Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 9414 701094 663311 2026-09-28T02:42:43Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''Matroska''' (cuje commun extensiones de archivo es .mkv e .mka) es un projecto pro disveloppar un contentor de formatos multimedial in [[codice aperite]] simile a [[QuickTime]] de [[Apple Computer|Apple]], [[MP4]] de MPEG o [[Advanced Streaming Format]] de [[Microsoft]]. Su nomine deriva del pupa russe матрёшка qui in le alphabeto roman deberea esser traducite como [[Matryoshka]]. Le solution official pro le [[systema operative]] [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] es le [[Combined Community Codec Pack]]. Le projecto ha essite annunciate le 7^me decembre [[2002]] como furca (''en:fork'') del projecto [[Multimedia Container Format]], post disaccordo con le creator de iste projecto circa le uso del [[Extensible Binary Meta Language]] ('''EBML''') in vice de un altere formato binari. Le fundatores del projecto Matroska crede que le uso del '''EBML''' lor porta un numero de avantages, incluse simplificar le extension del formato in le futuro quando nove disveloppamentos poterea occurrer o quando le scopos del projecto poterea cambiar. Le projecto ha un numero de scopos: * crear un moderne, flexibile, extensibile, multiplatteforme contentor de formatos multimedial qui permitte le [[streaming|fluxo]] a transverso de [[Internet]], trovar velocemente un position in un archivo e un menu del capitulos como istos del [[DVD]]s. * disveloppar un collection de instrumentos pro le creation e modifica de archivos Matroska, licentiate subtus le [[GNU General Public License|Licentia Public General GNU]]. * disveloppar librerias qui pote esser usate per disveloppatores pro adder supporto Matroska a lor applicationes, licentiate subtus le [[GNU Lesser General Public License]]. * laborar con productores de [[hardware]] pro includer le supporto Matroska in apparatos multimedial integrate. * supporto native in plure [[systema operative|systemas operative]] incluse [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] via [[DirectShow]], [[Linux]] via [[Gstreamer]] e [[Haiku]] via su Mediakit. == Ligamines externe == * http://www.matroska.org - Official webpage * http://corecodec.org/projects/matroska/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050923062446/http://corecodec.org/projects/matroska |date=2005-09-23 }} - Official Developer Project Home * http://www.cccp-project.net/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119182627/http://www.cccp-project.net/ |date=2007-01-19 }} - 'Combined Community Codec Pack' all you need to play Matroska files on Windows * http://haali.cs.msu.ru/mkv/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040707171532/http://haali.cs.msu.ru/mkv/ |date=2004-07-07 }} - alternative matroska splitter * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051030153708/http://wiki.hydrogenaudio.org/index.php?title=Matroska Matroska in Hydrogenaudio.org wiki] * [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?s=&postid=221947 Project Announcement] - on Doom9 forums * http://sourceforge.net/projects/guliverkli/ - parser, de-/muxer and player * http://www.bunkus.org/videotools/mkvtoolnix/ - Linux and Windows tools for Matroska * [http://neap0litan.net/xvid/ The XviD-Ogg-MKV Walkthrough] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203114551/http://neap0litan.net/xvid/ |date=2008-02-03 }} - Step-by-step instructions for MKV encoding. [[Categoria:Software]] qgw1u4sxdaaksazfpkrnb23p9z6778j 0 10354 701088 683173 2026-09-28T00:38:31Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ''Bos bison'' | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|0.01|0}}<small>[[Holoceno]] precoce – presente</small> | image = American bison k5680-1.jpg | image_caption = [[Bison de plana]]s<br />(''B. bison bison'') | image2 = Waldbison Bison bison athabascae Tierpark Hellabrunn-13.jpg | image2_caption = [[Bison de foreste]]<br /> (''B. bison athabascae'')[[File:Bison.ogg|Bison call audio]] | status = NT | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite web |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2815/123789863 |author=K. Aune, D. Jørgensen, C. Gates |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |title=''Bison bison'' |publisher=IUCN |page=e.T2815A123789863 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en}}</ref> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | infraclassis = [[Placentalia]] | superordo = [[Laurasiatheria]] | ordo = [[Cetartiodactyla]] | subordo = [[Ruminantia]] | infraordo = [[Pecora]] | superfamilia = [[Bovoidea]] | familia = [[Bovidae]] | subfamilia = [[Bovinae]] | tribus = [[Bovini]] |binomial = ''Bos bison'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl von Linné|Linnaeus]], [[1758]] | synonyms = * ''Bos americanus'' {{small|Gmelin,&nbsp;1788}} * ''Bison americanus'' * ''Bison bison'' * ''Bison bison montanae'' {{small|Krumbiegel,&nbsp;1980}} | range_map2 = Bison_bison_map.svg | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = * ''B. bison bison'' * ''B. bison athabascae'' }} [[File:American bison (Bison bison) in Yukon, Canada.webm|thumb|bisonte american]] Le '''bisonte american''' (''Bos bison'' o ''Bison bison'')<ref>https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/bobi/all.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731180443/https://www.alienor.org/collections/oeuvre/123046--bos-bison-linnaeus-1758 |archivedate=2023-07-31 |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.alienor.org/collections/oeuvre/123046--bos-bison-linnaeus-1758 |accessdate=2023-07-31}}</ref>, etiam nominate erroneemente [[bufalo]], es un grande [[bovin]] que soleva habitar in le planas del nord de [[Mexico]], le [[Statos Unite]] e [[Canada]] in grande greges. Il existe duo subspecies: Le Bisonte de planas (''B. b. bison'') e le Bisonte del bosco (''B. b. athabascae'') de Canada. Le bisontes ha un pelage de color brun obscur durante le [[hiberno]], e un altere de color plus legier de color brun clar durante le [[estate]]. Illos pote attinger 1,80 m de talia e 3 m de longe, et illos pote pesar inter 450 a 1350 kg. Tanto le masculo como le femina ha parve [[corno]]s, le qual usa pro luctar in epocha de calor sexual e como defensa. Le bisontes se accopula in augusto e septembre. Su periodo de gestation dura inter 260 e 280 dies, post del qual nasce un sol vitello. Iste es guardate durante 1 anno. Le bisontes attinge su maturitate al 3 annos de vita, e su media de vita es de 18 a 22 annos. [[File:Muybridge Buffalo galloping.gif|thumb|left|230px|Animation de un bisonte de 1887. Photos de Eadweard Muybridge]] Iste animal esseva le principal fonte de alimentation pro le indianos nord-americanos, le bisontes esseva chassate quasi usque su extinction in le seculo 19, assi sol restava 750 individuos in 1890. In le jardin Zoologic del Bronx, in S.U.A. manteneva un del greges supervivente, del qual esseva restablite le population in le parco national Yellowstone e altere reservas natural. Le actual population de bisontes american es de approximatemente 350.000 individuos, comparate con un population estimate in 60–100 milliones ante del arrivata del europeos. == Le bisonte american in le cultura native == Usque le seculo 17, le bisonte american errava abundantemente le territorios del nord de America. Le bisonte, era venerate per multe tribos native. In alicun populos indigene, le chassa de iste animal esseva accompaniate con un grande respecto, admiration per lor qualitates, e gratitude per omne le beneficios que illo apportava. Il se diceva que al momento del morte del bison, le chassator [[Amerindiano|amerindian]] se approximava al animal pro inspirar su ultime sufflo como forma pro absorber spiritualmente lor virtutes. Iste animal esseva seligite como "donator de vita", nam de iste animal omne esseva utilisate. Lor usos comprendeva le alimentation, pellicia, vestimentos religiose e materiales de construction. Le chassa del bisonte american se intensificava post del arrivata del angleses al costa est de America del nord, pois le valor del pelle esseva satis preciate e functionava como un catalysator pro le massacro de milles de iste animales. Quando multes del populationes native esseva displaciate, le bisonte american se approximava al puncto periculose del extinction, nam illo esseva rapidemente reducite de milliones a alicun centenas. Le bisonte albin es un deitate, ancora presente in le seculo 21; per exemplo, inter le populo [[Sioux]] e [[Lakota]], del qual le leaders spiritual sta attente de su apparition in le realitate o in un somno. Un bisonte blanc non es pro le chassa, nam illo es un esser respectate, venerate e admirate. Hodie plus de 250.000 del 350'000 bisontes restante es elevate pro consumption human. Su carne ha minus [[grassia]] e [[cholesterol]] que le carne de bove, illo ha favorate le production del "beefalo" (del vocabulos anglese beef, e buffalo) un hybrida inter le bisonte e le [[vacca]] domestic. == Galeria == <gallery> File:Bison bison 003.jpg File:Bison bison 004.jpg File:Bison bison 005.jpg File:Bison bison 006.jpg File:Bison bison 007.jpg File:Bison bison 008.jpg </gallery> {{Refer}} [[Categoria:Bovini]] pth2fhdgrhxrr5qx4s3nyqrxgni3xyp 0 11351 701078 700768 2026-09-27T16:43:10Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20260927)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 701078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{eminente}} {{infobox}} Le '''Revolution francese'''{{linfo}} (1789-1799) esseva un epocha de grande cambios politic e social in le historia de [[Francia]] et [[Europa]] in toto, durante que le governamental structura francese, ante un monarchia absolute con privilegios feudal pro le [[aristocratia]] e clericos [[catholic]], suffreva cambio radical a formas fundate super ideales de [[democratia]], [[civitate]], e [[derecto]]s inalienabile. Iste cambios esseva accompaniate per tumulto multo violente, inclusivemente per executiones in massa e repression durante le [[Regno del Terror]], e un guerra que involveva qualque altere europee potentias major. Historicos continue discuter qual causas del revolution esseva le plus importante. Illos include le nove ideas del [[Illuminismo]] que se emergeva durante le mesme seculo e problemas financiari in Francia, specialmente le debitas del [[Guerra de Septe Annos]] e le [[Guerra de Independentia del Statos Unite]] e un systema inefficace de taxation. Le rege indecise [[Ludovico XVI de Francia|Ludovico XVI]] tentava resolver iste problemas con nove impostos. Istos esseva impopular con le classes burgese e inferior, qui habeva resentimento proque le clero e aristocratia non debeva pagar multe impostos. Mal recoltas, exacerbate per le deregulation del mercato de grano, causava plus agitation. Reformas altere del rege esseva obstruite per le aristocratia e ''[[Parlement]]s'' (institutiones judicial regional). Ludovico appellava le [[Statos General de 1789]] pro obtener un mandato pro su reformas. Post le convocation de iste assemblea in maio 1789, ille disappunctava le deputatos eligite qui voleva un [[monarchia constitutional]]. Agitation popular se diffundeva in Paris, que culminava con le [[Prension del Bastille]] in julio e le [[Marcha sur Versailles]] in octobre. Iste eventos destrueva le autoritate del rege, que deveniva impotente contra le deputatos. Illes adoptava reformas radical, inclusive le [[Declaration del Derectos del Homine e del Citatano]] de augusto 1789 e le abolition del privilegios del aristocratia e del ecclesia. Le quatro annos subsequente videva luctas inter le adherentes firme del rege, le monarchistas moderate (le [[Societate de 1789]] e ''[[Feuillant]]s''), le revolutionarios moderate (le [[Girondino]]s) e le revolutionarios radical (le [[Montagnard]]es, le ''[[Sans-culottes]]'' del classe inferior e le ''[[Hebertista]]s''). Le Montagnardes ganiava potente in medio de agitation interne, problemas economic e timores de invention extere pro restablir le monarchia absolute, que esseva exacerbate per [[Fugita a Varennes|le fugita del familia regal a Varennes]] in junio 1791. In 1792, [[Guerras revolutionari francese|un serie de guerras contra altere paises europee]] comenciava in april, inclusive un invasion de [[Prussia]] que esseva rebattite al [[Battalia de Valmy]] in septembre. Le monarchia esseva abolite in duo dies plus tarde; Ludovico esseva executate le januario subsequente. Plus tarde in 1793, le [[Committee de Securitate Public]], dirigite per [[Maximilien Robespierre]], introduceva radical reformas economic, social e antireligiose. Durante le concurrente [[Regno del Terror]], multe pretense contra-revolutionarios esseva imprisonate, exiliate o executava per le [[guillotine]]. Iste periodo se finiva in julio 1794 con le arresto e execution de Robespierre. Le periodo subsequente, le [[Reaction Thermidorian]], e le nove governamento de 1795, le [[Directorio Francese|Directorio]], supprimeva movimentos radical in le [[Prime Terror Blanc]] ma continueva alcun politicas revolutionari. Isto durava usque un [[colpo de stato]] per le general militar [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] in 1799. Le revolution habeva un impacto profunde in le historia mundial. Illo incoragiava agitation in paises ab le [[Caribe]] usque le [[Medio Oriente]], e su ideales influentiava revolutiones futur como le [[Revolution russian]] in 1917. In Francia, le revolution causava divisiones social e politic que durava quasi cento annos; le pais alternarea inter republicas e monarchias usque le fundation del [[Tertie Republica Francese|Tertie Republica]] in 1870. Le revolution influentiava le symbolos del stato francese moderne, inclusive le motto "''Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité''" (Libertate, Equalitate, Fraternitate), le [[Bandiera de Francia|bandiera national]], le hymno national ''[[Le Marseillaise]]'' e le [[Die National Francese|die national]] al anniversario del prension del Bastille. Illo deveniva le foco del disveloppamentos de ideologias politic moderne, inclusive [[liberalismo]], [[conservatismo]], [[Sinistra (politic)|ideologias del sinistra]] e [[nationalismo]], e le diffusion del ideas de [[democratia]], [[republicanismo]], [[suffragio universal]], [[derectos human]], [[codification (derecto)|codification legal]] e [[guerra total]]. == Chronologia e periodisation == Illo es traditionalmente situate inter le apertura del [[Statos general (Francia)|statos general]], le 5 de maio 1789, e le [[Colpo de stato del 18 Brumaire|colpo de stato del 18 Brumaire]] de [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], le 9 de novembre 1799, que inaugura le periodo del [[Consulato (historia de Francia)|Consulato]] e conduce, cinque annos plus tarde, al advento del [[Prime Imperio|Imperio]]. Tamen, illo esseva partialmente perpetuate per Napoleon durante le expansion del Primo Imperio francese. Si le major parte del manuales de historia e numerose historicos divide le Revolution in quatro periodos: Constituente, Legislative, Convention, Directorio, [[Jules Michelet]] e le historiographia [[Materialismo historic|marxista]] fixa su fin al cadita de [[Robespierre]]. Iste [[Periodisation]] ha sovente dependite del convictiones o arrière-pensate politic del personas interessate, in favor sia del Republica «parlamentari», sia del «sovranitate popular»<ref>Thierry Lentz, ''Le Grand Consulat 1799-1804'', Arthème Fayard/Pluriel, 2014 (1999), p. 156-157.</ref>. Le [[Historiographia del Revolution francese|historiographia]] distingue classicamente duo phases, duo revolutiones successive, que transformava primo le [[Regno de Francia|regno de Francia]] in un [[Monarchia constitutional francese (1791-1792)|monarchia constitutional]], postea in le [[Prime Republica (Francia)|Prime Republica]], ponente fin a un [[Societate de ordines|societate de ordines]] e al ancian [[Privilegio (jure medieval)|privilegios]]. == La Francia in le annos 1780 == === Le societate francese === {{AP|Societate del Ancian Regime}} [[File:Organisation féodale.svg|thumb|Organisation del 3 ordines del feudalitate.]] Le [[Societate del Ancian Regime|societate sub le Ancian Regime]] se basa super le existentia de tres ordines hierarchisate (le [[Clero|clero]], le [[Nobilitate|nobilitate]], e le [[Tertie stato|tertie stato]], que representa sol 97 % del population<ref name="Bertaud2004p182">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=18}}.</ref>) e de un mosaico de derectos del qual dispone le corporates constituite ([[Parlamento (regno de Francia)|parlamentos]], communitates, citates, universitates, [[Mestiero (corporation)|mestieros]])<ref>[[Albert Soboul]], ''La Francia al veille del revolution: Aspectos economic e social'', C.D.U., 1964, {{p.}}77.</ref>, o que pote differer de un provincia al altere e es hereditates del [[societate medieval]] e del successiv augmentos del regno. Le carga del impostos pesa exclusivemente super le [[Tertie stato]], que debe in particular pagar impostos al altere duo ordines. Al seculo XVIII, le expansion de nove categorias social in le citates e in le grande burgos es innegabile. Inter le nove stratos, on distingue de un latere un burgesia mercantil o financiari, que profita del inricchimento global e, pro un parte de illes, del [[Historia del bolsas de valores#Le grande speculationes del fin del regno de Louis XVI|grande speculationes bursari sub Louis XVI]], de cultivatores, de paisanos ric que pote offerer a lor filios un education, e de altere latere un burgesia de functionarios e de homines de lege que aspira a jocar un rolo politic<ref>Robert Darnton, ''Le aventura del Encyclopedie'', Paris, 1982.</ref>. Tamen, ante iste concurrentia, le nobilitate reimprime le principio del superioritate del nascentia super le fortuna e le instruction: isto es le [[reaction seignorial e nobiliari]]. Inspirate per le [[Physiocratia|physiocrates]], le dominos cerca per altere parte a optimisar le ingresos obtenite del exploitation de lor terras e remitte in vigor privilegios como le exploitation exclusive del terras commun, con como effecto de privar de illos e impovrir le paisanos non proprietarios<ref>Pernille Røge, ''A Natural Order of Empire: The Physiocratic Vision of Colonial France after the Seven Years’ War'', Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137315557_3</ref>. Al fin del [[annos 1780]], le mal recoltas jecta in le strata le membros le plus fragile del communitates. Le historiographista [[Jean Nicolas (historico)|Jean Nicolas]] recense durante tote le seculo XVIII, que ille appella le {{Citation|seculo de inquietude}}, non minus de {{formatnum:8528}} revoltas de communitates paisan que se politisa sempre plus<ref>{{cite book |author=Jean Nicolas |title=Le rebellion francese. Movimentos popular e conscientia social (1661-1789) |location=Paris |publisher=Seuil |year=2002}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[Jean-Luc Chappey]] |author2=Bernard Gainot |author3=[[Guillaume Mazeau]] |author4=Frédéric Régent |author5=[[Pierre Serna]] |title=Pro que facer le Revolution |location=Marseille |publisher=[[Ediciones Agone]] |year=2012 |page=208 |isbn=978-2-7489-0161-0}}</ref>. Le conditiones climatic es penose in [[1788 in Francia|1788]] con un siccitate in le primavera, violente tempestas le 13 de julio, causante mal recoltas e le augmento del precio del cereales e del pan<ref group="Nota">In particular Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie. Vide ''Le territorio del historiographista'', Paris, Gallimard, 2014 {{ISBN|978-2-07029-778-8}}, 544{{nb p.}}.</ref>. Le rudeza del inverno que seque face etiam augmentar le precio del ligno de calefaction. Iste phenomenos attisa le agitation popular<ref>{{lien web|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/le-13-juillet-1788-un-orage-de-fin-du-monde-03-06-2018-7750419.php|titre=Le 13 julio 1788, un tempesta del fin del mundo|site=leparisien.fr|date=3 junio 2018|auteur=Charles de Saint Sauveur|consulté le=4 junio 2018}}.</ref>, le politic essente considerate responsabile del mancantia de grano<ref group="Nota">Isto es lo que le historiographia francese ha retenite sub le nom de «imputation al politic» del fluctuationes economic. Vide C. E. Labrousse, ''Le crise del economia francese al fin del Ancian Regime e al initio del Revolution'', Volumine 1, Presses Universitaires de France, 1944.</ref>. Revoltas de subsistentia in 1788 attesta, illes etiam, de un crise frumentari al origine partial del Revolution<ref>vide Le Roy Ladurie, ''Historia human e comparate del clima'', {{t.|2}}.</ref>. Iste crises frumentari es debite al [[liberalisation del commercio del grano sub le Ancian Regime]] que ha initiate in 1763<ref>* {{cite journal |author=Alain Le Diberder |title=In qual conditiones pote un deregulation provocar revoltas ? |journal=Quademi |date=1989 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/quad_0987-1381_1989_num_7_1_1899 |pages=13}}.</ref>. [[File:France 1788 Louis d’or (Louis XVI).jpg|thumb|300px|Louis d’or de Louis XVI (1788).]] Per altere parte, durante que le bancas parisian cognosce un developpamento multo importante, e que le arrivata de [[Jacques Necker]] al direction del finances es facite in particular sub lor influentia<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alain Plessis |title=Le Revolution e le bancas in Francia: del Cassa de desconto al Banco de Francia |journal=Revue économique |date=1989 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/reco_0035-2764_1989_num_40_6_409182 |pages=1005}}</ref>, un crise budgetari del Stato debite al enorme debito del governamento ({{Unité|4500000000|libras}} in 1788)<ref name="Gershoy1957" details="{{p.|22}}">{{cite book |first=Leo |last=Gershoy |title=Le era del Revolution francese |subtitle=1789-1799 : Dece annos que faceva tremular le mundo |location=Princeton |publisher=Van Nostrand |year=1957 |language=en |oclc=563157811 |url=https://archive.org/details/eraoffrenchrev00gers}}</ref>, in parte debite al participation de Francia al [[guerra de independentia del Statos Unite]] (que haberea costate plus de un milliardo de libras secundo le historiographista francese [[Jean-Clément Martin]]{{sfn|Martin|2012|p=37}}), e un inflation elevate causate per un quantitate sin precedente de moneta in circulation<ref name=Gershoy1957 details={{p.|16-17}}/>, le obl iga a considerar un nove exaction de impostos e, pro facer isto, a convocar le statos general: isto sera, in iste contexto de tensiones, le evento declanchante del Revolution francese. === Resistentia al monarchia absolute e desiro de reforma === [[File:Luis XVI (Callet).jpg|thumb|Louis XVI in costume de coronation con le ''[[regalia|regalia]]'' e le cruce del [[Ordine del Sancte Spirito|Ordine del Sancte Spirito]] per [[Antoine-François Callet]] (1781).]] {{AP|Preludios del Revolution francese|Pre-revolution francese|Causas del Revolution francese}} In 1788, le poter se basa super le modello politico-social de un [[Monarchia de jure divin|monarchia absolute de jure divin]]: le rege, representante de Deo super Terra, es «delegate del leges» totevia debente respectar le «[[Lege fundamental del regno de Francia|leges fundamental del Regno]]»<ref>François Olivier-Martin, ''Historia del jure francese, del origines al Revolution'' (1948), Paris, {{Éd.}} del CNRS, 1984, {{p.|324}}.</ref>. Il es le garante del securitate, del justitia e del fide de su subjectos. Il non trahe su soveranitate de alcun instantie human, ma debe governar con le consentimento del corporates constituite. Le contradictiones interne del modello va aperir le via al Revolution<ref>{{en}} Peter Campbell, «Monarchia absolute», in William Doyle ({{éd.}}), ''Le Oxford Handbook del Ancian Regime'', Oxford, 2012.</ref>. In lor immense majoritate, le franceses remane attachate al forma monarchic. Le rege, amate e respectate<ref group="Nota">Le quadernos de reclamos mentiona le «amor paternal», mentionante «un rege juste e benefic como un patre in le medio de su filios», «un patre amate per su filios es ben secur de lor auxilio», «le patre del populo e regeneratore de Francia»; citate per Pierre Goubert e Michel Denis, ''1789, Le franceses ha le parola, extractos del quadernos de reclamos'', Paris, Julliard, Coll. Archivos, 1964.</ref>, es percipite como un «patre del populo», de «le [[Patre del Nation|Nation]]»<ref>Alcun vices in un parallelo facite con Louis XII. Nicole Hochner, ''Louis XII: le disordines del imagine regal, 1498-1515'', {{Éd.}} Champ Vallon, 2006, {{p.|24-25}} {{Leger in linea|url=https://books.google.be/books?id=98EtH4jrUG8C&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}.</ref>, postea como «patre del franceses»<ref>{{cite journal |author=Julien Broch |title=Un aspecto del legitimitate monarchic: le metaphor del rege-patre al epocha de Louis XVI |journal=Pensée politique et famille, Actes du colloque de l’AFHIP (Dijon, 21-22 maio 2015), Aix, PUAM |date=2016 |isbn=978-2-7314-1023-5 |pages=125-142}}</ref>. In 1788, un reforma del Stato es sperate sub su autoritate e con su consentimento<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[François Furet]] |author2=[[Denis Richet]] |title=Le Revolution francese |publisher=Hachette littératures |year=2008 |volume=1 |page=70}}</ref>. Le corporates constituite, quando illes se oppone al poter regal, lo face pro le defension de lor proprie interesses sin totevia mitter illo in question o opponer se ideologicamente a illo. Le [[Parlamentos|Parlamentos]], cortes de justitia del Ancian Regime, e le [[Statos provincial (Ancian Regime)|statos provincial]] instrumentalisa lor [[jure de remonstrantia]] durante le registration del leges pro opponer se al reformas ministerial del [[Consilio del rege de Francia|Consilio del rege]]. Ben que illes protege ante toto lor privilegios, illes se pensa e appare, al oculos del [[opinion public|opinion public]] nascent, in un rhetoric de defensa del populo contra le [[despotismo]] ministerial, como representantes del Nation. Le monarchia, in despecto del pression fiscal, remane respectuose de iste corporates intermediari usque al colpo de fortia del cancellero [[René-Nicolas de Maupeou|Maupeou]], qui rumpe le equilibrio in [[1771 in Francia|1771]]<ref>{{cite book |author=[[André Zysberg]] |title=Nova historia del Francia moderne |subtitle=Le monarchia del Lumines 1715-1786 |publisher=Seuil |location=Paris |year=2002 |volume=5}}</ref>. Su membros le plus radical se junge al que on appella le «partito patriota», punta de lance del contestation [[Pre-revolution francese|pre-revolutionari]]. Le synthese de lor luctas e de lor revendicationes, in lor dialogo con le theses [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|rousseaunian]], deberea, a favor del eventos de 1789, dar corpore al premissas [[Ideologia|ideologic]] del Revolution<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Dale K. Van Kley]] |others=Translated by Alain Spiess |title=Le origines religiose del Revolution francese 1560-1791 |location=Paris |publisher=[[Ediciones del Seuil]] |series=L’univers historic |year=2002 |isbn=978-2-02-085509-9 |url=http://ahrf.revues.org/4802#text}} ; {{capitulo |auteur=[[Dale K. Van Kley]] |url=https://www.amisdeportroyal.org/societe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/110-_Du_parti_janse_niste_au_parti_patriote_l_ultime_se_cularisation_d_une_tradition_religieuse_a_l_epoque_du_chancelier_Maupeou_1770-1775.pdf |titre=Del partito jansenista al partito patriota: le ultime secularisation de un tradition religiose al epocha del cancellero Maupeou, 1770-1775 |auteur ouvrage=C. Maire ({{éd.}})|titre ouvrage=Jansenismo e revolution'', «Actos del colloquio de Versailles», 13-14 octobre 1989''|éditeur=[[Chronicas de Port-Royal]]|lieu=Paris |année=1990}}</ref>. In fin, le contestationes del absolutismo es rar e marginal ante 1789. Illos es ante toto [[Philosophia del Lumines|philosophic]] e [[Jansenismo|religiose]] ante de esser politic o social<ref>{{harvsp|Zysberg|2002}} On pote citar le brochura anonyme ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k47148r.image Reflexiones de un citatan super le session regal]'', (1787, Liège) como exemplo de litteratura specificamente anti-absolutista del epocha.</ref>. On trova per contra un desiro unanim de reforma inter le franceses, portate per lor deputatos qui exprime le desiro de un Stato plus efficace e de un monarchia regenerate<ref>[[William Doyle]], ''Origines del Revolution francese'', Calmann-Lévy, 1988.</ref>. == 1789: fin del monarchia absolute e del Ancian Regime == {{AP|Preludios del Revolution francese|Statos general de 1789}} === Revolution juridic (maio-initio de julio 1789) === ==== Campania electoral pro le election del deputatos al statos general ==== [[File:Qu'est ce que le Tiers Etat.jpg|thumb|redresse|''[[Que es le Tertie Stato ?]]'', [[pamphlet|pamphlet]] del abbate [[Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès|Sieyès]] (januario 1789).]] Ben que illo sia private de tote autoritate legislative, le reunion del [[Statos general (Francia)|statos general]] ha suscitate grande sperantias inter le population francese{{refinc|{{sfn|Soboul|1982|p=138}}}}. Le paisanos spera un melioramento de lor conditiones de vita con le alleviamento, o mesmo le abandono, del derectos seniorial<ref>[[René Fonvieille]], ''Barnave e le Revolution'', Paris, Glénat, 1989, 340{{nb p.}} {{ISBN|978-2-72341-003-8}}, {{p.|71}}.</ref>. Le burgesia spera le instauration del [[equalitate ante le lege]] e, plus confusemente, le establimento de un monarchia parlamentari o de un governamento representative<ref>Anatoli Ado, ''Paisanos in revolution: terra, poter e jacqueria (1789-1794)'', Societate del studios robespierristas, 1996 {{ISBN|978-2-90832-738-0}}, 474{{nb p.}}, {{p.|96}}.</ref>. Illa pote contar super le appoio de un parve parte del nobilitate acquisite al nove ideas e del basso clero sensibile al difficultates del populo. Jam al fin del anno 1788, memorandos, libellos e periodicos super le convocation proxime se multiplica<ref>{{en}} Jeremy D. Popkin, «Le pressa provincial e le politica revolutionari», ''Studios historic francese'', {{vol.}} 18, {{n°|2}}, {{pp.}}434-456.</ref>. Citates e villages francese se informa assi super le debattos concernente le composition e le organisation del Statos del Regno. Le tradition habeva sanctionate le practica de un voto per ordine que poneva le [[Tertie stato|tertie]] in minoritate. In [[septembre 1788|septembre]] 1788, le [[Parlamento de Paris]] confirma que le Statos debe prender le formas de [[Statos general de 1614|1614]]{{sfn|Vovelle|1999|p={{pagina a precisar}}}}. Le tertie stato reclama, de un latere, le duplication del numero de su deputatos pro que illo corresponde a su peso real in le [[Bailliage e senescalsia|bailliages]], assi como le principio del voto per testa, ubi cata electo dispone de un voto. {{noble-|Louis XVI}} accorda le duplicamento ma remane silente super le modalitate del voto. Iste effacemento del autoritate regal permitte le emergentia de un «[[Patriota (Revolution francese)|partito patriota]]» a Paris e in le provincias. A favor del developpamento de un [[opinion public]], de altercationes urban, in particular a [[Jornata del bricoles|Rennes]] e in [[Jornata del Tegulas|Dauphiné]], punctua le pauc menses que separa le convocation del reunion del deputatos a Versailles<ref>{{en}} [[Munro Price]], ''Le via desde Versailles: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, e le cadita del monarchia francese'', [[St. Martin's Press]], 2003.</ref>. ==== Le deputatos del tertie stato se oppone al rege ==== {{AP|Statos general de 1789|Juramento del Jeu de paume|Session regal del 23 junio 1789}} [[File:Estatesgeneral.jpg|thumb|left|Le [[Statos general de 1789|Statos general]] a [[Versailles]] le 5 de maio 1789.]] Le 1 de maio 1789, le deputatos arriva a [[Versailles]]. Durante que illes del clero (291) e del nobilitate (270) es recipite con grande apparato, illes del tertie stato (584)<ref>Pascal Perrineau, Dominique Reynié, Sandrine Lefranc (collective), ''Dictionario del voto'', Presses universitaires de France, 2001, {{p.|426}}.</ref> es ignorate. Le 5 de maio, le rege aperi le [[Statos general de 1789|statos general]]. Su discurso mitte in guarda contra tote spirito de innovation; illo de [[Jacques Necker|Necker]] tracta solmente le questiones financiari. Nulle mention del reformas politic tanto expectate es facite. Le poter non prende clarmente position super le modalidades del voto. Le deputatos del tertie stato se ingagia alora in un processo de resistentia e insubordination ducite per [[Antoine Barnave|Barnave]], [[Jean-Joseph Mounier|Mounier]], [[Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau|Mirabeau]] e [[Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne|Rabaut Saint-Étienne]]. Illes refusa reunir se separatemente del altere duo ordines. Durante le mense de maio, le assembleas del clero e del nobilitate accepta renunciar a lor privilegios fiscal. Al fin de un mense de discussiones, super un motion del abbate [[Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès|Sieyès]], le tertie stato prende le initiative de [[Verification del podres|verificar le podres]] del deputatos per [[bailliage e senescalsia]] in absentia del ordines privilegiate. Le 13 de junio, tres curatos responde al appello. Le 16, illes es dece. <gallery mode="packed" heights="170"> File:Antoine-Pierre-Joseph-Marie Barnave.png|[[Antoine Barnave|Barnave]]. File:Jean-Joseph Mounier.jpg|[[Jean-Joseph Mounier|Mounier]]. File:Boze - Honoré de Mirabeau.jpg|[[Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau|Mirabeau]]. File:Jean-Paul Rabaut de Saint-Étienne.jpg|[[Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne|Rabaut Saint-Étienne]]. File:Sieyès député Assemblée nationale.JPG|Le abbate [[Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès|Sieyès]]. </gallery> Le 17 de junio 1789, le tertie stato e alcun deputatos del nobilitate e del clero, super proposition de [[Jérôme Legrand|Legrand]] e al invitation de Sieyès, prende le titulo de «[[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Assemblea national]]»<ref>[[Alexandre Maral]], ''Le ultime dies de Versailles'', Paris, Perrin, 2018.</ref>. Le 19 de junio, le clero, que conta un minoritate de curatos sensibile al problemas del paisanos, decide unir se al deputatos del tertie stato pro le verification del podres. Le 20 de junio, le rege face clauder le [[Hotel del Menus Plaisirs (Versailles)|sala del Menus Plaisirs]], loco de reunion del tertie stato. Illes se dirige alora verso un [[Sala del Jeu de paume|sala de Jeu de paume]] vicin. [[File:Serment du Jeu de Paume - Jacques-Louis David.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques-Louis David]], ''[[Juramento del Jeu de paume]]'', Paris, [[Museo Carnavalet]].]] In un grande enthusiasmo, illes pronuncia le [[Juramento del Jeu de paume]], per le qual illes se ingagia a non separar se ante haber date un [[constitution|constitution]] scripte a Francia. Durante le [[session regal del 23 junio 1789]], {{noble-|Louis XVI}}, usque alora silente<ref>{{en}} John Hardman, ''Louis XVI: le rege silente'', London, Arnold, 2000.</ref>, defini un programma de labor, proponante al deputatos de reflecter super le reformas concrete del qual ille esquissa le economia, e ordina al deputatos seder in cameras separate. Durante que le deputatos del nobilitate e del alto clero obedi, le deputatos del tertie stato e illes del basso clero remane immobile. [[Jean Sylvain Bailly|Bailly]], eligite presidente in tanto que decano, responde al [[Henri-Évrard de Dreux-Brézé|marchese de Dreux-Brézé]], qui les some a retirar se, que le {{citation|Nation assemblate non ha ordine a reciper de necuno}}, e Mirabeau le interpella affirmante que solmente le fortia poterea facer les quitter le loco<ref>Henri-Évrard de Dreux-Brézé, ''Nota biographic super le Sr. Marchese de Dreux-Brézé - Pair de Francia'', La Renommée, 1842.</ref>. Ante iste resistentia, le rege invita le 27 de junio le tres ordines a discuter insimul<ref>[http://www.droit-constitutionnel.com/histoire-constitutionnelle-de-la-france.html Historia constitutional de Francia de 1789 a 1879] ; {{en}} Barry M. Shapiro, ''Politica traumatic: le deputatos e le rege al initio del Revolution francese'', [[Pennsylvania State University Press]], 2009.</ref>. Le Assemblea reprende alora immediatemente su marcha avant. Le 9 de julio, illa se proclama [[Assemblea national constituente (1789)|Assemblea national constituente]]. Durante iste jornatas, illa realiza un altere revolution decisive: multe deputatos, espaventate per le evolution del eventos, demissiona; le Assemblea declara que illa tene su mandato non del electores individualmente pro cata deputato, ma collectivemente del Nation integre. Isto es le application del principio del [[sovranitate national]] defendite per [[Diderot]]<ref>Jacques Proust, ''Diderot e le Encyclopedie'', 1967.</ref>. Iste assemblea pote appoiar se super le sperantias del majoritate del Nation, super le retes de «[[Patriota (Revolution francese)|patriotas]]». In le altere campo, il ha solmente ministros dividite, un governamento sin recursos financiari e un rege vacillante qui recula. Rumores de arresto del deputatos del Tertie stato circula alora a Versailles, a Paris e in le provincias<ref>{{en}} Barry M. Shapiro, ''Politica traumatic: le deputatos e le rege al initio del Revolution francese'', [[Pennsylvania State University Press]], 2009.</ref>. === Estate 1789 === ==== Le crise de julio ==== {{AP|Revoltas del 12 e 13 julio 1789}} [[File:P1330119 Carnavalet Berthault abbaye St-Germain 30 juin 1789 G27664 rwk.jpg|thumb|left|''Le populo liberante le guardias francese al abbatia St-Germain, le 30 junio 1789'' per [[Pierre-Gabriel Berthault]], [[Museo Carnavalet]].]] [[File:Necker, Jacques - Duplessis.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques Necker|Necker]].]] {{noble-|Louis XVI}} declara sin valor le nove Assemblea, ma le lassa seder sin intervenir apertemente. Le 25 de maio, [[Guardias francese|guardias francese]] defila a Paris in favor del deputatos revoltate e le electores parisian se reuni in assemblea. Ma, jam le 26, ordines de marcha es livrate a sex regimentos e un truppa de circa 20 000 homines<ref>{{cite book |author=Jean-Clément Martin |title=Le Revolution francese, 1789-1799 |publisher=[[Belin editor|Belin]] |year=2004a |page=20}}</ref> —un «ver parve arme»— es convocate al proximitates del capital pro mantener le ordine a Paris e a Versailles<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Pierre Caron (historiographista)|Pierre Caron]] |title=Le tentativa de contra-revolution de junio-julio 1789 |journal=Revue d’histoire moderne & contemporaine |date=1906}}</ref>. Or le totalitate del population parisian es agitate: le burgesia time pro le superviventia del Assemblea; le populo, ille mesme, time que le truppas va clauder le vias de approvisionamento del parisianos, durante que le precio del pan es al plus alte. Al initio de julio, revoltas erumpe al barreras del [[Muro del Fermiers general|octroi]]. Le rege dimitte su ministros considerate troppo liberal, inter illes [[Jacques Necker|Necker]], controllator del Finances, dimittite le 11 de julio e invitate a exir del Regno{{sfn|Caron|1906|p=42}}. Le nove es cognoscite a Paris le 12. Le parisianos se arma e manifesta. In le postmeridie, in le jardins del [[Palatio Regal]], le journalist [[Camille Desmoulins]] exhorta le turba a poner se in stato de defension. Il considera le dimission de Necker como un attacco contra le populo. In le jardins del Tuileries e al Invalides, le parisianos se confronta con le [[Regimento Royal-Allemand|regimento appellate Royal-Allemand]] del principe de Lambesc, cuje soldatos es accusate de haber occidite manifestantes<ref>{{en}} Richard Clay, «Le statua de Louis XV per Bouchardon: iconoclasmo e transformation de signos», ''in'' Stacy Boldrick, Richard Clay ({{éd.}}), ''Iconoclasmo: objectos contestate, terminos contestate'', Aldershot/Burlington, 2007.</ref>. Le 13 de julio, le barreras de [[octroi|octroi]] es incendiate, le [[Deposito de cereales|reservas de grano]] del conventos es pillate<ref>Markovic Momcilo, «Le Revolution al barreras: le incendio del barreras del octroi a Paris in julio 1789», ''Annales historiques de la Révolution française'', vol. 2 ({{n°|372}}), 2013, {{p.}}27-48.</ref>. Al initiative del [[Commun del Paris (Revolution francese)|Comite permanente del electores]] del [[Hotel de citate de Paris|Hotel de Citate]], un [[Guardia national (Francia, 1789-1799)|militia burgese]], appoiate per Mirabeau in le Assemblea, se forma pro le defension del capital<ref>Maurice Genty, «Le initios del Guardia national parisian (1789-1791)», in [[Serge Bianchi]], [[Roger Dupuy]] ({{éd.}}) ''Le Guardia national inter Nation e populo in armas'', Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2006; Georges Carrot, ''Le Guardia national, 1789-1871, un fortia politic ambigue'', Paris, 2001.</ref>. ==== Jornata revolutionari del 14 julio ==== {{AP|Prension del Bastille}} [[File:Anonymous - Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|left|Presa del Bastille, le 14 de julio 1789.<br> Oleo super tela anonym, circa 1789-1791.]] [[File:Réveil du Tiers État.jpg|thumb|Un homine incarnante le [[tertie stato]] se evelia, se libera de su catenas e prende un fusil, al grande terror del nobilitate e del clero. Al secunde plano, on distingue le demolition del Bastille.<br> ''Eveliation del tertie stato'', gravura anonym, Paris, [[Museo Carnavalet]], circa 1789.]] Le [[Presa del Bastille|presa]] del [[Bastille (Paris)|Bastille]] se explica primo per le voluntate de trovar le pulvere necessari al milicias burgese del [[Districto de Paris (Revolution francese)|districtos]], ma illa es immediatemente elevate al rango de acto fundator del revolution popular{{sfn|Biard|Bourdin|Marzagalli|Cornette|2009|p=62}}. Le 14 de julio, le revoltantes del [[suburbio Saint-Antoine]] se rende tanto mastro de un fortia regal como de un symbolo del despotismo. Isto es etiam le prime manifestation del turbas revolutionari organisate<ref>George Rudé, ''Le turba in le Revolution francese'', «Textos al appoio», Paris, 1982.</ref>. Le matino, le revoltantes piliava le arsenal del [[Hotel del Invalides]], ubi illes trova armas e cannones. Illes arriva postea al portas del prision regal del [[Bastille (Paris)|Bastille]] e ibi retrova altere revoltantes agglomerate ante le fortia del suburbio Saint-Antoine desde le matino{{sfn|Mathiez|2012|p=74-75}}{{,}}<ref>Tulard, ''Historia e Dictionario del Revolution francese'', {{p.|566-567}}.</ref>{{,}}{{sfn|Furet|1988|p=120-121}}. Face al turba marchante verso le Bastille, su [[Governator del Bastille|governator]], le marchese [[Bernard-René Jordan de Launay|de Launay]], accede al demanda de mediatores venite del Hotel de Citate e accepta per scripto le rendition del fortia sub le promissa que nulle mal sera facite al garnison. Il lassa le turba penetrar in le prime corte. Il cambia de opinion e face tirar con mitraglia: il ha mortos. [[Guardias francese|Guardias francese]] amutinate apporta alora cannones prendite al Invalides: le governator cede e abassa le pontes levate. Es cinque horas del postmeridie. Le [[Victorios del Bastille]] se dirige postea verso le Hotel de Citate con lor prisoneros. Super le cammino, [[Bernard-René Jordan de Launay|Launay]] es massacrate. Su capite es secate con un cultello<ref>Le decapitation es le obra de un puero coquin nominate Desnot. J.-J. Guiffrey, «Documentos inedite super le jornada del 14 de julio 1789», ''Revue historique'', vol. I, {{p.}}500.</ref>. Arrivate al [[Hotel de Citate de Paris|Hotel de Citate]], le revoltantes accusa le [[Preposito del mercatores de Paris|preposito]] del mercatores [[Jacques de Flesselles|Flesselles]] de traition. Il es etiam linchate e su capite es portate al extremitate de un picca con le de [[Bernard-René Jordan de Launay|Launay]]. Durante tote le jornada, barreras e edificios fiscal parisian es atacate e incendiate. ==== Le revolution municipal ==== [[File:Jean Sylvain Bailly, Maire de Paris.png|thumb|left|redresse|[[Jean Sylvain Bailly]] portraitate per [[Jean-Laurent Mosnier|Mosnier]], [[Museo Carnavalet]], 1789.]] [[File:La Fayette by Weyler.jpg|thumb|redresse|[[Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette|La Fayette]].]] Louis XVI cerca le apaisamento e veni personalmente le die sequente a annunciar al Assemblea le retiro del truppas e le appella a restabilir le ordine. Le die sequente, ille revoca [[Jacques Necker|Necker]] assi como tote le ministros dimittite. Al [[Hotel de citate de Paris]], tote le membros del ancian administration, qui habeva fugite, [[Jean Sylvain Bailly]], presidente del Assemblea national, es nominate per acclamation «[[Mayor de Paris]]». [[La Fayette]] es nominate Commandante general del [[Guardia national (1789)|Guardia national]]. {{noble-|Louis XVI}} recognosce le nove organisation municipal que se pone in loco, rendente se a Paris le 17 de julio. A iste occasion, Bailly le remitte le [[cocarda]] blau e rubie, al colores del citate de Paris, que {{noble-|Louis XVI}} fixa super su cappello, associante assi iste colores al blanc del monarchia. Iste gesto pare sigillar le reconciliation de Paris con su rege. In le factos, tamen, le rege accepta mal que su autoritate sia tenite in scacco per un revolta parisian, del mesme maniera que le deputatos accepta con difficultate que lor poter depende del violentia popular. Intertanto, le renomine del «[[Victorios del Bastille]]» se diffunde in tote Francia. Le fortia ha triumphate, veniente al auxilio del reformatores. Multo tosto, un interpretation symbolic del presa del Bastille es elaborate. Le Bastille representa ibi le arbitrio regal. Le plus folle rumores se diffunde, describente carceres subterranee plen de esqueletos e inventante le personage fabulose del comte de Lorges, victima exemplar de iste arbitrio. Le «patriota» [[Pierre-François Palloy|Palloy]] face fortuna entreprendente le demolition del Bastille e commercialisante numerose memorabilias commemorative. Le presa del Bastille se inscribe in un unda de agitation social que attinge tote le provincias. Jam al initio del mense de julio, le [[Crise de subsistentia|crise frumentari]] e le revoltas que illa provoca, impelle citatanos a mobilisar se pro contestar un poter municipal considerate deficient<ref>[[Albert Soboul]], ''Le Revolution francese'', Éditions sociales, 1988, {{p.|154-156}}.</ref>. In numerose citates, le patriotas se constitue in comites permanente e prende le controlo del poter municipal. Le reception del eventos parisian, como le dimission de Necker, contribue a fortificar iste mobilisation, que in plure citates conduce a un ver revolution municipal. Le presa del Bastille, recipite con enthusiasmo, porta iste movimento a su apogeo. A [[Rennes]] e [[Strasbourg]], gruppos assalta le arsenales, ubi le armas les es date sin resistentia; altere gruppos prende le citadellas de [[Bordeaux]], [[Nantes]] o [[Marseille]], ubi le garnisones se rende. In marge de iste movimentos, se constitue le [[Guardia national francese sub le Revolution (1789-1799)|Guardia national]]. [[Antoine Barnave]] recommenda pro [[Grenoble]] que illa sia reservate al «bon burguesia». In effecto, lor rolo es sovente de controlar le comites permanente e le movimentos popular<ref>{{En}} D.M.G. Sutherland, ''Francia 1789-2815 Revolution e contra-revolution'', London, 1988, {{p.|68-69}}.</ref>. ==== Grande timor in le campanias francese e nocte del 4 de agosto 1789 ==== {{AP|Grande Timor|Nocte del 4 agosto 1789|Declaration del derectos del homine e del citatano de 1789}} [[File:Assemblée nationale - abandon de tous les privilèges à Versailles, séance de la nuit du 4 au 5 août 1789.jpg|thumb|left|Le [[nocte del 4 agosto 1789]].]] [[File:Declaration of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|Le [[Declaration del derectos del homine e del citatano de 1789|Declaration del derectos del homine e del citatano]].]] Iste eventos disclenche le prime [[Emigration francese (1789-1815)|emigration]]: le juvene fratre de {{noble-|Louis XVI}}, [[Charles X de Francia|le comte de Artois]], le grande del Regno como le [[Louis Joseph de Bourbon, principe de Condé|principe de Condé]], le [[Jules de Polignac (1746-1817)|duce de Polignac]] e le [[Louis VI Henri de Bourbon-Condé|duce de Enghien]]. Illes parti pro Anglaterra, le Paisos Basse o Germania. Tote pensa retornar intra tres menses. Un poco ubique in le campanias, a partir del 20 de julio 1789 usque al 6 de augusto 1789, le «[[Grande Timor]]» se diffunde: rumores de complotos aristocratic in represalia del eventos de Paris, o un timor plus vague de «brigantes» menaciante le recoltas, face que le paisanos se arma e finalmente attacca numerose castellos, ubi le archivos relative al derectos seniorial o al impostos es comburite. Iste insurrectiones marca le collapso del autoritate monarchic, incapace de interponer se, e disclenche un unda de emigration del nobilitate<ref>{{cite book |author=Guglielmo Ferrero |title=Le duo Revolutiones |publisher=Livre de Poche |year=1951 |pages=29–30}}</ref>. Face a iste disturbios, le Assemblea reage aboliente le [[Privilegio (Ancian Regime)|privilegios]], le [[derectos feudal]], le [[Venalitate del officios in Francia|venalitate del officios]] e le inegalitates fiscal in le [[Nocte del 4 agosto 1789|nocte del 4 de agosto 1789]]. Isto es le fin del [[societate del Ancian Regime]]. Le impostos afferente al privilegios cessara immediatemente de esser versate, ben que le abolition del derectos real super le renta del terra ([[Cens (derecto seignorial)|cens]], [[champart]]) es al initio assortite de un clausula de redemption, que le Assemblea constituente fixara mesmo le [[Decreto del 15 junio 1791|15 de junio 1791]] a un precio tanto alte que illo haberea quasi impedite omne redemption real. Le derectos es definitivamente abolite sin compensation le 17 de julio 1793. Le abolition del decima es etiam initialmente assortite de un clausula de redemption, finalmente annullate in april 1790. Le derectos personal (corvees, servitute…) e le monopolio del chasse nobile es simplemente supprimite. Le lege del 11 de augusto 1789 accorda a tote [[Proprietate|proprietario]] le derecto de destruer e facer destruer omne specie de gibiero super su possessiones, ponente fin al character regal del derecto de chasse<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Fol |title=Loco del Ordonnance de 1669 in le evolution del legislation super le chasse |journal=Revue Forestière Française |issue=7 |pages=611 |date=1969 |issn=1951-6827 |issn2=0035-2829 |doi=10.4267/2042/20310 |access-date=2024-12-24}}</ref>. Le 26 de augusto 1789, le [[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Assemblea constituente]] publica le [[Declaration del derectos del homine e del citatano de 1789|Declaration del derectos del homine e del citatano]]. Inspirate per le principios del [[Lumières (philosophie)|Lumières]], illa es un condemnation sin appello del monarchia absolute e del societate de ordines e proclama in principio le democratia juridic e social. Illa es etiam le reflexion del aspirationes del burgesia del epocha: le garantia del [[libertates individual]], le sacralisation del [[proprietate private]], le accesso de tote al empleos public. ==== Le marcha del feminas super Versailles del 5 e 6 de octobre 1789 ==== {{AP|Jornatas del 5 e 6 octobre 1789}} [[File:A Versailles, à Versailles 5 octobre 1789 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|left|Le [[Jornatas del 5 e 6 octobre 1789|marcha del feminas super Versailles]], le 5 de octobre 1789.]] Desde septembre 1789, le Assemblea vota le prime articulos del futur constitution limitante le poter regal. Le difficultates de approvisionamento de Paris in cereales e un rumor relative al calcation del cocarda tricolor per le [[regimento de Flandre]], fidel al Rege, provoca le [[Jornatas del 5 e 6 octobre 1789]], ubi un turba in majoritate componite de feminas se rende a [[Versailles]] pro vider le rege<ref group="Note">Pro isto, iste duo jornatas es frequentemente cognoscite sub le nomine de «[[Jornatas del 5 e 6 octobre 1789#Marcha del feminas verso Versailles|marcha del feminas]]».</ref>. Iste ultime va primo satisfacer lor revendicationes. [[File:Garde nationale sucre IMG 2242.JPG|thumb|redresse|Le [[Guardia national francese sub le Revolution (1789-1799)|Guardia national]].]] In le mesme die, le presidente del constituente [[Jean-Joseph Mounier|Mounier]] va novemente demandar que {{noble-|Louis XVI}} promulga le [[Declaration del derectos del homine e del citatano de 1789]] e le leges del 4 e del 26 de augusto aboliente le societate de ordines. In le vespere, al demanda del communa de Paris, [[Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette|La Fayette]] arriva etiam a Versailles. Le die sequente al alba, un parte del turba menacia le familia regal e duo guardas del corpore es occidite. Secundo le conclusiones del investigation rendite per le Châtelet, super iste evento, pivote del Revolution: {{citation|le salvamento del rege, del regina, del familia regal, esseva debite unicemente al Guardia national e a su general}}<ref group="Note">Procedura criminal instruite al Châtelet de Paris super le denuntiation del factos occurrite a Versailles durante le die del 6 de octobre 1789, 1790, Archivos national.</ref>, [[La Fayette]]. Le rege debe consentir a quitar Versailles (que ille jammais revide) e es escortate per le turba usque a Paris. Deman, le [[regalitate|rege]] e le [[Assemblea national constituente (1789)|Assemblea national]] sede a Paris, surveillate per le [[Guardia national (Francia, 1789-1799)|Guardia national]] e menaciate per le revolta. Le poter regal se trova assi extrememente debilitate. Francia remane un monarchia, ma le [[poter legislative]] ha passate in le manos del [[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Assemblea constituente]]. Comissiones specialisate proveniente del Assemblea ha le controlo superior super le totalitate del administration, que se preocupa de minus in minus del poter del rege. Le ministros non es plus que executores technic surveillate per le Assemblea. Nonobstante, le rege conserva le [[poter executive]]. Le [[lege]]s e [[Decreto in Francia|decretos]] votate per le Assemblea es valide solmente si le rege les promulga. De plus, le intendentes e altere agentes del administration del [[Ancian Regime]] remane in lor posto usque al formation de un nove administration. Usque al estate 1790, le [[Intendente (Ancian Regime)|intendentes]] qui non ha demissionate continua a exercer lor functiones, ben que lor extension sia considerabilemente reducite. === Regeneration de Francia === ==== Reorganisation administrative ==== {{AP|Historia del departamentos francese}} [[File:France departments 1791 (1).jpg|left|thumb|Le creation del departamentos.]] [[File:Gravure Assemblée nationale, époque du 4 février 1790 1 - Archives Nationales - AE-II-3878.jpg|thumb|{{noble-|Louis XVI}} rendente se al [[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Assemblea national constituente]], le 4 de februario 1790 ([[Archivos national (Francia)|Archivos national]]).]] Le [[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Assemblea constituente]], in majoritate constituite de burgueses, interprende un vaste obra de reforma applicante le ideas del philosophos e economistas del seculo XVIII. Le annos del Revolution francese es characterisate per un effervescentia del ideas e del debattos in le integre Francia. Le [[Pressa sub le Revolution|pressa]] non sera plenmente libere que inter 1789 e 1792. Le prime labores del Assemblea es dedicate al reforma administrative. Le circumscriptiones administrative del Ancian Regime esseva multo complexe. Le [[Generalitate (Francia)|generalitates]], le [[Governamentos general e particular|governamentos]], le [[Parlamento (Ancian Regime)|parlamentos]] e le [[dioceses]] se superponeva sin haber le mesme limites. Le deputatos se attacca primo al reforma municipal, rendite urgente per le disordine suscitate in le administration per le disturbios del estate. Le lege del 14 de decembre instaura le [[Municipalitate de canton|municipalitate]]. A partir de januario 1790, cata [[Communa (Francia)|communa]] de Francia organisa le election de su eligitos. Illos es le prime electiones del Revolution. Per le lege del {22 de decembre 1789, le Assemblea crea le [[Departamento francese|departamentos]], circumscriptiones al mesme tempore administrative, judiciari e fiscal. In numero de 83, iste departamentos porta nomines ligate a lor geographia physic —cursos de aqua, montanias, mares— e illes es dividite in [[Districto (subdivision departamental, 1790-1795)|districtos]], [[Canton francese|cantones]] e communes. In le primavera 1790, un commission es incaricate per le Assemblea del division de Francia e de responder al litigios occasionate inter le citates candidate al titulo de capite-loco. Le nove administrationes eligite per le [[Citatano active|citatinos active]], id es circa le septime parte del population de ille epocha, entra in function a partir del estate 1790 usque a 1791. ==== Question religiose ==== {{AP|Constitution civil del clero|Clero refractari|Decreto contra le sacerdotes refractari}} [[File:Assignat métallique de 5 Livres, 1791.jpg|alt=Moneta con gravura sur carton al centro, inserite in un corona de metallo de campana.|thumb|250x250px|Assignat metallic de 5 Livres, 1791, Paris, 19 grammos. Gravura sur carton, inserite in un corona de metallo de campana. De un raritate insigni, minus de 10 exemplares cognoscite.]] Le 11 de augusto 1789, le [[decima]] es supprimite<ref group="Note">Al initio supprimite sub reserva de redemption, illa sera definitivamente supprimite, sin compensation, in april 1790.</ref>, privante assi le clero de un parte de su ressources. Le 2 de novembre del mesme anno, super proposition de [[Talleyrand]], [[Lista del episcopos de Autun|episcopo de Autun]], le benes del clero es «mise a disposition» del Nation pro le extinction del debito public. Illos deveni [[benes national]] que sera vendite per lotes pro colmar le deficit del Stato. Le mesme anno, le [[assignato]]s, que devenira un forma de moneta de papiro, es introducite. Vista le urgentia del situation financiari, le Assemblea constituente face del benes national le garantia de un papiro que su detentores potera excambiar contra terra. Usate al initio como bonos del Tresor, illos recipe un curso forciate in april 1790 pro devenir un ver moneta. Assi on emette 400 milliones de assignatos in titulos de {{unitate|1000|livres}}: isto es le initio de un forte periodo de inflation. Un [[Comite ecclesiastic]] es constituite. Le 13 de februario 1790, le [[votos religiose]] es abolite e le [[ordines religiose]] supprimite, salvo, a titulo provisorie, le casas hospitalari e docente. Le municipalitates procede al inventarios durante le menses sequente e reclama sovente le bibliothecas que va servir a constituer le prime fundos del [[bibliothecas municipal]]. Le vendita del benes national comencia in octobre, in grande parte al beneficio del burgesia, que dispone de fundos importante permittente comprar rapidemente<ref>J. Lacouture, ''Le politica religiose del Revolution'', Paris, 1940, {{p.|36-37}}.</ref>. {{double image|right|Prêtre patriote prêtant de bonne foi le serment civique.jpg|160|Prêtre aristocrate fuyant le serment civique.jpg|160|Estampas opponente le {{citation|sacerdote patriota prestante de bon fide le juramento civic}} al {{citation|sacerdote aristocrate}} fugiente le mesme juramento (1790).}} Le [[Constitution civil del clero]], adoptate le 12 de julio 1790 e ratificate per le rege le 24 de augusto 1790<ref>J. Lacouture, ''Le politica religiose del Revolution'', Paris, 1940, p. 31</ref>, transforma le membros del clero in functionarios salariante per le Stato. Le membros del [[clero secular]] es desde ora eligite e debe prestar un juramento in le qual illes se ingagia a acceptar e proteger le nove organisation del clero<ref group="Note">Differente del juramento de fidelitate al Nation, al lege e al rege.</ref>. Secundo un tradition [[Gallicanismo|gallicane]] e [[jansenismo|jansenista]] ben radicate in un parte del burguesia parlamentari, in accordo con un parte del hereditate del [[Lumières (philosophie)|Lumières]] favorabile al laicisation del societate, le deputatos non ha demandate al papa su opinion super le reformas del clero catholic. Le prime clericos comencia a prestar juramento sin attender le opinion del sovrano pontifice. Per decreto del 27 de novembre, le juramento deveni obligatori pro beneficiar del remunerationes e pensiones versate al membros del [[clero constitutional]]. Le ecclesiasticos debe eliger: pote illes acceptar un reforma operate sin le approbation del hierarchia del Ecclesia? Tote le episcopos, salvo quatro (que ha essite fortiate), refusa de prestar lo; illes entra in resistentia passive e, malgrado le suppression de 45 dioceses, continua a ager como si le nove leges non existeva. Le officiales ecclesiastic deputate al Assemblea constituente debe prestar juramento ante le 4 de januario 1791; on conta 99 [[juratores]] inter le 250 deputatos concernite. Ma, in martio 1791, le papa [[Pio VI]] condemna le reformas concernente le Ecclesia de Francia, lo que porta un certe numero de juratores a retractar se. Malgrado le difficultate de stabilir cifras global, on pote estimar a 52 %<ref>{{cite book |first=J. de |last=Viguerie |title=Christianismo e revolution |location=Paris |year=1986 |page=93}}</ref> le proportion de ecclesiasticos non juratores o [[Clero refractari|refractarios]]. Le [[Constitution civil del clero]] ha dividite le population in duo campos antagonistic. Pro [[Jules Michelet|Michelet]], [[François-Auguste Mignet|Mignet]] o [[Alphonse Aulard|Aulard]], illa esseva le grande culpa del Revolution francese. Le drama de 1792-1793 es in german. Jam in 1790, disturbios inter protestantes e catholicos habeva erupte a [[Nîmes]]<ref>P. de la Gorce, ''Historia religiose del Revolution francese'', Paris, 1922, p. 222-248</ref>. Le question del juramento degenera in confrontation violente in le West, ubi le citates supporta le sacerdotes juratores e le campanias le refractarios. == Fallimento del monarchia constitutional == {{AP|Monarchia constitutional francese (1791-1792)}} === Festa del Federation === {{AP|Festa del Federation}} [[File:Federation.jpg|left|thumb|[[Festa del Federation]], le 14 de julio 1790.]] Un anno post le [[presa del Bastille]], le [[festa del Federation]] date le 14 de julio 1790, al [[Champ-de-Mars (Paris)|Champ-de-Mars]], pro celebrar le avènemento del nove citate<ref name="Bertaud2004p101">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=101}}.</ref>, remanera le plus splendide del festas revolutionari<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Mona Ozouf]] |title=Le festa revolutionari 1789-1799 |publisher=Gallimard |year=1975 |page=61}}</ref> e constitue le coronamento del movimento del federationes provincial{{sfn|Vovelle|1972|p=145}}. Il se tracta, pro le eligitos del [[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Constituente]], de affirmar le grande fraternitate revolutionari durante un jornada de union national, durante que milles de ceremonias analoge ha loco simultaneemente in le provincias{{sfn|Soboul|2005|p=439}}. Post un missa celebrate per [[Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Talleyrand]], le marchese de [[Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette|La Fayette]], sequite per le [[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Corpo legislative]], presta juramento de fidelitate al Nation, al Lege e al Rege, postque Louis XVI e le [[Marie-Antoinette de Austria|Regina]] presta juramento de fidelitate al Nation e al Lege<ref name="Bertaud2004p102-103">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=102-103}}.</ref>. Ben que iste momento de communion national pote facer creder al observatores del epocha que le rege ha acceptate le cambios resultante del Revolution, in facto, il non es assi {{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.I|p=257}}; {{noble-|Louis XVI}}, como de costume, vacilla inter le differente correntes. Voces discordante se face audir e le unitate tanto cercate existe ni in le derecta absolutista, que considera le rege un prisionero, ni mesmo a sinistra, ubi [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]] jecta le disordine atacante La Fayette<ref name="Bertaud2004p103">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=103}}.</ref>, e profetisa [[fuga de Louis XVI e arresto a Varennes|Varennes]]{{sfn|Ozouf|1975|p=62}}. Iste [[festa del Federation|festa]], que debe clauder le Revolution, se revela illusori super iste plano tanto como super illo del concordia national{{sfn|Soboul|Suratteau|Gendron|2004|p=438-439}}. Le populo, tamen, crede sempre in le monarchia e exclama {{citation|Viva le Rege!}}. === Varennes e su consequentias === {{AP|Fuga de Varennes}} [[File:Duplessi-Bertaux – Arrivée de Louis XVI à Paris. - Archives Nationales - AE-II-3032.jpg|thumb|left|Arrivo de {{noble-|Louis XVI}} a Paris, le 25 de junio 1791, post su [[Fuga de Varennes|fuga abortate a Varennes]].]] Durante iste periodo, Louis XVI possede importante prerogativas constitutional, le [[Monarchia constitutional francese (1791-1792)|systema monarchic]] non es contestate<ref>[[Michel Vovelle]], ''Le Revolution francese (1789-1799)'', Edition Armand Collin 1992, {{p.|58}}.</ref> e le figura regal es ancora poc atacate<ref>Elyada Ouzi, «Le representation popular del imagine regal ante Varennes», ''Annales historiques de la Révolution française'', {{n°|297}}, 1994, {{p.|527-546}} {{lire en linea|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahrf_0003-4436_1994_num_297_1_1857}}.