

== Banda de Gaza ==
In februario 2025 Trump proponeva que le Stato Unite assumeva le controlo del [[Banda de Gaza]] e participava al su reconstruction. Le proposition esseva associate con un idea de redevelopment economic del territorio e con un proposition que le population palestinese poterea esser relocate temporarimente o permanentemente.

Le proposition provocava reactions negative de diverse governamentos e organizaciones international e esseva discutite in relation con le derecto international e le question del autodetermination palestinese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/04/08/americans-give-early-trump-foreign-policy-actions-mixed-or-negative-reviews/ |title=Trump’s Early Foreign Policy Moves: Americans Have Mixed, Negative Views |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=8 de april 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arctic e securitate ==
Le Arctic occupa un position crescente in le strategia international del Stato Unite. Groenlandia es importante pro su position inter America del Nord e Europa, le rutas maritime emergente e le proximitate con Russia. Le administration Trump ha dunque collegate le question de Groenlandia con le defense territorial, le infrastructura militar e le competition strategic in le Arctic.

Le accordo de septembre 2026 inter Stato Unite, Danmark e Groenlandia confirma le importance militar del insula. Secundo le Casa Blanc, le accordo permitte le modernization e expansion del infrastructura militar american e le establishment de nove areas de defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2026/09/president-trump-inks-historic-arctic-security-agreement/ |title=President Trump Inks Historic Arctic Security Agreement |publisher=The White House |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Doctrina Monroe e Hemispherio Occidental ==
In 2025 le [[Casa Blanc]] comenciava a usar explicitemente le expression ''Trump Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine'' pro describer su conception del politica exterior in le Hemispherio Occidental. Le administration presenta iste orientation como un efforto pro impedir que potentias externe acquire positiones strategic in le Americas e pro proteger le frontieras e interesses del Stato Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/12/america-250-presidential-message-on-anniversary-of-monroe-doctrine/ |title=America 250: Presidential Message on Anniversary of Monroe Doctrine |publisher=The White House |date=2 de decembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Studios academic e analises de politica exterior ha comparate iste orientation con le evolution historic del Doctrina Monroe. Le interpretation varia inter un simple adaptation de un doctrina de securitate hemispheric e un retorno a conceptiones plus extensive del sfera de influentia american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=McPherson |first=Alan |title=The Monroe Doctrine and United States National Security in the Early Twentieth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43431-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reactions international ==
Le declarationes super Groenlandia, Canada, Panama e Gaza ha provocate reactiones diverse. Danmark e le governamento de Groenlandia ha defendite le autodetermination groenlandese; Canada ha rejectate le idea de incorporation al Stato Unite; e Panama ha defendite su sovranitate super le canal.

In le caso de Groenlandia, le accordo de 2026 ha transformate le question de un possibile acquisition territorial in un arrangemento plus concentrate super le cooperation de defense e le presentia militar american.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/trump-denmark-greenland-sign-deal-bid-end-arctic-standoff-2026-09-22/ |title=Trump, Greenland, Denmark sign deal in bid to end Arctic standoff |publisher=Reuters |date=22 de septembre 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification ==
Le politica exterior de Trump in su secunde mandato ha reintroducite in le debate international le question del expansion territorial american e del sfera de influentia del Stato Unite. Le casos de Groenlandia, Canada e Panama concern le Hemispherio Occidental, mentre le caso de Gaza representa un proposition de natura differente, centrate super controlo territorial e reconstruction.

Le interpretation del fenomeno depende del perspective adoptate. Le administration lo presenta principalmente in terminos de securitate national, accesso strategic e interesses economic; altere observatores lo interpreta in relation con le historia del expansionismo american e le evolution del Doctrina Monroe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/60611/chapter-abstract/524558986 |title=Righteous Peace in an Age of American Expansionism |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=27 de junio 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Politica exterior del Stato Unite]]
[[Categoria:Donald Trump]]
[[Categoria:Expansionismo]]
[[Categoria:Doctrina Monroe]]</text>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''Agitprop''' es un abbreviation de ''agitation e propaganda'', un concept politic e cultural originante in le movimento bolchevique russe e postea expandite a altere contextos politic. Le termino designava originalmente le combination de agitation, destinate a provocar participation e action politic, e propaganda, destinate a diffunder ideas, doctrinas e interpretationes politic. Con le tempore, ''agitprop'' ha devenite etiam un termino...”</comment>
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'''Agitprop''' es un abbreviation de ''agitation e propaganda'', un concept politic e cultural originante in le movimento bolchevique russe e postea expandite a altere contextos politic. Le termino designava originalmente le combination de agitation, destinate a provocar participation e action politic, e propaganda, destinate a diffunder ideas, doctrinas e interpretationes politic. Con le tempore, ''agitprop'' ha devenite etiam un termino general pro obras artistic, litterari, teatral o mediatec que presenta un message politic explicit e intenta influentiar le publico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/agitprop-theatre |title=Agitprop Theatre |author=Alan Filewod |publisher=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism |date=1 de octobre 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del termino ==
Le parola russe ''agitprop'' (агитпроп) es un contraction de ''agitatsiya'' (agitation) e ''propaganda''. Le expression deriva del ''Otdel agitatsii i propagandy'', o Departamento de Agitation e Propaganda, create in le apparato del Partito Communista e del movimento sovietic. Le departamentos de agitprop se occupava del diffusion de ideas politic, del communication con le population e del presentation del politica del partito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/russian-soviet-and-cis-history/agitprop |title=Agitprop |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |date=21 de maio 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le distinction inter agitation e propaganda esseva presentate como un distinction inter le mobilisation emotional e immediate del population e le transmission plus sistematic de ideas e explicationes ideologic. In le practica, le duo formas de communication esseva frequentemente combine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir Il'ich |title=What Is To Be Done? |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agitprop post le Revolution russe ==
Post le Revolution de Octobre de 1917, le bolcheviques usava diverse medios pro diffunder lor message politic in un pais vaste e frequentemente illitterate. Le agitation e propaganda esseva organisate per le apparato del nove stato e del partito, con publicationes, affiches, discursos, spectaculos e campagnes de education politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Kenez |first=Peter |title=The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1985}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un exemplo notabile esseva le '''trenes agitprop''', que circulava per le territorio russe durante le guerra civil. Illes transportava artistas, actores, oratores e materiale imprimite. Le spectaculos e presentationes esseva concepite pro un publico popular e poteva esser organisate directemente in le stationes o in le villages visitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Smith |first=Paul A. |title=On Political War |publisher=National Defense University Press |year=1989 |pages=124–125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Medios e technicas ==
Agitprop poteva esser diffundite per posters, pamphlets, journales, discursos, cinema, literatura, musica e teatro. Le formas visual e verbal esseva frequentemente simple e directe, con symbolos facilmente recognoscibile e messages destinate a esser comprendite per un grande publico.

Le affiches sovietic, per exemplo, utilisava colores, slogans, figuras heroic e representationes de inimicos politic. Artistas como [[Vladimir Mayakovski]] participava al production de material visual e litterari associate con le agitation politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Ebon |first=Martin |title=The Soviet Propaganda Machine |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teatro agitprop ==
Le teatro agitprop deveniva un importante forma de expression politic in Europa durante le annos 1920. Le representationes esseva sovente breve, mobile e concepite pro esser presentate in factories, stratas, reuniones politic e altere espacios public. Le actores poteva representar problemas social e politic contemporanee con characteres schematic e situationes facilemente recognoscibile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/agitprop-theatre |title=Agitprop Theatre |author=Alan Filewod |publisher=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism |date=1 de octobre 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le [[Republica de Weimar]], le teatro agitprop se desenvolveva inter movimentos del sinistra politic. Le forma influentiava le teatro politic de [[Bertolt Brecht]] e altere experimentos artistic del periodo, ben que le obra de Brecht non se reduce al agitprop sovietic o a su modelos original.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Bodek |first=Richard |title=Proletarian Performance in Weimar Berlin: Agitprop, Chorus and Brecht |publisher=Camden House |year=1998 |isbn=9781571131263}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agitprop e le cultura politic ==
Le principal characteristic del agitprop es le intention explicite de influentiar le publico per medios cultural o communicative. In contraste con un obra que tracta un tema politic incidentemente, le agitprop generalmente presenta un message politic central e cerca a orientar le interpretation del spectator o lector.

Le concept esseva particularmente associate con le communismo durante le prime parte del seculo XX, ma su uso se expandite posteriormente. In le linguage politic contemporanee, ''agitprop'' pote describer, de maniera plus generale, communication cultural o mediatica considerate fortemente partisan e orientate verso le mobilisation del publico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/russian-soviet-and-cis-history/agitprop |title=Agitprop |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |date=21 de maio 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uso fora del Union Sovietic ==
Durante le annos 1920 e 1930, technicas de teatro agitprop se diffunderon a altere paises europee e al [[Stato Unite]]. Organizaciones politic de sinistra usava spectaculos, canciones, pamphlets e representationes public pro presentar messages super le travalio, le classos social, le guerra e le revolution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/agitprop-theatre |title=Agitprop Theatre |author=Alan Filewod |publisher=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism |date=1 de octobre 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Con le expansion del communication de massa, le termino comenciava a esser applicate a cinema, radio, television e altere formas de communication politic. In multe contextos occidental, ''agitprop'' adquiriva un senso critic e esseva usate pro caracterisar un communication considerate excesivemente ideologic o persuasive.

== Agitprop e propaganda 
Le terminos ''agitprop'' e ''propaganda'' son relationate, ma non es exacte synonymos. Propaganda pote referer se a un systema general de communication destinate a influentiar opiniones e comportamentos. Agitprop, in su senso historic, combina iste function con un elemento de agitation e mobilisation politic.

In le Union Sovietic, le concept esseva parte del organisation politic del partito e del stato. Postea, ''agitprop'' deveniva un expression plus general, sovente applicate al arte politicemente engage o al communication que intenta provocar un reaction politic directe.

== Signification contemporanee ==
Actualmente, ''agitprop'' es usate principalmente como un termino historic e cultural, specialmente in relation con le propaganda sovietic, le teatro politic del seculo XX e le avant-garde politic. Le expression pote etiam apparer in le analyse del communication politic moderne, ma su uso depend del contexto e frequentemente porta un connotation critic.

Le historia del agitprop monstra le relation inter politica, communication e cultura durante le seculo XX. Teatro, arte graphic, literatura e medios de massa pote esser usate non solmente pro expression artistic, ma etiam pro education politic, persuasion e mobilisation collective.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Propaganda]]
[[Categoria:Communismo]]
[[Categoria:Historia politic]]
[[Categoria:Teatro]]
[[Categoria:Cultura politic]]</text>
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'''Agitprop''' es un abbreviation de ''agitation e propaganda'', un concept politic e cultural originante in le movimento bolchevique russe e postea expandite a altere contextos politic. Le termino designava originalmente le combination de agitation, destinate a provocar participation e action politic, e propaganda, destinate a diffunder ideas, doctrinas e interpretationes politic. Con le tempore, ''agitprop'' ha devenite etiam un termino general pro obras artistic, litterari, teatral o mediatec que presenta un message politic explicit e intenta influentiar le publico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/agitprop-theatre |title=Agitprop Theatre |author=Alan Filewod |publisher=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism |date=1 de octobre 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del termino ==
Le parola russe ''agitprop'' (агитпроп) es un contraction de ''agitatsiya'' (agitation) e ''propaganda''. Le expression deriva del ''Otdel agitatsii i propagandy'', o Departamento de Agitation e Propaganda, create in le apparato del Partito Communista e del movimento sovietic. Le departamentos de agitprop se occupava del diffusion de ideas politic, del communication con le population e del presentation del politica del partito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/russian-soviet-and-cis-history/agitprop |title=Agitprop |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |date=21 de maio 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le distinction inter agitation e propaganda esseva presentate como un distinction inter le mobilisation emotional e immediate del population e le transmission plus sistematic de ideas e explicationes ideologic. In le practica, le duo formas de communication esseva frequentemente combine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir Il'ich |title=What Is To Be Done? |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agitprop post le Revolution russe ==
Post le Revolution de Octobre de 1917, le bolcheviques usava diverse medios pro diffunder lor message politic in un pais vaste e frequentemente illitterate. Le agitation e propaganda esseva organisate per le apparato del nove stato e del partito, con publicationes, affiches, discursos, spectaculos e campagnes de education politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Kenez |first=Peter |title=The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1985}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un exemplo notabile esseva le trenes agitprop, que circulava per le territorio russe durante le guerra civil. Illes transportava artistas, actores, oratores e materiale imprimite. Le spectaculos e presentationes esseva concepite pro un publico popular e poteva esser organisate directemente in le stationes o in le villages visitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Smith |first=Paul A. |title=On Political War |publisher=National Defense University Press |year=1989 |pages=124–125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Medios e technicas ==
Agitprop poteva esser diffundite per posters, pamphlets, journales, discursos, cinema, literatura, musica e teatro. Le formas visual e verbal esseva frequentemente simple e directe, con symbolos facilmente recognoscibile e messages destinate a esser comprendite per un grande publico.

Le affiches sovietic, per exemplo, utilisava colores, slogans, figuras heroic e representationes de inimicos politic. Artistas como [[Vladimir Mayakovski]] participava al production de material visual e litterari associate con le agitation politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Ebon |first=Martin |title=The Soviet Propaganda Machine |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Teatro agitprop ==
Le teatro agitprop deveniva un importante forma de expression politic in Europa durante le annos 1920. Le representationes esseva sovente breve, mobile e concepite pro esser presentate in factories, stratas, reuniones politic e altere espacios public. Le actores poteva representar problemas social e politic contemporanee con characteres schematic e situationes facilemente recognoscibile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/agitprop-theatre |title=Agitprop Theatre |author=Alan Filewod |publisher=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism |date=1 de octobre 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le [[Republica de Weimar]], le teatro agitprop se desenvolveva inter movimentos del sinistra politic. Le forma influentiava le teatro politic de [[Bertolt Brecht]] e altere experimentos artistic del periodo, ben que le obra de Brecht non se reduce al agitprop sovietic o a su modelos original.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Bodek |first=Richard |title=Proletarian Performance in Weimar Berlin: Agitprop, Chorus and Brecht |publisher=Camden House |year=1998 |isbn=9781571131263}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agitprop e le cultura politic ==
Le principal characteristic del agitprop es le intention explicite de influentiar le publico per medios cultural o communicative. In contraste con un obra que tracta un tema politic incidentemente, le agitprop generalmente presenta un message politic central e cerca a orientar le interpretation del spectator o lector.

Le concept esseva particularmente associate con le communismo durante le prime parte del seculo XX, ma su uso se expandite posteriormente. In le linguage politic contemporanee, ''agitprop'' pote describer, de maniera plus generale, communication cultural o mediatica considerate fortemente partisan e orientate verso le mobilisation del publico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/russian-soviet-and-cis-history/agitprop |title=Agitprop |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |date=21 de maio 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uso fora del Union Sovietic ==
Durante le annos 1920 e 1930, technicas de teatro agitprop se diffunderon a altere paises europee e al [[Stato Unite]]. Organizaciones politic de sinistra usava spectaculos, canciones, pamphlets e representationes public pro presentar messages super le travalio, le classos social, le guerra e le revolution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/agitprop-theatre |title=Agitprop Theatre |author=Alan Filewod |publisher=Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism |date=1 de octobre 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Con le expansion del communication de massa, le termino comenciava a esser applicate a cinema, radio, television e altere formas de communication politic. In multe contextos occidental, ''agitprop'' adquiriva un senso critic e esseva usate pro caracterisar un communication considerate excesivemente ideologic o persuasive.

== Agitprop e propaganda 
Le terminos ''agitprop'' e ''propaganda'' son relationate, ma non es exacte synonymos. Propaganda pote referer se a un systema general de communication destinate a influentiar opiniones e comportamentos. Agitprop, in su senso historic, combina iste function con un elemento de agitation e mobilisation politic.

In le Union Sovietic, le concept esseva parte del organisation politic del partito e del stato. Postea, ''agitprop'' deveniva un expression plus general, sovente applicate al arte politicemente engage o al communication que intenta provocar un reaction politic directe.

== Signification contemporanee ==
Actualmente, ''agitprop'' es usate principalmente como un termino historic e cultural, specialmente in relation con le propaganda sovietic, le teatro politic del seculo XX e le avant-garde politic. Le expression pote etiam apparer in le analyse del communication politic moderne, ma su uso depend del contexto e frequentemente porta un connotation critic.

Le historia del agitprop monstra le relation inter politica, communication e cultura durante le seculo XX. Teatro, arte graphic, literatura e medios de massa pote esser usate non solmente pro expression artistic, ma etiam pro education politic, persuasion e mobilisation collective.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Propaganda]]
[[Categoria:Communismo]]
[[Categoria:Historia politic]]
[[Categoria:Teatro]]
[[Categoria:Cultura politic]]</text>
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    <title>Palatio del Senato</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Palatio del Senato''' es un edificio historic de [[Madrid]] que servi como sede historic e actual del [[Senato de Espania]]. Le edificio ha su origine in le [[Colegio-convento de doña María de Aragón]], un convento del agustinos calzados construite a fin del seculo XVI. Desde 1814, su antique ecclesia ha essite usate pro reuniones parlamentar e le edificio deveniva un del principal symbolos del historia parlamentar espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;...”</comment>
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Le '''Palatio del Senato''' es un edificio historic de [[Madrid]] que servi como sede historic e actual del [[Senato de Espania]]. Le edificio ha su origine in le [[Colegio-convento de doña María de Aragón]], un convento del agustinos calzados construite a fin del seculo XVI. Desde 1814, su antique ecclesia ha essite usate pro reuniones parlamentar e le edificio deveniva un del principal symbolos del historia parlamentar espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del edificio ==

Le complexe esseva fundate per Doña María de Aragón a fin del seculo XVI como colegio e convento del agustinos calzados. Le architecto Francisco de Mora es considerate le principal autor del projecto, elaborate inter 1580 e 1601. Le edificio conservava le structura conventual con ecclesia, claustro e altere dependencias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2022_09_NOTA_OPENHOUSE |title=El Senado participa en el festival Open House Madrid 2022 |publisher=Senado de España |date=23 de septembre 2022 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le ordine agustin esseva expulse del edificio in 1809, durante le administration de José Bonaparte, in le contexto del politica de desamortisation. Le edificio passava al uso public e comenciava a esser utilisate pro fines parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime uso parlamentar ==

In 1813, le Cortes que se habeva reunite in Cádiz durante le Guerra de Independentia se transferiva a Madrid. Le antique ecclesia del convento esseva seligite como salon de sesiones e, post le reformas projectate per Antonio Prat, le '''Salón de Cortes''' esseva inaugurate le 2 de maio 1814.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le uso parlamentar esseva interrompite poc tempore postea, quando Fernando VII aboleva le Constitution de 1812 e le edificio esseva restituite al agustinos. Durante le [[Trienio Liberal]], inter 1820 e 1823, le Cortes retornava al edificio, que esseva adaptate per le architecto Isidro González Velázquez.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sede del Camera Alta ==

Le [[Statuto Real de 1834]] establi un sistema parlamentar bicameral in Espania. Le nove '''Estamento de Próceres del Reino''', le Camera Alta del sistema, comenciava a reunir se in le Palatio in 1835. Con le [[Constitution espaniol de 1837]], le Estamento esseva substituite per le Senato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/conocenos/historia-del-senado |title=El Senado en la historia constitucional española |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio deveniva assi le sede del Senato durante le major parte del periodo del parlamentarismo espaniol del seculo XIX e del prime parte del seculo XX. Le Senato esseva disolvite in 1923 durante le dictatura de Primo de Rivera e le edificio cambiava de function durante le periodos in que le Camera non existeva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/horario_apertura_informacion_biblioteca_senado.pdf |title=Biblioteca del Senado: Historia |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architectura ==

Le edificio ha su origine in un complexe conventual del Renascimento tardive, ma ha essite profundemente transformate durante le seculos XIX e XX. Le antique ecclesia esseva convertite in un salon parlamentar de estilo neoclassic per Isidro González Velázquez in 1820. Le disposition del sessiones esseva inspirate in parte al modello britannic, con le banche del parlamentarios confrontate in vice de esser arrangiate in semicirculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XIX, architects como Aníbal Álvarez Bouquel e Agustín Ortiz de Villajos interveniva in le transformation del faciada. Le reformas includeva nove accessos monumental e altere elementos classicistas. Le faciada actual incorpora elementos proveniente de iste successive interventions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon antique de sesiones ==

Le '''Antique Salon de Sesiones''' ocupa le spatio que correspondeva al ecclesia del antique convento. Le sala conserva su character neoclassic e le disposition longitudinal developpate durante le reforma de 1820.

Le tribuna del publico esseva installate in le area del antique coro, mentre le spatio del capellas lateral esseva reutilisate pro tribunas de honor. Le porta al fundo del salon esseva utilisate per le monarchas durante le solemne sessiones de apertura del Cortes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Actualmente le antique salon servi pro actos institutional, sessiones solemne e reuniones del [[Comission General del Communitates Autonome]]. Il es etiam usate durante le session constitutive del Senato al initio de un nove legislatura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2018_11_19_PUERTASABIERTAS |title=Jornadas de Puertas Abiertas del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |date=19 de novembre 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biblioteca del Senato ==
Le Palatio alberga le [[Biblioteca del Senato de Espania]], le origine del qual es ligate al establishment del bicameralismo in 1834. Le biblioteca ha accumulate importante collectiones de libros, incunabules, mapas, gravuras, publicationes periodic e altere documentos historic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/BIBLIOTECA_FOLLETO.pdf |title=La Biblioteca del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le actual salon de lectura esseva reconstructe in 1882 con ferro battite in un estilo neogothic influentiate per le architectura del Parlamento britannic. Le projecto esseva realisate per le architecto Emilio Rodríguez Ayuso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/BIBLIOTECA_FOLLETO.pdf |title=La Biblioteca del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e patrimonio ==
Le Palatio conserva un importante collection de picturas, specialmente obras de historia que illustra episodios del passato espaniol. Inter le obras plus cognoscite se trova '''La jura de la Constitution per María Cristina de Habsburgo''', de Joaquín Sorolla, exposte in le Salon de Conferentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2018_11_19_PUERTASABIERTAS |title=Jornadas de Puertas Abiertas del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |date=19 de novembre 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le antique claustro e altere salas ha essite integrate al spatio parlamentar. Le combination de architectura conventual, elementos neoclassic del seculo XIX e decorationes parlamentar posterior da al edificio un character architectural heterogenee.

== Periodo 1939–1977 ==
Inter 1939 e 1977, durante le dictatura franquista, le Palatio non esseva sede del Senato. Le edificio esseva occupate per le '''Consejo Nacional del Movimiento'''. Durante iste periodo esseva executate importante obras de reforma, includente interventions super le faciada per le architecto Manuel Ambrós Escanellas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Con le transition politic e le restablimento del institutiones parlamentar, le Senato retornava al edificio historic. Desde le Constitution de 1978, le Palatio es de nove un del principales sedes del [[Cortes Generales]].

== Edificio de Ampliation ==
Le necessitate de plus grande spatio pro le nove Senato democratic conducesse al construction del '''Edificio de Ampliation'''. Le projecto esseva elaborate in 1987 per Salvador Gayarre, José Ramos e Antonio García Vereda, e le nove complex include un hemicyclo e un edificio pro offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2022_09_NOTA_OPENHOUSE |title=El Senado participa en el festival Open House Madrid 2022 |publisher=Senado de España |date=23 de septembre 2022 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le ampliation esseva inaugurate in 1991 e forma hodie, insimul con le antique convento, le complexe architectural del Senado. Le nove hemicyclo es le principal spatio pro le sessiones plenarie del Camera.

== Function actual ==
Le Palatio del Senato continua a esser un centro del activitate parlamentar espaniol. Le antique edificio es utilisate pro sessiones solemne, reuniones, commissiones, actos institutional e receptiones official, mentre le edificio de ampliation concentra importante functiones del activitate quotidian del Camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio es etiam accessibile al publico in visitas guidate e Jornadas de Puertas Apertas, que permitte cognoscer le historia, le architectura e le patrimonio artistic del sede del Senato.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Palatios de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Senato de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Architectura de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Madrid]]</text>
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Le '''Palatio del Senato''' es un edificio historic de [[Madrid]] que servi como sede historic e actual del [[Senato de Espania]]. Le edificio ha su origine in le [[Colegio-convento de doña María de Aragón]], un convento del agustinos calzados construite a fin del seculo XVI. Desde 1814, su antique ecclesia ha essite usate pro reuniones parlamentar e le edificio deveniva un del principal symbolos del historia parlamentar espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del edificio ==
Le complexe esseva fundate per Doña María de Aragón a fin del seculo XVI como colegio e convento del agustinos calzados. Le architecto Francisco de Mora es considerate le principal autor del projecto, elaborate inter 1580 e 1601. Le edificio conservava le structura conventual con ecclesia, claustro e altere dependencias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2022_09_NOTA_OPENHOUSE |title=El Senado participa en el festival Open House Madrid 2022 |publisher=Senado de España |date=23 de septembre 2022 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le ordine agustin esseva expulse del edificio in 1809, durante le administration de José Bonaparte, in le contexto del politica de desamortisation. Le edificio passava al uso public e comenciava a esser utilisate pro fines parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime uso parlamentar ==
In 1813, le Cortes que se habeva reunite in Cádiz durante le Guerra de Independentia se transferiva a Madrid. Le antique ecclesia del convento esseva seligite como salon de sesiones e, post le reformas projectate per Antonio Prat, le Salón de Cortes esseva inaugurate le 2 de maio 1814.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le uso parlamentar esseva interrompite poc tempore postea, quando Fernando VII aboleva le Constitution de 1812 e le edificio esseva restituite al agustinos. Durante le [[Trienio Liberal]], inter 1820 e 1823, le Cortes retornava al edificio, que esseva adaptate per le architecto Isidro González Velázquez.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sede del Camera Alta ==

Le [[Statuto Real de 1834]] establi un sistema parlamentar bicameral in Espania. Le nove '''Estamento de Próceres del Reino''', le Camera Alta del sistema, comenciava a reunir se in le Palatio in 1835. Con le [[Constitution espaniol de 1837]], le Estamento esseva substituite per le Senato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/conocenos/historia-del-senado |title=El Senado en la historia constitucional española |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio deveniva assi le sede del Senato durante le major parte del periodo del parlamentarismo espaniol del seculo XIX e del prime parte del seculo XX. Le Senato esseva disolvite in 1923 durante le dictatura de Primo de Rivera e le edificio cambiava de function durante le periodos in que le Camera non existeva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/horario_apertura_informacion_biblioteca_senado.pdf |title=Biblioteca del Senado: Historia |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architectura ==

Le edificio ha su origine in un complexe conventual del Renascimento tardive, ma ha essite profundemente transformate durante le seculos XIX e XX. Le antique ecclesia esseva convertite in un salon parlamentar de estilo neoclassic per Isidro González Velázquez in 1820. Le disposition del sessiones esseva inspirate in parte al modello britannic, con le banche del parlamentarios confrontate in vice de esser arrangiate in semicirculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XIX, architects como Aníbal Álvarez Bouquel e Agustín Ortiz de Villajos interveniva in le transformation del faciada. Le reformas includeva nove accessos monumental e altere elementos classicistas. Le faciada actual incorpora elementos proveniente de iste successive interventions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon antique de sesiones ==

Le '''Antique Salon de Sesiones''' ocupa le spatio que correspondeva al ecclesia del antique convento. Le sala conserva su character neoclassic e le disposition longitudinal developpate durante le reforma de 1820.

Le tribuna del publico esseva installate in le area del antique coro, mentre le spatio del capellas lateral esseva reutilisate pro tribunas de honor. Le porta al fundo del salon esseva utilisate per le monarchas durante le solemne sessiones de apertura del Cortes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Actualmente le antique salon servi pro actos institutional, sessiones solemne e reuniones del [[Comission General del Communitates Autonome]]. Il es etiam usate durante le session constitutive del Senato al initio de un nove legislatura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2018_11_19_PUERTASABIERTAS |title=Jornadas de Puertas Abiertas del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |date=19 de novembre 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biblioteca del Senato ==
Le Palatio alberga le [[Biblioteca del Senato de Espania]], le origine del qual es ligate al establishment del bicameralismo in 1834. Le biblioteca ha accumulate importante collectiones de libros, incunabules, mapas, gravuras, publicationes periodic e altere documentos historic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/BIBLIOTECA_FOLLETO.pdf |title=La Biblioteca del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le actual salon de lectura esseva reconstructe in 1882 con ferro battite in un estilo neogothic influentiate per le architectura del Parlamento britannic. Le projecto esseva realisate per le architecto Emilio Rodríguez Ayuso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/BIBLIOTECA_FOLLETO.pdf |title=La Biblioteca del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e patrimonio ==
Le Palatio conserva un importante collection de picturas, specialmente obras de historia que illustra episodios del passato espaniol. Inter le obras plus cognoscite se trova '''La jura de la Constitution per María Cristina de Habsburgo''', de Joaquín Sorolla, exposte in le Salon de Conferentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2018_11_19_PUERTASABIERTAS |title=Jornadas de Puertas Abiertas del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |date=19 de novembre 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le antique claustro e altere salas ha essite integrate al spatio parlamentar. Le combination de architectura conventual, elementos neoclassic del seculo XIX e decorationes parlamentar posterior da al edificio un character architectural heterogenee.

== Periodo 1939–1977 ==
Inter 1939 e 1977, durante le dictatura franquista, le Palatio non esseva sede del Senato. Le edificio esseva occupate per le '''Consejo Nacional del Movimiento'''. Durante iste periodo esseva executate importante obras de reforma, includente interventions super le faciada per le architecto Manuel Ambrós Escanellas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Con le transition politic e le restablimento del institutiones parlamentar, le Senato retornava al edificio historic. Desde le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|Constitution de 1978]], le Palatio es de nove un del principales sedes del [[Cortes General]].

== Edificio de Ampliation ==
Le necessitate de plus grande spatio pro le nove Senato democratic conducesse al construction del '''Edificio de Ampliation'''. Le projecto esseva elaborate in 1987 per Salvador Gayarre, José Ramos e Antonio García Vereda, e le nove complex include un hemicyclo e un edificio pro offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2022_09_NOTA_OPENHOUSE |title=El Senado participa en el festival Open House Madrid 2022 |publisher=Senado de España |date=23 de septembre 2022 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le ampliation esseva inaugurate in 1991 e forma hodie, insimul con le antique convento, le complexe architectural del Senado. Le nove hemicyclo es le principal spatio pro le sessiones plenarie del Camera.

== Function actual ==
Le Palatio del Senato continua a esser un centro del activitate parlamentar espaniol. Le antique edificio es utilisate pro sessiones solemne, reuniones, commissiones, actos institutional e receptiones official, mentre le edificio de ampliation concentra importante functiones del activitate quotidian del Camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio es etiam accessibile al publico in visitas guidate e Jornadas de Puertas Apertas, que permitte cognoscer le historia, le architectura e le patrimonio artistic del sede del Senato.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Palatios de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Senato de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Architectura de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Madrid]]</text>
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Le '''Palatio del Senato''' es un edificio historic de [[Madrid]] que servi como sede historic e actual del [[Senato de Espania]]. Le edificio ha su origine in le [[Colegio-convento de doña María de Aragón]], un convento del agustinos calzados construite a fin del seculo XVI. Desde 1814, su antique ecclesia ha essite usate pro reuniones parlamentar e le edificio deveniva un del principal symbolos del historia parlamentar espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del edificio ==
Le complexe esseva fundate per Doña María de Aragón a fin del seculo XVI como colegio e convento del agustinos calzados. Le architecto Francisco de Mora es considerate le principal autor del projecto, elaborate inter 1580 e 1601. Le edificio conservava le structura conventual con ecclesia, claustro e altere dependencias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2022_09_NOTA_OPENHOUSE |title=El Senado participa en el festival Open House Madrid 2022 |publisher=Senado de España |date=23 de septembre 2022 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le ordine agustin esseva expulse del edificio in 1809, durante le administration de José Bonaparte, in le contexto del politica de desamortisation. Le edificio passava al uso public e comenciava a esser utilisate pro fines parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime uso parlamentar ==
In 1813, le Cortes que se habeva reunite in Cádiz durante le Guerra de Independentia se transferiva a Madrid. Le antique ecclesia del convento esseva seligite como salon de sesiones e, post le reformas projectate per Antonio Prat, le Salón de Cortes esseva inaugurate le 2 de maio 1814.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le uso parlamentar esseva interrompite poc tempore postea, quando Fernando VII aboleva le Constitution de 1812 e le edificio esseva restituite al agustinos. Durante le [[Trienio Liberal]], inter 1820 e 1823, le Cortes retornava al edificio, que esseva adaptate per le architecto Isidro González Velázquez.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sede del Camera Alta ==

Le [[Statuto Real de 1834]] establi un sistema parlamentar bicameral in Espania. Le nove '''Estamento de Próceres del Reino''', le Camera Alta del sistema, comenciava a reunir se in le Palatio in 1835. Con le [[Constitution espaniol de 1837]], le Estamento esseva substituite per le Senato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/conocenos/historia-del-senado |title=El Senado en la historia constitucional española |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio deveniva assi le sede del Senato durante le major parte del periodo del parlamentarismo espaniol del seculo XIX e del prime parte del seculo XX. Le Senato esseva disolvite in 1923 durante le dictatura de Primo de Rivera e le edificio cambiava de function durante le periodos in que le Camera non existeva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/horario_apertura_informacion_biblioteca_senado.pdf |title=Biblioteca del Senado: Historia |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architectura ==

Le edificio ha su origine in un complexe conventual del Renascimento tardive, ma ha essite profundemente transformate durante le seculos XIX e XX. Le antique ecclesia esseva convertite in un salon parlamentar de estilo neoclassic per Isidro González Velázquez in 1820. Le disposition del sessiones esseva inspirate in parte al modello britannic, con le banche del parlamentarios confrontate in vice de esser arrangiate in semicirculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculo XIX, architects como Aníbal Álvarez Bouquel e Agustín Ortiz de Villajos interveniva in le transformation del faciada. Le reformas includeva nove accessos monumental e altere elementos classicistas. Le faciada actual incorpora elementos proveniente de iste successive interventions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon antique de sesiones ==

Le '''Antique Salon de Sesiones''' ocupa le spatio que correspondeva al ecclesia del antique convento. Le sala conserva su character neoclassic e le disposition longitudinal developpate durante le reforma de 1820.