</ref>, le tentativa de [[Fuga de Varennes|fuga del rege]], le 20 e 21 de junio 1791, es un date clave del Revolution<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mona Ozouf |title=Le terribile culpa de fugir a Varennes… |journal=L'Histoire |issue=303 |date=novembre 2005a |pages=52}}</ref>: illa rompe le ligamines symbolic uniente le rege al nation<ref>{{cite book |author=Mona Ozouf |title=Varennes. Le morte del regalitate, 21 junio 1791 |publisher=Gallimard |year=2005b |isbn=2070771695}}</ref>, accelera le desacralisation del persona regal<ref>Raymonde Monnier, «Evolution de un thema republican in revolution: le expressiones del tyrannicidio in le crise de Varennes», in Philippe Bourdin, Mathias Bernard, Jean-Claude Caron, ''Le Voce e le gesto'', Presses universitaires Blaise-Pascal, 2005, {{nb p.|381}} {{ISBN|9782845162761}}, {{p.|29-47}}, e ''Ibid.'' {{p.|12}}; William Doyle, «Un desacralisation a desacralisar? A proposito de un interpretation recente del monarchia francese al seculo XVII», in Anne-Marie Cocula, Josette Pontet, ''Itinerarios spiritual, interesses material in Europa: Miscelanea offerite a Philippe Loupès'', vol. 2, Presses Univ de Bordeaux, 2005, {{nb p.|416}} {{ISBN|9782867813696}}, {{p.|389}}; Monique Cottret, ''Occider le tyranno? Le tyrannicidio in le Europa moderne'', Fayard, 2009, {{nb p.|456}} {{ISBN|9782213653914}}.</ref> e le inversion del opinion a su respecto<ref>Joël Cornette, «Le imagine que occide: del patre del populo al rege-porco», ''L'Histoire'', {{n°|303}}, novembre 2005, {{p.|50}}; [[Annie Duprat]], ''Le Reges de papiro. Le caricatura de Henri III a Louis XVI'', Belin, 2002, {{Nb p.|367}} {{ISBN|9782701129754}}; Annie Duprat, ''Le rege decapitate: ensayo super le imaginarios politic'', CERF, 1992 {{ISBN|9782204045407}} {{p.|58}} e sequentes.</ref> e relance finalmente le timor del comploto interne preparante le invasion, provocante un serie de leges de urgentia que prefigura le Terror<ref>Timothy Tackett, ''Le rege fugiente: Varennes e le origine del Terror'', La Découverte, 2004, {{nb p.|285}} {{ISBN|9782707142382}}.</ref>. Illa conduce a un division inter jacobinos monarchic constitutional e jacobinos democratic{{sfn|Soboul|2005|p=588}}. Le primeiros, como [[Jean-Sylvain Bailly|Bailly]], [[Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette|La Fayette]] o [[Antoine Barnave|Barnave]], pressate de terminar le Revolution, prepara le legenda del rapto del rege e, per le [[Decreto in Francia|decretos]] del 15 e 16 de julio, le face declarar innocente e restabilir in su functiones. Illes provoca un scission, le prime, in le seno del revolutionarios, jam le 16 de julio 1791: un petition reclamante le accusation del rege e le organisation de un nove poter executive<ref group="Note">Durante le fuga del rege, le pais habeva vivite sin ille e se habeva rendite conto que un rege non esseva indispensabile; desde alora un altere regime esseva envisageabile. - {{cite book |author=Bernardine Melchior-Bonnet |title=Le Revolution francese (1789-1799) |publisher=Librairie Larousse |year=1988 |page=34}}</ref>, initiate per Pétion e Laclos al club del [[Club del Cordeliers|Cordeliers]], recipe le supporto de un parte —reducite— del [[Club del Jacobinos]] e provoca, in revanche, le partida de un majoritate de membros, qui funda le Club del [[Club del Feuillants|Feuillants]], del qual illes prendera le nom{{sfn|Soboul|Suratteau|Gendron|2004|p=451}}. [[File:Fusillade du Champ de Mars (1791, 17 juillet).jpg|thumb|[[Fusilamento del Champ-de-Mars]], le 17 de julio 1791.<br> [[Estampa]] designate per [[Jean-Louis Prieur]] e [[Gravura|gravate]] per [[Pierre-Gabriel Berthault]], Paris, [[Bibliotheca national de Francia|BnF]].]] Le die sequente, 17 de julio, le petition es depositate al [[Champ-de-Mars (Paris)|Champ-de-Mars]], ubi se reuni un turba de 5000 personas<ref group="Note">Le [[fusilamento del Champ-de-Mars]] es un evento multo importante, proque, le 17 julio, pro le prime vice, citatanos exi del principios de 1789, reclamante con fortia le deposition del rege e un Republica. {{harvsp|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=34}}.</ref>. A causa de incidentes, le [[lege martial]] es proclamate per le [[Municipalitate de canton|municipalitate]], dirigite per [[Jean-Sylvain Bailly|Bailly]]. [[Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette|La Fayette]] face tirar contra le turba. Le [[fusilamento del Champ-de-Mars]]<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Jean-Clément Martin]] |title=Le Francia in Revolution (1789-1799) |publisher=Edition Belin |year=1990 |pages=114–115}}</ref>, que causara 50 mortos, crea un ruptura durabile inter le monarchistas constitutional e le altere revolutionarios, democratic<ref>[[André Castelot]], [[G. Lenotre]], ''Le Grande Horas del Revolution francese – Le Agonia del regalitate'', tomo I, Paris, Perrin 1962, {{p.|324-327}}.</ref>, como [[Georges Danton|Danton]], [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]] o [[Robespierre]], o republicanos como [[Nicolas de Condorcet|Condorcet]]. Le opiniones se radicalisa ancora. Journalistas e pamphletistas revolutionari multiplica le attaccos e grosserias al reguardo del Rege e del [[Marie-Antoinette de Austria|Regina]]<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Michel Winock]] |title=Le fallimento contra le rege 1791-1792 |publisher=Olivier Orban |year=1991 |pages=96–97}}</ref>, durante que le jornales royalista como «[[Le Amico del rege]]» o «[[Le Actos del apostolos]]» predica le resistentia aperte al cambios<ref group="Note">Post le electiones legislative, le derecta absolutista e le «Nigros» (le derecta dure), qui predicava un retorno al situation anterior al Revolution, habeva perdite tote lor credito desde Varennes. Illes disparera del scena politic usque al fin del Convention - {{harvsp|Soboul|Suratteau|Gendron|2004|p=48}}.</ref>. Un repression —ordinate per le [[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Assemblea constituente]]— se abatte super le [[Club del Cordeliers]] (que debe clauder temporarimente) e super le jornales (que es prohibite). [[Georges Danton|Danton]], [[Momoro]], [[Antoine Joseph Santerre|Santerre]], [[Jacques-René Hébert|Hébert]] fugi in [[Anglaterra]]; [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]] se cela in un cantina, Robespierre presso un amico, [[Maurice Duplay|Duplay]]{{sfn|Martin|1990|p=115}}. Un [[Amnestia in Francia|amnestia]] sequera in septembre sequente{{sfn|Vovelle|1999|p=166}}. Le position del monarchistas constitutional pare fortificate{{sfn|Winock|1991|p=107}}. Le grande majoritate del deputatos vole creder al sinceritate del rege assi como a su attachamento al [[Monarchia constitutional francese (1791-1792)|nove regime]] e renova lor confidentia in ille<ref>Frédéric Bluche, Stéphane Rials, [[Jean Tulard]], {{Opcit}}, {{p.|67}}</ref>{{,}}{{sfn|Soboul|Suratteau|Gendron|2004|p=46}}. === Constitution de 1791 === [[File:Proclamation de la Constitution, place du Marché des Innocents.jpg|thumb|left|redresse|Proclamation del [[Constitution de 1791|Constitution]] super le [[Place Joachim-du-Bellay|placia del mercato del Innocentes]], septembre 1791.]] {{AP|Constitution de 1791}} [[File:Louis XVI, roi citoyen.PNG|thumb|redresse|In 1791, [[Jean-François Carteaux]] pinta un retrato equestri de {{noble-|Louis XVI}} como monarcha constitutional, con un tricorne ornato de un cocarda tricolor. Le rege tene un espada super le qual es gravate le inscription « LA LEGE. »]] Le [[Constitution de 1791|Constitution de 1791]], finite le 3 de septembre, es acceptate le 13 per le rege, qui presta juramento de fidelitate le die sequente{{sfn|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=36}}. Le [[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Constituentes]] reprende le ideas de [[Montesquieu]], super le separation del poderes, e de [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], super le soveranitate popular assi como super le suprematia del [[poter legislative]]{{sfn|Furet|Ozouf|2007|p=315}}. Ma lor application troppo stricte consacra un separation troppo rigide inter le executive e le legislative; assi, le [[Constitution de 1791|Constitution]] non prevede nihil pro resolver le desacordos inter illes{{sfn|Furet|Ozouf|2007|p=334}} e, plus grave, con le [[Drecho de veto|veto regal]], le redactoros non ha previste le caso de [[Guerras del Revolution francese|guerra]]<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Jacques Godechot]] |title=Le Constitutiones de Francia desde 1789 |publisher=Éditions Flammarion |year=2006 |orig-year=1979 |page=69}} — de facto, ja le 25 de novembre 1791, le Constitution es atacate in le Assemblea per medio del persona del rege, accusate de voler, con su veto, proteger le inimicos del Revolution. {{harvsp|Winock|1991|p=161}}).</ref>. Le rege possede le [[poter executive]] e, mesmo si su autoritate directe es multo limitate, ille porta le titulo de representante del Nation, es irresponsabile e inviolabile ante le [[Assemblea national legislative (Revolution francese)|Assemblea]], que pote nihil contra ille. Le rege dispone de un [[Drecho de veto|veto]] suspensive super tote le decretos — un [[decreto in Francia|decreto]] rejectate non pote esser presentate de novo durante le duo legislaturas sequente (in toto quasi 6 annos){{sfn|Godechot|2006|p=53}}. Il continua etiam a nominar le [[ministros]], eligite extra le Assemblea, le [[ambassadores]], le chefes del armea e le [[alte functionarios]]{{sfn|Vovelle|1999|p=176}}. === Assemblea legislative === {{AP|Electiones legislative francese de 1791}} Le poter legislative, que se reuni a partir del 1 de octobre 1791, es confidite a un assemblea unic de 745 deputatos eligite per [[suffragio censitari|suffragio censitari masculin]] a duo grados, le [[Assemblea national legislative (Revolution francese)|Assemblea national legislative]]. Le lege electoral adoptate per le Constituente le 4 de decembre 1789 divide le citatanos in duo categorias: le citatanos «[[Citatan active|active]]» qui, pagante le «[[cens (imposto)|cens]]», ha le derecto de [[voto]], e le citatanos «passive» qui, non pagante lo, non vota<ref group="Note">Le recercas ducite per Jacques Godechot — admittite per numerose historicos — ha demonstrate que le suffragio censitari, mesmo si illo restringe le corpore electoral, se ha monstrate lontan de esser restrictive e demobilisante.{{harvsp|Godechot|1965|p=306-309}} — vider [[Electiones legislative francese de 1791]].</ref>. Assi, super un population estimate a 24 milliones de habitantes, Francia conta circa 4,3 milliones de «citatanos active» e 3 milliones de citatanos «passive»<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Jacques Godechot]] |title=Le Revolutiones (1770-1799) |publisher=Éditions PUF |year=1965 |page=307}} — Iste autor pone in guardia contra iste cifras que, secundo ille, nunquam ha essite verificate seriemente.</ref>. Le deputatos, eligite, es homines nove<ref group="Note>Le majoritate de iste nove eligitos non es neophytos. Desde 1789 illes ha facite lor apprentissage politic in le assembleas communal e departamental. {{harvsp|Soboul|1962|loc=t.I|p=256}}.</ref>, le [[Assemblea constituente de 1789|Constituentes]] habente decidite le 16 de maio 1791 que nulle de lor membros poterea presentar se de novo al [[Assemblea national legislative (Revolution francese)|legislatura sequente]]. Illes es benestante e plus tosto juvene. Iste nove eligitos habera le carga de poner in practica le [[Constitution de 1791|nove Constitution]]{{sfn|Godechot|1988|p=86}}. Le derecta es ora representate per 250 membros del [[Club del Feuillants|Feuillants]], partisans sincere del [[Monarchia constitutional francese (1791-1792)|monarchia constitutional]], cuje objectivo es terminar le Revolution; le [[Marais (Revolution francese)|centro]] o independentes, que es nominate etiam «partito constitutional», con 345 deputatos non inscribite, representa le gruppo le plus importante. Le [[Sinistra (politica)|sinistra]] es representate per 136 membros inscribite al [[Club del Jacobinos]], essencialmente le future [[Gironde (Revolution francese)|Girondinos]], e finalmente le extreme sinistra, poco numerose, es representate per le revolutionarios le plus avantiate<ref group="Note">Tal es [[Christophe Antoine Merlin|Merlin]] de [[Thionville]], [[Claude Basire|Bazire]] e [[François Chabot|Chabot]], «le trio cordelier», e alcun democraticos partisans del [[suffragio universal]] como [[Robert Lindet]], [[Georges Couthon|Couthon]], e [[Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot|Carnot]]. Lor influentia super le Assemblea es quasi nulle, ma, in revanche, lor ascendente super le clubs e le societates popular es incontestabile. {{harvsp|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=47}}; {{harvsp|Soboul|1962|loc=t.I|p=272}}.</ref>. Le Feuillants habeva rupto definitivamente con le Jacobinos le 25 de septembre 1791, post que lor leaders Barnave, le fratres Lameth, Adrien Duport e Goupil de Prefeln, le die precedente habeva facite revocar in le colonias le derectos del homines de color libere accordate le 15 de maio 1791 a un parte de illes<ref>Jacques Thibau, ''Le tempore de Saint-Domingue; le sclavitude e le Revolution francese'', Paris, Jean-Claude Lattès, 1989</ref>. Le sclavitude remaneva mantenite malgrado le «pereant le colonias» de Maximilien Robespierre, pronunciate le 13 de maio, e le plano detaliate de abolition, proponite le 11 de maio per «un obscur deputato del Vermondois» [[Jean Louis de Viefville des Essarts|Viefville des Essarts]]<ref>Aimé Césaire, Toussaint-Louverture, ''Le Revolution francese e le problema colonial'', Paris, 1981 (1961) {{p.|172-181}}</ref>. ==== Agitation social e religiose ==== Le precio del pan remane elevate e disturbios agita sporadicamente le citates e le campanias. Le nove episcopos, eligite desde januario per le [[Citatan active|citatanos active]], es consacrate a partir de februario e se installa in lor dioceses. Illes debe reclutar parochos e ordinar [[seminarista]]s qui ha solmente un formation rudimentari<ref>A. Mathiez, ''Le question religiose sub le revolution'', {{p.|78}}.</ref>. Le nove parochos se installa a partir de februario in Paris; in le provincias, le electiones es plus tardive e marcate per un forte abstention. Pro certe illas se prolonga usque a februario 1792<ref>J. Cl. Meyer, ''Le vita religiose in Haute-Garonne sub le Revolution'', Toulouse, 1982.</ref>. Super toto, conforme al decretos publicate inter 1790 e 1792, le circumscriptiones parochial es reorganisate e un numero multo grande es supprimite, lo que declanche un fluxo de protestationes. Si le clausura del ecclesia es decidite, il ha un tumulto, como a [[La Fosse-de-Tigné]] ([[Maine-et-Loire]]), ubi le parocho constitutional que debe effectuar lo es recipite per feminas qui le menacia de morte e le jecta petras{{sfn|Viguerie|1986|p=105-106}}. ==== Declaration de guerra ==== {{AP|Declaration de guerra de Francia al rege de Bohemia e de Hungaria}} [[File:Grande armée du ci-devant prince de Condé.jpg|thumb|left|[[Estampa]] caricaturante le {{citation|[[ci-devant]] [[Louis V Joseph de Bourbon-Condé|principe de Condé]]}} e le [[Emigration francese (1789-1815)|emigratos]] a [[Coblentia]], durante que illes joca con [[parve soldatos]] in loco de un {{citation|grande armea}} (Paris, [[Bibliotheca national de Francia|BnF]], 1791).]] [[File:Emperor Leopold II.jpg|thumb|redresse|Leopold II (imperator del Sacro Imperio), imperator del [[Sacro Imperio roman germanic|Sacro Imperio]].]] Le [[Emigration francese (1789-1815)|emigratos]], reunite a [[Coblentia]] circa le [[Charles X|comte de Artois]], demanda insistentemente al soveranos estranier de intervenir in le affaires francese. Le 31 de octobre 1791, le [[Assemblea national legislative (Revolution francese)|Assemblea national legislative]] vota un decreto que exige del emigratos que illes retorna in Francia intra un termino de duo menses, sub pena de vider lor proprietates confiscate<ref group="Note">Le comte de Provence, in particular, es sommate de retornar in Francia intra duo menses, sub pena de perder su derectos durante un eventual regentia.</ref>; le 29 de novembre sequente, duo altere decretos es votate: le prime concernente le [[Elector de Treveris]], qui debe disperder le armea del emigratos<ref name="Lefebvre1930p102">{{harvsp|Lefebvre|Guyot|Sagnac|1930|p=102}}.</ref>, le secunde impone le juramento civic al sacerdotes refractari, sub pena de privation de pension o mesmo de deportation in caso de disturbio del ordine public. Contra le opinion del derecta moderate<ref group="Note">I.e. le Feuillants qui es al ministerio e consilia le rege; illes es divise con le Feuillants lamethistas (o fayettistas), partisans de un guerra limitate que permitterea a Lafayette victorios de fortificar su position, durante que le monarchia constitutional se fortificarea per le expulsion del Jacobinos.</ref>, le rege oppone su veto al decretos que colpe le emigratos e le sacerdotes refractari, ma accepta de sommar le Elector de Treveris, vassallo del imperator del [[Sacro Imperio roman germanic|Sacro Imperio]], lo que constitue un ver [[casus belli]]{{refinc|{{sfn|Furet|Richet|2008|p=148-149}}}}. Le voto e le decreto que seque le annexion, le 13 de septembre 1791, de [[Avignon]] e del [[Comtat Venaissin]]<ref group="Note">Post haber longemente hesitate, le Constituentes decreta un referendum. Le voto essente positive, iste estados es annexe al Francia.</ref>, usque alora possessiones pontifical, pois le affaire del [[principes possessionate]], particularmente illes de [[Principes possessionate de Alsatia|Alsatia]], qui se considera spoliat per le abolition del derectos feudal in lor feudos, diffunde alarmas in tote le cortes de Europa{{sfn|Godechot|1965|p=157}}. Ma le soverano Leopold II de Austria, qui, desde le initio del Revolution, ha facite solmente un [[Declaration de Pillnitz|declaration]] commun e prudente con le [[Frederico-Guillermo II de Prussia|rege de Prussia]]<ref group="Note">Le declaration de Pillnitz del 27 de augusto 1791 non es accompaniate de nulle mesura precise, limitante se a designar le periculo que menacia le throno de {{noble-|Louis XVI}} invitante le altere sovranos a unir lor fortias al sue: «alora e in iste caso» illes passarea al action; ma toto isto esseva submittite a un eventual accordo con altere potentias europee. {{harvsp|Furet|Richet|1973|p=146}}.</ref>, supprime, le 21 de decembre 1791, le principal pretexto<ref group="Note">{{noble-|Leopold II}} non se oppone a que {{noble-|Louis XVI}} demanda al Elector de Treveris de expulsar le emigratos de su possessiones.</ref> que poterea conducer a un declaration de guerra<ref name="Lefebvre1930p106">{{harvsp|Lefebvre|Guyot|Sagnac|1930|p=106}}.</ref>. Francia in iste autumno de 1791 non es menaciate per nulle potentia estranie{{sfn|Winock|1991|p=151}}. Nihil obstante, plure partitos interne desira le guerra: le rege in prime loco, qui spera secretemente un derrota de Francia pro restabilir completemente su throno; un parte del Feuillants al poter, tal como Lafayette, in cerca de un certe gloria militar; un parte del [[Club del Jacobinos|Jacobinos]], ducite per [[Jacques Pierre Brissot|Brissot]] e Vergniaud, qui vide in un guerra le medio de canalizar le agitation popular, de consolidar le Revolution, de propagar le ideas revolutionari in Europa<ref name="Bertaud2004p143-1442">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=143-144}}.</ref>, e mesmo de aperir nove mercados economic. [[File:Jakobinerklub.jpg|thumb|Estampa satiric monarchista representante le debate super le guerra al [[Club del Jacobinos]] in januario 1792 (Paris, BnF, 1792).]] Es a iste momento que se esquissa le confrontation inter Girondinos e Montagnardos. A partir de decembre 1791, [[Robespierre]], [[Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne|Billaud-Varenne]], [[Camille Desmoulins]], [[Georges Danton]], [[François Nicolas Anthoine]], [[Philibert Simond]], [[François Amédée Doppet]], [[Antoine Joseph Santerre]], [[Étienne-Jean Panis]], supportate o entraînate per le jornales, ''[[Le Patre Duchesne (Revolution francese)|Le Patre Duchesne]]'' de Hébert, ''Le Revolutiones de Paris'' de Louis Prudhomme e Sylvain Maréchal, ''Le Amico del populo'' de Marat, ''Le Orator del populo'' de Fréron, ''Le Septimana politic e litterari'' de Dusaulchoix e, plus moderate, ''Le Jornal universal'' de Pierre-Jean Audouin, duce un campanha contra le guerra<ref>[[Gérard Walter]], ''Maximilien de Robespierre'', Paris, Gallimard, 1961.</ref> que illes considera contrario al spirito pacific del Revolution, inscribite in le constitution de 1791<ref>Jean-Daniel Piquet, «Le declaration constitutional de pace a Europa, grande thema de debate inter 1791 e 1794», Monique Cubells ({{dir.}}), ''Le Revolution francese, le guerra e le frontiera'', Paris, CTHS, 2000.</ref>. Illes estima etiam que le inimicos interne del Revolution es plus periculose que le emigratos e debe esser combattet in prioritate. Ma in le assemblea legislative, specialmente post le morte de {{noble-|Leopold II}}, le 2 de martio 1792, le solution del guerra va imponer se<ref>Frédéric Bluche, Stéphane Rials, Jean Tulard, ''Le Revolution francese'', PUF, 2007 p. 71.</ref>. Louis XVI dimitte su ministros Feuillants hostil al guerra e nomina ministros girondinos qui le es favorabile. Le 20 april 1792, sur proposition de su parte e post un voto con un esmagante majoritate del [[Assemblea national legislative (Revolution francese)|Assemblea legislative]], le [[Guerras del Revolution francese|guerra]] es declarate al «[[Francisco I de Austria|rege de Bohemia e de Hungaria]]», i.e. al [[Archiducato de Austria|Austria]] sol e non al Imperio<ref name="Lefebvre1930p1102">{{harvsp|Lefebvre|Guyot|Sagnac|1930|p=110}}.</ref>. ==== Vetos regal ==== [[File:Bouillon Vérité Journée du 20 juin 1792 Couleurs 1796.jpg|thumb|left|redresse|Confrontation inter le insurrectos e {{noble-|Louis XVI}} al [[Palatio del Tuileries|Tuileries]] durante le [[Jornada del 20 junio 1792]].]] Le initio del guerra es catastrofic: le armea francese, totalmente disorganisate per le emigration de un parte del officieros nobiles, suffre su prime derrotas<ref group="Note">Le armea es etiam in presa de un conflicto politic e social que oppone le truppa e le commando aristocratic; le confidentia non existe plus e le disciplina se resente. {{harvsp|Soboul|1962|loc=t.I|p=284}}.</ref> que lassa le frontieras nord e nord-est disguarnite. Iste eventos developpa inter le patriotas un sentimento de traition verso le Corte, le aristocratas e le [[sacerdotes refractari]]. Sub le impulsion del Girondinos, le [[Assemblea national legislative (Revolution francese)|Assemblea]] vota alora tres decretos de precaution e de defensa organisante le deportation del sacerdotes refractari (27 de maio), le dissolution del [[Guardia constitutional del Rege|guardia del rege]] (29 de maio) e le constitution de un campo de [[Guardia national (1789)|guardias national]] (federatos) pro defender Paris (8 de junio)<ref>[[Albert Mathiez]], ''Le dece augusto'', Les Éditions de la Passion, 1989, {{p.|18-19}}.</ref>. Le 12 de junio, {{noble-|Louis XVI}} dimitte su ministros girondinos e, le 13, oppone su veto al decretos super le refractarios e super le federatos. Iste situation vale al Rege le sobrenomine de «Monsieur Veto» e provoca le [[Jornada del 20 junio 1792|20 de junio 1792]] un nove jornada revolutionari durante le qual le populo investe le [[Palatio del Tuileries|Tuileries]]. Ma le rege, durante que ille accepta le humiliation de portar le bonetto frigian ante le [[sans-culottes]], refusa de revenir super su decision{{sfn|Godechot|1988|p=105}}. Le entrata in guerra del [[Regno de Prussia|Prussia]] al latere de Austria (6 de julio) obliga le Assemblea legislative a circumvenir le veto regal proclamante «[[le patria in periculo]]» le 11 de julio 1792 e demandante a tote le voluntarios de affluir verso Paris<ref group="Note">Iste proclamation, que sera annunciate in Paris solmente le 22 e 23 julio, ha pro objectivo provocar [[Voluntarios national durante le Revolution|nove inscriptiones inter le voluntarios national]] e incitar le autoritates a organisar illes mesme le defensa. {{harvsp|Godechot|1988|p=108}}.</ref>. In 1792, {{noble-|Louis XVI}} habeva solmente sanctionate le 4 de april le decreto que supprimiva in le colonias le discriminationes inter le Blancos e le homines de color libere. Le deputatos brissotinos menava campanha in le assemblea legislative de octobre 1791 a martio 1792 e faceva mesmo supprimer tote le discriminationes imposte per le decreto del 15 de maio, ma lassante tamen de latere le question del derecto al libertate del sclavos, pro le qual solmente un pugno de deputatos, como Mathieu Blanc-Gilli, Merlin de Thionville, Jacques Brival, Condorcet, appellava al emancipation<ref>Jean Jaurès, ''Historia socialista del Revolution francese'', Editions sociales tomo 2 Le legislative; Aimé Césaire, ''Toussaint-Louverture le revolution francese e le question colonial'', 1981(1961); Yves Benot, ''Le revolution francese e le fin del colonias'', Paris, 2004 (1987); Jean-Daniel Piquet, ''Le emancipation del Nigros in le revolution francese (1789-1795)'', Paris Karthala, 2002.</ref>. == Cadita del monarchia, le 10 de augusto 1792 == {{AP|Jornada del 10 augusto 1792}} [[File:Jacques Bertaux - Der Tuileriensturm am 10. August 1792.jpg|thumb|redresse=1.3|[[Jornada del 10 augusto 1792|Presa del Tuileries le 10 de augusto 1792]], pictura a oleo super tela per [[Jacques Bertaux]], museo del [[Castello de Versailles]].]] Inspirate per [[Axel de Fersen]]<ref>Stefan Zweig, ''Marie-Antoinette''.</ref>, le [[Manifesto de Brunswick]], redigite a [[Coblentia|Coblentia]] le 25 de julio 1792, es cognoscite in Paris le 1 de augusto sequente; iste texto, que promitte al Parisianos «un execution militar e un subversion total» si le minima violentia es facite contra le familia regal, non lassa plus nulle dubita al patriotas super le traition del rege. De un maladressa rar, iste documento, lontan de effrayer le [[sans-culottes]], inflammava le [[sectiones revolutionari de Paris|sectiones parisian]] durante que ille les dava le pretexto cercate pro relanciar le Revolution e facer cader le monarchia{{sfn|Vovelle|1972|p=261}}. {{noble-|Louis XVI}}, ben que al currente del publication futur, non succede a limitar su tono e su portata<ref>{{cite book |title=Louis XVIII |subtitle=Le Désiré |author=[[Georges Bordonove]] |year=1989 |url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Louis_XVIII/8yI8BgAAQBAJ |chapter=Le Manifeste de Brunswick}}</ref>. [[File:Georges Danton.jpg|thumb|left|[[Georges Jacques Danton|Danton]].]] Dirigite tanto contra le [[Assemblea national legislative (Revolution francese)|Assemblea]] como contra le rege<ref>Albert Mathiez, ''Le Revolution francese'', Librairie Armand Colin, 1922, {{p.|211}}.</ref>, pauc jornadas revolutionari ha essite preparate plus longemente e plus methodicamente que iste jornada del [[10 augusto 1792]]<ref>Jean Massin, ''Robespierre'', Club français du livre, 1956, {{p.|123}}.</ref>. Assi, durante le nocte del 9 al 10 de augusto, un [[Commune de Paris (1792)|Commune insurrectional]] se forma al [[Hotel de citate de Paris|Hotel de Citate]] e replacia le municipalitate legalmente establite. Al prime luce del die, le insurrectos, componite de [[Guardia national (1789)|guardias national]] del suburbios patriotic e de federatos, se presenta ante le Tuileries, defendite per voluntarios nobiles, le Guardia suisse e un pugno de guardias national. Contenite pro un tempore, e malgrado pesante perditas, le insurrectos prende le palatio per assalto; illo es investite e pillate e un parte del Guardia suisse es massacrate{{Note|group=Note|Le vulneratos es occidite durante que le major parte del servitores del palatio es massacrate e solmente le feminas es sparmiate. Alcun gentilhomines, vestite civilmente, arriva a escapar miscent se con le turba.}}. Tamen, ante le attacco, le rege, accompaniate per le familia regal, se ha refugiate in le recinto del Assemblea legislative, que le recipe con respecto, ma le suspende de su functiones post le successo complete del movimento insurrectional{{sfn|Vovelle|1972|p=262}}. In le mesme tempore es decretate le election de un [[Convention national]] que, sol, potera decider le deposition del sovrano e habera le carga de rediger un nove constitution{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=12}}. Le vespere del [[Jornada del 10 augusto 1792|10 de augusto]], le Assemblea legislative designa per acclamation un [[Creation del Consilio executive le 11 augusto 1792|consilio executive provisorio]] comprendente sex ministros<ref group="Note">In facto, il es practicamente le insimul del governamento patriotico (Girondino) del mense de martio 1792 que es reconducite: [[Jean-Marie Roland de La Platière|Roland]] al Interior, [[Étienne Clavière|Clavière]] al Finantias, [[Joseph Servan|Servan]] al Guerra, al quales on adde [[Georges Danton|Danton]] al Justitia, [[Gaspard Monge|Monge]] al Marine e [[Lebrun-Tondu]] al Affaires estranier.</ref>; ma le Assemblea legislative ha devenite un simple [[camera de registration]]: es le nove [[Commune de Paris (1792)|Commune de Paris]] que accumula le poderes{{sfn|Martin|1990|p=134}}. [[File:Massacre châtelet 1792.jpg|thumb|Le [[Massacres de septembre|massacres de Septembre]] al [[Grand Châtelet|Châtelet]] e a [[Bicêtre]].<br> [[Gravura]] anonyme, Paris, [[Bibliotheca national de Francia|BnF]], [[Departamento del estampas e del fotografia del Bibliotheca national de Francia|departamento del estampas e del fotografia]], 1792.]] Le entrata in guerra del [[Regno de Prussia|Prussia]] al latere del [[Sacro Imperio roman germanic|Austria]] es decidite per le rege Frederico-Guillermo II de Prussia contra le opinion de su avunculo le [[Henri de Prussia (1726-1802)|principe Henri]]; iste ultime habeva discutite personalemente le propositiones de reforma con Necker durante le hiberno 1788/1789 a Paris e esseva un sympathisante del revolution constitutional, como [[Philippe Égalité]]<ref>Eva Ziebura, ''Prinz Heinrich von Preußen. Biographie'', Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Berlin 2004, {{ISBN|3-7466-1770-7}}.</ref>. Le intervention del Prussia precipita le reprise del operationes militar e le 19 de augusto, post haber facite lor jonction, le truppas inimic penetra in Francia e face cader le placias fortificate un post le altere<ref>Michel Vovelle, ''Le Revolution francese'', tomo III, Éditions Messidor, 1986, {{p.|157}}.</ref>. Le periculo es extreme e es in iste contexto que [[Georges Danton|Danton]] declara le 2 de septembre 1792: «De audacia, ancora de audacia, sempre de audacia e le Patria es salve». Considerante que solmente le inimicos interne es responsabile del situation<ref>{{cite book |author=Pierre Caron |title=Le Massacres de Septembre |location=Paris |publisher=La maison du livre français |year=1935 |pages=107 e 114}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>[https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/comparative_revolutions/programme/frenchrev2/furet_terror.pdf F. Furet & M. Ozouf (1989) A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, {{p.|139}}]</ref>, un gruppo de 200 a 300 personas se rende le 2 de septembre 1792 in le novem carceres de Paris e massacra ibi le medietate de illes qui se trova incarcerate: tote le [[sacerdotes refractari]], le suspectos de activitates [[contra-revolution]], le falsificatores de [[assignatos]], tote le galeotos, detenetos de derecto commun e mesmo 60 infantes{{sfn|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=57}}{{,}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Frédéric Bluche |title=Septembre 1792: logicas de un massacre |publisher=Laffont |year=1986 |page=235}}</ref>{{,}}{{sfn|Caron|1935|p=95}}. Le occisiones, cognoscite sub le nom de [[Massacres de septembre|massacres de Septembre]], durara usque al 6 de septembre in Paris sin que le autoritates administrative osa intervenir{{sfn|Bluche|1986|p=93-95}}, e le deputatos non le condemnara ante le 29 de octobre{{Note|group=Note|Post le [[Cadita de Robespierre|9-Thermidor]] (27 julio 1794) e, malgrado le amnestia decretate per le Convention ante su separation, le instruction del massacres continuara su curso e trenta-novem sera judicate in maio 1796. Solmente tres sera condemnate a vinti annos de ferramentos{{sfn|Bluche|1986|p=210}}.}}. === Fortias presente al Convention === {{AP|Electiones legislative francese de 1792}} [[File:Salle du manège le 10 août 1792.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Sala del Manège]] del [[Palatio del Tuileries|Tuileries]] ubi se reuni le [[Convention national]].]] [[File:Jacques Pierre Brissot de Warville.jpg|thumb|redresse|[[Jacques Pierre Brissot]], figura del [[Gironda (Revolution francese)|Gironda]].<br> Tela de Fouquet, castellos de Versailles e de Trianon, 1792.]] Le [[Electiones legislative francese de 1792|electiones]] al [[Convention national|Convention]] comencia in le assembleas primari e se face pro le prime vice le 2 de septembre per suffragio universal (masculin): le participation es multo basse{{Note|group=Note|Comparate con le precedente, iste suffragio permitte al Francese de {{nobr|21 annos}}, domiciliates e vivente de lor labor, incluse le domesticos e le citatanos « passive » (citatanos qui non paga impostos) de votar. Assi, inter tres e quatro milliones de « passive » obtene le citatanitate, ma solmente {{formatnum:700000}} votantes sur {{nobr|7 milliones}} que contava le corpore electoral se rende al urnas; cifra proxime a illos del monarchia censitari, ma pro le prime vice le parve populo se manifesta ibi. Le nomination del deputatos pertine dunque a un majority ridiculmente parve{{sfn|Bouloiseau|1972|p=56-57}}.}}. On constata un forte progression del [[Montagne (Revolution francese)|montagnardos]]{{sfn|Godechot|2006|p=70}}. Duo campos antagonistic se oppone: le [[Gironda (Revolution francese)|girondinos]], qui diffide del clubs, del [[sectiones revolutionari de Paris|sectiones parisian]] e del [[Commune de Paris (1792)|Commune de Paris]]{{Note|group=Note|Post haber relanceate le Revolution con le declaration de guerra del 20 de april 1792, le girondinos, post le 10 de augusto, es hostil a omne nove perturbation politic{{sfn|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=61}}.}}, trova lor appoios in le provincias e inter le ricca burguesia del commercio e del manufacturas{{Note|group=Note|Pro illes, le ricchessa fundiari e le capital commercial es le sol factores de consolidation social. Como le Montagnardos, illes es attachate al principio del proprietate e vide in omne restriction autoritari un menacia capace de declanchar un escalation disastrose{{sfn|Bouloiseau|1972|p=60}}.}}. Illes es multo attachate al libertates individual e economic de 1789 e repugna le mesuras de exception. Illes es dirigite per [[Jacques-Pierre Brissot|Brissot]], [[Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud|Vergniaud]], [[Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve|Pétion]], [[Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière|Roland]] o plus tarde [[François Buzot|Buzot]]. Le [[Montagne (Revolution francese)|Montagnardos]], qui sede sur le bancos le plus alte —|de ubi lor nomine—, se identifica con le [[Club del Jacobinos|Jacobinos]]; lor electorado es essentialmente parisian e se trova inter le artesanos rural e le parve explotatores. Iste defensores del causa popular es, como le girondinos, burgueses provincial qui diffide del extremos{{sfn|Bouloiseau|1972|p=60-61}}. Habiendo comprendite que, pro vincer, le Revolution non poteva dispensar del concurso del populo, illes succede a attraher a lor causa iste [[Paris]] popular, facite de obreros, artesanos e parve commerciantes{{Note|group=Note|Assi le populo, gratias al guerra, irrumpe sur le scena politic<ref>Albert Soboul, {{Opcit}}, {{p.|299}}.</ref>.}}, e es preste a prender mesuras de exception pro salvar le Patria. Lor chefes es, inter alteres, [[Robespierre]], [[Georges Danton|Danton]], [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]] e [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|Saint-Just]]. Al centro, sede un majoritate de deputatos, le « independente » — appellate etiam le [[Marais (Revolution francese)|Marais]] o le Plana —, qui, ben que attachate al Revolution, non possede homines marcante e cuje opiniones fluctua<ref>[[Albert Soboul]], {{Opcit}}, {{p.|272}}.</ref>. Tosto, illes supporta le girondinos pro defender le proprietate e le libertate; tosto, le montagnardos, quando il se tracta de succurrer le nation. Ma il non es possibile stabilir un inventario precise pro definir tote iste gruppos con claritate, proque nulle de illes possede lineas politic limpide e illes remane multo instabile{{sfn|Martin|1990|p=142}}. [[File:Valmy Battle painting.jpg|thumb|[[Battalia de Valmy]], le 20 de septembre 1792.<br> Pictura de [[Horace Vernet]], 1826.]] Le 20 de septembre 1792, le [[battalia de Valmy|victoria de Valmy]] super le Prussianos per le armea francese, commandate per le [[Lista del generales del Revolution e del Prime Imperio|general]] [[Charles François Dumouriez|Dumouriez]], arresta le invasion. Le 8 de octobre, iste ultime entra in [[Belgica]] pro obligar le Austriacos a levar le assedio de [[Lille]] e repeller les foras del frontieras{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=34}}. Le general [[Adam Philippe de Custine|Custine]] prende [[Spira (citáte)|Spira]] (30 de septembre), [[Worms (Germania)|Worms]] (5 de octobre), postea [[Assedio de Magonza (1792)|Magonza]] e [[Francoforte]] (le 21 e 22 de octobre), lo que permitte a ille de tener le ripa sinistre del [[Rheno]] durante que Dumouriez, vincente le victoria decisive de [[battalia de Jemmapes|Jemmapes]] le 6 de novembre 1792, deveni maestro de Belgica. In iste periodo le tropas francese occupa etiam le [[Ducato de Savoia|Savoia]], possession del [[domo de Savoia]]<ref group=Note>Le 27 novembre 1792 Savoia es reunite a Francia e forma le departamento del Mont-Blanc.</ref>. Ubique le Francese propaga lor ideal revolutionari e on comencia a parlar del frontieras natural; ma es principalmente le relationes de fortia militar e diplomatic que es modificate{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=34}}. Ante de separar se, le 20 de septembre 1792, le [[Assemblea national legislative (Revolution francese)|Assemblea legislative]] decide de laicisar le [[stato civil]] — que deberea desde iste momento esser tenite per le [[Commune (Francia)|communes]] —, de autorisar le [[divortio]] e decreta le renovation complete del [[Commune de Paris (1792)|Commune insurrectional de Paris]]. Le die sequente, 21 de septembre, le [[Convention national]] tene officialmente su prime session: disponente provisoriamente del poderes legislative e executive, illa proclama immediatemente le [[Proclamation del abolition del regalitate|abolition del regalitate]], le advento del [[Prime Republica (Francia)|Republica]] in Francia e decide que le nove [[constitution]] sera ratificate per le [[suffragio universal]]. Le die sequente, illa decreta que, a partir de iste data, tote le actos public debe comenciar per [[Calendario republicane|le anno I del Republica]]{{sfn|Godechot|1988|p=115-121}}: pro Francia, isto es le initio de un era nove. == Prime Republica == {{AP|Prime Republica francese}} === Girondinos e montagnardos === ==== Processo e morte del rege ==== {{AP|Processo de Louis XVI}} [[File:Plaidoyer de Louis XVI à la Convention nationale.jpg|thumb|left|[[Processo de Louis XVI|Processo de {{noble-|Louis XVI}}]] al [[Convention national]], le 26 de decembre 1792.<br> Gravura, Paris, [[Biblioteca national de Francia|BnF]], circa 1793.]] [[File:Exécution de Louis Capet, le 21 janvier 1793.jpg|thumb|[[Execution de Louis XVI|Execution de {{noble-|Louis XVI}}]], le 21 de januario 1793.<br> Gravura, Paris, [[Museo Carnavalet]], 1793.]] Post le [[Jornada del 10 augusto 1792|10 de augusto]], postea le [[Proclamation del abolition del regalitate|abolition del monarchia]], le sorte del rege depose, prisionero al [[Turre del Temple|Temple]]{{sfn|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=64}}, es in question. Durante iste periodo, le [[Convention national|Convention]] es dominate per le [[Gironda (Revolution francese)|girondinos]], proque le majoritate del electos del Centro es favorabile a illes; assi illes es majoritari in le [[Consilio executive (Revolution francese)|consilio executive]]<ref name="Lefebvre1930p127">{{harvsp|Lefebvre|Guyot|Sagnac|1930|p=127}}.</ref>. Le proxime apertura del [[processo de Louis XVI|processo del rege]] les divide. Desde alora, illes cerca de retardar le judicio, que illes trova inoportune<ref>Bernardine Melchior-Bonnet, ''Le Girondinos'', Tallandier, 1989, {{p.|190}}.</ref>, durante que le [[Montagne (Revolution francese)|montagnardos]], plus radical, vole un ruptura definitive con le Ancian Regime pro assecurar le Republica{{sfn|Martin|1990|p=143}}. Ma, frustrante tote le calculos, le discoperta — le 20 de novembre 1792, al Tuileries, in le « [[armario de ferro]] » — de documentos compromittente pro le rege rende le processo inevitabile: desde alora, non statuer super su sorte poterea provocar un nove explosion revolutionari. Malgrado le principio del [[separation del poderes]], es le Convention que va judicar le rege. Assi le processo que comencia le 11 de decembre 1792 marca le initio de un lucta a morte inter girondinos e montagnardos pro le controlo del Assemblea e del Revolution{{sfn|Martin|2006|p=145}}. Le rege<ref group="Note">Como le majoritate del principes de iste epocha, {{noble-|Louis XVI}} e Marie-Antoinette non ha le sentimento del « [[Patria]] ». Pro illes, le pais es lor proprietate e le sovranos europee que forma un grande familia; appellar les pro restituer le pais al ration non es pro illes un acto de tradition. [[André Castelot]], [[G. Lenotre]], ''Le grande horas del Revolution francese – Le agonia del regalitate'', tomo I, Perrin, 1962, {{p.|330-331}}.</ref> es surprendite per le discoperta del [[armario de ferro]] e de su documentos compromittente; ille se defende mal e nega mesmo le evidentia<ref>{{cite book |author=Bernardine Melchior-Bonnet |title=Le Girondinos |publisher=Tallandier |year=1989 |page=195}}</ref>. Tamen, in iste processo, le faltas del rege, mesmo si provate, conta poc ante le utilisation politic del sanction{{sfn|Martin|2006|p=145}}, justo quando [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]] ha arrancate al Assemblea « que le morte del tiranno » sia votate per appell nominative, a alte voce, per le deputatos sub le oculos del population<ref>Albert Mathiez, ''Le Revolution francese'', Librairie Armand Colin, 1922, {{p.|311}}.</ref>. Assi, le [[regicidio]] va devenir un proba del sinceritate republicane{{sfn|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=194-195-203}}. Le 15 de januario, al fin del debattos, le rege es declarate culpabile per un majority esmagante, 693 voces contra 13, e le 17 de januario, ille es condemnate a morte per un majoritate plus stricte, 387 voces contra 334<ref>Albert Soboul, ''Le Revolution francese'', {{op. cit.}}, {{p.|273}}.</ref>. [[Louis-Philippe d'Orléans (1747-1793)|Philippe-Égalité]], duca de Orléans e cosino del rege, va etiam votar le morte, marcante assi le puncto de partida del lucta inter [[Orleanismo|orleanistas]] e [[Legitimismo|legitimistas]] que habera loco le seculo sequente. Le 20 de januario, le sursis e le appello al populo demandate per le girondinos es rejectate e le 21 de januario 1793, Louis XVI es [[Guillotina|guillotinate]] al [[Placia del Concordia|placia del Revolution]]. [[Execution de Louis XVI|Su execution]] produce un impression profunde in le population francese e stupeface le sovranos de [[Europa]]<ref>Albert Soboul, {{Opcit}}, {{p.|332-333}}.</ref>: illo es etiam un defio al Europa monarchic. Le declaration de guerra al [[Grande Britannia]] e al [[Provincias Unite]], le 1 de februario 1793, conduce al formation del [[Prime Coalition]] del potentias europee contra le Francia revolutionari. ==== Vendea ==== {{AP|Guerra de Vendea}} [[File:Émeute en Vendée - Évariste Carpentier.jpg|thumb|left|redresse=1.3|''Tumulto in Vendea''.<br> Oleo sur tela de [[Évariste Carpentier]], seculo XIX, municipalitate de [[Kuurne]].]] [[File:Louis de Lescure1.jpg|thumb|redresse|dextera|Portrait posthume del [[Louis de Salgues de Lescure|marquis de Lescure]], general vendean.<br> Oleo sur tela de [[Robert Lefèvre|Lefèvre]], 1818, [[Cholet]], [[Museo de arte e de historia (Cholet)|Museo de arte e de historia]].]] Pro facer fronte e replaciar le voluntarios de 1792, qui ha legalmente quittate le armea, le Convention decreta un leva de 300 000 homines le 24 de februario. Iste leva debe facer se per [[tirage au sort]], lo que spontanemente provoca un vaste protestation<ref group="Note">Le protestation es dirigite contra le tirage au sort — ja detestate durante le campagne del Ancian Regime. In effecto, isto exonera le notabiles, durante que illes es considerate le grande beneficiarios del Revolution. Le populo considera dunque que es al notabiles de ir defender le nation que les favorisa. {{harvsp|Dupuy|2005|p=58}}.</ref> in tote le pais{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=108}}, e particularmente inter le paisaneria, in [[Alsatia]], in [[Bretania]], in tote le [[Massivo central]] e le [[Pyrenees]]. In le majoritate de iste regiones, le insurrectiones armate retomba, o es rapidemente suffocate, ma in [[Anjou]] e in le [[Poitou]], le rebellion se organiza e prende amplitude{{sfn|Bouloiseau|1972|p=70}}. Le insurrection vendean, que comencia a [[Cholet]] le 3 de martio 1793, es le manifestation interne le plus grave incontrate per le Revolution. Le numero de victimas varia, secundo le historicos, de {{formatnum:117000}} a plus de {{formatnum:250000}}. Su declancheamento es directemente ligate al efforto de guerra decidite al Assemblea per le decreto del 24 de februario<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pascal Dupuy |author2=Claude Mazauric |title=Le Revolution francese |publisher=Librairie Vuibert |year=2005 |page=225}}</ref>. Le causas es tamen plus complexe. In un prime tempore, le Vendeanos habeva redigite [[Cahiers de dolentias|cahiers de dolentias]] e habeva ben recipite le eventos de 1789. Ma durante le annos sequente, le frustrationes se accumulava. In effecto, le paisanos vendean non profita del vendita del benes national, e es profundemente vulnerate in lor convictiones per le direction [[Anticlericalismo|anticlerical]] que prende le Revolution, in particular post le [[Constitution civil del clero]]. Le execution de {{noble-|Louis XVI}} non sera comprendite per un population satis proxime al parve nobilitate local. Assi, quando arriva le representantes incarregate del tirage au sort, le juvene homines refusa ir combatter lontan de lor villages pro un regime que choque lor convictiones e del qual illes se senti abandonate. Isto es le insurrection. Iste insurrection prende multo rapidemente importance quando le [[Vendea (departamento)|Vendea]] se leva in bloc<ref name="Lefebvre1930p203">{{harvsp|Lefebvre|Guyot|Sagnac|1930|p=203}}.</ref>. Pro tentar arrestar iste tumultos, le Convention vota, le 19 de martio 1793, un lege de exception: tote le insurgentes prendite con armas in mano o convincite de haber participate al assemblages sera executate{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=58-59}}. Al Convention, le insurgentes es multo rapidemente qualificate de « brigantes », e Paris da le nomine de « [[Guerra de Vendea]] » a lor insurrectiones{{sfn|Martin|1990|p=147}}. Pro reprimir le inimicos interne e externe, le [[Convention national|Convention]] crea le [[Tribunal revolutionari]] le 10 de martio e, pro menar a bon fin iste politica, le [[Comite de defensa general]] es transformate in [[Comite de salut public]] le 6 de april{{sfn|Godechot|1988|p=131}}. ==== Fin del girondinos ==== {{AP|Jornadas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793}} [[File:Journée du 2 juin 1793.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Jornadas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|Jornada del 2 de junio 1793]].<br> [[Estampa]] de [[Pierre-Gabriel Berthault]] representante le [[Guardia national francese sub le Revolution (1789-1799)|Guardia national]] ante le [[Convention national|Convention]]<br> ([[Museo Carnavalet]]).]] Le menses que seque le advento del [[Prime Republica (Francia)|Republica]] sona del confrontos inter [[Montagne (Revolution francese)|montagnardos]] e [[Gironda (Revolution francese)|girondinos]]. Le divergentias apparite in le primavera de 1792 super le [[declaration de guerra de Francia a Austria (1792)|necessitates del guerra]] ha lassate vestigios. Assi, le [[Jornada del 10 augusto 1792|10 de augusto 1792]], post le victoria del [[Commune de Paris (1792)|Commune insurrectional]] e del [[sans-culottes]], le rivalitates inter le duo gruppos appare multo rapidemente como un conflicto de classe<ref>[[Albert Soboul]], {{Opcit}}, {{p.|327}}.</ref>: il es dunque duo manieras de conciper le contento a dar al Republica que provoca le confrontamento, mesmo si iste differentias politic non es proprie al sol campo del girondinos e reflecte etiam le stato de mente del provincia<ref name="Bertaud2004p179">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=179}}.</ref>. Quicunque sia le caso, le Gironda dispare del scena del Revolution a causa de su incoherentias politic e principalmente, pro haber volite le guerra sin haberse date le medios de menar la, pro haber tentate salvar le monarchia, pro haber, in nomine del liberalismo, reinforceate le crise sin trovar le solutiones pro remediar la, o ancora, pro haber relanceate le movimento revolutionari e haber postea cercate frenar su impeto<ref>Frédéric Bluche, Stéphane Rials, [[Jean Tulard]], ''Le Revolution francese'', [[Presses universitari de Francia|PUF]], 1989, {{p.|86}}.</ref>. Le [[jornadas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|jornadas revolutionari del 31 de maio e del 2 de junio 1793]], con le arresto del principal chefes girondin, pone fin a lor preponderantia politic. === Le Republica in periculo (1793) === [[File:Unité Indivisibilité de la République.jpg|thumb|left|Le [[Libertate, Equalitate, Fraternitate|motto republicane]] in un corona de quercia e de bandieras tricolor, appoiate sur un [[fasce del lictor]] e surmontate de un [[bonnet frigian]]. In le prime plano, un gallo gallic, un cannon e un [[obusier]]. Estampa anonyme, Paris, BnF, 1793.]] [[File:Death of Marat by David.jpg|thumb|redresse|''Le assassinato de [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]]'', per [[Jacques-Louis David|David]], 1793.]] Le [[Execution de Louis XVI|execution del rege]] le 21 de januario 1793, le politica de conquesta e de annexion del [[Convention national|Convention]], le agitation del revolutionarios in diverse paises de Europa assi como le [[Guerra de Vendea|revoltas vendean]] e postea « [[Federalismo (Revolution francese)|federalistas]] »<ref group="Note">Le deputato girondin [[François Buzot]] esquissa le parola « federalismo » reclamante al Assemblea, le 24 de septembre 1792, un fortia public departamental pro proteger le deputatos del Convention; illo servira de pretexto al Montagnardos pro accusar le Girondinos de voler facer del 83 departamentos tante republicas independente. {{cite book |author=Jeanne Grall |title=Girondinos e Montagnardos – Le retroscena de un insurrection (1793) |publisher=Éditions Ouest-France |year=1989 |page=23}} In fin, iste « federalistas » — qui refusa omne federation — es republicanos moderate favorabile al Revolution; illes vole solmente le fin del domination parisian e montagnarde. {{harvsp|Martin|1990|p=155}}.</ref>, face rebatter le guerra al exterior{{sfn|Godechot|1988|p=165}} e lo provoca al interior, ponente le [[Prime Republica (Francia)|Republica]] in un situation mortal. Con le [[Prime Coalition]], tote le Europa absolutista se ha coalite contra Francia<ref group="Note">Solmente in Europa le [[Suissa]], le statos scandinave e certe statos italian remane in pace con Francia; ma le [[Russia]], alliate de Austria e de Prussia, es officialmente etiam in guerra contra Francia, que combatte non solmente pro su independentia, ma etiam pro su dignitate national, su derecto de governar se mesme, e le protection del immense avantages que illa ha retirate del Revolution. [[Albert Mathiez]], ''Le Revolution francese'', {{Opcit}}, {{p.|350}}.</ref>. In le primavera, con le offensive del coalite, tote le conquestas que seque le [[Battalia de Valmy|victoria de Valmy]] es perdite e le Republica se trova in un situation militar pejor que in 1792: multo rapidemente, le frontieras es transite per le [[Imperio de Austria|Austriacos]], le [[Regno de Prussia|Prussianos]] e le [[Grande Britannia (regno)|Angleses]] al nord e al est, le [[Espania|Espanioles]] al sud-west, le [[Regno de Sardinia (1720-1861)|Piemonteses]] al sud-est. Al interior, le insurrection vendean, devenite royalista post su reprise in mano per le nobiles<ref group="Note">In Vendea, le nobiles non ha provocate le movimento insurrectional: illes arriva solmente postea, e solmente proque on va cercar les, e a vices illes se faceva persuader. {{cite book |author=[[Jacques Solé]] |title=Revolutiones e revolutionarios in Europa 1789-1918 |publisher=Gallimard |year=2008 |page=544}}</ref>, ha prendite amplitude e se extende sur plure [[departamento francese|departamentos francese]] del oeste de Francia; [[Saumur]] e [[Angers]] cade (9 e 18 de junio 1793), ma [[Nantes]] resiste (28 de junio). Revoltas royalista se developpa etiam in [[Lozère (departamento)|Lozère]] e in le valle del [[Rhône (departamento)|Rhodano]]<ref group=Note>Le insurrectiones provincial que seque le 31 de maio e le 2 de junio 1793, troppo sovente includite in le contra-revolution, es sovente solmente le continuation de luctas local que oppone revolutionarios moderate, jacobinos e sans-culottes. {{harvsp|Martin|1990|p=153-155}}.</ref>. Le Convention prescribe alora, per decretos del 26 de februario e del 12 de augusto 1793, le [[Amalgamation militar|amalgamation]] del duo armeas francese componite de [[Regimentos francese del Ancian Regime|regimentos del Ancian Regime]] e de [[battaliones de voluntarios national]], e que iste corpoes prenderea in le futuro le nomine de [[semi-brigadas]]. Post le [[Jornadas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|colpo de fortia]] que pone fin al hegemonia girondin<ref group="Note">Ancora sensibilisate per le [[massacres de septembre]], le departamentos percipe mal le tumultos que agita le Assemblea e los vide como menacias pro le representation national, lo que conduce a violente protestationes. {{harvsp|Grall|1989|p=25}}. Assi le colpo de fortia es mal percipite in le provincia e, al annuncio de illo, numerose departamentos se insurge, particular in Normandia e Bretania. De facto, tres quartos del pais se trova in rebellion contra le dictatura montagnarde. {{harvsp|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=76-77}}.</ref>, le [[Montagne (Revolution francese)|montagnardos]] remane sol al poter e domina le Convention: con le [[Club del Jacobinos|jacobinos]] illes ha ora le charge de conducer le guerra<ref name="Bertaud2004p200">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=200}}.</ref> e de reglar le problemas politic e social generate per le circumstantias. Post le [[Jornadas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|insurrection del 2 de junio del sectiones parisian]] contra le [[Convention national|Assemblea]], le deputatos [[Gironda (Revolution francese)|girondin]] qui ha potite escappar al repression parisian appella al rebellion contra Paris e es supportate per le autoritates departamental in numerose regiones de Francia{{sfn|Grall|1989|p=67 et suiv.}}. Le assassinato de [[Jean-Paul Marat]] le 13 de julio per [[Charlotte Corday]], un juvene Normanda, augmenta le tensiones politic. Le situation explica le radicalisation del mesuras admittite inter junio e septembre 1793{{sfn|Martin|1990|p=157}}. Le 24 de junio 1793, le Convention adopta un [[constitution]] multo democratic e decentralisate, ratificate per [[referendum]]<ref group="Note">Tamen le sans-culottes le plus avertite (le [[Enragés|Enrageate]]) non es entusiasmate de iste acto constitutional cuje lacunas illes percipe. Illes reclama le repression del [[agiotage]], del [[accaparement]] e le arresto del augmento del precios{{etc.}} {{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=208}}.</ref>, le [[Constitution de 1793|Constitution del anno I]]. Le nove texto cerca de stabilir un ver promente sovranitate popular gratias a electiones frequente per suffragio universal, accorda al citatanos le possibilitate de intervenir in le processo legislative e recognosce le derecto al insurrection<ref group="Note">Initialmente concipite per le Girondinos (surtout per [[Nicolas de Condorcet|Condorcet]]), iste constitution arriva in plen violentia inter le duo gruppos e es dunque le fructo de un compromisso; post le colpo de fortia del 31 de maio e del 2 de junio 1793, illo suffre alcun remanegamentos (hostilitate al liberalismo girondin) e es adoptate multo rapidemente per le Assemblea dominate per le Montagne. Le derecto de initiativa propugnate per le Girondinos ha disparite, e le Montagnardos prende le parte del leon, proque le Constitution se effortia a mantener les al governamento, poisque illes se ha impatronate del poter per le fortia. Su principal merito reside super toto in le principios que illa ha proclamate pro le prime vice (derectos social) e in le problemas que illa ha ponite. Mesmo si illa nunquam ha essite applicate, illa conserva un importantia capital. {{harvsp|Godechot|2006|p=69-77}}.</ref> (lo que legitima post facto le jornadas del [[Jornada del 10 augusto 1792|10 de augusto]] e del [[Jornadas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|2 de junio]])<ref>Jean-Marc Schiappa, ''Le Revolution francese 1789-1799'', Librio, 2005, {{p.|50}}.</ref>. Ma iste constitution entrara jammais in vigor, proque le Convention suspende su application le 10 de augusto 1793{{sfn|Soboul|Suratteau|Gendron|2004|p=283}}. [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|Saint-Just]] justifica iste decision explicante que {{Citation|in le circumstantias in que se trova le Republica, le constitution non pote esser establite; on la immolarea per se mesme. Illa devenirea le garantia del attentatos contra le libertate, proque illa mancare del voluntate necessari pro reprimer les}}. [[File:Lettre autographe adressée par le Comité de sûreté générale au Comité de salut public - Archives Nationales - AE-I-2-20 - (1).jpg|thumb|redresse|<center>Lettre autograph adressate al [[Comite de securitate general]] per le [[Comite de salut public]], signalante le presentia suspecte de {{citation|cinque pacchettos de litteras adressate al estraniero}}, 27 de januario 1794 ([[Archivos national de Francia]]).</center>.]] Principal organo de governamento, le [[Comite de salut public]] es create le 6 de april 1793 in replacement del [[Comite de defensa general]]. Le nove instantia es componite de novem membros eligite, proveniente del Assemblea, inter le quales figura [[Georges Danton|Danton]] e [[Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac|Barère]]. Le 10 de julio sequente, un crise interne e le gravitate del eventos impone su renovation: Danton, considerate troppo moderate, es removite; le 27 de julio, le Comite es completate con le nomination de [[Robespierre]] e le 14 de augusto e 6 de septembre 1793<ref group=Note>Post le jornadas del 4 e 5 de septembre contra le Assemblea, le sans-culottes impone Collot d'Herbois e Billaud-Varenne, membros (o proxime) del cordeliers.</ref>, per le altere membros. Le « Grande Comite del anno II », que debe governar Francia usque al victoria, es nate<ref group=Note>Le Comite de salut public es concipite como un regime provisori que, logicamente, post le victoria debe ceder le loco al constitution de 1793. {{harvsp|Bouloiseau|1968|p=5}}. Tamen illo non possede le realitate del poter usque al decreto del 13 septembre, que le da le preeminentia super tote le altere comites. Albert Mathiez, {{Opcit}}, {{p.|425}}.</ref>: illo es create pro ager e pro vincer. Su membros, al numero de dece-duo, es reelegite cata mense per le Convention; illo ha le initiativa del leges, le poter executive, nomina le functionarios e centralisa le poter; illo es dominate per le personalitate de Robespierre, qui impone le politica del Comite al Convention e al jacobinos. Cata membro del Comite se specialisa in un dominio particular, como [[Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot|Carnot]] al armeas{{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.II|p=21-23}}{{,}}{{sfn|Bouloiseau|1968|p={{page à préciser}}}}. Le [[Comite de securitate general]] es le secunde comite de governamento. Illo es create le 2 de octobre 1792, e renovate le 12 de septembre 1793. Le dece-duo deputatos que lo compone, tote montagnardos, es etiam proveniente del Convention. Inter illes, [[Marc-Guillaume-Alexis Vadier|Vadier]], [[Jean Pierre André Amar|Amar]] e [[Jean-Henri Voulland|Voulland]]{{sfn|Bouloiseau|1972|p=107}} se monstra inexorabile. Le poter del Comite es considerable: illo dispone de derectos particular super le investigationes, super le arrestos, super le prisiones, assi como super le justitia revolutionari{{sfn|Bouloiseau|1968|p=101}}. Su autoritate repose sur le [[Terrore (Revolution francese)|Terrore]] que illo cerca de extender e perpetuar<ref name="Lefebvre1930p251">{{harvsp|Lefebvre|Guyot|Sagnac|1930|p=251}}.</ref>. Un rivalitate de competentias oppone iste instantia al [[Comite de salut public]]<ref group="Note">Le rivalitate del duo comites es real; alcun de su membros es ligate al ultra-revolutionarios — particularmente Collot d’Herbois e Billaud-Varenne — abattite per le Comite de salut public in germinal. Ma le lege del 16 de april 1794 porta un prime colpo confiante al Comite de salut public le inspection del autoritates e administratores; pro applicar iste mesuras, un officio de policia general es instituite in le qual le [[Comite de securitate general]] vide un concurrente. {{harvsp|Bouloiseau|1968|p=101-103}}.</ref>. Pro applicar le mesuras adoptate, le Convention decreta (9 de martio 1793){{note|Iste decreto transforma le recurso a emissarios in mission in un ver institution e define etiam lor poter. A partir del mense de april sequente, pro le missiones al armeas, le Convention revide le rolo de cata un del representantes appellate a laborar pro le defensa national e, pro limitar lor missiones in le tempore, augmenta a tres le numero del representantes al armeas, qui es ora renovate per tertios cata mense<ref name="Biard190-191">[[Michel Biard]], ''Missionarios del Republica – Le representantes del populo in mission (1793-1795)'', Éditions del Comite del labores historic e scientific, 2002, {{p.|190-191}}.</ref>.}} le invio systematic, in le departamentos e al armeas, de alcun de su membros: le [[Representante in mission|representantes in mission]]. Iste dispone de poderes multo extensive pro prender le mesuras que les pare necesari: restabilir le ordine ubique illo es perturbate e poner in arresto illes que illes judica suspecte. Iste representantes procede duo per duo, prende lor arrestos in commun e debe render contos al Convention<ref name="Biard190-191" />. {{AP|Convention national|Amalgamation del duo armeas sub le Revolution}} === Restablimento === {{AP|Terrore (Revolution francese)}} ==== Leges, movimentos popular e fortification del governamento ==== [[File:Sans-culottes en armes - Lesueur.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Sans-culottes]] in armas'', gouache de [[Jean-Baptiste Lesueur (pictor)|Jean-Baptiste Lesueur]], 1793-1794, [[Museo Carnavalet]].]] Post le [[Jornadas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|2 de junio]] e le arresto del principal chefes [[Gironda (Revolution francese)|girondin]], le [[Montagne (Revolution francese)|montagnardos]], pro governar, debe tener conto del [[sans-culottes]]<ref group=Note>Le approximation inter le montagnardos e le sans-culotterie parisian non ha essite facite sin difficultates, proque le parve populo ha poc beneficiate del Revolution del 10 de augusto 1792 e, si illo ha participate activemente, iste jornada non es su creation. George Rudé, ''Le turba in le Revolution francese'', Paris, Librairie Maspero, 1982, {{p.|135}}.</ref> e de lor representantes<ref>sfn|Martin|1990|p=152</ref> extremista, sur qui illes se ha appoiate pro vincer lor adversarios girondin, ma illes non ha le intention de divider le poter con illes{{sfn|Soboul|1973|p=23}}, ni de acceder a lor reclamationes. Le montagnardos tenta al contrario de controlar les per medio del [[Club del Jacobinos|jacobinos]], pro pervenir a couper curte le menacias de insurrection que iste terroristas — qui es le [[Enrageate]]<ref group="Note">Le quasi totalitate del sans-culottes parisian se trova a iste epocha (februario – septembre 1793) sensibilisate per le Enrageate, qui se compone de tres homines dominante: [[Jacques Roux (1752-1794)|Jacques Roux]], [[Jean-François Varlet]] e [[Théophile Leclerc]], e de un femina, [[Claire Lacombe]], qui es le presidente del [[Societate del republicanas revolutionari|Club del citatanas republicane revolutionari]]. {{harvsp|Furet|Ozouf|2007|p=331}}.</ref> — propaga regularmente in [[Paris]]<ref group=Note>Ici, le termino terrorista vole dicer partisan del Terrore revolutionari e economic.</ref> e de cuje illes time esser finalmente le victimas<ref group="Note">On trova rumores de « complotos aristocratic » pauc ante le 10 de augusto 1793 pro le prime, le anniversario del [[Jornada del 10 augusto 1792|10 de augusto 1792]]. Le grande reunion pro iste festa pote facer timer nove [[massacres de septembre]] — que alcun affiches consilia — e pote dar le occasion al extremistas de tentar lor fortuna. {{harvsp|Soboul|1973|p=79}}. Alibi, le sectiones desira un efforto ancora plus grande e parla de un nove [[Jornadas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|2 de junio]] - {{harvsp|Solé|2008|p=554}}.</ref>. Al arrivar al poter, e como lor predecessores, le montagnardos refusa de toccar al libertate economic. Illes non vole prender le risco de esser superpassate affrontante le movimento popular —del qual illes recognosce le ben fundate de su reclamationes— e tenta plus tosto de denigrar su conductores{{sfn|Soboul|Suratteau|Gendron|2004|p=418}}. [[File:Jacques Roux - estampe du musée Carnavalet.jpg|thumb|redresse=0.5|[[Jacques Roux (1752-1794)|Jacques Roux]], [[dettalio]] de un estampa anonyme, fin del seculo XVIII, Museo Carnavalet.]] Nihilominus, le parve populo del sans-culottes se preocupa ante toto del caritate e del raritate del victualias. Le Enrageate, qui se considera como lor representantes le plus authentic, lucta desde menses — supportate per le malcontentamento popular{{sfn|Soboul|Suratteau|Gendron|2004|p=416}}{{,}}{{sfn|Solé|2008|p=552}} — pro obtener ameliorationes social<ref group="Note">Le situation es grave: le departamentos revoltate ha interrompete lor livrationes verso le capital. Le pan manca, lo que conduce a numerose manifestationes popular. [[Albert Mathiez]], ''Le Revolution francese'', {{Opcit}}, {{p.|399}}. Le siccitate del mense de augusto aggravara le conjonctura.</ref>. Le morte de [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]], le 13 de julio, permitte al journalist [[Jacques-René Hébert]] de presentar se como su herede, durante que ille reprende a su conto le programma del Enrageate. Hébert se trova assi in concurrentia con illes pro le succession politic de ''[[L'Amico del populo (1789)|Le Amico del populo]]''<ref>[[Albert Mathiez]], ''Le Revolution francese'', {{Opcit}}, {{p.|399}}.</ref>. Desde alora, pro attraher a se le sans-culottes parisian, ille lucta pro expeller le ancian sacerdote, [[Jacques Roux (1752-1794)|Jacques Roux]] — surnominate le « sacerdote rubie », un del chefes del Enrageate —, que ille accusa e denuntia al jacobinos como responsabile del mesuras de violentia del [[Jornadas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|31 de maio]]{{sfn|Soboul|1973|p=167-168}}. A partir del 1 de augusto 1793, Hébert, candidato al poter, se dista del montagnardos e profita del instabilitate social pro attaccar le governamento{{sfn|Furet|Ozouf|2007|p=382}}. {{double image|left|Le Pere Duchesne.jpg|140|Jacques René Hébert.JPG|130|Representation del [[Le Père Duchesne (Revolution francese)|Père Duchesne]] (al sinistra), [[personage typic]] popular cuje nomine es reprense per [[Jacques-René Hébert]] (al dextra) como titulo de su jornal.}} Totevia, malgrado lor excessos, le « sacerdote rubie »<ref group=Note>Pro historicos como Albert Soboul o François Furet e Denis Richet, Jacques Roux laborava con disinteresse e sinceritate a alleviar le vita del parve populo sans-culottes. {{harvsp|Soboul|1973|p=101}} ; {{harvsp|Furet|Richet|1973|p=215}}.</ref> e su gruppo non representa in se mesme un ver periculo pro le governamento, proque, malgrado le supporto del populo, illes non gaude de nulle appoio pro attinger le sphera ubi se disputa le poter{{sfn|Furet|Richet|1973|p=215}}. In cambio, le [[Club del Cordeliers]]<ref group=Note>Le objectivo del gruppo del cordeliers es de servir se del malcontentamento del populo pro eliminar le equipa dirigente que conduce le Assemblea e le comites. Inter illes le extremismo es ante toto tactic. {{harvsp|Furet|Richet|1973|p=216-217}}.</ref>, del qual Jacques-René Hébert es un del membros eminente, es multo plus formidabile. In effecto, le Club supporta Hébert, qui ja gaude de multiple appoios, mesmo in le provincia, e qui es circumdate de numerose partisanos, le « [[Hébertistas o Exageratos|hébertistas]] ». Hébert es etiam le fundador del ''[[Le Père Duchesne (Revolution francese)|Père Duchesne]]'', le sol grande jornal popular — de tono sovente demagogic e a vices vulgar — que, gratias a [[François-Nicolas Vincent|Vincent]] e a [[Jean-Baptiste Bouchotte|Bouchotte]], es etiam diffundite in le [[lista del armeas del Revolution|armeas]] del [[Prime Republica (Francia)|Republica]]{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=238}}. Finalmente, le « hébertistas » ha un grande influentia sur le [[Commune de Paris (1792)|Commune de Paris]]. Post le jornadas de septembre e le disparition del « Enrageate »<ref group="Note">Le 5 de septembre 1793, Jacques Roux es arrestate (ille se suicidara le 10 de februario 1794), Leclerc e Varlet es in fuga, assi como Claire Lacombe, cuje societate es dissolute le 20 de octobre (al mesme tempore, le clubs feminine es ora interdite): le Enrageate non existe plus.</ref>, Hébert e su amicos attacca apertemente le montagnardos, identificante les a « nove brissotinos », e cerca de eliminar les demandante le epuration del [[Convention national|Convention]]{{sfn|Furet|Ozouf|2007|p=384}}. Pro evitar de offerer un terreno de propaganda al conductores del sans-culottes, durante que se calma le malcontentamento del populo urban toccate per le difficultates de approvisionamento, per le augmento del precio del victualias e per le depreciation del curso del [[assignato]], le [[Comite de salut public]] se resolve a prender mesuras economic. Ja le 26 de julio 1793, le Convention vota le [[Pena de morte in Francia|pena de morte]] contra le [[Accaparement|accaparatores]], id es contra illes qui immagazina le victualias al loco de vender les{{sfn|Martin|2006|p=188}}. Tamen, si le montagnardos debe facer concessiones, illes ancora resiste al pression del sans-culottes{{sfn|Furet|Richet|1973|p=229}} refusante de implicar se plus profundemente in le [[economia dirigite]], pro non alienar se le burguesia e le paisaneria: un refusa formal es opponite al altere exigentias del extremistas{{sfn|Furet|Richet|1973|p=228-234}}. [[File:Levee en masse.jpg|thumb|left|''Jovial partita del voluntarios al armeas'', gouache de [[Jean-Baptiste Lesueur (pictor)|Jean-Baptiste Lesueur]], 1793, [[Museo Carnavalet]].]] [[File:Lesueur - Paysan vendant ses assignats auprès d'un changeur.jpg|thumb|redresse|Paisano vendente su victualias contra [[assignatos]] apud un cambiator. Gouache de [[Jean-Baptiste Lesueur (pictor)|Lesueur]], Museo Carnavalet.]] Tamen, le 23 de augusto 1793, sub le pression popular, le Convention cede e, post longe debattos, decreta le [[leva in massa]]. Illa permitte de inviar sub le bandiera tote le juvene homines de 18 a 25 annos, celibes o viduos, e sin infantes. Tote le Francese debe participar al efforto e tote le economia del nation es orientate verso le guerra. De septembre 1793 al primavera de 1794, le leva in massa provide quasi 400 000 homines, portante le armea a 750 000 soldatos. Le Republica se da le medios de vincer opponente al inimico fortias superior sur tote le frontieras<ref name="Bertaud2004p212-213">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=212-213}}.</ref>{{,}}{{sfn|Godechot|1965|p=170}}. Dece-un armeas es assi create. Le perdita de [[Toulon]] (29 de augusto 1793) debilita considerabilemente le position governamental e servi de pretexto al gruppos radical pro provocar le jornadas del 4 e 5 de septembre 1793. Le Convention es invadite e debe ceder super un serie de mesuras reclamate desde longe, particular: le leva de un armea revolutionari parisian<ref group="Note">Iste armea, forte de 6000 homines e de 1200 canonieros, que sera al origine de numerose exactiones, particular durante le periodo de dechristianisation, sera supprimite post le execution del hébertistas in germinal.</ref> pro le requisition del cereales e lor transporto verso Paris, le remuneration del sans-culottes qui sede in le [[sectiones revolutionari de Paris|sectiones]], postea, le 11 de septembre, le maximum national del cereales e del farinas. Tamen, le inertie del governamento provoca un nove tumulto le 22 de septembre, obligante lo a decretar, le 29 sequente, le [[lege del Maximum general]], que bloca le precios al nivello de illos de 1790, augmentate de 30 %, e fixa le maximum del salarios. Finalmente, le curso fortiate del assignato es instaurate{{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.II|p=38}}. Ma iste mesuras non permitte de poner fin al difficultates de approvisionamento del citates. Le poter de compra del salariatos, pagate in assignatos, non cessa de eroder se{{sfn|Bouloiseau|1972|p=89-90}}. [[File:Comite de surveillance revolutionnaire.jpg|thumb|Un [[comite de surveillance revolutionari]] verifica un [[certificato de civismo]].<br> Paris, [[Biblioteca national de Francia|BnF]], [[Departamento del estampas e del fotografia del Biblioteca national de Francia|departamento del estampas]], circa 1793-1794.]] Imponite per le strada in consequentia de iste jornadas revolutionari, le [[Terrore (Revolution francese)|Terrore]] es « ponite al ordine del die » le 5 de septembre 1793: con le dictatura, iste [[stato de exception]] es fortificate per le reinforcemento del centralisation{{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.II|p=36-38}}. Le 17 de septembre 1793, le Terrore es legalmente instaurate con le [[Lege del suspectos]]. Le texto da un definition multo large del « suspectos », lo que permitte de attinger tote le « inimicos del Revolution »: entra in iste categoria le [[Aristocratia|aristocratos]], le [[emigratos]], le [[sacerdotes refractari]], le [[Federalismo (Revolution francese)|federalistas]], le [[Agiotage|agiotatores]], assi como lor familias<ref group="Note">Isto es etiam le initio del grande processos ante le [[tribunal revolutionari]] — reclamate per le gruppos le plus radical — sequite del executiones de [[Philippe-Égalité]] (6 de novembre 1793), de [[Marie-Antoinette d’Austria|Marie-Antoinette]] (16 de octobre), del [[Gironda (Revolution francese)|Girondinos]] ((31 de octobre), de [[Madame Roland]] (8 de novembre), de [[Jean Sylvain Bailly|Bailly]] ((10 de novembre), de [[Antoine Barnave|Barnave]] ((28 de novembre){{etc.}} Le Terrore es etiam applicate in le provincia per le representantes in mission. - Frédéric Bluche, Stéphane Rials, Jean Tulard, {{Opcit}}, {{p.|96}}.</ref>. Iste « inimicos » debe esser incarcerate usque al retorno del pace{{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.II|p=37}}. Le societates popular, controlate per le sans-culottes, recipe poderes de surveillance e de policia. Tamen, le effervescentia de iste jornadas de septembre non impedi le governamento de reprender le situation in mano. Si le jornadas del 4 e 5 de septembre 1793 es un victoria del organisationes popular le plus combative, illes es etiam — non sin ambiguidades — un successo del instancias dirigente que ha circumvenite le demandas del gruppos radical al Assemblea, durante que illes spinge le plus extremistas verso le illegalitate{{sfn|Martin|2006|p=189}}{{,}}<ref>Diane Ladjouzi, « Le jornadas del 4 e 5 de septembre 1793 a Paris. Un movimento de union inter le populo, le Commune de Paris e le Convention pro un executive revolutionari », ''Annales historic del Revolution francese'', {{n°|321}}, octobre-decembre 2000, {{p.|27-44}} {{lire en ligne|url=http://ahrf.revues.org/178}}.</ref>: lor autoritate exi fortificate, ma illes ha debite renovar se 13 de septembre) e admitter representantes del sans-culottes<ref group="Note">Con habilitate, le 6 septembre, illes ha facite entrar al Comite de salut public duo membros importante del cordeliers proxime al sans-culottes, id es le « hébertistas »: [[Collot d’Herbois]] e [[Billaud-Varenne]]. {{harvsp|Martin|1990|p=159}}.</ref>; le [[Enrageate]], eliminate, le violentias contra le organisation revolutionari del [[Comite de salut public]] ha cessate. Isto es un nove progresso verso un consolidation del [[governamento revolutionari]]{{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.II|p=35}}. A partir del autumno, le organisationes popular deveni un obstaculo pro le autoritates e marca le divortio nascent inter le governamento revolutionari e le movimento popular{{sfn|Soboul|1973|p=197}}. Es durante iste periodo que Francia cambia de forma de governamento{{sfn|Martin|1990|p=161}}. ==== Victores e repressiones ==== [[File:Victoire de Hondschoote.jpg|left|thumb|[[Batalia de Hondschoote]], le 8 de septembre 1793.]] [[File:Les coalises evacuent Toulon en decembre 1793.jpg|thumb|[[Assedio de Toulon (1793)|Evacuation de Toulon]] per le [[Guerra del prime coalition|armeas coalite]] in decembre 1793.]] Le politica voluntarista impulsate per le [[Comite de salute public]] permitte de facer fronte e de redresser le situation, tanto al interior como al exterior: le prime mesuras —favorecite per le dissension inter le [[Prime Coalition|coalite]]— salva le Republica e le Revolution. Ja le 8 de septembre 1793, le armeas republicane reporta lor prime successos a [[Batalia de Hondschoote|Hondschoote]], postea le 16 octobre sequente, a [[Batalia de Wattignies|Wattignies]]: successos que, sin esser decisive{{sfn|Furet|Richet|1973|p=238-239}}, permitte de ralentir le invasion<ref group="Note">Al mesme periodo, le [[Espania|Espanioles]] invade le plus grande parte del departamento del Pireneos-Orientales (22 de septembre), le armea austriac invade [[Maubeuge]] (30 de septembre), postea menacia [[Strasbourg]] (13 de octobre), e le armea prussian investe Landau, loco fortificate que defende le nord de Alsatia (27 de octobre).</ref> e justifica le recuperation militar francese{{sfn|Tulard|Fayard|Fierro|1987|p=1145}}. Le victorias de decembre ([[Batalia de Wissembourg (decembre 1793)|Wissembourg]] le 26 e Landau le 28) contra le [[Austria|Austro]]-[[Prussia|Prussianos]] e le [[Ducatos saxon|Saxones]] — e isto, malgrado le fallimento a [[Collioure]] e [[Port-Vendres]] contra le [[Espania|Espanioles]] (decembre) — pone le coalite, contenite sur le insimul de frontes, in le defensiva{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=226}}. Assi, le entrata in guerra del [[Grande Britannia (regno)|Angleses]], del [[Electorato de Brunswick-Luneburg|Hannoverianos]] e del [[Provincias Unite|Hollandeses]] non ha succedite a modificar le relationes de fortia in Europa. Ma in le fundo, pro le [[Prime Republica (Francia)|Republica]], le situation militar non cambiara ante que le grande mesuras e le effortio de guerra decidite durante le [[levata in massa]] se face sentir plenmente{{sfn|Furet|Richet|1973|p=248}} con le grande offensive e le victorias del primavera 1794, le quales repelera le inimico ultra le frontieras e permittera a Francia de retornar a un situation proxime a illo que esseva le sue a fin del anno 1792{{sfn|Godechot|1965|p=173}}. Sur le plano interne, le revolta « [[Federalismo (Revolution francese)|federalista]] » se fatiga. Per fortuna pro le [[Convention national|Convention]], le departamentos frontalier remaneva fidel e, como le insurrection es plus developpate in superficie que in profunditate, le poter parisian non tarda a imponer se de novo in le grande citates<ref name="Mathiez391">[[Albert Mathiez]], ''Le Revolution francese'', Librairie Armand Colin, 1922, {{p.|391}}.</ref>: [[Marseille]] es reprisa le 25 de augusto 1793, [[Bordeaux]], le 18 de septembre, [[Lyon]], le 9 de octobre, durante que [[Toulon]], livrate al Angleses le 27 de augusto, non sera reconquerite usque le 19 de decembre. In le majoritate del citates reconquerite, un repression brutal se organiza<ref group="Note">Per le decreto del 12 de octobre 1793, Lyon es condemnate al destruction: Collot d’Herbois e Fouché face exequer, al initio de novembre 1793 e durante plure menses, quasi duo milles victimas. A Toulon, denuntiate per le jacobinos liberate, octo centos rebelles es fucilate sin judicio, postea, al demanda del [[Representante in mission|representantes in mission]], tres centos altere es condemnate le mense sequente, durante que a Marseille, le repression non face tres centos victimas. Si a Bordeaux on non conta, al initio, plus que un centena de victimas, in junio e julio 1794, le arrivata del juvene representante in mission Jullien (de Paris) provoca un recrudescimento del repression que duplara le numero del executiones. {{harvsp|Solé|2008|p=555-556}}.</ref>. Totevia, a causa del insurrection provocate per [[Pasquale Paoli]] ja in le mense de maio, le [[Corsica]] es perdite: excepte alcun portos, le Franceses non possede plus ibi que [[Bastia]]<ref name="Mathiez391" />, e le 19 de januario 1794, le Angleses, convocate per Paoli, comencia a occupar le insula. ==== Fin del Vendee ==== [[File:Henri-de-la-rochejacquelein-1.jpg|thumb|left|redresse|[[Henri de La Rochejaquelein]], tela de [[Pierre-Narcisse Guérin|Guérin]], verso 1816.]] [[File:Louis Hersent - Le général Louise-Marie Turreau (1756-1816), lors de l'affaire de Gravière (8 prairial, an VIII - 21 mai 1800) (P747) - P747 - Musée Carnavalet.jpg|thumb|[[Louis Marie Turreau]], tela de [[Louis Hersent]], 1800, Paris, [[Museo Carnavalet]].]] Post le reverses del primavera e del estate 1793, le tropas republicane reprende le superioritate in autumno e inflige un prime disfacta al [[Armea catholic e regal (Vendee)|Armea catholic e regal]] durante le [[Secunde batalia de Cholet|batalia de Cholet]] del 17 de octobre. Totevia, le armea royalista non es destruite, lo que permitte a su nove chef, [[Henri de La Rochejacquelein]], de tentar prender le porto de [[Assedio de Granville|Granville]], in le [[Cotentin]], pro realisar un jonction con le [[Grande Britannia (regno)|Angleses]] e le [[emigratos]] qui debe disbarcar ibi. Iste expedition, cognoscite sub le nomine de [[virada de Galerne]], se solda per un fallimento (14 de novembre 1793)<ref group=Note>Post le prime disfacta se profila, con le difficultates de un armea battite, disorganisate e al fin de su vires, dissensiones inter le chefes que impedi omne coordination concertate con le coalite. {{harvsp|Dupuy|Mazauric|2005|p=227}}.</ref>. Post iste reverso, le superstites del armea regal se dirige verso [[Le Mans]], ubi illes es esmagate (16-19 de decembre). Le resto del tropas es postea massacrate a [[Savenay]] (22-23 de decembre 1793){{sfn|Dupuy|Mazauric|2005|p=228}}{{,}}{{sfn|Solé|2008|p=556-557}}: le grande Armea catholic e regal non existe plus. Le republicanos reprende le controlo del [[Guerra de Vendee|Vendee]] e del [[departamento francese|departamentos]] vicin insurge e illac instaura un repression terribile: le decretos del 1 de augusto e del 1 de octobre 1793 organisa le destruction del [[Vendee militar]]<ref group="Note">Totevia, iste decretos demanda de respectar le feminas, le infantes e le veteres, ma etiam le homines sin armas. [[Jean-Clément Martin]], ''Le Vendee e le Revolution'', Perrin, 2007, {{p.|93}}.</ref>. Inter decembre 1793 e februario 1794, con un extreme barbarie, le representante in mission [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]] face exequer plure milles personas a [[Nantes]], ubi le necamento e le fucilationes collective ha remanite sinistremente celebre{{sfn|Dupuy|Mazauric|2005|p=228}}{{,}}{{sfn|Solé|2008|p=556-557}}. A [[Angers]], circa 2000 feminas es executate. Le repression se abatte etiam super [[Saumur]]{{sfn|Martin|2006|p=203}}. Le 17 de januario 1794, le [[columnas infernal]] commandate per le [[Lista del generales del Revolution e del Prime Imperio|general]] [[Louis Marie Turreau]] es organisate. In le [[Bocage vendean]], iste columnas brucia le villages, massacra le population sin facer distinction inter patriotas e rebelles, e, in plus del homicidios, multiplica le violos e le infanticidios{{sfn|Solé|2008|p=556}}. Iste repressiones de grande saevitate alimenta un reaction hostile del Vendeanos contra le poter revolutionari e produce un nove forma de lucta — un guerrilla — que permitte ancora in le primavera 1794 al insurrectos, sub le commandamento de [[Jean-Nicolas Stofflet|Stofflet]] o de [[François-Athanase Charette de La Contrie|Charette]], de reportar alcun successos punctuales. Nonobstante, pro le majoritate, iste combattimentos terminara in 1795 e 1796, post le arrestation e le execution de iste duo chefes. Tamen, il faudra attender le concordato de 1801 pro que le Vendee sia pacificate de maniera plus durabile. === Stabilisation del governo e crise popular === ==== Governo revolutionari ==== [[File:Le Pont Royal et le Pavillon de Flore, 1814 - BnF.jpg|thumb|left|<center>Vista, ab le [[Pont Royal (Paris)|ponte Royal]], del [[pavillon de Flore]], renominate « pavillon del Equalitate » durante le Revolution<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Marc Bouloiseau]] |title=Le Comite de salute public (1793-1795) |publisher=[[Presses universitaires de France]] |series=[[Que sais-je ?]] |location=Paris |number=1014 |year=1980 |edition=3 |origyear=1962 |isbn=2-13-036319-9}}</ref>. Le Comite de salute public sede al piano basse super le jardin, in le ancian appartamento del [[Marie-Antoinette de Austria|regina]]<ref>Christiane Aulanier, ''Historia del Palatio e del Museo del Louvre: Le Pavillon de flore'', Paris, Éditions des Musées nationaux, 1947, {{p.|45}}.</ref>.<br> Design a plume e [[lavis]] a tinta brun, 1814.</center>.]] [[File:Brissot et 20 de ses complices condamnés à mort par le tribunal révolutionnaire.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques Pierre Brissot|Brissot]] e vinti altere [[Convention national|conventional]] [[Gironde (Revolution francese)|girondin]] condemnate a morte per le [[Tribunal revolutionari]], {{nobr|fin octobre 1793}}.<br> Gravura anonyme, Paris, [[Bibliotheca national de Francia|BnF]], 1793.]] Ja in april 1793, le exercitio del poter del [[Convention national|Convention]] es fixate in su grandes lineas. Su carta, basate super le reporto de [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|Saint-Just]] del 10 de octobre 1793 —que declara {{Citation|le governo revolutionari usque al pace}}—, es nettemente reinfortiate per le decreto del 4 de decembre 1793{{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.II|p=87}}. Iste governo —le plus revolutionari e le plus republicano del Revolution— sera le sol cuje statutos permittera de facer exequer su voluntates<ref>Paul Sainte-Claire Deville ''Le Commune del An II – Vita e morte de un assemblea revolutionari'' Plon 1946 {{p.|130-131}}.</ref>. Es un governo de [[guerras del Revolution francese|guerra]], que debe retornar a un regime constitutional ({{Citation|regime del libertate victoriose e pacific}}), tosto que su inimicos sera vincite{{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.II|p=87}}. Pro le poter constituite, il se tracta principalmente de controlar le [[Anarchia|processo anarchisante]] verso le qual tende le [[sans-culottes]] parisian<ref group=Note>Robespierre e su proximes non accepta plus le anarchia verso le qual tende le movimento sans-culottes de Paris. {{harvsp|Godechot|1965|p=336}}.</ref>. Assi le decreto del 14 de frimaire, an II constitue le prime effortio pro coordinar le mesuras revolutionari prendite con le objectivo de blocar le decisiones del comitatos e del [[sectiones revolutionari de Paris|sectiones parisian]]{{sfn|Godechot|1965|p=336}}. In consequentia, un [[Constitution del 6 messidor an I|constitution provisori]] es installate pro le duration del governo revolutionari. Iste [[Decreto in Francia|decreto]] organiza su minime detalios: il se tracta de poner fin al initiativas disordinate del [[Representante in mission|representantes in mission]], de reinfortiar le [[centralisation]], de supprimer etiam le « armeas revolutionari departamental »<ref group="Note">Iste armeas revolutionari departamental (o provincial) se ha rendite culpabile de numerose excessos; in les disbandar, le poter porta un colpo fatal al ultra-revolutionarios (hebertistas) in le departamentos e reduce a nihil lor base militante. Françoise Brunel, ''Thermidor Le cadita de Robespierre'', Édition Complexe, 1989; {{p.|16-19}}.</ref>, assi como le tribunales revolutionari local: de ora in avante, le sol [[Tribunal revolutionari]] sederá a [[Paris]]. Le Convention deveni le « centro unic del impulsion del Governo », proque es illo qui elige le duo comitatos de governo — [[Comite de salute public]] e [[Comite de securitate general]], cuje competentias es fixate per le lege, assi como illas del altere institutiones del [[Prime Republica (Francia)|Republica]]{{sfn|Godechot|1988|p=154}}. ==== Dechristianisation ==== {{AP|Dechristianisation (Revolution francese)|Culto del Ration}} [[File:Fête de la Raison 1793.jpg|thumb|Festa del Ration a [[Cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame de Paris]] le 10 de novembre 1793. Un montania es erigite in le coro, un actrice personifica le Libertate. Le Convention veni assister al ceremonia.<br> [[Gravura]], Paris, [[Bibliotheca national de Francia|BnF]], 1793.]] Ab le initio del Revolution, le multiple fractures apparite inter le [[clero]] e le revolutionarios crea un dynamica de crise que se aggrava progressivemente con le radicalisation del evenimentos<ref>[[Michel Vovelle]], ''Le Revolution contra le ecclesia'' - ''Del ration al Essere supreme'', Éditions Complexe, 1988, {{p.|29}}.</ref>: assi le [[Dechristianisation (Revolution francese)|dechristianisation]] precede le [[Terrore (Revolution francese)|Terrore]] e fini per confunder se con illo. Nascite in [[provincia]], ubi le prime manifestationes se developpa visibilemente in augusto 1793<ref>Jean Jaurès, ''Historia socialista del Revolution francese – Le governo revolutionari'', Tomo {{VI}} – Edition revidite e annotate per Albert Soboul, Messidor, 1986, {{p.|304}}.</ref>, le dechristianisation cognosce un initio relativemente tarde a Paris. Organisate, ma non imponite<ref group=Note>Le dechristianisation non es non plus un movimento spontane, como habeva essite le Grande Timor. Michel Vovelle, ''Le Revolution contra le ecclesia'', {{Opcit}}, {{p.|17}}.</ref>, iste movimento se extende in numerose [[departamento francese|departamentos]]{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=231}}. [[Iconoclasmo]], [[vandalismo]] e [[blasphemia]]s anti-christian va esser officialmente incoragiate per le [[Representante in mission|representantes in mission]] e per le [[Societate politic|societates popular]], accelerante assi le collapso del [[Ecclesia constitutional]], penosemente installate desde 1791<ref>Frédéric Bluche, Stéphane Rials, Jean Tulard, {{Opcit}}, {{p.|102}}.</ref>. Le [[Hebertistas o Exaggerates|hebertistas]] usa iste movimento pro destabilisar le [[Convention montagnarde|governo]]<ref name="Bertaud2004p252">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=252}}.</ref> e developpa le culto del martires del Revolution, durante que le Convention adopta le [[calendario republicano]] le 5 de octobre 1793. Le 10 de novembre sequente, le [[Culto del Ration|festa del Ration]] es celebrate in le [[Cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris]], transformate in [[tempio del Ration]] pro le occasion: le hebertismo pare alora esser maestro del citate e del Revolution<ref>Jean Jaurès, {{Opcit}}, {{p.|306}}.</ref>. Le 23 de novembre, le [[Communa de Paris (1792)|Communa]] ordina le clausura del [[ecclesia (edificio)|ecclesias]]. Ma le [[Comite de salute public]], tanto como le [[Robespierismo|robespierristas]], es hostile al dechristianisation e time le periculos que iste movimento face currer al [[Prime Republica (Francia)|Republica]], tanto al interior como al exterior<ref group=Note>Le periculo es real de vider, al interior, le movimento a impulsar le numerose Franceses remanite fidel a lor religion a rejectar le Revolution e, al exterior, a espaventar le statos estranier remanite neutral e in pace con le Republica.</ref>. Le intervention de [[Georges Danton|Danton]], supportate per [[Robespierre]], da a pensar al dirigentes del Commune e, desde alora, le movimento reflue. Ma le [[Comite de salute public]], si illo rememora le principio del [[libertate de culto]] (6 de decembre 1793), non es in mesura de facer respectar celle-ci normalmente, e obtene hic solmente un successo de principio {{sfn|Soboul|1973|p=226-228}}. Contenite a Paris, le movimento percorrera le pais durante ancora plure menses. ==== Le lucta del factiones ==== {{double image|right|Camille Desmoulins, Musée Carnavalet.jpg|160|Le Vieux Cordelier n° 3.jpg|130|[[Camille Desmoulins]] e le [[Prime pagina (journalismo)|prime pagina]] del tertie numero de su jornal ''[[Le Vieux Cordelier]]'' (15 de decembre 1793).}} Si in decembre 1793 le situation militar comencia a meliorar, celle del « parve populo » ha guadagnate pochissimo e le malcontentamento del [[sans-culottes]] remane. Con le disparition del [[enragiate]], [[Jacques-René Hébert|Hébert]] e le [[Club del cordeliers|cordeliers]] se trova al prime plano del republicanos « [[Hebertistas|exaggerate]] » e profita del situation social pro demandar mesuras sempre plus radical{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=241}}<ref group=Note>Cet episodio del Revolution, que oppone solmente montagnardos, se forma in septembre-octobre 1793 —durante que le dechristianisation face rage in Francia, postea a Paris— inter le moderate, appellate, secundo le casos, citra-revolutionarios, dantonistas o indulgentes, e le hebertistas, appellate ultra-revolutionarios o exaggerates; le ultime essente membros del Club del cordeliers. Françoise Brunel, {{Opcit}}, {{p.|19}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Bertaud2004p263">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=263}}.</ref>. Iste surenchère del ultra-revolutionarios displace le « [[indulgentes]] » qui supporta mal le discursos inflamate del partisanos del [[Terrore (Revolution francese)|Terrore]]{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=241}}. Pro illes, in effecto, un vice le guerra interne finite e le invasion controlate, le Terrore e su sequela de constrangimentos economic e social non ha plus ration de esser. Depost, illes lancea un campania pro le indulgentia, e [[Georges Danton|Danton]] reclama {{citation|le economia del sanguine del homines}} 2 de frimaire-22 de novembre 1793), durante que, de su parte, su amico [[Camille Desmoulins|Desmoulins]], in su nove jornal ''[[Le Vieux Cordelier]]'' ({{Date républicaine|15|frimaire}}-5 de decembre), attacca le exaggerates e demanda le creation de un comite de clementia{{sfn|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=95}}. Assi se formava le faction del indulgentes (o dantonistas o moderate o citras), contra celle del ultras (o hebertistas o exaggerates). ===== Drama de germinal ===== In luctar contra le factiones del [[Hebertistas|ultra-revolutionarios]] e del [[indulgentes]], le [[Comite de salute public]] perseque su objectivo de stabilisation del Revolution<ref name="Bertaud2004p263" />. Durante le lucta contra le [[Dechristianisation (Revolution francese)|dechristianisation]], le Comite impone su puncto de vista al movimento popular e da garanties al indulgentes toto facente creder a le unes e al alteres que ille es favorabile a lor revendicationes {{sfn|Soboul|1973|p=230-233}}, [[Robespierre]], pro su parte, essente pro un tempore plus proxime al indulgentes<ref group="Note">Le 20 de decembre (30 de frimaire), Robespierre ha obtenite del Assemblea un Comite de justitia destinate a revider le casos del individuos incarcerate injustemente. Ma le indulgentes vole un Comite de clementia, id es le apertura del prisiones, preludio evidente a un politica de pace. Iste proposition es contrari al politica del governo, que le rejecta. Billaud-Varenne face revocar le decreto le 6 de nivôse, an II. {{cite book |author=Frédéric Bluche |title=Danton |publisher=Perrin |year=1984 |pages=413–414 et 417}}. {{harvsp|Solé|2008|p=561}} : In un prime tempore, Robespierre incoragia le jornal de Desmoulins « Le Vieux Cordelier », in le qual ille vide un rival del jornal de Hébert « Le père Duchêne », e remane durante plure menses in bon relationes con Danton.</ref>. Ora, nihil de isto es ver, nam pro le [[Convention montagnarde|governo]], il non se tracta solmente de vincer, ma de annihilar le inimico — le coalite, como le royalista —, e pro imponer le pace, le [[Terrore (Revolution francese)|Terrore]] es le instrumento que le pare indispensabile{{sfn|Bertaud|1986|p=237}}. Le hiberno 1793-1794, extrememente dur pro le populo, toccate per le frigore e le fame, es le alleate del extremistas. Un nove vice, Hébert profita de illo pro pulsar le [[sans-culottes]] verso le via del violentia: on poteva alora timer un nove [[Jornatas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|31 de maio]], assi como un renovation del [[massacres de septembre]]{{sfn|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=95}}. ===== Abolition del sclavitude in le colonias ===== [[File:L'insurrection des esclaves entre dans la Convention. Jeanne Odo à la tribune.jpg|thumb|left|Proclamation del [[Decreto de abolition del sclavitude del 4 februario 1794|decreto de abolition del sclavitude]] del {16 de pluviôse, an II al [[Convention national]]. Design, Paris, [[Museo Carnavalet]].]] [[File:Réjouissances_à_l'annonce_de_l'abolition_de_l'esclavage,_30_pluviôse_an_II.jpg|thumb|Discurso de [[Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette|Chaumette]] durante le festa del abolition le 18 de februario 1794 in [[Cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]], devenite [[Tempio del Ration]]<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Luce-Marie Albigès |titre=Le festa del abolition del sclavitude a Paris |sous-titre=Historia analysate in imagines e obras de arte |url=https://histoire-image.org/etudes/fete-abolition-esclavage-paris |site=L'histoire par l'image |date=Octobre 2006 |consulté le=2024-03-14}}</ref>.]] Le diverse gruppos del [[Montania (Revolution francese)|Montania]] e del [[Commune de Paris (1792)|Commune]] se accorda provisoriemente pro proclamar, in nomine del equalitate e del genere human, le [[Abolition del sclavitude|emancipation del Negros]] in le [[colonia]]s. Al initio del anno 1794, tres nove deputatos de [[San-Domingue (colonia francese)|San-Domingue]] — [[Louis-Pierre Dufay|Dufay]] (Blanco), [[Jean-Baptiste Mills|Mills]] ([[metisse]]) e [[Jean-Baptiste Belley|Belley]] (Nigro) — disbarca in le metropole. Post esser arrestate duo vices a demanda del lobby sclavista, illes fini per esser admittite al [[Assemblea national (Francia)|Assemblea national]] le 15 de pluviôse, an II<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |first1=Florence |last1=Gauthier |title=Inedite de Belley, Mills e Dufay, deputatos de Saint-Domingue, de Roume e del Comite de salute public concernente le dismantelamento del rete del lobby sclavista in Francia februario-marzo 1794 |journal=Annales historiques de la Révolution française |volume=302 |issue=1 |pages=607–611 |date=1995 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahrf_0003-4436_1995_num_302_1_1817 |access-date=2026-08-09}}</ref>. Le die sequente, {{Date républicaine|16|pluviôse|an II-|conversion*}}, le [[sclavitude colonial]] es [[Abolition del sclavitude|abolite]] post interventiones de [[René Levasseur|Levasseur]], Lacroix, le [[abbate Grégoire]], [[Pierre-Joseph Cambon|Cambon]], [[Georges Jacques Danton|Danton]], [[François-Louis Bourdon|Bourdon de l'Oise]]<ref>Yves Benot, « Comment le Convention ha votate le abolition del sclavitude in le colonias », ''Annales historiques de la Révolution française'' tertie e quarte trimestres 1993; ''Le Revolution francese e le fin del colonias'', Paris, 2004 (1987); Florence Gauthier, ''Triomphe e morte del derecto natural in revolution, 1789-1795-1802'', Paris, PUF, 1992.</ref>. In tote le partes del Republica, le personas de color es ora libere e equal: le sclavos es non solmente liberate de lor catenas, ma illes es etiam plenmente citatanos e pote participar al electiones. Le vespere mesme, le tres deputatos de San-Domingue es calorosemente benvenite al [[Club del Jacobinos]] per [[Philibert Simond|Simond]], [[Antoine-François Momoro|Momoro]], [[Nicolas Maure|Maure]]…<ref>Jean-Daniel Piquet, ''Le emancipation del Negros in le revolution francese (1789-1795)'', Paris, Karthala, 2002.</ref> Le mesura abolitionista es etiam salutate per ''Le Folio del salute public'', organo non-official del Comite de salute public<ref>Yves Benot, ''art. cit''.</ref>. Finalmente, le 30 de pluviôse (18 de februario), le decreto es objecto de un ceremonia al [[tempio del Ration]] ([[Cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame de Paris]]) sub le direction de [[Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette|Chaumette]], que suscitará alcun dies plus tarde apud [[Jacques-René Hébert|Hébert]] « le grande allegressa » del ''[[Le Patre Duchesne (Revolution francese)|Patre Duchesne]]''<ref>''Patre Duchesne'' {{n°|347}} texto citate per Aimé Césaire, ''Toussaint-Louverture, Le revolution francese e le problema colonial'', Paris, Présence africaine, 1961.</ref>. In un tentativa de dismantelar le lobby sclavista, le duo commissarios de San-Domingue, Page e [[Auguste Jean Brulley|Brulley]], fervente adversarios del abolition e al origine del arrestation del deputatos de San-Domingue, es illes mesme arrestate le {{Date républicaine|17|ventôse|an II*|conversion*}}<ref name=":0" />. ===== Reprise del luctas de factiones ===== Le [[Lege de ventôse an II|decretos de ventôse]] (26 de februario e 3 de martio 1794) —manovra del [[Governo revolutionari|governo]] pro separar le sans-culottes de lor chefes ultra-revolutionari{{sfn|Furet|Richet|1973|p=245}}{{,}}<ref>Jacques Godechot, ''Le Revolutiones'', {{Opcit}}, {{p.|172}}.</ref>— legalisa le [[Sequestro (derecto)|sequestration del benes]] pertinente a personas recognoscite como inimicos del [[Prime Republica (Francia)|Republica]], iste benes debente servir a alleviar le malfortunate<ref name="Bertaud2004p243">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=243}}.</ref>. Ma iste mesuras non suffice a calmar le agitation sans-culottes e [[Jacques-René Hébert]] ha belle joco a denuntiar le faction del « dormitores » del [[Convention national|Convention]], illes qui vole poner sur le mesme pede le « ver patriotas » e le indulgentes{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=266}}, {{Citation|qui vole destruer le patibulos proque illes time montar ibi}}. Le situation essente explosive, le poter revolutionari time le pejor. Le revelationes concernente le factiones confirma le apprehensiones de [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Robespierre]] e [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|Saint-Just]]. In effecto, in le autumno 1793, le « faction hebertista » es denuntiate apud le comitatos per duo montagnardos ([[Fabre d'Églantine]] le 27 de septembre e [[François Chabot]] le 14 de novembre), suspectate de esser implicate in un vaste « [[conspiration con le estraniero]] »{{sfn|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=95}}{{,}}{{sfn|Solé|2008|p=562}}. Le poter tamen non vole divulgar iste affaire, per timor de discreditar le Montania e de rumper su unitate<ref group="Note">[[Fabre d'Églantine]], le 27 septembre, resume a Robespierre le supponite plano de Hébert. Il se tracta in un prime tempore de organisar le fame, de epurar le Convention, de exequer le Girondinos arrestate [[Jornatas del 31 maio e del 2 junio 1793|(le 75)]], postea de apprehender Danton, [[Jean-François Delacroix|Lacroix]] e Robespierre. In un secunde tempore, de prender le poter con le adjuta del armea revolutionari, del ministerio del guerra e del majoritate del jacobinos. Quanto a [[François Chabot|Chabot]], ille esseva atacate al Convention a proposito de su matrimonio con le juvene soror de un banquero austriac ric ([[Junius Frey]]) e pro su relationes con estranieros fraudulente. Suspectate de agiotage e trovante se al bord del abysmo post haber essayate de trovar supportos, ille se lancea in le delation. Le 14 novembre, ille denuntia, a Robespierre postea al Comite de securitate general, un chantagie financiari, parte visibile de un complot contra-revolutionari: es le affaire del [[Compania francese del Indias oriental]], machinate per le famose [[Jean-Pierre, baron de Batz|baron de Batz]], pro ruinar le Republica. Le affaire del Compania del Indias non essente nisi un ramification. Mesmo si Danton non es personalmente implicate in iste affaire, ille se trova compromise per alcun de su amicos. Il es le mesme pro le ultras, inter le quales Hébert e alcun de su companiones es etiam maculate per iste affaire. {{harvsp|Bluche|1984|p=391-394}}.</ref>. In effecto, durante iste periodo, Robespierre non es in mesura de attaccar le [[Commune de Paris (1792)|Commune de Paris]], fortia sans-culottes, supportate per alcun membros del comitatos de governo preoccupate de proteger Hébert{{sfn|Bluche|1984|p=396-397}}. [[File:Supplice de Gobel, Hébert, Vincent, Chaumette.jpg|thumb|[[Jacques-René Hébert|Hébert]], [[François-Nicolas Vincent|Vincent]], [[Jean Conrad de Kock|De Kock]], [[Anacharsis Cloots|Clootz]] e [[Charles-Philippe Ronsin|Ronsin]] super le carretta que los conduce al guillotin. Le legenda es incorrecte: Hébert e Vincent esseva executate le 4 germinal an II, Chaumette e Gobel le 24 germinal.<br> ''Tablas historic del Revolution francese'', [[Bibliotheca national de Francia|BnF]], [[Departamento del gravuras e del fotografia del Bibliotheca national de Francia|departamento del gravuras]], 1802.]] Tamen, in le primavera sequente, le reinfortiamento del [[governo revolutionari|governo]], le debilitamento del factiones rival e le accordo inter le duo comitatos modifica le situation e permitte al assemblea de ager, tanto plus que le ultras, qui recomencia a agitar se, provide le occasion. Un plano de insurrection contra le Convention, imprudentemente proclamate per [[Charles-Philippe Ronsin|Ronsin]], postea reprense per [[François-Nicolas Vincent|Vincent]] e Hébert (4 de martio 1794), precipita le decision{{sfn|Furet|Richet|1973|p=245}}. Post un vane tentativa de conciliation de [[Collot d’Herbois]], sub le impulsion de Robespierre — qui vole abatter le faction que ille judica le plus periculose —, le reporto de [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|Saint-Just]] del 10 de martio sequente al Convention{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=252}} conduce al arrestation del principal chefes hebertistas (Jacques-René Hébert, Momoro, Ronsin e Vincent) durante le nocte del 23 al {{date républicaine|24|ventôse|an II}}. Alcun dies plus tarde, illes es traducite ante le [[Tribunal revolutionari]]<ref group="Note">In toto, vinti accusates: del contra-revolutionarios como [[Pierre Quétineau]] e su sposa Jeanne, un aristocrate, le [[Michel de Laumur|general Laumur]]; estranieros e agentes del estraniero: [[Jean-Baptiste Cloots|Anacharsis Clootz]], [[Jean Conrad de Kock|Kock]], [[Berthold Proly|Proli]], [[François Desfieux|Desfieux]], [[Jacob Pereira|Pereira]], Dubuisson; patriotas, como [[Jean-Baptiste Albert Mazuel|Mazuel]], Bourgeois, Leclerc, [[Jean Baptiste Ancard|Ancard]], Ducroquet, Descombes, e un informator: Laboureau, le sol qui sera gratificate. Le acto de accusation redactate contra le quatro dirigentes cordeliers confirma al sans-culottes que le processo de germinal es ben lor processo e constitue ben le resultato del lucta initiate per le comitatos ja in septembre 1793. {{harvsp|Soboul|1973|p=362}}.</ref>. Amalgamate a agentes del « complot del estraniero », post un processo trucate, illes es condemnate a morte e executate le 24 de martio 1794<ref name="Bertaud2004p267">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=267}}.</ref>. Post haber se liberate del hebertistas, Robespierre e Saint-Just — sub le pression de [[Marc-Guillaume-Alexis Vadier|Vadier]] e su alliates del [[Comite de securitate general]] —, adjutate per Collot d’Herbois e [[Billaud-Varenne]], reprende a lor conto le lucta contra le indulgentes{{sfn|Dupuy|2005|p=255}}. Totevia, le [[Maximilien de Robespierre|Incorruptibile]] hesita a unir se a illes qui demanda le accusation de Danton, ma cede finalmente post le fallimento del entrevistas del fin de [[ventôse]] e del initio de [[germinal]]<ref group="Note">Plure entrevistas es organisate (fin ventôse e le ultime le 1 de ventôse) pro incontrar Danton, e Robespierre accepta de ir ibi; forsan ille pensa que Danton pote justificar se, explicar se o cambiar de conducta; post le ultime entrevista Robespierre dicera: {{citation|Il ha un traito de Danton que prova un anima nigre: ille habeva altemente preconisate le ultime productiones de Desmoulins; in le ultime visita de que io parla, ille me parlava de Desmoulins con disprecio: ille attribueva su deviationes a un vitio private e vergoniose, ma absolutemente estranier al Revolution. Iste homine ha pro principio de rumper ipse le instrumentos del quales ille se ha servite.}} [[Jean Massin]], {{Opcit}}, {{p.|242}}. Ma il esseva totevia impossibile de salvar Desmoulins, qui in [[Le Vieux Cordelier|su jornal]] developpava le themas del propaganda dantonista (prova pesante pro le tribunal) e cuje textos esseva reprise per le contra-revolutionarios e le moderate. Robespierre le reprochava, inter altere cosas, su amicitia con le ci-devant [[Arthur de Dillon|general Dillon]]: le ration de stato triumphava super le amicitia. {{harvsp|Bertaud|1986|p=274-276}}.</ref>. [[File:Danton et Hébert par Vivant Denon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jacques-René Hébert|Hébert]] conducite al guillotin (a dextra), e [[Georges Jacques Danton|Danton]] durante su [[Processo de Georges Danton e del dantonistas|processo]] (a sinistra). Croquis prendite sur le vive per [[Dominique Vivant Denon]] (collection particular).]] Le reporto del 23 de martio 1794 de Saint-Just super « le factiones del estraniero » es presentate le die sequente al Convention, que da su accordo a iste demanda presentate como un ultime purga parlamentar{{sfn|Solé|2008|p=561}}, durante que Vadier, grande inimico del [[Georges Danton|Tribuno]], obtene le decision de facer arrestar le [[Indulgentes|moderate]] ante le voto del [[Decreto in Francia|decreto]] de accusation{{sfn|Bluche|1984|p=453}}. Danton, qui ha refusate de fugir ({{citation|On non porta le patria al planta de su calce!}}), es arrestate durante le nocte del 9 al 10 de germinal, an II con su amicos: [[Camille Desmoulins]], totevia proxime a Robespierre, Fabre d'Églantine, compromise in le affaire del [[Compania francese del Indias oriental|Compania del Indias]], assi como trede altere [[Indulgentes|dantonistas]] o suspectos<ref group="Note">Chabot, [[Jean-Marie Hérault de Séchelles|Hérault de Séchelles]], [[Claude Basire]], [[Joseph Delaunay|Delaunay d’Angers]], Philippeaux, [[Jean-François Delacroix|Lacroix]], le [[Abbate d'Espagnac]], le Austriacos [[Junius Frey]], e su fratre [[Emmanuel Frey|Emmanuel]], le danese Deisderichen, le espaniol [[Andres Maria de Guzman|Guzman]], le procurator Lullier e le general [[François-Joseph Westermann|Westermann]] es guillotinates.</ref>. Judicate le 2 de april (13 de germinal) sequente, illes es ponite in le mesme sacco que affairistas accusate de speculation, postea condemnate a morte<ref group=Note>Sub le accusation {{Citation|de haber essite implicate in le conspiration tendente a restaurar le monarchia e destruer le representation national e le governo republicano}}. {{harvsp|Bluche|1984|p=462}}.</ref> e guillotinates le 5 de april sequente (16 de germinal), post un processo tanto truccate<ref group="Note">Le processo del indulgentes es un processo politic: on time le eloquentia de Danton, ma si illes es absolvite (como [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]] in april 1793) le colpo sera fatal pro tote le governo revolutionari; in iste caso il les es necessari de condemnar, ma isto implica que le debates sia de pur forma. Le processo va mal, un decreto demandate per [[Martial Joseph Armand Herman|Herman]] e [[Antoine Fouquier-Tinville|Fouquier-Tinville]], obtenite per le Comite de salute public, dispone que: {{citation|Omne prevenite de conspiration qui resiste, o insulta le justitia national, sera retirate del debates e judicate immediatemente.}} Como Fouquier-Tinville dicera al reception del decreto: {{citation|Per mi fide, nos habeva multo besonio de illo}}. {{cite book |author=Pierre Labracherie |title=Fouquier Tinville - Accusator public |publisher=Fayard |year=1961 |pages=157–159}}</ref> que illo del hebertistas. Le ala dextra del montagnardos non existe plus. Le 4 de april 1794, durante le processo del indulgentes, exploda le « [[Conspiration del prisiones]] »{{sfn|Melchior-Bonnet|1988|p=97}} — appellate etiam « conspiration del Luxembourg »<ref group="Note">Real o supponite, etiam inventate (manipulationes policier), le complotos e specialmente le « complotos del prisiones » es un thema repetitive que on trova durante tote le Revolution: ja desde le [[massacres de septembre]], como pro le episodio consecutive al [[Lege de Prairial|lege del 22 prairial an II]] (10 junio 1794). In le caso del « complot » del 4 de april 1794, illes permitte de guillotinar le sposas de [[Camille Desmoulins]] e de [[Jacques-René Hébert]] ({{harvsp|Tulard|Fayard|Fierro|1987|p=674}} e {{harvsp|Soboul|Suratteau|Gendron|2004|p=280}}) e de disfacer se de personas incommodante, tal como Chaumette o Gobel… Es etiam un medio de vacuar le prisiones de Paris, plene a causa del clausura del tribunales de provincia per le lege del 27 de germinal, an II – 16 de april 1794.</ref> —, revelate per un prisionero, [[Alexandre de Laflotte]]. Le objectivo del operation — facer evader le indulgentes inculpate in favor de un insurrection del prisiones — pare plausibile a Robespierre e a Saint-Just<ref>{{cite book |author=Jean-Paul Bertaud |title=Camille e Lucile Desmoulins – Un copulo in le turbamento |url=https://archive.org/details/camilleetluciled0000bert |publisher=[[Presses de la Renaissance]] |year=1986 |page=[https://archive.org/details/camilleetluciled0000bert/page/288 288]}}</ref>. Iste complot esserea tramate per le general [[Arthur de Dillon]] e un altere detento, le deputato del [[Bas-Rhin]] [[Philibert Simond]]. Accusate de financiar le operation, [[Lucile Desmoulins]] es incarcerate a [[Prison Sainte-Pélagie|Sainte-Pélagie]]<ref group="Note">Lucile Desmoulins, qui non es politisate — a differentia de [[Madame Roland]], [[Charlotte Corday]] o [[Olympe de Gouges]] —, negará ante su judices omne implication in iste « complot ». Es tamen ver que illa ha tentate de incitar tote le amicos de su marito pro demandar su gratia o su liberation, e ha etiam scribite litteras a Robespierre que illa cognosceva ben (su testimonio de matrimonio), litteras in le quales le demandas de gratia se misceva con criticas acerbe. - {{harvsp|Bertaud|1986|p=289 et 312-313}}. Le « mouton » Laflotte, detenite al Luxembourg, ha declarate que: {{citation|Le general Dillon e un altere detento, [[Philibert Simond|Simond]], habeva conspirate pro salvar le accusates, assassinar le patriotas e le membros del [[Tribunal revolutionari]]. Le femina de Camille Desmoulins les haberea inviate moneta a iste fin.}} {{harvsp|Labracherie|1961|p=158}}.</ref>. Le 12 de april (23 de germinal) sequente, sub le motivo de haber volite {{citation|… massacrar le representantes del populo e reponer super le throno le filio del tiranno…}}, le accusates, post un judicio summari, es condemnate a morte. Amalgamate a [[Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette]], oblidate del processo hebertista, a [[Jean-Baptiste Gobel|Gobel]], episcopo abdicatari de [[Paris]], al [[Marie Marguerite Françoise Hébert|vidua Hébert]], assi como a vinti-tres altere accusates, iste nove fornada, de vinti-nove condemnates, es conducite al patibulo ja le die sequente{{sfn|Bertaud|1986|p=288-291}}. Le tres phases del purga de germinal habera causate quasi sexanta victimas, de que dece-un deputatos{{sfn|Soboul|Suratteau|Gendron|2004|p=432}}. ===== Culmination e consequentias ===== Le conclusion e le sequela del eventos de germinal es de grande importantia, nam illes significa que le poter ha le voluntate de clauder le periodo de « guerra civil » que le factiones nutriva, e de lancear se in le fundation del nove societate expectate desde le initios del Revolution{{sfn|Martin|2006|p=214-216}}. Ma, in le immediate, in iste primavera 1794, si le controlo del vita politic marca un victoria tactic del [[Comite de salute public]] e de [[Robespierismo|Robespierre]]{{sfn|Furet|Richet|1973|p=246}}, le antagonismo crescente de iste electos con le movimentos popular fixa le divorcio con le massas {{sfn|Soboul|1973|p=352}}, nam, al die sequente del execution del principal fundatores del Terrore, le disorientation de multe sans-culottes es manifeste, durante que le ligamines de « fraternitate republicane » que les associava al autoritates se distende e se rumpe: le Revolution se trova a arresto<ref name="Bertaud2004p268">{{harvsp|Bertaud|2004|p=268}}.</ref>. Assi, de [[germinal]] a [[thermidor]], le relationes inter le governo revolutionari e le movimento popular non cessara de degrader se<ref>Albert Soboul, ''Le Revolution francese'', tomo II, {{Opcit}}, {{p.|86}}.</ref>. === Robespierre e le Terrore === {{AP|Terrore (Revolution francese)}} [[File:Fête de l'Etre suprême 2.jpg|thumb|[[Culto del Essere supreme|Festa del Essere supreme]], 1794. Paris, [[Museo Carnavalet]].]] [[File:Robespierre.jpg|thumb|left|Retrato de [[Robespierre]] verso 1790.]] [[File:Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert - La Nuit du 9 au 10 thermidor an II.jpg|thumb|''Le nocte del 9 al 10 de thermidor, anno II'', gravura colorate de [[Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert]] secundo [[Fulchran-Jean Harriet]], [[Museo Carnavalet]], verso 1796.]] Durante que le [[Terrore (Revolution francese)|Terrore]] se ralentisa in le provincias, illo se intensifica in Paris post le voto del [[Lege de Prairial|lege del 22 de prairial, anno II]] (10 de junio 1794). Le [[Tribunal revolutionari]] pote sol judicar le crimes politic. Le definition de « inimico del Revolution » es ampliate e deveni vague<ref>J.-Cl. Martin, ''Contra-Revolution, Revolution e nation in Francia (1789-1799)'', Paris, Le Seuil, 1998, cap. 4 e 5.</ref>. Iste evolution aperi le via al ''Grande Terrore'': durante le septimanas que seque, plus de 1400 personas es guillotinante in Paris. Al initio del estate 1794, le efforto de guerra consentite per le nation porta finalmente su fructos. Le 26 de junio 1794, le victoria de [[Battalia de Fleurus (1794)|Fleurus]] permitte al tropas francese de reprender [[Belgica]]. Viveres comencia a esser requisitionate in le regiones occupate pro esser inviate in Francia. Luctante contra le factiones e faciente retornar al poter le terroristas le plus zelose, Robespierre ha acquirite multe inimicos. Il ha devenite le homine politic le plus influente. Le 8 de junio 1794, quando ille preside le [[Culto del Essere supreme|Festa del Essere supreme]], su adversarios susurra que « ille vole accaparar le poter ». Su retiro temporari del scena politic permitte le constitution de un gruppo de oppositores circa le [[Comitato de securitate general]] e de ancian [[representante in mission|representantes in mission]], como [[Jean-Lambert Tallien|Tallien]] o [[Joseph Fouché|Fouché]]. Quando Robespierre decide finalmente de reapparer al [[Convention national|Convention]], ille brandi le menacia de un nove epuration, includite contra certe deputatos que ille ha le maladresse de non nominar. Le complot se forma con le supporto del [[Plan (Revolution francese)|Marais]]. Le 9 de thermidor, anno II (27 de julio 1794), ille es accusate per le Assemblea e arrestate. Un action del [[Commune de Paris (Revolution francese)|Commune de Paris]] le libera contra su voluntate e le duce al [[Hotel del citate de Paris|Hotel de Citate]]. Ma le [[Sans-culottes]], demoralisate per le suppression del autonomia del sectiones post le elimination del [[Hebertistas]], e discontente del stricte application del maximum del salarios, non se junge al supportatores de Robespierre. Le Convention, que immediatemente le ha declarate hors le lege, invia le tropas que assalta le edificio. Il es guillotinante le die sequente, le 28 de julio 1794, con [[Georges Couthon]], [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just|Saint-Just]] e su principal partisanos. Le conventionales thermidorian revoca le deputatos [[Gironda (Revolution francese)|girondinos]] e pone fin al Terrore. Poco tempore post, le 11 de octobre 1794, le cineres de [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] es transferite al [[Pantheon (Paris)|Pantheon]], durante un ceremonia grandiose<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84123215 Apoteose de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, translation al Pantheon : le 11 octobre 1794].</ref>. Un altere ''pantheonisation'' revela ancora melior le complexitate del menses que seque le 9 de thermidor: in effecto, le 1 de septembre 1794, [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]] entra a su turno al Pantheon, pro sortir tamen le 26 de februario sequente. Inter iste duo datas, le equilibrios politic ha cambiate in le Convention<ref>Hervé Leuwers, ''Le Revolution francese e le Imperio'', Paris, PUF, 2011, p. 130.</ref>. === Le Convention thermidorian === {{AP|Convention thermidorienne}} Post le morte de [[Robespierre]], le systema governamental instituite se disintegra rapidemente con, ja le 11 de thermidor, le decision de renovar mensilmente, e per quarto, le comitatos de governo. Le [[lege de Prairial]] es supprimite le 14 de thermidor. [[Antoine Fouquier-Tinville|Fouquier-Tinville]] es incarcerate e le [[Tribunal revolutionari]] cessa de functionar, ante de esser reorganisate le 23 {{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.I|p=257}}. Numerose prisioneros es liberate. [[File:Carrier par Vivant Denon.jpg|thumb|left|Retrato de [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier|Carrier]] durante su processo, per [[Dominique Vivant Denon|Vivant Denon]].]] Tres tendentias se confronta usque a octobre 1794: le [[Moderantismo|moderatos]] qui desira un retorno a 1791, le neo-[[hebertistas]] e le [[Club del Jacobinos|jacobinos]]. Le 25 de vendémiaire, anno III, le moderatos del [[Convention thermidorian|Convention]] mina le organisation del jacobinos per assecurar le prohibition del affiliation del [[Club politic|clubes]] inter illes. Le club electoral del neo-hebertistas claude, pro su parte, al initio de frimaire, anno III. Post haber succedite in dismantellar le organisationes politic de lor oppositores, le moderatos se dedica a eliminar lor representantes le plus celebre. [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]] es assi guillotinante le 26 de decembre. Le [[Muscadins]] preconisa le substitution de ''[[Le Marseillese]]'' per ''[[Le Risveglio del populo (canto)|Le risveglio del populo contra le terroristas]]''. Le restos de [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]] es retirate del [[Pantheon (Paris)|Pantheon]], e ancian [[Montania (Revolution francese)|montaniardos]] detenite in prisones es massacrate (Lyon, Nîmes, Marseille…) Tamen, le « reaction thermidorian » non debe esser confundite con le [[royalismo]]. Le thermidorianos, del quales certe ha participate al [[Terrore (Revolution francese)|Terrore]], cerca de imponer un linea medie al poter, inter le [[Populismo (politica)|populismo]] neo-hebertista, sempre active ([[Gracchus Babeuf|Babeuf]] e su jornal ''Le tribuno del populo'', per exemplo), e le deriva royalista que menacia. [[File:1er prairial an III.jpg|thumb|''[[Insurrection del 1 prairial anno III|Jornada del 1 de prairial, anno III]]'', estampa gravate per [[Isidore Stanislas Helman|Helman]] secundo [[Charles Monnet|Monnet]], Paris, [[Bibliotheca national de Francia|BnF]], 1796.]] Le messes de 1794, in relation con un estate multo tempestose como in 1788, es multo inferior a illos de 1793. Le hiberno 1794-1795 es tanto frigide como illo de 1788-1789, e le miseria invade le stratas del grande citates<ref>{{cite book |author=Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie |title=Historia human e comparate del clima. 2, Carestias e revolutiones, 1740-1860 |publisher=[[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]] |date=2006 |isbn=2-213-62738-X}}</ref>. Le 24 de decembre 1794, le [[lege del Maximo general]], super le alimentares de prime necessitate, es supprimite con le sperantia de arrestar le [[mercato nigre]]. Le mesura provoca le collapso del [[assignatos]]: le crise agricole es accompaniate per un crise economic. Tumultos popular se declanche pro reclamar pan. Le plus famose es [[Insurrection del 12 germinal anno III|illo del 12 de germinal, anno III]] e super toto [[Insurrection del 1 prairial anno III|illo del 1 de prairial]] (20 de maio 1795). Iste ultime costa le vita al deputato [[Jean-Bertrand Féraud]], qui voleva interponer se: su testa es alora portate al extremo de un pica. Le repression cade super le manifestantes e illes qui es accusate de esser lor instigatores, particularmente sex deputatos montaniardos, le [[Crêtois]], condemnate a morte e executate. Le historico [[Albert Soboul]], specialista del Revolution francese, scribe a proposito de iste jornatas de prairial: {{citation|Su ressorto, le movimento popular, essente rumpite, le Revolution esseva finite {{sfn|Soboul|1962|loc=t.I|p=257}}}}. Le 29 de messidor (17 de julio 1795), le Convention vota le nove [[Constitution del anno III]], que constata le fin del revolution popular con le restabilimento del [[Suffragio censitari|voto censitari]]. Le nove texto es ratificate per [[plebiscito]] in septembre. In revanche, le voto super le [[decreto del duo tertios]], que permitte le renovamento de sol un tertio del sedes (lo que impedi al royalistas de haber le majoritate), es approbate sol per un breve majoritate. Consequente a iste voto, le 13 de vendémiaire, anno IV, le royalistas tenta un [[Insurrection royalista del 13 vendémiaire anno IV|golpe de stato]]. A demanda de [[Paul Barras|Barras]], le general [[Napoleon I|Bonaparte]] es incaricate de proteger le Assemblea, lo que ille face con le supporto del chef de escadron, [[Joachim Murat]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Jean |last=Tulard |title=Le Thermidorianos |location=Paris |publisher=[[Librairie Arthème Fayard|Fayard]] |year=2005 |isbn=2-213-62012-1}}</ref>. Le 4 de brumaire, anno IV, le Convention cede le loco al [[Directorio Francese|Directorio]]. === Directorio (26 de octobre 1795-9 de novembre 1799) === {{AP|Directorio}} [[File:Paul Barras.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paul Barras]] portante su costume de gala de [[Director (Directorio)|Director]].]] [[File:Audience du Directoire en Costume - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Audientia del [[Directorio]] in costume, le 30 de brumaire, anno IV.]] [[File:Bouchot - Le general Bonaparte au Conseil des Cinq-Cents.jpg|thumb|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] ante le [[Consilio del Cinque-Centos]] durante le [[golpe de stato del 18 Brumaire]] conducente al fin del [[Directorio]].<br> Tela de [[François Bouchot|Bouchot]], 1840.|alt=pictura representante Bonaparte molestate per le deputatos del Cinque-Centos]] Le Directorio dura del 4 de brumaire, anno IV al 18 de brumaire, anno VIII, secundo le [[Calendario revolutionari|calendario revolutionari]]. Il es le secunde tentativa de crear un regime stabile basate super un base [[constitution]]al<ref>Thierry Aprile, ''Le {{Ire}} Republica, 1792-1804 : del cadita del Monarchia al Consulato'', Paris, Pygmalion Éditions, 1999, 317{{nb p.}}, {{p.|264}}.</ref>. Le pacification del Oeste e le fin del [[Prime Coalition]] permitte le establimento de un [[Constitution del 5 fructidor anno III|nove constitution]]. Pro le prime vice in Francia, le poter legislative repose super un parlamento [[bicamérisme|bicameral]]: le [[Consilio del Cinque-Centos]] ({{nobr|500 membros}}) e le [[Consilio del Ancianos]] ({{nobr|250 membros}}). Le poter executive es un ''directorio'' de cinque personas nominate per le Consilio del Ancianos super un lista fornite per le Consilio del Cinque-Centos. Le ministros e le cinque directores non es responsabile ante le assembleas, ma illes non pote non plus dissolver iste ultime. Como in 1791, nulle procedura permitte de resolver le conflictos<ref>''Institutiones e vita politic'', La Documentation française, 2003.