Le tribuna del publico esseva installate in le area del antique coro, mentre le spatio del capellas lateral esseva reutilisate pro tribunas de honor. Le porta al fundo del salon esseva utilisate per le monarchas durante le solemne sessiones de apertura del Cortes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Actualmente le antique salon servi pro actos institutional, sessiones solemne e reuniones del [[Comission General del Communitates Autonome]]. Il es etiam usate durante le session constitutive del Senato al initio de un nove legislatura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2018_11_19_PUERTASABIERTAS |title=Jornadas de Puertas Abiertas del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |date=19 de novembre 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biblioteca del Senato ==
Le Palatio alberga le [[Biblioteca del Senato de Espania]], le origine del qual es ligate al establishment del bicameralismo in 1834. Le biblioteca ha accumulate importante collectiones de libros, incunabules, mapas, gravuras, publicationes periodic e altere documentos historic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/BIBLIOTECA_FOLLETO.pdf |title=La Biblioteca del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le actual salon de lectura esseva reconstructe in 1882 con ferro battite in un estilo neogothic influentiate per le architectura del Parlamento britannic. Le projecto esseva realisate per le architecto Emilio Rodríguez Ayuso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/BIBLIOTECA_FOLLETO.pdf |title=La Biblioteca del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e patrimonio ==
Le Palatio conserva un importante collection de picturas, specialmente obras de historia que illustra episodios del passato espaniol. Inter le obras plus cognoscite se trova ''La jura de la Constitution per María Cristina de Habsburgo'', de Joaquín Sorolla, exposte in le Salon de Conferentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2018_11_19_PUERTASABIERTAS |title=Jornadas de Puertas Abiertas del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |date=19 de novembre 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le antique claustro e altere salas ha essite integrate al spatio parlamentar. Le combination de architectura conventual, elementos neoclassic del seculo XIX e decorationes parlamentar posterior da al edificio un character architectural heterogenee.

== Periodo 1939–1977 ==
Inter 1939 e 1977, durante le dictatura franquista, le Palatio non esseva sede del Senato. Le edificio esseva occupate per le '''Consejo Nacional del Movimiento'''. Durante iste periodo esseva executate importante obras de reforma, includente interventions super le faciada per le architecto Manuel Ambrós Escanellas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Con le transition politic e le restablimento del institutiones parlamentar, le Senato retornava al edificio historic. Desde le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|Constitution de 1978]], le Palatio es de nove un del principales sedes del [[Cortes General]].

== Edificio de Ampliation ==
Le necessitate de plus grande spatio pro le nove Senato democratic conducesse al construction del '''Edificio de Ampliation'''. Le projecto esseva elaborate in 1987 per Salvador Gayarre, José Ramos e Antonio García Vereda, e le nove complex include un hemicyclo e un edificio pro offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2022_09_NOTA_OPENHOUSE |title=El Senado participa en el festival Open House Madrid 2022 |publisher=Senado de España |date=23 de septembre 2022 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le ampliation esseva inaugurate in 1991 e forma hodie, insimul con le antique convento, le complexe architectural del Senado. Le nove hemicyclo es le principal spatio pro le sessiones plenarie del Camera.

== Function actual ==
Le Palatio del Senato continua a esser un centro del activitate parlamentar espaniol. Le antique edificio es utilisate pro sessiones solemne, reuniones, commissiones, actos institutional e receptiones official, mentre le edificio de ampliation concentra importante functiones del activitate quotidian del Camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio es etiam accessibile al publico in visitas guidate e Jornadas de Puertas Apertas, que permitte cognoscer le historia, le architectura e le patrimonio artistic del sede del Senato.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Palatios de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Senato de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Architectura de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Madrid]]</text>
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Le '''Palatio del Senato''' es un edificio historic de [[Madrid]] que servi como sede historic e actual del [[Senato de Espania]]. Le edificio ha su origine in le [[Colegio-convento de doña María de Aragón]], un convento del agustinos calzados construite a fin del 16e seculo. Desde 1814, su antique ecclesia ha essite usate pro reuniones parlamentar e le edificio deveniva un del principal symbolos del historia parlamentar espaniol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del edificio ==
Le complexe esseva fundate per Doña María de Aragón a fin del 16e seculo como colegio e convento del agustinos calzados. Le architecto Francisco de Mora es considerate le principal autor del projecto, elaborate inter 1580 e 1601. Le edificio conservava le structura conventual con ecclesia, claustro e altere dependencias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2022_09_NOTA_OPENHOUSE |title=El Senado participa en el festival Open House Madrid 2022 |publisher=Senado de España |date=23 de septembre 2022 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le ordine agustin esseva expulse del edificio in 1809, durante le administration de José Bonaparte, in le contexto del politica de desamortisation. Le edificio passava al uso public e comenciava a esser utilisate pro fines parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prime uso parlamentar ==
In 1813, le Cortes que se habeva reunite in Cádiz durante le Guerra de Independentia se transferiva a Madrid. Le antique ecclesia del convento esseva seligite como salon de sesiones e, post le reformas projectate per Antonio Prat, le Salón de Cortes esseva inaugurate le 2 de maio 1814.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le uso parlamentar esseva interrompite poc tempore postea, quando Fernando VII aboleva le Constitution de 1812 e le edificio esseva restituite al agustinos. Durante le [[Trienio Liberal]], inter 1820 e 1823, le Cortes retornava al edificio, que esseva adaptate per le architecto Isidro González Velázquez.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sede del Camera Alta ==

Le [[Statuto Real de 1834]] establi un sistema parlamentar bicameral in Espania. Le nove '''Estamento de Próceres del Reino''', le Camera Alta del sistema, comenciava a reunir se in le Palatio in 1835. Con le [[Constitution espaniol de 1837]], le Estamento esseva substituite per le Senato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/conocenos/historia-del-senado |title=El Senado en la historia constitucional española |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio deveniva assi le sede del Senato durante le major parte del periodo del parlamentarismo espaniol del 19e seculo e del prime parte del 20e seculo. Le Senato esseva disolvite in 1923 durante le dictatura de Primo de Rivera e le edificio cambiava de function durante le periodos in que le Camera non existeva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/horario_apertura_informacion_biblioteca_senado.pdf |title=Biblioteca del Senado: Historia |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architectura ==

Le edificio ha su origine in un complexe conventual del Renascimento tardive, ma ha essite profundemente transformate durante le 19e e 20e seculos. Le antique ecclesia esseva convertite in un salon parlamentar de estilo neoclassic per Isidro González Velázquez in 1820. Le disposition del sessiones esseva inspirate in parte al modello britannic, con le banche del parlamentarios confrontate in vice de esser arrangiate in semicirculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le 19e seculo, architects como Aníbal Álvarez Bouquel e Agustín Ortiz de Villajos interveniva in le transformation del faciada. Le reformas includeva nove accessos monumental e altere elementos classicistas. Le faciada actual incorpora elementos proveniente de iste successive interventions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon antique de sesiones ==

Le '''Antique Salon de Sesiones''' ocupa le spatio que correspondeva al ecclesia del antique convento. Le sala conserva su character neoclassic e le disposition longitudinal developpate durante le reforma de 1820.

Le tribuna del publico esseva installate in le area del antique coro, mentre le spatio del capellas lateral esseva reutilisate pro tribunas de honor. Le porta al fundo del salon esseva utilisate per le monarchas durante le solemne sessiones de apertura del Cortes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/antiguo-salon-de-sesiones |title=Antiguo Salón de Sesiones |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Actualmente le antique salon servi pro actos institutional, sessiones solemne e reuniones del [[Comission General del Communitates Autonome]]. Il es etiam usate durante le session constitutive del Senato al initio de un nove legislatura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2018_11_19_PUERTASABIERTAS |title=Jornadas de Puertas Abiertas del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |date=19 de novembre 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biblioteca del Senato ==
Le Palatio alberga le [[Biblioteca del Senato de Espania]], le origine del qual es ligate al establishment del bicameralismo in 1834. Le biblioteca ha accumulate importante collectiones de libros, incunabules, mapas, gravuras, publicationes periodic e altere documentos historic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/BIBLIOTECA_FOLLETO.pdf |title=La Biblioteca del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le actual salon de lectura esseva reconstructe in 1882 con ferro battite in un estilo neogothic influentiate per le architectura del Parlamento britannic. Le projecto esseva realisate per le architecto Emilio Rodríguez Ayuso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/biblio/BIBLIOTECA_FOLLETO.pdf |title=La Biblioteca del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arte e patrimonio ==
Le Palatio conserva un importante collection de picturas, specialmente obras de historia que illustra episodios del passato espaniol. Inter le obras plus cognoscite se trova ''La jura de la Constitution per María Cristina de Habsburgo'', de Joaquín Sorolla, exposte in le Salon de Conferentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2018_11_19_PUERTASABIERTAS |title=Jornadas de Puertas Abiertas del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |date=19 de novembre 2018 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le antique claustro e altere salas ha essite integrate al spatio parlamentar. Le combination de architectura conventual, elementos neoclassic del 19e seculo e decorationes parlamentar posterior da al edificio un character architectural heterogenee.

== Periodo 1939–1977 ==
Inter 1939 e 1977, durante le dictatura franquista, le Palatio non esseva sede del Senato. Le edificio esseva occupate per le '''Consejo Nacional del Movimiento'''. Durante iste periodo esseva executate importante obras de reforma, includente interventions super le faciada per le architecto Manuel Ambrós Escanellas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Con le transition politic e le restablimento del institutiones parlamentar, le Senato retornava al edificio historic. Desde le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|Constitution de 1978]], le Palatio es de nove un del principales sedes del [[Cortes General]].

== Edificio de Ampliation ==
Le necessitate de plus grande spatio pro le nove Senato democratic conducesse al construction del '''Edificio de Ampliation'''. Le projecto esseva elaborate in 1987 per Salvador Gayarre, José Ramos e Antonio García Vereda, e le nove complex include un hemicyclo e un edificio pro offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/actualidad/noticias/NoticiasDetalle/index.html?id=2022_09_NOTA_OPENHOUSE |title=El Senado participa en el festival Open House Madrid 2022 |publisher=Senado de España |date=23 de septembre 2022 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le ampliation esseva inaugurate in 1991 e forma hodie, insimul con le antique convento, le complexe architectural del Senado. Le nove hemicyclo es le principal spatio pro le sessiones plenarie del Camera.

== Function actual ==
Le Palatio del Senato continua a esser un centro del activitate parlamentar espaniol. Le antique edificio es utilisate pro sessiones solemne, reuniones, commissiones, actos institutional e receptiones official, mentre le edificio de ampliation concentra importante functiones del activitate quotidian del Camera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://senadocultural.senado.es/palacio-del-senado |title=Palacio del Senado |publisher=Senado de España |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio es etiam accessibile al publico in visitas guidate e Jornadas de Puertas Apertas, que permitte cognoscer le historia, le architectura e le patrimonio artistic del sede del Senato.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Palatios de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Senato de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Architectura de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Madrid]]</text>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Palatio del Cortes''', oficialmente '''Palatio del Congresso del Deputados''', es un edificio parlamentar de [[Madrid]] e le sede historic del [[Congresso de los Diputados]] de Espania. Il se trova in le [[Carrera de San Jerónimo]], super le solar del antique convento del Espíritu Santo. Le edificio actual esseva construite inter 1843 e 1850 secundo le projecto del architecto Narciso Pascual y Colomer e inaugurate le 31 de octobre...”</comment>
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Le '''Palatio del Cortes''', oficialmente '''Palatio del Congresso del Deputados''', es un edificio parlamentar de [[Madrid]] e le sede historic del [[Congresso de los Diputados]] de Espania. Il se trova in le [[Carrera de San Jerónimo]], super le solar del antique convento del Espíritu Santo. Le edificio actual esseva construite inter 1843 e 1850 secundo le projecto del architecto Narciso Pascual y Colomer e inaugurate le 31 de octobre 1850 per le regina [[Isabel II de Espania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia del sede ==
Le [[Cortes General]] habeva inicialmente nulle sede fixe. Durante le [[Guerra de Independentia espaniol|Guerra de Independentia]], le Cortes se reuniva in Cádiz in varie edificios, e postea le institutiones parlamentar occupava differentes localitates in Madrid. In 1834, le Estamento de Procuradores, le camera basse del nove systema bicameral, se installava in le convento del Espíritu Santo, situate in le actual Carrera de San Jerónimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/expoperm |title=Exposición permanente «Democracia, Parlamento y Constitución» |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1841 le ecclesia del Espíritu Santo esseva declarate in ruinas, e le governamento decideva edificar un nove palatio destinat specialmente al Congresso. Le concurso architectural esseva convocate per le Real Academia de Nobles Artes de San Fernando e ganiate per Narciso Pascual y Colomer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Construction ==
Le prime petra esseva posite le 10 de octobre 1843 per Isabel II, in un ceremonia associate al majoritate de etate del regina. Le construction se prolongava durante septe annos e le edificio esseva solemnemente inaugurate le 31 de octobre 1850.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://blog.congreso.es/inauguracion-del-palacio/ |title=1850: La inauguración del Palacio de las Cortes |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=31 de octobre 2021 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le terreno presentava un forte declivitate e un superficie limitate, factores que influentiava le forma final del edificio. Pascual y Colomer debeva resolver le differentia de nivello del solar e organizar le distribution del edificio circa le grande Salon de Sessiones, que deveniva le centro del complexe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |title=Memoria histórico-descriptiva del nuevo palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |year=1856 |url=https://www.congreso.es/docu/PHist/docs/03Regen/DecMod/memoria_historico_descriptiva.pdf |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architectura ==
Le Palatio es principalmente de estilo '''neoclassic'''. Le faciada principal es precedite per un grande escalinata que conduce a un portico con sex columnas corinthie. Super le portico se trova un fronton decorate con un grande composition sculptural de Ponciano Ponzano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/gl/notas-de-prensa?_notasprensa_mvcPath=detalle&amp;_notasprensa_notaId=1112&amp;p_p_id=notasprensa&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_state=normal |title=Historia y patrimonio del Palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=27 de novembre 2009 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le composition del faciada es organisate circa un corpo central monumental e duo partes lateral. Le pendenza del terreno impediva un symmetria perfecte del conjunto e esseva un del problemas architectural importante del projecto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le fronton e le leones ==
Le escalinata es flanqueate per duo grande esculturas de leones de bronze, devenite un del symbolos plus recognoscibile del Congresso. Illos esseva create per Ponciano Ponzano a partir del bronze proveniente de canones capturate durante le [[Guerra de Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fronton representa [[Espania]] inbraciante le Constitution e es circumdate per allegorias del fortia, justitia, scientias, harmonía, belle artes, commercio, agricultura, navigation, abundantia e pace. Le ensemble face del edificio exprime assi un programma iconographic ligate al idea del stato liberal e del representation national del 19e seculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/gl/notas-de-prensa?_notasprensa_mvcPath=detalle&amp;_notasprensa_notaId=1112&amp;p_p_id=notasprensa&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_state=normal |title=Historia y patrimonio del Palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=27 de novembre 2009 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon de Sessiones ==
Le ''Salon de Sessiones'', hodie cognoscite como le ''Hemiciclo'', esseva concepite como le principal spatio del edificio. Le bancas del deputatos esseva arrangiate in forma de amphitheatro, orientate verso le presistentia e le tribuna del orator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/vidparl1850 |title=Los escaños del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sala esseva decorate con un grande plafond pictural e altere elementos artistic. Durante le historia del Congresso, le hemiciclo ha essite modificate pro adaptar le numero de representantes e le conditiones del activitate parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon de Conferentias ==
Le ''Salon de Conferentias'', etiam appellate ''Salon de Passos Perdite'', es un del principal spacios ceremonial del Palatio. Le sala connecte le diverse partes del edificio e ha essite decorate con picturas, esculturas e altere obras artistic.

Le patrimonio artistic del Palatio esseva construite progressivemente durante le 19e seculo e include obras ligate a eventos historic e al representation del institutiones del stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia politic ==
Desde su inauguracion in 1850, le Palatio ha essite le principal sede del camera basse del Parlamento espaniol. Il ha accommodate le sessiones del Congresso durante diverse periodos constitutionales, inter illes le [[Restauracion borbonic]], le [[Secunde Republica]] e le transition verso le [[democratia]] actual.

Durante le [[dictatura franquista]], le Cortes del regime, cognoscite como ''Cortes Españolas'', continua a functionar in le edificio. Post le transition politic, le nove Cortes democratic se reuniva de nove in le Palatio del Congresso desde 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/docs1931-2 |title=Un nuevo Palacio para el Parlamento, 1932-1934 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reformas e ampliationes ==
Le dimensiones limitate del solar causava problemas de spatio ja desde le construction. Durante le 20e seculo esseva facite varie reformas interior. In 1966 e 1971, durante le periodo franquista, le edificio esseva renovate e partialmente augmentate in altezza, ma iste interventiones non solveva le problemas de capacitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le transition democratic, le Congresso developpava un complexe de edificos adjacente. Le prime grande ampliation esseva inaugurate in 1980. Postea esseva integrate nove edificios in le area del ''Plaza de las Cortes'' e del Carrera de San Jerónimo pro offices, commissiones e grupos parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/BienesInmuebles |title=Bienes inmuebles del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2006 esseva completate un importante ampliation con le rehabilitation de duo edificios del Carrera de San Jerónimo, anteriormente occupate per le ''Banco Exterior de España'' e le ''Banco de Crédito Industrial''. Iste intervention addeva circa 22 000 m² al complexo parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Complexe parlamentar actual ==
Le Palatio historic es hodie le nucleo de un complexe plus grande del Congresso de los Diputados. Le complexe comprende septe edificios, includente le Palatio, quatro edificios de ampliation, le edificio de Plaza de las Cortes 9 e le Edificio Institucional, con un superficie construite total de plus de 88 000 m².&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/BienesInmuebles |title=Bienes inmuebles del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Palatio historic remane le principal sede ceremonial e institutional del Camera, durante que le edificios adjacente alberga offices, grupos parlamentar, commissiones, salas de reuniones e altere services del Congresso.

== Patrimonio ==
Le Palatio del Congresso es un del edifices parlamentar historic plus importante de Espania e un del principales exemplos del architectura neoclassic del Madrid del 19e seculo. Su valor architectural es associate non solmente al edificio, ma etiam al collection de picturas, esculturas, decorationes e documentos conservate per le Congresso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio forma actualmente parte del patrimonio immobiliari del Stato e es integrate in le institution parlamentar create per le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]].

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Palatios de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Congresso del Deputatos]]
[[Categoria:Architectura neoclassic in Espania]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Madrid]]</text>
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Le '''Palatio del Cortes''', oficialmente '''Palatio del Congresso del Deputados''', es un edificio parlamentar de [[Madrid]] e le sede historic del [[Congresso del Diputados]] de Espania. Il se trova in le [[Carrera de San Jerónimo]], super le solar del antique convento del Espíritu Santo. Le edificio actual esseva construite inter 1843 e 1850 secundo le projecto del architecto Narciso Pascual y Colomer e inaugurate le 31 de octobre 1850 per le regina [[Isabel II de Espania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia del sede ==
Le [[Cortes General]] habeva inicialmente nulle sede fixe. Durante le [[Guerra de Independentia espaniol|Guerra de Independentia]], le Cortes se reuniva in Cádiz in varie edificios, e postea le institutiones parlamentar occupava differentes localitates in Madrid. In 1834, le Estamento de Procuradores, le camera basse del nove systema bicameral, se installava in le convento del Espíritu Santo, situate in le actual Carrera de San Jerónimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/expoperm |title=Exposición permanente «Democracia, Parlamento y Constitución» |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1841 le ecclesia del Espíritu Santo esseva declarate in ruinas, e le governamento decideva edificar un nove palatio destinat specialmente al Congresso. Le concurso architectural esseva convocate per le Real Academia de Nobles Artes de San Fernando e ganiate per Narciso Pascual y Colomer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Construction ==
Le prime petra esseva posite le 10 de octobre 1843 per Isabel II, in un ceremonia associate al majoritate de etate del regina. Le construction se prolongava durante septe annos e le edificio esseva solemnemente inaugurate le 31 de octobre 1850.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://blog.congreso.es/inauguracion-del-palacio/ |title=1850: La inauguración del Palacio de las Cortes |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=31 de octobre 2021 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le terreno presentava un forte declivitate e un superficie limitate, factores que influentiava le forma final del edificio. Pascual y Colomer debeva resolver le differentia de nivello del solar e organizar le distribution del edificio circa le grande Salon de Sessiones, que deveniva le centro del complexe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |title=Memoria histórico-descriptiva del nuevo palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |year=1856 |url=https://www.congreso.es/docu/PHist/docs/03Regen/DecMod/memoria_historico_descriptiva.pdf |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architectura ==
Le Palatio es principalmente de estilo '''neoclassic'''. Le faciada principal es precedite per un grande escalinata que conduce a un portico con sex columnas corinthie. Super le portico se trova un fronton decorate con un grande composition sculptural de Ponciano Ponzano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/gl/notas-de-prensa?_notasprensa_mvcPath=detalle&amp;_notasprensa_notaId=1112&amp;p_p_id=notasprensa&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_state=normal |title=Historia y patrimonio del Palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=27 de novembre 2009 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le composition del faciada es organisate circa un corpo central monumental e duo partes lateral. Le pendenza del terreno impediva un symmetria perfecte del conjunto e esseva un del problemas architectural importante del projecto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le fronton e le leones ==
Le escalinata es flanqueate per duo grande esculturas de leones de bronze, devenite un del symbolos plus recognoscibile del Congresso. Illos esseva create per Ponciano Ponzano a partir del bronze proveniente de canones capturate durante le [[Guerra de Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fronton representa [[Espania]] inbraciante le Constitution e es circumdate per allegorias del fortia, justitia, scientias, harmonía, belle artes, commercio, agricultura, navigation, abundantia e pace. Le ensemble face del edificio exprime assi un programma iconographic ligate al idea del stato liberal e del representation national del 19e seculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/gl/notas-de-prensa?_notasprensa_mvcPath=detalle&amp;_notasprensa_notaId=1112&amp;p_p_id=notasprensa&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_state=normal |title=Historia y patrimonio del Palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=27 de novembre 2009 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon de Sessiones ==
Le ''Salon de Sessiones'', hodie cognoscite como le ''Hemiciclo'', esseva concepite como le principal spatio del edificio. Le bancas del deputatos esseva arrangiate in forma de amphitheatro, orientate verso le presistentia e le tribuna del orator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/vidparl1850 |title=Los escaños del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sala esseva decorate con un grande plafond pictural e altere elementos artistic. Durante le historia del Congresso, le hemiciclo ha essite modificate pro adaptar le numero de representantes e le conditiones del activitate parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon de Conferentias ==
Le ''Salon de Conferentias'', etiam appellate ''Salon de Passos Perdite'', es un del principal spacios ceremonial del Palatio. Le sala connecte le diverse partes del edificio e ha essite decorate con picturas, esculturas e altere obras artistic.

Le patrimonio artistic del Palatio esseva construite progressivemente durante le 19e seculo e include obras ligate a eventos historic e al representation del institutiones del stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia politic ==
Desde su inauguracion in 1850, le Palatio ha essite le principal sede del camera basse del Parlamento espaniol. Il ha accommodate le sessiones del Congresso durante diverse periodos constitutionales, inter illes le [[Restauracion borbonic]], le [[Secunde Republica]] e le transition verso le [[democratia]] actual.

Durante le [[dictatura franquista]], le Cortes del regime, cognoscite como ''Cortes Españolas'', continua a functionar in le edificio. Post le transition politic, le nove Cortes democratic se reuniva de nove in le Palatio del Congresso desde 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/docs1931-2 |title=Un nuevo Palacio para el Parlamento, 1932-1934 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reformas e ampliationes ==
Le dimensiones limitate del solar causava problemas de spatio ja desde le construction. Durante le 20e seculo esseva facite varie reformas interior. In 1966 e 1971, durante le periodo franquista, le edificio esseva renovate e partialmente augmentate in altezza, ma iste interventiones non solveva le problemas de capacitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le transition democratic, le Congresso developpava un complexe de edificos adjacente. Le prime grande ampliation esseva inaugurate in 1980. Postea esseva integrate nove edificios in le area del ''Plaza de las Cortes'' e del Carrera de San Jerónimo pro offices, commissiones e grupos parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/BienesInmuebles |title=Bienes inmuebles del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2006 esseva completate un importante ampliation con le rehabilitation de duo edificios del Carrera de San Jerónimo, anteriormente occupate per le ''Banco Exterior de España'' e le ''Banco de Crédito Industrial''. Iste intervention addeva circa 22 000 m² al complexo parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Complexe parlamentar actual ==
Le Palatio historic es hodie le nucleo de un complexe plus grande del Congresso de los Diputados. Le complexe comprende septe edificios, includente le Palatio, quatro edificios de ampliation, le edificio de Plaza de las Cortes 9 e le Edificio Institucional, con un superficie construite total de plus de 88 000 m².&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/BienesInmuebles |title=Bienes inmuebles del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Palatio historic remane le principal sede ceremonial e institutional del Camera, durante que le edificios adjacente alberga offices, grupos parlamentar, commissiones, salas de reuniones e altere services del Congresso.

== Patrimonio ==
Le Palatio del Congresso es un del edifices parlamentar historic plus importante de Espania e un del principales exemplos del architectura neoclassic del Madrid del 19e seculo. Su valor architectural es associate non solmente al edificio, ma etiam al collection de picturas, esculturas, decorationes e documentos conservate per le Congresso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio forma actualmente parte del patrimonio immobiliari del Stato e es integrate in le institution parlamentar create per le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]].

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Palatios de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Congresso del Deputatos]]
[[Categoria:Architectura neoclassic in Espania]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Madrid]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10963" sha1="a7uiu7r0lw8ko5xjgxpf4g65a1nt1cs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Palatio del Cortes''', oficialmente '''Palatio del Congresso del Deputados''', es un edificio parlamentar de [[Madrid]] e le sede historic del [[Congresso del Deputatos]] de Espania. Il se trova in le [[Carrera de San Jerónimo]], super le solar del antique convento del Espíritu Santo. Le edificio actual esseva construite inter 1843 e 1850 secundo le projecto del architecto Narciso Pascual y Colomer e inaugurate le 31 de octobre 1850 per le regina [[Isabel II de Espania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia del sede ==
Le [[Cortes General]] habeva inicialmente nulle sede fixe. Durante le [[Guerra de Independentia espaniol|Guerra de Independentia]], le Cortes se reuniva in Cádiz in varie edificios, e postea le institutiones parlamentar occupava differentes localitates in Madrid. In 1834, le Estamento de Procuradores, le camera basse del nove systema bicameral, se installava in le convento del Espíritu Santo, situate in le actual Carrera de San Jerónimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/expoperm |title=Exposición permanente «Democracia, Parlamento y Constitución» |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1841 le ecclesia del Espíritu Santo esseva declarate in ruinas, e le governamento decideva edificar un nove palatio destinat specialmente al Congresso. Le concurso architectural esseva convocate per le Real Academia de Nobles Artes de San Fernando e ganiate per Narciso Pascual y Colomer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Construction ==
Le prime petra esseva posite le 10 de octobre 1843 per Isabel II, in un ceremonia associate al majoritate de etate del regina. Le construction se prolongava durante septe annos e le edificio esseva solemnemente inaugurate le 31 de octobre 1850.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://blog.congreso.es/inauguracion-del-palacio/ |title=1850: La inauguración del Palacio de las Cortes |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=31 de octobre 2021 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le terreno presentava un forte declivitate e un superficie limitate, factores que influentiava le forma final del edificio. Pascual y Colomer debeva resolver le differentia de nivello del solar e organizar le distribution del edificio circa le grande Salon de Sessiones, que deveniva le centro del complexe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |title=Memoria histórico-descriptiva del nuevo palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |year=1856 |url=https://www.congreso.es/docu/PHist/docs/03Regen/DecMod/memoria_historico_descriptiva.pdf |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architectura ==
Le Palatio es principalmente de estilo '''neoclassic'''. Le faciada principal es precedite per un grande escalinata que conduce a un portico con sex columnas corinthie. Super le portico se trova un fronton decorate con un grande composition sculptural de Ponciano Ponzano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/gl/notas-de-prensa?_notasprensa_mvcPath=detalle&amp;_notasprensa_notaId=1112&amp;p_p_id=notasprensa&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_state=normal |title=Historia y patrimonio del Palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=27 de novembre 2009 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le composition del faciada es organisate circa un corpo central monumental e duo partes lateral. Le pendenza del terreno impediva un symmetria perfecte del conjunto e esseva un del problemas architectural importante del projecto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le fronton e le leones ==
Le escalinata es flanqueate per duo grande esculturas de leones de bronze, devenite un del symbolos plus recognoscibile del Congresso. Illos esseva create per Ponciano Ponzano a partir del bronze proveniente de canones capturate durante le [[Guerra de Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fronton representa [[Espania]] inbraciante le Constitution e es circumdate per allegorias del fortia, justitia, scientias, harmonía, belle artes, commercio, agricultura, navigation, abundantia e pace. Le ensemble face del edificio exprime assi un programma iconographic ligate al idea del stato liberal e del representation national del 19e seculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/gl/notas-de-prensa?_notasprensa_mvcPath=detalle&amp;_notasprensa_notaId=1112&amp;p_p_id=notasprensa&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_state=normal |title=Historia y patrimonio del Palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=27 de novembre 2009 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon de Sessiones ==
Le ''Salon de Sessiones'', hodie cognoscite como le ''Hemiciclo'', esseva concepite como le principal spatio del edificio. Le bancas del deputatos esseva arrangiate in forma de amphitheatro, orientate verso le presistentia e le tribuna del orator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/vidparl1850 |title=Los escaños del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sala esseva decorate con un grande plafond pictural e altere elementos artistic. Durante le historia del Congresso, le hemiciclo ha essite modificate pro adaptar le numero de representantes e le conditiones del activitate parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon de Conferentias ==
Le ''Salon de Conferentias'', etiam appellate ''Salon de Passos Perdite'', es un del principal spacios ceremonial del Palatio. Le sala connecte le diverse partes del edificio e ha essite decorate con picturas, esculturas e altere obras artistic.

Le patrimonio artistic del Palatio esseva construite progressivemente durante le 19e seculo e include obras ligate a eventos historic e al representation del institutiones del stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia politic ==
Desde su inauguracion in 1850, le Palatio ha essite le principal sede del camera basse del Parlamento espaniol. Il ha accommodate le sessiones del Congresso durante diverse periodos constitutionales, inter illes le [[Restauracion borbonic]], le [[Secunde Republica]] e le transition verso le [[democratia]] actual.

Durante le [[dictatura franquista]], le Cortes del regime, cognoscite como ''Cortes Españolas'', continua a functionar in le edificio. Post le transition politic, le nove Cortes democratic se reuniva de nove in le Palatio del Congresso desde 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/docs1931-2 |title=Un nuevo Palacio para el Parlamento, 1932-1934 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reformas e ampliationes ==
Le dimensiones limitate del solar causava problemas de spatio ja desde le construction. Durante le 20e seculo esseva facite varie reformas interior. In 1966 e 1971, durante le periodo franquista, le edificio esseva renovate e partialmente augmentate in altezza, ma iste interventiones non solveva le problemas de capacitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le transition democratic, le Congresso developpava un complexe de edificos adjacente. Le prime grande ampliation esseva inaugurate in 1980. Postea esseva integrate nove edificios in le area del ''Plaza de las Cortes'' e del Carrera de San Jerónimo pro offices, commissiones e grupos parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/BienesInmuebles |title=Bienes inmuebles del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2006 esseva completate un importante ampliation con le rehabilitation de duo edificios del Carrera de San Jerónimo, anteriormente occupate per le ''Banco Exterior de España'' e le ''Banco de Crédito Industrial''. Iste intervention addeva circa 22 000 m² al complexo parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Complexe parlamentar actual ==
Le Palatio historic es hodie le nucleo de un complexe plus grande del Congresso de los Diputados. Le complexe comprende septe edificios, includente le Palatio, quatro edificios de ampliation, le edificio de Plaza de las Cortes 9 e le Edificio Institucional, con un superficie construite total de plus de 88 000 m².&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/BienesInmuebles |title=Bienes inmuebles del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Palatio historic remane le principal sede ceremonial e institutional del Camera, durante que le edificios adjacente alberga offices, grupos parlamentar, commissiones, salas de reuniones e altere services del Congresso.