</ref>. Le [[thermidorianos]] ha imponite que le duo tertios del electos proveni del [[Convention thermidorian|Convention]]. Le regiones del Oeste, del valle del Rhone e del Este del Massif central elige deputatos [[Royalismo in Francia in le XIXe seculo|royalistas]]. Durante tote le duration del Directorio, le instabilitate politic es incessante. Le « retes de correspondentia », royalistas, misce le information, le propaganda e le action politic. Illes recoperi le pais con le supporto del fratres de Louis XVI e de potentias estranier. Le partisanos del retorno al monarchia vince le electiones de martio 1797. Durante le mense de septembre sequente, le republicanos moderatos organise un [[Golpe de stato del 18 fructidor anno V|golpe de stato]] que expelle duo del cinque directores e destitue o invalida le election de {{nobr|177 deputatos}}. In 1798, le electiones sembla dar le favor al [[Club del Jacobinos|jacobinos]]. Le consilios se attribue alora le derecto de designar le deputatos in le medietate del circumscriptiones. Le thermidorianos se mantene al poter, ma es totalmente discreditate. Le situation economic contribue etiam a distornar le franceses del regime. Le imposte non entra plus. Le [[assignatos]], que ha perdite tote su valor, es reimplaciate per un altere papiro-moneta, le mandato territorial, que sube in un anno le mesme destino que le assignato. A partir de 1797, le Stato demanda al contribuintes de pagar le impostos in numerario. Or, con le crise financiari, le moneta metallic se ha rarificate. Post le annos de inflation ligate al assignato, Francia cognosce un periodo de diminution del precios que tocca principalmente le mundo rural. Incapace de facer fronte al enorme debito accumulate per le monarchia absolute e octo annos de revolution, le assembleas se resigna al [[Tertio consolidate|bancarrotta del « duo tertios »]]: Francia renuncia a pagar le duo tertios de su debito public, ma consolida le ultime tertio inscribente lo in le [[Grande libro del debito public]]. Pro parer credibile al oculos del creditores, un nove [[imposto super le portas e fenestras]] es create in 1798. Le gendarmes es requisitionate pro recovrar lo. Gratias al esfuerzos del governo de salute public, le [[Secunde amalgamation del armea sub le Revolution|armatas francese ha passate al offensive]]. In le primavera 1796, Francia lance un grande offensive trans [[Germania]] pro constranger [[Austria]] al pace. Ma es le armea de [[Italia]], commandate per le juvene general [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], que crea le surprisa volante de victoria in victoria e fortiante Austria a signar le pace per le [[Tractato de Campo Formio]] del 17 de april 1797. Inter 1797 e 1799, quasi tote le peninsula italian es transformate in un insimul de [[republicas soror|republicas soror]], con regimines e institutiones imitate sur illos de Francia. Si le victorias allegra le finantias del Directorio, illos rende le poter sempre plus dependente del armea. Bonaparte deveni le arbitro del dissensiones politic interne. Le [[Expedition de Egypto|expedition in Egypto]] ha pro objectivo de couper le via del Indias al [[Regno Unite]], ma le directores non es discontente de distanciar le supporto incomode del Corsican, qui non cela su appetito de poter. In altere parte, le multiplication del republicas soror inquieta le grande potentias, [[Russia]] e Regno Unite al prime loco, que time le contagion revolutionari e un domination troppo forte de Francia super [[Europa]]. Iste duo Statos es al origine del formation del [[Secunde Coalition]] in 1798. Le offensivas anglese, russe e austriac es repelite per le armatas francese dirigite per [[Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune|Brune]] e [[André Masséna|Masséna]]. Le Directorio fini per le [[golpe de stato del 18 Brumaire|18 de brumaire, anno VIII]] (9 de novembre 1799) de Napoleon Bonaparte, qui declara: « Citatanos, le revolution es fixate al principios qui le ha initiate, illo es finite ». Le [[Consulato (historia de Francia)|Consulato]] es instaurate. Il se tracta de un regime autoritari dirigite per tres consules, del qual sol le prime detene realmente le poter: Francia entra in un nove periodo de su historia preparante se a [[Prime Imperio Francese|confider su destino a un imperator]]. == Vide etiam == * [[Maximilien Robespierre]] * [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] == Notas == <references group="Nota"/> <references group="Note"/> {{ref}} == Bibliographia == === Obras general === * {{cite book |author=Jean-Paul Bertaud |title=Le Revolution francese |publisher=Éditions Perrin |year=2004 |pages=384 |isbn=978-2262023058}} * {{cite book |author=Michel Biard |author2=Philippe Bourdin |author3=Silvia Marzagalli |author4=Joël Cornette |editor4=yes |title=Revolution, Consulato, Imperio |subtitle=1789-1815 |volume=9 |location=Paris |publisher=Belin |series=Historia de Francia |year=2009 |pages=715 |isbn=978-2-7011-3366-9}} * {{cite book |first=Frédéric |last=Bluche |first2=Stéphane |last2=Rials |first3=Jean |last3=Tulard |title=Le Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |series=Que sais-je ? |year=2004 |pages=123}} * {{cite book |author=François Furet |author2=Denis Richet |title=Le Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Fayard |year=1973}} * {{cite book |author=François Furet |title=Le Revolution francese |volume=1 |location=Paris |publisher=Hachette |year=1988 |pages=544}} * {{cite book |author=François Furet |title=Historia de Francia |volume=III |chapter=Le Revolution |publisher=Hachette |year=1989}} * {{cite book |first=Jean-Pierre |last=Jessenne |title=Historia de Francia |subtitle=Revolution e Imperio |location=Paris |year=1993}} * {{cite book |author=Patrice Gueniffey |title=Historias del Revolution e del Imperio |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiresdelarev0000guen |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Perrin |year=2011 |pages=744 |isbn=978-2-262-03333-0}} * {{cite book |author=Annie Jourdan |title=Nove historia del Revolution |location=Paris |publisher=Flammarion |year=2018 |pages=657 |isbn=978-2-08-125036-9}} * {{cite book |author=Georges Lefebvre |author2=Raymond Guyot |author3=Philippe Sagnac |title=Le Revolution francese |publisher=Librairie Félix Alcan |year=1930}} * {{cite book |author=Georges Lefebvre |title=Le Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |year=1989}} * {{cite book |author=Hervé Leuwers |title=Le Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |series=Quadrige Manuels |year=2020 |pages=390}} * {{cite book |author=Jean-Clément Martin |title=Le Revolution francese |publisher=Éditions du Cavalier bleu |series=Ideas recepte |year=2008 |pages=126 |isbn=978-2-84670-187-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhaQO4TWNngC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book |author=Jean-Clément Martin |title=Nove historia del Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Perrin |year=2012 |pages=636 |isbn=978-2-262-02596-0 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/13008}} * {{cite book |first=Jules |last=Michelet |title=Historia del Revolution francese |volume=2 |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Robert Laffont |series=Bouquins |year=1979}} * {{cite book |author=Jean-Christian Petitfils |title=le Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Perrin |year=2026 |pages=832 |isbn=978-2-262-09711-0}} * {{cite book |author=Albert Soboul |title=Historia del Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Gallimard |year=1984 |orig-year=1962 |pages=608 |isbn=2070701069}} * {{cite book |author=Michel Vovelle |title=Le Revolution francese explicate a mi neptote |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |year=2006 |pages=99 |isbn=2-02-081245-2}} === Instrumentos de labor === * {{cite book |author=Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire |author2=Silvia Marzagalli |title=Atlas del Revolution francese |publisher=Autrement |year=2026 |pages=96 |isbn=9782080510365}} * {{cite book |author=Jacques Godechot |title=Le Revolution francese |subtitle=chronologia commentate, sequite de notas biographic sur le personas citate |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Perrin |year=1988}} * {{cite book |editor1=François Furet |editor2=Mona Ozouf |title=Dictionario critic del Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Flammarion |year=1988 |pages=1122 |isbn=2-08-211537-2 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahrf_0003-4436_1990_num_279_1_1298_t1_0106_0000_2}} * {{cite book |editor1=Albert Soboul |editor2=Jean-René Suratteau |editor3=François Gendron |title=Diccionario historic del Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |year=2004 |orig-year=1989 |pages=1132 |isbn=2-13-053605-0 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/dhs_0070-6760_1990_num_22_1_1782_t1_0495_0000_3}} * {{cite book |author=Albert Soboul |title=Diccionario historic del Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=PUF |series=Idée |year=2005}} * {{cite book |author=Gérard Walter |title=Repertorio del historia del Revolution francese, obras publicate de 1800 a 1940 |volume=I |chapter=Personas |location=Paris |year=1941a-1945}} * {{cite book |author=Gérard Walter |title=Repertorio del historia del Revolution francese, obras publicate de 1800 a 1940 |volume=II |chapter=Loco |location=Paris |year=1941b-1945}} === Aspectos historiographic === {{AP|Historiographia del Revolution francese}} * {{cite book |first=Olivier |last=Bétourné |first2=Aglaia I. |last2=Hartig |title=Pensar le historia del Revolution |subtitle=duo seculos de passion francese |location=Paris |publisher=La Découverte |series=Armillaire |volume=18 |year=1989 |pages=238 |isbn=2-7071-1839-7}} * {{cite book |author=Michel Biard |editor1=Michel Biard |others=Prefacio de Michel Vovelle |title=Le Revolution francese |subtitle=un historia sempre vive |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Tallandier |year=2009 |pages=446 |isbn=978-2-84734-638-1 |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-dix-huitieme-siecle-2011-1-page-725.htm#pa283}} * {{cite book |author=Antonino De Francesco |title=Le guerra de duo centos annos |subtitle=un historia del historias del Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Perrin |year=2018 |pages=442 |isbn=978-2-262-03701-7 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lrf/2912}} * {{cite book |author=François Furet |title=Pensar le Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Gallimard |series=Bibliotheca del historias |volume=32 |year=1978 |pages=259 |isbn=2-07-029381-5 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rfsp_0035-2950_1979_num_29_4_418652_t1_0895_0000_000}} * {{cite book |author=François Furet |author2=Mona Ozouf |title=Diccionario critic del Revolution francese |volume=5 |chapter=Interpretes e historicos |location=Paris |publisher=Flammarion |series=Champs |year=2007 |pages=285 |isbn=978-2-08-120480-5}} * {{cite book |first=Alice |last=Gérard |title=Le Revolution francese, mythos e interpretationes (1789-1970) |location=Paris |publisher=Flammarion |series=Questiones de historia |volume=21 |year=1970 |pages=142 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahrf_0003-4436_1971_num_206_1_4134_t1_0625_0000_2}} * {{cite book |author=Jacques Godechot |title=Un Jury pro le Revolution |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Robert Laffont |series=Scientia nove |year=1974 |pages=379 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k18354v/f239.image}} * {{cite book |author=Jean-Clément Martin |title=Revolution e contra-revolution in Francia, 1789-1989 |subtitle=le mecanismos del historia |location=Rennes |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes |year=1996b |pages=226 |isbn=2-86847-209-5 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/abpo_0399-0826_1998_num_105_1_3976_t1_0127_0000_2}} * {{cite book |editor=Jean-Clément Martin |title=Le Revolution al obra |subtitle=perspectivas actual in le historia del Revolution francese |location=Rennes |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes |year=2005 |pages=384 |isbn=2-7535-0055-X |url=https://ahrf.revues.org/7993}} * {{cite book |author=Jean-Clément Martin |title=Violentias e Revolution |subtitle=essay super le nascentia de un mito national |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |series=Le universo historic |year=2006 |pages=338 |isbn=2-02-043842-9 |url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-d-histoire-moderne-et-contemporaine-2010-1-page-247.htm}} * {{cite book |author=Albert Soboul |title=Comprender le Revolution |subtitle=problemas politic del Revolution francese, 1789-1797 |location=Paris |publisher=Maspero |series=Textos al appoio |year=1981 |pages=380 |isbn=2-7071-1209-7 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/roman_0048-8593_1981_num_11_33_4513}} * {{cite book |author=Jacques Solé |title=Le revolution in questiones |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |series=Points. Historia |volume=98 |year=1988 |pages=413 |isbn=2-02-009827-X |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rfsoc_0035-2969_1989_num_30_3_2650}} === Per themas === ==== Feminas e Revolution ==== * {{cite book |editor-first=Marie-France |editor-last=Brive |title=Le Feminas e le Revolution francese |volume=1 |chapter=Modos de action e de expression, nove derectos, nove deberes : actos del colloquio international, 12-13-14 april 1989 |location=Toulouse |publisher=Presses universitaires du Mirail |year=1989 |pages=525 |isbn=2-85816-116-X}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Marie-France |editor-last=Brive |title=Le Feminas e le Revolution francese |volume=2 |chapter=Le individual e le social, apparitiones e representationes : actos del colloquio international, 12-13-14 april 1989 |location=Toulouse |publisher=Presses universitaires du Mirail |year=1990 |pages=409 |isbn=2-85816-131-3}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Marie-France |editor-last=Brive |title=Le Feminas e le Revolution francese |volume=3 |chapter=Le effecto 89 : actos del colloquio international, 12-13-14 april 1989 |location=Toulouse |publisher=Presses universitaires du Mirail |year=1991 |pages=479 |isbn=2-85816-132-1}} * {{cite book |author=Cerati Marie |title=Le Club del citatanas republican revolutionari |location=Paris |year=1966}} * {{cite book |author=Desan Suzanne |title=Le familia al judicio in Francia revolutionari |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |language=en}} * {{cite book |author=DiCaprio Lisa |title=Le origines del stato social: feminas, labor e le Revolution francese |location=Urbana |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2007 |language=en}} * {{cite book |author=Paule-Marie Duhet |title=Quadernos de quelelas del feminas in 1789 : e altere textos |location=Paris |publisher=des Femmes |year=1981}} * {{cite journal |author=Christine Fauré |editor=Christine Fauré |title=Le presa del parola public del feminas |journal=Annales historiques de la Révolution française |issue=344 |date=juin 2006}} * {{cite book |author=Fraisse Geneviève |title=Musa del ration |subtitle=democratia e exclusion del feminas in Francia |location=Paris |publisher=Gallimard |year=1995}} * {{cite book |author=Dominique Godineau |title=Citatana tricottante |subtitle=le feminas del populo a Paris durante le Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Perrin |year=2004 |orig-year=1988 |pages=416 |isbn=2-262-02257-7 |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-nouvelles-questions-feministes-2005-3-page-138.htm}} * {{cite book |author=Heuer Jennifer |title=Le familia e le nation : genro e citatanitate in Francia revolutionari, 1789-1830 |location=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2005 |language=en}} * {{cite book |author=Hunt Lynn |title=Le roman familial del Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Albin Michel |year=1995}} * {{cite book |author=Landes Joan B. |title=Feminas e le sfera public al epocha del Revolution francese |location=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1988 |language=en}} * {{cite book |author=Jean-Clément Martin |title=Le revoltate rumpite |subtitle=feminas in le Revolution francese e le Imperio |location=Paris |publisher=Armand Colin |year=2008b |pages=272 |isbn=978-2-200-34626-3 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/genrehistoire/401}} * {{cite book |author=Mazeau Guillaume |title=Le banio del historia |subtitle=Charlotte Corday e le attentato contra Marat 1793-2009 |location=Seyssel |publisher=Champ Vallon |year=2009}} * {{cite journal |author=Mazeau Guillaume |title=Pensar con le genro: perturbation in le citatanitate |journal=Le Revolution francese |issue=9 |date=2015 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lrf/1458}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Evelyne |editor-last=Morin-Rotureau |title=1789-1799 : luctas de feminas |subtitle=Le revolutionarios exclude le citatanas |publisher=Autrement |year=2003}} * {{cite book |author=Plumauzille Clyde |title=Prostitution e revolutiones. Le feminas public in le citate republican 1789-1799 |location=Ceyzerieu |publisher=Champ Vallon |year=2016}} * {{cite book |first=Annette |last=Rosa |title=Citatanas |subtitle=Le feminas e le Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Messidor |year=1988}} * {{cite book |author=Scott Joan W. |title=Le citatana paradoxal |subtitle=le feministas francese e le derectos del homine |location=Paris |publisher=Albin Michel |year=1998}} * {{cite book |first=Anne |last=Soprani |title=Le Revolution e le feminas de 1789 a 1796 |location=Paris |publisher=M.a Editions |year=1988}} * {{cite book |author=Verjus Anne |title=Le cens del familia |subtitle=le feminas e le voto, 1789-1799 |location=Paris |publisher=Belin |year=2002}} * {{cite book |author=Verjus Anne |title=Le bon marito |subtitle=un historia politic del homines e del feminas al epocha revolutionari |location=Paris |publisher=Fayard |year=2010}} ==== Le colonias ==== * {{cite book |author=Marc Belissa |title=Le Revolution francese e le colonias |publisher=La Fabrique |year=2023 |pages=320 |isbn=9782358722650}} * {{cite book |first=Yves |last=Benot |title=Le Revolution francese e le fin del colonias 1789-1794 |location=Paris |publisher=La Découverte |year=2004 |orig-year=1987}} * {{cite book |author=Aimé Césaire |title=Toussaint-Louverture |url=https://archive.org/details/toussaintlouvert0000aime |subtitle=Le Revolution francese e le problema colonial |location=Paris |year=1961}} * {{cite book |first=Laurent |last=Dubois |translator=Thomas Van Ruymbeke |title=Le vengatores del Nove Mundo |subtitle=Historia del revolution haitian |publisher=Atlantide |year=2022 |orig-year=2005 |pages=515 |isbn=978-2-37125-054-3}} * {{cite book |first=Jean-Daniel |last=Piquet |title=Le emancipation del nigros in le revolution francese 1789-1795 |location=Paris |publisher=Karthala |year=2002 |pages=510 |isbn=2-84586-161-3 |url=https://www.karthala.com/accueil/1098-lemancipation-des-noirs-dans-la-revolution-francaise-1789-1795-9782845861619.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260906080712/https://www.karthala.com/accueil/1098-lemancipation-des-noirs-dans-la-revolution-francaise-1789-1795-9782845861619.html |date=2026-09-06 }} * {{cite book |editor1=Karine Rance |editor2=Éric Saunier |title=Race e Revolution francese |publisher=Hémisphères Éditions |year=2024 |pages=240 |isbn=978-2377011964}} * {{cite book |author=Jacques Thibau |title=Le tempore de Saint-Domingue |subtitle=Le sclavage e le Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=J.-C. Lattès |year=1989 |pages=384 |isbn=978-2709607834}} ==== Economia e sociologia ==== * {{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Guérin |title=Le lucta del classes sub le prime Republica, 1792-1797 |location=Paris |year=1946}} * {{cite book |author=François Hincker |title=Le Revolution francese e le economia |subtitle=decollo o catastrophe ? |location=Paris |publisher=Nathan |series=Circa |volume=3 |year=1989 |pages=224 |isbn=2-09-188965-2 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/dhs_0070-6760_1992_num_24_1_1892_t1_0541_0000_2}} * {{cite book |author=Jean Jaurès |editor=Madeleine Rebérioux |title=Historia socialista del Revolution francese |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Sociales |year=1968}} * {{cite book |first=Jean-Clément |last=Martin |title=Le Revolution francese, un historia sociopolitic |original-title=Le Francia in Revolution |location=Paris |year=2004 |orig-year=1990}} * {{cite book |first=Albert |last=Mathiez |title=Le vita chere e le movimento social sub le Terrore |location=Paris |publisher=Armand Colin |year=1927}} * {{cite book |author=Albert Soboul |title=Movimento popular e Governo revolutionari in le anno II (1793-1794) |location=Paris |publisher=Flammarion |year=1973}} ==== Le guerra ==== * {{cite book |author=Frank Attar |title=A le armas, citatanos ! |subtitle=nascentia e functiones del bellicismo revolutionari |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |series=Le universo historic |year=2010 |pages=394 |isbn=978-2-02-088891-2}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Monique |editor-last=Cubells |title=Le revolution francese |subtitle=le guerra e le frontiera |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions du CTHS |year=2000}} ==== Le cultura ==== * {{cite book |first=François |last=Souchal |title=Le vandalismo del Revolution |location=Paris |publisher=Nouvelles Éditions latines |year=1993}} * {{cite book |first=Philippe |last=Bourdin |first2=Gérard |last2=Loubinoux |title=Le artes del scena e le Revolution francese |location=Clermont-Ferrand, Vizille |publisher=Presses universitaires Blaise-Pascal, Museo del Revolution francese de Vizille |year=2003}} * {{cite book |first=Alessandro |last=Di Profio |title=Le Revolution del Bouffons |subtitle=le opera italian al Theatre de Monsieur (1789-1792) |location=Paris |publisher=CNRS Éditions |year=2003}} * {{cite book |title=Le Revolution per le scriptura, le Tabulas del Revolution francese, un interprisa editorial de information (1791-1817) |location=Clermont-Ferrand, Vizille |publisher=Presses universitaires Blaise-Pascal, museo del Revolution francese de Vizille |year=2005 |pages=511 |isbn=2-7118-4928-7}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Michel |editor-last=Baridon |title=Intercambios international ideologic e cultural in le movimento del Revolution francese |location=Besançon |publisher=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté |year=1987 |pages=283 |isbn=978-2-251-60361-2}} * {{cite journal |author=Collectif |editor-first=Josiane |editor-last=Boulad-Ayoub |title=Le spirito del Revolution |journal=Études françaises |volume=25 |issue=2-3 |pages=290 |year=1989 |url=http://revue-etudesfrancaises.umontreal.ca/volume-25-numero-2-3/}} ==== Le scientias ==== * {{cite book |first=Guy |last=Barthélémy |title=Le savantes sub le Revolution |publisher=Éditions Cénomane |year=1988 |isbn=978-2905596314}} * {{cite book |first=Nicole |last=Dhombres |title=Le savantes in Revolution. 1788-1789 |publisher=Éditions Calmann-Lévy |year=1989}} * {{cite book |first=Frédéric |last=Lenormand |title=Le savantes del Revolution |publisher=Éditions Milan |year=2006}} * {{cite book |author=Michel Nusimovici |title=Le scholas del anno III |year=2010 |url=http://www.ens-rennes.fr/servlet/com.univ.collaboratif.utils.LectureFichiergw?ID_FICHIER=1415788647886}} * {{cite journal |author=Vladimir López |title=Le systema metric, fructo del revolution francese |journal=National Geographic |date=8 septembre 2021 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/le-systeme-metrique-fruit-de-la-revolution-francaise |access-date=3 april 2022}} ==== Le altere revolutiones ==== * {{cite book |editor-first=Marcel |editor-last=Dorigny |title=Revoltas e revolutiones in Europa e al Americas (1773-1802) |subtitle=Historiographia, Bibliographia, Questiones |location=Paris |publisher=Belin |year=2004 |isbn=978-2701139746}} * {{cite book |first=Jacques |last=Godechot |title=Le Revolutiones |location=Paris |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |series=Nove Clio |year=1986 |isbn=978-2130396253 |pages=448}} * {{cite journal |editor-first=Anne |editor-last=Jollet |title=Del revoltas de Europa al tempore del Revolution francese 1773 a 1802 |journal=Quadernos de Historia, revista de historia critic |issue=94-95 |date=januario-martio 2005}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Raymonde |editor-last=Monnier |title=Revoltas e revolutiones in Europa e al Americas de 1773 a 1802 |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Ellipses |year=2004}} * {{cite book |editor-first=Jean-Pierre |editor-last=Poussou |title=Le perturbation del ordine del mundo |subtitle=Revoltas e revolutiones in Europa e al Americas al fin del seculo XVIII |location=Paris |publisher=CDU Sedes |year=2004}} ==== Altere problematicas ==== * {{cite book |author=Élie Allouche |others=Prefacio de Jean-Clément Martin |title=Le Revolution francese |publisher=CRDP Languedoc-Roussillon |series=99 questiones super… |year=2006 |pages=239 |isbn=978-2-86626-053-8}} * {{cite book |author=Robert Badinter |title=Libere e equal ; le emancipation del judeos (1789-1791) |location=Paris |publisher=Fayard |year=1989}} * {{cite book |first=Michel |last=Biard |first2=Pascal |last2=Dupuy |title=Le Revolution francese |subtitle=Dinamicas, influentias, debattos |location=Paris |year=2004}} * {{cite book |author=Michel Biard |editor=Michel Biard |others=Prefacio de Michel Vovelle |title=Le Revolution francese |subtitle=un historia sempre vive |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Tallandier |year=2009 |pages=446 |isbn=978-2-84734-638-1 |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-dix-huitieme-siecle-2011-1-page-725.htm#pa283}} * {{cite book |author=Antoine Boulant |title=Le Revolution francese. Veritates e legends |location=Paris |publisher=Perrin |year=2023 |pages=298}} * {{cite book |author=Marc Bouloiseau |title=Le Comitato de salute public |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |year=1968}} * {{cite book |author=Augustin Cochin |title=Le machina revolutionari |subtitle=Obras |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Tallandier |year=2018}} * {{cite book |first=Florence |last=Gauthier |title=Triompho e morte del derecto natural in revolution,1789-1795-1802 |location=Paris |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |series=Praticas theoric |year=1992}} * {{cite book |first=Jacques |last=Godechot |title=Le grande Nation |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Aubier-Montaigne |year=1983}} * {{cite book |first=Albert |last=Mathiez |title=Contributiones al historia religiose del Revolution francese |location=Paris |year=1907}} * {{cite book |author=Albert Mathiez |title=Le Revolution francese |subtitle=le cadita del regalitate, le Gironda e le Montania, le Terrore |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Bartillat |year=2012 |pages=658 |isbn=978-2-84100-507-9 |access-date=5 novembre 2012}} * {{cite book |author=Michel Vovelle |title=Nove historia del Francia contemporanee |volume=1 |chapter=Le cadita del monarchia, 1787-1792 |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |year=1999 |pages=312 |isbn=2-02-037519-2 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhmc_0048-8003_1973_num_20_3_2261_t1_0489_0000_1 |orig-year=1972}} * {{cite book |author=Roger Dupuy |title=Nove historia del Francia contemporanee |volume=2 |chapter=Le Republica jacobin: Terrore, guerra e governo revolutionari, 1792-1794 |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |series=Points historia |year=2005 |pages=366 |isbn=2-02-039818-4 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5450575s/f139.image}} * {{cite book |author=Denis Woronoff |title=Nove historia del Francia contemporanee |volume=3 |chapter=Le Republica burgese: de Thermidor a Brumaire, 1794-1799 |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |year=2004 |orig-year=1972 |pages=250 |isbn=2-02-067633-8 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1975_num_53_2_5506_t1_0593_0000_1}} [[Categoria:Politica]] [[Categoria:Historia de Francia]] [[Categoria:Historia de Europa]] qlw8wytemfd9x8slw7p9hsnxi59r0n6 0 14988 701081 699141 2026-09-27T16:47:18Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20260927)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 701081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Woody Guthrie NYWTS.jpg|right|thumb|Woody Guthrie, autor del canto "This Land Is Your Land." In su guitarra es le phrase "Iste machina occide fascistas."]] Le '''musica de SUA''' reflecte le multi-ethnic population del pais con multe diverse stilos. [[Rock]], [[blues]], [[musica country|country]], [[rhythm & blues]], [[jazz]], [[musica pop|pop]], [[techno]], [[salsa]], [[boogaloo]], e [[musica hip hop|hip hop]] es le multe cognoscite SUA [[genere de musica]]s. SUA ha le large industria de musica in mundo e le musica de SUA es ascoltate in tote le mundo. {{Commonscat|Music of the United States}} === Identitate social === Le musica interveni con aspectos de identitate cultural e aspectos social, [[Linguas in Statos Unite de America|linguas]], racia e ethnicitate. Le relation inter le racia e musica es le plus determinante. <ref>Wolfe, Charles K. with Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje, "Two Views of Music, Race, Ethnicity and Nationhood" in the ''Garland Encyclopedia of World Music''</ref> === Diversitate === [[File:USmusicmap.png|center|800px|]] Le Statos Unite de America es un mixtura de culturas e de nationalitates del mundo. <ref>Cowdery, James R. with Anne Lederman, "Blurring the Boundaries of Social and Musical Identities" in the ''Garland Encyclopedia of World Music'', pp 322–333</ref> == Musica folk american == {{Main|Musica folk Americana}} Le tribos de americanos native canta un specific varietate de musica folk. Le gruppos de americanos de ancestria african ha disveloppate le [[musica blues]] e le [[musica gospel]]. Compositores statounitese de cantos influencite per le tradition de musica folk de lor pais include [[Pete Seeger]], le autor del canto anti-guerra "[[Where Have All the Flowers Gone?]]" ("A Ubi Veniva Omne le Flores?"), e [[Woody Guthrie]], cuje canto "[[This Land Is Your Land]]" ("Iste Terra es Tu Terra") era scripte in opposition al typo de patriotismo nationalistic que appoia le abusos del governamento e del classes ric contra le major parte del populo. {{sample box start|Musica folk de SUA}} {{multi-listen start}} {{multi-listen item | filename=Cotton-EyedJoe.ogg | title="Cotton-Eyed Joe" | description=[[Cotton-Eyed Joe]] es un canto folk traditional e un [[dansa in ligna]] cognoscite in le sud del SUA | format=[[Ogg]]}} {{multi-listen end}} {{sample box end}} === Altere communitates de immigrantes === Le Statos Unite de America es un amalgama de immigrantes. [[Espania]] e sequente [[Mexico]] controlate multe del territorio del west de Statos Unite de America ante le [[Guerra Mexican-American]], inclusive le state de [[Texas]]. Dupo Texas e altere territorios esseva addite ab le Statos Unite de America, le nativos texan que ha vivite in isto statos comenciava de disveloppar un musica basate al musica texan con influentias de musica traditional mexican como le [[mariachi]] e le [[corrido]]<ref>Burr, Ramiro. "Accordion Enchilada" in the ''Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2'', pg. 604</ref> Le [[accordion]] esseva adoptate de musicos de folk Tejano ab le initio del [[seculo 20]]. == Musica popular == Musica popular origine es le [[Renascentia]] periodo de Europa con [[ballada]]s e altere traditiones popular. === Popular cantos ante le tempore === {{sample box start|[[Musica patriotic de SUA]]}} {{multi-listen start}} {{multi-listen item | filename=Star-spangled banner.ogg | title="The Star-Spangled Banner" | description=Performate de Fred Waring (1942) | format=[[Ogg]]}} {{multi-listen item | filename=USMC stars stripes forever.ogg | title="Stars and Stripes Forever" | description=de John Phillip Sousa | format=[[Ogg]]}} {{multi-listen item | filename=Dixie (1916).ogg | title="Dixie" | description=Performed in 1916 de Metropolitan Mixed Chorus | format=[[Ogg]]}} {{multi-listen end}} {{sample box end}} [[File:1900sc SM Dixie.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sheet music for "[[Dixie (song)|Dixie]]"]] === Blues e spiritual === Le musica spiritual esseva le expression de religion, cantata per sclavos [[Statouniteses african|african-american]] on le plantationes del sud.<ref>Garofalo, pg. 19</ref> Blues es un combination de cantos de labor african. Blues e spiritual o gospel. {{sample box start|blues-derived early popular music}} {{multi-listen start}} {{multi-listen item | filename=Maple Leaf RagQ.ogg | title="Maple Leaf Rag" | description=Composition de Scott Joplin | format=[[Ogg]]}} {{multi-listen end}} {{sample box end}} {{main|Blues|gospel music}} [[File:Bessie Smith (1936) by Carl Van Vechten.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Cantator de blues [[Bessie Smith]]]] === Jazz === {{AP|Jazz}} [[Jazz]] es un typo de musica characterisate de [[swung]], [[blues]] e improvisation. [[File:Dizzy Gillespie playing horn 1955.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bebop pioneer [[Dizzy Gillespie]] ]] === Musica Country === Musica Country es un mixtura de musica blues de african-american e musica spiritual adaptate pro popular audientias (primarimente personas blanc in le west interior e le sud del SUA) comenciante in le [[annos 1920]]. [[File:Randytravis.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Cantator de Country [[Randy Travis]]]] === R&B e soul === R&B es le abbreviation de ''rhythm & blues'' e habite le initio in le [[annos 1930]] e [[annos 1940]]. [[File:Mariah Carey11 Edwards Dec 1998 uncropped.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cantator de R&B [[Mariah Carey]].]] === Rock, metal e punk === {{AP|Rock music|heavy metal music|punk rock}} Rock & roll es un typo de musica popular disveloppate in altere paises con blues e R&B. Le origines del rock es un subjecto de debatto in SUA. [[File:Aerosmith_Tom_Hamilton.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Aerosmith]] in 2003]] Heavy metal es characterisate per rhythmos aggressive, guitarras con distortion e amplificate. === Hip hop === [[Hip hop]] es un movimento cultural, e le musica es parte de illo. === Musica latin in SUA === [[File:Map of USA showing Latin music.png|thumb|right|250px|Latin music in the United States]] Musica latino in SUA es basato al musica mexican [[corrido]], al musica Puerto Rican [[reggaeton]], e al musica colombian [[cumbia]]. Le stilos multo populare include [[conga]], [[rumba]], [[mambo]], le [[annos 1950]] [[cha-cha-cha]] e le [[salsa]]. == Governamento, politicas e lege == Le governmento de SUA enforce le leges e le derectos de [[proprietate intellectual]] in le industria de musica. == Industria e economia == Total industria de musica revenue es 40 miliardes de dollares de SUA in tote le mundo e 12 miliarde de dollares in SUA.<ref>Le mundo numero es del {{cite web|url=http://www.idea.piercelaw.edu/articles/40/40_3/14.Richard.pdf|title=The Music Industry and Its Digital Future: Introducing MP3 Technology|work=PTC Research Foundation of Franklin Pierce (pdf)|accessmonthday=April 12|year=2006|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-10-20|archivedate=2006-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614200034/http://www.idea.piercelaw.edu/articles/40/40_3/14.Richard.pdf}}</ref> Multe de companies de recorda de musica es basato in SUA. == Education == Musica es un parte importante del [[education in SUA]]. == Festivales == {{sample box start|Musica de Christmas}} {{multi-listen start}} {{multi-listen item | filename=Jingle Bells.ogg | title="Jingle Bells" | description=Canto secular de Christmas | format=[[Ogg]]}} {{multi-listen item | filename=Oh Holy Night (Kevin MacLeod) (ISRC USUAN1100127).oga | title="O Holy Night" | description=Canto religious de Christmas | format=[[Ogg]]}} {{multi-listen end}} {{sample box end}} Musica es un parte importante de dias festive in SUA. == Referentias == * {{cite book |author = [[Amiri Baraka|Baraka, Amiri]] (Leroi Jones) |isbn = 0-688-18474-X |publisher = William Morrow |title = Blues People: Negro Music in White America |url = https://archive.org/details/bluespeoplenegro00bara |year = 1963 }} * {{cite book |author = Blush, Steven |isbn = 0-922915-71-7 |publisher = Feral House |title = American Hardcore: A Tribal History |url = https://archive.org/details/americanhardcore00blus |year = 2001 }} * {{cite book |author = Chase, Gilbert |isbn = 0-252-00454-X |publisher = University of Illinois Press |title = America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present |url = https://archive.org/details/americasmusicfro0000chas |year = 2000 }} * {{cite book |author = Clarke, Donald |isbn = 0-312-11573-3 |publisher = St. Martin's Press |title = The Rise and Fall of Popular Music |url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofpopula00clar |year = 1995 }} * {{cite book |author = Collins, Ace |isbn = 1-57297-072-3 |publisher = Boulevard Books |title = The Stories Behind Country Music's All-Time Greatest 100 Songs |url = https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindcou0000coll |year = 1996 }} * {{cite book |author = Crawford, Richard |isbn = 0-393-04810-1 |publisher = W. W. Norton & Company |title = America's Musical Life: A History |year = 2001 }} * {{cite book |author = Ewen, David |publisher = Prentice Hall |title = Panorama of American Popular Music |url = https://archive.org/details/panoramaofameric00ewen |year = 1957 }} * {{cite book |author = Ferris, Jean |isbn = 0-697-12516-5 |publisher = Brown & Benchmark |title = America's Musical Landscape |url = https://archive.org/details/americasmusicall0000ferr |year = 1993 }} * {{cite book |editor = Koskoff, Ellen (ed.) |isbn = 0-8240-4944-6 |publisher = Garland Publishing |title = Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 3: The United States and Canada |url = https://archive.org/details/garlandencyclope0003unse |year = 2000 }} * {{cite book |author = Garofalo, Reebee |isbn = 0-205-13703-2 |publisher = Allyn & Bacon |title = Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA |url = https://archive.org/details/rockinoutpopular00garo_0 |year = 1997 }} * {{cite book |author = Gillett, Charlie |isbn = 0-285-62619-1 |publisher = Outerbridge and Dienstfrey |title = The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll |year = 1970 |others = cited in Garofalo }} * {{cite book |author = Nelson, George |isbn = 978-0-252-07498-1 |location = New York |publisher = University of Illinois Press |title = Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise and Fall of the Motown Sound? |url = https://archive.org/details/wheredidourloveg0000geor |year = 2007 }} * {{cite book |author = Kempton, Arthur |isbn = 0-375-42172-6 |location = New York |publisher = Pantheon Books |title = Boogaloo: The Quintessence of American Popular Music |url = https://archive.org/details/boogalooquintess00kemp |year = 2003 }} * {{cite book |author = Lipsitz, George |isbn = 0-03-059207-0 |publisher = J. F. Bergin |title = Class and Culture in Cold War America |url = https://archive.org/details/classcultureinco0000lips |year = 1982 }} * {{cite book |author = Malone, Bill C. |isbn = 0-292-71096-8 |publisher = University of Texas Press |title = Country Music USA: Revised Edition |url = https://archive.org/details/countrymusicusa00bill |year = 1985 |others = cited in Garofalo }} * {{cite book |author = Nettl, Bruno |publisher = Prentice-Hall |title = Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents |url = https://archive.org/details/iaunidentified0000unse_h4x6 |year = 1965 }} * {{cite journal |author = Palmer, Robert |journal = Rolling Stone |pages = 48 |title = The Fifties |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_rolling-stone_1990-04-19_576/page/n55 |date = April 19, 1990 |others = cited in Garofalo }} * {{cite book |author = Ward, Ed, Geoffrey Stokes and Ken Tucker |isbn = 0-671-54438-1 |publisher = Rolling Stone Press |title = Rock of Ages: The ''Rolling Stone'' History of Rock and Roll |url = https://archive.org/details/rockofagesrollin00ward |year = 1986 }} * {{cite book |author = Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.) |isbn = 1-85828-636-0 |publisher = Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books |title = Rough Guide to World Music |year = 2000 }} * {{cite book |author = Sawyers, June Skinner |isbn = 0-306-81007-7 |publisher = Da Capo Press |title = Celtic Music: A Complete Guide |url = https://archive.org/details/celticmusiccompl0000sawy |year = 2000 }} * {{cite book |author = Schuller, Gunther |isbn = 0-19-504043-0 |publisher = Oxford University Press |title = Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development |url = https://archive.org/details/earlyjazzitsroo000schu |year = 1968 }} * {{cite book |author = Struble, John Warthen |isbn = 0-8160-2927-X |publisher = Facts on File |title = The History of American Classical Music |url = https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000john_f5j8 |year = 1995 }} * {{cite book |author = [[David Szatmary]] |isbn = 0-13-022636-X |publisher = Prentice Hall |title = Rockin' in Time: A Social History of Rock-And-Roll |url = https://archive.org/details/rockinintimesoci00szat_2 |year = 2000 }} * {{cite book |author = Werner, Craig |isbn = 0-452-28065-6 |publisher = Plume |title = A Change Is Gonna Come: Music, Race and the Soul of America |url = https://archive.org/details/changeisgonnacom00wern |year = 1998 }} == Referentias == <references/> == Plus de literatura == * {{cite book|author=Claghorn, Charles Eugene|title=Biographical Dictionary of American Music|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00clag|publisher=Parker Publishing Company, Inc|year=1973|isbn=0-13-076331-4}} * {{cite book|author=Elson, Charles Louis|title=The History of American Music|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000loui_j0u3|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1-4179-5961-4}} * {{cite book|author=Gann, Kyle|title=American Music in the 20th Century|url=https://archive.org/details/americanmusicint0000gann_b6s4|year=1997|publisher=Schirmer|isbn=0-02-864655-X}} * {{cite book|author=Hamm, Charles|title=Music in the New World|url=https://archive.org/details/musicinnewworld0000hamm_s2k6|year=1983|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-95193-6}} * {{cite book|author=Hitchcock, H. Wiley|title=Music in the United States: A Historical Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/musicinunitedsta0000hitc_4edi|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1999|isbn=0-13-907643-3}} * {{cite book|author=Kingman, Daniel|year=1990|title=American Music: A Panorama|url=https://archive.org/details/americanmusicpan0002king|edition=2nd ed|location=New York|publisher=Schirmer Books}} * {{cite book|author=Nicholls, David (ed.)|title=The Cambridge History of American Music|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-521-45429-8}} * {{cite book|author=Seeger, Ruth Crawford|title=The Music of American Folk Song and Selected Other Writings on American Folk Music|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=2003|isbn=1-58046-136-0}} * {{cite web|title=Performing Arts, Music|work=Library of Congress Collections|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/browse/ListSome.php?category=Performing%20Arts,%20Music}} == Ligamines externe == * [http://www.afm.org/public/home/index.php American Federation of Musicians] * [http://www.americanguild.org/ American Guild of Music] * [http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/ American Music Preservation] * [http://www.afm.org/public/home/index.php ''Music Business Journal''] * [http://www.mpa.org/ Music Publisher's Association] * [http://www.musiclibraryassoc.org/ Music Library Association] [[Categoria:Musica in Statos Unite de America| ]] {{revision}} 6xkn7e6c7hggxq7j98sgy7vi73mc9ks 0 24895 701076 699233 2026-09-27T16:39:26Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 3 books for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20260927)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 701076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{eminente}} {{citation2|Roma invicta manet.|col2=Roma remane invicte.|[[Vergilio]]|llengua1={{la}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} {{Historia de Roma}} '''Roma antique'''{{linfoX}} (in [[latino]]: ''Rōma''), o '''Civilisation roman''', designa omne characteristicas differente de un organisation assimilabile a un Stato, surgite del expansion del citate de [[Roma]], que in su epocha de apogeo, arrivava a extender se desde [[Grande Britannia]] usque le [[deserto del Sahara]] e desde le [[Peninsula iberic|peninsula Iberic]] al [[fluvio Euphrates]]. In principio, post su fundation (753 a.Chr.) Roma esseva un [[Monarchia roman|monarchia]] etrusc. Plus tarde (509 a.Chr.) esseva un [[Republica Roman|republica]] latin e in 27 a.Chr. se converteva in [[Imperio Roman|imperio]]. Le periodo de plus grande splendor es cognoscite como ''pax romana'' (pace roman) pro le relative stato de harmonia que prevaleva in le regiones que esseva sub le dominio roman; un periodo de ordine e prosperitate que cognosceva le Imperio sub le [[dynastia Antonin|dynastia del Antoninos]] (96-192) e etiam sub le [[Dynastia severan|Severos]] (193-235). Ille civilisation es un elemento decisive del developpamento de [[Occidente]] e, plus tarde, anque de Oriente. == Monarchia roman == {{AP|Monarchia roman}} [[File:Italy topographic map-ancient Roman roads.svg|397px|right|thumb|Le sito de Roma se situa super vias protohistoric que constitui axes de communication strategic, permitiente in particular le connexion inter Etruria e Campania. Illo representa un puncto major de passage super le Tiber al intersection inter le Via Campana e le Via Salaria (tractate per le Sabinos in le II millennio a.Chr.), connectite per le vadato de le insula Tiberina, favoriente le commercio de sal recollite in le paludes salant de Ostia, e le commercio de carne proveniente del descensus del greges in transhumantia ex le Apenninos.]] === Le prime Romanos === Le sito de Roma se situa super vias protohistoric (de) que constitueva axes de communication strategic permittente, in particular, le connexion inter Etruria e Campania. Illo representa un puncto major de passage super le Tiber al intersection inter le Via Campana<ref>Le toponymia popular propone erroneemente que iste via conduce al campania, sed le etymologia scientific suggere que illo duce al ''Campus salinarum''.</ref> e le Via Salaria (pavite per le Sabinos in le II millennio a.Chr.), connectite per le vado del insula Tiberina, favoriente le commercio de sal recoltate in le paludes salate de Ostia, e le commercio de carne proveniente del descendentia del greges in transhumantia ex le [[Apenninos]]<ref>{{Cite book|language=en|author=Ada Cioffarelli|title=Archaeological routes|editorial=Bonsignori|date=1993|page=11}}</ref><ref>Les troupeaux pouvaient ainsi {{Citation|franchir le Tibre pour gagner les riches pâturages de plaine des territoires de la rive droite du fleuve. Là, la multitude des sentes de montagne rejoignait les routes principales, les via Salaria en provenance des hauts pâturages de la Sabine, et futures viae Latina et Appia en provenance des monts Albains. Le contrôle des points de passage sur le Tibre, à hauteur de Passo Corese, de Fidènes, de Ficana ou de Rome devait ainsi revêtir une importance certaine pour l'activité pastorale qui était encore l'activité dominante des populations de l'intérieur accidenté}}. Cf {{Cite book|author=Thierry Camous|title=Le roi et le fleuve. Ancus Marcius Rex aux origines de la puissance romaine|editorial=Belles Lettres|date=2004|page=132}}.</ref>. Le archeologia monstra que Roma es plus vetule que lo que suggere le [[Litteratura antique|autores antique]] qui vole inscriber le origine de lor citate in un [[Mythologia roman|passato legendari]]. Le prime communitates human se stabiliva de maniera permanente<ref>Le archeologia mette in evidentia tracias de occupation saisonal depost le Paleolithico.</ref> in le sito de Roma, initialmente [[Cloaca Maxima|infestate per paludes]] e subjecte al inundationes del Tiber, in particular super le Palatino e altere collinas roman ab le 10e seculo a.Chr. (epocha del bronzo recente), sub forma de parve villages<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boatwright |first=Mary T. |title=The Romans: From Village to Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/romansfromvillag0000unse |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-973057-5 |edition=2nd |language=en}}</ref>. Le prime Romanos esseva organisate in gruppos hereditari appellate ''gentes''<ref name="gentes-premiers-romains-avant-fondation-85-88">{{Cite book |last=Poucet |first=Jacques |title=Les origines de Rome: tradition et histoire |publisher=Publications Fac St Louis |year=1985 |pages=85–88 |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=gWpGTF_Vt54C&pg=PA86&dq=Rome+fondation+Albe-la-longue+gentes |access-date=6 October 2016 |language=fr }}</ref> o « clans ». Durante multe tempore, iste genere de divisiones esseva commun pro le majoritate del Indo-Europeos. Cata clan se compone de un aggregato de familias vivente sub le tutela de un patriarcha, appellate ''pater'' (parola latin pro « patre »)<ref name="gens-pater-tribus-clans-romains-avant-fonation-Rome-451-462">{{article | langue = fr | nom1 = Ménager | prénom1 = Léon-Robert | titre = Les collèges sacerdotaux, les tribus et la formation primordiale de Rome| périodique = [[MEFRA|Mélanges de l’École française de Rome]]. Antiquité | volume = tome 88 | numéro = 2 | année = 1976 | passage = 451-462|doi=10.3406/mefr.1976.1073 | consulté le = 06 octobre 2016 | lire en ligne = http://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1976_num_88_2_1073 |issn = 0223-5102 }}.</ref>. Cata gens constitue un unitate auto-governate e cata membro de un gens particular comparti le mesme derectos e responsabilitates que le altere membros<ref name="gens-pater-tribus-clans-romains-avant-fonation-Rome-451-462"/>. Cata clan se governa a se mesme de maniera democratic (cata membro pote votar) o aristocratic (un gruppo de senior solve le problemas)<ref name="gens-pater-tribus-clans-romains-avant-fonation-Rome-451-462"/>. Multo ante le date traditional de le fundation de Roma, un communitate se fusionava in un confederation, con le citate de Alba Longa constituente su puncto de reunion<ref name="gérard-Capdeville-155-156-166-171-avant-fondation-Rome-capitale-Albe-la-longue">{{Cite book |last=Capdeville |first=Gérard |chapter=Jeux athlétiques et rituels de fondation |title=Spectacles sportifs et scéniques dans le monde étrusco-italique: Actes de la table ronde de Rome (3–4 mai 1991) |publisher=École française de Rome |series=Publications de l'École française de Rome |volume=172 |location=Rome |year=1993 |pages=155–156, 166, 171 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1993_act_172_1_3056 |access-date=6 October 2016 |language=fr }}</ref><ref name="avant-fondation-rome-albe-la-longue-Anne-Dubourdieu-71-82"/><ref name="Liou-Gille-77-Albe-la-Longue-fondation-avant-Rome">{{article | langue = fr | nom1 = Liou-Gille | prénom1 = Bernadette | titre = Naissance de la ligue latine | sous-titre = Mythe et culte de fondation. | périodique = Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire | volume = tome 74 | numéro = fascicule 1 | année = 1996 | éditeur = Antiquité - Oudheid | passage = 77|doi=10.3406/rbph.1996.4096 | consulté le = 06 octobre 2016 | lire en ligne = http://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1996_num_74_1_4096}}.</ref>. Tamen, post un certe tempore, le sede de iste confederation se translata a Roma{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=1-2}}<ref name="gérard-Capdeville-155-156-166-171-avant-fondation-Rome-capitale-Albe-la-longue"/><ref name="avant-fondation-rome-albe-la-longue-Anne-Dubourdieu-71-82">{{Cite book |last=Dubourdieu |first=Annie |chapter=Denys d'Halicarnasse et Lavinium |title=Denys d'Halicarnasse historien des origines de Rome |publisher=Pallas |volume=39 |year=1993 |pages=71–82 |doi=10.3406/palla.1993.1274 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/palla_0031-0387_1993_num_39_1_1274 |access-date=6 October 2016 |language=fr }}</ref>. === Fundation del citate (753 a.Chr.) === {{AP|Fundation de Roma}} Le citate de [[Roma]] se situa al centro del [[Peninsula Italian|peninsula Italian]], al sud de [[Europa]] e in un position central del [[Bassino mediterranee|bassino mediterranee]]. Le sito mesme del citate, con su septe collinas e un spatio paludose al limite del Tiber, in le plano del Latio, es favorabile al intercambios commercial. Le prime Romanos probabilemente se installava super le ripa sinistre del Tiber, a circa 20 km ab le ostio del flumine. Le prime village independente se trova certe super le Palatino. Altere villages se formava super le Quirinale, le Esquilino, le Capitolio e super le collinas del Cælio. Al summitate de cata collina se trova un citadelle que protege le habitantes. Multo presto, iste villages effectiva un synecismo (union de casas) pro formar le [[Roma|citate de Roma]]. In torno a iste periodo, existe probabilmente extensiones verso le sud, assi como le long del ripa sinistre usque al imbuccatura del Tiber{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=5}}. ==== Le fundation secundo le legenda ==== [[File:Aineias Ankhises Louvre F118.jpg|right|thumb|[[Eneas]] portante Anchises, oenochoe con figuras nigre, verso 520–510 a.Chr., Museo del Louvre (F 118).]] [[File:Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg|right|thumb|Le Lupa Capitolina (secundo le legenda, Roma es fundate per Romulo e Remo, qui, in lor infantia, haberea essite nutrite per un lupa).]] Secundo le tradition roman, [[Romulo e Remo|Romulo]] e su fratre [[Romulo e Remo|Remo]] esseva le fundatores de Roma e del [[Senato roman]]. Le historiographia actual considera falsa ista tradition, fixante le origine del citate a finales del 8e seculo a.Chr.<ref>Bravo Castañeda, Gonzalo (1998) ''Historia de la Roma antigua'', capitulo 1.</ref> Numitor esseva le rege de un citate del Latio nominate Alba Longa. Esseva subverse per su fratre Amulio, qui lo expelleva del citate e procedeva a occider tote le filios excepte su unic filia Rhea Silvia. Perque ille non voleva que Rhea habeva filios, ille la obligava a dedicar se al culto de Vesta, assecurante se de iste maniera que illa esserea virgine. Rhea Silvia trovava se durmente in le rivo de un fluvio e le deo Marte se inamorava de illa, la possedeva e la lassava embarassate. Como consequentia illa faceva nascer duo geminos que nominava Romulo e Remo. Ante que le rege Amulio notava le successo, collocava a su filios in un canasta in le fluvio Tiber por que non suffreva le mesme via que lor oncles. Le canasta arenava e le parves esseva allactate per un lupa, Luperca, e plu tarde collectate per un pastor Faustulo e colite per su sposa, Acca Larentia. Se diceva que haveva essite educate en Gabio, localitate del Latio; plu tarde istos decideva fundar Roma. Quando illos cresceva, discoperiva su origine, pro lo que regressava a Alba Longa, occideva Amulio e reponeva a su avo Numitor in the throno. Iste les delivrava territorios al nord-west del Latio. In 753 a.Chr. le duo fratres decideva fundar un citate in iste territorio in un prateria del fluvio Tiber, secundo le rito etrusc, in le precise loco in ubi arenava le canasta. Delimitava le clauso del citate (''pomoerium'') con un arate que esserea le supposite Roma quadrata del Palatino. Romulo jurava occider totes qui transpassarea le limites sin permission. Discutente re le nomine del citate decideva que lo seligeva qui videva plu aves, prova que superava Romulo e la donava le nomine de Roma. Remo, irritate, discuteva con Romulo e borrava le sulco del limites del futura citate. Compliente le juramento, Romulo lo occideva. Le citate esseva construite in le ''pomoerium'' palatine, e Romulo esseva le soverano. Creava le senato, composite per cento membros (''patres'') cuje descendentes esseva nominate patricios e divideva le population in 30 curias. Por popular le citate, Romulo acceptava tote typo de gente (''asylum''): refugiate, libertos, sclavos, fugitivos... Romulo moriva in 717 a.Chr. Existe varie versiones de su morte, abuccate per le celos in medie de un tempestate provocate per su patre Marte o assassinate per un senatores discrepante. In honor al data de su disparition se celebrava le festas Nonas Caprotina. Ille serea divinisate e adorate sub le nomine de Quirino. Poste su morte se producera un anno de interregno usque que le senato elige como rege a [[Numa Pompilio]]. In le chronologia actual le data del [[fundation de Roma]] se fixava le 21 de april 753 a.Chr. Prendeva como puncto de referentia por datar eventos in le mundo roman. Esseva alludite como le Nascentia de Roma (200 aUC: Anno 200 ab Urbe Condita “In le anno 200 ab le Fundation del Urbe o del Nascentia de Roma”). === Initios del Monarchia (8e e 7e seculos a.Chr.) === Le [[Monarchia roman|Monarchia]] pote esser divise in duo periodos. Le prime vide le regno del quatro prime reges legendari (Romulo/[[Tito Tatio]], [[Numa Pompilio]], [[Tullo Hostilio]] e [[Anco Marcio]]), a qui le annalistas attribue le fundation del institutiones politic e religiose del citate. Iste es organise in curias, e le Senato e le comitia curiata deveni official. Roma se involvi in plure guerras de conquista. In iste epoca probabilmente se fundava le porto de Ostia e se construiva le prime ponte super le Tiber{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=3-6}}. ==== Familias patrician e lor division in curias ==== [[File:Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 019.jpg|right|thumb|Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Romulo, victor de Acron, porta le spolias opime al templo de Jupiter Feretrio, 1812, Bellas Artes de Paris, Paris.]] Secunde le tradition, le antique Romanos esseva divise in tres gruppos o tribos romulane: le Tities, le Ramnes e le Luceres. Le origine e le composition de iste tribos remane un subjecto de debate pro le historicos<ref>{{Harvsp|Heurgon|1993|p=212-213}}</ref>. Le familias que appatteneva a un de iste tres grupos constituiva le prime familias patrician. Pro organisar le citate, iste familias patrician divideva Roma in unitates appelate curias, quamvis, secunde le legenda, iste organisation es attribuite al prime rege, Romulo. Cata tres tribos es divise in dece curias{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=3-5}}. ==== Creation del Senato, del ''comitia'' e del Rege de Roma ==== Alcuno del clanes se governava democraticamente, con cata membro possedente le derecto de votar. Altere se governava aristocraticamente, organisate intorno a un consilio de senior. Quando iste clanes se fusionava pro formar un communitate plus grande, ambes methodos esseva conservate pro governar. Le prime Romanos se exprimeva democraticamente per medio de un ''comitia'' (« assemblea »). Le duo assembleas principal es cognoscite sub le nomines de ''comitia curiata'' e ''comitia calata''. Le ''comitia'' representa le tendentias democratic del prime clanes. Pro respectar melio le forma de democratia directe usate per le clanes confederate, le duo comitia esseva organisate pro reflecter le divisiones tribal del citate. Ergo, le ''comitia'' es organisate per curias. Le membros de cata tres tribos (Ramnes, Tities e Luceres) es assignate a un curia specific, cata gruppo divise in dece curias. Le equivalente aristocratic del assembleas assume le forma de un consilio municipal de senior. Dum le consilios de cata clan se componeva del senior del familias dirigente del clan, le consilio municipal se componeva del senior del clanes dirigente del citate, consilio que devenira le Senato. Secunde le legenda, illo se componeva de 300 senior (''patres'') veniente de cata tres tribos, constituente le prime senatores romanos{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=6}}. Le ''populus'' e le senior recognosceva le necessitate de haber un dirigente politic unic, appellate le ''rex''. Le ''populus'' electiva le rege, dum le senior le consilia{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=6}}. === Monarchia tardive (6e seculo a.Chr.) === {{Historia de Italia}} Le secunde periodo, plus ric in eventos que le prime, vide le regno del tres ultime reges legendari, le importante expansion del territorio roman e le disveloppamento del classe plebeie con su integration partial al structura politic del citate. Finalmente, iste secunde periodo vide le solmente reges extranger que regnava super Roma, con lor successiones basate in hereditate. Le tres reges etrusc semi-legendari initia un politica de conquesta. Sin analysar in detalio le grado de veritate de iste legendas, es multo probabile que tal conquestas vermente habeva loco al fin del Monarchia. Il deveni necessario determinar quid debe esser facite del populos conquestate{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=6}}. Le prime rege etrusc de Roma, [[Tarquinio le Vetule]], succede a [[Anco Marcio]]. On ha suggerite que Roma esseva invadite per le [[etruscos]], quamvis isto remane improbabile proque le citate se situa in un position facilemente defendibile e su rapide expansion attrahente le populationes de tote le region. Le politica liberal del citate offere opportunitate a un dirigente competente pro ganiar le throno{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=9-10}}. ==== Apparition del classe plebeie ==== Le plus sovente, le habitantes de citates conquerite remane in lor citates. Lor vita quotidian e lor systema de governo remane le mesme, ma lor citates perde lor independentia verso Roma. Tamen, un certo numero veni a Roma. Pro acquirer un statuto economic viable e legal, le nove venientes debe acceptar un dependentia verso un familia patrician o verso le rege (qui es ipse un patrician); illes deveni clientes de un familia patrician. Finalmente, illes que se attachava al rege es liberate de lor dependentia. Iste constituera le prime plebeios{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=7}}. Como Roma se expandiva, plus e plus soldatos es necessitate pro le conquestas. Le non-patricios appertineva al mesme curia que lor patronos. In iste tempore, le exercito es organisate secunde le curias, de sorte que le individuos dependente de familias debeva combatter. Tamen, quando illes es liberate de lor dependentia, illes quitava le curia al qual lor patrono appertineva. Illes non esseva plus obligate de combatter, ma illes perdeva tote statuto politic o economic{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=7-8}}. Pro remaner iste plebeios in le exercito, le patricios debeva facer concessiones, le natura exacte del quales non es cognoscite. Un del consequentias es que le plebeios ora habeva le derecto de posseder lor proprie terras. Illes habeva ora toto interesse a defender le citate: si illa esseva conquerite, illes perdeva tote lor terras. Tamen, illes non recipeva poter politic{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=8}}. Tote iste elementos, quando se implementava, conduceva al conflicte de ordines sub le [[Republica Roman|Republica]]. ==== Reorganisation servian del exercito ==== Pro remaner le plebeios in le exercito, le rege [[Servio Tullio]] aboliva le vetule sistema que organisava le exercitos secunde le curias e lo reemplaciava per un systema basate sur le proprietate de terras. Secunde le reorganisation de Servio Tullio, duo nove unitates esseva create e le exercito esseva dividite in centurias (''centuriæ''). Futur reorganisationes basate sur le tribos{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=4-9}} esserea plus efficiente. Le centurias se congregava in un nove assemblea appellate ''comitia centuriata'' (comices centuriates). Al momento de su creation, iste assemblea non habeva poter politic o legislative. Illo esseva solmente usate como puncto de reunion del exercito{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=21}}. === Reges mythologic === Le philologo e comparativista Georges Dumézil vide in le succession del prime reges un exemplo del functiones tripartite indo-europee<ref>[[Georges Dumézil]], ''Mythe et Épopée, I. II. & III.'', [[Gallimard]], [[Paris]], [[1995]].</ref>: Romulo, le fundator, e le pie Numa Pompilio exerce le function soveran, al mesme tempore organisative e sacerdotal; Tullo Hostilio exerce le function belligerente; Anco Marcio exerce le function productive. A cata rege legendari on attribue un contribution particular al nascentia e creation del institutiones roman e al disveloppamento socio-politic del citate. Le reges etrusc, Tarquinio le Vetule urbanisa Roma, Servio Tullio organisa le population citatan e militar, e Tarquinio le Superbe, per su comportamento, precipita le instauration del Republica. == Republica roman == {{AP|Republica Roman}} Le parola "republica" veni del latino res publica, que significa "le cosa public". Governar le citate es, assi, un affaire public e collective. Le lema del Republica es "Senatus populusque romanus", "le Senato e le populo roman". Illo symbolisa le union del Senato roman, ubi originalmente siede le familias patricie, e le totalitate del citatanos roman. De facto, le Romanos es dividite in duo gruppos, le patricios e le plebeios. Iste ultime forma le massa del artifices e agricultores. Illes vive foras del organisation patricie e non honora ulle ancestre particular. Le patricios es frequentemente proprietarios de vastes dominios cultivabile. Illes appertine a famas famas, le gentes. Cata ''gens'' ha su proprie cultos includente le culto del ancestres e lor traditiones. Illo comprende un numero plus o minus grande de clientes qui debe obedientia a lor "patrono" e recipe auxilio e assistentia in caso de necessitate. === Advenimento del Republica (5e seculo e principio del 4e seculo a.Chr.) === ==== Fin del regnos etrusc e institution del Republica ==== [[File:City of Rome during time of republic.jpg|thumb|left|Vision romantic de Roma, con le Tiber, le muro de Servio e le ponte Sublicio, dominante per le Capitolio e le templo dedicate al triade de Jupiter, Juno e Minerva.]] Le historia del initios del Republica es multo obscur: excepte le discopertas archeologic, que rarmente permitte un narration del eventos, on non possede fontes contemporanee de iste periodo. Assi, on pote scriber su historia solmente a base de le relationes historic que le Romanos mesme forni, relationes frequentemente imprecise, interdum contradictorie, ubi le legenda e le rescription politic se mixtura con le memoria del eventos le plus ancian. Nonobstante, ben que il es evidente que le tradition imbelli le factos pro non attribuer a Roma un rolo negative, hodie on admite que le tradition roman se basa super factos historic, ben que il es multo difficile e sovente impossibile disentanglar le ver del fals{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=40-41}}. [[File:Capitoline Brutus Musei Capitolini MC1183.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.8|Busto de Lucius Junius Brutus in le museos del Capitolio.]] Secundo le traditiones, Junius Brutus, le nepote del ultime rege Tarquin le Superbe, es le fundator legendarie del Republica roman, in 509 a.Chr. Tarquin es depellite, pois ille usa su poteres pro establir un tyrannia. Su abusos es talmente extreme que le Senato e le populo roman vident le concepto del monarchia como odios. Le Senato perde le controlo del election de nove reges sub le dinastia etrusque del Tarquins, e iste intrusion al sovereignitate del Senato, plus que un tyrannia intolerabile, incita le patricios, plus que le populo integre, a expeller le ultime rege. Tarquin le Superbe incita civitates etrusque contra le republica in le initio ma illos es superate. Porsenna, rege etrusc de Clusium, assedia alors Roma pro restaurar Tarquin, ma ille renuncia ante le obstination del Romanos. Autores moderne questiona tote le evenimentos obscur narrate per le historiographos roman, particularmente le episodio de Porsenna<ref name="EB">''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 2008, « Ancient Rome ».</ref>. Nonobstante, multe citates latin se libera del dominio etrusque al fin del 5e seculo a.Chr. Le tyranno se refugia postea a Tusculum ubi ille incita su genero Octavius Mamilius al guerra. Alleate con le Latinos, ille dirige le ultime conflicto contra Roma al laco Regillus ubi ille es vincite, postea moriente alcun annos plus tarde a Cumas ubi ille face de su hospite, le tyranno Aristodeme, su herede<ref>{{RefRA|TL|I|56|59}} & {{RefRA|tl|II|1|15}}.</ref><ref>{{RefRA|DH|IV|64|85|4D}}, {{RefRA|dh|V|1|18|5A}} & {{RefRA|dh|V|21|36|5B}}.</ref>. Alcun legendas suggere que le monarchia differe radicalmente del republica nascente. Il es plus probabile que il habeva un transition plus gradual. Pote esser occurreva un subversion rapide del monarchia, ma le sol cambio immediate a ille tempore es le substitution del rege per un magistratura con duo capites limitate temporalmente. Le altere cambios probabilemente occurreva plus gradualmente que lo que le tradition suggere. ==== Guerras exterior ==== Le battalia del Laco Regille, como etiam le fallimento de Porsenna, marca definitivemente le fin del regno del Tarquinios a Roma. In 493 a.Chr., un alliantia es signate con le [[Liga Latin|Liga latin]]: le ''[[foedus Cassianum]]''. Isto pone fin al guerra inter Romanos e Latinos e colloca Roma al par con tote le membros del Liga latin reunite. Isto crea circa Roma un parapetto contra le Volscos e Equos<ref>Tito Livio, ''Historia roman'', II.33</ref><ref>Dionisio de Halicarnasso, ''Antiquitates roman'', VI.95</ref>, pois Roma alliga se etiam con le Hernicos in 486 a.Chr.<ref>{{RefRA|DH|VIII|64|68|8C}}.</ref> Le historia roman del 5e seculo a.Chr. es disturbate per guerras contra le Volscos e Equos e occasionalmente le Sabines, ma Roma resiste e repelle le montaneros, infligente les graves disfetas e treugas plus o minus longe, nonobstante alcun reversos<ref>{{RefRA|TL|II}} a {{RefRA|tl|VI}}.</ref>. Roma e Veies se oppone pro rationes economic. Gratias a Fidene, situate supra Roma in un guado del Tevere, Veies controlla le Via Salaria e le traffico del sale in le region<ref>[[Jérôme Carcopino]], ''Virgile et les origines d'Ostie'', {{2e}} éd., [[Paris]], [[1968]], p. 416-420.</ref><ref>[[Adalberto Giovannini]], ''Le sel et la fortune de Rome'', dans ''Athenaeum'' [[1985]], p. 373-286.</ref>. Un prime guerra, private, es conducite per le Fabios, massacrate in le batalia del Cremera<ref>{{RefRA|TL|II|48}}.</ref>. Postea, circa 435 a.Chr., Roma occupa Fidene pro le prime vice<ref>{{RefRA|TL|IV|22}}.</ref>, que deveni un colonia roman, e postea definitivemente in 425 a.Chr., anno ubi un treuga de 20 annos es conciliate<ref>{{RefRA|TL|IV|34}}.</ref>. In 406 a.Chr., Roma assedia Veies<ref>{{RefRA|TL|IV|60|61}}.</ref>. Le guerra e le assedio dura dece annos, usque a 396 a.Chr., quando le citate etrusc cade in le manos del Romanos dirigite per le dictator Camillo in le anno 396 a.Chr.<ref>{{RefRA|TL|V|20|21}}.</ref> Iste guerra e iste captura es un evento major in le historia roman: pro le prime vice, le soldatos-agricoltores remane in le armea plus que un anno complete, sin retornar a lor casas pro le hiberno, e pro le prime vice, como compensation, illes recipe un salario extrahite de un nove imposto pagate per le proprietarios de terras, le ''tributum''<ref>{{RefRA|TL|V|2}}.</ref>. Le territorio roman duplica quasi su dimension e Roma prende le ascendantia in le alliance eternal inter equalos conciliate con le Liga latin, dominante le altere citates. Assi, Roma nunquam ha essite tan forte e necun citate latin o etrusc pare capace de facer le ombra{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=47-49}}. Ma in 390 a.Chr., un horda gallic, dirigite per Brenno, disface le armea roman. Le autoritates religiose e le objectos sacre es securisate a Caere, un alliate, ante que le Gallos occupa Roma e assedia le Capitolio, ubi le ultime defensores resiste<ref>{{RefRA|TL|V|38|41}}.</ref>. Si on crede le traditiones, Roma es totalmente depilliate, destruite e incendiate<ref>{{RefRA|TL|V|42}}.</ref>, solmente le Capitolio es parcite, defendite heroicamente (specialmente le episodio del ocas del Capitolio<ref>{{RefRA|TL|V|47}}.</ref>). In realitate, il pote esser que isto esseva solmente un sacco general, le Gallos depillante toto, specialmente le templos, plus que un destruction radical. Iste sacco remane a sempre un trauma pro le Republica roman, e assi le traditiones pote esser multo exaggerate<ref>Dominique Briquel, ''La prise de Rome par les Gaulois'', Paris, PUPS, 2008.</ref>. Le sacco de Roma es solmente un evento minor in un guerra inter le tyrannos de Syracusa, Dionysio le Senior al initio del 4e seculo a.Chr., alliatos del Gallos que illes usa forsan como mercenarios (hypothese del historiante Marta Sordi<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sordi |first=Marta |title=Guerra e diritto nel mondo greco e romano |publisher=Vita e Pensiero |year=2002 |page=381 |language=it }}</ref>), e le Etruscos de Caere (Caere e Siracusa luctante pro tenir le potentia thalassocratic), que es le objectivo del attacco gallic, e que suffre graves perditas simile a Roma{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=64-65}}. ==== Institutiones primitive e lucta inter patricios et plebeios ==== Post le cade del [[Monarchia roman|monarchia]], le Senato, e principalmente le duo sol magistratos, recuperava le poter supreme, transitant de un systema monarchic a un systema oligarchic. Isto cambio de governamento solo beneficia un minoritate, le nove elite: le patricios. Multe plebeios esseva profundemente debitate e subiva assi le lege del patriciato. Le prime secession del plebe occurre in 495 a.Chr. e le plebe obtene le creation del magistratura del tribunato del plebe, interdicte al patricios, incumbite de defender lor interesse. Le tribunos del plebe es inviolabile. Illes pote opponer se a cata lege proponite per le altere magistratos: isto es le intercessio<ref>{{RefRA|TL|II|23|33}}.</ref>. Le tribunos del plebe gania poter gradualmente. Per le ''Lex Publilia Voleronis'', le plebeios se organisa per tribu<ref>{{RefRA|TL|II|55|58}}.</ref><ref>{{RefRA|DH|IX|37|49|9B}}.</ref>, deveniente politicamente independente del patricios{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=29}}. Postea, illes demanda le scriptura del lege, per le medio del projecto del ''Lex Terentilia'', circum le qual Roma luctava pro un decada<ref>{{RefRA|TL|III|9|31}}.</ref>, usque que un commission extraordinari, le decemviros, esseva establite pro rediger le leges scripte. Le Leges ''[[Lege del Dece-duo Tabulas|Duodecim Tabularum]]'' esseva scripte in duo vices. Le secunde commission de decemviros essayava mantener lor poter absolute, ma a causa del secession del plebe, retirate sur le monte Sacro, illes debeva resignar, e le lege esseva approbate per le populo romano<ref>{{RefRA|TL|III|32|55}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{RefRA|DH|X|56|60|10D}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{RefRA|DS|XII|9|10}}.</ref>. Secundo studio modern, le secunde decemvirate nunquam eveniva<ref name="EB"/><ref>[[Olga Tellegen-Couperus]], ''A Short History of Roman Law'', p. 19-20.</ref>. Le Leges ''Duodecim Tabularum'' constitue le prime corpore de leges roman scripte. Lor redaction es le acto fundante del jure roman, del institutiones del [[Republica Roman]] e del [[mos maiorum]]. Un serie de leges es postea votate, per le quales le plebiscitos promulgate per le comitia tributa ha fortia de lege sub le condition que le Senato le ratifica, le derecto de appellar al populo es restabilite, le sacrosanctitate e inviolabilitate del tribunos del plebe es proclamate: ille es le leges ''Valeriae Horatiae''<ref>{{RefRA|TL|III|55}}.</ref>, assi como le abolition del prohibition de matrimonio inter plebeios e patricios: le ''lex Canuleia''. Pro facer facie al petition que le consulato se aperi al plebeios, le Senato propone le creation del tribunato militari con poteres consulare, aperite a omnes, e con quasi toto le poteres del consulato, excepte illes date a un nove magistratura patrician, le censura<ref>{{RefRA|TL|IV|1|7}}.</ref>. Al principio, le patricios monopolisa le nove magistratura, ma gradatim, le plebeios deveni plus numerose e accede plus e plus al tribunato militari con poteres consulare, que deveni quasi systematic, substituente le consulato. In 376 a.Chr., un serie de leges es proponite pro meliorar le condition del plebe a Roma. Illo tracta de leges politic, economic e social, que visa dividere le poter supreme inter plebeios e patricios, luctar contra le accumulation per le patricios del terras recentemente annexite circum Roma (ager publicus) e allevar le plebe que es opprimite per debitas: le propositiones include le restablimento del consulato, con necessariemente un electe plebeio inter le duo consules, le prohibition de occupar plus que 500 jugeres del ager publicus e le deduction del capital del interesses jam pagate e le extension del repagamento del debitas sur tres annos, assi como le abolition del nexum. Le tres leges, unite in un sol pro le votation, es approbate<ref>{{RefRA|TL|VI|35|42}}.</ref>. Le consulato plebeie implica implicitemente le accesso al dictatura e al censura. Durante tote iste periodo, le Republica Roman confronta se con multes inimicos, e es continualmente in guerra contra populos italic, frequentemente recurrendo a le election de un dictator pro facer facie a minacias exterior, e es plure vices proxime al catastrophe, como in le sacco de Roma in 390 a.Chr. === Conquesta de Italia (4e e initio del 3e seculo a.Chr.) === Le 4e seculo a.Chr. representa un puncto de cambio major in le historia de Roma, pois illo pone le bases del expansion que porta al extension del territorio roman usque al [[Campania]], malgrado le forte resistentia del montanieros samnita. Historicos contemporanee identifica plure factores pro explicar iste cambios: le trauma del invasiones gallic e le difficultates subsequente con su vicinos pare haber persuadite le Romanos a non plus acceptar menacias e a comenciar un expansion que a vices es qualificate de «imperialismo defensive». ==== Guerra del ordines ==== Le periodo post le leges licinio-sextie vide le emergentia de tendentias alarmante, como le approximation continue del tribunos e del senatores. Circa le medietate del 4e seculo a.Chr., le concilio plebeie ratifica le Lex Ovinia, que permitte al censores de decider le admission al Senato de omne magistrato recentemente eligite. Como le plebeios ja deteneva multe magistraturas, lor numero in le Senato cresce probabilmente rapidemente. Isto facilita le creation de un nove aristocratia plebeie, que se fusiona progressivemente con le vetere aristocratia patricie, creando un aristocratia combinate «patricio-plebeie»{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=43-48}}. In 287 a.Chr., le plebeios face secession. Pro terminar iste nove sedition, le leges hortensianae es adoptate, que da valor legal a resolutiones del assemblea del plebe (plebiscitos) sin necessitate de ratification senatorial. Isto priva le patricios de omne medio de opposition e pone le controlo del Stato in le manos del nove aristocratia patrician-plebeie{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=51-53}}. ==== Un armea de citatanos ==== [[File:Centurion 2 Boulogne Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|redresse=0.8|Centurion in un reconstitution historic.]] Solmente citatanos proprietarios ha le deber de combatter pro le Republica. Le plus ric serve in le cavalleria (''equites''), le alteres como infanteria (''pedites'')<ref>{{RefRA|TL|I|43}}.</ref>. Post le reformas de Camillo<ref>{{RefRA|Plu|Camille}}.</ref>, illes forma legiones de circa 4 500 homines: ''hastati'' (''iuniores'', juvene e ben trainate, in prime linea), ''principes'' (juvene ma plus experte, in secunde linea), e ''triarii'' (seniores, in le ultime linea e como reserva). Le plus paupere combatte como ''velites''. Existeva etiam truppas auxiliar, sin citatanitate roman, que assisteva le legiones. In le legione regnava un disciplina rigorose. ==== Historia del conquesta ==== In 390 a.Chr., Roma es prendite per le [[Gallia|Gallos]] e suffre su prime sacco. Pro le Romanos, iste episodio es vivite como un catastropha national. Le urbe non prende multo tempore pro relevar se de iste disastro<ref>{{RefRA|TL|VI|1|20}}.</ref>. Post alcun conflictos con su vicinos, in particular le [[Etruscos]] de Tarquinii vencite e alcun citates latinas rebelliose, e post haber facite fronte a nove incursion es gallic, Roma comencia le conquesta del [[Italia]]<ref>{{RefRA|TL|VII|1|28}}.</ref>. Roma habeva sapite poner fin a su divisiones social e poteva assi presentar un modello politic seductor al aristocratias del altere citates mediterranee, un atuto diplomatic non negligibile. Le diplomatia, in effecto, joca in le conquesta roman un rolo sovente negligite in favor del aspectos purmente militar. Le deditio de Capua in 343 a.Chr. constitue le melior exemplo: pro beneficiar del protection roman, le citate campanian de Capua se rende completemente a Roma, que vide su zona de action traditionalmente extendite subitemente al ric region que es Campania{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=68}}{{sfn|Hinard|2000|p=260 sq.}}. Le interpenetration del élites es si importante que on parla a vices de un “Stato romano-campanian”{{sfn|Hinard|2000|p=266-267}}. In omne caso, un mechanismo essential del futuras conquestas se pone in marcha: Roma se appoia super le aristocratias local, o super un parte de illos, pro extender su territorio; in cambio, illa offere a iste aristocratias le stabilitate politic e le integration valorisante in un insimul plus vaste, le accesso a un scala superior. Assi, durante le prime guerra samnitic, le Romanos interveni, in 343 a.Chr., pro proteger [[Capua]] contra le Samnitas. Iste es vencite in 341 a.Chr., ma Roma non pote exploitar su successo e debe retraer se a causa del insurrection del Latinos, que menacia directemente Roma<ref>{{RefRA|TL|VII|30|42}}.</ref>. Seque le guerras latinas, que oppone Roma al Liga latina, que circumfereva in parte le territorio roman. Un tentativa del populos latinos de obtener lor independentia de Roma es le causa principal del guerra. Le defaite del Latinos resulta in le dissolution del Liga latina, assi como le incorporation de su territorios in le sphera de influentia roman. In iste occasion, le Latinos recipe derectos partial e differente nivellos de citatanitate, e lor citates es transformate, o in municipes, o in colonias roman<ref>{{RefRA|TL|VIII|1|14}}.</ref>. Inter 336 e 327 a.Chr., Roma se impone plus al sud del Italia e in Campania, e stabilisa le territorios novemente conquestate<ref>{{RefRA|TL|VIII|15|26}}.</ref>. Le fundation roman de Fregellae al frontiera samnitic e grave tensiones a Neapole provoca un reaction hostile immediate del Samnitas. Le conflicto dura quasi 40 annos. Le Romanos reporta le prime battalias, ma post plure annos de guerras de frontiera, le consules roman decide, in 321 a.Chr., de portar le guerra in territorio samnitic, un initiative que termina per le captura humilianti de duo legiones per le samnita Caius Pontius al battalia del Furcas Caudinas. Le hostilitates fini in 316 a.Chr. e le tregua es in favor del Samnitas, que obtene del Romanos le cessione del colonia roman de Fregellae<ref>{{RefRA|TL|VIII|27|40}}.</ref>. Le hostilitates recommencia in 314 a.Chr., e Roma vince un vaste coalition que include le Samnitas, le Etruscos, le Umbros, le Marsos, le Hernicos, le Pelignos e le Salentinos<ref>{{RefRA|TL|IX|1|28}}.</ref>. In 304 a.Chr., le Marsos, le Pelignos, le Marrucinos e le Volscos es a lor vice subjugate. Le Aequos, vencite per un campania fulminante, es annexe<ref>{{RefRA|TL|X|1|13}}.</ref>. In 295 a.Chr., le Samnitas succede a introducer un armea in Italia del Nord, con le adjuta de lor alliate etruscos e umbros, in guerra contra Roma depost 302 a.Chr. In plus, illos profitava del presentia del Gaules, que depost 299 a.Chr. faceva incursion es regular in Italia del Nord. Le Romanos es victoriose super iste coalition, e le territorio samnitic es invadite: iste capitula in 290 a.Chr., Roma subjuga lor citates e annexa lor territorio<ref>{{RefRA|TL|X|14|47}}.</ref>. [[File:Pyrrhus route.jpg|thumb|Campanias de Pyrrho I de Epiro.]] Roma sortiva del guerras samnitic dominante in Italia central e in contacto directe con le citates grec que borde le costas sud del peninsula e que controla un parte del commercio mediterranee. Tarento appella al juvene rege de Epiro, [[Pyrrho de Epiro|Pyrrho]] I, pro retardar le progression roman<ref name="FloI18">{{RefRA|Flo|I|18}}.</ref>. In 280 a.Chr. Pyrrho disimbarca in Italia e vince le Romanos. Le populationes ancora independente del Bruttium e de Lucania se allia con Pyrrho, sequite per le Samnitas, e le juvene rege reporta de novo un “victoria pyrrhic”<ref name="FloI18"/>. In medio de su campanias in Italia, Pyrrho porta su adjuta al Sicilianos contra Carthago, lo que impelle Roma a alliar se con Carthago pro proteger Sicilia del appetitos de Pyrrho. Le avantia de Pyrrho es fulminante. Totevia, Pyrrho es obligate a partir de Sicilia pro occupar se de altere asuntos in Italia meridional<ref name="FloI18"/>. In 275 a.Chr., le Romanos finalmente vince Pyrrho, que quita Italia e retorna a Epirus, lassante un garnison a Tarento<ref name="FloI18"/>. Le Sallentinos e le Piceninos es a lor vice subjuga. In 265 e 264 a.Chr., Roma prende e destrue le citate etrusc de Volsinii, e le ultime citates etrusc ancora independente al sud del Arno es integrate in le Republica roman<ref>{{RefRA|Flo|I|19|21}}.</ref>. ==== Economia, societate e organisation del Italia ==== A iste epocha, le Republica roman jam domina un grande parte del Italia e permitte al peninsula de stabilisar se e de prosperar pro le prime vice in su historia; le economia roman e italian es florente. In Roma mesme, le institutiones se consolida e se diversifica, le conflicto del ordines prende fin, e lo Stato trova se un sol e unic maestro del poter: le Senato{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=94-98}}. [[File:Magna Grecia 280aC.jpg|thumb|Le Magne Grecia circa 280 a.Chr. (ante Christo).]] Post le cadita de Tarento in 272 a.Chr., tote le terras del [[Peninsula Italian|peninsula italian]] situate al sud del fluvio Arno es sub domination plus o minus directe de Roma. De tote iste populos e citates, necuno ha succedite a resister longemente al avantia roman, necun coalition bastante forte ha potite formar se pro resister al fortias roman, proque tote iste populos e citates esseva disunite in tempore de pace. Roma apporta al Italia un stabilitate al initio del 3e seculo a.Chr., al mesme tempore in que le institutiones del Republica etiam se stabilisa{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=99}}. Tote le populationes e tote le citates italian esseva dividite ante que Roma se imponeva, e iste ultime succede a mantener differentias inter illos, tractante con cata urbe e cata populo sub conditiones differente e pro statutos differente. De tote le Italia central e meridional, il non remaneva plus que “le Romanos, le Latinos e le alliate italian”, le sol libere homines intra le communitate roman. Il s tracta dunque de Roma e del populos o citates que esseva totalmente integrate, del territorios semi-integrate, e del alliate de Roma, al initio per alliantias inter egales, que deveniva rapidemente pactos dominate per Roma{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=99-100}}. Il existe duo typos de citatanitate roman: le citatanos de plen derecto, que frue de tote le derectos e de tote le deberes, in particular le derecto de votar e esser eligite, de proprietate, de reciper un solda in le armea, assi como le deber de servir sub le armas e de pagar tributos; e illes que ha le mesme derectos e deberes salvo lo de votar e de poter esser eligite magistrato. Un parte del ancianos Latinos que formava le Liga latina es incorporate a Roma con le citatanitate. Roma, de concerto con le Latinos, va fundar numerose colonias latinas in locos strategic del territorio roman. Iste systema de colonia latina, ubi le colonos non es citatinos roman, ma possede un certe numero de derectos intra le colonia quasi independente de Roma, va perdurar a longe, essente al avantage de Roma e del colonos. Finalmente, le alliatos es al base del structura administrative roman. Illes es le plus sovente ligate a Roma per un alliantia inequal, e in omne caso, iste alliatos debe fornir a Roma un certe numero de tropas e de fornimentos militar, sin que Roma debe pagar los, lo que allevia le citatanos roman{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=101-103}}. Assi, Roma habeva sapite crear circa se, intra un mosaico de statutos, un certe equilibrio e super toto un prosperitate que Italia non habeva cognoscite antea, attenuante in parte le inequalitates intra le organisation roman{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=99-103}}. ==== Institutiones politic ==== [[File:Organigramme république romaine.png|397px|right|thumb|Functionamento theoric del Republica roman circa le 3e e 2e seculos a.Chr.]] Ben que al comenciamentos del Republica es le consules qui detene le poter, pauc a pauc le Senato emerge e se impone in le sino del institutiones roman. Le assemblea deveni permanente e stabili su autoritate sur le magistratos roman al fin del quarte seculo a.Chr., passante de un consilio de seniores al organo principal del poter de qui le magistratos es subordinatos. Le Senato roman es orientate essentialmente verso le politica estranier. Ben que su rolo in le conflictos armate se limita theoricamente a illo de consiliero, le Senato fini per supervisar iste conflictos. In plus, le Senato gere le administration civile intra le citate. Ben que le Senato pote influentiar le promulgation de leges, ille non face officialmente iste leges. Le assembleas legislative, considerate como le incarnation del populo de Roma, face le leges domestic que guberna le populo. Le Senato promulga decretos appellate senatus consultum. Officialmente, il se tracta de "consilios" date al magistratos, sed in practica, iste decretos es frequentemente sequite al littera per illes<ref name="Pol">{{PolHis}}, VI.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Byrd |first=Robert |title=The Senate of the Roman Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-DFD-587 |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-DFD-587/page/44 44] |language=en }}</ref>. Durante tote le Republica, le citatanos es repartite in centurias pro finis militar, e in tribus pro finis civile. Ciascun del duo gruppos se assembla pro fines legislative, electoral e judiciari. Le comitios centuriate es organisate de un maniera multo aristocratic. Secundo iste organisation, le classes le plus elevate controla sufficiente centurias pro obtener le majoritate in cata voto. Solmente le comitios centuriate pote eliger le consules, pretores e censores, declarar un guerra offensive, o anque validar le censo. Le comitios tribute elige le questores, le ediles curule e le tribunos militar. Illos ha egalmente le poter de instruer casos judiciari. Le concilio plebeie non representa tote le populo, proque le patricios es excludite de illo. Le concilio plebeie elige su proprie representantes (tribunos del plebe e ediles plebeie, considerate como magistratos). In effecto, le concilio plebeie es le assemblea del tribus plebeie durante que le comitios tribute es le assemblea del tribus "patricio-plebeie"<ref name="Cic">[[Cicéron]], ''De la République'', II {{lire en ligne|lien=http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/orateurs/republique2.htm}}.</ref><ref name="Pol"/>{{,}}{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=196, 257-259}}<ref>[[Lily Ross Taylor]], ''Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar'', [[1966]], p. 3-7 & 63.</ref>. Le magistraturas es elective e annue, excepte le censura e le dictatura. Tote le magistratos ha un certe rango de poter. Le dictatores possede plus de poteres que n'importa qual altere magistrato, sequite per le consules e le pretores, magistratos ordinari. Cata magistrato pote solmente blocar per su veto un action prendite per un magistrato de rango egal o inferior a su proprie. Per consequente, necun magistrato pote opponer se per su veto al decisiones del Senato o del assembleas. Como le tribunos del plebe e le ediles plebeie non es propiemente parlate magistratos, illes non es concernite per le repartition del "poteres major". In general, isto face de illes magistratos independente del alteres. Illes non pote vider lor actos blocate per le veto del consules. Si un magistrato, un assemblea o le Senato non se conforma al ordines de un tribuno, iste, usante le intercessio, potera blocar iste action particular. Cata magistrato republican detene certe poteres (potestas), que comprende le imperium, le coercitio e le auspicia (poteres religiose). Iste poteres es equilibrate per plure constrictiones constitutional, includente le collegialitate (collega), le derecto del citatanos de appellar al populo (provocatio) e un division constitutional del poteres (provincia). Solmente le populo de Roma (plebeios e patricios) ha le derecto de conferer iste poteres a un magistrato<ref name="Cic"/><ref name="Pol"/>{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=151, 196}}<ref>[[Andrew Lintott]], ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic'', [[1999]], p. 95-113.</ref>{{sfn|Byrd|1995|p=20}}. === Conquesta del Mediterraneo (3e e 2e seculos a.Chr.) === ==== Conquesta del Occidente mediterranee ==== [[File:CarthageMap.png|thumb|Le [[Carthago|republica de Carthago]] ante le prime guerra punic.]] A partir de 264 a.Chr. comencia le grande affrontamento contra [[Carthago]], que marca un puncto de tornata in le historia de Roma. Carthago, ancian colonia phenicie, habeva primo disveloppate factores commercial, postea bases e colonias in tote le Mediterraneo occidental, in particular al occidente de [[Sicilia]] gratias a su spirito de entreprisa. Roma se diffide del ambitiones carthaginese in Sicilia: isto es le causa del prime guerra punic, que dura quasi vinti-cinque annos. Le Carthagineses prende primo le urbe de Messina, reprendite per surprisa per le Romanos, lo que disbocca al initio del guerra. Seque vinti annos de guerras con fortunes varie: le prime victorias es roman, postea le Carthagineses se reprende e arresta le avanciata roman. Finalmente, Roma prende le controlo del mares, e le victoria naval ante le insulas Egates compelle Carthago a signar un pace humiliator. Illo abandona Sicilia, postea [[Sardinia]] e [[Corsica]], e paga un forte tributo<ref name="FloII2">{{RefRA|Flo|II|2}}.</ref>. [[File:Second Punic War full-fr.svg|thumb|Campanias del secunde guerra punic.]] Post le prime guerra punic, Roma se expande in Illyria, post haber vincite le Ligures, le Insubres, e reducite le Gallia cisalpin in provincia roman<ref>{{RefRA|Flo|II|3|5}}.</ref>. De su latere, Carthago se lancea al conquesta de [[Espania|Hispania]]. Iste expansion inquieta Roma, que relance le hostilitates in 219 a.C<ref>{{RefRA|TL-|XXI|1|18}}.</ref>. Ma le Republica trova in facie de se un adversario reducibile: [[Hannibal]], un genio politic e militar. Hannibal gania in le nord de Italia un serie de victorias, passa le Apenninos, e avantia verso le sud. Illac, ille distrue duo vices le exercitos roman, a Trasimeno e a Cannes. Le citates alliate a Roma in le sud de Italia (ma solmente illac) se allia con Hannibal, que se instala a Capua<ref>{{RefRA|TL-|XXI}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXIII}}.</ref>. Roma refusa de ceder, e gania successivemente a Nola, a Syracusa con Claudio Marcello, postea in Hispania e finalmente in Africa sub le direction de Scipione le African. Iste ultime finalmente vince Hannibal in 202 a.Chr., in le plaine de Zama, lo que pone fin al secunde guerra punic. Le victite, qui perde lor possessiones exterior, debe pagar un enorme tributo a Roma, que deveni in 202 a.Chr. le prime potentia del Mediterraneo occidental<ref>{{RefRA|TL-|XXII}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXX}}.</ref>. Inter le rationes del successo roman on pote citar: le refusar del classe politic roman de se considerar jammais como vincite, mesmo si ella se divide super le strategia a adoptar (offensiva o defensiva) ; le capacitate de reclutamento, que reface sin cessation su perdas, al precio de un pression extenuante super su alliatos ; le maestria del mar ; e le fidelitate del populos alliatos circa Roma, que forni un glacis protectori e le major parte del portos del sud de Italia. Carthago es finalmente destruite in 146 a.Chr., al fin del tertie guerra punic (149–146)<ref>{{RefRA|Flo|II|15}}.</ref>. Malgrado multe revoltas, Hispania remane roman. Le Occidente mediterranee es assi sub domination roman in le 2e seculo a.Chr. Solmente le future Gallia transalpin non es ancora roman, ma illa deveni provincia in 121 a.Chr., perque le conquesta de tote le terras litoral de iste latere del Mediterraneo se completa. ==== Domination super le Oriente mediterranee ==== Durante le secunde guerra punic, Philippo V de Macedonia se allia con [[Hannibal|Hannibal Barca]]. Le guerra termina sin resultato clar in 205 a.Chr., con le division inter Roma e Macedonia de un territorio minor al littore del [[Mar Adriatic|Adriatico]] pro “combatter le pirateria”: Illyria<ref>{{RefRA|TL-|XXIII}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXIX}}.</ref>. In 201 a.Chr., le secunde guerra macedone es declanchate per Roma, con le adjuta de quasi tote le mundo grec. Iste conflicto resta indecise usque al victoria roman al battalia de Cynocephales in 197 a.Chr. In 194 a.Chr., Roma declara le Grecia “libere” e se retira completemente del [[Balkanes]]<ref>{{RefRA|TL-|XXXI}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXXIII}}.</ref>. Le Liga etolian, insatisficite del territorios obtenite, “invita” Antiocho III del Imperio Seleucida a les adjutar pro liberar Grecia del “oppression roman”. Roma responde expellente le Seleucidas de Grecia e infligente les derrotas in Asia Minor, compellente Antiocho a signar le Tractato de Apamea in 188 a.Chr.<ref>{{RefRA|TL-|XXXV}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXXVIII}}.</ref> Post le morte de Philippo V in 179 a.Chr., su filio Perseus provoca le tertie guerra macedonic. Al initio, le forças roman ha difficultates, ma in 168 a.Chr. illes schianta lor adversarios a Pydna. Macedonia es dividite in quatro republicas dirigite per marionettas roman<ref>{{RefRA|TL-|XLII}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XLV}}.</ref>. Roma reprime un rebellion macedonic e non se retira plus: illa forma le provincia de Macedonia, stabiliente un poter permanent super le peninsula grec. Inter 149 e 146 a.Chr., le Liga achean se revolta etiam: victoria roman, pillage e destruction de Corintho. In 133 a.Chr., le regno de Pergamo cade per hereditage a Roma, deveniente le provincia de Asia. ==== Roma e Italia in le 2e seculo a.Chr. ==== [[File:The Growth of Roman Power in Italy.jpg|thumb|Italia in le 2e seculo a.Chr., un mosaico de statos.]] In 287 a.Chr., le guerra del ordines terminava con le leges hortensian, que resolveva un del grande problemas del initios del Republica. Nonobstante, il non ha modificationes politice major inter 287 e 133 a.Chr. Le leges decisive de iste periodo es sempre ratificate per le Senato. Le fin del 2e seculo a.Chr. vide un aggravamento del problemas economic pro multe plebeios: le longas campanias militar tene multe citatinos foras de lor domos, impediente les de occupar se de lor terras, lassate al abandono. Le parve agricultores falle, e convergi postea verso Roma, ubi illes amplia le rangos del assemblate popular, ubi lor stato economic les induce a votar pro le candidatos que lor promitte le melior futuro. Nasce un nove cultura de dependentia, que favorisa le ascension del conductores le plus popular{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=65-80}}. Durante tote le secunde guerra punic, excepte alcun defectiones in le sud, le territorios latinos e alliatos remane fidel a Roma, contribuente enormemente al effortio de guerra, sia humanemente que materialmente. Totevia, le citatanitate roman es solmente limitatemente extendite, e rancores e motivos de rebellion se accumula contra le centro de poter a Roma, cec. Le organisation general del Italia non ha cambiate desde quasi duo seculos, mesmo si le territorio roman se extende ora super un grande parte del Mediterraneo. Iste blocage porta a un guerra civil terribile al initio del prime seculo a.Chr., cognoscite como le “guerra social”, inter Romanos e lor alliatos{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=137}}. Le Republica se trova como sol dominator de un parte integre del Mediterraneo, ubi le territorios es florente. Le prisa de Grecia e de un parte del Asia multiplica le influxo de ricchessas in tote le Republica. Le numero de sclavos se multiplica enormemente, lor benes es acquisite per Roma. Le contribution pecuniari de tote iste guerras e territorios absorbite es extraordinari. Le sclavitude deveni le motor del societate roman post le secunde guerra punic, quando le ricos Romanos comencia a crear grande proprietates (''latifundia'') in le provincias conquestate{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=141-145}}. Roma, deveniente dominator del Italia e specialmente del citates del Magna Grecia post le [[Secunde Guerra Punic]], fortifica su hellenisation. Le grec deveni un secunde lingua, largemente usate in le commercio e como lingua de cultura. Le Romanos le plus ricos invia lor filios al scholas grec. Le prisa de Grecia in 146 a.Chr. non face nisi consolidar iste phenomeno. Le arte grec experimenta un ver renascentia al medietate del 2e seculo a.Chr., e su influentia super le arte italic es considerabile. Le profonde hellenisation del arte roman es deliberate e desirate per le pais dominator{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=146-148}}. === Crises del Republica (fin del 2e e 1e seculos a.Chr.) === Le fin del Republica es marcate per le numerose guerras civil e exterior que ha incidentias considerabile super le economia e le societate roman. Le institutiones politic republican es poco a poco vacuate de lor contento in favor del general a capite de exercitos de veteranos devote a illes. ==== Guerras civil e fin del Republica ==== Le guerra profita specialmente al riccos. Le rangos del citatanes parve proprietarios se es rarefacte, specialmente durante le [[Secunde Guerra Punic|secunde guerra punic]]. Ergo, il ha minus agricultores. Le campanias se coperi de vastos pasturas. Le grano importate de Sicilia compete con illo del parve productores latinos que, ruinates, vende lor terras a basso precio al grande proprietarios e se move a Roma pro junger se al plebe urbane. Le grande familias se constitue assi immense domanios, le latifundia, ubi se installa colonos (agricultores non proprietarios) e numerose sclavos. Illes forma le ''nobilitas'', le nobilitate que monopolisa le magistraturas e reimple le Senato. Al latere de iste nobilitate fundiari, appare un nove classe de negotiatores qui se enrichi in commercio, banca e credito. Lor ricchessa les permitte tener un rolo importante in le ordine del equites. Nobilitate e equites se accorda pro expoliar le emergente imperio, dividite in provincias. Negotiatores e magistratos de origine nobilitari se enrichi per plunderar iste provincias de maniera systematic{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=152-153}}. In le urbe, tamen, le disoccupation cresce; le mano de obra salariate es concurrite per le massa de sclavos apportate per le conquestas. Roma deveni un urbe bigarrate con, al latere de citatanes roman, italicos, grecos e libertos de omne origines. Iste multitudine alimenta un agitation constante in le citate. A partir de 133 a.Chr., le tensiones se multiplica inter le riccos e le povres, tanto plus que le plus luxuriose excessos ha facite apparition a Roma. Un [[Reformas Gracchan|tentative de reforma]] appare tamen con le Gracchos, originari de un grande familia nobile. Illes pensa que un reforma agraire es necessari pro resolver le problema del plebe, ma le duo fratres es assassinate in succession, e lor reformas abandonate{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=153-158}}. [[File:Marius Glyptothek Munich 319.jpg|197px|left|thumb|Caio Mario (157 a.Chr. — 86 a.Chr.).]] Germanos invade le Gallia e supervince plure vices le exercitos roman. Un reforma militar profunde es initiate, admitte in le rangos del exercito le proletarii, i.e. le citatanes sin proprietate, que non habeva usque tunc accesso al legiones. Un exercito de povres e sin proprietarios succede assi al exercitos de citatanes proprietarios terren, ma illo deveni un exercito professional, preste a dedicar se a su chef e a aperir le via al poter, tanto plus si ille es generose. Iste nove exercito permitte a Roma e a Marius de triumphar contra duo menacias{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=159-160}}. [[File:Sulla Glyptothek Munich 309.jpg|197px|left|thumb|Sylla<br>(138 a.Chr. — 78 a.Chr.)]] Post le Gracchos, veni le tempore del ambitiose que lucta pro le poter. Gratias al reforma militar e a su victorias in Africa e in Gallia, Marius domina le vita politic, associando al su poter le chefs del parte popular. In 91 a.Chr. comencia le guerra social, que oppone le Senato al italicos que tenta obtener le citatanitate roman. Nam illes, benque parte del Republica desde longe tempore e contributores major al exercito, non habe pro le major parte le statuto de citatano e es ancora considerate como subditos. Roma succede a blocar le rebellion per conceder le citatanitate al alliantos que non se habeva revoltate, e postea a omnes que deponerea le armas. Sylla vence le ultime citates irreductibile. Al fin del guerra social, le italicos obtene assi le citatanitate roman e Italia es unificate sub un sol statuto juridic. Ma le problemas persiste. Le institutiones republican functiona mal. Equites e nobilitas se affronta pro le exploitation del provincias. Sucede guerras civil inter Sylla e Marius, massacros reciproc in Roma, e finalmente le dictatura de Sylla, qui face importante reformas politic, reforcante le poter del aristocrates e diminuente illo del tribunos del plebe. Il se retira postea del vita politic{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=162-168}}. Rapidemente, nove revoltas produce nove expeditiones militar, favorisante le emergentia de nove generalos victoriose que se disputa le poter. Pompeo e Crasso affronta con successo le rebelliones e le inimicos de Roma. Pompeo alora se allia con Crasso e con Julio Cesar, in plena ascension politic. Le tres homines se comparti le poter e forma le Prime Triumvirato. De 58 a 51 a.Chr., Julio Cesar conquesta le Gallia independente, obtenente prestigio e ricchessa. Il pote assi consacrar se a su ambition supremo: le conquesto del poter a Roma. Il pote contar super le fidelitate de su legiones e de su supportos politic in Roma. Interim, Crasso trova le morte contra le Parthos a Carrhas in 53 a.Chr. Pompeo, profitante del absentia de Cesar, es nominate consul unic per le Senato in 52 a.Chr., pro mitter fin al agitation politic incessante in le urbe. Al fin de 50, comencio de 49 a.Chr., le nobilitate roman confide a Pompeo le mission de proteger Italia. Cesar, con tropas experimentate per 9 annos de guerra in Gallia, invade Italia e batte le exercitos de Pompeo in Hispania e postea a Pharsalo in 48 a.Chr. Le ultime partisans de Pompeo es battite in Africa in 46 a.Chr. Cesar resta le sol dominator de Roma post 4 annos de guerra{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=170-180}}. [[File:Giulio-cesare-enhanced 1-800x1450.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Julio Cesar (circa 100 a.Chr. — 44 a.Chr.).]] Il organisa un monarchia que non se appella assi. Il es nominate dictatore per 10 annos, postea dictatore a vita in 44 a.Chr. Il es “eligite” consul cata anno, es censor e porta le titulo imperator, capite supremo del exercitos. Il detene etiam le inviolabilitate tribunician. Il reorganisa le Senato, aperiente lo a familias non roman originari del provincias. Il practica un politica favorabile al povres: remission de debitos, lotisation pro veteranos, grande obras pro embellir Roma. Il mori assassinate al Idus de Marte in 44 a.Chr. per un complotto dirigite per Bruto e Cassio{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=180-181}}. [[File:Republica Romana.svg|left|thumb|Roma al tempo del morte de Julio Cesar.]] Post la morte de Julio Cesar, Octaviano, su nepote e filio adoptive, Marco Antonio, su tenente e consul in exercitio, e Lepido, magistro de cavalleria del defuncto dictatore, se accorda pro divider le poter. Illes forma le Secunde Triumvirato. Lor prime objectivo es vingar la morte de Cesar. Cassio e Bruto es occidite in 42 a.Chr. al battalia de Philippi. Octaviano obtene le titulo de Imperator e plure territorios (Corsica, Sardinia…) in 38 a.Chr., benque le triumvirato de cinque annos sia renovate per le Tractato de Tarento le mesme anno. Post la destitution del triumviro Lepido per Octaviano, iste e Marco Antonio se trova facie a facie. Le conflicto es inevitabile. Marco Antonio, alliate a Cleopatra, es battite a Actium in 31 a.Chr. Octaviano prosegue methodicamente le conquesto del Oriente, usque in augusto 30 a.Chr. Quando Marco Antonio e Cleopatra se suicida, Octaviano resta le sol dominator de Roma. In ultra, le opinion public es fatigate del disordines e del guerras civil; illo demanda un regime stabile, mesmo si autoritari{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=182}}. De retorno in le citate, Octaviano inaugura un nove era que se terminara solmente con le catauta de Roma in le 5e seculo. == Imperio roman == {{AP|Imperio Roman}} === Alte-Imperio (1e seculo usque al initio del 3e seculo) === Le Senato confereva alora a Octaviano le titulo de Augusto. Mesmo si on lassava le functionamento del ancian magistraturas e del Senato, Augusto concentrava tote le potentias in su manos. Su successores, le imperatores [[Dynastia julio-claudie |julio-claudian]], le [[Dynastia flavie|flavianos]] e le [[Dynastia Antonin|Antoninos]], portava le Imperio Roman a su apogeo. In le 2e seculo, le superficie del Imperio Roman esseva a su maxime extension, e contava inter 50 e 80 milliones de habitantes. Roma, con su superficie de 1 385 hectares<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lafont |first1=Bertrand |last2=Tenu |first2=Aline |last3=Clancier |first3=Philippe |last4=Joannès |first4=Francis |title=Mésopotamie: De Gilgamesh à Artaban (3300–120 av. J.-C.) |publisher=Belin |location=Paris |series=Mondes anciens |year=2017 |page=54 |isbn=978-2-7011-6490-8 |language=fr }}</ref> e su million de habitantes, esseva le plus grande citate del mundo mediterranee. Durante le regno de [[Constantino I]], un lista esseva producite super le monumentos in Roma (40 arcos de triumpho; 12 foros; 28 bibliothecas; 12 basilicas; 11 grande thermas e circa 1 000 baños public; 100 templos; 3 500 statuas de bronzo de personages illustre e 160 de auro o de ebore de deos e deas, al quales se adjungeva 25 statuas equestre; 15 obeliscos egyptie; 46 lupanares; 11 aqueductos e 1 352 fontes public; 2 circos pro le corridas de carros (le plus grande, le ''Circus Maximus'', poteva reciper circa 400 000 spectatores); 2 amphitheatros pro le gladiatores (le plus imponente, le Amphitheatro Flavian, con 50 000 a 70 000 placias); 4 theatros (le plus vaste, le Theatro de Pompeio, con 25 000 placias); 2 immense naumachias (lacos artificial pro spectaculos aquatic e reconstitutiones de battalias naval); e 1 stadio de 30 000 placias, le Stadio de Domitiano, pro le competitiones de athletismo). E le lista non se arrestava ibi<ref>{{Cite book |last=Angela |first=Alberto |title=Une journée dans la Rome antique: Sur les pas d'un Romain, dans la capitale du plus puissant des empires |publisher=Payot |year=2022 |page=29 |isbn=9782228930376 |language=fr }}</ref>. ==== De Augusto al fin del Severos ==== [[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|''Augusto de Prima Porta'', in le Museos del Vaticano (Braccio Nuovo), Vaticano, Roma.]] Auguste (Octaviano), le prime imperator de Roma, recipe le poter proconsular pro dece annos. Il divide le Imperio in provincias senatoral (pacificate) e imperial (ubi se trovava le fortes armate). Il assume le controlo absolute del exercito, del qual ille assecura le financiamiento, e es permanentemente protegite per le guarda pretorian, stationate in le ''Urbs'' (usque ad alora nulle tropa habeva resideva in Roma). Le Senato retine o recipe importante prerogativas in le dominios del administration civil (Roma, Italia, provincias), del financias, del justitia e del moneta. Augusto voleva que ille fosse, fronte al exercito (reformate e devenite definitivamente un exercito professional), le sol elemento civil que contava in le Stato. Sub le principato de Augusto, Roma esseva dividite in dece-quatro « regiones ». Obras esseva initiate pro stabilisar le rivas del Tiberi. Pro luctar contra le incendios, satis frequente in le capital, un corpo de vigiles esseva instaurate, e nove aqueductos esseva construite. Multe altere monumentos esseva edificate durante su regno<ref>Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Augusto''.</ref><ref>[[Jean-Pierre Néraudau]], ''Auguste'', [[Les Belles Lettres]], [[2007]].</ref>. A su morte, esseva su ultime filio adoptive, [[Tiberio]] — filio de un prime matrimonio de Livia — que deveniva imperator. Le Imperio prosperava e accumulava fundos que contribueva a sanear le financias, ma su regno esseva equalmente marcate per le assassinos de personalitates politic, e ille moriva odiate<ref>Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Tiberio''.</ref><ref>[[Pierre Renucci|P. Renucci]], ''Tibère, l'empereur malgré lui'', éd.[[Mare et Martin]], [[2005]].</ref>. [[Caligula]], su parvo-nepote e nepote adoptive, tertie filio de Germanico, assumeva postea le poter. Durante sex menses, le Romanos poteva felicitar se de haber un imperator juste, utile e liberal, que les faceva oblidar le sinistre fin del regno de Tiberio; ma un grave maladia cambiava dramaticamente Caligula, qui deveniva un tyranno. Un conspiration lo supprimeva, e [[Claudio]], su oncle, le succedeva<ref>Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Caligula''.</ref><ref>[[Pierre Renucci]], ''Caligula, l'impudent'', [[in-folio]], [[2007]].</ref>. Malgrado su manco de experientia politic, [[Claudio]] se monstrava un administrator capace e un grande constructor public. Su regno videva le expansion del Imperio: cinque provincias se adjungeva al Imperio, inter illos Britannia (in 43), Lycia, Mauritania, Norico e Thracia. Ille extendeva le citatanitate roman a multe provincias, inter illas le Gallia, ubi ille esseva nate. Ma ille esseva un imperator debile, e ille moriva envenenate al instigation de Agrippina in 54, post haber, super su consilios, adoptate su filio [[Neron]]<ref>Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Claudio''.</ref>. Le prime annos del regno de Neron esseva recognoscite como exemplos de bon administration, ma numerose scandalos appareva, inter illos le grande incendio de Roma. Mal circumferite, ille prendeva mal decisiones e demandava le suicidio (le ultime de troppo) del excellente general Corbulo, provocante le rebellion de plure de su pares. Le imperator esseva destitute per le Senato e se suicidava<ref>Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Neron''.</ref><ref>[[Eugen Cizek]], ''Néron'', [[Fayard (édition)|Fayard]], [[1982]].</ref>. Isto signava le fin del [[Dynastia julio-claudie|Julio-Claudianos]]. A la morte de Neron, le Imperio experientia un prime crisis. Generales — Galba, Othon e Vitellio — es nominate imperatores a turno per lor truppas, pro esser postea assassinate in 69<ref>Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Galba''., Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Othon''. e Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Vitellio''.</ref>. Finalmente, le chef del exercito de Oriente, Vespasiano, un italiano, deveniva imperator, dante assi origine al [[dynastia flavie]]. Il restabili le ordine e le pace in Roma, assi como in le provincias revoltate. Pro consolidar su poter, le imperator se inspirava del modello augustee, reprendente le grande themas de su regno e monopolisante le magistraturas superior. Al scala del Imperio, ille menava un politica inter continuitate e innovation. Como su predecessores, ille multiplicava le constructiones public, in particular le Colosseo que ille initiava. In plus, ille introduceva ver innovationes in le campo financiari. Le frontieras del Imperio se stabiliva e se fortificava con le construction de un systema defensive pro vigilar le populos barbaric ultra le [[Rheno]] e le [[Danubio]] (Germanos, Dacos, Sarmates, Chattos)<ref>Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Vespasiano''.</ref><ref>[[Léon Homo]], ''Vespasien l’empereur du bon sens'', [[Éditions Albin Michel]], [[Paris]], [[1949]].</ref>. Su filio Tito, qui habeva jocate un grande rolo durante su regno, le succedeva, ma esseva imperator solmente duo annos. Le secunde filio de Vespasiano deveniva alora a su torno imperator<ref>Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Tito''.</ref>. Le conquesta de Britannia per Agricola se continuava con brillantia, e Domitiano lanceava un offensive surprise contra le populo germanic del Rheno le plus potente del epoca, le Chattos, que ille venceva. Le presentia roman in Britannia e in Germania esseva seriemente reforciate. Sed multo tosto le situation se degradava super le Danubio. Le Dacos se univa, e Domitiano interveniva in persona con le guarda pretorian pro los chassar. Finalmente, post le reversos de generales romanos, Domitiano prefereva tractar e concludeva pace con le rege daco Decebalus, qui deveniva un rege cliente e recipeva subsidios. Al initio de su regno, Domitiano se monstrava liberal e juste. Ille esseva laudate pro su senso de justitia e de religion. Totevia, su natura inquiete, su tendentia a vider conspirationes ubique, su violentia e su autoritarismo obscurava le fin de su regno. Ille esseva assassinate in 96 per un conspiration de palatio<ref>Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Domitiano''.</ref>. Le Senato habeva ja previste un reimplacia in le persona de Nerva, qui dava origine al [[dynastia antonin]]. Il adoptava su successor Trajano, un romano de Hispania. Cinque imperatores remarcabile sur sex eligeva, durante lor vita, lor successores, proque illes non habeva filios; totevia, le selection se faceva sempre inter parentes proxime. Le regnos de Trajano e de su successor Hadriano correspondeva al apogeo del Imperio Roman. Trajano, durante que ille favorisava le agricultura e meliorava le administration, conquestava Dacia, le Imperio Parthe e annexava Arabia. Le imperator promoveva etiam le romanisation del Imperio. Le conquesta del Parthia, tamen, non le superviveva<ref>[[Paul Petit]], ''Histoire générale de l'Empire romain, T. 1 : Le Haut-Empire'', [[Éditions du Seuil]], [[1974]], p. 150 et suivants.</ref>. Le imperator Hadriano se dedica a ducer un politica plus defensive. Sub su regno, in plure regiones de frontiera, specialmente in Africa e Britannia, importante fortificationes se disveloppava, frequentemente appellate ''limes''. In plus, Hadriano laborava pro meliorar le functionamento del Imperio. In le continuitate de un effortio jam initiate per altere imperatores, ille promoveva le integration del provincial, specialmente per le creation de colonias honorari: durante que le termino colonia designava usualmente le installation de colonos romanos, illo deveniva ora un titulo honorific concedite a un citate e que donava le citatanitate roman a tote su habitantes{{sfn|Petit|1974|p=170 et suivants}}. Le regno de Antonino le Pio non esseva marcate per conquestas, ma plus tosto per un voluntate de consolidar le stato actual. Es traditionalmente durante su regno que on considera que le Imperio Roman attingeva su apogeo, a causa del absentia de guerras e de revoltas major in provincia. Es tamen iste politica defensive e expectative que annunciava le difficultates financiari e militar del Imperio<ref>[[Bernard Rémy]], ''Antonin le Pieux. Le siècle d'or de Rome (138-161)'', [[Fayard (édition)|Fayard]], [[2005]].</ref>. [[Marco Aurelio]] e Lucio Vero succedeva a Antonino. Le secunde moriva post octo annos de regno, sin grande actos. Le prime esseva cognoscite como un imperator-philosopho stoic. Sur le plano interior, ille realisava un importante obra legislative. Ille passava dece-quinque annos super le frontiera danubian a luctar contra le Barbaros. In effecto, le Imperio entrava in un periodo multo minus favorabile: su vicinos al frontieras pareva plus potente, e le Imperio debeva affrontar difficultates agricole, fames e le epidemia del peste antonin<ref>[[Marc Aurèle]], ''Pensées à moi-même'', éd. [[Mille et une nuits]], [[2005]].</ref><ref>[[Pierre Grimal]], ''Marc Aurèle'', [[Fayard (édition)|Fayard]], [[Paris]].</ref>. Marco Aurelio eligeva su filio Commodo como successore. Le assassinio de iste, qui se habeva comportate como un tyranno durante un grande parte de su regno, poneva fin al dynastia del Antoninos. Su assassinato in decembre 192 aperiva un crisis politic, como al fin del dynastia julio-claudie. Le guarda pretorian assassinava le nove imperator Pertinax e portava al poter Didio Juliano. [[File:Septimius Severus Glyptothek Munich 357.jpg|thumb|Busto de Septimio Severo, Glyptotheca de Munich.]] Finalmente, le general del exercito del Danubio, le african Septimio Severo, prendeva le poter. Ille cumulava de beneficios le exercito, del qual ille augmentava le effectivos, e reforciava le poter imperial. Le pretorianos, qui habeva facite e disfacite tante imperatores, esseva de ora in avante recrutate inter le legiones del Danubio fidel a Septimio Severo. Ille salvava pro un tempore le Imperio ab le anarchia e initiava importante reformas politic, militar, economic e social. Le mixtura cultural portate per le Imperio se accresceva, e le religiones venite de Oriente deveniva plus popular in le Imperio, in particular le culto de Mithra inter le militares. Iste aspecto ha essite a vices exaggerate per le historicos, qui describeva le Severos como un dynastia oriental, un judicio que es hodie considerabilemente relativisate<ref name="Sév">[[Marcel Le Glay]], ''Rome : T 2, Grandeur et chute de l'Empire'', [[Éditions Perrin]], [[2005]], p. 336-337.</ref>. Ille nominava su duo filios Augusto, ma a su morte, Caracalla se hastava a occider su juvene fratre Geta. Ille es cognoscite pro haber publicate in 212 le famose edicto que porta su nomine, le qual dava a tote le homines libere del Imperio le citatanitate roman. Ille moriva assassinate in le fronte parthe per ordine del prefecto del pretorio Macrino, qui solmente pro breve tempore succedeva prender su placia. Ille nominava su proprie filio Diadumeniano Cesare e pois Augusto in 218, ma ambe esseva assassinate<ref name="Sév"/>. Le cosino de Caracalla, Elagabal, deveniva postea imperator, ma, tote occupate per le culto del deo del mesme nomine, ille lassava le governamento a su avia Julia Maesa. Ille esseva occidite per le pretorianos, e su cosino Severo Alexandro le succedeva pro un regno de 13 annos. Post su assassinato, le Imperio cadeva in un periodo multo plus turbate, traditionalmente appellate « [[anarchia militar]] », termino tamen improprie, proque, ben que le poter imperial esseva a vices dividite, illo nunquam esseva absente. ==== Poter e culto imperial ==== Le imperatores porta le titulo de ''imperator'', chef supreme del exercitos. Durante tote le duration del Imperio Roman, le victoria es un potente factor de consolidation del poter. Le imperator vincite vide se facilemente contestate in su poter per un altere general ambitiose. Tote le imperatores prende le habitude de facer se eliger consule pro monstrar le continuitate inter le institutiones republican e le principato. Isto etiam confere les le ''imperium'', le poter de constringer e de esser obedite per omnes<ref name="Veyne">[[Paul Veyne]], « Qu'était-ce qu'un empereur romain », ''Diogène'', {{n°|199}}, 2002/3 {{lire en ligne|lien=http://www.cairn.info/revue-diogene-2002-3-page-3.htm%20Qu'est%20ce%20qu'un%20empereur%20romain?}}.</ref>. Illes ha etiam le imperio proconsular, lo que les da le autoritate de governar tote le provincias. Como detentores del potentia tribunician, illes possede le intercessio, isto es, le derecto de opponer se a qualcunque decision del magistratos del Imperio. Como [[Julio Cesare|Julio Cesar]], illes porta le titulo de grande pontifice, lo que face de illes le chefes del religion roman. Illes recipe un juramento de fidelitate personal de tote le habitantes del Imperio. Usque al fin del [[Imperio roman de oriente|Imperio Byzantin]], le succession de un membro del familia al defuncte imperator non es automatic. Le poter non pertine ni a un individuo ni a un dynastia. Assi, il ha riscos importante de guerras civil a cata fin de regno. Le periodo del Antoninos, ubi le imperator eligeva su successores foras de su familia, e ubi non occurreva disturbios al accession del nove imperator, es un exception<ref name="Veyne"/>. Le Senato e le populo es penetrate per le timor de un guerra civil a cata succession. Illes dunque accepta con empressemento le idea que un descendente del principe reinante prendeva le sequite de su patre. Un del deberes de cata imperator es preparar le transmission pacific de su throno. Le election le plus logic es, mesmo pro le Romanos, designar su filio o adoptar un. In caso de crise, un general portate in triumpho per su soldatos pote per le armas attinger le poter supreme. Le guarda pretorian, incaricate de custodiar le securitate del imperatores, joca un rolo crescente in le complottos e le assassinatos que marca le periodo imperial. Le function de grande pontifice procura al imperatores un character sacre. In ultra, in le credentias popular, Scipion le African, Mario e Silla habe un character divine. Cesare disveloppava circa se un legenda de divinitate, pretendente descender de Venus e Eneas. Le imperator Augusto instaura le culto imperial. Ille face divinisar Cesare e assi, como su herede, ille se eleva supra le humanitate. Ille se dice filio de Apollo. Ille associa etiam tote le communitate al culto del genio familiar, deveniente assi le patre de omnes, de ubi su titulo de “patre del patria”. Augusto refusa de esser divinisate in su vita. Ille tamen permitte que on construe templos dedicate a ille, specialmente in le Oriente habituate a considerar su sovranos como deos vivente, a condition que su nomine sia associate a illo de Roma divinisate. Le movimento continua post su morte. Tote le imperatores se pone sub le auspicio de un deo. Pauco a pauco, illes es assimilate a deos vivente in tote le Imperio. Post le morte illes recipe le apotheose. Le Antoninos prende Jove capitolin como deo supreme. Durante le regno de Hadriano, le divinisation del imperator vivente progresse ancora in Oriente. Le ideologia imperial assume aspectos plus philosophic. Le imperator debe su successo a su merito (Virtus) e al protection divin<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |volume=1 |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |year=1974 |page=181 |language=fr }}</ref>. Le culto imperial es etiam un maniera de habituar le habitantes del Imperio, si dissimiles per cultura e credentias, a respectar le poter de Roma per medio de un imperator divinisate. In tote le Imperio, on restaura o construe templos dedicate al culto imperial. Ceremonias es organisate in honor del imperator. Isto es le occurrentia pro le communitate de reunir se in procession con sacrificios, bancchetes e tote sorta de spectaculos. ==== Administration imperial ==== [[File:Roman Empire Map.png|thumb|Le Imperio roman sub Hadriano, con frontieras stabilisate, circa le anno 120.]] In le provincias senatorial, le governator, un proconsul o un propretor, es nominate per le Senato. Iste provincias es in pace e nulle legione reside ibi permanentemente. In le provincias imperial le governator, un legato propretorio o procurator, es nominate per le imperator. Le Egypto es dirigite per un prefetto del ordine equestre, nominate per le imperator. Totevia, le imperator dispone de poter de controlo in tote le provincias. Ille pote nominar legatos extraordinari in le provincias senatorial. Ubique in le Imperio, le dominios imperial, le impostos indirecte e le minas es administrate per un procurator nominate per le imperator. Italia gode de un statuto privilegiate: illo escappa al imposto fundiari e es administrate directemente per le Senato. Le governatores es nominate pro un duration de 4 a 6 annos. Illes mantene ligamines strictes con le poter central gratias a un correspondentia multo active. Illes debe supervider le impostos, le ordine public, le censimento, le respectos del proprietates. Illes dispone de un administration multo reducite. De facto, illes interveni in le vita del provincias specialmente pro judicar un citatano roman, reprimer disturbios importante al ordine public, resolver difficultates financial del citates. Le majoritate del questiones administrative es resolvite al nivello local intra le quadro del citate. Pro le Romanos, iste citate constitue le quadro de vita ideal. Ubi illo non existeva, specialmente in Occidente, le Romanos lo creava. In le capital, on trova circa le sovrano organismos e homines que le adjuta a governar. Le consilio del prince, del qual ille se circumda pro prender le decisiones capital, es componite de homines eligite pro lor competentias militar, juridic o diplomatic. Le consilio deveni poco a poco permanente e prende un rolo predominante in le governamento del Imperio. Le prefetto del pretorio es le persona le plus importante del entourage imperial. Ille dirige le guarda pretorian e es le comandante secunde durante le expeditiones militar. Finalmente ille mesmo fini per menaciar le poter imperial. ==== Organisation militar ==== [[File:Roman Legions camps - AD 80.png|thumb|left|Displicamento del 27 legiones roman in le anno 80.]] Usque al medio del 2e seculo, le exercito remane un exercito de conquestas. Augusto annexiona Illyria e tenta vanmente de subjugar Germania. Ille fixa le frontieras del Imperio al [[Rheno]] e al [[Danubio]]. Claudio face le conquesta de Britannia; Trajano, celle de Dacia e de Arabia. Ille realisa etiam le ephimere conquesta de Parthia. A partir de Hadriano, le plus importante es mantener le Imperio e non plus subjugar nove territorios. Un del prioritates de Hadriano es de enclavar le spatio roman detra un muro destinate a proteger le Imperio contra le barbaros. A ille on debe le famose Muro de Hadriano al nord de Britannia<ref name="Vassal1">[[Véronique Vassal]], « Le nouvel Hadrien », ''L'Histoire'' {{n°|335}}, octobre 2008, p. 28.</ref>. Su successores continua su obra. Al frontieras de Germania, de Oriente e de Africa, muros es erigite. On finiva per dar les le nomine de limes, ben que in latino limes significava simplemente un via de patrulemento al frontiera. Vias strategic permitteva de transitar facilemente usque al frontieras pro defender los in caso de attacco. In total, le Romanos habeva 9 000 km de frontiera a defender. Le exercito remane stationate al frontieras. Le governatores del provincias frontalier que habeva legiones es eligite con cura per le imperator, pois que illes assume lor commandamento. In total, 400 000 homines, distribuite in 30 legiones (25 al tempore de Augusto), defendebant le frontieras. [[File:Roman legion at attack.jpg|thumb|Soldatos roman circa le anno 70 (reconstruction ludic).]] Le exercito roman comprende circa 150 000 legionarios de citatanitate roman, engageate pro 20 annos. Illes es duplice per truppas auxiliar recrutate inter non-cittadinos, que recipeva le citatanitate roman post 25 annos de servicio militar. A partir de [[Hadriano]], un parte del auxiliares se distingueva del exercito roman, proque illes reteneva lor armamento traditional<ref name="Vassal1"/>. Le Italianos, que al prime seculo ancora esseva majoritari in le legiones, reluctava sempre plus a facer lor servicio militar. Il esseva dunque necessari cercar recrutas in le provincias que, quando illas esseva multo romanisate, anque reluctava a partir al exercito. Le soldatos esseva dunque recrutate sempre plus in le provincias minus romanisate, ben que, al secunde seculo, le guarda pretorian e le officiales (centuriones) esseva sempre recrutate inter Italianos. Italia remaneva etiam le principal loco de recruta pro le formation de nove legiones, como al etate de Marco Aurelio (''Legio III Italica''). Le exercito roman deveniva tamen un exercito professional que habeva amalgamate le varie populos del Imperio. Su unitate proveniva de un spirito de corpore date per un entrenamiento rigorose, un disciplina ferree elevate al rango de divinitate, un religion specific del campamentos circa le deos traditional romanos e le culto imperial, e un encadramento de qualitate. Al corpore del ingenieros militar on debe le construction de canales, de vias, de aqueductos e de fortification de citates. Le presentia del exercito al frontieras esseva un grande factor de disveloppamento economic pro iste zonas e un potente instrumento de romanisation. ==== Societate del Alte-Imperio ==== Le 80 milliones de habitantes del Imperio pertine, per nascentia o per fortuna, a differente gruppos social. On nasce sclavo, homine libere o citatano roman. Le sclavos non ha alcun derecto. Illes vive un vita multo dur in le grande dominios o in le minas. In le urbes, lor condition es plus clemente. Illes labora como domestic, artisanos, e mesmo professores o artistas pro le plus erudite. Alcunos tene boteca e versa un summa a lor domino pro poter travaliar. Assi illes pote pagar lor manumission. Le subditos del Imperio es homines libere que non es citatanos romanos. Illes pote testificar in judicio. Illes debe tamen pagar un imposto supplementari: le tributum. On deveni citatano roman per nascentia, per decreto, o post 25 annos de servicio militar. Le majoritate del citatanos exerce parve mestieros. A Roma, il existe 200 000 citatanos paupere pro qui le distributiones gratuite del annona es vital. Le plus riccos es reunite in le ordine equestre o in le ordine senatorial per decision del imperator. In iste societate de ordines — ordine senatorial, ordine equestre, ordine decurional — le nobilitas se distingue per un recognition de origine e non per un statuto. Tamen, le nobilitas perde certe de su marcatores social. Al secunde seculo, le procession del portraitos dispare. Illo es de facto reservate de nunc solmente al funerales imperial<ref name="Badel">[[Christophe Badel]], ''La Noblesse de l'Empire romain. Les masques et la vertu'', [[Champ Vallon]], [[Seyssel (Ain)|Seyssel]], [[2005]].