== Patrimonio ==
Le Palatio del Congresso es un del edifices parlamentar historic plus importante de Espania e un del principales exemplos del architectura neoclassic del Madrid del 19e seculo. Su valor architectural es associate non solmente al edificio, ma etiam al collection de picturas, esculturas, decorationes e documentos conservate per le Congresso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio forma actualmente parte del patrimonio immobiliari del Stato e es integrate in le institution parlamentar create per le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]].

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Palatios de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Congresso del Deputatos]]
[[Categoria:Architectura neoclassic in Espania]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Madrid]]</text>
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Le '''Palatio del Cortes''', oficialmente '''Palatio del Congresso del Deputados''', es un edificio parlamentar de [[Madrid]] e le sede historic del [[Congresso del Deputatos]] de Espania. Il se trova in le [[Carrera de San Jerónimo]], super le solar del antique convento del Espíritu Santo. Le edificio actual esseva construite inter 1843 e 1850 secundo le projecto del architecto Narciso Pascual y Colomer e inaugurate le 31 de octobre 1850 per le regina [[Isabel II de Espania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia del sede ==
Le [[Cortes General]] habeva inicialmente nulle sede fixe. Durante le [[Guerra de Independentia espaniol|Guerra de Independentia]], le Cortes se reuniva in Cádiz in varie edificios, e postea le institutiones parlamentar occupava differentes localitates in Madrid. In 1834, le Estamento de Procuradores, le camera basse del nove systema bicameral, se installava in le convento del Espíritu Santo, situate in le actual Carrera de San Jerónimo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/expoperm |title=Exposición permanente «Democracia, Parlamento y Constitución» |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1841 le ecclesia del Espíritu Santo esseva declarate in ruinas, e le governamento decideva edificar un nove palatio destinat specialmente al Congresso. Le concurso architectural esseva convocate per le Real Academia de Nobles Artes de San Fernando e ganiate per Narciso Pascual y Colomer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Construction ==
Le prime petra esseva posite le 10 de octobre 1843 per Isabel II, in un ceremonia associate al majoritate de etate del regina. Le construction se prolongava durante septe annos e le edificio esseva solemnemente inaugurate le 31 de octobre 1850.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://blog.congreso.es/inauguracion-del-palacio/ |title=1850: La inauguración del Palacio de las Cortes |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=31 de octobre 2021 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le terreno presentava un forte declivitate e un superficie limitate, factores que influentiava le forma final del edificio. Pascual y Colomer debeva resolver le differentia de nivello del solar e organizar le distribution del edificio circa le grande Salon de Sessiones, que deveniva le centro del complexe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.congreso.es/docu/PHist/docs/03Regen/DecMod/memoria_historico_descriptiva.pdf Memoria histórico-descriptiva del nuevo palacio del Congreso de los Diputados]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architectura ==
Le Palatio es principalmente de estilo '''neoclassic'''. Le faciada principal es precedite per un grande escalinata que conduce a un portico con sex columnas corinthie. Super le portico se trova un fronton decorate con un grande composition sculptural de Ponciano Ponzano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/gl/notas-de-prensa?_notasprensa_mvcPath=detalle&amp;_notasprensa_notaId=1112&amp;p_p_id=notasprensa&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_state=normal |title=Historia y patrimonio del Palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=27 de novembre 2009 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le composition del faciada es organisate circa un corpo central monumental e duo partes lateral. Le pendenza del terreno impediva un symmetria perfecte del conjunto e esseva un del problemas architectural importante del projecto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Le fronton e le leones ==
Le escalinata es flanqueate per duo grande esculturas de leones de bronze, devenite un del symbolos plus recognoscibile del Congresso. Illos esseva create per Ponciano Ponzano a partir del bronze proveniente de canones capturate durante le [[Guerra de Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le fronton representa [[Espania]] inbraciante le Constitution e es circumdate per allegorias del fortia, justitia, scientias, harmonía, belle artes, commercio, agricultura, navigation, abundantia e pace. Le ensemble face del edificio exprime assi un programma iconographic ligate al idea del stato liberal e del representation national del 19e seculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/gl/notas-de-prensa?_notasprensa_mvcPath=detalle&amp;_notasprensa_notaId=1112&amp;p_p_id=notasprensa&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_state=normal |title=Historia y patrimonio del Palacio del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |date=27 de novembre 2009 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon de Sessiones ==
Le ''Salon de Sessiones'', hodie cognoscite como le ''Hemiciclo'', esseva concepite como le principal spatio del edificio. Le bancas del deputatos esseva arrangiate in forma de amphitheatro, orientate verso le presistentia e le tribuna del orator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/vidparl1850 |title=Los escaños del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sala esseva decorate con un grande plafond pictural e altere elementos artistic. Durante le historia del Congresso, le hemiciclo ha essite modificate pro adaptar le numero de representantes e le conditiones del activitate parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon de Conferentias ==
Le ''Salon de Conferentias'', etiam appellate ''Salon de Passos Perdite'', es un del principal spacios ceremonial del Palatio. Le sala connecte le diverse partes del edificio e ha essite decorate con picturas, esculturas e altere obras artistic.

Le patrimonio artistic del Palatio esseva construite progressivemente durante le 19e seculo e include obras ligate a eventos historic e al representation del institutiones del stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia politic ==
Desde su inauguracion in 1850, le Palatio ha essite le principal sede del camera basse del Parlamento espaniol. Il ha accommodate le sessiones del Congresso durante diverse periodos constitutionales, inter illes le [[Restauracion borbonic]], le [[Secunde Republica]] e le transition verso le [[democratia]] actual.

Durante le [[dictatura franquista]], le Cortes del regime, cognoscite como ''Cortes Españolas'', continua a functionar in le edificio. Post le transition politic, le nove Cortes democratic se reuniva de nove in le Palatio del Congresso desde 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/docs1931-2 |title=Un nuevo Palacio para el Parlamento, 1932-1934 |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reformas e ampliationes ==
Le dimensiones limitate del solar causava problemas de spatio ja desde le construction. Durante le 20e seculo esseva facite varie reformas interior. In 1966 e 1971, durante le periodo franquista, le edificio esseva renovate e partialmente augmentate in altezza, ma iste interventiones non solveva le problemas de capacitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le transition democratic, le Congresso developpava un complexe de edificos adjacente. Le prime grande ampliation esseva inaugurate in 1980. Postea esseva integrate nove edificios in le area del ''Plaza de las Cortes'' e del Carrera de San Jerónimo pro offices, commissiones e grupos parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/BienesInmuebles |title=Bienes inmuebles del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2006 esseva completate un importante ampliation con le rehabilitation de duo edificios del Carrera de San Jerónimo, anteriormente occupate per le ''Banco Exterior de España'' e le ''Banco de Crédito Industrial''. Iste intervention addeva circa 22 000 m² al complexo parlamentar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Complexe parlamentar actual ==
Le Palatio historic es hodie le nucleo de un complexe plus grande del Congresso de los Diputados. Le complexe comprende septe edificios, includente le Palatio, quatro edificios de ampliation, le edificio de Plaza de las Cortes 9 e le Edificio Institucional, con un superficie construite total de plus de 88 000 m².&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/BienesInmuebles |title=Bienes inmuebles del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Palatio historic remane le principal sede ceremonial e institutional del Camera, durante que le edificios adjacente alberga offices, grupos parlamentar, commissiones, salas de reuniones e altere services del Congresso.

== Patrimonio ==
Le Palatio del Congresso es un del edifices parlamentar historic plus importante de Espania e un del principales exemplos del architectura neoclassic del Madrid del 19e seculo. Su valor architectural es associate non solmente al edificio, ma etiam al collection de picturas, esculturas, decorationes e documentos conservate per le Congresso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/cem/patrhist |title=El patrimonio histórico artístico del Congreso de los Diputados |publisher=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le edificio forma actualmente parte del patrimonio immobiliari del Stato e es integrate in le institution parlamentar create per le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]].

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Palatios de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Congresso del Deputatos]]
[[Categoria:Architectura neoclassic in Espania]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Madrid]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Occidentalisation</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''occidentalisation''' es le processo per le qual societates, culturas o estados non occidental adopta, incorpora o es influentiate per elementos associate con le [[Occidente]], specialmente in le campos del cultura, technologia, economia, politica, derecto, education, costumes e stilo de vita. Le termino es etiam usate como '''occidentalisation cultural''', '''europeisation''' o, in certe contextos, '''americanisation'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita...”</comment>
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Le '''occidentalisation''' es le processo per le qual societates, culturas o estados non occidental adopta, incorpora o es influentiate per elementos associate con le [[Occidente]], specialmente in le campos del cultura, technologia, economia, politica, derecto, education, costumes e stilo de vita. Le termino es etiam usate como '''occidentalisation cultural''', '''europeisation''' o, in certe contextos, '''americanisation'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/westernization |title=Westernization |publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le concepto non designa un processo uniforme. Secundo le contexto historic, occidentalisation pote resultar de commercio, migration, education, diffusion cultural, modernisation, colonisation, imperialismo, globalisation o decisiones deliberate del elites e governamentos. Le societates influentiate pote adoptar solmente certe elementos del cultura occidental e combinar los con lor proprie traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definition de Occidente ==
Le notion de Occidente non ha limites fixe. Historicamente, illo esseva associate principalemente con Europa occidental e le traditiones proveniente del civilisationes grec, roman e christian. Durante le epocha moderne, le concept se expandite al societates europee trans le mundo e al culturas american, australian e altere societates formate per migration e expansion europee.

In le seculo XX, le signification politic del Occidente esseva etiam influentiate per le [[Guerra Frede]], quando le paises del bloco occidental esseva generalmente associate con le democratia liberal, le economia de mercato e le alliance con le Stato Unite. Le definition cultural e le definition geopolitic non sempre coincide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Bonnett |first=Alastair |title=The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origines historic ==
Le occidentalisation se accelerava desde le expansion maritime europee del seculos XV e XVI. Le commercio, le colonisation e le establishment de imperios europee establishava contacts durabile inter Europa e societates de America, Africa e Asia. Le diffusion de christianismo, linguas europee, instituciones juridic e administrative e formas de education esseva frequentemente associate con iste expansion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Lach |first=Donald F. |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le industrialisation e le expansion del potentias europee augmentava le influentia occidental. Technologias industrial, systemas educative, modelos administrative e conceptos politic esseva introducite in multe societates extra Europa, frequentemente in relation con le commercio, le diplomatia e le dominio colonial.

== Occidentalisation e colonialismo ==
Durante le periodo colonial, occidentalisation esseva sovente ligate al relationes de poter inter le potentias europee e le populationes colonisate. Le administration colonial introduceva nove systemas de derecto, education, taxation, infrastructura e commercio, al mesme tempore que linguas e institutions local poteva esser marginalisate o transformate.

Le processus non esseva tamen uniformemente passiv. Populationes local selezionava, adaptava o reinterpretava elementos europee secundo lor proprie interesses. Le occidentalisation poteva dunque producir formas cultural mixtes, in le qual elementos local e occidental esseva combinate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Cooper |first=Frederick |title=Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Japon e le restauration Meiji ==
Un exemplo importante de occidentalisation deliberate esseva le [[Japon]] durante le [[epocha Meiji]]. Post le restauration de 1868, le governamento adoptava numerosas instituciones e technologias occidental pro reforçar le stato e evitar le subordination al potentias imperialiste.

Le Japon introduciva un nove systema educative, un armea moderne, industria mechanisate, ferrovias, un constitution e elementos del derecto e administration europee. Simultaneemente, le societate conservava e reformulava numerose institutiones e traditions japonese. Le caso monstra que occidentalisation pote esser un processo de adoption selective plus tosto que un simple imitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Jansen |first=Marius B. |title=The Making of Modern Japan |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imperio Ottoman e reformas ==
In le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le occidentalisation deveniva particularmente importante durante le seculos XVIII e XIX. Le governamentos promoveva reformas militar, administrative, juridic e educational inspirate per modelos europee. Le periodo del [[Tanzimat]] constitue un del principal exemplos de iste transformationes.

Le adoption de instituciones occidental esseva accompagnate per debates inter reformistas e defensores del institutiones traditional. Le historiographia super le Ottoman occidentalisation ha etiam sublineate que le transformationes social e economic interne contribueva al processo, in vice de esser simplemente un resultato del imitation de Europa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== America Latin e Europeisation ==
In [[America Latin]], le occidentalisation ha un historia particular, proque le region esseva incorporata al mundo colonial europeo desde le seculo XVI. Le linguas espaniol e portugese, le christianismo, le institutiones juridic e le formas urban e architectural europee deveniva elementos importante del societates latino-american.

Post le independentia, le elites de multe paises cercava modernisar lor estados secundo modelos europee, e plus tarde american. Iste processo includeva reformas educational, ferroviarias, industrial e administrative, ma esseva sempre combinate con traditions, culturas indigene e africane e nove identitates national.

== Modernisation e occidentalisation ==
Occidentalisation e '''modernisation''' es concepts relationate ma non identic. Modernisation generalmente se refere a transformationes social, economic, scientific e institutional associate con le industrialisation e le societate moderne. Occidentalisation, in contrasto, indica especificamente le adoption o influentia de elementos considerate occidental.

Un societate pote modernisar se sin adoptar integremente modelos occidental, e sociedades occidental pote adoptar technicas e ideas originate extra le Occidente. Le relation inter le duo concepts ha dunque essite objecto de debate academic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Davidann |first=Jon Thares |title=The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860–1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultura e vita quotidian ==
Le occidentalisation pote afectar numerosos aspectos del vita quotidian. In le vestimento, illo pote manifestar se per le adoption de moda europee o american; in le alimentation, per le diffusion de restaurants, productos e habitudes alimentari occidental; e in le communication, per le expansion de linguas, musica, cinema e medios de communication occidental.

Le processo pote etiam influentiar le architectura, le organisation del citates, le education superior, le systemas juridic e le conceptiones del familia, del travalio e del relationes inter le individuos e le stato. Le adoption de iste elementos es sovente partial e pote esser reinterpretate secundo le cultura local.

== Linguas e education ==
Le linguas occidental, specialmente le [[lingua anglese]], ha acquirite un grande diffusion international per le commercio, le scientia, le education superior, le diplomatia e le cultura popular. In multe paises, le anglese es studiate como lingua estrange e es usate in universitate, scientia o communication international.

Le education moderne ha etiam essite un instrumento important del occidentalisation. Durante le periodo colonial, systemas educative europee esseva introducite in multe territorios; post le independentia, numerosos estados conservava o adaptava iste institutiones pro le formation de un nove elite administrative e professional.

== Politica e derecto ==
Le occidentalisation politic ha includite le diffusion de conceptos como constitutionalisme, parlamentarismo, separation del poteres, stato de derecto, citatania e derectos individual. Tamen, iste conceptos non es exclusive al Occidente e lor interpretation varia considerabilemente inter societates.

Durante le seculos XIX e XX, multe estados extra Europa adoptava constitutiones e instituciones inspirate per modelos europee o american. In altere casos, le adoption esseva partial o combinava instituciones moderne con estructuras politic traditional.

== Resistenta e adaptation ==
Le occidentalisation ha provocate non solmente adoption, ma etiam resistenta e adaptation. Movimentos religiose, nationaliste e cultural poteva rejectar certe elementos occidental o reclamar un retorno a traditions local. Altere movimientos cercava combinar technologia e institutiones moderne con valores cultural indigene.

In Asia, Africa e le mundo islamic, le question del relation con le Occidente ha dunque generate debates super identitate, independentia, modernisation e autonomia cultural. Le anti-occidentalismo es un del formas de reaction a iste processo, ma non es le sol forma: adoption selective e syncretismo cultural es etiam frequent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Aydin |first=Cemil |title=The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Globalisation contemporanee ==
Desde le fin del seculo XX, le occidentalisation ha essite influentiate per le [[globalisation]]. Empresas multinational, television, cinema, internet, medios social e commercio international ha accelerate le circulation de productos e ideas originate in Europa e America del Nord.

Al mesme tempore, le circulation cultural es bidirectional. Culturas non occidental ha exercite un crescente influentia super le Occidente in le campos del alimentation, musica, cinema, religion, moda, technologia e cultura popular. Pro iste ration, le globalisation non pote esser reducite a un simple diffusion unilateral del cultura occidental.

== Critica del concepto ==
Le concepto de occidentalisation ha essite criticate pro su tendentia a presentar le Occidente como un bloc cultural homogenee e le altere societates como passive destinatarios de influentia. Le historia demonstrate que le culturas occidental mesme ha essite formate per contactos con Africa, Asia e le mundo islamic, inter altere regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Delanty |first=Gerard |title=Europe and Asia beyond East and West |publisher=Routledge |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Per iste ration, le occidentalisation es generalmente studiate como un processo de contactos, adoptiones, resistentias e transformationes reciprocal, in vice de un simple substituition de un cultura per un altere.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Occidentalisation]]
[[Categoria:Globalisation]]
[[Categoria:Culture occidental]]
[[Categoria:Acculturation]]
[[Categoria:Historia cultural]]</text>
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Le '''occidentalisation''' es le processo per le qual societates, culturas o estados non occidental adopta, incorpora o es influentiate per elementos associate con le [[Occidente]], specialmente in le campos del cultura, technologia, economia, politica, derecto, education, costumes e stilo de vita. Le termino es etiam usate como '''occidentalisation cultural''', '''europeisation''' o, in certe contextos, '''americanisation'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/westernization |title=Westernization |publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le concepto non designa un processo uniforme. Secundo le contexto historic, occidentalisation pote resultar de commercio, migration, education, diffusion cultural, modernisation, colonisation, [[imperialismo]], [[globalisation]] o decisiones deliberate del elites e governamentos. Le societates influentiate pote adoptar solmente certe elementos del cultura occidental e combinar los con lor proprie traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definition de Occidente ==
Le notion de Occidente non ha limites fixe. Historicamente, illo esseva associate principalemente con Europa occidental e le traditiones proveniente del civilisationes grec, roman e christian. Durante le epocha moderne, le concept se expandite al societates europee trans le mundo e al culturas american, australian e altere societates formate per migration e expansion europee.

In le seculo XX, le signification politic del Occidente esseva etiam influentiate per le [[Guerra Frede]], quando le paises del bloco occidental esseva generalmente associate con le democratia liberal, le economia de mercato e le alliance con le Statos Unite. Le definition cultural e le definition geopolitic non sempre coincide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Bonnett |first=Alastair |title=The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origines historic ==
Le occidentalisation se accelerava desde le expansion maritime europee del seculos XV e XVI. Le commercio, le colonisation e le establishment de imperios europee establishava contacts durabile inter Europa e societates de America, Africa e Asia. Le diffusion de christianismo, linguas europee, instituciones juridic e administrative e formas de education esseva frequentemente associate con iste expansion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Lach |first=Donald F. |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le seculos XVIII e XIX, le industrialisation e le expansion del potentias europee augmentava le influentia occidental. Technologias industrial, systemas educative, modelos administrative e conceptos politic esseva introducite in multe societates extra Europa, frequentemente in relation con le commercio, le diplomatia e le dominio colonial.

== Occidentalisation e colonialismo ==
Durante le periodo colonial, occidentalisation esseva sovente ligate al relationes de poter inter le potentias europee e le populationes colonisate. Le administration colonial introduceva nove systemas de derecto, education, taxation, infrastructura e commercio, al mesme tempore que linguas e institutions local poteva esser marginalisate o transformate.

Le processus non esseva tamen uniformemente passiv. Populationes local selezionava, adaptava o reinterpretava elementos europee secundo lor proprie interesses. Le occidentalisation poteva dunque producir formas cultural mixtes, in le qual elementos local e occidental esseva combinate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Cooper |first=Frederick |title=Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Japon e le restauration Meiji ==
Un exemplo importante de occidentalisation deliberate esseva le [[Japon]] durante le [[epocha Meiji]]. Post le restauration de 1868, le governamento adoptava numerosas instituciones e technologias occidental pro reforçar le stato e evitar le subordination al potentias imperialiste.

Le Japon introduciva un nove systema educative, un armea moderne, industria mechanisate, ferrovias, un constitution e elementos del derecto e administration europee. Simultaneemente, le societate conservava e reformulava numerose institutiones e traditions japonese. Le caso monstra que occidentalisation pote esser un processo de adoption selective plus tosto que un simple imitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Jansen |first=Marius B. |title=The Making of Modern Japan |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imperio Ottoman e reformas ==
In le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le occidentalisation deveniva particularmente importante durante le seculos XVIII e XIX. Le governamentos promoveva reformas militar, administrative, juridic e educational inspirate per modelos europee. Le periodo del [[Tanzimat]] constitue un del principal exemplos de iste transformationes.

Le adoption de instituciones occidental esseva accompagnate per debates inter reformistas e defensores del institutiones traditional. Le historiographia super le Ottoman occidentalisation ha etiam sublineate que le transformationes social e economic interne contribueva al processo, in vice de esser simplemente un resultato del imitation de Europa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== America Latin e Europeisation ==
In [[America Latin]], le occidentalisation ha un historia particular, proque le region esseva incorporata al mundo colonial europeo desde le seculo XVI. Le linguas espaniol e portugese, le christianismo, le institutiones juridic e le formas urban e architectural europee deveniva elementos importante del societates latino-american.

Post le independentia, le elites de multe paises cercava modernisar lor estados secundo modelos europee, e plus tarde american. Iste processo includeva reformas educational, ferroviarias, industrial e administrative, ma esseva sempre combinate con traditions, culturas indigene e africane e nove identitates national.

== Modernisation e occidentalisation ==
Occidentalisation e '''modernisation''' es concepts relationate ma non identic. Modernisation generalmente se refere a transformationes social, economic, scientific e institutional associate con le industrialisation e le societate moderne. Occidentalisation, in contrasto, indica especificamente le adoption o influentia de elementos considerate occidental.

Un societate pote modernisar se sin adoptar integremente modelos occidental, e sociedades occidental pote adoptar technicas e ideas originate extra le Occidente. Le relation inter le duo concepts ha dunque essite objecto de debate academic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Davidann |first=Jon Thares |title=The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860–1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultura e vita quotidian ==
Le occidentalisation pote afectar numerosos aspectos del vita quotidian. In le vestimento, illo pote manifestar se per le adoption de moda europee o american; in le alimentation, per le diffusion de restaurants, productos e habitudes alimentari occidental; e in le communication, per le expansion de linguas, musica, cinema e medios de communication occidental.

Le processo pote etiam influentiar le architectura, le organisation del citates, le education superior, le systemas juridic e le conceptiones del familia, del travalio e del relationes inter le individuos e le stato. Le adoption de iste elementos es sovente partial e pote esser reinterpretate secundo le cultura local.

== Linguas e education ==
Le linguas occidental, specialmente le [[lingua anglese]], ha acquirite un grande diffusion international per le commercio, le scientia, le education superior, le diplomatia e le cultura popular. In multe paises, le anglese es studiate como lingua estrange e es usate in universitate, scientia o communication international.

Le education moderne ha etiam essite un instrumento important del occidentalisation. Durante le periodo colonial, systemas educative europee esseva introducite in multe territorios; post le independentia, numerosos estados conservava o adaptava iste institutiones pro le formation de un nove elite administrative e professional.

== Politica e derecto ==
Le occidentalisation politic ha includite le diffusion de conceptos como constitutionalisme, parlamentarismo, separation del poteres, stato de derecto, citatania e derectos individual. Tamen, iste conceptos non es exclusive al Occidente e lor interpretation varia considerabilemente inter societates.

Durante le seculos XIX e XX, multe estados extra Europa adoptava constitutiones e instituciones inspirate per modelos europee o american. In altere casos, le adoption esseva partial o combinava instituciones moderne con estructuras politic traditional.

== Resistenta e adaptation ==
Le occidentalisation ha provocate non solmente adoption, ma etiam resistenta e adaptation. Movimentos religiose, nationaliste e cultural poteva rejectar certe elementos occidental o reclamar un retorno a traditions local. Altere movimientos cercava combinar technologia e institutiones moderne con valores cultural indigene.

In Asia, Africa e le mundo islamic, le question del relation con le Occidente ha dunque generate debates super identitate, independentia, modernisation e autonomia cultural. Le anti-occidentalismo es un del formas de reaction a iste processo, ma non es le sol forma: adoption selective e syncretismo cultural es etiam frequent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Aydin |first=Cemil |title=The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Globalisation contemporanee ==
Desde le fin del seculo XX, le occidentalisation ha essite influentiate per le [[globalisation]]. Empresas multinational, television, cinema, internet, medios social e commercio international ha accelerate le circulation de productos e ideas originate in Europa e America del Nord.

Al mesme tempore, le circulation cultural es bidirectional. Culturas non occidental ha exercite un crescente influentia super le Occidente in le campos del alimentation, musica, cinema, religion, moda, technologia e cultura popular. Pro iste ration, le globalisation non pote esser reducite a un simple diffusion unilateral del cultura occidental.

== Critica del concepto ==
Le concepto de occidentalisation ha essite criticate pro su tendentia a presentar le Occidente como un bloc cultural homogenee e le altere societates como passive destinatarios de influentia. Le historia demonstrate que le culturas occidental mesme ha essite formate per contactos con Africa, Asia e le mundo islamic, inter altere regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Delanty |first=Gerard |title=Europe and Asia beyond East and West |publisher=Routledge |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Per iste ration, le occidentalisation es generalmente studiate como un processo de contactos, adoptiones, resistentias e transformationes reciprocal, in vice de un simple substituition de un cultura per un altere.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Occidentalisation]]
[[Categoria:Globalisation]]
[[Categoria:Culture occidental]]
[[Categoria:Acculturation]]
[[Categoria:Historia cultural]]</text>
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Le '''occidentalisation''' es le processo per le qual societates, culturas o estados non occidental adopta, incorpora o es influentiate per elementos associate con le [[Occidente]], specialmente in le campos del cultura, technologia, economia, politica, derecto, education, costumes e stilo de vita. Le termino es etiam usate como '''occidentalisation cultural''', '''europeisation''' o, in certe contextos, '''americanisation'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/westernization |title=Westernization |publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le concepto non designa un processo uniforme. Secundo le contexto historic, occidentalisation pote resultar de commercio, migration, education, diffusion cultural, modernisation, colonisation, [[imperialismo]], [[globalisation]] o decisiones deliberate del elites e governamentos. Le societates influentiate pote adoptar solmente certe elementos del cultura occidental e combinar los con lor proprie traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definition de Occidente ==
Le notion de Occidente non ha limites fixe. Historicamente, illo esseva associate principalemente con Europa occidental e le traditiones proveniente del civilisationes grec, roman e christian. Durante le epocha moderne, le concept se expandite al societates europee trans le mundo e al culturas american, australian e altere societates formate per migration e expansion europee.

In le 20e seculo, le signification politic del Occidente esseva etiam influentiate per le [[Guerra Frede]], quando le paises del bloco occidental esseva generalmente associate con le democratia liberal, le economia de mercato e le alliance con le Statos Unite. Le definition cultural e le definition geopolitic non sempre coincide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Bonnett |first=Alastair |title=The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origines historic ==
Le occidentalisation se accelerava desde le expansion maritime europee del 15e e 16e seculos. Le commercio, le colonisation e le establishment de imperios europee establishava contacts durabile inter Europa e societates de America, Africa e Asia. Le diffusion de christianismo, linguas europee, instituciones juridic e administrative e formas de education esseva frequentemente associate con iste expansion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Lach |first=Donald F. |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le 18e e 19e seculos, le industrialisation e le expansion del potentias europee augmentava le influentia occidental. Technologias industrial, systemas educative, modelos administrative e conceptos politic esseva introducite in multe societates extra Europa, frequentemente in relation con le commercio, le diplomatia e le dominio colonial.

== Occidentalisation e colonialismo ==
Durante le periodo colonial, occidentalisation esseva sovente ligate al relationes de poter inter le potentias europee e le populationes colonisate. Le administration colonial introduceva nove systemas de derecto, education, taxation, infrastructura e commercio, al mesme tempore que linguas e institutions local poteva esser marginalisate o transformate.

Le processus non esseva tamen uniformemente passiv. Populationes local selezionava, adaptava o reinterpretava elementos europee secundo lor proprie interesses. Le occidentalisation poteva dunque producir formas cultural mixtes, in le qual elementos local e occidental esseva combinate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Cooper |first=Frederick |title=Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Japon e le restauration Meiji ==
Un exemplo importante de occidentalisation deliberate esseva le [[Japon]] durante le [[epocha Meiji]]. Post le restauration de 1868, le governamento adoptava numerosas instituciones e technologias occidental pro reforçar le stato e evitar le subordination al potentias imperialiste.

Le Japon introduciva un nove systema educative, un armea moderne, industria mechanisate, ferrovias, un constitution e elementos del derecto e administration europee. Simultaneemente, le societate conservava e reformulava numerose institutiones e traditions japonese. Le caso monstra que occidentalisation pote esser un processo de adoption selective plus tosto que un simple imitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Jansen |first=Marius B. |title=The Making of Modern Japan |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imperio Ottoman e reformas ==
In le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le occidentalisation deveniva particularmente importante durante le 18e e 19e seculos. Le governamentos promoveva reformas militar, administrative, juridic e educational inspirate per modelos europee. Le periodo del [[Tanzimat]] constitue un del principal exemplos de iste transformationes.

Le adoption de instituciones occidental esseva accompagnate per debates inter reformistas e defensores del institutiones traditional. Le historiographia super le Ottoman occidentalisation ha etiam sublineate que le transformationes social e economic interne contribueva al processo, in vice de esser simplemente un resultato del imitation de Europa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== America Latin e Europeisation ==
In [[America Latin]], le occidentalisation ha un historia particular, proque le region esseva incorporata al mundo colonial europeo desde le 16e seculo. Le linguas espaniol e portugese, le christianismo, le institutiones juridic e le formas urban e architectural europee deveniva elementos importante del societates latino-american.

Post le independentia, le elites de multe paises cercava modernisar lor estados secundo modelos europee, e plus tarde american. Iste processo includeva reformas educational, ferroviarias, industrial e administrative, ma esseva sempre combinate con traditions, culturas indigene e africane e nove identitates national.

== Modernisation e occidentalisation ==
Occidentalisation e '''modernisation''' es concepts relationate ma non identic. Modernisation generalmente se refere a transformationes social, economic, scientific e institutional associate con le industrialisation e le societate moderne. Occidentalisation, in contrasto, indica especificamente le adoption o influentia de elementos considerate occidental.

Un societate pote modernisar se sin adoptar integremente modelos occidental, e sociedades occidental pote adoptar technicas e ideas originate extra le Occidente. Le relation inter le duo concepts ha dunque essite objecto de debate academic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Davidann |first=Jon Thares |title=The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860–1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultura e vita quotidian ==
Le occidentalisation pote afectar numerosos aspectos del vita quotidian. In le vestimento, illo pote manifestar se per le adoption de moda europee o american; in le alimentation, per le diffusion de restaurants, productos e habitudes alimentari occidental; e in le communication, per le expansion de linguas, musica, cinema e medios de communication occidental.

Le processo pote etiam influentiar le architectura, le organisation del citates, le education superior, le systemas juridic e le conceptiones del familia, del travalio e del relationes inter le individuos e le stato. Le adoption de iste elementos es sovente partial e pote esser reinterpretate secundo le cultura local.

== Linguas e education ==
Le linguas occidental, specialmente le [[lingua anglese]], ha acquirite un grande diffusion international per le commercio, le scientia, le education superior, le diplomatia e le cultura popular. In multe paises, le anglese es studiate como lingua estrange e es usate in universitate, scientia o communication international.

Le education moderne ha etiam essite un instrumento important del occidentalisation. Durante le periodo colonial, systemas educative europee esseva introducite in multe territorios; post le independentia, numerosos estados conservava o adaptava iste institutiones pro le formation de un nove elite administrative e professional.

== Politica e derecto ==
Le occidentalisation politic ha includite le diffusion de conceptos como constitutionalisme, parlamentarismo, separation del poteres, stato de derecto, citatania e derectos individual. Tamen, iste conceptos non es exclusive al Occidente e lor interpretation varia considerabilemente inter societates.

Durante le 19e e 20e seculos, multe estados extra Europa adoptava constitutiones e instituciones inspirate per modelos europee o american. In altere casos, le adoption esseva partial o combinava instituciones moderne con estructuras politic traditional.

== Resistenta e adaptation ==
Le occidentalisation ha provocate non solmente adoption, ma etiam resistenta e adaptation. Movimentos religiose, nationaliste e cultural poteva rejectar certe elementos occidental o reclamar un retorno a traditions local. Altere movimientos cercava combinar technologia e institutiones moderne con valores cultural indigene.