</ref>. Al initio del Imperio, le societate non es fixate. Le sclavos, specialmente urbanos, pote esser facilemente manumitite per lor domino. Pauco a pauco, tote le homines libere accede al cittadinia. Le edicto de Caracalla, in 212, rende tote le homines libere cittadinos romanos, lo que “fortifica le unitate moral del Imperio”. Tamen, le barbaros subjugit per le fortia, assi como le basse stratos del population egyptie, non recipe le cittadinia. Assi, a Volubilis, le paisanos isolate e le tribos semi-nomade vicin al citate remane subditos del Imperio, excepte alcun chefes recompensate assi pro lor supporto<ref>J.L. Panetier, en collaboration avec H. Limane, ''Volubilis, une cité du Maroc antique'', éd. Maisonneuve et Larose/Malika, [[Paris]], [[2002]].</ref>. Ma pauco a pauco, le distinction se face inter le honestiores, le potentes, e le humiliores, le humiles. Illes es tractate de maniera inegale ante le justitia: al distinction juridic inter cittadino e non-cittadino se substitue un distinction social inter ricos e pauperes. ==== Le urbe, loco del civilisation roman ==== [[File:Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire large.png|left|thumb|Mappa del centro de Roma durante le Imperio roman.]] In quasi tote le citates del Imperio on vive al hora roman. Secundo certe estimationes<ref>Secundo le numero e le importantia del aqueductos, le recenseamentos.</ref>, Roma, le capital, contava plus de un million de habitantes sub le Alte Imperio (inter 600 000 e 1,2 million)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duiker |first=William |title=World History |url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistory0000duik |publisher=Wadsworth |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistory0000duik/page/149 149] |isbn=0-534-57168-9 |language=en }}</ref>. Le Romanos la appella simplemente ''urbs'', le citate. Illa es, con Alexandria, le plus grande citate del mundo roman. Desde le prime seculo, le citate esseva multo embellite per le imperatores. Iste numerose monumentos symbolisa le grandor de Roma e le arte de viver del Romanos. Le fora, locos de vita politic sub le Republica, deveniva insimul monumental continente basilicas, numerose templos, arcos triumphal e bibliothecas. Le colline del Palatino es occupate per le palatios imperial, le domo del Augustos. Ma Roma es supra toto, in le imagination popular, le citate del jocos. Plure monumentos extraordinari les es dedicate: le Circo Maximo inter le monte Palatino e le Aventino; le Coliseo, le plus grande amphitheatro del mundo roman, dedicate al jocos del circus, essencialmente combates de gladiatores. Le thermas appare al fin del Republica. Le imperatores ne construe multes pro le otio del plebe roman. Pro apportar le aqua necessari al thermas e al numerose population, multe aqueductos es construite. Al prime seculo, illes poteva apportar quasi un million de metros cubos de aqua per die al citate. Roma cresceva durante le seculos de maniera disordinate: le stratas es stricte e sinuos. In 64, post le incendio de Roma, Neron face reconstruer le citate con axos large e aerate. Le plus ricos vive in vaste villas, durante que le plus modeste habita in immobiles collectivos, le insulae. [[file:Domus suomi.png|thumb|Plano e maquette de un villa suburban de typo pompeian.]] Le architectura roman flore in le citates. Le architectura imperial innova per le generalisation del volta a pleno circulo e per le uso systematic del mortero (''opus caementicium'') e postea del ladrillo (''opus latericium''), realisante monumentos sempre plus audace a Roma (Pantheon, Coliseo, fora imperial, thermas, etc.) e in le provincias (Ponte del Gard, arenas de Nemausus, etc.). Le grande metropoles como Carthago e Antiochia reflore. Le Romanos edifica ubique in le Imperio citates con plano regular appellate plano hippodamian. Le citate se organisa circa duo axos: le cardo e le decumanus. On trova ibi tote le monumentos typic del romanitate. Le citates ha a lor capite un senato local appellate curia, recrutate inter le ricos habitantes del Imperio. Illes forma le ordine decurional. In su seno es eligite le magistratos: aediles — incaricate del policia del mercados e del vias —, duumviri — magistratos con attributiones judicial —, duumviri quinquennales — eligite cata cinque annos con functiones censorial. Le ordo decurionum debe gerer le finantias (pecunia publica) e le territorio del citate, garantir le ordine public e le relationes con le poter central. Le decuriones, e specialmente le magistratos, finantia in grande parte ex lor proprie pecunia le construction de monumentos e templos. A summas legalmente definite e exigite, illes pote adder voluntarimente un donation personal. Iste practica appellate evergetismo occupa un placia importante in le construction e le vita del citates. Le evergetismo permitte al aristocrates del citates de manifestar lor liberalitate e lor fasto; illo pote esser un instrumento de autocelebration, supportar un strategia familiar, le monumento donate rememorante le gloria del familia trans generationes, al mesme tempore que illo funda un cohesion politic e social. Le donation del evergete pote esser concipite como un contra-don que responde al respecto monstrate per le citate e al poter politic que illa le confereva. Festas, spectaculos e distributiones varie, sovente resultante del evergetismo, contribue in le citates al elaboration e postea al mantenentia de un cultura municipal e de un cohesion civic. Si le historiographia videva in le passato in le evergetismo un factor explicante le abandono del functiones politicas per le aristocratias local, iste hypothese non es nunc acceptate, e on non imagina plus un desertion generalisate del curiae. In le citates del Occidente del Imperio, le latino se diffunde, durante que le Oriente remane fidel al lingua greca. ==== Prosperitate economic ==== In regula general, le majoritate del ricchessas producite proveni del campanias e del agricultura. Sub le Alte Imperio, le tendentia al concentration del possessiones fundiari se confirma. Le nobilitas o le templos de Oriente possede vaste dominios. Ma le plus grande proprietario del Imperio es le imperator ipse, qui amplia su possessiones per confiscar illos de su adversarios. Le centro del grande dominio o latifundium es le villa, le residentia del domino con su dependentias. Si le ideal proclamate es illo de autarchia — pois que es le patrimonio fundiari e le autosufficientia que funda le dignitate social — il existe importante regiones de culturas commercial. Le principal cultura es celle del cereales, que permitte de nutrir tote le habitantes del dominio. Le agronomos romanos recommenda reservar un parte del superficie a culturas commercial como le vinea e le olivo. Le parve proprietate non ha disparite completemente: illa remane le ideal del societate roman, ma su importantia se ha reducite. Si sub le Imperio le agricultura ha paucemente evolvite, illo ha tamen diffusite certe practicas technic. Le existentia de ganhos de productivitate non es excludite, secundo certe autores. Le principal activitates artisanal es exercite in le campanias, ma etiam in le citates: production textile, fabrication e mantenentia de utensiles, production de ceramica. Durante multo tempore, le historicos considerava le citates antique como purmente consumitores; post discussiones importante, iste opinion es hodie multo relativisate. Importante regiones minari existeva in Hispania e in le regiones danubian. Ma ibi etiam, le progressos technic es minime. Le labor manual e le activitate mercantil es, pro le classes instruite, fonte de disprecio, reservate al classes inferior e al sclavos. Le existentia de sclavos ha forsan constituite etiam un obstaculo al disveloppamento del progresso technologic. Totevia, recenter recercas archaeologic relativisa fortemente iste judicios ancian: archaeologos e historicos concorda hodie, per exemplo, super le diffusion importante e precoce del molino a aqua in le Imperio Roman. Le pace e le prosperitate del Alte Imperio provoca un crescimento del activitates commercial. Le Mediterraneo, al corde del Imperio Roman, cognosce un traffico intense. Le pirateria es multo reducite gratias al flottas de guerra del imperatores que patruia permanentemente. Le naves se aventura sempre plus in alto mar pro abbreviar le duration del traversiones; ma pro itinerarios breve o medie, le marinarios prefere le cabotage longo del costas. Le Mediterraneo es aperte de martio usque a octobre, isto es, le navigation ibi es autorisate; in inverno, non ha navigation. Le grande portos mediterranee es Ostia (le porto de Roma), [[Alexandria ad Egypto|Alexandria]] in Egypto e [[Carthago]] in Africa. Le ligamines commercial attinge etiam le [[Mar Baltic|Baltico]], le Africa nigre per caravanas trans-saharian, India e China. Assi on vide que le Imperio non es un spatio claudite. Le gusto del Romanos pro productos de luxo alimenta le grande commercio international. In iste senso, le Imperio prolonga le duo ultime seculos del Republica, ma le domination economic italian in certe campos — ceramicas de qualitate, amphoras, vinos — cede, con le tempore, al productiones provincial. === Crise del Imperio Roman (3e seculo) === {{AP|Crise del Tertie Seculo}} ==== Origines del crise ==== Le historicos ancora se interroga super le causas del crise profunde que traversa le [[Imperio Roman]] al 3e seculo. Alcun causas externe al Imperio pote explicar lo. In Oriente, le Imperio Parthe in disgregation cede le loco al Imperio Sassanida in le secunde quarto del 3e seculo. Iste imperio potente, ben structurate e aggressive, exerce un pression constante super le provincias de Asia. In le nord-est de Europa, le Germanos oriental, que vive in le regiones del mar Baltico, initia un migration lente verso le Sud e le Sud-Est europee. In facer isto, illes expelle altere tribos que se trova sur le territorios que illes transversa. Iste tribos cerca refugio in le Imperio Roman, sperante trovar ibi nove terras e un ric botino{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=191}}. Lor incursion revela le debilitate del strategia defensive roman: le legiones es massate al frontieras, ma, un vice transversate le region frontalier, le barbaros pote devastar quasi sin impedimento le provincias. Le dispositivo militar roman e le organisation del poter imperial es etiam multo poco adaptate a un guerra simultanee sur duo frontes, in Oriente e sur le ensemble Rheno-Danubio. Le difficultates interne es debite al distantia sempre plus grande inter le militares, preste a imponer pesante sacrificios al civiles pro proteger le Imperio del menacias de invasion, e le classe possedente, que accepta difficilemente le augmento de su cargas fiscal. Politicamente, isto se traduce per le ascension del ordine equestre, titular del grande prefecturas e sempre plus presente in le provincias como governator in loco del classe senatorial{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=192-193}}. In plus, a partir de 250, le Imperio Roman es attingite per epidemias que provoca, al minus regionalmente, un depopulation e un crise economic, que afflige principalmente le Occidente jam devastate per le incursion germanic. Le stato plus recente del recerca relativisa tamen le character general e continu del crise. Le 3e seculo es ora plus tosto describite como marcate per alcun grande crises ben definite ab le puncto de vista chronologic: crise politic in 238; duo graves crises in le annos 250 e 260, le periodo le plus difficile pro le poter imperial. Ma on insiste etiam super le diversitate del situationes regional, le mantenentia de prosperitate in Africa, le existentia de periodos de redressamento, o super le capacitate de recuperation e de resistentia, inducente plus un periodo de mutation que un crise e un declino continu. ==== Instabilitate imperial ==== Le periodo inter 235 e 268 es satis mal cognoscite. Dece-septe imperatores se succedite, facite e disfascite per le fortuna del armas. Le imperatores es create per un nove gruppo, le stato-major del exercito. Illo elige le nove imperator, qui es postea avalisate per le Senato. Le rango imperial deveniva, al oculos del militares, le grado plus elevate in le hierarchia del officieros<ref name="Veyne"/>. Assi, Maximino I le Thrace es le prime militar de carriera a devenir imperator per le voluntate sol de su soldatos<ref>{{RefRA|Eut|IX|1}}.</ref>. Ille dispende grande energia pro securisar le frontiera contra le Dacos e le Sarmatas. Ille exige de la classe senatorial e del provincias pesante tributos pro facer fronte al despesas militar que attinge le medietate del budgeto del Stato. Iste pression fiscal provoca le fraude fiscal del senatores, cuje fortuna supera le million de sestercios<ref>Jean-Pierre Brun, « La croissance à Rome », émission ''[[La Marche de l'Histoire]]'' sur [[France Inter]], 31 mai 2012.</ref>, e le revolta del grande proprietarios de Africa que porta al poter Gordiano I in association con su filio Gordiano II in 238. Illes es rapidemente vincite. Maximino es occidite ante Aquileia, insimul con Pupieno e Balbinus, eligite per le Senato como noves Augustos. Al fin de 238, Gordiano III, le nepote de Gordiano I, deveni imperator. Ille periva assassinate al instigation del prefecto del pretorio, Philippo le Arabe, qui debe eliminar plure concurrentes ante esser occidite in affrontar Decius. Decio es le prime imperator occidite per barbaros, durante le grave disastro de Abritto contra le Gothos in 251. Treboniano Gallo e Emiliano se succede a ritmo rapide. Iste ultime regna solmente octo-octo dies. Le legitimitate imperial, que se basava super le victoria, es submittite a rude prova: le crise militar incoragia le usurpationes, con le exercitos que cerca un general efficace e le regiones menaciate que desira un imperator proxime pro proteger los. Valerian regna associate a su filio Gallieno. Iste es le ultime aristocrate a attinger le Imperio. Illes debe affrontar le incursiones del Alamanni e del Francos in [[Gallia]] e le offensiva del souverano sassanida Sapor in Syria. In 260, Valerian es mesmo capturate per le Persas e termina su dies como sclavo in Iran. Gallieno, remanente sol imperator, succede a arrestar un invasion del Alamanni per vincer los in Italia del Nord. Ille abandona le Dacia, conquestate per Trajano, que deveniva troppo difficile a defender, e fixa le frontiera del Imperio super le [[Danubio]]. Ma ille debe affrontar numerose usurpationes: celle de Macriano e Quieto in Oriente, de Regaliano in Pannonia e de Postumo in Gallia, qui proclama le Imperio de Gallias. Le successores de Gallieno es tote militares a qui le armea ha date un grande rigore e le fide in le eternitate del Imperio Roman. Le Imperio es devenite militar. A partir del reformes initiate sub Gallieno — exclusion del senatores del commando militar — le imperatores illiricos affronta le crise e reorganisa le defensa del Imperio. Aurelian reunifica le Imperio ponente fin al secessiones palmyrenian e gallic e fortifica Roma. ==== Transformationes post 260 ==== Gallieno initia un mutation profunde del strategia militar. Il distribue in profunditate le medios de defensa per placer in le principal nodos viari de Illyria detachamentos del legiones de fronteira. Il constitue un importante cavalleria con un commando autonome. Il exclude le senatores del cargas militar e los reimplacia per equites. Il introduce in le armea barbaros vincite, initiando assi le « barbarisation » del exercito{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=197}}. Le armea absorbe un parte semper plus grande del ressources del Statu. Un imposto special, le annona militar, es prelevate pro su mantenentia. [[File:Romanworld271AD.jpg|right|thumb|Le Imperio dividite circa 271: le imperio del Gallias e illo de Palmyra.]] Le functiones de generalissime e de duce victoriose, que le imperator tene traditionalmente, es fortificate in iste periodos de guerras incessante. In addition al appellativos habitual como felix, on associa plus e plus le termino invictus. De facto, un imperator victoriose pote sperar le fidelitate de su subjectos e de su tropas. In caso de disfacta militar, concurrentes appare inter le altere generales. Le imperatores tamen tenta trovar legitimitate per transformar le culto imperial. Aureliano es divinisate durante su vita. In su monetas, on pote leger le inscription ''deus et dominus natus'' (Deo e senior de nascentia). Le difficultates del tertie seculo induce le Romanos a pensar que illes ha essite abandonate per le deos, e de isto seque un periodo ubi le citatanos que refusa participar al cultos public, como le christianos e le judeos, es persequitate. Decio, a partir de 250, e postea Valeriano, renova le obligation de sacrificios, lo que produce persecutiones contra le refractarios. In 260, su filio Gallieno publica un edicto de tolerantia que constitue le prime legitimation official del christianismo per le autoritates roman<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Timothy David |title=Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History |chapter=The "Great Persecution" (303–313) |volume=III |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=2018 |page=97 |isbn=978-3-16-150226-2 |language=en }</ref>, e que es mantenite per su successores durante 40 annos. Le opposition inter le ''nobilitas'' e le homo novus es plus vivace que jammais. Le Imperio passa in le manos de familias que nunquam habeva exercite le function imperial. Le emperores novi lassa a su familia le nobilitate in hereditage. Le ''honestiores'' del provincias occidental e le dirigentes del populos barbar vicin obtene etiam le ''nobilitas'', que los incorpora in le stratos plus elevate. Concernente le nobilitate roman, illa conserva un immense prestigio social, ma perde quasi tote su autoritate politic<ref name="Badel"/>. === Antiquitate tardive (fin del 3e seculo usque al 5e seculo) === ==== Imperatores del Basse-Imperio ==== Pauc menses post su advento al poter, Diocletiano comprende que ille non pote regir le Imperio sol e confide a Maximiano le carga de occupar se del Occidente in le titulo de Cesar e postea de Augustus. In 293, ille da a Maximiano un adjutante que porta le titulo de Cesar, Constantio Chloro, e se elige ipse un, Galerius. Assi, le necessitates del Imperio face nascer quasi per caso le tetrarchia, isto es, le poter a quatro. Il non ha un division territorial del Imperio Roman, ma le quatro homines se distribue le commando del tropas e le sectores ubi illes interveni. Diocletiano remane tamen al culmine{{Sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=206}}. Iste nove organisation permitte eliminar le usurpatores que seminava le disturbio in Gallia e repeller le barbaros. Le victoria super le Sassanidas permitte reforciar le presentia roman in [[Mesopotamia]] con le constitution de cinque nove provincias<ref name="AntTarEnc">[[Paul Petit]] et [[Yann Le Bohec]], « L'Antiquité tardive », ''Encyclopædia universalis'', DVD 2007.</ref>. Le politica interior de Diocletiano se insere in le linea del imperatores del tertie seculo. Ille reforcia le divinisatio del function imperial. Ille etiam desencatena le ultime e plus violente persecution contra le christianos. In 305, le duo Augusti abdica le mesme die pro lassar le loco a lor Cesares, Galerio e Constantio Chloro, que deveni a lor turno Augusti. Diocletiano elige duo novos Cesares, Maximino II Daia e Severo, excludente deliberatemente del succession le filios de Maximiano e de Constantio Chloro. Postea, Diocletiano se retira a Spalato. [[File:Head Constantine Musei Capitolini MC1072.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Constantino I (imperator roman), bronzo del 4e seculo, Museos del Capitolio.]] Le secunde tetrarchia se confronta con le ambiciones de Maxentio e Constantino, filios respective de Maximiano e de Constantio Chloro. Un periodo de instabilitate seque, con usque a septe Augusti al mesme tempore. In 313, duo imperatores remane in lucta: Constantino I, installate in Nicomedia, e Licinio. Iste ultime es vincite un prime vice in 316 e finalmente eliminate in 324. Constantino, le prime imperator que se convertiva al christianismo, remane assi le sol sovereign. In le mesme anno, ille elige le ancian colonia grec de Byzantio, situate super le ripa europee del Bosphoro, pro fundar un nove capitale que portara su nomine: Constantinopole. Construite sur le modello de Roma, illa es inaugurate in 330. Quando [[Constantino I|Constantino]] moriva in 337, ille non habeva reglate su succession. Su tres filios se parte le Imperio, ma termina per disputationes. Finalmente, le Imperio es reunite sub le autoritate del secunde filio de Constantino I, Constantio II, qui nomina duo Cesares con poteres multo limitate. Le nove imperator continua le politica de su patre. Un del Cesares, Juliano, responsabile de Gallia, reporta un grande victoria super le Alamanni in 357. Su soldatos lo proclama imperator contra su voluntate a Lutetia. Constantio II mori le anno sequente. Juliano, cosino del defuncte imperator, renuncia al christianismo pro amor al pensamento grec, unde su surnomine de apostata. Ille tenta restaurar le religiones ancian per reaperir le templos e obtener numerose apostasias. Ille mori post 18 menses de regno, in 363, in un escaramuccia durante le retorno de un campania contra le Persas. Su successores, Joviano, Valentiniano I in Occidente e Valente in Oriente, retorna a un absolute neutralitate religiose. Le imperator oriental Valente, fratre de Valentiniano I, debe gerer le difficultates causate per le presentia del Gothos ultra le Danubio. Valentiniano I lassa su poter a su duo juvene filios, Gratiano e Valentiniano II. Post le morte de Valente in le battalia de Adrianopole in 378, Gratiano se elige un nove collega pro le Oriente: Theodosio le Joven. Gratiano es assassinate in 383. Valentiniano II, le juvene fratre de Gratiano, remane alora sol ''augustus'' de Occidente, con al su latere le general franco Arbogaste, qui lo assassina in 392. In 394, Theodosio vincite le usurpator in le battalia del fluvio frigido, ubi le duo exercitos perde le major parte de lor fortias. Dum le periculo barbar deveni sempre plus imminente, le defension del Imperio es debilitates per interminabile guerras civil. [[File:Theodosius I's empire.png|thumb|Le division del Imperio roman in le anno 395, post le morte de Theodosio I.]] In 395, [[Theodosio I|Theodosio le Grande]] mori post haber dividite le Imperio inter su duo filios: Arcadio, le major, recipe le Oriente, e Honorio le Occidente. Iste division se inscribe in le continuitate del regnos precedente. Le division se vole purmente administrative. Le unitate del Imperio debe dunque esser preservate. Ma le Occidente de Honorio es affaibilite per annos de guerras civil e contra le barbaros. Illo ha perdite un grande parte de su tropas. Le economia del Occidente remane fragile, durante que illo del Oriente es florente. Le duo partes del Imperio se separa definitivamente. ==== Instrumentos del poter ==== Le [[Crise del Tertie Seculo|crise del tertie seculo]] ha transformate le poter imperial, que es devenite absolute. Le [[Senato roman|Senato]] non ha plus alcun influentia. On ha passate del principato al dominato. Le imperatores del antiquitate tardive frue etiam de un construction ideologic que, a poc a poc, assimilava les a divinitates vivente, justificante assi lor poter absolute. Pro Constantino como pro Diocletiano, le autoritate imperial es de natura divine. Diocletiano e Galerio, su filio adoptive, pretendeva esser descendentes de Jupiter. Illes prendeva le surnomine de Joviano, durante que su collega Maximiano e su co-Cesar assumeva illo de Herculiano. Iste sacralisation del poter imperial habeva etiam pro scopo remover tote legitimitate ab eventual usurpatores, post que solmente le imperator es eligite per le deos, e solmente su successor es legittime. In 312, Constantino elige le christianismo proque illo le dava un legitimitate nove e superior a tote le alteres<ref name="conversion Constantin">[http://aphgcaen.free.fr/conferences/moderan.htm La conversion de Constantin et la christianisation de l'Empire romain].</ref>. [[Constantino I|Constantino]] non cerca affirmar un filiation divine. Ille pretende plus tosto haber essite investite per le Deo del christianos pro governar le Imperio. Le moneta del tempore monstra un mano que emerge ab le celo e que le tende un corona. Le imperator age quasi como un clerico in su maniera de exercitar le poter. A Constantinopole, ille construye su palatio quasi como si illo esseva un ecclesia; ille affirma haber recipite un vision de Christo quasi como un apostolo; ille age como un episcopo durante le concilio de Nicea, convocate per ille mesme, ben que ille non esseva tal<ref name="dagron">[[Gilbert Dagron]], ''Empereur et prêtre, étude sur le césaropapisme byzantin'', [[Gallimard]], [[1996]].</ref>. Constantino affirma que ille es le representante de Deo super le terra. In su intelligentia se reflecte le intelligentia supreme<ref name="Diehl">[[Charles Diehl]], ''Histoire de l'Empire Byzantin'', Picard, 1920 ({{Lire en ligne|url=http://www.mediterranee-antique.info/Auteurs/Fichiers/DEF/Diehl/Histoire_Byzance/HB_001.htm}}]).</ref>. Ille se circumfere de un fasto incredibile pro exaltar le grandor del function imperial. De ora in avante, le romanitate e le religion christian es ligate. Eusebio de Caesarea, reprendente le theses de Meliton de Sardes<ref name="X-Passion">''Christianisme et stoïcisme'', X-Passion, 2001 dans [http://www.polytechnique.fr/eleves/binets/xpassion/article.php?id=42&page=3].</ref>, elabora in iste epoca le theologia del imperio christian. Pro ille, le unification politic ha permittite le unification religiose. Le imperator es in iste quadro le servitor de Deo e como le imagine del Filio de Deo, dominator del universo<ref>[[Eusèbe de Césarée]], ''La théologie politique de l'empire chrétien'', Cerf, 2001.</ref>. Le imperator recipe etiam le mission de guiar verso le salute e le fide christian. Su crescente intervention in le questiones religiose es assi legitimisate, insimul con le cesaropapismo. ==== Organisation militar ==== Le numero de soldatos per legione non ha facite que decrescer depost le reforma de Mario al fin del secundo seculo a.Chr. Ille passava de 6 000 a 5 000 sub le Alte Imperio, e esseva certemente circa 2 000 al initio del regno de Diocletiano. Diocletiano augmenta le numero de militares. Ille confide a soldatos, sovente de origine barbara, le ''limitanei''<ref name="AntTarEnc"/>, le cura de defender le limes. Le legiones de manovra es de dimension plus reducite — circa 1 000 legionarios — ma plus numerose que in le periodo precedente. Illos passa de 39 a 60. Illos es incaricate de interceptar le barbaros que ha succedite a transversar un frontiera semper plus fortificate. Le necessitate de defender le Imperio justifica le abandono de Roma como residentia imperial, in favor de citates plus proxime al frontieras: Treviris, Mediolanum, Sirmium, Nicomedia. Constantino completa le transformation del armea e instaura le ''comitatus'', le armea de campania. Su commando es confidite a un magister peditum pro le infanteria e a un magister equitum pro le cavalleria{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=214}}. In caso de necessitate, magistri militum pote esser create pro un region particular, como in Illyria. In le provincias e le dioceses plus exponite, le tropas pote esser dirigite per un comes o un dux. Iste armea es tractate con particular cura per le imperatores. On suppone que le armea roman del 4e seculo contava inter 250 000 e 300 000 homines. Pro remediar al difficultates de reclutamento, Diocletiano impone nove regulas. Le proprietarios debe de cetero fornir recrutas al armea roman. Durante le 4e seculo, illes obtene le derecto de reimplaciar le recrutas per un summa in auro, le aurum tironicum{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=41}}. Iste systema es supprimite in 375, ma solmente pro le Oriente. Un numero significative de citatanos cerca fugir le enrolamento in le armea per partir in le deserto, per se mutilar (per exemple, cortar le pollice) o per devenir clerico. Le grave condemnationes contra desertores, e le hereditate del profession de soldato, non evita le difficultates de reclutamento, lo que compelle le imperatores a appellar al barbaros. Diocletiano e Constantino I recruta auxiliares de origine barbara pro vigilar le limes. Iste ultime ha pauco a vider con le spirito roman. Le distinction inter ''comitatus'' e ''limitanei'' da origine al armea roman del Basso Imperio. Sub [[Theodosio I|Theodosio]], le armea se barbarisa ancora plus. Le Imperio Roman de Oriente retine le mesme dispositiones del 2e usque al 7e seculo. Le principal novitate es le substitution del systema de conscription, tanto inique, per illo del voluntariato. Pro attraher recrutas, illes recipe exemptiones fiscal super lor terras. Assi, le armea non manca plus de soldatos{{sfn|Ducellier|Kaplan|Martin|1978|p=23}}. Al initio del 5e seculo, le armea de Occidente comprende theoreticamente 200 000 homines al frontieras — ''limitanei'' quasi tote de origine barbara — e 50 000 homines in le armea de manovra, le ''comitatus''. Le paradox del armea es que le frontieras es defendite per soldatos proveniente de populos que mesme cerca invader le Imperio{{sfn|Balard|Genet|Rouche|1973|p=16}}. ==== Administration e fiscalitate ==== [[File:Flavius Felix 00.JPG|thumb|Flavius Felix, consul in 428, Roma, ebore de elephante, ancian tresor del abbatia de Sancte Juniano de Limoges.]] Sub Diocletiano, le distinctiones inter provincias senatoriales e provincias imperiales es supprimite. In 297, ille divide los in entitates plus parve, faciente los passar de 47 a plus de 100. Iste nove provincias es raggruppate in 12 dioceses, dirigite per vicarios equestris que obedi directemente al imperatores. Iste multiplication de circumscriptiones e de grados administrative es considerate plus efficace pro luctar contra le males del Imperio. In 312, on conta 108 provincias, e in 425 ja 116{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=32}}. [[Constantino I|Constantino]] divide le Imperio in grande circumscriptiones de limites fluctuant: le praefecturae regionales, con al lor testa un praefectus praetorio. Iste praefectos ha vaste prerogativas civil e judiciari{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=213}}. Cata nivello administrative — praefectura regional, diocesis, provincia — ha su capitale, su officios, su functionarios. Le poter imperial es assi plus presente a cata nivello, ma le massa salarial del functionarios es multiplicate per quatro, e le grande poteres que illes possede es factores de autonomia e de corruption{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=33}}. Le organisation del poter central es etiam transformate. Le ''praefectus praetorio'' es reimplaciate per le quaestor sacri palatii, qui redacta le edictos. Iste ultime dirige le consistorium sacrum, que substitue le consilio del imperator. Le magister officiorum dirige le personal administrative, le fabricas de armas e le ''scholae'' del guarda; le magister militum, le infanteria e le cavalleria; le comes sacrarum largitionum, le fisc; le comes rerum privatarum, le res privata, isto es, le cassa private del imperator, su entratas personal proveniente in major parte del immense domanios imperial. Le grande novitate es tamen le forte augmento del numero de functionarios que labora in le officios central. Un multitude de notarios, de encargatos de mission e agentes secrete (agentes in rebus, etiam appellate curiosi), circa 1 000 functionarios al 5e seculo{{sfn|Ducellier|Kaplan|Martin|1978|p=22}}, e multe altere impiegatos, transforma le Imperio Roman in un veritabile bureaucratia{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=214}}. Iste administration central exuberante contribue al isolation del imperator respectu al resto del societate. Le financias es primarimente destinate a sustener le armea. Le annona militaris esseva instaurate gradualmente a partir del dynastia del Severos. Sub Diocletiano, illo es pagate sia in natura sia in moneta. Pro facer fronte al crescent despesas, le imperator ordina que tote le ressources del Imperio — homines, bestial e altere richessas — sia recensite. Iste censimento, que occurre cata dece-quince annos, servi de base pro establir un nove imposto: le capitatio. Le fiscalitate pesa in maniera special super le habitantes del campagne. Ultra le capitatio, illes debe pagar le iugatio super le possessiones fundiari. Le senatores debe solver le collatio glebalis cata quatro annos. Sub le regno de Theodosio, le fiscalitate se indura ancora plus, provocante revoltas (como a Antiochia in 387). In theoria, le revenues del res privata debe mantener le corte e le familia imperial, ma un parte sempre plus grande de iste cassa es dedicate al immense necessitates del Statu. ==== Economia e societate ==== Le economia roman es fundamentalmente agricole. Le trilogia mediterranee domina le production: frumento, vite (vino), olivo (oleo). Sicilia, Africa, Egypto, le Gallias e Hispania produce le cereales que alimenta le grande citates del Imperio. Le allevamento de cavallos, indispensabile pro le ludos e pro le armea, es concentrate in Hispania, Africa, Syria, Thracia e Asia. A iste epocha, duo sectores del economia pote esser qualificate de industrial: le exploitation de minas e le production de ceramic sigillata. Iste ultime es ligate al exportation de productos agricole. Assi, in le grande regiones de production on trova le principal officinas ceramic. Circa quaranta fabricas de armas es disseminate in le Imperio. Illas pertine al industrias del Statu, insimul con le fabricas de armaturas, vestimentos pro soldatos e tinturerias{{sfn|Le Bohec|Le Glay|Voisin|2011|p=505}}. [[File:Constantinople center.svg|197px|right|thumb|Plano del centro de [[Constantinopole]].]] Al 4e seculo, le prefecturas del urbe e del pretorio se adjunge al consulato como cargas que permitte entrar in le nobilitas. Constantino decide suppler le ordine equestre, cuje membros quasi omnes entra in le ordine senatorial. Le numero de senatores passa de 600 a 2 000 membros{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=221}}. Le Senato create a Constantinopole conta etiam 2 000 membros. Le ordine senatorial oriental es recrutate inter le notabiles del citates provincial grec<ref>[[Peter Brown (historien)|Peter Brown]], ''Pouvoir et persuasion dans l’Antiquité tardive : vers un Empire chrétien'', [[Éditions du Seuil]], [[1998]], p. 37.</ref>. Le ''nobilitas'' roman se characterisa etiam per su resistentia al adoption del christianismo. Ligate al culto del ancestres, al cultura greco-roman e al philosophia, illa diffunde un abundante litteratura antichristian{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=234}}. Totevia, al medio del 4e seculo, le grande familias roman se converte paulatinemente al christianismo. Le invasion barbaric non impedi le aristocratia senatorial de conservar su ricchessas fundiari e su influentia usque al 8e seculo. Illa monopolisa le cargas de comes e de episcopo{{sfn|Balard|Genet|Rouche|1973|p=28}}. Depost le tertie seculo, le Imperio Roman se nutri del apportos barbaric. Le rolo essential del populos federate in le armea roman ha jam essite evocate. Illes etiam populava le regiones septentrional del Imperio, minacciate per despoblamento. Le decretos de Valentiniano I que prohibeva le matrimonios romano-barbar monstra que jam existeva un mixtion non negligibile a iste epocha. Le casos de officeros barbar que viveva in le Imperio e se romanisava es frequente al 4e seculo. Le citate remane le corde del romanitate. Le locos traditional del vita roman — le thermas, le circos e le amphitheatros — es frequentate usque al fin del 6e seculo, e mesmo plus tarde in Constantinopole. Ma multe monumentos ancian se degrada, proque le financias public es insufficiente pro mantener los, tanto plus que le antiquitate tardive esseva riche in terramotos. Le citates del Imperio experimenta transformationes: illas construe murallas al 3e e 4e seculos pro se proteger. Le grande novitate architectonic es le construction de edificios christian — un basilica, un baptisterio e le domo del episcopo{{sfn|Le Bohec|Le Glay|Voisin|2011|p=501-502}} — del qual un parte del materiales proveniva de monumentos ancian abandonate. Le nove residentias imperial — Treviris, Mediolanum, Sirmium, Nicomedia — beneficia del presentia del tropas e del imperatores. ==== Litteratura e artes ==== A partir del 3e e 4e seculos, le portrettos imperial assume un aspecto colossale e imponente (como le statua de [[Constantino I]]), durante que le generalisation del inhumation da un nove impulso al arte del basso-relievo super sarcophagos, con themas decorativ dionysiac o paleochristian. Le Romanos revolutionava le supporto scriptural del libros, donante les le forma moderne que nos cognosce hodie: illes generalisava le codex, volumine de folios ligate, plus commode e plus facile a leger que le traditional rotulo (volumen). Le libro deveniva un objecto practic, facile a transportar, a deponer, e a leger per un sol individuo. Totevia, illo restava un objecto car, ben que le numero de volumines in circulation cresceva considerabilemente. Le uso del pergamena, plus solide ma plus costose, se diffundeva al detrimento del papiro. Le transition del volumen al codex, a vices de dimension multo reducite, habeva como consequentia le perdita de un parte del textos antique que non esseva plus consultate{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=104}}. Le rolo del scriptura in le societate deveniva assi sempre plus importante. A partir del 4e seculo, le fonte principal del litteratura es essencialmente christian. Le correspondentia de alcun grande spiritos del tempore, multo ben conservate, permitte haber un cognoscentia precise del mentalitates del antiquitate tardive. Le rhetorica grec es utilisate per le [[Patres del Ecclesia]], sia pro rediger sermones, sia pro explication del textos sacre, sia pro tentar convincer le non-christianos. Le [[hagiographia]] se multiplica. In racontar le vita del sanctos al maniera de [[Suetonio]] o [[Plutarcho]], illa se concentra super le virtutes christian del sanctos pro presentar los como exemplos al lectores. Al 6e e 7e seculos, le genere hagiographic multiplica le narrationes de miraculos, que prende le primato super le exemplo moral{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=89}}. Il non es dunque sorprendente que le major obra del antiquitate tardive sia un obra religiose: ''Le Citate de Deo'' de [[Augustino de Hippona]], completate in 423. Illa responde in maniera magistral al detractores del christianismo que accusava le religion de esser responsabile del sacco de Roma in 410. In su theoria del duo citates, ille disveloppa le idea que Roma es un citate terrestrial e dunque mortal. Le citate del christianos es le Regno de Deo, que les attende post le morte. Illes non debe dunque ligar lor fide christian al existentia de Roma, mesmo si illes debe servir fidelmente le Imperio. ==== Expansion del christianismo ==== [[File:Aquileia, storia di giona, pavimento della basilica, 1a metà del IV secolo.jpg|left|thumb|Le historia de Jonas, mosaica del 4e seculo, basilica patriarchal de Aquileia.]] Durante multo tempore ha predominava le idea que, al comenciamento del 4e seculo, le provincias oriental era majoritariemente acquisite al [[christianismo]]. In Occidente, le provincias mediterranee esseva plus toccate per le nove religion que le alteres. Totevia, ubique in iste parte del [[Imperio Roman]], le campania remaneva profundemente polytheiste{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=233}}. Hodie, le extension del [[Christianisation del Imperio Roman como diffusion de innovation|christianisation del Imperio]] es remise in question<ref>Inter alteres per Alan Cameron e Robin Lane Fox in le Statos Unite, e Pierre Chuvin e Claude Lepelley in Francia.</ref>. Il sembla que in 312, le christianos non representava plus que 4 a 5 % del population total del Imperio. Constantino se convertiva al christianismo durante su campania contra Maxentio in 312. In 313, le Edicto de Milano proclamava le libertate de culto e previde restituir al christianos le bonios confiscate durante le grande persecution de Diocletiano. Iste conversion poneva le problema del relationes inter le Ecclesia e le poter imperial<ref name="dagron"/>. Circumdate de episcopos, Constantino interveniva in le disputas doctrinal del Ecclesia. Un de su objectivos esseva restaurar le pace civil in le Imperio. Ille combatteva le donatismo in Africa e le arianismo in Oriente. Ille mesmo presideva le Concile de Nicea in 325, que recognosceva Christo como Deo e homine a unanimite, mesmo si [[Ario]] assenti a iste doctrina<ref name="X-Passion"/>. Totevia, Ario continuava su predication e esseva excommunicate. Le arianos adoptava positiones multo favorabile al poter imperial, recognoscente le derecto del imperator a decider in questiones religiose. Constantino finiva per se converter a iste forma de christianismo e esseva baptisate super su lecto de morte per un sacerdote ariano<ref name="AntTarEnc"/>. Iste conversion al arianismo es contestate per le Ecclesia catholic e per alcun historicos. Su filio, Constancio II, esseva un ariano fervente. Ille non hesitava a persequer le christianos nicean plus que le paganos. Malgrado su intervention in numerose concilios, ille falleva a facer adoptar un credo que satisfacia simultaneemente arianos e niceanos. Su successores, desirante mantener le pace civil, observava un neutralitate stricte inter le duo factiones. Le disastro de Adrianopoli contra le visigothos arianos permitteva al catholicos orthodoxe de prender le offensiva. Ambrosio de Milano, defendente le credo de Nicea contra le arianos, denunciava iste heresia como un duplice trahition: contra le Ecclesia e contra le Imperio<ref>[[Ambrosio de Milan|Ambrosio]], Litteras, 10, 9-10.</ref>. [[File:AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Mosaico del [[basilica religiose|basilica]] [[Basilica de Sancto Ambrosio|Sancto Ambrosio]] de [[Milan]].]] Gratiano finalmente se orientava verso un condemnation del arianismo sub le influentia conjugate de su collega Theodosio e de Ambrosio. Le imperator oriental promulgava leges que prohibeva doctrinas opponite al fide de Nicea<ref>[[Codice de Theodosio]], 16,1,2 et 16,5,4.</ref>. In 380, con le Edicto de Thessalonica, ille faceva del christianismo la religion de Stato. Como su collega, ille promulgava leges anti-heretic<ref>Codice de Theodosio, 16,5,5.</ref>. Ille convocava un concilio a Aquileia in 381, sub la direction de Ambrosio: duo episcopos arianos esseva excommunicate. Le [[Ecclesia Catholic]] jam esseva bastante forte pro resister al corte imperial. Post la morte de Gratiano, le partito ariano recuperava influentia al corte, e sub su pression, in 386 esseva promulgate un lege que prevideva le pena de morte pro quicunque opponente se al libertate de conscientia e de cultos<ref>Codice de Theodosio, 16,1,4.</ref>. Ambrosio, con le appoio del populo e del aristocratia de Milano, refusava de ceder un basilica extra muros al arianos: le corte imperial esseva obligate a ceder. Gratias a homines como Ambrosio, le Ecclesia poteva emancipar se del tutela imperial, specialmente in Occidente, e mesmo reclamar le primato del poter spiritual super le temporal, rememorante al imperator su deberes de christian. Tamen, le christianos etiam habeva necessitate del fortia public pro imponer lor puncto de vista. Assi, Porphyrio de Gaza obteneva de l’imperatrice Eudoxia que su marito Arcadio claudeva le templos polytheista de Gaza. Le imperatores concedeva numerose privilegios al membros del clero. Illes esseva dispensate del oneres fiscal imponite al citatanos. Le episcopos recipeva potestates de jurisdiction civil. Le personas perseguite per le poter imperial godeva del derecto de asylo, que permitteva los escapar del justitia imperial. Le clericos non dependeva del jurisdictiones ordinari e se trovava assi supra le derecto commun. Constantino dava al Ecclesia un personalitate juridic, que le permitteva reciper donationes e legatos. Isto accresceva su potentia material. Al 5e seculo, illa possedeva immense dominos, de quales alcunes supportava institutiones caritativ del Ecclesia. Le disveloppamento de su institutiones permitteva al Ecclesia de occupar un vacuo lassate per le systemas pagan de redistribution, interessantes se al povres como tales, e non plus solmente como citatanos o clientes<ref>[[Peter Garnsey]] et [[Caroline Humfress]], ''L'Évolution du monde de l'antiquité tardive'', chapitre 4, La Découverte, 2005.</ref>. ==== Permanentia del paganismo ==== Durante tote le 4e seculo, le cultos polytheista traditional continuava a esser practicatos, insimul con le cultos a mysterio de origine oriental, como illos de [[Mithras]], [[Cybele]], Isis e Serapis, malgrado restrictiones progressive. Le textos christian que los denunciava violentemente, le dedicationes, le ex-voto, o le attestations de labor in le templos es testimonio de isto<ref>La conversion de Constantin et la christianisation de l'Empire romain par Yves Modéran dans [http://aphgcaen.free.fr/conferences/moderan.htm].</ref>. In Egypto, Chenoute, abbate del Monasterio Blanc in Alte-Egypto e morite circa 466, relata in su obras su lucta contra le paganos, que ille appellava “le Grecos”<ref>Le Monde de la Bible, entretien avec Anne Boud’hors dans [http://www.mondedelabible.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2300670].</ref>. Le historico pagan Zosimo indica que le nove religion non era ancora diffuse in tote le Imperio Roman, pois que le paganismo se manteneva longe in le villages, mesmo post su extinction in le citates. Constantino interveniva pauco: ille prohibeva solmente le sacrificios nocturne, le practica de sortilegio e magia, e le ritos de haruspicia private, considerate superstitio. Ille sempre cercava, mesmo post 324, a tener bon relation con le paganos. Ille conservava per su vita integre le titulo de Pontifex Maximus, lo que le faceva le capite del religion traditional, e manifestava generalmente un grande tolerantia verso tote le formas de paganismo<ref name="conversion Constantin"/>. In veritate, le major parte de su subditos esseva ancora paganos, e ille se debeva moderar. In 356, Constancio II prohibeva tote sacrificios, de nocte como de die, claudeva templos isolate e minaciava con pena de morte tote illes qui practicava magia o divination<ref>[[André Chastagnol]], ''Le Bas-Empire'', [[Armand Colin]], [[1999]].</ref>. Le imperator Juliano, revertite al paganismo, promulgava in 361 un Edicto de Tolerantia que permitteva practicar le culto de su preferentia. Ille demandava que le christianos restitueva le tresoros del cultos paganos que illes habeva occupate. Su successores esseva tote christianos. In 379, Gratiano abandonava le carga de Pontifex Maximus. A partir de 382, sub le influentia de Ambrosio, episcopo de Milano, le Altare del Victoria, symbolo al Senato, esseva removite del Curia; le Vestales e tote le sacerdotes perdeva lor immunitates. Le 24 de februario 391, un lege de Theodosio prohibeva a qualcunque persona entrar in un templo, adorar le statuas del deos, o celebrar sacrificios, “sub pena de morte”<ref>[[Pierre Chuvin]], ''Chronique des derniers païens'', [[Les Belles Lettres]], [[1994]].</ref>. In 392, Theodosio prohibeva le [[Jocos Olympic]], ligate a Zeus e Hera, ma etiam a causa del nuditate del competitores, que le christianismo disdegnava como culto del corpore. Progressivemente, le templos abandonate cadeva in ruina. Altere esseva destruite, como le Serapeum de Alexandria in 391, o le templo de Caelestis, grande dea carthaginian e herede de Tanit, in 399. In altere aspecte, le christianismo mesme se trovava impregnate de vetere ritos paganos. Alcun festas traditional roman continuava a esser celebrate ancora al fin del 5e seculo, como le Lupercalia, dedicate a fertilitate e al amantes. Pro eradicar la, le papa Gelasio I decideva in 495 de celebrar le festa de Sancto Valentin le 14 de februario, un die ante le Lupercalia, pro celebrar le amantes — un ver tentativa de christianisar un rito pagan. In Africa, le population continuava a celebrar banchettos sur le tumbas in le anniversarios del mortos. Al 6e seculo, Cesario de Arelate denunciava in su sermones le practicas paganas persistente inter su fideles. Le portamento de amuletas, le cultos al arbores e fontes non habeva disparite del sud de Gallia. Le lamentationes del clericos es numerose usque al fin del Antiquitate Tardive. == Geographia == [[File:The Roman Empire ca 400 AD.png|397px|thumb|right|Mappa physic del Imperio Roman circa le anno 400.]] Le territorio del civilisation roman evolveva de un citate a un imperio que se extendeva ab la [[Oceano Atlantic]] in le west, le [[Mar del Nord]] al nord, [[Africa del Nord]] in le sud e [[Anatolia]] in le est. === Geographia physic === Le [[historia de Roma]] es fundamentalmente ligate a su geographia. Desde un parve vico presso un vado del fluvio Tiberis usque a un imperio que circumvalva le [[Mar Mediterranee]], le ambiente physic determinava le economia, le defensa e le expansion de iste civilisation. ==== Monarchia: Origine del septe colles ==== In le epocha regal (753 a.Chr. – 509 a.Chr.), le geographia de Roma esseva local e circumscripte al region del Latium Vetus. Le puncto central esseva le famose Septe Colles (Palatino, Aventino, Capitolino, Quirinale, Viminale, Esquilino e Celio), que offereva protection natural contra attaccos e inundationes. * Le Fluvio Tiber: Illo esseva vital pro le communication e le commercio. Le position de Roma esseva strategic proque se trovava in un puncto ubi le fluvio esseva facile a transversar (le Isola Tiberina). * Le valles e paludes: Inter le colles existeva zonas basse e paludose que esseva malsan. Le construction del Cloaca Maxima esseva le prime grande obra de ingenieria pro siccar iste terras e permitter le creation del Foro Roman. * Ressources: Le region circumvicine offereva silvas pro ligno e pasturas pro le bestial, lo que permitteva un economia de subsistentia initial. ==== Republica: expansion italic e mediterranee ==== Durante le Republica (509 a.Chr. – 27 a.Chr.), Roma comenciava su expansion trans le peninsula italic e ultra. Iste phase representava le incontro con diverse barrieras e opportunitates geographic. * Le [[Apenninos]]: Iste catena montaniose, que transversa Italia de nord a sud, serviva initialmente como un barriera, ma postea le romanos construeva vias pro connectar le Mar Tyrrheno con le Mar Adriatic. * Le Planitie Padan: Al nord, le fertilitate del valle del fluvio Pado (Gallia Cisalpina) forni de immense ressources agricole e cerealier. * Le ''[[Mar Mediterranee|Mare Nostrum]]'': Post le Guerras Punic contra Carthago, le geographia physic de Roma se extendeva a insulas como Sicilia, Sardinia e Corsica. Le controllo del Mediterraneo transformava iste mar in un "laco roman", facilitante le transporte de merchandisias e legiones. ==== Le Imperio: le dominio de tres continentes ==== In le epocha del Imperio (27 a.Chr. – 476 p.Chr.), specialmente sub Trajano, Roma attingeva su maxime expansion. Le geographia physic del mundo roman includeva tunc biomas multo variate, desde le desertos de Africa usque al boscas de Germania. * Le limites natural (''Limes''): Le Imperio cercava frontieras physic stabile. Al nord, le fluvios Rheno e Danubio serviva como limites natural contra le tribos germanic. Al sud, le Deserto del Sahara formava un barriera impassabile. * Varietate climatic: Le Imperio controlava le planities de Gallia, le montanias de Hispania (Ricos in metallos), le valles fertile del Nilo in Egypto (le "granario de Roma"), e le plateas de Anatolia. * Le rete de vias: Roma vinceva le geographia physic per medio de un rete de stratas que superava montanias e fluvios, integrate per pontes e tunnels que assecurava que "tote le vias duceva a Roma". Iste evolution geographic monstra como Roma sapeva adaptar se a differente terrenos, transformante obstaculos natural in avantages pro su stabilitate e grandor. === Geographia politic === ==== Del colonisation in Italia al romanisation provincial ==== [[File:Scavi Etruschi e Romani di Sasso Pisano.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Complexo thermal etrusco e roman de Sasso Pisano.]] Como habeva potite un parve potentia regional ancora al initio del quarte seculo a.Chr. devenir ''caput mundi''<ref>Definition del poeta latino [[Marco Anneo Lucano]] in su ''[[Pharsalia]]''.</ref> in le curso de 500 annos? Le explication non jace solmente in le efficientia militar del legiones o in le determination politic del Senato e del populo roman. Illo esseva super toto le consenso suscitate inter le gentes non roman (italic primo e provincial postea) que rendeva stabile le dominio de Roma durante seculos e seculos. Le ''socii'' italic se convinceva a adherer al causa roman primemente per le partition del successo in guerra, postea (post le guerra social) per le participation effective al vita politic del Urbe<ref>Michel H. Crawford, ''Roma nell'età repubblicana'', Il Mulino, 1984.</ref>. Quanto al consenso in le provincias (que, a differentia de Italia, esseva submittite a tributum), es interessante le definition de Santo Mazzarino: ''Le imperio roman esseva un unitate supernational, de cultura romano-hellenistic, cuje ideal esseva le pax confidate a un armea permanente''<ref>Santo Mazzarino, ''L'impero romano'', Tumminelli, 1956.</ref>. Roma non poteva pensar a un occupation permanente de tote le territorios conquirite: troppo grande esseva le imperio e troppo numerose le personal necessari pro un tal designo. Il esseva per lo tanto necessari, jam in epocha republican, facer recurso al elemento local e in particular al classes elevate del citates: in cambio de un loyal collaboration (fiscal, ante toto), Roma reinfortiava ubique le poter del aristocratias urban, confidante al plus ricches le governamento del citates e del territorio.<ref>Secun le historico Giorgio Ruffolo, un del aspectos le plus unic e successose del systema politic de Roma esseva le autonomia del municipia. Roma non imponeva un controlo absolute, ma preferiva lassar le administration del citates in le manos del elites local, cognoscite como decuriones. Iste politica de respecto verso le structuras administrative, le deos, le festas e le costumes local permitteva que le populos conquirite se sentiva integrate e non opprimite. In parolas de Ruffolo, le libertate del citates representava le fundamento mesme del consenso politic que manteneva le stabilitate del Imperio durante seculos.</ref> ==== Colonias roman ==== [[File:Aeclanum_(Ruins-03).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Ruinas de Aeclanum, antique colonia roman.]] Un colonia roman esseva un communitate autonome, situate in un territorio conquirite per Roma in le qual citatanos roman se habeva stabilite, ligate per vinculas de eterne alliantia con le matrepatria. Le plus antique esseva Antium (hodie [[Nettuno]] e [[Anzio]]<ref>Paola Brandizzi Vittucci, ''Antium: Anzio e Nettuno in epoca romana'', Roma, Bardi Editore, 2000.</ref>), fundate in le anno 338 a.Chr. Initialmente illas serviva como avante-posto pro controlar un territorio que serea ulteriormente colonisate: in iste senso, le rolo de Aquileia in le expansion roman verso le nord-est esseva multo importante. Verso le fin del Republica roman, le colonias serviva super toto como territorio habitabile per le proletarios o per le veteranos del armea roman: de iste modo se reduceva le pression demographic del Urbe. Existeva duo differente typos de colonias: illos formate per citatanos roman e illos de jure latin. * ''Coloniae civium Romanorum'': Le habitantes habeva le citatanitate roman complete e un administration directemente ligate a Roma. * ''Coloniae Latinae'': Illas esseva nove entitates statal con autonomia administrative e lor proprie magistratos. Ben que illas poteva emitter monetas, illas habeva le obligation de fornir adjuta militar secundo le formula togatorum. Le habitantes del colonias latin non esseva ''Cives Romani Optimo Jure'', ma possedeva le ''jus connubii'' (jure de maritage) e le ''jus commercii'' (jure de commercio). Iste modello serviva pro limitar le diffusion del citatanitate roman e pro permitter que le communitates local ageva plus rapidemente in caso de periculo militar sin attender le ordines directe de Roma. ==== Romanisation ==== Le processo de romanisation, i.e. le assimilation cultural e politic del populos conquirite intra le systema roman, esseva rapide e extese, totevia, super toto in le prime seculos del Imperio. Le systema economic e bureaucratic imperial forniva, de facto, grande opportunitates de carriera non solmente al élites aristocratic, ma anque e specialmente al citatanos de rango equestre. Tal processo habeva plen successo in quanto a profunditate e durantia in Occidente (le provinciis plus romanisate esseva le Gallia Narbonense, Hispania e Africa<ref>Colin M. Wells, ''L'impero romano'', Il Mulino, 1984.</ref>), ubi se affirmava le lingua e le cultura latin; illo esseva del altere latere minor in Oriente, ubi le lingua grec e le cultura hellenistic representava un obstaculo insuperabile al penetration del romanitate.<ref>Anque perque le opera de urbanisation per medio del qual Roma affirmava su proprie dominio e su proprie prestigio sur le provinciis esseva multo intense in le Occidente europee (in le majoritate del casos le centros urban, como illos de London, Paris, Vienna e Colonia, habeva origine del fundation de colonias o de campos militar, con le tempore crescite sur se mesme usque a transformar se in citates), dum le Oriente esseva ja notabilemente urbanisate anque ante que arrivava le romanos. (cfr. in particular P.-A. Février, ''Le province dell'Europa occidentale'', in ''Storia di Roma'', II.2, Einaudi, Torino 1991).</ref> Le citates esseva le instrumento principal de diffusion per medio del qual Roma exerceva ille opera de integration e de assimilation del provinciis, lo que assecurava durante alcun seculos le stabilitate e le unitate del Imperio.<ref>Paolo Desideri, ''La romanizzazione dell'Impero'', in ''Storia di Roma'', II,2, Einaudi, Torino, 1991.</ref> In le populose citates imperial residia le classes privilegiate, multo ben integrate in le systema de poter. Iste centros urban esseva le locos ubi se distribueva e consumeva le ricchessa producite in le campanias e, finalmente, illas esseva le foco de diffusion del modellos de comportamento e del cultura del societate roman. Iste rolo del citates explica pro quo le romanisation esseva tan effective: le citate non esseva solmente un centro administrative, ma un stilo de vita que le elites local voleva imitar pro ascender socialmente. Le secreto de Roma esseva, dunque, le capacitate de assimilar le diverse culturas sur le quales illo dominava e de integrar los in un systema coherente, lo que, ben que ric in diversificationes, sapeva dar le senso de un commun pertenentia. Isto es lo que faceva que le Imperio Roman durava tanto tempore. In loco de supprimer completemente le identitates local, Roma offereva un identitate superior: le de esser roman. Per medio del jure, le architectura e le administration, populos multo differente se sentiva parte de un sol mundo unitari.<ref>Gabriella Poma, ''Le istituzioni politiche del mondo romano'', Il Mulino, 2002.</ref> ==== Provincias roman ==== [[File:RomanEmpire 117 it.svg|upright=1.4|thumb|Le Imperio roman, con le subdivision in provincias sub Trajano, representava le periodo de maxime expansion territorial.]] Le termino provincia, post le amplicaciones del territorio del Republica inter le fin del 3e e 2e seculo a.Chr., passava gradualmente a significar non plus le sphera de competentia de un magistrato, ma le territorio sur le qual iste exerceva su proprie poteres. Le organisation del nove territorios annexate al res publica roman esseva normalmente realisate per le general qui los habeva conquirite, per medio de un ''lex provinciae'' (lege del provincia), emanate sur le base del poteres delegate. Iste lege debeva esser ratificate per le Senato, que poteva anque inviar commissiones de legatos con poteres consultative. Le lege stabiliva le subdivision in circumscriptiones administrative (frequentemente appellate ''conventus'') e le grado de autonomia del citates existente. Le provincias esseva governate per magistratos electe (''pretores'') o per ancian consules o pretores de qui on prolongava le carga (''prorogatio imperii'': proconsules e propretores), adjutate per proquestores e altere functionarios del ''cohors praetoria''. ==== Limes ==== Le ''limes'' (in latino, limite, confinio) esseva le linea artificial que marcava le frontiera del Imperio roman. Iste limites non esseva solmente muros defensiva, sed anque zonas de transito e de intense intercambio cultural e economic inter le mundo roman e le populos que habitava ultra le frontieras. Le limites roman le plus notabile esseva: * Muro de Hadriano – Limes Britannicus (Patrimonio del Humanitate UNESCO ID 430bis–001) * Muro de Antonino – in Scotia (Sito de Patrimonio del Humanitate UNESCO) * Litus Saxonicum, limes roman tarde in le sud-est de Anglaterra. * Limes Germanicus, con le Limes de Germania Superior e Rhetia (Patrimonio del Humanitate UNESCO ID 430bis–002) * Limes Arabicus, le frontiera del provincia roman de Arabia Petraea faciante verso le deserto. * Limes Tripolitanus, le frontiera in le territorio del Libia moderne faciante verso le Sahara. * Limes Alutanus, le frontiera est del provincia roman de Dacia. * Limes Transalutanus, le frontiera in le Danubio inferior. * Limes Moesiae, le frontiera del provincia roman de Moesia, de Singidunum (Serbia) secundo le Danubio usque a Moldova. * Limes Norici, le frontiera del provincia roman de Noricum, del fluvio Inn secundo le Danubio usque a Cannabiaca (Zeiselmauer-Wolfpassing) in Austria. * Limes Pannonicus, le frontiera del provincia roman de Pannonia, secundo le Danubio de Klosterneuburg (Austria) usque a Taurunum in Serbia. == Politica == === Structura social e politic === Le prime structura social e politic del latino esseva le familia: le patre (''pater familias''), le sposa (unita al patre per le rito sacre del torta), le filios, le sposas del filios, le filios del filios e le filias non maritate. Del union de alicun familias del mesme trunco, surgeva le gens, e de un conjuncto de familias surgeva le tribos. Le familia esta formate per le plus proxime (''agnados'') ma, in tanto que le familia se extende, integrate per le familia complete propriemente (adnati) e per le gentiles, totos illos procedente del memes antepassato. Como se produce le union del diverse gruppos, sia de gens o de tribos? Cata gruppo ha un puncto commun de incontro, generalmente por le culto religiose (benque non exclusivemente por tal fin), puncto que constitue le embryon del civitas (''citates''). === Le citate === [[File:SoutherCircusFlaminiusInRomeByGismondi.jpg|thumb| Maquette del antique citate de Roma, ubi se apprecia le ''Theatro de Marcelo'' e le ''Theatro de Balbo'']] Le fundation de Roma se attribue a tres tribos: le [[romanos]], le [[Titios]] e le [[Luceres]]. Iste tres gruppos fundava le nominate [[Roma Quadrata]] in le [[Monte Palatino]]. Altere citate fundate per altere gruppo o gruppos in le [[Quirinal]], se univa al Roma Quadrata, surgente assi le ''civitas'' ("citate") nominate [[Roma]]. Al prime citatanos roman se le nominava [[patritio]]s o (''patres'') proque o esseva patres de familia (''pater familias'') o esseva filios de patres de familia vinculate al obedientia paterne (le filios no attingeva le condition de patre de familia usque le patre moriva e se independisava). Le filios del [[patritio]]s, quando compliva 17 annos (plus tarde le etate se bassarea usque 14 annos) acquireva le condition de [[citatano]]s plen (con tal motivo celebrava un festivitate in le qual lassava de vestir le ''[[toga praetexta]]'' proprie del garsones e se collocava le ''[[toga viril]]is'', proprie del homines), ma continuava subjecte al potestate del patre usque su morte. Al patritios corresponde le derecto plen de citatanitate: forma le populo e son de inter le habitantes lo de classe social plus elevate. Lor derectos esseva: le suffragio, le realisation de cargos public politic o religiose, le derecto a assignation de terras public, le derectos civil proprie del ''gens'' (tutela, succession, potestate, etc.), le derecto de maritar se con altere membros del [[gens]], le derecto de patronato, le derecto de contratation (le unic que anque se extendeva al non patritios libere) e le derecto de facer testamento (le conjuncte de derectos constitueva le ''ius quiritium'' o ''ius civitatis''). Como obligationes on pote citar: le servicio militar, e le deber de contribuer con certe [[imposto]]s al sustenimento del Stato. === Citates dependente de Roma === Con le initio del expansion territorial roman, multe citates passava a depender de Roma. Quando un civitate se submitteva a Roma a discretion, su citatinos remaneva con le statuto juridic de dediticii (Dediticius). Ben que le majoritate del citates subjugate a discretion lo esseva post le prime guerra punic, probabilemente le institution es anterior. Roma reservava pro se le eminentia del souveranitate super iste citates, ma restituiva les le usufructo, con exception del ager publicus. Roma recognosceva le autonomia de qualcunque de iste citates, ma lor terras remaneva submittite al decima del recolta; in caso de exemption, iste se dava a titulo personal (per exemplo al habitantes de un civitate mesmo si illes cultivava terras in un altere civitate). Le decima esseva generalmente pagate in natura, e le beneficio permittite al collectores esseva limitate. Le citates submittite a Roma, con lor territorio rural includite, non habeva le derecto de declarar guerra per lor conto, ma debeva facer lo obligatoriamente quando Roma lo declarava. Illes etiam habeva prohibition de facer tractatos con altere statos o citates. In ultra, illes non poteva batter moneta: solmente le moneta roman habeva curso legal in tote iste citates. Il habeva varie typos de citates ligate a Roma: * Citates de derecto roman: Initialmente, in le prime periodo republicane, durante le expansion de Roma in Italia, alcun citates italicas recipeva le derecto complete de citatanitate roman (''civitas optimo jure''), specialmente le ancian citates alliate del Liga Latin, le citates sabine e un grande parte del citates volsce. A istes se addeva altere colonias roman e municipios cum suffragio, que gaudiva del derecto de citatanitate, dispergite per tote le peninsula italica. Post le Guerra Social e le Lex Plautia Papiria, le citatanitate roman esseva concedite a tote le habitantes de Italia. Plus tarde, specialmente in etate imperial, le citatanitate roman comenciava a esser date a certe colonias e municipios in le territorios provincial, extra Italia.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/civitas|título=Encyclopædia Britannica: ''cives romani''}}</ref> * Citates de derecto latin: Le citates subjecte al derecto latin esseva initialmente illas del Liga Latin que non habeva recipite le citatanitate roman. Plus tarde, ancora in le prime etate republicane, le colonias de derecto latin (colonias sin derecto de suffragio e participation al vita politic) se diffundeva similarmente al colonias de derecto roman, primo in Italia e postea in provincias. In Italia iste categoria dispareva quando tote le italicos recipeva le citatanitate roman, ma se expandiva in le etate imperial a alcun territorios provincial.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jus-Latii|título=Encyclopædia Britannica: ''ius latii''}}</ref> * Citates sin voto: In tertie loco esseva le citates con derecto de civitas sed sin suffragio (civitas sine suffragio), que, ben que illes poteva esser appellate citatinos, debeva supportar tote le oneres civic (reclutamento militar, tributos ordinari, servicios special) sin compensation, es dicer sin derecto de votar. Iste citates esseva administrate in asuntos judiciar per un ''Praefectus'' annual designate per le Pretores de Roma, e lor administration civil remaneva in manos de lor magistratos local, generalmente del aristocratia. Como le colonias de derecto latin, iste citates esseva numerose, specialmente in le provincias durante le Imperio. * Citates confederate: Initialmente, al comencio del periodo republicane, le socii (alliate) e foederati (confederatos) esseva citates italicas sin citatanitate roman, cuje derectos esseva definite per tractatos particular. Illes forniva contingentes al exercito, organisate in le alae sociorum (tropas alliate), con lor proprie equipage a carga del civitate confederate. Illes esseva governate per magistratos local del aristocratia. Iste categoria dispareva total in le republica quando tote le italicos recipeva citatanitate roman, e esseva substitute per le categoria del auxiliares, recrutate inter le indigenas provincial sin citatanitate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/peregrini_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|title=Dr. Christopher J. Dart:''The Social War, 91 to 88 BCE.A History of the Italian Insurgency against the Roman Republic''}}</ref> === Governamento === {{AP|Governamento del Roma antique}} [[File:Cicero Denounces Catiline in the Roman Senate by Cesare Maccari.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Representation de un session del Senato Roman: Cicero attacca Catilina, ab un fresco del 19e seculo per Cesare Maccari, in Palatio Madama, Roma, le sede del Senato de Italia.]] Al initio, Roma habeva reges, eligite ab le tribos principal. Su poter esseva forsan absolute, specialmente in le armeas e in le religion. Al latere del rege: * Senato: consilio consultative, * Comitia Curiata: ratificava leges, * Comitia Calata: collegio sacerdotal pro proclamationes e calendarios. In le Republica, le mixtura de democracia e oligarchia deveniva clar: * Le comitia tributa votava leges e magistratos. * Le Senato, un institution oligarchic, habeva auctoritas ma non potestate legislativ formal. Censores nominava e removeva senatores. Magistratos esseva eligite annualmente e divideva poter (per exemplo, duo consules). In crises, se nominava un dictator temporari. Le systema esseva flexibil ma inefficace pro un imperio expandente – lo que favoriva le transition al Imperio. In le Imperio, le emperatores manteneva le fiction del republica: illes se presentava como princeps (“prime citatino”), ma in realitate su governo deveniva autocratic. Le Senato perdeva potestate e deveniva consilio del princeps. ==== Rege ==== Roma esseva governate per un rege, representante del institution monarchic, al qual correspondeva tote le poter (imperium), e qui dictava le ordines (dictator). Ille esseva eligite inter le populo como capite de un grande familia politic (magister populi). Le rege esseva assistite per le lictores, officiales que precedeva le rege con hacha e virgas. In su absentia le potestates administrativ esseva date a un delegate (''praefectus urbis''). Si le rege non designava un successor, in le interregno le citatinos eligeva un interrex pro cinque dies; postea se eligeva un nove rege o se designava un altere interrex con facultate de nominar un nove capite. ==== Senato ==== {{AP|Senato roman}} Ante le rege se erigeva le institution del Consilio de Ancianos (''senatus'') pro contrabalançar le institution regal. Le prime senatores esseva representantes designate per cata gens. Illes habeva character vitalici. Como le numero de gens esseva fixate, etiam le numero de senatores restava fixate. Le senato habeva solmente character consultive, ma le rege lo convocava sovente e considerava su propositiones. Le sessiones se celebrava in le comitium (foro), in un sala appellate bule. Division del population roman: le gens, le curiae e le tribos. Le division del populo se faceva a partir del gens: * 10 gens = 1 curia * 10 curias = 1 tribu * 10 tribos = 1 civitas Le systema decimal regiva in multe aspectos: cata gens forniva 10 soldados de infanteria (miles), 1 de cavalleria (eques) e 1 senator. In le civitates submittite, se instituiva un Consilio de Cento Ancianos (centumviri), cata uno capite de 10 domos. Con le tempore iste systema deveniva solmente theoretic, ma se manteneva le tradition. Le curias se reuniva in comitios, le comitia curiata, ubi se votava duo vices al anno (24 martio e 24 majo). Le citatinos esseva dividite in 35 tribus: 4 urban (Collina, Esquilina, Palatina, Suburana) e 31 rural, addeva gradualmente durante le expansion in Italia. Finalmente, in 241 a.Chr., se fixava le numero a 35. ==== Comitia ==== {{AP|Assembleas roman}} Le decisiones in Roma se prendeva in le comitia, le assembleas de voto. Le plus ancian esseva le comitia calata, convocata per le rege pro actos religiose. Le comitia politic esseva illos ubi le populo organisate in curiae votava. Illes decideva super election del rege, asuntos politic importante e concessiones de citatanitate. === Lege === Le principios juridic del romanos antique ha su radices in le ''[[Lege del Dece-duo Tabulas|Lex Duodecim Tabularum]]'' (449 a.Chr.) e in le codification de lege ordinate per le Imperator [[Justiniano I]] circa 530 p.Chr. (''Corpus Juris Civilis''). Le lege roman, preservate in iste codices, se continuava in le Imperio Byzantin e deveniva base del codificationes juridic in Europa occidental. Illo esseva applicate in varie formas usque al fin del 17e seculo. Le principal divisiones del lege roman, como continite in le codices theodosian e justinian, esseva: * ''Jus civile'' – le corpo de lege applicabile a citatinos romanos. * ''Jus gentium'' – le lege commun pro estranieros e lor relationes con citatinos romanos. * ''Jus naturale'' – le lege natural, considerate commun a tote le esseres. === Exercito === [[File:Roman soldiers with aquilifer signifer centurio 70 aC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Reconstruction historic del exercito roman al epocha del imperator roman Trajano.]] Le exercito roman primitive (circa 500 a.Chr.) esseva un militia civitan que practicava tacticas de hoplites. Illo esseva dividite in cinque classes. Le armea esseva parve e essencialmente defensive{{Sfn|Keegan|1993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/263 263–264]}}<ref name="Potter-2004">{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=David |title=The Roman Army and Navy |date=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2/page/67 67–70]}} in {{Harvnb|Flower|2004}}</ref><ref>For a discussion of hoplite tactics and their sociocultural setting, see {{Cite book |first=Victor Davis |last=Hanson |title=The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece |url=https://archive.org/details/westernwayofwari00vict |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |date=1989 |isbn=0-394-57188-6}}</ref>. In le 3e seculo a.Chr., le romanos abandonava le phalanxa pro le systema de manipulos (gruppos de 120 o 60 homines). Trenta manipulos formava un legion (4,000–5,000 homines){{Sfn|Keegan|1993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/263 263–264]}}<ref name="Potter-2004" />. Le legion republican esseva dividite in: * infanteria pesante (hastati, principes, triarii), * infanteria leve (velites), * cavalleria (equites){{Sfn|Keegan|1993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/263 263–264]}}<ref name="Potter-2004" />. Usque al tarde periodo republican, le legionario typic esseva un fermero citatan proprietari de terra de un area rural (un adsiduus) qui serviva pro campanias particular (frequentemente annual), e qui forniva su proprie equipage. Post 200 a.Chr., le conditiones economic in areas rural deteriorava a mesura que le necessitates de mano de obra cresceva, de modo que le qualificationes de proprietate pro le servicio obligatori esseva gradualmente reducite. Comenciante in le seculo 3 a.Chr., le legionarios recipeva un stipendio. Al tempore de Augusto, le ideal del citatan-soldato habeva essite abandonate e le legiones habeva devenite plenmente professional. Al fin del Guerra Civil, Augusto reorganisava le fortias militar roman, dispensante soldatos e dissolvente legiones. Ille reteneva 28 legiones, distribuite a transverso del provincias del Imperio<ref>{{Harvnb|Mackay|2004|pp=249–250}} Mackay points out that the number of legions grew to 30 by 125&nbsp;AD and 33 during the [[Severan]] period (200–235&nbsp;AD).</ref>. Durante le Principato, le organisation tactic del Armea continuava a evolver. Le auxilia remaneva cohortes independente, e le truppas legionario operava frequentemente como gruppos de cohortes in loco de como legiones complete. Un nove e versatile typo de unitate, le cohortes equitatae, combinava cavalleria e legionarios in un singule formation. Illos poteva esser collocate in garnisiones o avantpostas e poteva combatter per se proprie como parve fortias equilibrate o combinar se con unitates simile como un fortia plus grande del dimension de un legion. Iste augmento de flexibilitate organisational adjutava a assecurar le successo a longe termino del fortias militar roman{{sfn|Goldsworthy|1996|pp=36–37}}. Le Imperator Gallieno (253–268 p.Chr.) comenciava un reorganisation que creava le ultime structura militar del Imperio tardive. Retirante alcun legionarios ab le bases fixe sur le frontiera, Gallieno creava fortias mobile (le comitatenses, o armeas de campo) e los stationava detra e a alcun distantia del frontieras como un reserva strategic. Le truppas de frontiera (limitanei) stationate in bases fixe continuava a esser le prime linea de defensa. Le unitates basic del armea de campo esseva regimental: legiones o auxilia pro infantaria e vexillationes pro cavalleria. Le fortias nominal pote haber essite 1.200 homines pro regimentos de infantaria e 600 pro cavalleria, sed le nivellos real de truppas poteva esser multo plus basse — 800 infantaros e 400 cavalleros. Multe regimentos de infantaria e cavalleria operava in pares sub le commando de un comes. Le armeas de campo includeva regimentos recrutate ab tribos alliante e cognoscite como foederati. Verso 400 p.Chr., le regimentos foederati habeva devenite unitates permanentemente stabilite del armea roman, pagate e equipate per le Imperio, ducite per un tribuno roman e usate exactemente como unitates roman. Le Imperio tamben usava gruppos de barbaros pro combatter juncto con le legiones como alliates sin integration in le armeas de campo, sub le commando general de un general roman, sed ducite per lor proprie officieros{{Sfn|Elton|1996|pages=89–96}}. Le direction militar evolveva durante le curso del historia de Roma. Sub le monarchia, le armeas hoplite esseva ducite per le reges. Durante le prime e medie Republica Roman, le fortias militar esseva sub le commando de un del duo consules electe pro le anno. Durante le Republica posterior, membros del elita senatorial roman, como parte del sequentia normal de officios public electe cognoscite como le cursus honorum, serviva prime como questor (frequentemente postate como substitutos del commandantes de campo), postea como pretor<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brennan |first=Correy T. |title=Power and Process Under the Republican 'Constitution' |date=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2/page/66 66–68]}} in {{Harvnb|Flower|2004}}</ref>{{Sfn|Goldsworthy|1996|pp=121–125}}. Post le fin de un mandato como pretor o consul, un senator poteva esser appunctate per le Senato como un propretor o proconsul (dependente del officio le plus alte previemente occupate) pro governar un provincia estranier. Sub Augusto, cuje prioritate politic le plus importante esseva poner le armea sub un commando permanente e unitari, le Imperator esseva le commandante legal de cata legion sed exerceva ille commando per medio de un legatus (legato) quem ille nominava ex le elita senatorial. In un provincia con un sol legion, le legato commandava le legion (''legatus legionis'') e serviva como governator provincial, durante que in un provincia con plus de un legion, cata legion esseva commandate per un legato e le legatos esseva commandate per le governator provincial (tamben un legato sed de rango plus alte).{{Sfn|Mackay|2004|pp=245–252}} Durante le stadios posterior del periodo imperial (comenciante forsan con Diocletiano), le modello augustee esseva abandonate. Le governatores provincial esseva private de autoritate militar, e le commando del armeas in un gruppo de provincias esseva date a generales (duces) appunctate per le Imperator. Istes non esseva plus membros del elita roman sed homines qui ascendeva per le rangos e habeva vidite multe activitate militar practic. Con frequentia crescente, iste homines tentava (alcun vices con successo) usurpar le positiones del Imperatores. Le diminuite ressources, le crescente chaos politic e le guerra civil finalmente lassava le Imperio Occidental vulnerabile al attacco e conquesta per le populos barbaro vicin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mackay|2004|pp=295–296}} Etiam capitulos 23–24.</ref> ==== Marina ==== [[File:D473-birème romaine-Liv2-ch10.png|thumb|Un bireme naval roman depictate in un relievo del Templo de Fortuna Primigenia in Preneste (Palestrina)<ref>{{Cite book |first=D. B. |last=Saddington |editor-first=Paul |editor-last=Erdkamp |date=2011 |orig-date=2007 |title=A Companion to the Roman Army |chapter=Classes: the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets |pages=201–217 (Plate 12.2 on p. 204) |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-2153-8}}</ref> , que esseva construite circa 120 a.Chr.<ref>Coarelli, Filippo (1987), ''I Santuari del Lazio in età repubblicana''. NIS, Rome, pp. 35–84.</ref>; exhibite in le Museo Pio-Clementino in le Museos Vaticanos.]] On sape minus re le marina roman que re le armea roman. Ante le medie del 3e seculo a.Chr., officiales cognoscite como duumviri navales commandava un flotta de vinti naves usate principalmente pro controlar le pirateria. Iste flotta esseva abandonate in 278 p.Chr. e substituite per fortias alliante. Le [[Prime Guerra Punic]] requireva que Roma construeva grande flottas, e illo lo faceva amplemente con le assistentia e le financiamento de alliatos. Iste dependentia de alliatos continuava usque al fin del [[Republica Roman]]. Le quinquereme esseva le nave de guerra principal in ambe lateres del Guerras Punic e remaneva le pilar principal del fortias naval roman usque al tempore de [[Cesare Augusto]], quando illo esseva substituite per vascellos plus legier e plus manovrabile<ref name="This paragraph is based upon Potter 2004">Iste paragrafo es basate super {{Harvnb|Potter|2004|pp=76–78}}</ref>. In comparation con un trireme, le quinquereme permitteva le uso de un mixtura de membros de equipage experte e inexperte (un avantage pro un potentia primarimente terrestre), e su minor manovrabilitate permitteva al romanos adoptar e perfectionar tacticas de abordage usante un truppa de circa 40 marineros in loco del ariete. Le naves esseva commandate per un navarcho, un rango equal a un centurion, qui generalmente non esseva un citatano. Potter suggere que, proque le flotta esseva dominate per non-romanos, le marina esseva considerate non-roman e on permitteva su atrophia in tempores de pace.<ref name="This paragraph is based upon Potter 2004" /> Information suggere que vers le fin del Imperio (350 p.Chr.), le marina roman comprendeva plure flottas includente naves de guerra e vascellos mercante pro transportation e provision. Le naves de guerra esseva galeas de velo e de remos con tres a cinque rangos de rematores. Le bases del flotta includeva tal portos como Ravenna, Arles, Aquilea, Misenum e le bucca del fluvio Somme in le West, e Alexandria e Rhodos in le Est. Flotillas de parve imbarcationes fluvial (classes) faceva parte del limitanei (truppas de frontiera) durante iste periodo, basate in portos fluvial fortificate al longo del Rheno e del Danubio. Le facto que generales prominente commandava e armeas e flottas suggere que le fortias naval esseva tractate como auxiliares al armea e non como un servicio independente. Le detalios del structura de commando e le fortias del flottas durante iste periodo non es ben cognoscite, ben que le flottas esseva commandate per prefectos{{Sfn|Elton|1996|pages=99–101}}. == Societate == [[File:Foro romano dal campidoglio 04.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Le Foro Roman, le centro politic, economic, cultural, e religiose del citate durante le Republica e le Imperio posterior.]] Le citate imperial de Roma esseva le plus grande centro urban del imperio, con un population estimate inter 450,000 e quasi un million<ref>{{Harvnb|Duiker|Spielvogel|2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/149 149]}}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501052229/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20586744.html ''Abstract of'' The population of ancient Rome.] by Glenn R. Storey. HighBeam Research. 1 December 1997. Retrieved 22 April 2007.; [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome*.html#note6 The Population of Rome] by Whitney J. Oates. Originally published in ''Classical Philology''. Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1934), pp.&nbsp;101–116. Retrieved 22 April 2007.</ref>. Circa 20% del population sub jurisdiction de Roma antique (25–40% in Italia roman, secundo le criterios)<ref>N.Morley, ''Metropolis and Hinterland'' (Cambridge, 1996) 174–183</ref> viveva in innumerabile centros urbane con plus que 10,000 habitantes e plure settlementos militar – un grado de urbanisation multo alte pro standards pre-industrial. Le majoritate de istes habeva un forum, templos, e altere edificios similar a illos de Roma. Le expectation medie de vita in le Imperio Medio esseva circa 26–28 annos<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gawande |first=Atul |title=Being Mortal |url=https://archive.org/details/beingmortalillne0000gawa |date=2014 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84668-582-8 |page=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rossi |first=Lino |title=Rotocalchi di pietra. Segni e disegni dei tempi sui monumenti trionfali dell'Impero romano |date=1981 |publisher=Jaca Book |isbn=978-8-8164-0071-9 |page=59 |language=it}}</ref>. === Structura social === [[File:Arringatore 04.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''Le Orator'', circa 100 a.Chr., del Museo Archeologic National de Florentia, Italia, un statua de bronzo etrusco-roman que depinge Aulo Metelo (latino: ''Aulus Metellus''), un viro etruscan vestite de un toga roman durante que ille se occupa de rhetorica; le statua presenta un inscription in le lingua etruscan.]] Le societate roman esseva fortemente hierarchic: * servi (sclavos) al base, * liberti (liberatos) supra illes, * cives (citatinos libere) al summitate. Le citatinos libere se subdivideva in classes. Le division le plus ancian esseva inter patricios (descendentes del 100 patriarcas fundatores) e plebeos. In le Republica posterior, iste distinction perdeva importantia: plebeos poteva devenir ric e politicamente influente, durante que patricios poteva declinar economicamente. In ultra al citatinos plene o patricios (pater familias e su filios mascul), il habeva citatinos honorari (ex altere civitates) e clientes. Le clientes esseva principalmente sclavos liberate per patricios, qui remaneva ligate a lor patronos per tutela e servicios. Anque estrangeiros e exilatos poteva devenir clientes de un patricio o mesmo del civitate de Roma. Un altere linea de division se basava super servicio militar e proprietate, determinate per le censores: * Classe senatorial: dominava politica e armeas. * Equites (cavalieros): al initio, illes que poteva mantener un cavallo; postea, un potente classe mercantil. * Alteres classes militar, ordinate per armeamento, con le proletarii (citatinos sin proprietate, salvo lor filios) al base. Le potentia de voto in le Republica dependeva del classe: le tribos ric habeva minus membros e poteva influentiar plus rapidemente le resultato, facente que le classes basse rarmente exprimiva lor suffragio. Le feminas roman habeva alcun derectos basic ma non poteva votar ni participar in politica. Con le tempore, illas ganiava derectos juridic e proprietate, ma remaneva sin suffragio<ref>Frank Frost Abbott, ''Society and Politics in Ancient Rome'', BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p. 41</ref>. Le civitates alliate recipiva frequentemente le Derectos Latin – un stato intermedio inter citatanitate plen e condition de peregrini. Post le Guerra Social (91–88 a.Chr.), le major parte de alliate italian recipeva citatanitate plen, e in 212 p.Chr. Caracalla lo extendite a tote homines libere del imperio (con exception del dediticii e esclavos liberatos). === Education === [[File:Busto maschile.JPG|thumb|Fresco de portraitura roman de un juvene viro con un rulo de papyro, de Herculano, del prime seculo p.Chr.]] In le prime Republica, il non habeva scholas public, assi pueros recipeva instruction in leger e scriber per lor parentes, o per sclavos educate, appellate paedagogi, habitualmente de origine grec<ref name="Lecture 13">[http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture13b.html Lecture 13: A Brief Social History of the Roman Empire] by Steven Kreis. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2007.</ref>{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}{{Sfn|Werner|1978|p=31}}. Le scopo principal del education durante iste periodo esseva trainar juvenes in agricultura, guerra, traditiones roman, e affaires public. Juvene pueros apprendeva multo sur le vita civic per accompania lor patres a functiones religiose e politic, incluse le Senato pro le filios de nobiles{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}. Le filios de nobiles esseva placiate como apprentices con un figura politic prominente al etate de 16 annos, e participava in campanias con le armea ab le etate de 17 annos{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}. Le practicas educative esseva modificate post le conquesta del regnos hellenistic in le seculo 3 a.Chr. e le resultate influentia grec, ben que le practicas educative roman esseva ancora multo differente del grecos{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}{{Sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/143 143]}}. Si lor parentes poteva permitter se lo, pueros e alcun pueras al etate de 7 annos esseva inviate a un schola private foras del domo appellate un ludus, ubi un instructor (appellate un litterator o un magister ludi, e frequentemente de origine grec) inseniava a illes le base de leger, scriber, arithmetica, e a vices greco, usque al etate de 11 annos{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}{{Sfn|Werner|1978|p=31}}<ref name="Roman Education">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225125840/http://www.txclassics.org/exceteducation.htm Roman Education]. Latin ExCET Preparation. Texas Classical Association, by Ginny Lindzey, September 1998. Retrieved 27 March 2007.</ref>. A partir del etate de 12 annos, le studentes frequentava scholas secundari, ubi le instructor (ora appellate un grammaticus) inseniava a illes sur le litteratura grec e roman{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}<ref name="Roman Education" />. Al etate de 16 annos, alcun studentes continuava lor studios in un schola de rhetorica (ubi le instructor, habitualmente grec, esseva appellate un rhetor){{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}<ref name="Roman Education" />. Le education a iste nivello preparava le studentes pro carrieras legal, e requireva que le studentes memorisava le leges de Roma{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}. === Familia === [[File:Galla Placidia (rechts) und ihre Kinder.jpg|thumb|Un portrait in vitro aurate de un familia del Egypto roman. Le inscription grec in le medallion pote indicar o le nomine del artista o le pater familias qui es absente in le portrait. Iste pecia, que data del tertie seculo p.Chr., esseva probabilemente create per un greco alexandrin debite al uso de un dialecto egyptie in le inscription.]] Le unitates basic del societate roman esseva le domos e le familias{{Sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/146 146]}}. Gruppos de domos connectite per le linea mascule formava un familia (gens), basate sur ligamines de sanguine, un ancestre commun o adoption. Durante le Republica, alcun familias potente, o Gentes Maiores, veniva a dominar le vita politic. Le familias esseva dirigite per lor plus vetule citatano mascule, le pater familias (patre del familia), qui teneva autoritate legal (patria potestas, potentia del patre) super sposas, filios, filias e sclavos del domo, e le ricchessa del familia{{Sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/146 146]}}. Le expressiones extreme de iste potentia—le vender o le occider de membros del familia pro offensas moral o civil, incluse le simple disobedience—esseva multo rarmente exercite, e esseva prohibite in le era imperial. Un pater familias habeva deberes moral e legal verso tote le membros del familia. Mesmo le plus despotic pater familias esseva expectate consultar le membros senior de su domo e de su gens sur questiones que afficeva le ben-esser e le reputation del familia. Traditionalmente, tal questiones esseva considerate como foras del competentia del stato e de su magistratos; sub le imperatores, illos deveniva gradualmente subjecte al interferentia e legislation del stato<ref>Parkin, Tim, & Pomeroy, Arthur, ''Roman Social History, a Sourcebook,'' Routledge, 2007, p. 72. {{ISBN|978-0-4154-2675-6}}</ref>. Un vice que illes esseva acceptate in lor familia de nascentia per lor patres, le infantes esseva heredes potential. Illes non poteva esser legalmente date o vendite in sclavitude. Si le parentes esseva incapace de curar lor infante, o si su paternitate esseva in dubita, illes poteva render se al exposition de infantes (Boswell traduce isto como esser offerite al cura del deos o de estranieros). Si un neonato deforme o malade esseva patentemente inapte pro viver, occider lo esseva un deber del pater familias. Un patre citatano qui exponeva un infante san nascite libere non esseva punite, sed perdeva automaticamente su potestas super ille infante. Infantes abandonate esseva a vices adoptate; alcunos haberea essite vendite in sclavitude. Le sclavitude esseva quasi ubiquitari e quasi universalmente acceptate. In le prime Republica, le citatanos in debita poteva vender lor labor, e forsan lor filios, a lor creditor in un forma limitate de sclavitude appellate nexum, sed isto esseva abolite in le medie Republica. Le libertate esseva considerate un stato natural e proprie pro le citatanos; le sclavos poteva esser legalmente liberate, con le consentimento e supporto de lor proprietarios, e ancora servir le familia e le interesses financier de lor proprietarios como libertos o libertas. Isto esseva le base del relation cliente-patrono, un del characteristicas plus importante del economia e del societate de Roma{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/10 10–11], 24–32}}. In lege, un pater familias teneva potestas super su filios adulte con lor proprie domos. Isto poteva dar loco a anomalias legal, tal como filios adulte qui habeva tamben le stato de minores. Nulle viro poteva esser considerate un pater familias, ni poteva ille vermente posseder proprietate secundo le lege, durante que su proprie patre viveva{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/10 10–11, 24–32]}}<ref>[http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777121908/ Family Values in Ancient Rome] by Richard Saller. The University of Chicago Library Digital Collections: Fathom Archive. 2001. Visited 14 April 2007.</ref>. Durante le prime historia de Roma, le filias maritate passava sub le controlo (manus) del pater familias de lor sposos. Verso le fin del Republica, le majoritate del feminas maritate manteneva un connexion legal con lor familia de nascentia, ben que qualcunque infante del matrimonio pertineva al familia de su sposo. Le matre o un parente de etate avantiate frequentemente elevava tanto le pueros como le pueras<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawson |first=Beryl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85Gdul_43DEC&pg=PP7 |title=The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives |date=1987 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-9460-4 |page=7}}</ref>. Le moralistas roman susteneva que le matrimonio e le elevation de infantes compliva un deber basic verso le familia, le gens, e le stato. Rematrimonios multiple non esseva rar. Le patres usualmente comenciava cercar sposos pro lor filias quando istes attingeva un etate inter dece-duo e dece-quatro annos, sed le majoritate del feminas del classe commun remaneva celibe usque a lor vintes, e in general pare haber essite multo plus independente que le sposas del elite. Le divorcio requireva le consentimento de un parte, insimul con le retorno de omne dote. Ambe parentes habeva potentia super lor infantes durante lor minoritate e etate adulte, sed le sposos habeva multo minus controlo super lor sposas<ref>Frier, Bruce W., and McGinn, Thomas A. J. ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', Oxford University Press: American Philological Association, 2004, p. 20</ref>. Le feminas citatan roman teneva un forma restricte de citatanitate; illas non poteva votar sed esseva protegite per le lege. Illas dirigeva familias, poteva posseder e diriger interprisas, posseder e cultivar terra, scriber lor proprie testamentos, e litigar in le corte pro se ipse, o pro alteres, tote sub dispensation del cortes e le supervision nominal de un parente mascule senior. Durante le eras republican tarde e imperial, un natalitate diminuente inter le elite, e un augmento correspondente inter le gente commun esseva causa de preoccupation pro multe gentes; Augusto tentava tractar isto per medio de intervention del stato, offerente recompensas a qualcunque femina qui parturiva tres o plus infantes, e penalisante le personas sin infantes. Le secunde esseva multo resentite, e le prime habeva resultatos apparentemente negligibile. Le feminas aristocratic semblava esser de plus in plus disinclinate al procreation<ref>Rawson, Beryl, "The Roman Family", in ''The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives'', Cornell University Press, 1986, pp. 30, 40–41.; Galinsky, Karl, ''Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction'', Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 130–132, {{ISBN|978-0-6910-5890-0}}</ref>. === Tempore e calendario === Le horas roman era contate ordinalmente de aurora a aurora. Assi, si le sollevamento occurreva a 6 a.m., alora 6 a 7 a.m. esseva nominate le ‘prime hora’. Le meridie esseva nominate ''meridies'', e es de iste parola que le termines ''a.m.'' (ante meridiem) e ''p.m.'' (post meridiem) proveni. Le Romanos habeva horologios (''horologia''), que includeva gigante solarios public (meridiane) e horologios de aqua (''clepsydrae''). Le septimana roman antique originale habeva octo dies, que esseva identificate per le litteras A a H, con le octavo die essente le *nundinum*, o die de mercato, un sorte de fin de septimana quando le agricultores vendeva lor productos in le stratas. Le septimana de septe dies, introducite ab le Oriente durante le primo Imperio, esseva adoptate officialmente durante le regno de Constantino. Le Romanos nominate le dies del septimana secundo corpora celeste al minus ab le 1e seculo p.Chr. Le anno roman originale habeva decem menses ab ''Martius'' (Martio) usque ''December'', con le periodo de inverno non includite in le calendario. Le prime quatro menses esseva nominate secundo deos (''Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius'') e le altere esseva numerate (''Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, December''). Numa Pompilius, le secunde rege de Roma (716–673 a.Chr.), dice se haber introducite le menses de ''Januarius'' e ''Februarius'', ambes etiam nominate secundo deos, initiante le calendario de 12 menses que ancora se usa hodie. In 44 a.Chr., le mense ''Quintilis'' esseva renominate ''Julius'' (Julio) in honore de Julio Cesar, e in 8 a.Chr., ''Sextilis'' esseva renominate ''Augustus' (Augusto) in honore de Augusto. Le Romanos habeva plure modos de registrar annos. Un modo commun esseva le datation consular, que identificate annos secundo le duo consules que regnava in cata anno. Un altere modo, introducite in le fin del 3e seculo p.Chr., esseva contante annos ab le ''indictio'', un periodo de 15 annos basate sur le annunciamento de le distribution de victualias e altere mercantias al governamento. Un altere modo, minus popular ma plus simile al presentia, esseva ''ab urbe condita'', que contava annos ab le fundation mythic de Roma in 753 a.Chr. == Cultura == [[File:Seven Hills of Rome.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Le septe collinas de Roma.]] Le vita in le Roma antique revolveva circa le citate de Roma, situate super septe colles. Le citate habeva un grande numero de structuras monumental como le [[Colosseo]], le Foro de Trajano e le Pantheon. Illa includeva theatros, gymnasios, mercatos, systemas de cloacas functional, complexos de balneos complete con bibliothecas e botecas, e fontanas con aqua potabile fresc fornite per centenares de millas de aqueductos. Per tote le territorio sub le controlo de Roma antique, le architectura residential variava ab casas modeste usque a villas campestre. In Roma, il habeva residencias imperial super le Collina Palatin. Le basse classes plebee e le classe equestrial medie viveva in le centro del citate, serrate in apartamentos, o insulae, que esseva quasi como moderne ghettos. Iste areas, frequentemente construite per proprietarios de classe alte pro le location, esseva sovente centrate super ''collegia'' o ''tabernae''. Iste personas, fornite con un provision gratuite de grano e displaciate per le jocos gladiatorial, esseva inscribite como clientes de patronos inter le patricios de classe alte, cuje adjuta illes cercava e cuje interesses illes supportava. === Lingua === [[File:Roman Empire 180 CE.png|thumb|right|350px|Le Imperio Roman in 180 AD. Le latino habeva un grande influentia in le parte occidental del imperio, tanto como lingua native como lingua administrative. In le parte oriental, le lingua grec era predominant.]] Le lingua native del Romanos esseva le [[latino]], un [[Linguas italic|lingua italic]] cuje grammatica dependeva poco del ordine del parolas, exprimente le signification per un systema de affixos attachate al radicales del parolas<ref>[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/latol-0-X.html Latin Online: Series Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429221355/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/latol-0-X.html |date=29 April 2015 }} by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum. Linguistics Research Center. The University of Texas at Austin. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2007.</ref>. Su alphabeto esseva basate sur le alphabeto etrusc, que a su vice esseva basate sur le [[alphabeto grec]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calvert |first=J.B. |date=8 August 1999 |title=The Latin Alphabet |url=http://www.du.edu/~etuttle/classics/latalph.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403040205/http://www.du.edu/~etuttle/classics/latalph.htm |archive-date=3 April 2007 |website=University of Denver}}</ref>. Ben que le [[litteratura latin]] superstite consiste quasi totalmente de [[latino classic]], un lingua litterari artificial, multo stylisate e polite del prime seculo a.Chr., le lingua parlate in le Imperio Roman esseva le [[latino vulgar]], que differeva significativamente del latino classic in grammatica e vocabulario, e eventualmente in pronunciation<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810033726/http://classics.lss.wisc.edu/courses/Classical_Latin_Supplement.pdf Classical Latin Supplement]. p. 2. Retrieved 2 April 2007.</ref>. Parlatores del latino poteva comprender ambes formas usque al septime seculo, quando le latino parlate comenciava a diverger tanto que le "latino classic" o "bon latino" debeva esser apprendite como un secunde lingua<ref>József Herman, ''Vulgar Latin'', English translation 2000, pp. 109–114 {{ISBN|978-0-2710-2001-3}}</ref>. Durante que le latino remaneva le principal lingua scribite del Imperio Roman, le grec deveniva le lingua parlate per le elite ben educate, proque le major parte del litteratura studiate per le Romanos esseva scripte in grec. Le majoritate del emperatores esseva bilingue, ma habeva un preferentia pro le latino in le sphera public pro rationes politic, un practica que comenciava durante le guerras punic{{Sfnm|Rochette|2023|1pp=263,268|Rochette|2018|2pp=114-115,118}}. In le parte oriental del Imperio Roman (e plus tarde del [[Imperio roman de oriente|Imperio Roman Oriental]]), le latino nunquam poteva replaciar le grec, un hereditage del periodo hellenistic{{Sfn|Rochette|2018|p=108}}. [[Justiniano I|Justiniano]] esseva le ultime emperator a usar le latino in le governamento, marcante le momento in le qual le grec deveniva officialmente dominante{{Sfnm|1a1=Adkins|1a2=Adkins|1y=1998|1p=203|2a1=Kaldellis|2y=2023|2p=289|3a1=Rochette|3y=2011|3p=562|4a1=Rochette|4y=2023|4p=283}}. Le expansion del Imperio Roman diffundeva le latino per tote Europa, e le latino vulgar evolveva in multe [[linguas romanic]]. === Religion === [[File:August Labicana Massimo Inv56230.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Augusto]] con les vestes de ''Pontifex Maximus''.]] [[File:Pompeii - Casa dei Vettii - Ixion.jpg|thumb|Punition de Ixion: al centro es Mercurio tenente le caduceo; a su dextra Juno sede super su throno. Retro illa sta Iris, facente gestos. A sinistra es Vulcano (figura blonde), in pede retro le rotta, la governante, con Ixion jam ligate a illo. Nephele sede al pedes de Mercurio; un fresco roman del muro oriental del triclinium in le Domo del Vettii, Pompeii, Quarte Stilo (60–79 p.Chr.).]] Le [[religion roman]] archaic, al minus in lo que concerne le deos, non consisteva in narrativas scribite, ma in interrelationes complexe inter deos e humanos{{Sfn|Matyszak|2003|page=24}}. Divergente del mythologia grec, le deos non esseva personificate, ma esseva spirites sacre vagamente definite, appellate numina. Le Romanos credeva etiam que cata persona, loco o cosa habeva su proprie genius, o anima divine. Durante le Republica Roman, le religion esseva organisate sub un systema strict de officios sacerdotal, tenite per homines de rango senatorial. Le Collegium Pontificum esseva le organismo supremo in iste hierarchia, e su sacerdote principal, le Pontifex Maximus, esseva le capite del religion del stato. Le flamines curava le cultos de varie deos, durante que le augures esseva responsabile pro prender le auspicios. Le rex sacrorum (rege sacre) assumeva le responsabilidades religiose del reges deponite. In le Imperio Roman, emperatores defuncte qui habeva regnate ben esseva deificate per lor successores e per le Senato<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Gibbon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvIbFyM1s54C&pg=PA91 |title=The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire |publisher=printed for J.J. Tourneisen |year=1787 |page=91}}; {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a75PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA644 |title=The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge |publisher=Encyclopedia Americana Corporation |year=1919 |page=644}}</ref>, e le culto imperial formal deveniva progressivemente plus prominente. Con le augmento del contacto con le Grecos, le vetere deos roman esseva sempre plus associate con le deos grec{{Sfn|Willis|2000|pages=166–168}}. Sub le Imperio, le Romanos absorbeva le mythologias de lor populos subjugate, frequentemente resultante in situaciones ubi templos e sacerdotes del deos traditional italian coexisteva con illos del deos extranee{{Sfn|Willis|2000}}. Comenciando con le Emperador [[Neron]] in le prime seculo p.Chr., le politica official del Romanos verso le christianismo esseva negative, e a certe puncto, esser christian poteva esser punite con le morte. Sub le Emperador Diocletiano, le persecution del christianos attingeva su apice. Totevia, le christianismo deveniva un religion supportate officialmente per le stato roman sub le successor de Diocletiano, Constantino I, con le signatura del Edicto de Milano in 313, e rapidemente deveniva dominante. Tote religiones excepte le christianismo esseva prohibite in 391 p.Chr. per un edicto del Emperador Theodosio I<ref>[http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm Theodosius I (379–395 AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015652/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm |date=2015-03-15 }} by David Woods. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 2 February 1999. Retrieved 4 April 2007.</ref>. === Ethica e moralitate === Como multe culturas antique, le conceptos de ethica e moralitate, ben que compartente alcun similaritates con le societate moderne, differeva grandemente in plure aspectos importante. Proque civilisationes antique como Roma esseva sub constante menacia de attaccos per tribos maraudante, lor cultura esseva necessemente militaristic, con habilitates martial considerate como attributos de grande valor<ref name="Astore, William">{{Cite news |last=Astore, William |title=Bread and Circuses in Rome and America |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/william-astore/bread-and-circuses-in-rom_b_3414248.html |access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref>. Durante que societates moderne considera le compassion como un virtute, le societate roman considerava le compassion como un vicio, un defecto moral. In effecto, un del objectivos principal del jocos gladiatorial esseva de immunisar le citatanos roman contra iste debilitate<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87_ImL1ryQ8C |title=Annual Editions: Western Civilization |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2002 |edition=12th |volume=1 |page=68 |quote=... where compassion was regarded as a moral defect ...}}</ref><ref name="Astore, William" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson, Michael Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkU9IuW1IuAC |title=Look Back to Get Ahead: Life Lessons from History's Heroes |publisher=Arcade |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-55970-727-5 |page=174 |quote=Gladatorial games were popular because the Romans actually believed that compassion was a vice and a weakness}}</ref>. In vice, le Romanos appreciava virtutes como le corage e le conviction (''virtus''), un senso de deber verso su populo, le moderation e le evitamento del excessos (''moderatio''), le pardon e le comprension (''clementia''), le justitia firme (''severitas''), e le fidelitate (''pietas'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agyhCwAAQBAJ |title=Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-58510-796-4 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Brian K. |pages=21–28}}</ref>. Le societate roman habeva normas ben establite e restrictive in relation al sexualitate, ben que, como in multe societates, le major parte del responsabilitates cadeva super le feminas. Feminas esseva generalmente expectate a esser monogame, habente solmente un marito durante lor vita (''univira''), ben que isto esseva multo minus observate inter le elite, specialmente sub le imperio. Feminas esseva expectate a esser modeste in public, evitante apparitias provocante, e a demonstrar fidelitate absolute a lor maritos (''pudicitia''). In veritate, portar un velo esseva un expectation commun pro preservar le modestia. Le sexo extra matrimonio esseva generalmente disapprobate pro homines e feminas, e de facto esseva rendite illegal durante le periodo imperial<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langlands, Rebecca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBLnttutuOMC |title=Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-85943-1 |pages=3–20}}</ref>. Totevia, le prostitution esseva un practica acceptate e regulate<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Mathew Dillon |author2=Lynda Garland |author2-link=Lynda Garland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMNL0jqhygoC |title=Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-22459-8 |page=382}}</ref>. Demonstrationes public de morte, violentia, e brutalitate esseva usate como fonte de entertainmento in le communitates roman; tamen, isto esseva etiam un maniera de mantener le ordine social, demonstrar le potentia, e significar un unitate communal. === Arte, musica e litteratura === [[File:P. Fannius Synistor anagoria links.JPG|right|thumb|Femina sonante un cithara, del Villa Boscoreale, Italia, circa 40–30 a.Chr.]] Le stilos pictoric roman monstra influentias [[Grecia antique|grec]], e le exemplos superstite es principalmente frescos usate pro decorar muros e plafones de villas rustic, ben que le litteratura roman mentiona picturas super ligno, ebore e altere materiales{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=350–352}}<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropt/hd_ropt.htm Roman Painting] from Timeline of Art History. Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004–10. Retrieved 22 April 2007.</ref>. Plure exemplos de pictura roman ha essite trovate in Pompeii, e ab iste exemplares, le historicos del arte divide le historia del pictura roman in quatro periodos. Le prime stilo pictoric esseva in uso ab le initio del secundo seculo a.Chr. usque al initio o medio del prime seculo a.Chr., e consisteva principalmente in imitationes de marmore e structuras de petra, talvolta includente figuras mythologic. Le secunde stilo comenciava in le prime seculo a.Chr. e cercava representar realisticamente elementos architectonic tridimensional e paisages. Le tertie stilo emergeva sub le regno de Augusto (27 a.Chr. – 14 p.Chr.), rejectante le realismo del secunde stilo in favor de ornamentation simple: un scena architectonic, paisage, o designo abstracte esseva placiate al centro, super un fundo monochromic. Le quarte stilo, que comenciava in le prime seculo p.Chr., illustrava scenas mythologic, conservante tamen elementos architectonic e patronos abstracte. Le sculptura de portreto usava proportiones juvene e classic, ma plus tarde evolveva in un mixtura de realismo e idealisation. Durante le periodos antonin e severan, deveniva popular le cabellos e barba ornate, con incisiones e perforationes profunde. Progressos esseva etiam facite in le sculpturas in basso-rilievo, usualmente representante victorias roman. Le musica roman esseva fortemente basate super le musica grec e habeva un rolo importante in multe aspectos del vita roman<ref name="Grout-1988">{{Cite book |first1=Donald Jay |last1=Grout |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ise5AAAAIAAJ |title=A history of western music |first2=Claude V. |last2=Palisca |date=1988 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-95627-6 |access-date=31 May 2012}}</ref>. In le armea roman, instrumentos como le tuba (un longe trompeta) o le cornu esseva usate pro dar diversas commandos, durante que le buccina (probabilemente un trompeta o corn) e le ''lituus'' (probabilemente un instrumento in forma de J allongate) esseva usate in cerimonias. Musica esseva sonate in le amphitheatros roman inter le combattes e in le odea, ubi on sape usava le cornu e le hydraulis (un typo de organo a aqua){{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=349–350}}. Quasi tote le ritos religiose includeva presentationes musical. Alcun historicos de musica crede que musica esseva presente in quasi omne ceremonias public<ref name="Grout-1988" />. Le graffiti, lupanares, picturas e sculpturas trovate in Pompeii e Herculaneum suggere que le cultura roman esseva saturate de sexualitate. ==== Litteratura e bibliothecas ==== Le [[litteratura latin]] esseva, ab su initio, fortemente influentiate per autores grec. Alcun del plus vetere obras existente es epopeas historic que narra le prime eventos del historia militar de Roma. Con le expansion del Republica, autores comenciava a producer poesia, comedia, historia e tragedia. Le contributiones litterari de Roma antique es ancora recognoscite hodie, e le obras de autores roman antique esseva disponibile tanto in librerias quanto in bibliothecas public e private. Multes eruditos e homines de stato in Roma antique cultivava bibliothecas private, usate tanto como demonstrationes de cognoscentia quanto como signos de ricchessa e poter<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dix |first=T. Keith |date=1994 |title="Public Libraries" in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542662 |journal=Libraries & Culture |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=282–296 |jstor=25542662 |issn=0894-8631}}</ref>. Ben que Julio Cesare habeva le intention de establir bibliothecas public pro consolidar Roma como un grande centro cultural, simile a Athenas e Alexandria, ille moriva ante que isto esseva realisate. Su veterano subalterne, Gaio Asinio Pollio, continuava le projecto e inaugurava le prime bibliotheca public in Roma, in le Atrium Libertatis<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XXXV. AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS., CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE HONOUR ATTACHED TO PORTRAITS. |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+35.2&redirect=true |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>. Imperatores como Augusto, Tiberio, Vespasiano, Domitiano e Trajano tamben fundava o expandiva bibliothecas public durante lor regnos<ref>{{Cite web |title=Library – Ancient Rome, Collections, Archives {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/library/Rome |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Houston |first=George W. |date=2008 |title=Tiberius and the Libraries: Public Book Collections and Library Buildings in the Early Roman Empire |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/15/article/247571 |journal=Libraries & the Cultural Record |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=247–269 |doi=10.1353/lac.0.0032 |s2cid=161471143 |issn=2166-3033|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Staikos |first=Konstantinos Sp |title=The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II: From Cicero to Hadrian: The Roman World from the Beginnings of Latin Literature to the Monumental and Private Libraries of the Empire |date=25 October 2021 |url=https://brill.com/display/title/26053 |work=The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II |access-date=29 November 2023 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004473508 |isbn=978-9-0044-7350-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref>. Isto includeva le Bibliotheca Ulpian in le Forum de Trajano e bibliothecas in le Templo de Apollo Palatinus, le Templo del Pace in le Foro Roman, e le Templo de ''Divus Augustus'', que esseva dedicate a Minerva quando illo esseva reconstruite sub le ordines del Emperador Domitiano<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman forum: its history and its monuments / Ch. Huelsen ; translated by Jesse Benedict Carter. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101076187390?urlappend=%3Bseq=19 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=HathiTrust | date=1909 |hdl=2027/njp.32101076187390?urlappend=%3Bseq=19 |language=en}}</ref>. Al tempore del cadita del Imperio Roman Occidental, le citate de Roma contava plus que duo decenas de bibliothecas public<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boyd |first=C. E. |title=Public Libraries and Literary Culture in Ancient Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/publiclibrariesl00boyduoft |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1915 |isbn=978-1-164-83397-0}}</ref>. Con le expansion del Imperio Roman, bibliothecas public esseva establite in altere importante urbes e centros cultural, includente Ephesos, Athenas e Timgad<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |title=Libraries in the Ancient World |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1428/libraries-in-the-ancient-world/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=23 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pfeiffer |first=Homer F. |date=1931 |title=The Roman Library at Timgad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238558 |journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome |volume=9 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.2307/4238558 |jstor=4238558 |issn=0065-6801|url-access=subscription }}</ref>. === Cocina === [[File:Mosaico di un giovane come mese di giugno, III secolo dc..JPG|thumb|Un puero con un platto de fructos e, possibilemente, un sitella de crustaceos, in un cocina con pisces e calamares — in le pannello de junio de un mosaico del 3e seculo que representa le menses, in le Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.<ref>J. Carson Webster, ''The Labors of the Months in Antique and Mediaeval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century,'' Studies in the Humanities 4 (Northwestern University Press, 1938), p. 128. In the collections of the [[Hermitage Museum]].</ref>]] Le cocina del Roma antique cambiava super le longe duration de iste civilisation. Le habitudes alimentar esseva influentiate per le cultura grec, le cambios politic del Regno al Republica e postea al Imperio, e per le expansion enormemente vaste del Imperio, que exposeva le romanos a nove habitudes provincial e technicas de cocitura. Al initio, le differentias inter le classes social esseva relativemente modeste, ma se evolveva con le expansion del Imperio. Homines e feminas bibeva vino con lor repastos<ref>{{Cite book |last=Civitello |first=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaRl9ZUtBYkC&q=cuisine%20of%20ancient%20rome&pg=PR8 |title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-40371-6 |language=en}}</ref>. Le dieta roman antique includeva multe elementos que es hodie basic in le culina italian moderne. Plinio le Senior describeva plus de 30 varietates de oliva, 40 typos de pira, ficus (local e importate ab Africa e le provincias oriental), e un grande varietate de legumina, includente carottas (de varie colores, ma non orange<ref>Phyllis Pray Bober, ''Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy'', University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 188.</ref>), apio, allio, bulbos de flores, brassicas como cavolo, kale e broccoli, lactuca, endivia, cepa, porro, asparago, ravanellos, napas, pastinacas, betas, pisum verde, acelga, cardo, olives e cucumbre<ref name="Patrick Faas">Patrick Faas, ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome'', University of Chicago Press (2005), p. 209.</ref>. Tamen, alcun alimentos hodie associate con la culina italian non esseva usate<ref name="Phyllis Pray Bober">Phyllis Pray Bober, ''Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy'', University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 187.</ref>. In particular, spinacia e melongena (aubergine) esseva introducite plus tarde per le mundo arabic, e tomates, patatas, pimentos e mais (le fonte moderne del polenta)<ref name="Patrick Faas" /> solmente appareva in Europa post le descubrimento del Nove Mundo e le Exchange Columbin<ref name="Phyllis Pray Bober" />. Le romanos cognosceva le ris, ma illo esseva rarissime. Citrus esseva etiam pauc<ref name="Phyllis Pray Bober" />. Carnes de macellero como bove esseva un delicias rar. Le carne plus popular esseva porco, specialmente in forma de salsicias<ref>Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, ''A History of Food'', John Wiley & Sons (2009), p. 93.</ref>. Pisces esseva plus commun que carne, con un aquacultura sophisticate e industrias extensive dedicate al cultura de ostreas. Le romanos tamben practicava le allevamento de cochleas e larvas de querco. Alcun typos de pisces esseva multo appreciate e habeva precios elevate, como le ''mullus'' del piscicultura de Cosa, e medios elaborate esseva inventate pro mantener los fresc<ref>John E. Stambaugh, ''The Ancient Roman City'', JHU Press (1988), p. 148.</ref>. Traditionalmente, un jentaculo (''ientaculum'')<ref name="Artman-2">Artman, John: "Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", page 26, Good Apple, 1991.</ref> esseva consumite al alba. Al medie die o in le prime parte del postmeridie, on mangiava le cena<ref name="Artman-2" />, le plato principal del die, e al vespere un repasto leve appellate vesperna<ref name="Artman">Artman, John: "Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", p. 26, Good Apple,1991.</ref>. Con le crescent importation de alimentos exotic, le cena deveniva plus abundante e varie, e se moveva gradualmente al vespere, dum le vesperna<ref name="Artman" /> esseva abandonate. Le repasto del medie die, prandio, deveniva un repasto leve pro mantener le fame usque al cena<ref name="Artman-2" />. === Moda === Le [[toga]], un vestimento commun durante le era de [[Julio Cesare]], esseva gradualemente abandonate per tote le classes social del [[Imperio Roman|Imperio]]. Al initio del 4e seculo, le toga esseva reducite a un vestimento portate solmente per senatores durante sessiones del [[Senato roman|Senato]] e in ceremonias official. In le 4e seculo, le toga esseva substitute per le ''paenula'' (un vestimento simile a un poncho) como vestimento quotidian del romanos, tanto del classes basse quanto alte. Un altere vestimento popular inter romanos in le annos plus tarde del [[Imperio roman de occidente|Imperio Roman de Occidente]] esseva le pallium, normalmente portate per philosophos e eruditos in general. A causa de influentias externe, principalemente ab populos germanic, le romanos adoptava tunicas multo simile a illos usate per le germanos con le quales illes interageva in le ultime annos del Imperio Occidental. Illes adoptava etiam pantalones e cappellos como le ''pileus pannonicus''. Durante le basse imperio, le ''paludamentum'' (un typo de vestimento militar) esseva portate solmente per le imperator roman (desde le regno de Augusto, le prime imperator), durante que le ''dalmatica'' (tamben usate per le clero christian) comenciava a diffunder se per tote le imperio<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/dalmatica/ |title=Dalmatica |access-date=12 August 2023 |language=it}}</ref>. === Jocos e recreation === [[File:Nennig Roman Villa and Mosaics - 51134391753.jpg|left|thumb|Le combatte de gladiatores esseva strictemente un sport de spectaculo. Iste mosaico roman monstra combattentes e un arbitro, del villa roman a Nennig, Germania, circa le 2e o 3e seculo p.C.]] [[File:Villa romana bikini girls.JPG|right|thumb|Le mosaico del puellas in bikini, que monstra feminas practicante sportes, del Villa Roman del Casale, Italia, provincia roman de Sicilia, 4e seculo.]] Le juventute de Roma habeva varie formas de joco athletic e exercitio. Le jocos pro pueros esseva destinate a preparar los pro le servicio militar active, como saltar, luctar, pugnar e currer.{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/98 98–108]}} In le campania, le passatempos del ricos includeva etiam le pesca e le chasse.<ref name="SPQR Online-1998">{{Cite web |year=1998 |title=Daily Life: Entertainment |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/26602/entertainment.htm#leisure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025620/http://library.thinkquest.org/26602/entertainment.htm |archive-date=30 April 2007 |website=SPQR Online |accessdate=24 February 2026 |archivedate=30 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025620/http://library.thinkquest.org/26602/entertainment.htm#leisure }}</ref> Le romanos habeva plure typos de jocos con bolas, includente un que resembleva le balla a mano.{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/98 98–108]}} Jocos de dados, jocos de tabula e jocos de alea esseva passatempos popular.{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/98 98–108]}} Pro le ricos, le banchettos offereva un opportunitate pro divertimento, a vices con musica, dansa, e lectiones de poesia.{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=350–352}} Le majoritate del populo, minus benestante, poteva gauder de banchettos simile per medio de collegios o associationes, ma pro le plus parte del romanos, mangiar pro placer significava visitar tavernas.{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=350–352}} Le infantes se divertiva con jocos e jocas como le saltar super amicos (leapfrog).<ref name="SPQR Online-1998" />{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=350–352}} Le jocos public e spectaculos esseva sponsorisate per romanos prominente qui voleva promover lor generositate e obtener favor popular; in Roma o su provincias, isto normalmente significava le imperator o su governatores. Locos specific pro le jocos public esseva construite in Roma e in le provincias. Le Colosseum de Roma esseva construite in 70 p.Chr. sub le imperator Vespasian e aperite in 80 p.Chr. pro hostar eventos e combatte de gladiatores. Le gladiatores combatteva a vices usque al morte, ma plus sovente usque a un victoria adjudicate, usualmente in accordo con le humor del multitud spectante. Spectaculos con animales exotic esseva popular in se mesme; ma a vices animales esseva collocate contra humanos, o professionales armate o criminales sin armas condamnate al morte public. Le cursas de carros esseva extrememente popular inter tote le classes social. In Roma, iste cursas habeva loco normalmente in le Circus Maximus, que esseva construite specialmente pro cursas de carros e de cavallos e, como le plus grande spatio public de Roma, esseva usate etiam pro festivales e spectaculos con animales.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/circusmaximus/circusmaximus.html Circus Maximus]. Encyclopedia Romana. University of Chicago. Retrieved 19 April 2007.</ref> Illo poteva accomodar circa 150,000 personas<ref>John Humphrey, ''Roman circuses: arenas for chariot racing'', University of California Press, 1986, p. 216.