In Asia, Africa e le mundo islamic, le question del relation con le Occidente ha dunque generate debates super identitate, independentia, modernisation e autonomia cultural. Le anti-occidentalismo es un del formas de reaction a iste processo, ma non es le sol forma: adoption selective e syncretismo cultural es etiam frequent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Aydin |first=Cemil |title=The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Globalisation contemporanee ==
Desde le fin del 20e seculo, le occidentalisation ha essite influentiate per le [[globalisation]]. Empresas multinational, television, cinema, internet, medios social e commercio international ha accelerate le circulation de productos e ideas originate in Europa e America del Nord.

Al mesme tempore, le circulation cultural es bidirectional. Culturas non occidental ha exercite un crescente influentia super le Occidente in le campos del alimentation, musica, cinema, religion, moda, technologia e cultura popular. Pro iste ration, le globalisation non pote esser reducite a un simple diffusion unilateral del cultura occidental.

== Critica del concepto ==
Le concepto de occidentalisation ha essite criticate pro su tendentia a presentar le Occidente como un bloc cultural homogenee e le altere societates como passive destinatarios de influentia. Le historia demonstrate que le culturas occidental mesme ha essite formate per contactos con [[Africa]], [[Asia]] e le mundo islamic, inter altere regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |last=Delanty |first=Gerard |title=Europe and Asia beyond East and West |publisher=Routledge |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Per iste ration, le occidentalisation es generalmente studiate como un processo de contactos, adoptiones, resistentias e transformationes reciprocal, in vice de un simple substituition de un cultura per un altere.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Occidentalisation]]
[[Categoria:Globalisation]]
[[Categoria:Culture occidental]]
[[Categoria:Acculturation]]
[[Categoria:Historia cultural]]</text>
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Le '''occidentalisation''' es le processo per le qual societates, culturas o estados non occidental adopta, incorpora o es influentiate per elementos associate con le [[Occidente]], specialmente in le campos del cultura, technologia, economia, politica, derecto, education, costumes e stilo de vita. Le termino es etiam usate como '''occidentalisation cultural''', '''europeisation''' o, in certe contextos, '''americanisation'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/westernization |title=Westernization |publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le concepto non designa un processo uniforme. Secundo le contexto historic, occidentalisation pote resultar de commercio, migration, education, diffusion cultural, modernisation, colonisation, [[imperialismo]], [[globalisation]] o decisiones deliberate del elites e governamentos. Le societates influentiate pote adoptar solmente certe elementos del cultura occidental e combinar los con lor proprie traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definition de Occidente ==
Le notion de Occidente non ha limites fixe. Historicamente, illo esseva associate principalemente con Europa occidental e le traditiones proveniente del civilisationes grec, roman e christian. Durante le epocha moderne, le concept se expandite al societates europee trans le mundo e al culturas american, australian e altere societates formate per migration e expansion europee.

In le 20e seculo, le signification politic del Occidente esseva etiam influentiate per le [[Guerra Frede]], quando le paises del bloco occidental esseva generalmente associate con le democratia liberal, le economia de mercato e le alliance con le Statos Unite. Le definition cultural e le definition geopolitic non sempre coincide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bonnett |first=Alastair |title=The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origines historic ==
Le occidentalisation se accelerava desde le expansion maritime europee del 15e e 16e seculos. Le commercio, le colonisation e le establishment de imperios europee establishava contacts durabile inter Europa e societates de America, Africa e Asia. Le diffusion de christianismo, linguas europee, instituciones juridic e administrative e formas de education esseva frequentemente associate con iste expansion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald F. |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le 18e e 19e seculos, le industrialisation e le expansion del potentias europee augmentava le influentia occidental. Technologias industrial, systemas educative, modelos administrative e conceptos politic esseva introducite in multe societates extra Europa, frequentemente in relation con le commercio, le diplomatia e le dominio colonial.

== Occidentalisation e colonialismo ==
Durante le periodo colonial, occidentalisation esseva sovente ligate al relationes de poter inter le potentias europee e le populationes colonisate. Le administration colonial introduceva nove systemas de derecto, education, taxation, infrastructura e commercio, al mesme tempore que linguas e institutions local poteva esser marginalisate o transformate.

Le processus non esseva tamen uniformemente passiv. Populationes local selezionava, adaptava o reinterpretava elementos europee secundo lor proprie interesses. Le occidentalisation poteva dunque producir formas cultural mixtes, in le qual elementos local e occidental esseva combinate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Frederick |title=Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Japon e le restauration Meiji ==
Un exemplo importante de occidentalisation deliberate esseva le [[Japon]] durante le [[epocha Meiji]]. Post le restauration de 1868, le governamento adoptava numerosas instituciones e technologias occidental pro reforçar le stato e evitar le subordination al potentias imperialiste.

Le Japon introduciva un nove systema educative, un armea moderne, industria mechanisate, ferrovias, un constitution e elementos del derecto e administration europee. Simultaneemente, le societate conservava e reformulava numerose institutiones e traditions japonese. Le caso monstra que occidentalisation pote esser un processo de adoption selective plus tosto que un simple imitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jansen |first=Marius B. |title=The Making of Modern Japan |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imperio Ottoman e reformas ==
In le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le occidentalisation deveniva particularmente importante durante le 18e e 19e seculos. Le governamentos promoveva reformas militar, administrative, juridic e educational inspirate per modelos europee. Le periodo del [[Tanzimat]] constitue un del principal exemplos de iste transformationes.

Le adoption de instituciones occidental esseva accompagnate per debates inter reformistas e defensores del institutiones traditional. Le historiographia super le Ottoman occidentalisation ha etiam sublineate que le transformationes social e economic interne contribueva al processo, in vice de esser simplemente un resultato del imitation de Europa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== America Latin e Europeisation ==
In [[America Latin]], le occidentalisation ha un historia particular, proque le region esseva incorporata al mundo colonial europeo desde le 16e seculo. Le linguas espaniol e portugese, le christianismo, le institutiones juridic e le formas urban e architectural europee deveniva elementos importante del societates latino-american.

Post le independentia, le elites de multe paises cercava modernisar lor estados secundo modelos europee, e plus tarde american. Iste processo includeva reformas educational, ferroviarias, industrial e administrative, ma esseva sempre combinate con traditions, culturas indigene e africane e nove identitates national.

== Modernisation e occidentalisation ==
Occidentalisation e '''modernisation''' es concepts relationate ma non identic. Modernisation generalmente se refere a transformationes social, economic, scientific e institutional associate con le industrialisation e le societate moderne. Occidentalisation, in contrasto, indica especificamente le adoption o influentia de elementos considerate occidental.

Un societate pote modernisar se sin adoptar integremente modelos occidental, e sociedades occidental pote adoptar technicas e ideas originate extra le Occidente. Le relation inter le duo concepts ha dunque essite objecto de debate academic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Davidann |first=Jon Thares |title=The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860–1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultura e vita quotidian ==
Le occidentalisation pote afectar numerosos aspectos del vita quotidian. In le vestimento, illo pote manifestar se per le adoption de moda europee o american; in le alimentation, per le diffusion de restaurants, productos e habitudes alimentari occidental; e in le communication, per le expansion de linguas, musica, cinema e medios de communication occidental.

Le processo pote etiam influentiar le architectura, le organisation del citates, le education superior, le systemas juridic e le conceptiones del familia, del travalio e del relationes inter le individuos e le stato. Le adoption de iste elementos es sovente partial e pote esser reinterpretate secundo le cultura local.

== Linguas e education ==
Le linguas occidental, specialmente le [[lingua anglese]], ha acquirite un grande diffusion international per le commercio, le scientia, le education superior, le diplomatia e le cultura popular. In multe paises, le anglese es studiate como lingua estrange e es usate in universitate, scientia o communication international.

Le education moderne ha etiam essite un instrumento important del occidentalisation. Durante le periodo colonial, systemas educative europee esseva introducite in multe territorios; post le independentia, numerosos estados conservava o adaptava iste institutiones pro le formation de un nove elite administrative e professional.

== Politica e derecto ==
Le occidentalisation politic ha includite le diffusion de conceptos como constitutionalisme, parlamentarismo, separation del poteres, stato de derecto, citatania e derectos individual. Tamen, iste conceptos non es exclusive al Occidente e lor interpretation varia considerabilemente inter societates.

Durante le 19e e 20e seculos, multe estados extra Europa adoptava constitutiones e instituciones inspirate per modelos europee o american. In altere casos, le adoption esseva partial o combinava instituciones moderne con estructuras politic traditional.

== Resistenta e adaptation ==
Le occidentalisation ha provocate non solmente adoption, ma etiam resistenta e adaptation. Movimentos religiose, nationaliste e cultural poteva rejectar certe elementos occidental o reclamar un retorno a traditions local. Altere movimientos cercava combinar technologia e institutiones moderne con valores cultural indigene.

In Asia, Africa e le mundo islamic, le question del relation con le Occidente ha dunque generate debates super identitate, independentia, modernisation e autonomia cultural. Le anti-occidentalismo es un del formas de reaction a iste processo, ma non es le sol forma: adoption selective e syncretismo cultural es etiam frequent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aydin |first=Cemil |title=The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Globalisation contemporanee ==
Desde le fin del 20e seculo, le occidentalisation ha essite influentiate per le [[globalisation]]. Empresas multinational, television, cinema, internet, medios social e commercio international ha accelerate le circulation de productos e ideas originate in Europa e America del Nord.

Al mesme tempore, le circulation cultural es bidirectional. Culturas non occidental ha exercite un crescente influentia super le Occidente in le campos del alimentation, musica, cinema, religion, moda, technologia e cultura popular. Pro iste ration, le globalisation non pote esser reducite a un simple diffusion unilateral del cultura occidental.

== Critica del concepto ==
Le concepto de occidentalisation ha essite criticate pro su tendentia a presentar le Occidente como un bloc cultural homogenee e le altere societates como passive destinatarios de influentia. Le historia demonstrate que le culturas occidental mesme ha essite formate per contactos con [[Africa]], [[Asia]] e le mundo islamic, inter altere regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Delanty |first=Gerard |title=Europe and Asia beyond East and West |publisher=Routledge |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Per iste ration, le occidentalisation es generalmente studiate como un processo de contactos, adoptiones, resistentias e transformationes reciprocal, in vice de un simple substituition de un cultura per un altere.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Occidentalisation]]
[[Categoria:Globalisation]]
[[Categoria:Culture occidental]]
[[Categoria:Acculturation]]
[[Categoria:Historia cultural]]</text>
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Le '''occidentalisation''' es le processo per le qual societates, culturas o estados non occidental adopta, incorpora o es influentiate per elementos associate con le [[Occidente]], specialmente in le campos del cultura, technologia, economia, politica, derecto, education, costumes e stilo de vita. Le termino es etiam usate como '''occidentalisation cultural''', '''europeisation''' o, in certe contextos, '''americanisation'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/westernization |title=Westernization |publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le concepto non designa un processo uniforme. Secundo le contexto historic, occidentalisation pote resultar de commercio, migration, education, diffusion cultural, modernisation, colonisation, [[imperialismo]], [[globalisation]] o decisiones deliberate del elites e governamentos. Le societates influentiate pote adoptar solmente certe elementos del cultura occidental e combinar los con lor proprie traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Definition de Occidente ==
Le notion de Occidente non ha limites fixe. Historicamente, illo esseva associate principalemente con Europa occidental e le traditiones proveniente del civilisationes grec, roman e christian. Durante le epocha moderne, le concept se expandite al societates europee trans le mundo e al culturas american, australian e altere societates formate per migration e expansion europee.

In le 20e seculo, le signification politic del Occidente esseva etiam influentiate per le [[Guerra Frede]], quando le paises del bloco occidental esseva generalmente associate con le democratia liberal, le economia de mercato e le alliance con le Statos Unite. Le definition cultural e le definition geopolitic non sempre coincide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bonnett |first=Alastair |title=The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origines historic ==
Le occidentalisation se accelerava desde le expansion maritime europee del 15e e 16e seculos. Le commercio, le colonisation e le establishment de imperios europee establishava contacts durabile inter Europa e societates de America, Africa e Asia. Le diffusion de christianismo, linguas europee, instituciones juridic e administrative e formas de education esseva frequentemente associate con iste expansion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald F. |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1965}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le 18e e 19e seculos, le industrialisation e le expansion del potentias europee augmentava le influentia occidental. Technologias industrial, systemas educative, modelos administrative e conceptos politic esseva introducite in multe societates extra Europa, frequentemente in relation con le commercio, le diplomatia e le dominio colonial.

== Occidentalisation e colonialismo ==
Durante le periodo colonial, occidentalisation esseva sovente ligate al relationes de poter inter le potentias europee e le populationes colonisate. Le administration colonial introduceva nove systemas de derecto, education, taxation, infrastructura e commercio, al mesme tempore que linguas e institutions local poteva esser marginalisate o transformate.

Le processus non esseva tamen uniformemente passiv. Populationes local selezionava, adaptava o reinterpretava elementos europee secundo lor proprie interesses. Le occidentalisation poteva dunque producir formas cultural mixtes, in le qual elementos local e occidental esseva combinate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Frederick |title=Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Japon e le restauration Meiji ==
Un exemplo importante de occidentalisation deliberate esseva le [[Japon]] durante le [[epocha Meiji]]. Post le restauration de 1868, le governamento adoptava numerosas instituciones e technologias occidental pro reforçar le stato e evitar le subordination al potentias imperialiste.

Le Japon introduciva un nove systema educative, un armea moderne, industria mechanisate, ferrovias, un constitution e elementos del derecto e administration europee. Simultaneemente, le societate conservava e reformulava numerose institutiones e traditions japonese. Le caso monstra que occidentalisation pote esser un processo de adoption selective plus tosto que un simple imitation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jansen |first=Marius B. |title=The Making of Modern Japan |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imperio Ottoman e reformas ==
In le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le occidentalisation deveniva particularmente importante durante le 18e e 19e seculos. Le governamentos promoveva reformas militar, administrative, juridic e educational inspirate per modelos europee. Le periodo del [[Tanzimat]] constitue un del principal exemplos de iste transformationes.

Le adoption de instituciones occidental esseva accompagnate per debates inter reformistas e defensores del institutiones traditional. Le historiographia super le Ottoman occidentalisation ha etiam sublineate que le transformationes social e economic interne contribueva al processo, in vice de esser simplemente un resultato del imitation de Europa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== America Latin e Europeisation ==
In [[America Latin]], le occidentalisation ha un historia particular, proque le region esseva incorporata al mundo colonial europeo desde le 16e seculo. Le linguas espaniol e portugese, le christianismo, le institutiones juridic e le formas urban e architectural europee deveniva elementos importante del societates latino-american.

Post le independentia, le elites de multe paises cercava modernisar lor estados secundo modelos europee, e plus tarde american. Iste processo includeva reformas educational, ferroviarias, industrial e administrative, ma esseva sempre combinate con traditions, culturas indigene e africane e nove identitates national.

== Modernisation e occidentalisation ==
Occidentalisation e '''modernisation''' es concepts relationate ma non identic. Modernisation generalmente se refere a transformationes social, economic, scientific e institutional associate con le industrialisation e le societate moderne. Occidentalisation, in contrasto, indica especificamente le adoption o influentia de elementos considerate occidental.

Un societate pote modernisar se sin adoptar integremente modelos occidental, e sociedades occidental pote adoptar technicas e ideas originate extra le Occidente. Le relation inter le duo concepts ha dunque essite objecto de debate academic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Davidann |first=Jon Thares |title=The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860–1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultura e vita quotidian ==
Le occidentalisation pote afectar numerosos aspectos del vita quotidian. In le vestimento, illo pote manifestar se per le adoption de moda europee o american; in le alimentation, per le diffusion de restaurants, productos e habitudes alimentari occidental; e in le communication, per le expansion de linguas, musica, cinema e medios de communication occidental.

Le processo pote etiam influentiar le architectura, le organisation del citates, le education superior, le systemas juridic e le conceptiones del familia, del travalio e del relationes inter le individuos e le stato. Le adoption de iste elementos es sovente partial e pote esser reinterpretate secundo le cultura local.

== Linguas e education ==
Le linguas occidental, specialmente le [[lingua anglese]], ha acquirite un grande diffusion international per le commercio, le scientia, le education superior, le diplomatia e le cultura popular. In multe paises, le anglese es studiate como lingua estrange e es usate in universitate, scientia o communication international.

Le education moderne ha etiam essite un instrumento important del occidentalisation. Durante le periodo colonial, systemas educative europee esseva introducite in multe territorios; post le independentia, numerosos estados conservava o adaptava iste institutiones pro le formation de un nove elite administrative e professional.

== Politica e derecto ==
Le occidentalisation politic ha includite le diffusion de conceptos como constitutionalisme, parlamentarismo, separation del poteres, stato de derecto, citatania e derectos individual. Tamen, iste conceptos non es exclusive al Occidente e lor interpretation varia considerabilemente inter societates.

Durante le 19e e 20e seculos, multe estados extra Europa adoptava constitutiones e instituciones inspirate per modelos europee o american. In altere casos, le adoption esseva partial o combinava instituciones moderne con estructuras politic traditional.

== Resistenta e adaptation ==
Le occidentalisation ha provocate non solmente adoption, ma etiam resistenta e adaptation. Movimentos religiose, nationaliste e cultural poteva rejectar certe elementos occidental o reclamar un retorno a traditions local. Altere movimientos cercava combinar technologia e institutiones moderne con valores cultural indigene.

In Asia, Africa e le mundo islamic, le question del relation con le Occidente ha dunque generate debates super identitate, independentia, modernisation e autonomia cultural. Le anti-occidentalismo es un del formas de reaction a iste processo, ma non es le sol forma: adoption selective e syncretismo cultural es etiam frequent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aydin |first=Cemil |title=The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Globalisation contemporanee ==
Desde le fin del 20e seculo, le occidentalisation ha essite influentiate per le [[globalisation]]. Empresas multinational, television, cinema, internet, medios social e commercio international ha accelerate le circulation de productos e ideas originate in Europa e America del Nord.

Al mesme tempore, le circulation cultural es bidirectional. Culturas non occidental ha exercite un crescente influentia super le Occidente in le campos del alimentation, musica, cinema, religion, moda, technologia e cultura popular. Pro iste ration, le globalisation non pote esser reducite a un simple diffusion unilateral del cultura occidental.

== Critica del concepto ==
Le concepto de occidentalisation ha essite criticate pro su tendentia a presentar le Occidente como un bloc cultural homogenee e le altere societates como passive destinatarios de influentia. Le historia demonstrate que le culturas occidental mesme ha essite formate per contactos con [[Africa]], [[Asia]] e le mundo islamic, inter altere regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Delanty |first=Gerard |title=Europe and Asia beyond East and West |publisher=Routledge |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Per iste ration, le occidentalisation es generalmente studiate como un processo de contactos, adoptiones, resistentias e transformationes reciprocal, in vice de un simple substituition de un cultura per un altere.

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Occidentalisation]]
[[Categoria:Globalisation]]
[[Categoria:Cultura occidental]]
[[Categoria:Acculturation]]
[[Categoria:Historia cultural]]</text>
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      <comment>Interlingvisto ha renominate le pagina [[Imperalismo]] a [[Imperialismo]]</comment>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “[[Categoria:Cortes Generales|Espanzza]] [[Categoria:Organisation politic de Espania]] [[Categoria:Carrera de San Jeronimo]] [[Categoria:Cameras basse]]”</comment>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}  Le '''Aqueducto de Segovia''' es un aqueducto roman situate in le citate de [[Segovia]], in [[Castilla e Leon]], construite pro transportar aqua desde le montanias del [[Sierra de Guadarrama]] usque al area urban. Le monumento, un del obras de ingenieria civil roman plus ben conservate, ha devenite le principal symbolo de Segovia. Le '''Citate Vetule de Segovia e su Aqueducto''' esseva inscribite in le [[Lista del Patrimonio Mundial]] de...”</comment>
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Le '''Aqueducto de Segovia''' es un aqueducto roman situate in le citate de [[Segovia]], in [[Castilla e Leon]], construite pro transportar aqua desde le montanias del [[Sierra de Guadarrama]] usque al area urban. Le monumento, un del obras de ingenieria civil roman plus ben conservate, ha devenite le principal symbolo de Segovia. Le '''Citate Vetule de Segovia e su Aqueducto''' esseva inscribite in le [[Lista del Patrimonio Mundial]] del [[UNESCO]] in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

Le data exacte del construction non es cognoscite con certezza, proque le monumento non conserva un inscription que permitterea datar lo directemente. Le fontes historic e archeologic lo situa generalmente inter le secunde parte del seculo I e le initio del seculo II, durante le periodo del dinastia Flavia o sub le imperator [[Trajano]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/lugares-interes/acueducto-segovia/ |title=Acueducto de Segovia. Romano. Información |publisher=Spain.info |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le construction corresponde al expansion del citate roman de Segovia, que requireva un alimentation de aqua plus regular. Le aqueducto transportava le aqua desde un fonte in le Sierra de Guadarrama verso le citate, ubi illo alimentava cisternas, fontes e altere infrastructuras hydric.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/311 |title=Ciudad vieja y acueducto de Segovia |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Percurso del aqua ==

Le percurso total del aqueducto es de circa 16 kilometros. Le aqua proveniva del area de La Acebeda e esseva captate e conduquite per un systema de canales usque al citate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/arquitectura-civil/obras-de-ingenieria/acueducto |title=Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le aqua passava per un serie de structures destinate a su purification e regulation. Inter illos se trova le cisterna cognoscite como '''El Caserón''' e un secunde construction appellate '''Casa de Aguas''', ubi le aqua poteva decantar e perder parte del materias solide ante continuar su percurso verso Segovia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arqueria ==

Le parte plus celebre es le grande arqueria que travessa le depression del terreno in le area del [[Plaza del Azoguejo]]. Le percurso del arqueria es de circa 959 metros e le construction attinge un altitude maxime de 28,10 metros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/arquitectura-civil/obras-de-ingenieria/acueducto |title=Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arqueria comprende '''167 arcos''' distribuite in un o duo ordines secundo le topographia. In le zona central, ubi le terreno es plus profunde, le aqueducto presenta su caracteristic duo filas superposate de arcos, que permitte mantener le canal superior al altitude necessari pro le fluxo del aqua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/lugares-interes/acueducto-segovia/ |title=Acueducto de Segovia. Romano. Información |publisher=Spain.info |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Construction ==

Le aqueducto es construite principalemente con grande blocos de [[granito]]. Un del aspectos plus notabile es le absentia de argamassa o cemento inter le blocos: illos es apposite e equilibrate de maniera que le peso e le distribution del forces mantene le structura stabile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/arquitectura-civil/obras-de-ingenieria/acueducto |title=Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le architectura combina le necessitate technic de transportar aqua con un structura monumental. Le pilares del arqueria varia in dimensiones secundo le terreno, e le blocos esseva arrangiate pro resistir le cargas vertical e le pression lateral generate per le arcos.

== Function hydric ==

Le canal superior del aqueducto transportava le aqua con un declive regular usque al citate. Secundo le datos del Ministerio de Cultura, le systema habeva un declive de circa 1 % in un del principal segmentos del percurso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le systema continua a fornir aqua al citate durante multe seculos. Le percurso del canal esseva mantenite e reparate in diverse periodos, e le aqua arrivava usque al parte alte del citate e al area del [[Alcázar de Segovia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/museos/centro-de-interpretacion-del-acueducto |title=Centro de Interpretación del Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conservation medieval e moderne ==

Le aqueducto superviveva le transformationes del citate durante le periodo medieval. Le structura esseva conservate e integrate in le nove urbanisation de Segovia, lo que explica su presentia in le centro historic del citate.

Le monumento ha essite objecto de diverse obras de conservation. Su longe uso como infrastructura hydric contribueva al mantenimento del canal, ma le crescente necessitate de proteger le structura conduceva progressivemente al restriction del circulation e al adoption de medidas de conservation.

== Fin del uso como aqueducto ==

Le aqueducto manteneva un function hydric durante quasi duo millennios. Le uso del structura pro le distribution del aqua al citate continua usque al seculo XX e cessava definitivemente in 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/museos/centro-de-interpretacion-del-acueducto |title=Centro de Interpretación del Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le fin de su function original, le aqueducto deveniva principalmente un monumento historic e cultural. Le conservation del structura es hodie un responsabilitate del institutiones public e es ligate al protection del patrimonio historic de Segovia.

== Patrimonio historic ==
Le Aqueducto de Segovia esseva declarate monumento national in 1884, recognition que contribueva al su protection juridic como patrimonio historic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1985, le UNESCO inscribeva le '''Citate Vetule de Segovia e su Aqueducto''' como Patrimonio Mundial. Le designation include le aqueducto como un elemento fundamental del ensemble historic del citate e recognosce le valor del monumento como testimonio exceptional del civilisation roman e del historia urban de Segovia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/311 |title=Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conservation contemporanee ==
Le Aqueducto es un bene de titularitate municipal. In maio 2026, le Ministerio de Cultura, le Junta de Castilla e Leon e le Ayuntamiento de Segovia signava un accordo de collaboration con un duration initial de quatro annos pro coordinate actiones de conservation preventive, restauration, investigation e diffusion del monumento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ca/actualidad/2026/05/260505-acueducto-segovia.html |title=El Ministerio de Cultura, la Junta de Castilla y León y el Ayuntamiento de Segovia firman un acuerdo de colaboración para la conservación del Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=5 de maio 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le conservation implica etiam le protection del ambiente urban circumstante, proque le aqueducto es directemente integrate in le centro historic de Segovia. Le objective es mantener le integritate del structura e limitar le deterioramento causate per le tempore, le pollution e le pressiones del uso urban e turistic.

== Symbolo de Segovia ==

Le aqueducto es un del principal symbolos de Segovia e appare in le insignias del citate. Su imagine ha essite utilisate in le scudo e le bandera municipal e etiam como marca in monetas producite in le citate durante le historia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/museos/centro-de-interpretacion-del-acueducto |title=Centro de Interpretación del Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le monumental arqueria del Plaza del Azoguejo es etiam un del imagines plus recognoscibile del patrimonio roman in Espania. Le combination de function technic, longevitate e conservation ha convertite le aqueducto in un exemplo international del ingenieria hydric antique.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/acueducto-de-segovia |title=Acueducto de Segovia |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification architectural e historic ==
Le Aqueducto de Segovia illustra le capacitate del architectura roman a combinar infrastructura e monumentalitate. Su grande arcos, construite sin argamassa, ha conservate un structura functionale durante circa duo millennios.

Insimul con le Alcázar e le cathedral, le aqueducto forma un del elementos principal del paisaje historic de Segovia. Le UNESCO considera le citate e su aqueducto un exemplo del interaction de diverse traditiones cultural e architectural in un centro urban conservate durante le seculos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/311 |title=Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Aqueductos romanos]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Segovia]]
[[Categoria:Architectura roman in Espania]]
[[Categoria:Patrimonio Mundial in Espania]]
[[Categoria:Segovia]]</text>
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Le '''Aqueducto de Segovia''' es un aqueducto roman situate in le citate de [[Segovia]], in [[Castilia e Leon]], construite pro transportar aqua desde le montanias del [[Sierra de Guadarrama]] usque al area urban. Le monumento, un del obras de ingenieria civil roman plus ben conservate, ha devenite le principal symbolo de Segovia. Le '''Citate Vetule de Segovia e su Aqueducto''' esseva inscribite in le [[Lista del Patrimonio Mundial]] del [[UNESCO]] in 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==

Le data exacte del construction non es cognoscite con certezza, proque le monumento non conserva un inscription que permitterea datar lo directemente. Le fontes historic e archeologic lo situa generalmente inter le secunde parte del seculo I e le initio del seculo II, durante le periodo del dinastia Flavia o sub le imperator [[Trajano]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/lugares-interes/acueducto-segovia/ |title=Acueducto de Segovia. Romano. Información |publisher=Spain.info |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le construction corresponde al expansion del citate roman de Segovia, que requireva un alimentation de aqua plus regular. Le aqueducto transportava le aqua desde un fonte in le Sierra de Guadarrama verso le citate, ubi illo alimentava cisternas, fontes e altere infrastructuras hydric.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/311 |title=Ciudad vieja y acueducto de Segovia |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Percurso del aqua ==

Le percurso total del aqueducto es de circa 16 kilometros. Le aqua proveniva del area de La Acebeda e esseva captate e conduquite per un systema de canales usque al citate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/arquitectura-civil/obras-de-ingenieria/acueducto |title=Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le aqua passava per un serie de structures destinate a su purification e regulation. Inter illos se trova le cisterna cognoscite como '''El Caserón''' e un secunde construction appellate '''Casa de Aguas''', ubi le aqua poteva decantar e perder parte del materias solide ante continuar su percurso verso Segovia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arqueria ==

Le parte plus celebre es le grande arqueria que travessa le depression del terreno in le area del [[Plaza del Azoguejo]]. Le percurso del arqueria es de circa 959 metros e le construction attinge un altitude maxime de 28,10 metros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/arquitectura-civil/obras-de-ingenieria/acueducto |title=Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le arqueria comprende '''167 arcos''' distribuite in un o duo ordines secundo le topographia. In le zona central, ubi le terreno es plus profunde, le aqueducto presenta su caracteristic duo filas superposate de arcos, que permitte mantener le canal superior al altitude necessari pro le fluxo del aqua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.spain.info/es/lugares-interes/acueducto-segovia/ |title=Acueducto de Segovia. Romano. Información |publisher=Spain.info |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Construction ==

Le aqueducto es construite principalemente con grande blocos de [[granito]]. Un del aspectos plus notabile es le absentia de argamassa o cemento inter le blocos: illos es apposite e equilibrate de maniera que le peso e le distribution del forces mantene le structura stabile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/arquitectura-civil/obras-de-ingenieria/acueducto |title=Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le architectura combina le necessitate technic de transportar aqua con un structura monumental. Le pilares del arqueria varia in dimensiones secundo le terreno, e le blocos esseva arrangiate pro resistir le cargas vertical e le pression lateral generate per le arcos.

== Function hydric ==

Le canal superior del aqueducto transportava le aqua con un declive regular usque al citate. Secundo le datos del Ministerio de Cultura, le systema habeva un declive de circa 1 % in un del principal segmentos del percurso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le systema continua a fornir aqua al citate durante multe seculos. Le percurso del canal esseva mantenite e reparate in diverse periodos, e le aqua arrivava usque al parte alte del citate e al area del [[Alcázar de Segovia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/museos/centro-de-interpretacion-del-acueducto |title=Centro de Interpretación del Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conservation medieval e moderne ==

Le aqueducto superviveva le transformationes del citate durante le periodo medieval. Le structura esseva conservate e integrate in le nove urbanisation de Segovia, lo que explica su presentia in le centro historic del citate.

Le monumento ha essite objecto de diverse obras de conservation. Su longe uso como infrastructura hydric contribueva al mantenimento del canal, ma le crescente necessitate de proteger le structura conduceva progressivemente al restriction del circulation e al adoption de medidas de conservation.

== Fin del uso como aqueducto ==

Le aqueducto manteneva un function hydric durante quasi duo millennios. Le uso del structura pro le distribution del aqua al citate continua usque al seculo XX e cessava definitivemente in 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/museos/centro-de-interpretacion-del-acueducto |title=Centro de Interpretación del Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Post le fin de su function original, le aqueducto deveniva principalmente un monumento historic e cultural. Le conservation del structura es hodie un responsabilitate del institutiones public e es ligate al protection del patrimonio historic de Segovia.

== Patrimonio historic ==
Le Aqueducto de Segovia esseva declarate monumento national in 1884, recognition que contribueva al su protection juridic como patrimonio historic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1985/segovia.html |title=Ciudad Vieja de Segovia y su Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1985, le UNESCO inscribeva le '''Citate Vetule de Segovia e su Aqueducto''' como Patrimonio Mundial. Le designation include le aqueducto como un elemento fundamental del ensemble historic del citate e recognosce le valor del monumento como testimonio exceptional del civilisation roman e del historia urban de Segovia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/311 |title=Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |date=1985 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conservation contemporanee ==
Le Aqueducto es un bene de titularitate municipal. In maio 2026, le Ministerio de Cultura, le Junta de Castilla e Leon e le Ayuntamiento de Segovia signava un accordo de collaboration con un duration initial de quatro annos pro coordinate actiones de conservation preventive, restauration, investigation e diffusion del monumento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/ca/actualidad/2026/05/260505-acueducto-segovia.html |title=El Ministerio de Cultura, la Junta de Castilla y León y el Ayuntamiento de Segovia firman un acuerdo de colaboración para la conservación del Acueducto |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura de España |date=5 de maio 2026 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le conservation implica etiam le protection del ambiente urban circumstante, proque le aqueducto es directemente integrate in le centro historic de Segovia. Le objective es mantener le integritate del structura e limitar le deterioramento causate per le tempore, le pollution e le pressiones del uso urban e turistic.

== Symbolo de Segovia ==

Le aqueducto es un del principal symbolos de Segovia e appare in le insignias del citate. Su imagine ha essite utilisate in le scudo e le bandera municipal e etiam como marca in monetas producite in le citate durante le historia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/acueducto/museos/centro-de-interpretacion-del-acueducto |title=Centro de Interpretación del Acueducto |publisher=Turismo de Segovia |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le monumental arqueria del Plaza del Azoguejo es etiam un del imagines plus recognoscibile del patrimonio roman in Espania. Le combination de function technic, longevitate e conservation ha convertite le aqueducto in un exemplo international del ingenieria hydric antique.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/acueducto-de-segovia |title=Acueducto de Segovia |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification architectural e historic ==
Le Aqueducto de Segovia illustra le capacitate del architectura roman a combinar infrastructura e monumentalitate. Su grande arcos, construite sin argamassa, ha conservate un structura functionale durante circa duo millennios.

Insimul con le Alcázar e le cathedral, le aqueducto forma un del elementos principal del paisaje historic de Segovia. Le UNESCO considera le citate e su aqueducto un exemplo del interaction de diverse traditiones cultural e architectural in un centro urban conservate durante le seculos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/311 |title=Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Aqueductos romanos]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Segovia]]
[[Categoria:Architectura roman in Espania]]
[[Categoria:Patrimonio Mundial in Espania]]
[[Categoria:Segovia]]</text>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} '''HazteOir.org''' (HO) es un association civil espaniol fundate in februario 2001 per [[Ignacio Arsuaga]]. Le organisation se concentra super activismo civic e campanias de pression politic, specialmente in relation con le familia, le vita, le education, le religion e le libertates individual. Secundo su proprie presentation, illo defende «le vita, le familia e le libertate» e es inscrite in le Registro de Associationes del Ministerio...”</comment>
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'''HazteOir.org''' (HO) es un association civil espaniol fundate in februario 2001 per [[Ignacio Arsuaga]]. Le organisation se concentra super activismo civic e campanias de pression politic, specialmente in relation con le familia, le vita, le education, le religion e le libertates individual. Secundo su proprie presentation, illo defende «le vita, le familia e le libertate» e es inscrite in le Registro de Associationes del Ministerio del Interior sub le numero 167.805.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hazteoir.helpscoutdocs.com/article/1423-conocenos |title=¿Qué es HazteOir.org? |publisher=HazteOir.org |date=29 de septembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fundation ==
HazteOir.org esseva fundate in 2001 per Ignacio Arsuaga como un initiative de participation civic per Internet. Su prime activitate esseva centrate super le recolta de signaturas e le invio de messages a governamentos e parlamentarios, con un attention particular a questiones de familia, education e politica social.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://prensa.hazteoir.com/junta-directiva/ |title=Junta Directiva |publisher=HazteOir.org |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation se inspirava in parte in formas de activismo digital ja utilisate in le Stato Unite. In su prime annos, HazteOir cresceva como un rete de voluntarios e participantes que usava le Internet pro coordinar petitiones e campanias public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2005/12/11/domingo/1134276756_850215.html |title=Los católicos se organizan al estilo americano |publisher=El País |date=11 de decembre 2005 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ideario ==
HazteOir presenta se como un organisation in defense del vita, familia, libertate e derectos human. Su ideario es influentiate per un perspective catholic e conservator, e le organisation ha facite campania contra le aborto, le euthanasia e le matrimonio inter personas del mesme sexo, e in favor del libertate de education e del libertate religiose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hazteoir.helpscoutdocs.com/article/1423-conocenos |title=Ideario de HazteOir.org |publisher=HazteOir.org |date=29 de septembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le medios de communication e recercatores ha characterisate le organisation in manieras diverse. Le jornal ''El País'', per exemplo, ha usate le expression «ultracatholic» pro describer su activismo, durante que altere fontes lo situa in le area del derecta conservative o del extreme derecta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/politica/2017/03/01/actualidad/1488365021_706859.html |title=Las campañas de Hazte Oír que mejor definen su ideología |publisher=El País |date=1 de martio 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Activismo digital ==
Le principal instrumento de HazteOir ha essite le activismo per Internet. Le organisation organisa petitiones, recolta signaturas, alertas legislative, campanias de e-mail e communication per retes social pro influentiar le decisiones de governamentos, parlamentarios e altere institutiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hazteoir.helpscoutdocs.com/article/1423-conocenos |title=¿Cómo actúa HazteOir.org? |publisher=HazteOir.org |date=29 de septembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante le annos 2000, iste modello permitteva al organisation de mobilisar participantes super questiones politic sin depender del formas traditional de association e manifestation. Le campanias esseva sovente accompaniate per petitiones public e messages dirigite a representantes politic.

== Familia e matrimonio ==
Durante le governamento de [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]], HazteOir deveniva plus visibile in le opposition al reformas social del periodo. Le organisation participava al mobilisationes contra le [[matrimonio inter personas del mesme sexo]] e contra le reformas del legislation super le aborto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/politica/2017/03/01/actualidad/1488365021_706859.html |title=Las campañas de Hazte Oír que mejor definen su ideología |publisher=El País |date=1 de martio 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In iste contexto, HazteOir usava petitiones, campanias digital e manifestationes pro pressionar le governamento e le parlamentarios. Le organisation considerava le defensa del familia traditional un del elementos central de su activitate.

== ''Derecho a Vivir'' e altere platteformas ==
In 2009 HazteOir promoveva le platteformas '''Derecho a Vivir''', dedicate principalmente al opposition al aborto. Le platteforma organisava campanias, recolta de signaturas e manifestationes public super le question.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/politica/2017/03/01/actualidad/1488365021_706859.html |title=Las campañas de Hazte Oír que mejor definen su ideología |publisher=El País |date=1 de martio 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation ha etiam create o sustenite altere initiativas thematic, includente '''MasLibres.org''', orientate verso le libertate religiose. Iste platteformas permitteva a HazteOir de separar certe campaigns del nomine del association principal.

== CitizenGO ==
In 2013 HazteOir fundava le fundation '''CitizenGO''', con le intention de extender su modello de petitiones e activismo digital al plano international. CitizenGO deveniva un rete de campanias in varie linguas e paises, durante que HazteOir remaneva le organisation associate al activismo civic in Espania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hazteoir.helpscoutdocs.com/article/1423-conocenos |title=¿Qué es HazteOir.org? |publisher=HazteOir.org |date=29 de septembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le duo organisationes comparti activitates e personal in certe areas, ma CitizenGO opera super un escala international. Le relation inter le duo ha contribuite al transformation de HazteOir desde un initiative principalmente espaniol in un parte de un rete plus ample de activismo social conservative.

== Congressos e relationes international ==
HazteOir ha participate in retes international ligate al activismo in favor del familia traditional e del movimento pro-vita. In 2012 le organisation organisava in Madrid le VI Congresso Mundial del Familias, evento que reuniva organisationes e activistas de varie paises.

Le participation in iste retes ha permittite le organisation de establir contactos con gruppos conservative e religiose extra Espania. Le cooperation international ha devenite plus importante post le creation de CitizenGO.

== Campanias public ==
Un del formas plus visibile de activismo de HazteOir es le uso de vehiculos public e pannellos publicitari pro diffunder messages super questiones social e politic. In 2017, un autobus con un message super le identitate sexual e le relation inter sexo e genere deveniva objecto de un grande debatte public in Espania.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/politica/2017/03/01/actualidad/1488365021_706859.html |title=Las campañas de Hazte Oír que mejor definen su ideología |publisher=El País |date=1 de martio 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le campanias public de iste genere ha contribuite a facer HazteOir un organisation recognoscibile in le debatte politic super le familia, le genere, le aborto e le derectos sexual. Le organisation presenta iste campanias como instrumentos de participation civic; criticos lo ha considerate formas de pression politic e de communication polarisante.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://elpais.com/politica/2017/03/01/actualidad/1488365021_706859.html |title=Las campañas de Hazte Oír que mejor definen su ideología |publisher=El País |date=1 de martio 2017 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relationes politic ==
HazteOir non es un partito politic e se presenta como independente de partitos e governamentos. Secundo su proprie ideario, su activitate depende del membros, voluntarios e donatores e non de un organisation politic specific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hazteoir.helpscoutdocs.com/article/1423-conocenos |title=¿Qué es HazteOir.org? |publisher=HazteOir.org |date=29 de septembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamen, le organisation ha intervenite regularmente in debattos politic e ha cercate influentiar parlamentarios e governamentos. Le relationes inter HazteOir e differente sectores del derecta espaniol ha variate secundo le question e le periodo, e le organisation ha etiam criticitate decisiones de partitos conservator quando illos non correspondeva a su positiones.

== Utilitate public ==
In maio 2013, HazteOir esseva declarate association de utilitate public per le Ministerio del Interior. Iste recognition concedeva le regime juridic associate al utilitate public, includente certe avantages fiscal e administrative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-5501 |title=Orden INT/1007/2013, de 21 de mayo |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=21 de maio 2013 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2019 le Ministerio del Interior annunciava le revocation de iste declaration, post reportos administrative que concludeva que le activitate del association non correspondeva al requisitos applicabile al recognition de utilitate public. Le decision esseva contestate per le organisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.interior.gob.es/opencms/es/detalle/articulo/Interior-revoca-la-declaracion-de-utilidad-publica-de-Hazte-Oir/ |title=Interior revoca la declaración de utilidad pública de HazteOir |publisher=Ministerio del Interior |date=2019 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversias ==
Le activitate de HazteOir ha provocate controversias super le modo in que le organisation tracta questiones de genere, sexualitate, aborto e familia. Su campanias ha essite objecto de criticas per organisationes feminista e de defensa del derectos LGTBI, durante que HazteOir presenta se como defensor del libertate de expression, del familia e del vita.

Le organisation ha etiam essite associate in le medios con '''El Yunque''', un organisation catholic mexican. Le natura e le extension de iste relationes ha essite objecto de disputas public e juridic; HazteOir ha negate esser parte de iste organisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2014/11/24/5472cbe8ca4741f73f8b456d.html |title=El Yunque y HazteOir, una relación bajo disputa judicial |publisher=El Mundo |date=24 de novembre 2014 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation contemporanee ==
Actualmente HazteOir continua a operar como association civic in Espania e forma parte del Gruppo CitizenGO. Su activitate combina campanias digital, petitiones, communication public e actiones de participation civic. Le organisation continua a poner le defensa del vita, familia, libertate e religion inter su principales objectivos declarate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://hazteoir.helpscoutdocs.com/article/1423-conocenos |title=¿Qué es HazteOir.org? |publisher=HazteOir.org |date=29 de septembre 2025 |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Organisationes politic de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Activismo politic]]
[[Categoria:Activismo catholic]]
[[Categoria:CitizenGO]]
[[Categoria:Organisationes fundate in 2001]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stato Major del Defensa</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''EMAD''') es le organo del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]] responsabile del planamento e del preparo conjuncte del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]]. Su mission include le preparation del fortia, le elaboration del doctrina militar national, le organisation del Fortia Conjuncte e le planamento e conduction del operationes militar, sub le autoritate del Jefe de Stato Major del...”</comment>
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Le '''Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''EMAD''') es le organo del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]] responsabile del planamento e del preparo conjuncte del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]]. Su mission include le preparation del fortia, le elaboration del doctrina militar national, le organisation del Fortia Conjuncte e le planamento e conduction del operationes militar, sub le autoritate del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD ha su sede in Madrid e constitue le principal organisation del action militar conjuncte del Espania. Su organisation actual es regulat principalmente per le [[Lege Organic de la Defensa National]] e per le [[Ordine DEF/710/2020]], posteriormente modificate per adaptar le structura operative del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020, de 27 de julio, por la que se desarrolla la organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le origine del actual systema de commando conjuncte se trova in le creation del [[Alto Estado Mayor]] in 1939, que centralisava le coordination del principales structuras militar e disponeva de organos de studio e planamento conjuncte. Le evolution del cooperation interarmada e le necessitate de un commandamento operational commun conduceva posteriormente al creation del figura del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa|JEMAD]] in 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD como organisation proprie se consolida durante le reforma del Ministerio de Defensa del annos 1980. Le successive legislation super le organisation del Fortias Armate augmentava le rolo del JEMAD e del structuras conjuncte, specialmente in le contexto del participation espaniol in operationes international e del cooperation con le [[OTAN]] e altere organisationes de securitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functiones ==
Le EMAD prepara le fortia militar e contribue al definition del doctrina militar national. Il coordina le action conjuncte del [[Exercito de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]], e supporta le JEMAD in le planeamento militar e in le conduccion del operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter su altere competentias se trova le coordination del securitate del information e del sistemas de information e telecomunication, le planamento e direction del cartographia militar, e le coordination del sanitate operative. Le EMAD participa etiam in le preparation e execution del operationes conjuncte e combinate con le fortias armate de altere paises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Secundo le organisation establite per le [[Orden DEF/710/2020]], le EMAD comprende le [[Cuartel General del Estado Major del Defensa]], le [[Mando de Operaciones]], le [[Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas]], le [[Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio]] e le [[Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional]]. Directemente subordina al JEMAD se trova tamben le organisations operative permanente e diverse organos national ligate a organisationes international o multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisationes operative permanente include le [[Mando Operativo Terrestre]], le [[Mando Operativo Maritime]], le [[Mando Operativo Aereo]], le [[Mando Operativo Spatial]] e le [[Mando Operativo Ciberespacial]]. Illes constituie le structura per le emprego del capacidades militar in le differente dominios operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cuartel General ==
Le '''Cuartel General del Estado Major del Defensa''' (CGEMAD) provide le support e le consilio necessari al JEMAD pro exercer su competentias. Il comprende le [[Estado Mayor Conjunto de la Defensa]] (EMACON), le Jefatura de Recursos Human, le organos de assistentia e consilio al JEMAD e le Jefatura de Affaires Economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMACON es le principal organo auxiliar del commandamento del JEMAD. Il supporta le definition del strategia militar, le planamento militar, le planamento e conduction strategic del operationes e le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate. Il coordina tamben le activitates general del EMAD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/emacon/ |titulo=Estado Mayor Conjunto de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mando de Operaciones ==
Le '''Mando de Operaciones''' (MOPS) es le organo incaricate de planear e conducer le missiones national e international del Fortias Armate. Il opera in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e coordina le uso del unitates e capacitates designate pro le differente operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD dirige operationes conjuncte in territorio national e in le exterior, e participa in operationes combinate con fortias de paises alliates. Le structura operative se distingue assi del structura organic, le prime essente orientate al uso del fortia e le secunde al preparation de illo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intelligentia militar e ciberdefensa ==
Le '''Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas''' (CIFAS) forma parte del EMAD e contribui al obtention e analyse del information necessari al planeamento e al decision militar. Le '''Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio''' (MCCE) coordina le actiones del Fortias Armate in le dominio ciberespacial e responde al crescente importantia del securitate del sistemas de information e communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le MCCE esseva developpate con le reforma organisation del 2020, que reimplaciava le precedente structuras de cyberdefensa e de sistemas de information e telecommunication del Fortias Armate. Le reforma habeva como objectivo refortiar le capacitate militar in le dominio ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/prensa/noticias/2020/07/listado/200728_nueva_estructura_emad.html |titulo=Defensa establece la nueva organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fecha=28 de julio 2020 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation e doctrina ==
Le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National''' (CESEDEN) es integrate in le EMAD e contribue al formation superior, al studio strategic e al diffusion del cultura de defensa. Le institution participa in le preparation de officiales e in le analyse de questiones ligate al securitate, defense e strategia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD participa tamben in le elaboration e actualisation del doctrina militar conjuncte e combinate, in le identification de necessitates del Fortia Conjuncte e in le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le JEMAD ==
Le '''Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa''' es le autoritate militar que dirige le EMAD e exerce, sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate. Le JEMAD es responsabile del conduction strategic del operationes militar e del coordination del uso conjuncte del fortia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD es assi le principal puncto de coordination del commandamento conjuncte del tres armadas e del differente dominios operative. Le EMAD provide le structura de personal, planification, intelligentia, operationes, formation e supporto que permitte al JEMAD exercere iste functiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes international ==
Le EMAD participa in le organisation e conduction del missiones international del Fortias Armate Espaniol in cooperation con le [[Union Europee]], le [[OTAN]], le [[Nationes Unite]] e altere organisationes e coalitiones. Le participation pote comprender operationes terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, secundo le mandato e le capacitate implicate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In iste contexto, le EMAD coordina tamben le representationes militar espaniol presso organisationes international e le contingentes national integrate in structuras multinational. Isto permitte le integration del Fortias Armate in operationes conjuncte con le fortias de paises alliates e partners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''EMAD''') es le organo del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]] responsabile del planamento e del preparo conjuncte del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]]. Su mission include le preparation del fortia, le elaboration del doctrina militar national, le organisation del Fortia Conjuncte e le planamento e conduction del operationes militar, sub le autoritate del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD ha su sede in Madrid e constitue le principal organisation del action militar conjuncte del Espania. Su organisation actual es regulat principalmente per le [[Lege Organic de la Defensa National]] e per le [[Ordine DEF/710/2020]], posteriormente modificate per adaptar le structura operative del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020, de 27 de julio, por la que se desarrolla la organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le origine del actual systema de commando conjuncte se trova in le creation del [[Alto Estado Mayor]] in 1939, que centralisava le coordination del principales structuras militar e disponeva de organos de studio e planamento conjuncte. Le evolution del cooperation interarmada e le necessitate de un commandamento operational commun conduceva posteriormente al creation del figura del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa|JEMAD]] in 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD como organisation proprie se consolida durante le reforma del Ministerio de Defensa del annos 1980. Le successive legislation super le organisation del Fortias Armate augmentava le rolo del JEMAD e del structuras conjuncte, specialmente in le contexto del participation espaniol in operationes international e del cooperation con le [[OTAN]] e altere organisationes de securitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functiones ==
Le EMAD prepara le fortia militar e contribue al definition del doctrina militar national. Il coordina le action conjuncte del [[Exercito de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]], e supporta le JEMAD in le planeamento militar e in le conduccion del operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter su altere competentias se trova le coordination del securitate del information e del sistemas de information e telecomunication, le planamento e direction del cartographia militar, e le coordination del sanitate operative. Le EMAD participa etiam in le preparation e execution del operationes conjuncte e combinate con le fortias armate de altere paises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Secundo le organisation establite per le [[Orden DEF/710/2020]], le EMAD comprende le [[Cuartel General del Estado Major del Defensa]], le [[Mando de Operaciones]], le [[Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas]], le [[Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio]] e le [[Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional]]. Directemente subordina al JEMAD se trova tamben le organisations operative permanente e diverse organos national ligate a organisationes international o multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisationes operative permanente include le [[Mando Operativo Terrestre]], le [[Mando Operativo Maritime]], le [[Mando Operativo Aereo]], le [[Mando Operativo Spatial]] e le [[Mando Operativo Ciberespacial]]. Illes constituie le structura per le emprego del capacidades militar in le differente dominios operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Caserna General ==
Le '''Caserna General del Stato Major del Defensa''' (CGEMAD) provide le support e le consilio necessari al JEMAD pro exercer su competentias. Il comprende le [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] (EMACON), le Jefatura de Recursos Human, le organos de assistentia e consilio al JEMAD e le Jefatura de Affaires Economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMACON es le principal organo auxiliar del commandamento del JEMAD. Il supporta le definition del strategia militar, le planamento militar, le planamento e conduction strategic del operationes e le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate. Il coordina tamben le activitates general del EMAD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/emacon/ |titulo=Estado Mayor Conjunto de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mando de Operaciones ==
Le '''Mando de Operaciones''' (MOPS) es le organo incaricate de planear e conducer le missiones national e international del Fortias Armate. Il opera in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e coordina le uso del unitates e capacitates designate pro le differente operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD dirige operationes conjuncte in territorio national e in le exterior, e participa in operationes combinate con fortias de paises alliates. Le structura operative se distingue assi del structura organic, le prime essente orientate al uso del fortia e le secunde al preparation de illo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intelligentia militar e ciberdefensa ==
Le '''Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas''' (CIFAS) forma parte del EMAD e contribui al obtention e analyse del information necessari al planeamento e al decision militar. Le '''Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio''' (MCCE) coordina le actiones del Fortias Armate in le dominio ciberespacial e responde al crescente importantia del securitate del sistemas de information e communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le MCCE esseva developpate con le reforma organisation del 2020, que reimplaciava le precedente structuras de cyberdefensa e de sistemas de information e telecommunication del Fortias Armate. Le reforma habeva como objectivo refortiar le capacitate militar in le dominio ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/prensa/noticias/2020/07/listado/200728_nueva_estructura_emad.html |titulo=Defensa establece la nueva organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fecha=28 de julio 2020 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation e doctrina ==
Le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National''' (CESEDEN) es integrate in le EMAD e contribue al formation superior, al studio strategic e al diffusion del cultura de defensa. Le institution participa in le preparation de officiales e in le analyse de questiones ligate al securitate, defense e strategia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD participa tamben in le elaboration e actualisation del doctrina militar conjuncte e combinate, in le identification de necessitates del Fortia Conjuncte e in le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le JEMAD ==
Le '''Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa''' es le autoritate militar que dirige le EMAD e exerce, sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate. Le JEMAD es responsabile del conduction strategic del operationes militar e del coordination del uso conjuncte del fortia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD es assi le principal puncto de coordination del commandamento conjuncte del tres armadas e del differente dominios operative. Le EMAD provide le structura de personal, planification, intelligentia, operationes, formation e supporto que permitte al JEMAD exercere iste functiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes international ==
Le EMAD participa in le organisation e conduction del missiones international del Fortias Armate Espaniol in cooperation con le [[Union Europee]], le [[OTAN]], le [[Nationes Unite]] e altere organisationes e coalitiones. Le participation pote comprender operationes terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, secundo le mandato e le capacitate implicate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In iste contexto, le EMAD coordina tamben le representationes militar espaniol presso organisationes international e le contingentes national integrate in structuras multinational. Isto permitte le integration del Fortias Armate in operationes conjuncte con le fortias de paises alliates e partners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]</text>
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      <id>700931</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T20:53:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
        <id>60932</id>
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      <text bytes="11434" sha1="2b1q0a5tdrsbw8tkog6gu6ncqnsuisj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''EMAD''') es le organo del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]] responsabile del planamento e del preparo conjuncte del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]]. Su mission include le preparation del fortia, le elaboration del doctrina militar national, le organisation del Fortia Conjuncte e le planamento e conduction del operationes militar, sub le autoritate del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD ha su sede in Madrid e constitue le principal organisation del action militar conjuncte del Espania. Su organisation actual es regulat principalmente per le [[Lege Organic de la Defensa National]] e per le [[Ordine DEF/710/2020]], posteriormente modificate per adaptar le structura operative del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020, de 27 de julio, por la que se desarrolla la organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le origine del actual systema de commando conjuncte se trova in le creation del [[Alto Estado Mayor]] in 1939, que centralisava le coordination del principales structuras militar e disponeva de organos de studio e planamento conjuncte. Le evolution del cooperation interarmada e le necessitate de un commandamento operational commun conduceva posteriormente al creation del figura del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa|JEMAD]] in 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD como organisation proprie se consolida durante le reforma del Ministerio de Defensa del annos 1980. Le successive legislation super le organisation del Fortias Armate augmentava le rolo del JEMAD e del structuras conjuncte, specialmente in le contexto del participation espaniol in operationes international e del cooperation con le [[OTAN]] e altere organisationes de securitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functiones ==
Le EMAD prepara le fortia militar e contribue al definition del doctrina militar national. Il coordina le action conjuncte del [[Exercito de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]], e supporta le JEMAD in le planeamento militar e in le conduccion del operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter su altere competentias se trova le coordination del securitate del information e del sistemas de information e telecomunication, le planamento e direction del cartographia militar, e le coordination del sanitate operative. Le EMAD participa etiam in le preparation e execution del operationes conjuncte e combinate con le fortias armate de altere paises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Secundo le organisation establite per le [[Orden DEF/710/2020]], le EMAD comprende le [[Cuartel General del Estado Major del Defensa]], le [[Mando de Operaciones]], le [[Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas]], le [[Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio]] e le [[Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional]]. Directemente subordina al JEMAD se trova tamben le organisations operative permanente e diverse organos national ligate a organisationes international o multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisationes operative permanente include le [[Mando Operativo Terrestre]], le [[Mando Operativo Maritime]], le [[Mando Operativo Aereo]], le [[Mando Operativo Spatial]] e le [[Mando Operativo Ciberespacial]]. Illes constituie le structura per le emprego del capacidades militar in le differente dominios operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Caserna General ==
Le '''Caserna General del Stato Major del Defensa''' (CGEMAD) provide le support e le consilio necessari al JEMAD pro exercer su competentias. Il comprende le [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] (EMACON), le Jefatura de Recursos Human, le organos de assistentia e consilio al JEMAD e le Jefatura de Affaires Economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMACON es le principal organo auxiliar del commandamento del JEMAD. Il supporta le definition del strategia militar, le planamento militar, le planamento e conduction strategic del operationes e le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate. Il coordina tamben le activitates general del EMAD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/emacon/ |titulo=Estado Mayor Conjunto de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mando de Operaciones ==
Le '''Mando de Operaciones''' (MOPS) es le organo incaricate de planear e conducer le missiones national e international del Fortias Armate. Il opera in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e coordina le uso del unitates e capacitates designate pro le differente operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD dirige operationes conjuncte in territorio national e in le exterior, e participa in operationes combinate con fortias de paises alliates. Le structura operative se distingue assi del structura organic, le prime essente orientate al uso del fortia e le secunde al preparation de illo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intelligentia militar e ciberdefensa ==
Le '''Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas''' (CIFAS) forma parte del EMAD e contribui al obtention e analyse del information necessari al planeamento e al decision militar. Le '''Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio''' (MCCE) coordina le actiones del Fortias Armate in le dominio ciberespacial e responde al crescente importantia del securitate del sistemas de information e communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le MCCE esseva developpate con le reforma organisation del 2020, que reimplaciava le precedente structuras de cyberdefensa e de sistemas de information e telecommunication del Fortias Armate. Le reforma habeva como objectivo refortiar le capacitate militar in le dominio ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/prensa/noticias/2020/07/listado/200728_nueva_estructura_emad.html |titulo=Defensa establece la nueva organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fecha=28 de julio 2020 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation e doctrina ==
Le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National''' (CESEDEN) es integrate in le EMAD e contribue al formation superior, al studio strategic e al diffusion del cultura de defensa. Le institution participa in le preparation de officiales e in le analyse de questiones ligate al securitate, defense e strategia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD participa tamben in le elaboration e actualisation del doctrina militar conjuncte e combinate, in le identification de necessitates del Fortia Conjuncte e in le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le JEMAD ==
Le '''Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa''' es le autoritate militar que dirige le EMAD e exerce, sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate. Le JEMAD es responsabile del conduction strategic del operationes militar e del coordination del uso conjuncte del fortia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD es assi le principal puncto de coordination del commandamento conjuncte del tres armadas e del differente dominios operative. Le EMAD provide le structura de personal, planification, intelligentia, operationes, formation e supporto que permitte al JEMAD exercere iste functiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes international ==
Le EMAD participa in le organisation e conduction del missiones international del Fortias Armate Espaniol in cooperation con le [[Union Europee]], le [[OTAN]], le [[Nationes Unite]] e altere organisationes e coalitiones. Le participation pote comprender operationes terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, secundo le mandato e le capacitate implicate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In iste contexto, le EMAD coordina tamben le representationes militar espaniol presso organisationes international e le contingentes national integrate in structuras multinational. Isto permitte le integration del Fortias Armate in operationes conjuncte con le fortias de paises alliates e partners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Stato Major del Defensa de Espania| ]]
[[Categoria:Unitates militar de Espania]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>700945</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T08:01:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
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      <text bytes="11434" sha1="3o4lnpiib0jb7c54sba6k2tt744iukn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''EMAD''') es le organo del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]] responsabile del planamento e del preparo conjuncte del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]]. Su mission include le preparation del fortia, le elaboration del doctrina militar national, le organisation del Fortia Conjuncte e le planamento e conduction del operationes militar, sub le autoritate del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD ha su sede in Madrid e constitue le principal organisation del action militar conjuncte del Espania. Su organisation actual es regulat principalmente per le [[Lege Organic de la Defensa National]] e per le [[Ordine DEF/710/2020]], posteriormente modificate per adaptar le structura operative del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020, de 27 de julio, por la que se desarrolla la organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le origine del actual systema de commando conjuncte se trova in le creation del [[Alto Estado Mayor]] in 1939, que centralisava le coordination del principales structuras militar e disponeva de organos de studio e planamento conjuncte. Le evolution del cooperation interarmada e le necessitate de un commandamento operational commun conduceva posteriormente al creation del figura del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa|JEMAD]] in 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD como organisation proprie se consolida durante le reforma del Ministerio de Defensa del annos 1980. Le successive legislation super le organisation del Fortias Armate augmentava le rolo del JEMAD e del structuras conjuncte, specialmente in le contexto del participation espaniol in operationes international e del cooperation con le [[OTAN]] e altere organisationes de securitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functiones ==
Le EMAD prepara le fortia militar e contribue al definition del doctrina militar national. Il coordina le action conjuncte del [[Exercito de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]], e supporta le JEMAD in le planeamento militar e in le conduccion del operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter su altere competentias se trova le coordination del securitate del information e del sistemas de information e telecomunication, le planamento e direction del cartographia militar, e le coordination del sanitate operative. Le EMAD participa etiam in le preparation e execution del operationes conjuncte e combinate con le fortias armate de altere paises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Secundo le organisation establite per le [[Orden DEF/710/2020]], le EMAD comprende le [[Cuartel General del Estado Major del Defensa]], le [[Mando de Operaciones]], le [[Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas]], le [[Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio]] e le [[Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional]]. Directemente subordina al JEMAD se trova tamben le organisations operative permanente e diverse organos national ligate a organisationes international o multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisationes operative permanente include le [[Mando Operativo Terrestre]], le [[Mando Operativo Maritime]], le [[Mando Operativo Aereo]], le [[Mando Operativo Spatial]] e le [[Mando Operativo Ciberespacial]]. Illes constituie le structura per le emprego del capacidades militar in le differente dominios operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Caserna General ==
Le '''Caserna General del Stato Major del Defensa''' (CGEMAD) provide le support e le consilio necessari al JEMAD pro exercer su competentias. Il comprende le [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] (EMACON), le Jefatura de Recursos Human, le organos de assistentia e consilio al JEMAD e le Jefatura de Affaires Economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMACON es le principal organo auxiliar del commandamento del JEMAD. Il supporta le definition del strategia militar, le planamento militar, le planamento e conduction strategic del operationes e le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate. Il coordina tamben le activitates general del EMAD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/emacon/ |titulo=Estado Mayor Conjunto de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mando de Operaciones ==
Le '''Mando de Operaciones''' (MOPS) es le organo incaricate de planear e conducer le missiones national e international del Fortias Armate. Il opera in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e coordina le uso del unitates e capacitates designate pro le differente operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD dirige operationes conjuncte in territorio national e in le exterior, e participa in operationes combinate con fortias de paises alliates. Le structura operative se distingue assi del structura organic, le prime essente orientate al uso del fortia e le secunde al preparation de illo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intelligentia militar e ciberdefensa ==
Le '''Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas''' (CIFAS) forma parte del EMAD e contribui al obtention e analyse del information necessari al planeamento e al decision militar. Le '''Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio''' (MCCE) coordina le actiones del Fortias Armate in le dominio ciberespacial e responde al crescente importantia del securitate del sistemas de information e communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le MCCE esseva developpate con le reforma organisation del 2020, que reimplaciava le precedente structuras de cyberdefensa e de sistemas de information e telecommunication del Fortias Armate. Le reforma habeva como objectivo refortiar le capacitate militar in le dominio ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/prensa/noticias/2020/07/listado/200728_nueva_estructura_emad.html |titulo=Defensa establece la nueva organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fecha=28 de julio 2020 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation e doctrina ==
Le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National''' (CESEDEN) es integrate in le EMAD e contribue al formation superior, al studio strategic e al diffusion del cultura de defensa. Le institution participa in le preparation de officiales e in le analyse de questiones ligate al securitate, defense e strategia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD participa tamben in le elaboration e actualisation del doctrina militar conjuncte e combinate, in le identification de necessitates del Fortia Conjuncte e in le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le JEMAD ==
Le Capite de Stato Major del Defensa es le autoritate militar que dirige le EMAD e exerce, sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate. Le JEMAD es responsabile del conduction strategic del operationes militar e del coordination del uso conjuncte del fortia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD es assi le principal puncto de coordination del commandamento conjuncte del tres armadas e del differente dominios operative. Le EMAD provide le structura de personal, planification, intelligentia, operationes, formation e supporto que permitte al JEMAD exercere iste functiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes international ==
Le EMAD participa in le organisation e conduction del missiones international del Fortias Armate Espaniol in cooperation con le [[Union Europee]], le [[OTAN]], le [[Nationes Unite]] e altere organisationes e coalitiones. Le participation pote comprender operationes terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, secundo le mandato e le capacitate implicate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In iste contexto, le EMAD coordina tamben le representationes militar espaniol presso organisationes international e le contingentes national integrate in structuras multinational. Isto permitte le integration del Fortias Armate in operationes conjuncte con le fortias de paises alliates e partners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Stato Major del Defensa de Espania| ]]
[[Categoria:Unitates militar de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''EMAD''') es le organo del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]] responsabile del planamento e del preparo conjuncte del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]]. Su mission include le preparation del fortia, le elaboration del doctrina militar national, le organisation del Fortia Conjuncte e le planamento e conduction del operationes militar, sub le autoritate del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD ha su sede in Madrid e constitue le principal organisation del action militar conjuncte del Espania. Su organisation actual es regulat principalmente per le [[Lege Organic de la Defensa National]] e per le [[Ordine DEF/710/2020]], posteriormente modificate per adaptar le structura operative del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020, de 27 de julio, por la que se desarrolla la organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le origine del actual systema de commando conjuncte se trova in le creation del [[Alto Estado Mayor]] in 1939, que centralisava le coordination del principales structuras militar e disponeva de organos de studio e planamento conjuncte. Le evolution del cooperation interarmada e le necessitate de un commandamento operational commun conduceva posteriormente al creation del figura del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa|JEMAD]] in 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD como organisation proprie se consolida durante le reforma del Ministerio de Defensa del annos 1980. Le successive legislation super le organisation del Fortias Armate augmentava le rolo del JEMAD e del structuras conjuncte, specialmente in le contexto del participation espaniol in operationes international e del cooperation con le [[OTAN]] e altere organisationes de securitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functiones ==
Le EMAD prepara le fortia militar e contribue al definition del doctrina militar national. Il coordina le action conjuncte del [[Exercito de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]], e supporta le JEMAD in le planeamento militar e in le conduccion del operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter su altere competentias se trova le coordination del securitate del information e del sistemas de information e telecomunication, le planamento e direction del cartographia militar, e le coordination del sanitate operative. Le EMAD participa etiam in le preparation e execution del operationes conjuncte e combinate con le fortias armate de altere paises.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Secundo le organisation establite per le [[Orden DEF/710/2020]], le EMAD comprende le [[Cuartel General del Estado Major del Defensa]], le [[Mando de Operaciones]], le [[Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas]], le [[Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio]] e le [[Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional]]. Directemente subordina al JEMAD se trova tamben le organisations operative permanente e diverse organos national ligate a organisationes international o multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2020/07/27/def710/con/20231012 |titulo=Orden DEF/710/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=12 de octobre 2023 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisationes operative permanente include le [[Mando Operativo Terrestre]], le [[Mando Operativo Maritime]], le [[Mando Operativo Aereo]], le [[Mando Operativo Spatial]] e le [[Mando Operativo Ciberespacial]]. Illes constituie le structura per le emprego del capacidades militar in le differente dominios operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Caserna General ==
Le '''Caserna General del Stato Major del Defensa''' (CGEMAD) provide le support e le consilio necessari al JEMAD pro exercer su competentias. Il comprende le [[Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa]] (EMACON), le Jefatura de Recursos Human, le organos de assistentia e consilio al JEMAD e le Jefatura de Affaires Economic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMACON es le principal organo auxiliar del commandamento del JEMAD. Il supporta le definition del strategia militar, le planamento militar, le planamento e conduction strategic del operationes e le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate. Il coordina tamben le activitates general del EMAD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/emacon/ |titulo=Estado Mayor Conjunto de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mando de Operaciones ==
Le '''Mando de Operaciones''' (MOPS) es le organo incaricate de planear e conducer le missiones national e international del Fortias Armate. Il opera in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e coordina le uso del unitates e capacitates designate pro le differente operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD dirige operationes conjuncte in territorio national e in le exterior, e participa in operationes combinate con fortias de paises alliates. Le structura operative se distingue assi del structura organic, le prime essente orientate al uso del fortia e le secunde al preparation de illo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intelligentia militar e ciberdefensa ==
Le '''Centro de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas''' (CIFAS) forma parte del EMAD e contribui al obtention e analyse del information necessari al planeamento e al decision militar. Le '''Mando Conjunto del Ciberespacio''' (MCCE) coordina le actiones del Fortias Armate in le dominio ciberespacial e responde al crescente importantia del securitate del sistemas de information e communication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le MCCE esseva developpate con le reforma organisation del 2020, que reimplaciava le precedente structuras de cyberdefensa e de sistemas de information e telecommunication del Fortias Armate. Le reforma habeva como objectivo refortiar le capacitate militar in le dominio ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/prensa/noticias/2020/07/listado/200728_nueva_estructura_emad.html |titulo=Defensa establece la nueva organización básica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fecha=28 de julio 2020 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Formation e doctrina ==
Le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National''' (CESEDEN) es integrate in le EMAD e contribue al formation superior, al studio strategic e al diffusion del cultura de defensa. Le institution participa in le preparation de officiales e in le analyse de questiones ligate al securitate, defense e strategia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le EMAD participa tamben in le elaboration e actualisation del doctrina militar conjuncte e combinate, in le identification de necessitates del Fortia Conjuncte e in le transformation del capacitates del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le JEMAD ==
Le Capite de Stato Major del Defensa es le autoritate militar que dirige le EMAD e exerce, sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate. Le JEMAD es responsabile del conduction strategic del operationes militar e del coordination del uso conjuncte del fortia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD es assi le principal puncto de coordination del commandamento conjuncte del tres armadas e del differente dominios operative. Le EMAD provide le structura de personal, planification, intelligentia, operationes, formation e supporto que permitte al JEMAD exercere iste functiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes international ==
Le EMAD participa in le organisation e conduction del missiones international del Fortias Armate Espaniol in cooperation con le [[Union Europee]], le [[OTAN]], le [[Nationes Unite]] e altere organisationes e coalitiones. Le participation pote comprender operationes terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, secundo le mandato e le capacitate implicate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In iste contexto, le EMAD coordina tamben le representationes militar espaniol presso organisationes international e le contingentes national integrate in structuras multinational. Isto permitte le integration del Fortias Armate in operationes conjuncte con le fortias de paises alliates e partners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Estructura del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Stato Major del Defensa de Espania| ]]
[[Categoria:Unitates militar de Espania]]</text>
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    <title>Capite de Stato Major del Defensa</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Capite de Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''JEMAD''') es le principal autoritate militar operative del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]] e le official que exerce le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa. Il dirige tamben le [[Stato Major del Defensa]] (EMAD) e auxilia le Presidente del Governamento e le Ministro de Defensa in le direction strategic del op...”</comment>
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Le '''Capite de Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''JEMAD''') es le principal autoritate militar operative del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]] e le official que exerce le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa. Il dirige tamben le [[Stato Major del Defensa]] (EMAD) e auxilia le Presidente del Governamento e le Ministro de Defensa in le direction strategic del operationes militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cargo es exercite per un official general de las Fortias Armate, nominate per le Rey a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, previo deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le JEMAD ha rango de Secretario de Stato e representa militarmente le Espania ante organisationes international de securitate e defensa, secundo le competentias establite per le legislation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del cargo ==
Le figura del JEMAD nasce como tal in '''1980''', in le contexto del transformation del organisation del defensa espaniol e del progressiva coordination interarme. Le antecedentes se trova in le [[Alte Stato Major]], create in 1939, e in le development del structures conjuncte destinate al studio del doctrina militar e al coordination del tres arme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le creation del JEMAD respondeva al crescente importantia del action conjuncte del [[Exercito de Terra]], del [[Armada Espaniola]] e del [[Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]]. Con le tempore, le cargo assumeva un rolo crescente in le commandamento operational del Fortias Armate e in le participation espaniol in structures multinational de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nomination ==
Le JEMAD es nominate per le '''Rey de Espania''', a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, que es formulate post deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le nomination se insere in le cadena de autoritate politic e militar establite per le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] e le [[Ley Organica de la Defensa National]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le position non substitue le autoritate politic super le defensa. Le Governo dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio; le JEMAD dirige le structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functiones ==
Inter le principal functiones del JEMAD se trova le '''consilio militar al Presidente del Governamento e al Ministro de Defensa''', le assistentia al direction strategic del operationes militar, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate e le conduction strategic del operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-11858 |titulo=Real Decreto 787/2007, de 15 de junio, por el que se regula la estructura operativa de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD participa tamben in le planeamento integral del defensa e propone le capacidades militar necessari pro executar le politica militar. Il determina le objectives strategic militar, emite directives pro le employment del Fortias Armate e supervise le preparation e le disponibilitate operative del unidades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commandamento operative ==
Le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del '''structura operative''' del Fortias Armate. Iste structura es distincte del structura organic del tres arme e es destinate al employment del fortias in missiones militar national e international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisationes operative permanente depende del JEMAD e include, secundo le organisation vigente, commandos correspondentes al dominios terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, assi como le [[Unitate Militar de Emergencias]] quando illo es subordinate operative al EMAD. Le JEMAD pote assignar fortias al operationes national o multinational secundo le decisiones del autoritates competent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stato Major del Defensa ==
Le JEMAD dirige le '''Stato Major del Defensa''', organo que provide le medios de assistentia, consilio e preparation necessari pro le exercitio de su functiones. Le EMAD es incaricate del definition e disveloppamento del strategia militar, del planeamento militar, del planeamento e conduction del operationes e del transformation del Fortia Conjuncte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter le principal organos del EMAD se trova le '''Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa''', le '''Mando de Operationes''', le '''Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate''', le '''Mando Conjuncte del Ciberespacio''' e le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le tres arme ==
Le JEMAD coordina le empleo conjuncte del tres arme sin substituer le commandamento organic de cata un de illos. Le Capite de Stato Major del [[Exercito de Terra]], le [[Capite de Stato Major del Armada]] e le [[Capite de Stato Major del Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]] exerce le commandamento de lor respective arme sub le autoritate del Ministro de Defensa e provide al JEMAD le consilio necessari in lor dominios specific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD contribue assi al preparation del [[Fortia Conjuncte]], formate per elementos del tres arme e per altere unidades que pote esser subordina al structura operative. Su objective es assicurar que le capacidades del differente arme pote esser empleate de maniera conjuncte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes international ==
Le JEMAD participa in le planeamento militar espaniol in le quadro del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]], del [[Nationes Unite]] e de altere organisationes international de securitate e defensa. Le JEMAD representa le Espania ante iste organisationes in le materia militar quando le legislation o le designation official lo establi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In operationes multinational, le JEMAD pote transferer le autoritate super unidades espaniol designate al commandos international correspondente, conformemente al mandato politic e al accordos international applicabile. Le Espania mantene assi un representation militar in le principal structures de cooperation e securitate collective.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF21.pdf |titulo=Organización de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cadena de commandamento ==
Le JEMAD se situa in le cadena de commandamento operative inter le autoritates politic e le commandos operative del Fortias Armate. Le [[Rey de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate secundo le Constitution, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le structura operative, le JEMAD constitue le puncto central de commandamento del fortias conjuncte. Iste separation inter direction politic, preparation organic e empleo operative pretende clarificar le responsabilitates del autoritates civil e militar e facilitar le coordination del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Titulares del cargo ==
Desde le creation del figura in 1980, le cargo ha essite occupate per officiales general proveniente del differente arme del Fortias Armate. Inter le titulares recente se trova Fernando García Sánchez, Fernando Alejandre Martínez, Miguel Ángel Villarroya Vilalta e Teodoro Esteban López Calderón, qui assumeva le cargo in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2021/01/DGC-210126-nombramiento-jemad-lopez-calderon.html |titulo=El Consejo de Ministros aprueba el nombramiento del nuevo JEMAD, Teodoro López Calderón |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2021 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le almirante general ''Teodoro Esteban López Calderón'' exerce actualmente le cargo de JEMAD. Il ha previamente essite Capite de Stato Major del Armada e assumeva le position de JEMAD in januario 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Stato Major del Defensa]]
[[Categoria:Organos militar de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''Capite de Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''JEMAD''') es le principal autoritate militar operative del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]] e le official que exerce le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa. Il dirige tamben le [[Stato Major del Defensa]] (EMAD) e auxilia le Presidente del Governamento e le Ministro de Defensa in le direction strategic del operationes militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cargo es exercite per un official general de las Fortias Armate, nominate per le Rey a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, previo deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le JEMAD ha rango de Secretario de Stato e representa militarmente le Espania ante organisationes international de securitate e defensa, secundo le competentias establite per le legislation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del cargo ==
Le figura del JEMAD nasce como tal in '''1980''', in le contexto del transformation del organisation del defensa espaniol e del progressiva coordination interarme. Le antecedentes se trova in le [[Alte Stato Major]], create in 1939, e in le development del structures conjuncte destinate al studio del doctrina militar e al coordination del tres arme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le creation del JEMAD respondeva al crescente importantia del action conjuncte del [[Exercito de Terra]], del [[Armada Espaniola]] e del [[Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]]. Con le tempore, le cargo assumeva un rolo crescente in le commandamento operational del Fortias Armate e in le participation espaniol in structures multinational de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nomination ==
Le JEMAD es nominate per le '''Rey de Espania''', a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, que es formulate post deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le nomination se insere in le cadena de autoritate politic e militar establite per le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] e le [[Ley Organica de la Defensa National]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le position non substitue le autoritate politic super le defensa. Le Governo dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio; le JEMAD dirige le structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functiones ==
Inter le principal functiones del JEMAD se trova le '''consilio militar al Presidente del Governamento e al Ministro de Defensa''', le assistentia al direction strategic del operationes militar, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate e le conduction strategic del operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-11858 |titulo=Real Decreto 787/2007, de 15 de junio, por el que se regula la estructura operativa de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD participa tamben in le planeamento integral del defensa e propone le capacidades militar necessari pro executar le politica militar. Il determina le objectives strategic militar, emite directives pro le employment del Fortias Armate e supervise le preparation e le disponibilitate operative del unidades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commandamento operative ==
Le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del '''structura operative''' del Fortias Armate. Iste structura es distincte del structura organic del tres arme e es destinate al employment del fortias in missiones militar national e international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisationes operative permanente depende del JEMAD e include, secundo le organisation vigente, commandos correspondentes al dominios terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, assi como le [[Unitate Militar de Emergencias]] quando illo es subordinate operative al EMAD. Le JEMAD pote assignar fortias al operationes national o multinational secundo le decisiones del autoritates competent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stato Major del Defensa ==
Le JEMAD dirige le '''Stato Major del Defensa''', organo que provide le medios de assistentia, consilio e preparation necessari pro le exercitio de su functiones. Le EMAD es incaricate del definition e disveloppamento del strategia militar, del planeamento militar, del planeamento e conduction del operationes e del transformation del Fortia Conjuncte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter le principal organos del EMAD se trova le '''Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa''', le '''Mando de Operationes''', le '''Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate''', le '''Mando Conjuncte del Ciberespacio''' e le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le tres arme ==
Le JEMAD coordina le empleo conjuncte del tres arme sin substituer le commandamento organic de cata un de illos. Le Capite de Stato Major del [[Exercito de Terra]], le [[Capite de Stato Major del Armada]] e le [[Capite de Stato Major del Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]] exerce le commandamento de lor respective arme sub le autoritate del Ministro de Defensa e provide al JEMAD le consilio necessari in lor dominios specific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD contribue assi al preparation del [[Fortia Conjuncte]], formate per elementos del tres arme e per altere unidades que pote esser subordina al structura operative. Su objective es assicurar que le capacidades del differente arme pote esser empleate de maniera conjuncte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes international ==
Le JEMAD participa in le planeamento militar espaniol in le quadro del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]], del [[Nationes Unite]] e de altere organisationes international de securitate e defensa. Le JEMAD representa le Espania ante iste organisationes in le materia militar quando le legislation o le designation official lo establi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In operationes multinational, le JEMAD pote transferer le autoritate super unidades espaniol designate al commandos international correspondente, conformemente al mandato politic e al accordos international applicabile. Le Espania mantene assi un representation militar in le principal structures de cooperation e securitate collective.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF21.pdf |titulo=Organización de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cadena de commandamento ==
Le JEMAD se situa in le cadena de commandamento operative inter le autoritates politic e le commandos operative del Fortias Armate. Le [[Rey de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate secundo le Constitution, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le structura operative, le JEMAD constitue le puncto central de commandamento del fortias conjuncte. Iste separation inter direction politic, preparation organic e empleo operative pretende clarificar le responsabilitates del autoritates civil e militar e facilitar le coordination del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Titulares del cargo ==
Desde le creation del figura in 1980, le cargo ha essite occupate per officiales general proveniente del differente arme del Fortias Armate. Inter le titulares recente se trova Fernando García Sánchez, Fernando Alejandre Martínez, Miguel Ángel Villarroya Vilalta e Teodoro Esteban López Calderón, qui assumeva le cargo in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2021/01/DGC-210126-nombramiento-jemad-lopez-calderon.html |titulo=El Consejo de Ministros aprueba el nombramiento del nuevo JEMAD, Teodoro López Calderón |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2021 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le almirante general ''Teodoro Esteban López Calderón'' exerce actualmente le cargo de JEMAD. Il ha previamente essite Capite de Stato Major del Armada e assumeva le position de JEMAD in januario 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Stato Major del Defensa]]
[[Categoria:Organos militar de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''Capite de Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''JEMAD''') es le principal autoritate militar operative del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]] e le official que exerce le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa. Il dirige tamben le [[Stato Major del Defensa]] (EMAD) e auxilia le Presidente del Governamento e le Ministro de Defensa in le direction strategic del operationes militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cargo es exercite per un official general de las Fortias Armate, nominate per le Rege a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, previo deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le JEMAD ha rango de Secretario de Stato e representa militarmente le Espania ante organisationes international de securitate e defensa, secundo le competentias establite per le legislation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del cargo ==
Le figura del JEMAD nasce como tal in '''1980''', in le contexto del transformation del organisation del defensa espaniol e del progressiva coordination interarme. Le antecedentes se trova in le [[Alte Stato Major]], create in 1939, e in le development del structures conjuncte destinate al studio del doctrina militar e al coordination del tres arme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le creation del JEMAD respondeva al crescente importantia del action conjuncte del [[Exercito de Terra]], del [[Armada Espaniola]] e del [[Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]]. Con le tempore, le cargo assumeva un rolo crescente in le commandamento operational del Fortias Armate e in le participation espaniol in structures multinational de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nomination ==
Le JEMAD es nominate per le '''Rege de Espania''', a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, que es formulate post deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le nomination se insere in le cadena de autoritate politic e militar establite per le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] e le [[Ley Organica de la Defensa National]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le position non substitue le autoritate politic super le defensa. Le Governo dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio; le JEMAD dirige le structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functiones ==
Inter le principal functiones del JEMAD se trova le '''consilio militar al Presidente del Governamento e al Ministro de Defensa''', le assistentia al direction strategic del operationes militar, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate e le conduction strategic del operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-11858 |titulo=Real Decreto 787/2007, de 15 de junio, por el que se regula la estructura operativa de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD participa tamben in le planeamento integral del defensa e propone le capacidades militar necessari pro executar le politica militar. Il determina le objectives strategic militar, emite directives pro le employment del Fortias Armate e supervise le preparation e le disponibilitate operative del unidades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commandamento operative ==
Le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del '''structura operative''' del Fortias Armate. Iste structura es distincte del structura organic del tres arme e es destinate al employment del fortias in missiones militar national e international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisationes operative permanente depende del JEMAD e include, secundo le organisation vigente, commandos correspondentes al dominios terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, assi como le [[Unitate Militar de Emergencias]] quando illo es subordinate operative al EMAD. Le JEMAD pote assignar fortias al operationes national o multinational secundo le decisiones del autoritates competent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stato Major del Defensa ==
Le JEMAD dirige le '''Stato Major del Defensa''', organo que provide le medios de assistentia, consilio e preparation necessari pro le exercitio de su functiones. Le EMAD es incaricate del definition e disveloppamento del strategia militar, del planeamento militar, del planeamento e conduction del operationes e del transformation del Fortia Conjuncte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter le principal organos del EMAD se trova le '''Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa''', le '''Mando de Operationes''', le '''Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate''', le '''Mando Conjuncte del Ciberespacio''' e le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le tres arme ==
Le JEMAD coordina le empleo conjuncte del tres arme sin substituer le commandamento organic de cata un de illos. Le Capite de Stato Major del [[Exercito de Terra]], le [[Capite de Stato Major del Armada]] e le [[Capite de Stato Major del Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]] exerce le commandamento de lor respective arme sub le autoritate del Ministro de Defensa e provide al JEMAD le consilio necessari in lor dominios specific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD contribue assi al preparation del [[Fortia Conjuncte]], formate per elementos del tres arme e per altere unidades que pote esser subordina al structura operative. Su objective es assicurar que le capacidades del differente arme pote esser empleate de maniera conjuncte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes international ==
Le JEMAD participa in le planeamento militar espaniol in le quadro del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]], del [[Nationes Unite]] e de altere organisationes international de securitate e defensa. Le JEMAD representa le Espania ante iste organisationes in le materia militar quando le legislation o le designation official lo establi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In operationes multinational, le JEMAD pote transferer le autoritate super unidades espaniol designate al commandos international correspondente, conformemente al mandato politic e al accordos international applicabile. Le Espania mantene assi un representation militar in le principal structures de cooperation e securitate collective.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF21.pdf |titulo=Organización de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cadena de commandamento ==
Le JEMAD se situa in le cadena de commandamento operative inter le autoritates politic e le commandos operative del Fortias Armate. Le [[Rege de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate secundo le Constitution, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le structura operative, le JEMAD constitue le puncto central de commandamento del fortias conjuncte. Iste separation inter direction politic, preparation organic e empleo operative pretende clarificar le responsabilitates del autoritates civil e militar e facilitar le coordination del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Titulares del cargo ==
Desde le creation del figura in 1980, le cargo ha essite occupate per officiales general proveniente del differente arme del Fortias Armate. Inter le titulares recente se trova Fernando García Sánchez, Fernando Alejandre Martínez, Miguel Ángel Villarroya Vilalta e Teodoro Esteban López Calderón, qui assumeva le cargo in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2021/01/DGC-210126-nombramiento-jemad-lopez-calderon.html |titulo=El Consejo de Ministros aprueba el nombramiento del nuevo JEMAD, Teodoro López Calderón |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2021 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le almirante general ''Teodoro Esteban López Calderón'' exerce actualmente le cargo de JEMAD. Il ha previamente essite Capite de Stato Major del Armada e assumeva le position de JEMAD in januario 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Stato Major del Defensa]]
[[Categoria:Organos militar de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''Capite de Stato Major del Defensa''' ('''JEMAD''') es le principal autoritate militar operative del [[Fortias Armate de Espania|Fortias Armate Espaniol]] e le official que exerce le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro de Defensa. Il dirige tamben le [[Stato Major del Defensa]] (EMAD) e auxilia le Presidente del Governamento e le Ministro de Defensa in le direction strategic del operationes militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le cargo es exercite per un official general de las Fortias Armate, nominate per le Rege a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, previo deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le JEMAD ha rango de Secretario de Stato e representa militarmente le Espania ante organisationes international de securitate e defensa, secundo le competentias establite per le legislation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Defensa |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine del cargo ==
Le figura del JEMAD nasce como tal in '''1980''', in le contexto del transformation del organisation del defensa espaniol e del progressiva coordination interarme. Le antecedentes se trova in le [[Alte Stato Major]], create in 1939, e in le development del structures conjuncte destinate al studio del doctrina militar e al coordination del tres arme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le creation del JEMAD respondeva al crescente importantia del action conjuncte del [[Exercito de Terra]], del [[Armada Espaniola]] e del [[Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]]. Con le tempore, le cargo assumeva un rolo crescente in le commandamento operational del Fortias Armate e in le participation espaniol in structures multinational de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/emad/estructura_cg_emad/ |titulo=Reseña histórica del Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nomination ==
Le JEMAD es nominate per le '''Rege de Espania''', a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, que es formulate post deliberation del Consilio de Ministros. Le nomination se insere in le cadena de autoritate politic e militar establite per le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] e le [[Ley Organica de la Defensa National]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le position non substitue le autoritate politic super le defensa. Le Governo dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio; le JEMAD dirige le structura operative del Fortias Armate sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functiones ==
Inter le principal functiones del JEMAD se trova le '''consilio militar al Presidente del Governamento e al Ministro de Defensa''', le assistentia al direction strategic del operationes militar, le commandamento del structura operative del Fortias Armate e le conduction strategic del operationes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-11858 |titulo=Real Decreto 787/2007, de 15 de junio, por el que se regula la estructura operativa de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD participa tamben in le planeamento integral del defensa e propone le capacidades militar necessari pro executar le politica militar. Il determina le objectives strategic militar, emite directives pro le employment del Fortias Armate e supervise le preparation e le disponibilitate operative del unidades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commandamento operative ==
Le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del '''structura operative''' del Fortias Armate. Iste structura es distincte del structura organic del tres arme e es destinate al employment del fortias in missiones militar national e international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisationes operative permanente depende del JEMAD e include, secundo le organisation vigente, commandos correspondentes al dominios terrestre, maritime, aeree, spatial e ciberespacial, assi como le [[Unitate Militar de Emergencias]] quando illo es subordinate operative al EMAD. Le JEMAD pote assignar fortias al operationes national o multinational secundo le decisiones del autoritates competent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Stato Major del Defensa ==
Le JEMAD dirige le '''Stato Major del Defensa''', organo que provide le medios de assistentia, consilio e preparation necessari pro le exercitio de su functiones. Le EMAD es incaricate del definition e disveloppamento del strategia militar, del planeamento militar, del planeamento e conduction del operationes e del transformation del Fortia Conjuncte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/emad/index.html |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter le principal organos del EMAD se trova le '''Stato Major Conjuncte del Defensa''', le '''Mando de Operationes''', le '''Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate''', le '''Mando Conjuncte del Ciberespacio''' e le '''Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa National'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le tres arme ==
Le JEMAD coordina le empleo conjuncte del tres arme sin substituer le commandamento organic de cata un de illos. Le Capite de Stato Major del [[Exercito de Terra]], le [[Capite de Stato Major del Armada]] e le [[Capite de Stato Major del Exercito del Aire e del Spatio]] exerce le commandamento de lor respective arme sub le autoritate del Ministro de Defensa e provide al JEMAD le consilio necessari in lor dominios specific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le JEMAD contribue assi al preparation del [[Fortia Conjuncte]], formate per elementos del tres arme e per altere unidades que pote esser subordina al structura operative. Su objective es assicurar que le capacidades del differente arme pote esser empleate de maniera conjuncte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes international ==
Le JEMAD participa in le planeamento militar espaniol in le quadro del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]], del [[Nationes Unite]] e de altere organisationes international de securitate e defensa. Le JEMAD representa le Espania ante iste organisationes in le materia militar quando le legislation o le designation official lo establi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2024/BOE-A-2024-3791-consolidado.pdf |titulo=Real Decreto 205/2024, de 27 de febrero |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In operationes multinational, le JEMAD pote transferer le autoritate super unidades espaniol designate al commandos international correspondente, conformemente al mandato politic e al accordos international applicabile. Le Espania mantene assi un representation militar in le principal structures de cooperation e securitate collective.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF21.pdf |titulo=Organización de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cadena de commandamento ==
Le JEMAD se situa in le cadena de commandamento operative inter le autoritates politic e le commandos operative del Fortias Armate. Le [[Rege de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate secundo le Constitution, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa e le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cadenamando/index.html |titulo=Cadena de Mando |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In le structura operative, le JEMAD constitue le puncto central de commandamento del fortias conjuncte. Iste separation inter direction politic, preparation organic e empleo operative pretende clarificar le responsabilitates del autoritates civil e militar e facilitar le coordination del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Titulares del cargo ==
Desde le creation del figura in 1980, le cargo ha essite occupate per officiales general proveniente del differente arme del Fortias Armate. Inter le titulares recente se trova Fernando García Sánchez, Fernando Alejandre Martínez, Miguel Ángel Villarroya Vilalta e Teodoro Esteban López Calderón, qui assumeva le cargo in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2021/01/DGC-210126-nombramiento-jemad-lopez-calderon.html |titulo=El Consejo de Ministros aprueba el nombramiento del nuevo JEMAD, Teodoro López Calderón |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2021 |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le almirante general ''Teodoro Esteban López Calderón'' exerce actualmente le cargo de JEMAD. Il ha previamente essite Capite de Stato Major del Armada e assumeva le position de JEMAD in januario 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/ministerio/organigrama/emad/ |titulo=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=25 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Stato Major del Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organos militar de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''Fortias Armate de Espania''' ('''FAS''') son le institution militar del [[Espania|Stato espaniol]] incaricate de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|ordine constitutional]]. Illas es constituite principalmente per le [[Armea de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Armea del Aire e del Spatio]], e opera sub le direction del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e le direction operative del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Constitution establi que le [[Rey de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica interior e exterior, le Administration civil e militar e le defensa del Stato. Le bases del organisation militar es regulate per le [[Lege Organic del Defensa National]] e per le legislation que disveloppa su dispositiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Fortias Armate contemporanee son le resultato del transformation del institutiones militar espaniol durante le seculo XX e le periodo democratic. Le Constitution de 1978 establi le quadro actual del defensa national e assigna al Fortias Armate le mission de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del pais, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |titulo=Constitución Española de 1978 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate esseva un importante transformation del periodo democratic. Le servizio militar obligatori esseva suspendite in 2001 e le Fortias Armate deveniva un institution basate super personal professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration progressive del Espania in le structures de securitate international, particularmente le [[OTAN]] e le [[Union Europee]], ha etiam transformate le organisation, le preparation e le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Le Fortias Armate es organise in duo structuras complementari: un '''structura organic''', destinate al preparation del fortia, e un '''structura operative''', destinate al emprego del capacidades militar in le missiones assignate. Le prime es principalmente sub le responsabilitate del Jefes de Stato Major del tres arme; le secunde es sub le commandamento del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa]] (JEMAD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation operational es destinate al action '''conjuncte''', con le participation del diverse arme espaniol, e al action combinate, in cooperation con Fortias Armate de altere paises. Le principio de unitate de commandamento es le base del structura operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea de Terra ==
Le Armea de Terra constitue le componente terrestre del Fortias Armate e es incaricate del preparation del unidades e capacidades destinate al operationes terrestre. Il mantene un presentia permanente in le territorio peninsular, insular e in le territorios espaniol del Africa del Nord, e participa tamben in missiones international e in operationes de supporto al autoritates civil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation comprende le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le Forza include le unidades operative terrestre que se prepara pro esser empleate in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e in operationes conjuncte e multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armada ==
Le Armada Espaniola es le componente maritime del Fortias Armate. Su missiones comprende le preparation e employment de capacidades naval, le protection del spatio maritime de interesse national, le securitate del communicationes maritime e le participation in operationes international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Armada participa etiam in missiones de auxilio e salvamento, protection del rutas maritime e infrastructuras critic, cooperation con altere institutiones del Stato e operationes scientific e logistic, inter le quales se trova le supporto al activitates scientific in le Antarctica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://armada.defensa.gob.es/ |titulo=Armada Española |autor=Armada Española |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea del Aire e del Spatio ==
Le Armea del Aire e del Spatio es le componente aeree e spatial del Fortias Armate. Su mission include le defensa e securitate del spatio aeree espaniol e le development de capacidades ligate al dominio spatial, assi como le participation in operationes international e missiones de salvamento e auxilio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ea/ |titulo=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation include le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le [[Mando del Spatio]] coordina le capacidades crescente del arme in le dominio spatial, incluse le vigilancia, controllo e operation del spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ejercitodelaireydelespacio.defensa.gob.es/EA/ejercitodelaire/es/Aire-y-Espacio/Organizacion/ |titulo=Organización del Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corpos commun del Defensa ==
Al latere del tres arme existe le '''Corpos commun del Defensa''', que provide servicios specialisate al insimul del Fortias Armate. Illos include personal e specialisticas in domaines como sanitate, justitia, intervention economic e functiones juridic e technic.

Iste corps permitte centralisar functiones que non necessita esser exclusive a un arme e facilita le provision de servicios commun al organisation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unidad Militar de Emergencias ==
Le Unidad Militar de Emergencias (UME) es un fortia conjuncte permanente integrate per personal del Armea de Terra, del Armada e del Armea del Aire e del Spatio. Illa esseva create per accordo del Consilio de Ministros del 7 de octobre 2005 pro meliorar le capacitate del Stato de responder al emergentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le UME interveni in le territorio national in casos de grave risco, catastropha, calamitate o altere necessitates public, in cooperation con le institutiones del Stato e le Administrationes Public. Su function include interventiones in incendios forestal, inundationes, nevadas, contaminations e altere emergentias major.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones ==
Secundo le [[Lege Organic 5/2005]], le mission principal del Fortias Armate es garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional. Illas contribue tamben al securitate e defensa del Espania e de su allies in le quadro del organisationes international, al mantenimento del pace e stabilitate e al auxilio humanitari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le legislation include tamben le protection del securitate e benesser del citatanos in situationes de grave risco o catastropha, assi como le possibilitate de effectuar operationes de evacuation de espanioles residente in le exterior quando lor vita o interesses es gravemente menaçate per le instabilitate del pais ubi illes se trova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones permanente ==
Le Fortias Armate mantene permanentemente unidades destinate al vigilancia e securitate del spacios terrestre, maritime e aeree de sovranitate, responsabilitate o interesse national. Le structura operative include le Mando Operative Terrestre, le Mando Operative Maritime, le Mando Operative Aeroespacial e le Mando Operative Ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste operationes comprende le vigilancia del fronteras e del mar territorial, le controllo del spatio aeree, le protection de infrastructuras e communicationes critic e le vigilancia del dominio ciberespacial. Illas constitue un activitate continue del structura operative, independientemente del participation in operationes exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes exterior ==
Le Fortias Armate Espaniol participa in missiones international in le quadro del [[Nationes Unite]], del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]] e de altere accordos e coalitiones international. Le missiones pote esser orientate al mantenimento del pace, dissuasion, defensa collective, stabilisation, auxilio humanitari o supporto a altere fortias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante 2025, circa 21 696 militar espaniol participava in al minus un contingente del 14 missiones exterior, con un participation additional in le mission EUMAM, que se realiza in territorio espaniol. In 2026, le missiones exterior include participation in le structures del OTAN e del Union Europee e in operationes maritime e terrestre in diverse regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260126-comparecencia-congreso.html |titulo=Cerca de 22.000 militares han participado en misiones en el exterior durante 2025 |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal ==
Le Fortias Armate es constituite per personal militar professional, comprendente officiales, subofficiales e militar de tropa e marineria, insimul con le personal del Corps commun. Le planification del Defensa prevede un objective de 127 500 militar in servicio active in 2029; pro 2026 le Administration ha establite 11 913 nove plazas de recrutement e formation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260115-incremento-efectivos.html |titulo=El Ministerio de Defensa cumple su objetivo de incremento de efectivos |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=15 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate ha transformate tamben le relation inter le institution militar e le societate. Le formation, le instruction, le preparation physical e technica e le adaptation al nove dominios, includente le ciberespacio e le spatio, constitue partes central del preparation del personal militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Control civil e parlamentar ==
Le Fortias Armate opera sub le direction del autoritates civil establite per le Constitution e le legislation. Le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa, le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio e le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del structura operative sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Congresso del Deputatos]] participa in le control parlamentar del operationes exterior. Le Lege Organic de la Defensa National establi conditiones pro le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes fora del territorio national e regula le information e sequimento parlamentar de iste missiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le societate ==
Oltre le defense militar, le Fortias Armate presta supporto al autoritates civil in situationes que necessita capacidades specialisate. Le UME representa le principal structura permanente pro le intervention in catastropha, mentre le tres arme participa tamben in operationes de salvamento, transporto, supporto logistic, protection del territorio e altere missiones public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fortias Armate contribue assi al formation e diffusion del cultura de defensa, al cooperation scientific e technologic e al participation del Espania in projectos multinational de securitate e defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cultura-defensa/ |titulo=Cultura de Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="15678" sha1="42bffhne77w8c491yo7jknbspyy0d3k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Fortias Armate de Espania''' ('''FAS''') son le institution militar del [[Espania|Stato espaniol]] incaricate de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|ordine constitutional]]. Illas es constituite principalmente per le [[Armea de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Armea del Aire e del Spatio]], e opera sub le direction del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e le direction operative del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Constitution establi que le [[Rey de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica interior e exterior, le Administration civil e militar e le defensa del Stato. Le bases del organisation militar es regulate per le [[Lege Organic del Defensa National]] e per le legislation que disveloppa su dispositiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Fortias Armate contemporanee son le resultato del transformation del institutiones militar espaniol durante le seculo XX e le periodo democratic. Le Constitution de 1978 establi le quadro actual del defensa national e assigna al Fortias Armate le mission de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del pais, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |titulo=Constitución Española de 1978 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate esseva un importante transformation del periodo democratic. Le servizio militar obligatori esseva suspendite in 2001 e le Fortias Armate deveniva un institution basate super personal professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration progressive del Espania in le structures de securitate international, particularmente le [[OTAN]] e le [[Union Europee]], ha etiam transformate le organisation, le preparation e le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Le Fortias Armate es organise in duo structuras complementari: un '''structura organic''', destinate al preparation del fortia, e un '''structura operative''', destinate al emprego del capacidades militar in le missiones assignate. Le prime es principalmente sub le responsabilitate del Jefes de Stato Major del tres arme; le secunde es sub le commandamento del [[Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa]] (JEMAD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation operational es destinate al action '''conjuncte''', con le participation del diverse arme espaniol, e al action combinate, in cooperation con Fortias Armate de altere paises. Le principio de unitate de commandamento es le base del structura operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea de Terra ==
Le Armea de Terra constitue le componente terrestre del Fortias Armate e es incaricate del preparation del unidades e capacidades destinate al operationes terrestre. Il mantene un presentia permanente in le territorio peninsular, insular e in le territorios espaniol del Africa del Nord, e participa tamben in missiones international e in operationes de supporto al autoritates civil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation comprende le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le Forza include le unidades operative terrestre que se prepara pro esser empleate in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e in operationes conjuncte e multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armada ==
Le Armada Espaniola es le componente maritime del Fortias Armate. Su missiones comprende le preparation e employment de capacidades naval, le protection del spatio maritime de interesse national, le securitate del communicationes maritime e le participation in operationes international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Armada participa etiam in missiones de auxilio e salvamento, protection del rutas maritime e infrastructuras critic, cooperation con altere institutiones del Stato e operationes scientific e logistic, inter le quales se trova le supporto al activitates scientific in le Antarctica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://armada.defensa.gob.es/ |titulo=Armada Española |autor=Armada Española |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea del Aire e del Spatio ==
Le Armea del Aire e del Spatio es le componente aeree e spatial del Fortias Armate. Su mission include le defensa e securitate del spatio aeree espaniol e le development de capacidades ligate al dominio spatial, assi como le participation in operationes international e missiones de salvamento e auxilio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ea/ |titulo=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation include le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le [[Mando del Spatio]] coordina le capacidades crescente del arme in le dominio spatial, incluse le vigilancia, controllo e operation del spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ejercitodelaireydelespacio.defensa.gob.es/EA/ejercitodelaire/es/Aire-y-Espacio/Organizacion/ |titulo=Organización del Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corpos commun del Defensa ==
Al latere del tres arme existe le '''Corpos commun del Defensa''', que provide servicios specialisate al insimul del Fortias Armate. Illos include personal e specialisticas in domaines como sanitate, justitia, intervention economic e functiones juridic e technic.

Iste corps permitte centralisar functiones que non necessita esser exclusive a un arme e facilita le provision de servicios commun al organisation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unitate Militar de Emergentias ==
Le Unitate Militar de Emergentias (UME) es un fortia conjuncte permanente integrate per personal del Armea de Terra, del Armada e del Armea del Aire e del Spatio. Illa esseva create per accordo del Consilio de Ministros del 7 de octobre 2005 pro meliorar le capacitate del Stato de responder al emergentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le UME interveni in le territorio national in casos de grave risco, catastropha, calamitate o altere necessitates public, in cooperation con le institutiones del Stato e le Administrationes Public. Su function include interventiones in incendios forestal, inundationes, nevadas, contaminations e altere emergentias major.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones ==
Secundo le [[Lege Organic 5/2005]], le mission principal del Fortias Armate es garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional. Illas contribue tamben al securitate e defensa del Espania e de su allies in le quadro del organisationes international, al mantenimento del pace e stabilitate e al auxilio humanitari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le legislation include tamben le protection del securitate e benesser del citatanos in situationes de grave risco o catastropha, assi como le possibilitate de effectuar operationes de evacuation de espanioles residente in le exterior quando lor vita o interesses es gravemente menaçate per le instabilitate del pais ubi illes se trova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones permanente ==
Le Fortias Armate mantene permanentemente unidades destinate al vigilancia e securitate del spacios terrestre, maritime e aeree de sovranitate, responsabilitate o interesse national. Le structura operative include le Mando Operative Terrestre, le Mando Operative Maritime, le Mando Operative Aeroespacial e le Mando Operative Ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste operationes comprende le vigilancia del fronteras e del mar territorial, le controllo del spatio aeree, le protection de infrastructuras e communicationes critic e le vigilancia del dominio ciberespacial. Illas constitue un activitate continue del structura operative, independientemente del participation in operationes exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes exterior ==
Le Fortias Armate Espaniol participa in missiones international in le quadro del [[Nationes Unite]], del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]] e de altere accordos e coalitiones international. Le missiones pote esser orientate al mantenimento del pace, dissuasion, defensa collective, stabilisation, auxilio humanitari o supporto a altere fortias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante 2025, circa 21 696 militar espaniol participava in al minus un contingente del 14 missiones exterior, con un participation additional in le mission EUMAM, que se realiza in territorio espaniol. In 2026, le missiones exterior include participation in le structures del OTAN e del Union Europee e in operationes maritime e terrestre in diverse regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260126-comparecencia-congreso.html |titulo=Cerca de 22.000 militares han participado en misiones en el exterior durante 2025 |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal ==
Le Fortias Armate es constituite per personal militar professional, comprendente officiales, subofficiales e militar de tropa e marineria, insimul con le personal del Corps commun. Le planification del Defensa prevede un objective de 127 500 militar in servicio active in 2029; pro 2026 le Administration ha establite 11 913 nove plazas de recrutement e formation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260115-incremento-efectivos.html |titulo=El Ministerio de Defensa cumple su objetivo de incremento de efectivos |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=15 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate ha transformate tamben le relation inter le institution militar e le societate. Le formation, le instruction, le preparation physical e technica e le adaptation al nove dominios, includente le ciberespacio e le spatio, constitue partes central del preparation del personal militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Control civil e parlamentar ==
Le Fortias Armate opera sub le direction del autoritates civil establite per le Constitution e le legislation. Le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa, le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio e le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del structura operative sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Congresso del Deputatos]] participa in le control parlamentar del operationes exterior. Le Lege Organic de la Defensa National establi conditiones pro le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes fora del territorio national e regula le information e sequimento parlamentar de iste missiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le societate ==
Oltre le defense militar, le Fortias Armate presta supporto al autoritates civil in situationes que necessita capacidades specialisate. Le UME representa le principal structura permanente pro le intervention in catastropha, mentre le tres arme participa tamben in operationes de salvamento, transporto, supporto logistic, protection del territorio e altere missiones public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fortias Armate contribue assi al formation e diffusion del cultura de defensa, al cooperation scientific e technologic e al participation del Espania in projectos multinational de securitate e defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cultura-defensa/ |titulo=Cultura de Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''Fortias Armate de Espania''' ('''FAS''') son le institution militar del [[Espania|Stato espaniol]] incaricate de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|ordine constitutional]]. Illas es constituite principalmente per le [[Armea de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Armea del Aire e del Spatio]], e opera sub le direction del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e le direction operative del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Constitution establi que le [[Rey de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica interior e exterior, le Administration civil e militar e le defensa del Stato. Le bases del organisation militar es regulate per le [[Lege Organic del Defensa National]] e per le legislation que disveloppa su dispositiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Fortias Armate contemporanee son le resultato del transformation del institutiones militar espaniol durante le seculo XX e le periodo democratic. Le Constitution de 1978 establi le quadro actual del defensa national e assigna al Fortias Armate le mission de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del pais, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |titulo=Constitución Española de 1978 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate esseva un importante transformation del periodo democratic. Le servizio militar obligatori esseva suspendite in 2001 e le Fortias Armate deveniva un institution basate super personal professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration progressive del Espania in le structures de securitate international, particularmente le [[OTAN]] e le [[Union Europee]], ha etiam transformate le organisation, le preparation e le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Le Fortias Armate es organise in duo structuras complementari: un '''structura organic''', destinate al preparation del fortia, e un '''structura operative''', destinate al emprego del capacidades militar in le missiones assignate. Le prime es principalmente sub le responsabilitate del Capites de Stato Major del tres arme; le secunde es sub le commandamento del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] (JEMAD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation operational es destinate al action '''conjuncte''', con le participation del diverse arme espaniol, e al action combinate, in cooperation con Fortias Armate de altere paises. Le principio de unitate de commandamento es le base del structura operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea de Terra ==
Le Armea de Terra constitue le componente terrestre del Fortias Armate e es incaricate del preparation del unidades e capacidades destinate al operationes terrestre. Il mantene un presentia permanente in le territorio peninsular, insular e in le territorios espaniol del Africa del Nord, e participa tamben in missiones international e in operationes de supporto al autoritates civil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation comprende le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le Forza include le unidades operative terrestre que se prepara pro esser empleate in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e in operationes conjuncte e multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armada ==
Le Armada Espaniola es le componente maritime del Fortias Armate. Su missiones comprende le preparation e employment de capacidades naval, le protection del spatio maritime de interesse national, le securitate del communicationes maritime e le participation in operationes international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Armada participa etiam in missiones de auxilio e salvamento, protection del rutas maritime e infrastructuras critic, cooperation con altere institutiones del Stato e operationes scientific e logistic, inter le quales se trova le supporto al activitates scientific in le Antarctica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://armada.defensa.gob.es/ |titulo=Armada Española |autor=Armada Española |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea del Aire e del Spatio ==
Le Armea del Aire e del Spatio es le componente aeree e spatial del Fortias Armate. Su mission include le defensa e securitate del spatio aeree espaniol e le development de capacidades ligate al dominio spatial, assi como le participation in operationes international e missiones de salvamento e auxilio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ea/ |titulo=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation include le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le [[Mando del Spatio]] coordina le capacidades crescente del arme in le dominio spatial, incluse le vigilancia, controllo e operation del spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ejercitodelaireydelespacio.defensa.gob.es/EA/ejercitodelaire/es/Aire-y-Espacio/Organizacion/ |titulo=Organización del Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corpos commun del Defensa ==
Al latere del tres arme existe le '''Corpos commun del Defensa''', que provide servicios specialisate al insimul del Fortias Armate. Illos include personal e specialisticas in domaines como sanitate, justitia, intervention economic e functiones juridic e technic.

Iste corps permitte centralisar functiones que non necessita esser exclusive a un arme e facilita le provision de servicios commun al organisation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unitate Militar de Emergentias ==
Le Unitate Militar de Emergentias (UME) es un fortia conjuncte permanente integrate per personal del Armea de Terra, del Armada e del Armea del Aire e del Spatio. Illa esseva create per accordo del Consilio de Ministros del 7 de octobre 2005 pro meliorar le capacitate del Stato de responder al emergentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le UME interveni in le territorio national in casos de grave risco, catastropha, calamitate o altere necessitates public, in cooperation con le institutiones del Stato e le Administrationes Public. Su function include interventiones in incendios forestal, inundationes, nevadas, contaminations e altere emergentias major.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones ==
Secundo le [[Lege Organic 5/2005]], le mission principal del Fortias Armate es garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional. Illas contribue tamben al securitate e defensa del Espania e de su allies in le quadro del organisationes international, al mantenimento del pace e stabilitate e al auxilio humanitari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le legislation include tamben le protection del securitate e benesser del citatanos in situationes de grave risco o catastropha, assi como le possibilitate de effectuar operationes de evacuation de espanioles residente in le exterior quando lor vita o interesses es gravemente menaçate per le instabilitate del pais ubi illes se trova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones permanente ==
Le Fortias Armate mantene permanentemente unidades destinate al vigilancia e securitate del spacios terrestre, maritime e aeree de sovranitate, responsabilitate o interesse national. Le structura operative include le Mando Operative Terrestre, le Mando Operative Maritime, le Mando Operative Aeroespacial e le Mando Operative Ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste operationes comprende le vigilancia del fronteras e del mar territorial, le controllo del spatio aeree, le protection de infrastructuras e communicationes critic e le vigilancia del dominio ciberespacial. Illas constitue un activitate continue del structura operative, independientemente del participation in operationes exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes exterior ==
Le Fortias Armate Espaniol participa in missiones international in le quadro del [[Nationes Unite]], del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]] e de altere accordos e coalitiones international. Le missiones pote esser orientate al mantenimento del pace, dissuasion, defensa collective, stabilisation, auxilio humanitari o supporto a altere fortias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante 2025, circa 21 696 militar espaniol participava in al minus un contingente del 14 missiones exterior, con un participation additional in le mission EUMAM, que se realiza in territorio espaniol. In 2026, le missiones exterior include participation in le structures del OTAN e del Union Europee e in operationes maritime e terrestre in diverse regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260126-comparecencia-congreso.html |titulo=Cerca de 22.000 militares han participado en misiones en el exterior durante 2025 |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal ==
Le Fortias Armate es constituite per personal militar professional, comprendente officiales, subofficiales e militar de tropa e marineria, insimul con le personal del Corps commun. Le planification del Defensa prevede un objective de 127 500 militar in servicio active in 2029; pro 2026 le Administration ha establite 11 913 nove plazas de recrutement e formation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260115-incremento-efectivos.html |titulo=El Ministerio de Defensa cumple su objetivo de incremento de efectivos |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=15 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate ha transformate tamben le relation inter le institution militar e le societate. Le formation, le instruction, le preparation physical e technica e le adaptation al nove dominios, includente le ciberespacio e le spatio, constitue partes central del preparation del personal militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Control civil e parlamentar ==
Le Fortias Armate opera sub le direction del autoritates civil establite per le Constitution e le legislation. Le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa, le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio e le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del structura operative sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Congresso del Deputatos]] participa in le control parlamentar del operationes exterior. Le Lege Organic de la Defensa National establi conditiones pro le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes fora del territorio national e regula le information e sequimento parlamentar de iste missiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le societate ==
Oltre le defense militar, le Fortias Armate presta supporto al autoritates civil in situationes que necessita capacidades specialisate. Le UME representa le principal structura permanente pro le intervention in catastropha, mentre le tres arme participa tamben in operationes de salvamento, transporto, supporto logistic, protection del territorio e altere missiones public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fortias Armate contribue assi al formation e diffusion del cultura de defensa, al cooperation scientific e technologic e al participation del Espania in projectos multinational de securitate e defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cultura-defensa/ |titulo=Cultura de Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]</text>
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Le '''Fortias Armate de Espania''' ('''FAS''') son le institution militar del [[Espania|Stato espaniol]] incaricate de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|ordine constitutional]]. Illas es constituite principalmente per le [[Armea de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Armea del Aire e del Spatio]], e opera sub le direction del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e le direction operative del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Constitution establi que le [[Rege de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica interior e exterior, le Administration civil e militar e le defensa del Stato. Le bases del organisation militar es regulate per le [[Lege Organic del Defensa National]] e per le legislation que disveloppa su dispositiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Fortias Armate contemporanee son le resultato del transformation del institutiones militar espaniol durante le seculo XX e le periodo democratic. Le Constitution de 1978 establi le quadro actual del defensa national e assigna al Fortias Armate le mission de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del pais, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |titulo=Constitución Española de 1978 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate esseva un importante transformation del periodo democratic. Le servizio militar obligatori esseva suspendite in 2001 e le Fortias Armate deveniva un institution basate super personal professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration progressive del Espania in le structures de securitate international, particularmente le [[OTAN]] e le [[Union Europee]], ha etiam transformate le organisation, le preparation e le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Le Fortias Armate es organise in duo structuras complementari: un '''structura organic''', destinate al preparation del fortia, e un '''structura operative''', destinate al emprego del capacidades militar in le missiones assignate. Le prime es principalmente sub le responsabilitate del Capites de Stato Major del tres arme; le secunde es sub le commandamento del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] (JEMAD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation operational es destinate al action '''conjuncte''', con le participation del diverse arme espaniol, e al action combinate, in cooperation con Fortias Armate de altere paises. Le principio de unitate de commandamento es le base del structura operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea de Terra ==
Le Armea de Terra constitue le componente terrestre del Fortias Armate e es incaricate del preparation del unidades e capacidades destinate al operationes terrestre. Il mantene un presentia permanente in le territorio peninsular, insular e in le territorios espaniol del Africa del Nord, e participa tamben in missiones international e in operationes de supporto al autoritates civil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation comprende le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le Forza include le unidades operative terrestre que se prepara pro esser empleate in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e in operationes conjuncte e multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armada ==
Le Armada Espaniola es le componente maritime del Fortias Armate. Su missiones comprende le preparation e employment de capacidades naval, le protection del spatio maritime de interesse national, le securitate del communicationes maritime e le participation in operationes international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Armada participa etiam in missiones de auxilio e salvamento, protection del rutas maritime e infrastructuras critic, cooperation con altere institutiones del Stato e operationes scientific e logistic, inter le quales se trova le supporto al activitates scientific in le Antarctica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://armada.defensa.gob.es/ |titulo=Armada Española |autor=Armada Española |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea del Aire e del Spatio ==
Le Armea del Aire e del Spatio es le componente aeree e spatial del Fortias Armate. Su mission include le defensa e securitate del spatio aeree espaniol e le development de capacidades ligate al dominio spatial, assi como le participation in operationes international e missiones de salvamento e auxilio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ea/ |titulo=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation include le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le [[Mando del Spatio]] coordina le capacidades crescente del arme in le dominio spatial, incluse le vigilancia, controllo e operation del spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ejercitodelaireydelespacio.defensa.gob.es/EA/ejercitodelaire/es/Aire-y-Espacio/Organizacion/ |titulo=Organización del Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corpos commun del Defensa ==
Al latere del tres arme existe le '''Corpos commun del Defensa''', que provide servicios specialisate al insimul del Fortias Armate. Illos include personal e specialisticas in domaines como sanitate, justitia, intervention economic e functiones juridic e technic.

Iste corps permitte centralisar functiones que non necessita esser exclusive a un arme e facilita le provision de servicios commun al organisation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unitate Militar de Emergentias ==
Le Unitate Militar de Emergentias (UME) es un fortia conjuncte permanente integrate per personal del Armea de Terra, del Armada e del Armea del Aire e del Spatio. Illa esseva create per accordo del Consilio de Ministros del 7 de octobre 2005 pro meliorar le capacitate del Stato de responder al emergentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le UME interveni in le territorio national in casos de grave risco, catastropha, calamitate o altere necessitates public, in cooperation con le institutiones del Stato e le Administrationes Public. Su function include interventiones in incendios forestal, inundationes, nevadas, contaminations e altere emergentias major.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones ==
Secundo le [[Lege Organic 5/2005]], le mission principal del Fortias Armate es garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional. Illas contribue tamben al securitate e defensa del Espania e de su allies in le quadro del organisationes international, al mantenimento del pace e stabilitate e al auxilio humanitari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le legislation include tamben le protection del securitate e benesser del citatanos in situationes de grave risco o catastropha, assi como le possibilitate de effectuar operationes de evacuation de espanioles residente in le exterior quando lor vita o interesses es gravemente menaçate per le instabilitate del pais ubi illes se trova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones permanente ==
Le Fortias Armate mantene permanentemente unidades destinate al vigilancia e securitate del spacios terrestre, maritime e aeree de sovranitate, responsabilitate o interesse national. Le structura operative include le Mando Operative Terrestre, le Mando Operative Maritime, le Mando Operative Aeroespacial e le Mando Operative Ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste operationes comprende le vigilancia del fronteras e del mar territorial, le controllo del spatio aeree, le protection de infrastructuras e communicationes critic e le vigilancia del dominio ciberespacial. Illas constitue un activitate continue del structura operative, independientemente del participation in operationes exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes exterior ==
Le Fortias Armate Espaniol participa in missiones international in le quadro del [[Nationes Unite]], del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]] e de altere accordos e coalitiones international. Le missiones pote esser orientate al mantenimento del pace, dissuasion, defensa collective, stabilisation, auxilio humanitari o supporto a altere fortias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante 2025, circa 21 696 militar espaniol participava in al minus un contingente del 14 missiones exterior, con un participation additional in le mission EUMAM, que se realiza in territorio espaniol. In 2026, le missiones exterior include participation in le structures del OTAN e del Union Europee e in operationes maritime e terrestre in diverse regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260126-comparecencia-congreso.html |titulo=Cerca de 22.000 militares han participado en misiones en el exterior durante 2025 |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal ==
Le Fortias Armate es constituite per personal militar professional, comprendente officiales, subofficiales e militar de tropa e marineria, insimul con le personal del Corps commun. Le planification del Defensa prevede un objective de 127 500 militar in servicio active in 2029; pro 2026 le Administration ha establite 11 913 nove plazas de recrutement e formation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260115-incremento-efectivos.html |titulo=El Ministerio de Defensa cumple su objetivo de incremento de efectivos |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=15 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate ha transformate tamben le relation inter le institution militar e le societate. Le formation, le instruction, le preparation physical e technica e le adaptation al nove dominios, includente le ciberespacio e le spatio, constitue partes central del preparation del personal militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Control civil e parlamentar ==
Le Fortias Armate opera sub le direction del autoritates civil establite per le Constitution e le legislation. Le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa, le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio e le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del structura operative sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Congresso del Deputatos]] participa in le control parlamentar del operationes exterior. Le Lege Organic de la Defensa National establi conditiones pro le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes fora del territorio national e regula le information e sequimento parlamentar de iste missiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le societate ==
Oltre le defense militar, le Fortias Armate presta supporto al autoritates civil in situationes que necessita capacidades specialisate. Le UME representa le principal structura permanente pro le intervention in catastropha, mentre le tres arme participa tamben in operationes de salvamento, transporto, supporto logistic, protection del territorio e altere missiones public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fortias Armate contribue assi al formation e diffusion del cultura de defensa, al cooperation scientific e technologic e al participation del Espania in projectos multinational de securitate e defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cultura-defensa/ |titulo=Cultura de Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="15684" sha1="6q95o8aasbm72chfrr18o4s7mzixqtb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Fortias Armate de Espania''' ('''FAS''') son le institution militar del [[Espania|Stato espaniol]] incaricate de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|ordine constitutional]]. Illas es constituite principalmente per le [[Armea de Terra]], le [[Armada Espaniola]] e le [[Armea del Aire e del Spatio]], e opera sub le direction del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e le direction operative del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Constitution establi que le [[Rege de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica interior e exterior, le Administration civil e militar e le defensa del Stato. Le bases del organisation militar es regulate per le [[Lege Organic del Defensa National]] e per le legislation que disveloppa su dispositiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Fortias Armate contemporanee son le resultato del transformation del institutiones militar espaniol durante le seculo XX e le periodo democratic. Le Constitution de 1978 establi le quadro actual del defensa national e assigna al Fortias Armate le mission de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del pais, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |titulo=Constitución Española de 1978 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate esseva un importante transformation del periodo democratic. Le servizio militar obligatori esseva suspendite in 2001 e le Fortias Armate deveniva un institution basate super personal professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration progressive del Espania in le structures de securitate international, particularmente le [[OTAN]] e le [[Union Europee]], ha etiam transformate le organisation, le preparation e le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Le Fortias Armate es organise in duo structuras complementari: un '''structura organic''', destinate al preparation del fortia, e un '''structura operative''', destinate al emprego del capacidades militar in le missiones assignate. Le prime es principalmente sub le responsabilitate del Capites de Stato Major del tres arme; le secunde es sub le commandamento del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] (JEMAD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation operational es destinate al action '''conjuncte''', con le participation del diverse arme espaniol, e al action combinate, in cooperation con Fortias Armate de altere paises. Le principio de unitate de commandamento es le base del structura operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea de Terra ==
Le Armea de Terra constitue le componente terrestre del Fortias Armate e es incaricate del preparation del unidades e capacidades destinate al operationes terrestre. Il mantene un presentia permanente in le territorio peninsular, insular e in le territorios espaniol del Africa del Nord, e participa tamben in missiones international e in operationes de supporto al autoritates civil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation comprende le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le Forza include le unidades operative terrestre que se prepara pro esser empleate in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e in operationes conjuncte e multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armada ==
Le Armada Espaniola es le componente maritime del Fortias Armate. Su missiones comprende le preparation e employment de capacidades naval, le protection del spatio maritime de interesse national, le securitate del communicationes maritime e le participation in operationes international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Armada participa etiam in missiones de auxilio e salvamento, protection del rutas maritime e infrastructuras critic, cooperation con altere institutiones del Stato e operationes scientific e logistic, inter le quales se trova le supporto al activitates scientific in le Antarctica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://armada.defensa.gob.es/ |titulo=Armada Española |autor=Armada Española |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea del Aire e del Spatio ==
Le Armea del Aire e del Spatio es le componente aeree e spatial del Fortias Armate. Su mission include le defensa e securitate del spatio aeree espaniol e le development de capacidades ligate al dominio spatial, assi como le participation in operationes international e missiones de salvamento e auxilio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ea/ |titulo=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation include le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le [[Mando del Spatio]] coordina le capacidades crescente del arme in le dominio spatial, incluse le vigilancia, controllo e operation del spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ejercitodelaireydelespacio.defensa.gob.es/EA/ejercitodelaire/es/Aire-y-Espacio/Organizacion/ |titulo=Organización del Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corpos commun del Defensa ==
Al latere del tres arme existe le '''Corpos commun del Defensa''', que provide servicios specialisate al insimul del Fortias Armate. Illos include personal e specialisticas in domaines como sanitate, justitia, intervention economic e functiones juridic e technic.

Iste corps permitte centralisar functiones que non necessita esser exclusive a un arme e facilita le provision de servicios commun al organisation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unitate Militar de Emergentias ==
Le Unitate Militar de Emergentias (UME) es un fortia conjuncte permanente integrate per personal del Armea de Terra, del Armada e del Armea del Aire e del Spatio. Illa esseva create per accordo del Consilio de Ministros del 7 de octobre 2005 pro meliorar le capacitate del Stato de responder al emergentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le UME interveni in le territorio national in casos de grave risco, catastropha, calamitate o altere necessitates public, in cooperation con le institutiones del Stato e le Administrationes Public. Su function include interventiones in incendios forestal, inundationes, nevadas, contaminations e altere emergentias major.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones ==
Secundo le [[Lege Organic 5/2005]], le mission principal del Fortias Armate es garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional. Illas contribue tamben al securitate e defensa del Espania e de su allies in le quadro del organisationes international, al mantenimento del pace e stabilitate e al auxilio humanitari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le legislation include tamben le protection del securitate e benesser del citatanos in situationes de grave risco o catastropha, assi como le possibilitate de effectuar operationes de evacuation de espanioles residente in le exterior quando lor vita o interesses es gravemente menaçate per le instabilitate del pais ubi illes se trova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones permanente ==
Le Fortias Armate mantene permanentemente unidades destinate al vigilancia e securitate del spacios terrestre, maritime e aeree de sovranitate, responsabilitate o interesse national. Le structura operative include le Mando Operative Terrestre, le Mando Operative Maritime, le Mando Operative Aeroespacial e le Mando Operative Ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste operationes comprende le vigilancia del fronteras e del mar territorial, le controllo del spatio aeree, le protection de infrastructuras e communicationes critic e le vigilancia del dominio ciberespacial. Illas constitue un activitate continue del structura operative, independientemente del participation in operationes exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes exterior ==
Le Fortias Armate Espaniol participa in missiones international in le quadro del [[Nationes Unite]], del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]] e de altere accordos e coalitiones international. Le missiones pote esser orientate al mantenimento del pace, dissuasion, defensa collective, stabilisation, auxilio humanitari o supporto a altere fortias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante 2025, circa 21 696 militar espaniol participava in al minus un contingente del 14 missiones exterior, con un participation additional in le mission EUMAM, que se realiza in territorio espaniol. In 2026, le missiones exterior include participation in le structures del OTAN e del Union Europee e in operationes maritime e terrestre in diverse regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260126-comparecencia-congreso.html |titulo=Cerca de 22.000 militares han participado en misiones en el exterior durante 2025 |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal ==
Le Fortias Armate es constituite per personal militar professional, comprendente officiales, subofficiales e militar de tropa e marineria, insimul con le personal del Corps commun. Le planification del Defensa prevede un objective de 127 500 militar in servicio active in 2029; pro 2026 le Administration ha establite 11 913 nove plazas de recrutement e formation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260115-incremento-efectivos.html |titulo=El Ministerio de Defensa cumple su objetivo de incremento de efectivos |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=15 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate ha transformate tamben le relation inter le institution militar e le societate. Le formation, le instruction, le preparation physical e technica e le adaptation al nove dominios, includente le ciberespacio e le spatio, constitue partes central del preparation del personal militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Control civil e parlamentar ==
Le Fortias Armate opera sub le direction del autoritates civil establite per le Constitution e le legislation. Le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa, le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio e le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del structura operative sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Congresso del Deputatos]] participa in le control parlamentar del operationes exterior. Le Lege Organic de la Defensa National establi conditiones pro le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes fora del territorio national e regula le information e sequimento parlamentar de iste missiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le societate ==
Oltre le defense militar, le Fortias Armate presta supporto al autoritates civil in situationes que necessita capacidades specialisate. Le UME representa le principal structura permanente pro le intervention in catastropha, mentre le tres arme participa tamben in operationes de salvamento, transporto, supporto logistic, protection del territorio e altere missiones public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fortias Armate contribue assi al formation e diffusion del cultura de defensa, al cooperation scientific e technologic e al participation del Espania in projectos multinational de securitate e defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cultura-defensa/ |titulo=Cultura de Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="15682" sha1="ps4ru0upe0gepv7foo9sszkatmr55sn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Fortias Armate de Espania''' ('''FAS''') son le institution militar del [[Espania|Stato espaniol]] incaricate de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978|ordine constitutional]]. Illas es constituite principalmente per le [[Armea de Terra]], le [[Marina Espaniol]] e le [[Armea del Aire e del Spatio]], e opera sub le direction del [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e le direction operative del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Constitution establi que le [[Rege de Espania]] es le commandante supreme del Fortias Armate, mentre le Governamento dirige le politica interior e exterior, le Administration civil e militar e le defensa del Stato. Le bases del organisation militar es regulate per le [[Lege Organic del Defensa National]] e per le legislation que disveloppa su dispositiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
Le Fortias Armate contemporanee son le resultato del transformation del institutiones militar espaniol durante le seculo XX e le periodo democratic. Le Constitution de 1978 establi le quadro actual del defensa national e assigna al Fortias Armate le mission de garantir le sovranitate e independentia del pais, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |titulo=Constitución Española de 1978 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate esseva un importante transformation del periodo democratic. Le servizio militar obligatori esseva suspendite in 2001 e le Fortias Armate deveniva un institution basate super personal professional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le integration progressive del Espania in le structures de securitate international, particularmente le [[OTAN]] e le [[Union Europee]], ha etiam transformate le organisation, le preparation e le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organisation ==
Le Fortias Armate es organise in duo structuras complementari: un '''structura organic''', destinate al preparation del fortia, e un '''structura operative''', destinate al emprego del capacidades militar in le missiones assignate. Le prime es principalmente sub le responsabilitate del Capites de Stato Major del tres arme; le secunde es sub le commandamento del [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] (JEMAD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020, de 19 de mayo, por el que se establece la organización básica de las Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le organisation operational es destinate al action '''conjuncte''', con le participation del diverse arme espaniol, e al action combinate, in cooperation con Fortias Armate de altere paises. Le principio de unitate de commandamento es le base del structura operative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea de Terra ==
Le Armea de Terra constitue le componente terrestre del Fortias Armate e es incaricate del preparation del unidades e capacidades destinate al operationes terrestre. Il mantene un presentia permanente in le territorio peninsular, insular e in le territorios espaniol del Africa del Nord, e participa tamben in missiones international e in operationes de supporto al autoritates civil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation comprende le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le Forza include le unidades operative terrestre que se prepara pro esser empleate in le structura operative del Fortias Armate e in operationes conjuncte e multinational.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2020-5190 |titulo=Real Decreto 521/2020 |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marina ==
Le Marina Espaniol es le componente maritime del Fortias Armate. Su missiones comprende le preparation e employment de capacidades naval, le protection del spatio maritime de interesse national, le securitate del communicationes maritime e le participation in operationes international.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Marina participa etiam in missiones de auxilio e salvamento, protection del rutas maritime e infrastructuras critic, cooperation con altere institutiones del Stato e operationes scientific e logistic, inter le quales se trova le supporto al activitates scientific in le Antarctica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://armada.defensa.gob.es/ |titulo=Armada Española |autor=Armada Española |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Armea del Aire e del Spatio ==
Le Armea del Aire e del Spatio es le componente aeree e spatial del Fortias Armate. Su mission include le defensa e securitate del spatio aeree espaniol e le development de capacidades ligate al dominio spatial, assi como le participation in operationes international e missiones de salvamento e auxilio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ea/ |titulo=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Su organisation include le Cuartel General, le Forza e le Supporto al Forza. Le [[Mando del Spatio]] coordina le capacidades crescente del arme in le dominio spatial, incluse le vigilancia, controllo e operation del spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://ejercitodelaireydelespacio.defensa.gob.es/EA/ejercitodelaire/es/Aire-y-Espacio/Organizacion/ |titulo=Organización del Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |autor=Ejército del Aire y del Espacio |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Corpos commun del Defensa ==
Al latere del tres arme existe le '''Corpos commun del Defensa''', que provide servicios specialisate al insimul del Fortias Armate. Illos include personal e specialisticas in domaines como sanitate, justitia, intervention economic e functiones juridic e technic.

Iste corps permitte centralisar functiones que non necessita esser exclusive a un arme e facilita le provision de servicios commun al organisation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Unitate Militar de Emergentias ==
Le Unitate Militar de Emergentias (UME) es un fortia conjuncte permanente integrate per personal del Armea de Terra, del Marina e del Armea del Aire e del Spatio. Illa esseva create per accordo del Consilio de Ministros del 7 de octobre 2005 pro meliorar le capacitate del Stato de responder al emergentias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le UME interveni in le territorio national in casos de grave risco, catastropha, calamitate o altere necessitates public, in cooperation con le institutiones del Stato e le Administrationes Public. Su function include interventiones in incendios forestal, inundationes, nevadas, contaminations e altere emergentias major.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ume/ |titulo=Unidad Militar de Emergencias |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones ==
Secundo le [[Lege Organic 5/2005]], le mission principal del Fortias Armate es garantir le sovranitate e independentia del Espania, defender su integritate territorial e le ordine constitutional. Illas contribue tamben al securitate e defensa del Espania e de su allies in le quadro del organisationes international, al mantenimento del pace e stabilitate e al auxilio humanitari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le legislation include tamben le protection del securitate e benesser del citatanos in situationes de grave risco o catastropha, assi como le possibilitate de effectuar operationes de evacuation de espanioles residente in le exterior quando lor vita o interesses es gravemente menaçate per le instabilitate del pais ubi illes se trova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Missiones permanente ==
Le Fortias Armate mantene permanentemente unidades destinate al vigilancia e securitate del spacios terrestre, maritime e aeree de sovranitate, responsabilitate o interesse national. Le structura operative include le Mando Operative Terrestre, le Mando Operative Maritime, le Mando Operative Aeroespacial e le Mando Operative Ciberespacial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iste operationes comprende le vigilancia del fronteras e del mar territorial, le controllo del spatio aeree, le protection de infrastructuras e communicationes critic e le vigilancia del dominio ciberespacial. Illas constitue un activitate continue del structura operative, independientemente del participation in operationes exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/ |titulo=Donde operan las Fuerzas Armadas españolas |autor=Estado Mayor de la Defensa |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operationes exterior ==
Le Fortias Armate Espaniol participa in missiones international in le quadro del [[Nationes Unite]], del [[OTAN]], del [[Union Europee]] e de altere accordos e coalitiones international. Le missiones pote esser orientate al mantenimento del pace, dissuasion, defensa collective, stabilisation, auxilio humanitari o supporto a altere fortias.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/ |titulo=Misiones en el exterior |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante 2025, circa 21 696 militar espaniol participava in al minus un contingente del 14 missiones exterior, con un participation additional in le mission EUMAM, que se realiza in territorio espaniol. In 2026, le missiones exterior include participation in le structures del OTAN e del Union Europee e in operationes maritime e terrestre in diverse regiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260126-comparecencia-congreso.html |titulo=Cerca de 22.000 militares han participado en misiones en el exterior durante 2025 |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=26 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Personal ==
Le Fortias Armate es constituite per personal militar professional, comprendente officiales, subofficiales e militar de tropa e marineria, insimul con le personal del Corps commun. Le planification del Defensa prevede un objective de 127 500 militar in servicio active in 2029; pro 2026 le Administration ha establite 11 913 nove plazas de recrutement e formation militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa/2026/01/DGC-260115-incremento-efectivos.html |titulo=El Ministerio de Defensa cumple su objetivo de incremento de efectivos |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fecha=15 de januario 2026 |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le professionalisation del Fortias Armate ha transformate tamben le relation inter le institution militar e le societate. Le formation, le instruction, le preparation physical e technica e le adaptation al nove dominios, includente le ciberespacio e le spatio, constitue partes central del preparation del personal militar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/fuerzasarmadas/ |titulo=Fuerzas Armadas |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Control civil e parlamentar ==
Le Fortias Armate opera sub le direction del autoritates civil establite per le Constitution e le legislation. Le Governamento dirige le politica de defensa, le Ministro de Defensa exerce le direction del Ministerio e le JEMAD exerce le commandamento del structura operative sub le dependentia del Ministro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/defensaconstitucion/ |titulo=La Defensa en la Constitución |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Congresso del Deputatos]] participa in le control parlamentar del operationes exterior. Le Lege Organic de la Defensa National establi conditiones pro le participation del Fortias Armate in operationes fora del territorio national e regula le information e sequimento parlamentar de iste missiones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le societate ==
Oltre le defense militar, le Fortias Armate presta supporto al autoritates civil in situationes que necessita capacidades specialisate. Le UME representa le principal structura permanente pro le intervention in catastropha, mentre le tres arme participa tamben in operationes de salvamento, transporto, supporto logistic, protection del territorio e altere missiones public.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/espanna/ |titulo=Misiones permanentes |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Fortias Armate contribue assi al formation e diffusion del cultura de defensa, al cooperation scientific e technologic e al participation del Espania in projectos multinational de securitate e defense.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/cultura-defensa/ |titulo=Cultura de Defensa |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Organisation militar de Espania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="202" sha1="ctkfti5ltpy94q9cm75vmbiklwnwl2d" xml:space="preserve">[[Categoria:Ministerios de defensa|Espania]]
[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Historia militar de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Defensa national]]
[[Categoria:Securitate national in Espania]]</text>
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    <title>Consilio de Defensa National</title>
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      <comment>Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Consilio de Defensa National''' es le organo colegial, coordinator, consiliari e consultive del [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania|Presidente del Governamento]] in materia de defensa. Il auxilia le Presidente in le direction del conflictos armate e in le gestion del situationes de crise que affecta le defensa, e emite informes e propositiones super le grandes directivas del politica de defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=htt...”</comment>
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Le '''Consilio de Defensa National''' es le organo colegial, coordinator, consiliari e consultive del [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania|Presidente del Governamento]] in materia de defensa. Il auxilia le Presidente in le direction del conflictos armate e in le gestion del situationes de crise que affecta le defensa, e emite informes e propositiones super le grandes directivas del politica de defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio esseva create per le [[Ley Organica 5/2005 de Defensa National]], que substitueva le anterior Junta de Defensa National como principal organo consultive del Governo in materia de defensa. Su regime de functionamento es disveloppate per le [[Real Decreto 1310/2007]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine ==
Le antecedente plus proxime del Consilio es le '''Junta de Defensa National''', establite per le legislation anterior super le defensa national e le organisation militar. Le Junta habeva un function consultive presso le Governo, le Rey e le Presidente del Governamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |editorial=BOE |fecha=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Ley Organica 5/2005]] establi un nove quadro institutional, in le qual le Presidente del Governamento assume le direction del situationes de crise que affecta le defensa e le direction del conflictos armate. Pro supportar iste functiones, le lege crea le Consilio de Defensa National como organo de consilio, coordination e consultation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nature e functiones ==
Le Consilio es un organo collegial que coordina le differentes perspectives del politica de defensa e facilita le cooperation inter le Ministerios e le principal autoritates civil e militar. Su rolo es consultive e coordinator, non le commandamento direct del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter su functiones se trova assister le Presidente del Governamento in le direction del conflictos armate e in le gestion del crises que affecta le defensa; informar super le grandes directivas del politica de defensa; formular propositiones super questiones que concerne plure Ministerios; assister le Presidente in le formulation del [[Directiva de Defensa National]]; e contribuer al definition e approbation del grandes objectives e orientationes strategic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio assiste tamben le Presidente in le formulation de directivas relative al negotiationes exterior que affecta le politica de defensa. In iste maniera, le organo integra le dimensiones militar, diplomatic, interior e economic del defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pleno ==
Le '''Pleno del Consilio de Defensa National''' es presidite per le Presidente del Governamento. Le legislation establi que le Pleno include le Vicepresidentes del Governamento, le Ministro de Defensa, le Ministro del Interior, le Ministro de Affaires Exterior e le Ministro de Economia e Finantias, assi como le Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa e le Jefes de Stato Major del Exercito de Terra, Armada e Exercito del Aire e del Spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Pleno include tamben le Director del Centro National de Intelligentia e le Director del Gabinete del Presidente del Governamento. Le composition permitte reunir in un mesme organo le principal responsables politic, diplomatic, interior, economic, militar e de intelligentia del Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quando le Rey participa in un reunion del Pleno, ille lo preside. Le Consilio informa le Rey, a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, e le legislation prevede que le Pleno lo face al minus un vice per anno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Consilio Executive ==
Le '''Consilio Executive''' es le formation reducite del Consilio de Defensa National. Il es presidite per le Presidente del Governamento e comprende le Ministro de Defensa, le Ministro del Interior, le Ministro de Affaires Exterior, le Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa, le Director del Centro National de Intelligentia e le Director del Gabinete del Presidente del Governamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Presidente pote convocar le Consilio in iste formation secundo le natura del question a tractar. Le systema permitte assi adaptar le composition del organo al differentes situationes de defensa e crise, sin necessitate de reunir tote le integrantes del Pleno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commission Interministerial de Defensa
Le '''Commission Interministerial de Defensa''' es le organo de travalio permanente del Consilio de Defensa National. Illa es adscripte al [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e prepara le activitates del Consilio, studia le questiones que debe esser considerate e contribui al execution del accordos adoptate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Commission representa le mechanismo technic e interministerial que supporta le functionamento regular del Consilio. Su creation esseva un del principal noveitates institutional introducite per le Ley Organica 5/2005 in relation al precedente systema de consilio in materia de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-17490 |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functionamento ==
Le Consilio pote functionar in Pleno o como Consilio Executive, a initiative del Presidente del Governamento. Le deliberationes del Consilio e le actas de su sessiones, tanto in Pleno como in Consilio Executive, es secret.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le regime de functionamento es regulate per le Real Decreto 1310/2007, que precisa le procedure de convocation, le composition e le functiones del Commission Interministerial e le relationes inter le diverse organos del systema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le Governamento ==
Le Consilio es un organo de assistentia al Presidente del Governamento, qui ha le direction del action del Governamento e le direction del politica de defensa secundo le quadro constitutional e legal. Le Ministro de Defensa es responsabile del disveloppamento e execution del politica de defensa e dirige le action del Fortias Armate sub le autoritate del Presidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio non substitue ni le Governamento ni le [[Ministerio de Defensa]] in lor competentias. Su function consiste in coordinar e consiliar le autoritates del Stato super le questiones strategic e interministerial que concerne le defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le Fortias Armate ==
Le presence del Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa e del Jefes de Stato Major del tres arme in le Pleno assicura le contribution del perspectiva militar al consilio del Presidente. Le Director del CNI aporta le perspective del intelligentia, mentre le ministros representa le principal dimensions civil del politica de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio es assi un puncto de coordination inter le direction politic del defensa, le administration civil, le commandamento militar e le intelligentia national. Iste function es particular importante in situationes que involve simultaneemente le defensa national, le securitate interior e le politica exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification institutional ==
Le Consilio de Defensa National constitue un del principal organos de coordination superior del sistema espaniol de defensa. Su composition interministerial permette tractar le defensa como un materia que concerne non solmente le Forces Armate, ma tamben le politica exterior, le securitate interior, le intelligentia e altere areas del Administration General del Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le institution combina assi le consilio strategic, le coordination interministerial e le participation del principal autoritates civil e militar, sub le direction del Presidente del Governamento e in le quadro del politica de defensa establite per le Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Consilios del Governamento de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11738" sha1="0h5odjualjncql7c5bbng0njf4qbgyl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Consilio de Defensa National''' es le organo colegial, coordinator, consiliari e consultive del [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania|Presidente del Governamento]] in materia de defensa. Il auxilia le Presidente in le direction del conflictos armate e in le gestion del situationes de crise que affecta le defensa, e emite informes e propositiones super le grandes directivas del politica de defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio esseva create per le [[Lege Organic 5/2005 de Defensa National]], que substitueva le anterior Junta de Defensa National como principal organo consultive del Governo in materia de defensa. Su regime de functionamento es disveloppate per le [[Real Decreto 1310/2007]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine ==
Le antecedente plus proxime del Consilio es le '''Junta de Defensa National''', establite per le legislation anterior super le defensa national e le organisation militar. Le Junta habeva un function consultive presso le Governo, le Rey e le Presidente del Governamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |editorial=BOE |fecha=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Lege Organic 5/2005]] establi un nove quadro institutional, in le qual le Presidente del Governamento assume le direction del situationes de crise que affecta le defensa e le direction del conflictos armate. Pro supportar iste functiones, le lege crea le Consilio de Defensa National como organo de consilio, coordination e consultation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nature e functiones ==
Le Consilio es un organo collegial que coordina le differentes perspectives del politica de defensa e facilita le cooperation inter le Ministerios e le principal autoritates civil e militar. Su rolo es consultive e coordinator, non le commandamento direct del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter su functiones se trova assister le Presidente del Governamento in le direction del conflictos armate e in le gestion del crises que affecta le defensa; informar super le grandes directivas del politica de defensa; formular propositiones super questiones que concerne plure Ministerios; assister le Presidente in le formulation del [[Directiva de Defensa National]]; e contribuer al definition e approbation del grandes objectives e orientationes strategic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio assiste tamben le Presidente in le formulation de directivas relative al negotiationes exterior que affecta le politica de defensa. In iste maniera, le organo integra le dimensiones militar, diplomatic, interior e economic del defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pleno ==
Le '''Pleno del Consilio de Defensa National''' es presidite per le Presidente del Governamento. Le legislation establi que le Pleno include le Vicepresidentes del Governamento, le Ministro de Defensa, le Ministro del Interior, le Ministro de Affaires Exterior e le Ministro de Economia e Finantias, assi como le Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa e le Jefes de Stato Major del Exercito de Terra, Armada e Exercito del Aire e del Spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Pleno include tamben le Director del Centro National de Intelligentia e le Director del Gabinete del Presidente del Governamento. Le composition permitte reunir in un mesme organo le principal responsables politic, diplomatic, interior, economic, militar e de intelligentia del Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quando le Rey participa in un reunion del Pleno, ille lo preside. Le Consilio informa le Rey, a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, e le legislation prevede que le Pleno lo face al minus un vice per anno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Consilio Executive ==
Le '''Consilio Executive''' es le formation reducite del Consilio de Defensa National. Il es presidite per le Presidente del Governamento e comprende le Ministro de Defensa, le Ministro del Interior, le Ministro de Affaires Exterior, le Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa, le Director del Centro National de Intelligentia e le Director del Gabinete del Presidente del Governamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Presidente pote convocar le Consilio in iste formation secundo le natura del question a tractar. Le systema permitte assi adaptar le composition del organo al differentes situationes de defensa e crise, sin necessitate de reunir tote le integrantes del Pleno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commission Interministerial de Defensa
Le '''Commission Interministerial de Defensa''' es le organo de travalio permanente del Consilio de Defensa National. Illa es adscripte al [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e prepara le activitates del Consilio, studia le questiones que debe esser considerate e contribui al execution del accordos adoptate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Commission representa le mechanismo technic e interministerial que supporta le functionamento regular del Consilio. Su creation esseva un del principal noveitates institutional introducite per le Lege Organic 5/2005 in relation al precedente systema de consilio in materia de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-17490 |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functionamento ==
Le Consilio pote functionar in Pleno o como Consilio Executive, a initiative del Presidente del Governamento. Le deliberationes del Consilio e le actas de su sessiones, tanto in Pleno como in Consilio Executive, es secret.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le regime de functionamento es regulate per le Real Decreto 1310/2007, que precisa le procedure de convocation, le composition e le functiones del Commission Interministerial e le relationes inter le diverse organos del systema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le Governamento ==
Le Consilio es un organo de assistentia al Presidente del Governamento, qui ha le direction del action del Governamento e le direction del politica de defensa secundo le quadro constitutional e legal. Le Ministro de Defensa es responsabile del disveloppamento e execution del politica de defensa e dirige le action del Fortias Armate sub le autoritate del Presidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio non substitue ni le Governamento ni le [[Ministerio de Defensa]] in lor competentias. Su function consiste in coordinar e consiliar le autoritates del Stato super le questiones strategic e interministerial que concerne le defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le Fortias Armate ==
Le presence del Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa e del Jefes de Stato Major del tres arme in le Pleno assicura le contribution del perspectiva militar al consilio del Presidente. Le Director del CNI aporta le perspective del intelligentia, mentre le ministros representa le principal dimensions civil del politica de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio es assi un puncto de coordination inter le direction politic del defensa, le administration civil, le commandamento militar e le intelligentia national. Iste function es particular importante in situationes que involve simultaneemente le defensa national, le securitate interior e le politica exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification institutional ==
Le Consilio de Defensa National constitue un del principal organos de coordination superior del sistema espaniol de defensa. Su composition interministerial permette tractar le defensa como un materia que concerne non solmente le Forces Armate, ma tamben le politica exterior, le securitate interior, le intelligentia e altere areas del Administration General del Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le institution combina assi le consilio strategic, le coordination interministerial e le participation del principal autoritates civil e militar, sub le direction del Presidente del Governamento e in le quadro del politica de defensa establite per le Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Consilios del Governamento de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]</text>
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      <id>700959</id>
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      <text bytes="11746" sha1="ou9hb7kqg3vclcqerjj8q8t6fc7fz6t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/generic}}
Le '''Consilio de Defensa National''' es le organo colegial, coordinator, consiliari e consultive del [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania|Presidente del Governamento]] in materia de defensa. Il auxilia le Presidente in le direction del conflictos armate e in le gestion del situationes de crise que affecta le defensa, e emite informes e propositiones super le grandes directivas del politica de defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio esseva create per le [[Lege Organic 5/2005 de Defensa National]], que substitueva le anterior Junta de Defensa National como principal organo consultive del Governo in materia de defensa. Su regime de functionamento es disveloppate per le [[Real Decreto 1310/2007]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine ==
Le antecedente plus proxime del Consilio es le '''Junta de Defensa National''', establite per le legislation anterior super le defensa national e le organisation militar. Le Junta habeva un function consultive presso le Governamento, le Rege e le Presidente del Governamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita libro |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |editorial=BOE |fecha=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Lege Organic 5/2005]] establi un nove quadro institutional, in le qual le Presidente del Governamento assume le direction del situationes de crise que affecta le defensa e le direction del conflictos armate. Pro supportar iste functiones, le lege crea le Consilio de Defensa National como organo de consilio, coordination e consultation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nature e functiones ==
Le Consilio es un organo collegial que coordina le differentes perspectives del politica de defensa e facilita le cooperation inter le Ministerios e le principal autoritates civil e militar. Su rolo es consultive e coordinator, non le commandamento direct del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter su functiones se trova assister le Presidente del Governamento in le direction del conflictos armate e in le gestion del crises que affecta le defensa; informar super le grandes directivas del politica de defensa; formular propositiones super questiones que concerne plure Ministerios; assister le Presidente in le formulation del [[Directiva de Defensa National]]; e contribuer al definition e approbation del grandes objectives e orientationes strategic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio assiste tamben le Presidente in le formulation de directivas relative al negotiationes exterior que affecta le politica de defensa. In iste maniera, le organo integra le dimensiones militar, diplomatic, interior e economic del defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pleno ==
Le '''Pleno del Consilio de Defensa National''' es presidite per le Presidente del Governamento. Le legislation establi que le Pleno include le Vicepresidentes del Governamento, le Ministro de Defensa, le Ministro del Interior, le Ministro de Affaires Exterior e le Ministro de Economia e Finantias, assi como le Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa e le Jefes de Stato Major del Exercito de Terra, Armada e Exercito del Aire e del Spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Pleno include tamben le Director del Centro National de Intelligentia e le Director del Gabinete del Presidente del Governamento. Le composition permitte reunir in un mesme organo le principal responsables politic, diplomatic, interior, economic, militar e de intelligentia del Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quando le Rege participa in un reunion del Pleno, ille lo preside. Le Consilio informa le Rege, a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, e le legislation prevede que le Pleno lo face al minus un vice per anno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Consilio Executive ==
Le '''Consilio Executive''' es le formation reducite del Consilio de Defensa National. Il es presidite per le Presidente del Governamento e comprende le Ministro de Defensa, le Ministro del Interior, le Ministro de Affaires Exterior, le Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa, le Director del Centro National de Intelligentia e le Director del Gabinete del Presidente del Governamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Presidente pote convocar le Consilio in iste formation secundo le natura del question a tractar. Le systema permitte assi adaptar le composition del organo al differentes situationes de defensa e crise, sin necessitate de reunir tote le integrantes del Pleno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commission Interministerial de Defensa
Le '''Commission Interministerial de Defensa''' es le organo de travalio permanente del Consilio de Defensa National. Illa es adscripte al [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e prepara le activitates del Consilio, studia le questiones que debe esser considerate e contribui al execution del accordos adoptate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Commission representa le mechanismo technic e interministerial que supporta le functionamento regular del Consilio. Su creation esseva un del principal noveitates institutional introducite per le Lege Organic 5/2005 in relation al precedente systema de consilio in materia de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-17490 |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functionamento ==
Le Consilio pote functionar in Pleno o como Consilio Executive, a initiative del Presidente del Governamento. Le deliberationes del Consilio e le actas de su sessiones, tanto in Pleno como in Consilio Executive, es secret.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le regime de functionamento es regulate per le Real Decreto 1310/2007, que precisa le procedure de convocation, le composition e le functiones del Commission Interministerial e le relationes inter le diverse organos del systema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le Governamento ==
Le Consilio es un organo de assistentia al Presidente del Governamento, qui ha le direction del action del Governamento e le direction del politica de defensa secundo le quadro constitutional e legal. Le Ministro de Defensa es responsabile del disveloppamento e execution del politica de defensa e dirige le action del Fortias Armate sub le autoritate del Presidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio non substitue ni le Governamento ni le [[Ministerio de Defensa]] in lor competentias. Su function consiste in coordinar e consiliar le autoritates del Stato super le questiones strategic e interministerial que concerne le defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le Fortias Armate ==
Le presence del Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa e del Jefes de Stato Major del tres arme in le Pleno assicura le contribution del perspectiva militar al consilio del Presidente. Le Director del CNI aporta le perspective del intelligentia, mentre le ministros representa le principal dimensions civil del politica de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio es assi un puncto de coordination inter le direction politic del defensa, le administration civil, le commandamento militar e le intelligentia national. Iste function es particular importante in situationes que involve simultaneemente le defensa national, le securitate interior e le politica exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification institutional ==
Le Consilio de Defensa National constitue un del principal organos de coordination superior del sistema espaniol de defensa. Su composition interministerial permette tractar le defensa como un materia que concerne non solmente le Forces Armate, ma tamben le politica exterior, le securitate interior, le intelligentia e altere areas del Administration General del Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le institution combina assi le consilio strategic, le coordination interministerial e le participation del principal autoritates civil e militar, sub le direction del Presidente del Governamento e in le quadro del politica de defensa establite per le Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Consilios del Governamento de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>700963</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-26T11:58:04Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Interlingvisto</username>
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Le '''Consilio de Defensa National''' es le organo colegial, coordinator, consiliari e consultive del [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania|Presidente del Governamento]] in materia de defensa. Il auxilia le Presidente in le direction del conflictos armate e in le gestion del situationes de crise que affecta le defensa, e emite informes e propositiones super le grandes directivas del politica de defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio esseva create per le [[Lege Organic 5/2005 de Defensa National]], que substitueva le anterior Junta de Defensa National como principal organo consultive del Governo in materia de defensa. Su regime de functionamento es disveloppate per le [[Real Decreto 1310/2007]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Origine ==
Le antecedente plus proxime del Consilio es le '''Junta de Defensa National''', establite per le legislation anterior super le defensa national e le organisation militar. Le Junta habeva un function consultive presso le [[Governamento de Espania|Governamento]], le Rege e le Presidente del Governamento.

Le [[Lege Organic 5/2005]] establi un nove quadro institutional, in le qual le Presidente del Governamento assume le direction del situationes de crise que affecta le defensa e le direction del conflictos armate. Pro supportar iste functiones, le lege crea le Consilio de Defensa National como organo de consilio, coordination e consultation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2005-18933 |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nature e functiones ==
Le Consilio es un organo collegial que coordina le differentes perspectives del politica de defensa e facilita le cooperation inter le Ministerios e le principal autoritates civil e militar. Su rolo es consultive e coordinator, non le commandamento direct del Fortias Armate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inter su functiones se trova assister le Presidente del Governamento in le direction del conflictos armate e in le gestion del crises que affecta le defensa; informar super le grandes directivas del politica de defensa; formular propositiones super questiones que concerne plure Ministerios; assister le Presidente in le formulation del [[Directiva de Defensa National]]; e contribuer al definition e approbation del grandes objectives e orientationes strategic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio assiste tamben le Presidente in le formulation de directivas relative al negotiationes exterior que affecta le politica de defensa. In iste maniera, le organo integra le dimensiones militar, diplomatic, interior e economic del defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pleno ==
Le '''Pleno del Consilio de Defensa National''' es presidite per le Presidente del Governamento. Le legislation establi que le Pleno include le Vicepresidentes del Governamento, le Ministro de Defensa, le Ministro del Interior, le Ministro de Affaires Exterior e le Ministro de Economia e Finantias, assi como le Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa e le Jefes de Stato Major del Exercito de Terra, Armada e Exercito del Aire e del Spatio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Pleno include tamben le Director del Centro National de Intelligentia e le Director del Gabinete del Presidente del Governamento. Le composition permitte reunir in un mesme organo le principal responsables politic, diplomatic, interior, economic, militar e de intelligentia del Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Quando le Rege participa in un reunion del Pleno, ille lo preside. Le Consilio informa le Rege, a proposition del Presidente del Governamento, e le legislation prevede que le Pleno lo face al minus un vice per anno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Consilio Executive ==
Le '''Consilio Executive''' es le formation reducite del Consilio de Defensa National. Il es presidite per le Presidente del Governamento e comprende le Ministro de Defensa, le Ministro del Interior, le Ministro de Affaires Exterior, le Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa, le Director del Centro National de Intelligentia e le Director del Gabinete del Presidente del Governamento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Presidente pote convocar le Consilio in iste formation secundo le natura del question a tractar. Le systema permitte assi adaptar le composition del organo al differentes situationes de defensa e crise, sin necessitate de reunir tote le integrantes del Pleno.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Commission Interministerial de Defensa
Le '''Commission Interministerial de Defensa''' es le organo de travalio permanente del Consilio de Defensa National. Illa es adscripte al [[Ministerio de Defensa de Espania|Ministerio de Defensa]] e prepara le activitates del Consilio, studia le questiones que debe esser considerate e contribui al execution del accordos adoptate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Commission representa le mechanismo technic e interministerial que supporta le functionamento regular del Consilio. Su creation esseva un del principal noveitates institutional introducite per le Lege Organic 5/2005 in relation al precedente systema de consilio in materia de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2007-17490 |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Functionamento ==
Le Consilio pote functionar in Pleno o como Consilio Executive, a initiative del Presidente del Governamento. Le deliberationes del Consilio e le actas de su sessiones, tanto in Pleno como in Consilio Executive, es secret.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le regime de functionamento es regulate per le Real Decreto 1310/2007, que precisa le procedure de convocation, le composition e le functiones del Commission Interministerial e le relationes inter le diverse organos del systema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le Governamento ==
Le Consilio es un organo de assistentia al Presidente del Governamento, qui ha le direction del action del Governamento e le direction del politica de defensa secundo le quadro constitutional e legal. Le Ministro de Defensa es responsabile del disveloppamento e execution del politica de defensa e dirige le action del Fortias Armate sub le autoritate del Presidente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio non substitue ni le Governamento ni le [[Ministerio de Defensa]] in lor competentias. Su function consiste in coordinar e consiliar le autoritates del Stato super le questiones strategic e interministerial que concerne le defensa national.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Relation con le Fortias Armate ==
Le presence del Jefe de Stato Major del Defensa e del Jefes de Stato Major del tres arme in le Pleno assicura le contribution del perspectiva militar al consilio del Presidente. Le Director del CNI aporta le perspective del intelligentia, mentre le ministros representa le principal dimensions civil del politica de defensa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/2005/11/17/5/con |titulo=Ley Orgánica 5/2005, de 17 de noviembre, de la Defensa Nacional |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le Consilio es assi un puncto de coordination inter le direction politic del defensa, le administration civil, le commandamento militar e le intelligentia national. Iste function es particular importante in situationes que involve simultaneemente le defensa national, le securitate interior e le politica exterior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Signification institutional ==
Le Consilio de Defensa National constitue un del principal organos de coordination superior del sistema espaniol de defensa. Su composition interministerial permette tractar le defensa como un materia que concerne non solmente le Forces Armate, ma tamben le politica exterior, le securitate interior, le intelligentia e altere areas del Administration General del Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2007/10/05/1310/con |titulo=Real Decreto 1310/2007, de 5 de octubre |autor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le institution combina assi le consilio strategic, le coordination interministerial e le participation del principal autoritates civil e militar, sub le direction del Presidente del Governamento e in le quadro del politica de defensa establite per le Stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.defensa.gob.es/defensa/Consiliodefensa/ |titulo=Consilio de Defensa Nacional |autor=Ministerio de Defensa de España |fechaacceso=26 de septembre 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referentias ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Defensa de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)]]
[[Categoria:Consilios del Governamento de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Fortias Armate de Espania]]</text>
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