</ref>. == Economia == [[File:Pompeii - Fullonica of Veranius Hypsaeus 1 - MAN.jpg|thumb|Travaliatores in un officina de tractamento de pannos, in un pictura del ''fullonica'' de Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii.]] Roma commandava vaste territorios con multe recursos natural e human. Le economia restava basate sur [[Agricultura roman|agricultura]] e [[commercio]]. Grano de [[Sicilia]], [[Africa]] e [[Egypto]] alimentava Roma, durante que Italia exportava vino e oleo. Le industria esseva limitate a extraction e atelieres. Le labor servile dominava: circa 20% del population del imperio (e 40% in Roma) esseva sclavos. Con le cessation del conquestas, sclavos deveniva plus car e le labor pagate plus competitive. Le moneta roman era ben disveloppate: cupro, bronzo, argento e auro. Antea, le cupro se pesava a massa; postea appariva le as. Le denario esseva gradual debasate sub Nero. Le commercio terrestre e maritim connecteva tote le [[Mar Mediterranee|Mediterraneo]]. Navigation esseva 60 vices plus cheap que transporte terrestre. Un viage de Gades a Alexandria prendeva minus que un mense. === Etate regia === Al initio del etate del ferro (9e seculo a.Chr.) le economia del populos del Italia central esseva basate quasi exclusivemente super le productos del pastoralis e del agricultura. Allevamento e agricultura representava le principal activitates economic etiam durante le periodo archaic o monarchic (ab le 8e al 6e seculo a.Chr.) del historia de Roma antique. Illo esseva un economia de subsistentia: le destination del productos esseva, in effecto, le autoconsumo familiar o tribal. Roma, totevia, se disveloppava gratias a su position in un area de frontiera, cioè le via commercial inter le citates etrusc e le colonias grec del Campania lungo le directrice nord-sud, e le “via del sal” (via Salaria) inter le fauce del Tiber e le communitates sabin e umbro-sabellic del Appennino central in direction ovest-est. Le Tiber in le antiquitate constitueva le linea de demarcation inter duo areas con differentias distincte: illo etrusc al nord e illo latin al sud. Le sito ubi in le 8e seculo a.Chr. surse Roma esseva strategic economicamente, como puncto de incontro de vias commercial que se dirigeva in plure directiones. In particular, le controlo del trafficos ligate a un producto importante como le sal, proveniente del salinas al fauce del Tiber, constitueva le prime impulso pro le disveloppamento economic de Roma: le sal transiva, in effecto, per le citate pro esser transportate verso le interior, in territorio sabin, longo le percurso del via Salaria, cioè “via del sal”. === Etate republican === Como in grande parte del societates del mundo classic, etiam le economia del [[Republica Roman]] (del 5e al 1e seculo a.Chr.) esseva essencialmente, si non exclusivemente, basate super le production e le distribution de productos agricole (ma grande parte del production esseva destinate al autoconsumo). Le classe del aristocrates (patricios), que in iste periodo correspondeva etiam al strata social plus ric, esseva formate prevalentemente per grande proprietarios fundiari, qui se occupava personalmente del gestion del empresas agricole (villae rusticae). Solo in le etate republicane tarde comenciava a affirmar se economicamente le classe social del equites, que traheva su ricchessa non del agricultura, ma del commercio, del industrias e del finantia (exaction de taxas e prestitos a interesse). ==== Monetisation ==== Quando ab le baratto on passava a un prime systema monetari, le valor del unitate monetari, consistente in un certe quantitate de cupro o bronzo (aes rude), esseva stabilite equivalente a un ove o un bove. Postea le aes rude esseva substitute per le prime moneta de bronzo, le aes grave o asse librale (assí nominate proque illo pesava circa un libra). Con le apertura de Roma al commercio externe (in particular con Magna Grecia), in le 3e seculo a.Chr. appariva le prime monetas de argento, initialmente coniate per Cuma, usque quando Roma ipse comenciava a batter moneta: monetas de argento como le Denario e le Victoriato, e de auro como le Aureo, que se adjungeva a illos de bronzo (Asse). Le Sestertio durante le Republica esseva un parve moneta de argento con valor de 1/4 de denario (post le reforma monetari de Augusto illo designava in vice un moneta de cupro, o melio de auricalco). Le monetas plus precios esseva usate pro transactiones international, le minus valente pro le economia domestic. Le coherentia del systema esseva guarantee per cambios fixate: 1 Aureo = 25 Denarios = 100 Sestertios = 400 Asses. Le Stato durante tote le Republica ageva con prudentia e sagessa in le regulation del coniationes (quantitate de monetas emittite, lor peso e titulo). === Etate imperial === [[File:Map of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Mappa del Periplo del Mar Erythrean: Commercio roman con le India secundo le ''Periplus Maris Erythraei'' e le relationes diplomatic sino-roman.]] In le prime duo seculos del Imperio Roman, le disveloppamento de su economia se basava essencialmente super le conquestas militar, que apportava terras a distribuir al legionarios o al senatores ricos, mercantias a commerciar e sclavos a sfruttar in labores sin costo<ref>«Systema agrari-mercantil con base sclavista», con iste formula A. Schiavone defini le systema economico-social del prime era imperial de Roma antique (Momigliano e Schiavone, ''Storia di Roma'', Einaudi, 1988).</ref>. Pro iste motivo le economia pareva prospere (“seculo de auro”). In realitate, illa remaneva in stato de stagnation, que deveniva decadentia (declino del production agricole e contraction del grande fluxos commercial) con le fin del phase del grande guerras de conquesta (198 p.Chr., conquesta de Ctesiphon, capital del imperio parthe). Le Imperio Roman non esseva capace de realisar un disveloppamento economic endogene (non dependente del conquestas) ni de compensar le augmento del costos del spesa public (principalmente exercito e bureaucratia) con un systema fiscal plus efficiente que oppressivo. Le grave crisi consequente portava gradualmente a decadentia, usque al cassa del parte occidental in le 5e seculo per obra del populos germanic<ref>Secundo A. Fusari, le systema economic del era imperial esseva destinate al stagnation viste que le duo elementos que lo componeva, le agricultura e le commercio, e su base energetic principal, le sclavos, non esseva integrate in un mercato unic como in le economia capitalista, e su alimentation non derivava si non in minima parte del surplus reinvestite in le mercato (accumulation endogene promovite per factores agente intra le systema), sed del affluxo de ressources externe (accumulation exogene), fructo del rapina, del guerras e del exploitation del provincias. In plus, le ordine equestre, que haberea potite opponer se al aristocratia terratenente e guerriera como classe social que basava su proprie poter, su proprie ricchessa e su proprie identitate de classe precisemente sur le developpamento de un systema interprendurial mercantilista e industrial, nunquam aspirava a substituer se al aristocratia in le acquisition del poter (como haberea facite un authentic classe burgese), sed a facer parte de illo, reinvestinte le surplus commercial in le acquisition de un rendita fundiari (A. Fusari, L'avventura umana, Seam, 2000).</ref>. In le prime etate imperial, le impulso date per forte urbanisation<ref>Le civilisation imperial esseva essentialmente un civilisation urban. In le citates populose del Imperio resideva le classes privilegiate. Specialmente in Occidente, le citate esseva ante toto un centro administrative, a transverso del qual on exerceva le controlo e le exploitation del region agricola circumvicin, sed illo esseva tamben le loco ubi le ricchessa producite esseva distribuite e consumite, e le centro de diffusion del modellos de comportamento del societate imperial (E. Lo Cascio, ''Roma imperiale. Una metropoli antica'', Carocci 2010)</ref> e le securitate del lineas de traffico favoriva le expansion del commercio terrestre e maritim<ref>Da Narbona a Cartagine si impiegavano in media cinque giorni di navigazione, da Marsiglia ad Alessandria, invece, trenta ({{sfn|Ruffolo|p=130)}}.</ref><ref>Giorgio Ruffolo calcula in 4 miliardos de sestertios (un quinte del PIB total) le valor addite total del sector commercial in le prime seculo p.C. ({{sfn|Ruffolo|p=28}}).</ref><ref>Gratias a un systema altemente organisate de transporto e vendita, se moveva liberemente de un angulo al altere del Imperio millenas de tonnas de productos: metallos extrahite in le regiones montaniose del Europa occidental: stagno ex Britannia, ferro ex Espania, plumbo ex Sardinia; pelles, pannos e bestial ex le districtos pastoral de Britannia, de Espania e ex le mercatos del Mar Nigre; vino ex Provenza, ex Aquitania, ex Italia, ex Creta, ex Numidia; oleo ex Africa e ex Espania; lardo ex Lucania; melle ex Attica; caseo ex Dalmatia; fructos sic, dactilos e prunas ex Syria; cavallos ex Sicilia e ex Numidia; ligno, pice e cera ex Russia meridional e ex le nord de Anatolia; marmore ex le litorales egee, ex Asia Minor, ex Egypto, ex le Pyreneos e anque ex le Mar de Marmara; e - le plus importante de totes - grano ex le districtos del Africa del nord, del Egypto, del Sicilia, del Thessalia e del valle del Danubio pro le necessitates del grande citates (H. St. L. B. Moss, ''The Birth of the Middle Ages'', p. 1).</ref>: a Roma, per exemplo, se multiplicava botecas, empresas commercial a grande e parve scala, depositos, magazinos, corporationes de artesanos e transportatores. Le trafficos commercial attingeva le costas del Baltico, Arabia, India e China pro importar productos de luxo e prestigio a precios astronemic (al valor del mercantia se adjungeva le costos del transporto e un longe serie de taxas e pedaggios). Existiva un ligamine constante de importation via caravanas e commercio maritim con le regiones oriental, specialmente India e peninsula Arabic, unde veniva incenso, perfumes, perlas, gemmas, species, setas, carnes e pisces rare, fructos exotic, ebano, unguentos. Totevia, le effluxo de moneta in metallo precios pro iste productos de luxo habeva in le seculos sequente graves consequentias in le balancia commercial<ref>Plinio le Vetule calculava in 100 milliones de sestertios le summa que cata anno sortiva del Imperio pro pagar le mercantias pretiose: illo esseva un cifra vermente enorme, correspondente al recepta annual de tote le impostos indirecte e esseva equal a un quarte de tote le entratas del Imperio in le tempore de Vespasiano. (Plin. NH, XII, 84: ''minimaque computatione miliens centena milia sestertium annis omnibus India et Seres et paeninsula illa imperio nostro adimunt: tanti nobis deliciae et feminae constant. quota enim portio ex illis ad deos, quaeso, iam vel ad inferos pertinet?'').</ref><ref>Necun aristocrate roman haberea unquam soniate de nominar "consumos" le activitates ligate al emption de productos de luxo o al generation de placeres. Le ideal del societate aristocratic roman esseva le ''otium'', non le travalio productive. On se occupava pauc del reproducibilitate del ressources usate: il habeva le sclavos e le legiones pro provider a isto. Tanto minus on se occupava del inequalitate del distribution del ressources: le societate roman, como tote le societates antique, esseva impietose e considerava natural que al concentration del ricchessas in multo pauc manos corresponderia le paupertate extreme del consumos del massas. Lo que importava non esseva tanto meliorar le production de ressources e distribuer los melior, quanto plus tosto le intensitate del placeres que on poteva traher de lor exploitation. ({{sfn|Ruffolo|p=64}}).</ref>. ==== Aerarium militare e monetisation imperial ==== Le gigantesc apparato imperial comportava costos sempre plus alte. Augusto divideva le Imperio in provincias senatorie, cuje tributos entrava in le erario (antique cassa del Stato), e in provincias imperial, cuje entratas alimentava le fisco, cassa private del imperator, qui portava le oneros plus grave: exercito, bureaucratia e subsidios al plebe urban (distribution de frumento o moneta) pro evitar revoltas. Sub le successores de Augusto se creava confusione inter erario e fisco, a advantage de iste ultime. In ultra, pro le exercito on reservava un cassa special, le erario militare, ubi se accumulava fundos pro le pagamento del indemnitate al soldatos congedate<ref>Elio Lo Cascio, ''Le tecniche dell'amministrazione'', in ''Storia di Roma'', II.2, Einaudi, Torino, 1991, pp. 144-151.</ref>. Le costo del exercito<ref>In le etate augustee, le costo del legiones esseva circa le medietate del dispensa public total, sed illo representava solmente le 2,5 per cento del PIB. In recompensa, esseva enorme le ricchessas que, gratias a su conquestas, afflueva al Stato e supertoto al privatos: auro, thesauros, terras, operas de arte. Durante multe annos, le ''tributum'' del 5 per cento del reddito imponibile instituite per Augusto pro financiar le defensa del Imperio poteva esser remittite al citatanos roman ({{sfn|Ruffolo|p=51}}).</ref> esseva aggravate ancora per le uso, a partir de Claudio, de dar donativa al soldatos pro garantir lor fidelitate al momento del accession al throno. Addite al spesas inevitabile, le spreco del corte rendeva le finantias precari. Le decision de Augusto de consolidar le Imperio, con limites natural e secur, in vice de extender lo, dependeva etiam del conscientia que le ressources esseva limitate e incapace de sustener excessive esforços expansionistic<ref>Sulla strategia di conquista e consolidamento vd. Emilio Gabba, ''L'impero di Augusto'', in ''Storia di Roma'', II.2, Einaudi, Torino, 1991, pp. 13-17</ref>. Le successores, excepte Trajano, non se allontanava multo del linea augustee. Trajano portava le Imperio a su maximo extension etiam pro attinger le minas de auro del Dacia e le controlo del vias caravaniere del Oriente: le beneficio esseva tamen solmente temporanee. A longe termino, le fin del politica expansionistic, le diminution del moneta circulante (minas produceva minus metallo que le demanda), le rarefication e consequentemente augmento de precio del sclavos, rendeva le spesas sempre plus insupportabile, durante que le pression fiscal se revelava inefficace. Le Stato cognosceva un sol medio de intervention que non augmentava le pression fiscal: le svalutation del moneta, per reduction del peso del monetas (Neron esseva le prime a facer isto pro sustener su politica de prestigio e grande spesas). Le consequentia, evidente in le Tardo Imperio, esseva un inflation galoppante. == Technologia == [[File:Pont du Gard 3.jpg|thumb|right|Le Pont du Gard in Francia es un aquaducto roman construite in circa 19 a.Chr. Illo es un Sito del Patrimonio Mundial.]] Roma antique possedeva impressionante realisationes technologic, utilisante multe inventiones que se perdeva durante le [[Medievo]] e non esseva rivalisate usque al 19e e 20e seculos. Un exemplo de isto es le vitros isolate, que non esseva reinventate usque al annos 1930. Multe innovationes practic del romanos esseva adoptate ab designos plus ancian del grecos. Le progressos esseva frequentemente dividite e basate super artesanias, e le artifexes protegava lor technicas como secretos de mestiero<ref>Ancient Roman laws protected against a person corrupting slaves to obtain secrets about the master's arts. {{Cite book |last=Zeidman |first=Bob |url=https://archive.org/details/softwareipdetect00zeid_321 |title=The Software IP Detective's Handbook: : Measurement, Comparison, and Infringement Detection |date=2011 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-703533-5 |edition= |page=[https://archive.org/details/softwareipdetect00zeid_321/page/n129 103] |url-access=limited}}</ref>. Le ingenieria civil e militar roman formava un parte major del superioritate e hereditage technologic de Roma, e contribuiva al construction de centos de stratas, pontes, aqueductos, thermae public, theatros e arenas. Multe monumentos, tal como le [[Colosseo]], le Pont du Gard e le Panteon, remane hodie como testeminios del ingenieria e cultura roman. Le romanos esseva renominate pro lor architectura, que es groupate con le traditiones grecas sub le titulo de architectura classic. Ben que multe differentias existeva inter architectura grec e roman, Roma mutuava multo de Grecia in su adhesion a designos strictemente formulari e proportionate. A parte de duo nove ordines de columnas – composite e tuscan – e del cupola, derivate del arc etrusc, Roma habeva relativemente poche innovationes architectonic usque al fin del Republica. In le prime seculo a.Chr., le romanos comenciava a usar largemente le concreto roman. Le concreto esseva inventate in le fin del 3e seculo a.Chr. Illo era un cemento potente derivate del puteolano, e rapidemente supplanteva le marmore como principal material de construction roman, permittente formas architectonic audace<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winter |first=Thomas Nelson |date=1979 |title=Roman Concrete: The Ascent, Summit, and Decline of an Art |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/1 |journal=Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences |volume=7 |pages=137–143}}</ref>. In le mesme periodo, [[Vitruvio]] scribeba ''[[De architectura]]'', forsan le prime tractato complete super architectura in le historia. Le romanos etiam construeva multo con [[ligno]], lo que causava un rapide declino del silvas circa [[Roma]]. Le prime evidentias de commercio de ligno a longe distantia proveni del discoperta de tabulas de ligno, taliate inter 40 e 60 p.Chr., in le montes Jura in nord-est de [[Francia]], que finiva plus que 1,700 km lontan, in le fundationes de un portico luxuriose in un villa patrician in Roma central. On suppone que iste traves, circa 4 metros de longitude, esseva transportate via le [[Rheno]] e le Saona, trans le [[Mar Mediterranee|Mediterraneo]], e per le Tiber usque a Roma<ref>Choi, Charles Q. (4 December 2019). [https://www.insidescience.org/news/muddy-find-shows-how-foreign-timber-helped-build-ancient-rome "Muddy Find Shows How Foreign Timber Helped Build Ancient Rome."] ''InsideScience.org''. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</ref>. [[File:Appia antica 2-7-05 048.jpg|thumb|left|Le Via Appia, un strata que connecte le citate de Roma con le partes meridional de Italia, remane usabile mesmo hodie.]] Con solidas fundationes e bon escolamento<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Roman road system |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/Roman-road-system |access-date=19 August 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>, le stratas roman esseva cognoscite pro lor durabilitate, e multe segmentos del systema stradal roman esseva ancora in uso mille annos post le cadita de Roma. Le construction de un vasta e efficiente rete de vias in tote le Imperio augmentava dramaticamente le potentia e influentia de Roma. Illas permitteva al legiones roman de mover se rapidemente, con tempos de marcha predictibile inter punctos clave del imperio, sin reguardo al saison{{Sfn|Keegan|1993|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/303 303]}}. Iste vias habeva etiam enorme importantia economic, consolidante Roma como un cruciamento mercantil – le origine del dicto “tote le vias duce a Roma”. Le governamento roman manteneva un systema de stationes de reposo, cognoscite como ''cursus publicus'', e un systema de relaias a cavallo, permittente que messagerias poteva viagiar usque a 80 km per die. Le romanos construiva numerose [[Aqueducto|aqueductos]] pro fornir aqua a citates, locos industrial e al agricultura. Per le tertie seculo, le urbe de Roma esseva fornite per 11 aqueductos con un longitude total de 450 km. Le romanos faceva etiam major progressos in sanitation. Illes esseva particularimente renominate pro lor thermas public, usate tanto pro hygienic como pro scopo social. Multe domos roman habeva latrinas con fluxo de aqua e tubatura interior, e un complexe systema de cloacas, le Cloaca Maxima, esseva usate pro exhaurir paludes e portar residuos al Tiber. Alcun historicos ha speculate que le tubos de plumb in le systemas de cloaca e tubatura causava un envenenamento largemente diffuse que contribuiva al caduida de Roma; tamen, le contento real de plumb probabilemente esseva minimal<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Duckworth |isbn=978-0-7156-2194-3 |title=Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply |url=https://archive.org/details/romanaqueductswa0000hodg |first=A.T. |last=Hodge |date=1992}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grout |first=James |title=Lead Poisoning and Rome |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526104339/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html |archive-date=26 May 2012 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=University of Chicago}}</ref>. == Vide etiam == * ''[[Ab Urbe condita]]'' (historia de Roma per [[Tito Livio]]) {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == === Fontes antique === Un numero satis importante de textos historic del Antiquitate, redigite in latino o in greco antique, nos ha pervenite per le intermediario de copias. Ben que lor contento es frequentemente questionabile, illos es un fonte major de information sur le historia politic del Roma antique. On pote citar, inter illos de quales le de sujecto es le plus general: * Tito Livio, ''Historia roman'' :: Iste es un ovra monumental que retracia le historia de Roma depost su comenciamento usque al morte de Druso in le anno 9 a.Chr. Tamen, il nos resta solmente le prime libros, usque al guerras samnite, e depost le secunde guerra punic usque al battalia de Pydna in 168 a.Chr. Pro le periodos le plus antique, Tito Livio admitte que ille non pote distinguer inter le legenda e le realitate, sed ille es un fonte multo fidel a partir del 4e seculo a.Chr. * Ciceron, ''Re le Republica'' :: Iste es un tractato in sex libros del philosopho roman que tracta super le institutiones e le governamento del Republica roman ante le crise del 1e seculo a.Chr. * Polybio, ''Historia general'' :: Fonte preciose sur le guerras punic e exposition del institutiones roman. * Dio Cassio, ''Historia roman'' :: Ovra que retracia le historia de Roma depost le comenciamentos usque al anno 229 p.Chr., sed excepte fragmentos sur le comenciamentos del Republica, il nos resta solmente le ultime medietate, fidel, que tracta del guerras civile roman e del Imperio. * Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'' :: Il se tracta del biographias del dece-duo prime imperatores de Roma, de Julio Cesar a Domitiano. Su ovra es satis fidel ben que ille se monstra a vices pauc critic e non hesita a colportar rumores e calumnias. * Tacito, ''Historias'' e ''Annales'' :: Le Annales va de 14 a 68 e es in parte perdite. Le Historias va theoricamente de 68 a 96, sed solmente le parte que tracta del annos 69 e 70 es conservate. Altere textos dona informationes preciose sur eventos precise. In plus, le litteratura latin, del qual on ha conservate numerose textos, forni numerose informationes sur le mentalitate e le historia cultural de Roma. ==== Obras general ==== * {{Cite book |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor |title=Histoire de la Rome antique |location=Paris |year=1863–1872 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Dautry |first=Jean |last2=Hacquard |first2=Georges |last3=Maisani |first3=Olivier |title=Le Guide romain antique |publisher=Hachette |location=Paris |year=1952 |isbn=978-2-01-000488-9 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Grimal |first=Pierre |title=La Civilisation romaine |url=https://archive.org/details/lacivilisationro0000grim_i6c7 |publisher=Flammarion |location=Paris |year=1960 |isbn=978-2-08-081101-1 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Christol |first=Michel |last2=Nony |first2=Daniel |title=Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares |url=https://archive.org/details/desoriginesderom0000chri |publisher=Hachette |location=Paris |year=1974 |isbn=978-2-01-000488-9 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Jerphagnon |first=Lucien |title=Histoire de la Rome antique : Les armes et les mots |publisher=Fayard |location=Paris |year=1987 |isbn=978-2818500958 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Moatti |first=Claudia |title=À la recherche de la Rome antique |publisher=Gallimard |location=Paris |year=1989 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Le Bohec |first=Yann |last2=Le Glay |first2=Marcel |last3=Voisin |first3=Jean-Louis |title=Histoire romaine |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-13-058910-5 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Cébeillac-Gervasoni |first=Mireille |title=Histoire romaine |publisher=Armand Colin |location=Paris |year=2006 |isbn=2-200-26587-5 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Beard |first=Mary |title=SPQR: histoire de l'ancienne Rome |publisher=Perrin |year=2016 |isbn=978-2-262-04871-6 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Bourdin |first=Stéphane |last2=Virlouvet |first2=Catherine |last3=Cornette |first3=Joël |title=Rome naissance d'un empire, de Romulus à Pompée, 753-70 av. J.-C. |publisher=Éditions Belin |year=2021 |isbn=978-2-7011-6495-3 |language=fr}} ==== Monarchia e Republica ==== * {{Cite book |last=Hinard |first=François |title=La République romaine |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=2000 |isbn=2-13-044546-2 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Heurgon |first=Jacques |title=Rome et la Méditerranée occidentale jusqu'aux guerres puniques |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=1993 |isbn=2-13-045701-0 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Le Glay |first=Marcel |title=Rome, grandeur et déclin de la République |url=https://archive.org/details/rometomeigrandeu0000legl |publisher=Perrin |location=Paris |year=1990 |isbn=978-2-262-01897-9 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Nicolet |first=Claude |title=Rome et la conquête du monde méditerranéen, 264-27 av. J.-C. |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=2001 |isbn=978-2-13-051964-5 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Roman |first=Danièle |title=Rome : la République impérialiste (264-27 av. J.-C.) |publisher=Éditions Ellipses |location=Paris |year=2000 |isbn=978-2-7298-0425-1 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Briquel |first=Dominique |title=La Prise de Rome par les Gaulois |location=Paris |publisher=PUPS |year=2008 |language=fr}} ==== Imperio Roman ==== * {{Cite book |last=Grimal |first=Pierre |title=L'Empire romain |url=https://archive.org/details/lempireromain0000pier |publisher=Fallois |location=Paris |year=1993 |isbn=978-2-253-06486-2 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |publisher=Le Seuil |location=Paris |year=1974 |isbn=978-2-02-002677-2 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Veyne |first=Paul |title=L'Empire gréco-romain |publisher=Le Seuil |location=Paris |year=2005 |isbn=978-2-02-057798-4 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Ponthus |first=René |title=Atlas des Romains |publisher=Casterman |location=Bruxelles/Paris |year=2005 |isbn=2-203-11651-X |language=fr}} ==== Antiquitate tardive ==== * {{Cite book |last=Balard |first=Michel |last2=Genet |first2=Jean-Philippe |last3=Rouche |first3=Michel |title=Des Barbares à la Renaissance |publisher=Hachette |location=Paris |year=1973 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Peter |title=Genèse de l'Antiquité tardive |publisher=Gallimard |location=Paris |year=2001 |isbn=2070700267 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Ducellier |first=Alain |last2=Kaplan |first2=Michel |last3=Martin |first3=Bernadette |title=Le Proche-Orient médiéval |publisher=Hachette |location=Paris |year=1978 |isbn=2-01-005523-3 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |title=Histoire de la décadence et de la chute de l'Empire romain |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredeladca07gibbgoog |year=1828 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Lançon |first=Bertrand |title=L'Antiquité tardive |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=1997 |isbn=2-13-048125-6 |language=fr}} ==== Societate roman ==== * {{Cite book |last=Andreae |first=Bernard |title=L’Art de l’ancienne Rome |publisher=Mazenod |location=Paris |year=1973 |isbn=978-2-85088-004-9 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Bade |first=Christophe |title=La noblesse de l'Empire romain |publisher=Champ Vallon |location=Seyssel |year=2005 |isbn=978-2-87673-415-9 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Boissier |first=Gaston |title=La religion romaine d’Auguste aux Antonins |url=https://archive.org/details/lareligionromain0002bois |year=1909 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Breaugh |first=Martin |title=L'Expérience plébéienne |publisher=Payot & Rivages |location=Paris |year=2007 |isbn=978-2-228-90260-1 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Dumézil |first=Georges |title=Mythe et Épopée |publisher=Gallimard |location=Paris |year=1995 |isbn=978-2-07-073656-0 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Marrou |first=Henri-Irénée |title=Histoire de l’éducation dans l’Antiquité |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredeleduca0000henr_y3x9 |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |location=Paris |year=1948 |isbn=978-2-02-006015-8 |language=fr}} ==== Institutiones politic ==== * {{Cite book |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor |title=Le droit public romain |location=Paris |year=1871–1892 |language=fr}} * {{Cite book |last=Abbott |first=Frank Frost |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryanddesc02abbogoog |publisher=Ginn & Company |location=Boston |year=1901 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Byrd |first=Robert |title=The Senate of the Roman Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-DFD-587 |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-89875-393-6 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Lintott |first=Andrew |title=The Constitution of the Roman Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionofro0000lint_o8s9 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-926108-6 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Lily Ross |title=Roman Voting Assemblies |url=https://archive.org/details/romanvotingassem00tayl |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1966 |isbn=978-0-472-08125-7 |language=en}} ==== Altere obras usate ==== * {{Cite book |last1=Adkins |first1=Lesley |author-link=Roy and Lesley Adkins |author-link2=Roy and Lesley Adkins |title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein0000adki_q8n6 |last2=Adkins |first2=Roy A. |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512332-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Cary |first=Max |title=A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine |year=1967 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Casson |first=Lionel |url=https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass |title=Everyday Life in Ancient Rome |year=1998 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5992-2 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Cornell |first=Tim J. |title=The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.&nbsp;1000–264 BC) |url=https://archive.org/details/beginningsofrome0000corn |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |author-link=Tim Cornell |oclc=31515793}} * {{Cite book |last1=Duiker |first1=William |author-link=William J. Duiker |url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik |title=World History |last2=Spielvogel |first2=Jackson |author-link2=Jackson J. Spielvogel |year=2001 |publisher=Wadsworth |isbn=978-0-534-57168-9 |edition=3rd |ol=6786176M}} * {{Cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |title=The Story of Civilization |volume=III: Caesar and Christ |title-link=The Story of Civilization |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |year=1944 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-56731-023-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Elton |first=Hugh |title=Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350–425 |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815241-5}} * {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2 |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00390-2 |editor-last=Flower |editor-first=Harriet I.}} * {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGxiE6jvzOcC |title=A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution |year=1989 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-17728-4 |editor-last=Furet |editor-first=François |editor-link=François Furet |editor-last2=Ozouf |editor-first2=Mona |editor-link2=Mona Ozouf}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian Keith |title=The Roman Army at War: 100 BC – AD 200 |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815057-2 |author-link=Adrian Goldsworthy}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian Keith |title=The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC |url=https://archive.org/details/fallofcarthagepu0000gold |year=2006 |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=978-0-304-36642-2 |author-link=Adrian Goldsworthy}} * {{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Michael |title=Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum |url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofvesuvius0000gran |year=2005 |publisher=Phoenix Press |isbn=978-1-898800-45-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientworld0000unse |title=The Ancient World |year=1971 |publisher=David McKay Company, Inc. |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Kaldellis |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Kaldellis |title=The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium |year=2023 |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197549322.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-754932-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg |title=A History of Warfare |year=1993 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-394-58801-8}} * [[Livy]]. ''The Rise of Rome, Books 1–5,'' translated from [[Latin]] by T.J. Luce, 1998. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-1928-2296-9}}. * {{Cite book |last1=Luckham |first1=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDnAAAAIAAJ |title=Democratization in the South: The Jagged Wave |last2=White |first2=Gordon |year=1996 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4942-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Mackay |first=Christopher S. |title=Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientromemilit0000mack |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80918-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Matyszak |first=Philip |title=Chronicle of the Roman Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofroman0000maty |year=2003 |publisher=Thames & Hudson, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-500-05121-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Richard |title=Carthage Must be Destroyed |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141018096 |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-101809-6 |author-link=Richard Miles (historian)}} * {{Cite book |last=O'Connell |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/ofarmsmenhisto00ocon |title=Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-505359-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last=Rochette |first=Bruno |year=2011 |chapter=Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 |title=A Companion to the Latin Language |pages=549–563 |doi=10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 |hdl=2268/35932 |isbn=978-1-4051-8605-6 |hdl-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Rochette |first=Bruno |year=2018 |title=Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate? |url=https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1418/90426 |journal=Lingue e Linguaggio |issue=1/2018 |pages=107–128 |doi=10.1418/90426 |issn=1720-9331}} * {{Cite journal |last=Rochette |first=Bruno |title=The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices |journal=Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West |year=2023 |pages=258–285 |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198887294.003.0012 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/55330/chapter/428805545 |editor-last=Mullen |editor-first=Alex |access-date=22 December 2023 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford Academic |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-888729-4 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite book |last=Scarre |first=Chris |title=The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/penguinhistorica0000scar |year=1995 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-051329-5}} * {{Cite book |last1=Scheidel |first1=Walter |title=The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeeconomi0000unse_m5e2 |last2=Saller |first2=Richard P. |last3=Morris |first3=Ian |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Walter Scheidel |isbn=978-0-521-78053-7 |ol=16929915W}} * {{Cite book |last=Sellers |first=Mortimer N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7lgzjettgC |title=American Republicanism: Roman Ideology in the United States Constitution |year=1994 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-8005-3}} * {{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |year=1979 |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600&nbsp;B.C. to 600&nbsp;A.D. |journal=Social Science History |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=115–138 |doi=10.2307/1170959 |jstor=1170959 |issn=0145-5532}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Turchin |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D. |year=December 2006 |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=222 |issn=1076-156X |doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite book |last=Ward-Perkins |first=John Bryan |url=https://archive.org/details/romanimperialarc00jbwa |title=Roman Imperial Architecture |year=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05292-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Werner |first=Paul |title=Life in Rome in Ancient Times |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeinromeinanci0000pwer |year=1978 |publisher=Editions Minerva S.A. |others=translated by David Macrae}} * {{Cite book |last=Willis |first=Roy |title=World Mythology: The Illustrated Guide |year=2000 |publisher=Ken Fin Books |isbn=978-1-86458-089-1}} == Ligamines externe == {{Commons|Category:Ancient Rome}} * {{ia}} [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/cultura-classic/ Cultura classic (Vicente Costalago)] {{Roma antique}} [[Categoria:Historia de Roma]] [[Categoria:Roma antique| ]] lafixtf3ipn1hzu4ghje7airotvanou 0 30612 701095 698436 2026-09-28T03:00:44Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} Al fin del [[guerra]] [[Espania|hispan]]-[[cuba|cuban]]-[[America del Nord|nordamerican]] in 1898, le territorios de Ultramar cedite per Espania in le [[Caribe]] e le [[Pacifico]] restava sub le influentia del Statos Unite. Le Tractato de [[Paris]],<ref>http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/lexotras/lextratadoparis.htm</ref> firmate le 10 decembre de ille anno, fixava le modalitates per le que se rigera le soveranitate de ille territorios. Le articulo I expressa clarmente le renuntia sur le proprietate del insula Cuba, simul que specifica que le Statos Unite “interim durara su ocupation, tomara sur se e cumplira le obligationes que per le facto de occupar la, les impone le Derecto International”.<br /> Nonobstante, le Statos Unite, non solo non observava le pacto, sed que al fin del occupation in [[1902]], imponeva illegalmente al insula un appendice in le Constitution apellate le Emendation Platt,<ref>http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Enmienda_Platt</ref> que compromitteva directemente le independentia del insula in su articulo III: “le Governamento de Cuba consente que le Statos Unite potera exercitar le derecto de intervenir per le conservation del Independentia cuban, le mantenimento de un Governamento adequate per le protection de vitas, proprietate e libertate individual e per observar le obligationes que super Cuba ha essite imponite al Statos Unite per le Tratacto de Paris”.<br /> Durante tote le seculo XIX numerose tractatistas de derecto international in Hispanoamerica, super toto in [[Puerto Rico]], denunciava le illegalitate de ille tractato jam que Espania se videva obligate a ratificar lo sub le menacia de repressalias ancora major como lo explica le historica Rosario de la Torre del Río, professor universitari de Historia Contemporanee del Universitate Complutense de [[Madrid]] in su ''Communication Le crise del 98''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Ministerio/EscuelaDiplomatica/MasterenDiplomaciayRelacionesInternacionales/Documents/LACRISISDEL98.pdf |accessdate=2014-07-26 |archivedate=2014-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726215322/http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Ministerio/EscuelaDiplomatica/MasterenDiplomaciayRelacionesInternacionales/Documents/LACRISISDEL98.pdf }}</ref> “''Le timor a un action combinate de nordamericanos et [[Britannia|britannicos]] in le region del Strecto, con le duple objectivo de imponer le dur conditiones de [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] in le Caribe e in le Pacifico ampliando los a le Canarias e de extender la soveranitate de London sur la region que circumfere Gibraltar, influeva forteemente in le perception del governamento espaniol de un crise international de contornos imprecise e de consecuentias ancora plus disastrose''” Le historico Alejandro Torres Rivera, explica in su libro ''Perspectivas hostosianas in le themas de libertate politica, soberanitate y libre determination''<ref>http://fr.calameo.com/read/0003475956c5e9b17a63f</ref> le these del independentistas puertorican denunciante le illegal annexion de iste territorios per le Statos Unite “indica que no poteva obligar a Puerto Rico un tractato de pace facto in Paris sin cognoscimento nec aquiescentia del populo de Puerto Rico”<br /> Iste eventos historic que haveva loco 115 annos il face, ancora repercute in le actualitate, post que le situation legal del territorios cedite per Espania se incontra ancora in litigio, como lo proba le recentemente concludite referendum<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203557/http://hilodirecto.com.mx/puerto-rico-vota-a-favor-de-estatidad/ |archivedate=2016-03-04 |title=Archive copy |url=http://hilodirecto.com.mx/puerto-rico-vota-a-favor-de-estatidad/ |accessdate=2012-11-24}}</ref> que teneva loco le 6 de novembre de [[2012]] in Puerto Rico.<br /> Le feritas del “desastre” de 1898 ancora non se ha claudite in Cuba. Per le investigator Germán Rueda "Un sector del politicos nordamerican usava habilemente diverse ingredientes como le dispersion e distantia del restos del vetere Imperio espaniol, le pauc attention militar e administrative del metropole, le contraposition de interesses inter le partitos e gruppos peninsulares super le diverse territorios, le falta de un projecto colonial coherente per parte de Espania, le debilitate espaniola como pais e in le concerto international, le conflictos independentistas e guerras civiles in Cuba e Philipinas, le disinteresse del potentias europee centrate in Africa e Asia continental a partir de un momento determinate e le inertia expansive de le Statos Unite desde le seculo XVIII, un vice "consumite" le territorio continental asignate in su "destino manifeste". Le resultato final esseva le occupation efective in 1898 de quasi tote le territorios espanioles in America, Asia e Oceania."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/7168/1/El%20desastre%20del%2098%20y%20la%20actitud%20norteamericana.pdf |accessdate=2012-11-24 |archivedate=2016-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312235604/https://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/7168/1/El%20desastre%20del%2098%20y%20la%20actitud%20norteamericana.pdf }}</ref> <br /> == Argumentation Juridic == Secundo le lege e le Constitution Espaniola vigente in [[1876]], Espania non habeva derectos de proprietate sur su antique colonia un vice concedite le Autonomia, ni le Statos Unite le posibilitate de obtener le, pro le simple ration de que le cubanos constitueva un nationalitate definite e recognoscite per le mesme Espania. Postea adoptate le cambio de regime, signate per le Rege, approbate per le Cortes del Regno e publicate in le ''Gaceta Oficial de Madrid'',<ref> http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1897/331/A00639-00643.pdf</ref> qualcunque modification del statuto deberea haber essito approbato in le parlamento e per le naturales de Cuba, lo qual jammais ocurreva.<br /> * Per quanto, postea le declaration del Autonomia le 25 novembre [[1897]], publicate in le ''Gaceta de Madrid'' le sabbato 27 del mesme anno, accordante personalitate juridic; Cuba, in le exercitio del derecto al Autonomia recognocite constitutionalmente, accedeva a su autogobernamento de conformitate con le Constitution Espaniol e le citate Decreto, que es su norma institutional basic. * Per quanto, secundo le Constitution vigente in 1876<ref>http://www.congreso.es/constitucion/ficheros/historicas/cons_1876.pdf</ref> in le Regno de Espania, stabliente claremente in le Titulo 6, Del Rege e sus Ministros, artículo 55, que le Rege necessita esser autorizate<ref>http://e-spacio.uned.es:8080/fedora/get/bibliuned:Derechopolitico-1981-11-FB9517C8/PDF</ref> per una lege special per: alienar, ceder o permutar qualcunque parte del territorio espaniol. * Per quanto, ante convenir un tractato de iste natura il ha de solicitar se le voto de le Curtes del Regno e que, si bien dicha solicitud de ley fue presentada por le Reina Regente el martes 6 de septiembre de 1898,<ref>http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1898/249/A01043-01043.pdf</ref> esta nunca fue aprobada por los señores diputados. * Per quanto, le Tractato de Paris ratificato per su Majestate le Regina Regente de Espania le 19 marte 1899, renunciante in su articulo I a tote derecto de soveranitate e propietate super Cuba, non poteva esser ratificate sin le consulta del naturales de ille territorios, pois le recognocimento de personalitate juridic es irrevocabile un vice recognocite. * Per quanto, le Statos Unite non habeva derecto a obtener le titulos de proprietate de Cuba, que Espania mesme non era in conditiones de accordar, post que su proprietate jam non le perteneceva de pleno derecto, un vice acceptate le systema de autogovernamento per le Rege de Espania. * Per quanto, le nationalitate (e per tanto, le derecto del citatano), se obtine per Derecto Natural o Derecto de Gentes, que es anterior a tote altre systema de Derecto International. In consequentia, le nationalitate espaniola, secundo dicto criterio, jammais poteva haber essite removite sin clar consulta del naturales del territorios cedite per Espania. * Per quanto, le articulo IX del Tractato de Paris priva del nationalitate espaniol al naturales del territorios perdite per Espania al conclusion del conflicto belic, stabiliente in clar violation del derecto natural del personas que “''le derectos civiles e le condition politic de le habitantes naturales del territorios (…) essera determinate per le Congresso''”. * Per quanto, le naturales del provincias autonomas de Ultramar (Cuba e Puerto Rico) esseva disnationalizate per le nordamericanos de su derecto de citatanos espaniol sin istos haber adquirite “naturaleza en país extranjero” como causa per perder le, secundo stabiliva le Constitution Espaniol del 1876.<ref> http://www.congreso.es/constitucion/ficheros/historicas/cons_1876.pdf</ref> * Per quanto, le Regina Regente Doña María Cristina jammais esseva autorizate per ceder citatanos espanioles, e assi iste poter constitutionalmente le correspondeva exclusivemente al Tribunales del Regno, secundo lo stabilite in le Codice Civil del 1889. * Per quanto, necun tractato inter Espania o altro Poter o nation, havereva essite obligatorio pro Cuba sin le expresse consentimento del habitantes natural, sia originarios del Península o del territorio insular. * Per quanto, le Tractato de Paris, esseva avellite a Espania sub intimidation. Super illo, le Convention International super Derecto de Tractatos,<ref>http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/ley/viena.html</ref> celebrate in 1969 in Viena, Austria, inter cuje statos signatarie se incontra Statos Unite e Espania, categoriza como nulle (artículo 52) tote accordo cuje consentimento se attigera con le menacia o uso del fortia. ===== Per consequente: ===== * Prime, que le Tratato de Paris es nulle de nullitate absolute e insanabile.<ref>http://www.ellibrepensador.com/2012/11/08/cuba-podria-entrar-en-una-federacion-espanola/</ref> * Secunde, que per le rationes ante exposite le derecto al nationalitate espaniol es inalienabile pro tote le cubanos post que “jammais ha adquirite natura in un pais extranier” desde le 25 novembre 1897.<br /> <references/> [[Categoria:Politica]] tuef7p197af9mrbn1088wzv8xecpmoq 102 38466 701098 701040 2026-09-28T07:39:06Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 701098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item ?sl { ?item wdt:P171* wd:Q25306 . OPTIONAL {?item wikibase:sitelinks ?sl } . FILTER (?sl >= 1) } ORDER BY DESC(?sl) |section= |sort= |columns=number:#,item,label:Article,P225,?sl,description,P18,P31,P279,P171,P361 |thumb=48 |min_section= |links=red_only |summary=itemnumber }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! # ! item ! Article ! nomine del taxon ! ?sl ! description ! imagine ! instantia de ! subclasse de ! taxon superior immediate ! parte de |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[:d:Q33602|Q33602]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca | 146 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[:d:Q42046|Q42046]] | [[Hyaenidae]] | Hyaenidae | 144 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Aeluroidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | [[:d:Q36341|Q36341]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | Ursus arctos | 138 | | [[File:202309 Ezo brown bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[bear]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[:d:Q30197|Q30197]] | [[Panthera uncia]] | Panthera uncia | 132 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[apex predator]]<br/>[[flagship species]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[:d:Q27066|Q27066]] | [[Meles meles]] | Meles meles | 123 | | [[File:European badger (Meles meles taxus) Drenthe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[:d:Q25311|Q25311]] | [[Mustela nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis | 123 | | [[File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[:d:Q29995|Q29995]] | [[Lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra | 122 | | [[File:Otter.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[:d:Q80479|Q80479]] | [[Herpestidae]] | Herpestidae | 112 | | [[File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Herpestoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | [[:d:Q41960|Q41960]] | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens | 112 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | [[:d:Q25345|Q25345]] | [[Mustela erminea]] | Mustela erminea | 110 | | [[File:Røyskatt (Mustela erminea erminea), Lista, Norway.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[:d:Q30847|Q30847]] | [[Caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal | 109 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[big cat]] | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[:d:Q30263|Q30263]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | Pinnipedia | 107 | | [[File:Common seal (Phoca vitulina) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[:d:Q14334|Q14334]] | [[glutton]] | Gulo gulo | 106 | mammifero carnivore | [[File:Gulo gulo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[:d:Q82738|Q82738]] | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus | 105 | | [[File:Vulpes lagopus in Iceland (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[:d:Q25437|Q25437]] | [[Mustelidae]] | Mustelidae | 101 | | [[File:Marten with Flowers.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | [[:d:Q200184|Q200184]] | [[Lutrinae]] | Lutrinae | 101 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | [[:d:Q125525|Q125525]] | [[jackal]] | | 101 | | [[File:Golden jackal (Canis aureus indicus) male head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[Canina]] | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[:d:Q128098|Q128098]] | [[Canis aureus]] | Canis aureus | 101 | | [[File:033 Golden jackal in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | [[:d:Q122783|Q122783]] | [[Ursus americanus]] | Ursus americanus | 99 | | [[File:American black bear (19647087094).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[:d:Q26046|Q26046]] | [[Martes martes]] | Martes martes | 96 | | [[File:Pine Marten (48173751702).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[:d:Q80952|Q80952]] | [[Panthera tigris tigris]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 93 | | [[File:Bengal tiger in Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 05.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[tigre]] | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | [[:d:Q134015|Q134015]] | [[Suricata suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta | 92 | | [[File:Meerkat (Suricata suricatta).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | [[:d:Q173128|Q173128]] | [[Mellivora capensis]] | Mellivora capensis | 92 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[:d:Q173651|Q173651]] | [[Lycaon pictus]] | Lycaon pictus | 92 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[:d:Q166794|Q166794]] | [[Otocolobus manul]] | Otocolobus manul | 90 | | [[File:Otocolobus manul -Zurich Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[:d:Q124410|Q124410]] | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus | 90 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus 3 (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]]<br/>[[Selenarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[:d:Q28521|Q28521]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 88 | | [[File:Mustela species mosaic.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[:d:Q38584|Q38584]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis familiaris dingo | 88 | | [[File:Dingo Side.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[racia can]]<br/>[[organisms known by a particular common name]] | [[feral dog]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | [[:d:Q132585|Q132585]] | [[Cuon alpinus]] | Cuon alpinus | 87 | | [[File:Dhole (Asiatic wild dog) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | [[:d:Q26533|Q26533]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 86 | | [[File:Martes martes crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | [[:d:Q185194|Q185194]] | [[Vulpes]] | Vulpes | 86 | | [[File:Genus vulpes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]]<br/>[[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | [[:d:Q26423|Q26423]] | [[Martes zibellina]] | Martes zibellina | 86 | | [[File:Sobol bur.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | [[:d:Q131564|Q131564]] | [[Vulpes zerda]] | Vulpes zerda | 86 | | [[File:Fennec Fox (9163009503).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[:d:Q26582|Q26582]] | [[Mustela putorius]] | Mustela putorius | 85 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | [[:d:Q69581|Q69581]] | [[Panthera tigris altaica]] | Panthera tigris altaica | 84 | | [[File:P.t.altaica Tomak Male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | [[:d:Q36135|Q36135]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa | 83 | | [[File:Clouded Leopard (205918213).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[:d:Q42627|Q42627]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis | 83 | | [[File:Close-up of a Leopard Cat in Sundarban.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | [[:d:Q27366|Q27366]] | [[Martes foina]] | Martes foina | 82 | | [[File:Beech Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[:d:Q133189|Q133189]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides | 82 | | [[File:Енотовидная собака Гродно (cropped 2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | [[:d:Q129727|Q129727]] | [[Lynx pardinus]] | Lynx pardinus | 81 | | [[File:Lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), Almuradiel, Ciudad Real, España, 2021-12-19, DD 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[:d:Q144923|Q144923]] | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus | 81 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | [[:d:Q182347|Q182347]] | [[leon asiatic]] | Panthera leo persica | 80 | | [[File:Asiatic Lioness in Gir Forest.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | [[:d:Q147114|Q147114]] | [[Procyonidae]] | Procyonidae | 79 | | [[File:Procyonidae-01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[:d:Q41407|Q41407]] | [[Enhydra lutris]] | Enhydra lutris | 79 | | [[File:Otter in Seward, Alaska, April 2017.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[:d:Q185864|Q185864]] | [[Viverridae]] | Viverridae | 77 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | [[:d:Q178089|Q178089]] | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | Crocuta crocuta | 77 | | [[File:Hiena manchada (Crocuta crocuta), parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | [[:d:Q171004|Q171004]] | [[Ursus arctos horribilis]] | Ursus arctos horribilis | 77 | | [[File:Grizzly Denali edit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[:d:Q185231|Q185231]] | [[Mirounga]] | Mirounga | 76 | | [[File:Mirounga leonina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[:d:Q42602|Q42602]] | [[felinos]] | Felinae | 76 | | [[File:Felinae diversity 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[:d:Q146457|Q146457]] | [[Lynx canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis | 76 | | [[File:Canada lynx by Michael Zahra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | [[:d:Q27179|Q27179]] | [[Neovison vison]] | Neogale vison | 75 | | [[File:American Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison]]<br/>[[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[:d:Q190674|Q190674]] | [[Prionailurus viverrinus]] | Prionailurus viverrinus | 75 | | [[File:Prionailurus viverrinus 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[:d:Q192231|Q192231]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Profelis aurata | 75 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[:d:Q188657|Q188657]] | [[Hyaena hyaena]] | Hyaena hyaena | 74 | | [[File:Museo della Specola (Florence) - Hyaena hyaena.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[:d:Q26559|Q26559]] | [[Mustela lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola | 74 | | [[File:Europäischer Nerz.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[:d:Q182304|Q182304]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi | 73 | | [[File:Puma yagouaroundi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[:d:Q26913|Q26913]] | [[Phoca vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina | 72 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[:d:Q185295|Q185295]] | [[Proteles cristata]] | Proteles cristata | 72 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[:d:Q145016|Q145016]] | [[Melursus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus | 72 | | [[File:SlothBear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[:d:Q243359|Q243359]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 70 | | [[File:Black bear large.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[:d:Q230177|Q230177]] | [[Pantherinae]] | Pantherinae | 69 | | [[File:Jaguar head shot.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | [[:d:Q187024|Q187024]] | [[Vulpes corsac]] | Vulpes corsac | 69 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | [[:d:Q188717|Q188717]] | [[Smilodon]] | Smilodon | 69 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus mount.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | [[:d:Q183330|Q183330]] | [[Cryptoprocta ferox]] | Cryptoprocta ferox | 68 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | [[:d:Q18764|Q18764]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | 68 | | [[File:Asian palm civet in Rabindra Sarobar October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[:d:Q213141|Q213141]] | [[Arctictis binturong]] | Arctictis binturong | 68 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | [[:d:Q214835|Q214835]] | [[Vulpes bengalensis]] | Vulpes bengalensis | 68 | | [[File:Bengal Fox - Shreeram M V - Rajasthan, India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[:d:Q182573|Q182573]] | [[liger]] | Panthera leo × Panthera tigris | 68 | | [[File:Liger couple.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[:d:Q178973|Q178973]] | [[Mustela putorius furo]] | Mustela furo | 67 | | [[File:202305 Mustela putorius furo.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | [[:d:Q80191|Q80191]] | [[catto marmorate]] | Pardofelis marmorata | 66 | | [[File:Marbled cat borneo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | [[:d:Q27370|Q27370]] | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus | 64 | | [[File:Halichoerus grypus male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | [[:d:Q186663|Q186663]] | [[Hydrurga leptonyx]] | Hydrurga leptonyx | 64 | | [[File:Hydrurga leptonyx edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrurga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[:d:Q241256|Q241256]] | [[Civettictis civetta]] | Civettictis civetta | 64 | | [[File:African civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | [[:d:Q191129|Q191129]] | [[Panthera tigris sumatrae]] | Panthera tigris sumatrae | 64 | | [[File:Sumatran Tiger Berlin Tierpark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | [[:d:Q184389|Q184389]] | [[Chrysocyon brachyurus]] | Chrysocyon brachyurus | 63 | | [[File:Chrysocyon brachyurus no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra por Celso Ferrarezi Jr (07).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chrysocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[:d:Q3887135|Q3887135]] | [[Otariinae]] | Otariinae | 62 | | [[File:California sea lion in La Jolla (70568).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Otariidae]] | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | [[:d:Q208549|Q208549]] | [[Monachus monachus]] | Monachus monachus | 62 | | [[File:Billy monk seal 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | [[:d:Q204322|Q204322]] | [[Felis bieti]] | Felis bieti | 62 | | [[File:Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis Bieti) in XiNing Wild Zoo 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[:d:Q200400|Q200400]] | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis | 62 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | [[:d:Q28157482|Q28157482]] | [[Parahyaena brunnea]] | Parahyaena brunnea | 61 | | [[File:Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) (6472940707).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[:d:Q192742|Q192742]] | [[Panthera tigris corbetti]] | Panthera tigris corbetti | 61 | | [[File:Indochinese tiger in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[:d:Q43221|Q43221]] | [[Genetta]] | Genetta | 60 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | [[:d:Q149405|Q149405]] | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus | 60 | | [[File:Bartrobbe 3-2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Pinnipedia]] | [[Erignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | [[:d:Q254630|Q254630]] | [[kinkajou]] | Potos flavus | 60 | | [[File:Potos flavus (22985770100).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | [[:d:Q185401|Q185401]] | [[Panthera tigris balica]] | Panthera tigris balica | 60 | | [[File:BaronOscarVojnich3Nov1911Ti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[:d:Q188957|Q188957]] | [[Canis simensis]] | Canis simensis | 60 | | [[File:Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis citernii) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | [[:d:Q191737|Q191737]] | [[Speothos venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus | 59 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | [[:d:Q309274|Q309274]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus | 59 | | [[File:Rostkatze.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | [[:d:Q188535|Q188535]] | [[Panthera tigris virgata]] | Panthera tigris virgata | 59 | | [[File:Panthera tigris virgata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[:d:Q192967|Q192967]] | [[Panthera pardus orientalis]] | Panthera pardus orientalis | 59 | | [[File:Amur Leopard Panthera pardus orientalis Facing Forward 1761px.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | [[:d:Q237260|Q237260]] | [[Ursus arctos middendorffi]] | Ursus arctos middendorffi | 59 | | [[File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[:d:Q70529|Q70529]] | [[Vormela peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna | 58 | | [[File:Marbled Polecat, Suzakskiy, Kazakhstan 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | [[:d:Q271459|Q271459]] | [[Mustela sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica | 58 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica Russia5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | [[:d:Q215250|Q215250]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus | 58 | | [[File:Gray fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | [[:d:Q14592562|Q14592562]] | [[Bassaricyon neblina]] | Bassaricyon neblina | 58 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | [[:d:Q203208|Q203208]] | [[Phoca hispida]] | Pusa hispida | 57 | | [[File:Phoca hispida.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[:d:Q83774|Q83774]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis | 57 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[:d:Q232129|Q232129]] | [[Taxidea taxus]] | Taxidea taxus | 57 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | [[:d:Q272933|Q272933]] | [[Vulpes chama]] | Vulpes chama | 57 | | [[File:Vulpes chama (Etosha).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[:d:Q200848|Q200848]] | [[Panthera tigris amoyensis]] | Panthera tigris amoyensis | 57 | | [[File:2012 Suedchinesischer Tiger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[:d:Q4535|Q4535]] | [[Pusa sibirica]] | Pusa sibirica | 56 | | [[File:Из жизни байкальской нерпы близ Ушканьих островов 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | [[:d:Q319070|Q319070]] | [[Vulpes ferrilata]] | Vulpes ferrilata | 56 | | [[File:Vulpes ferrilata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[:d:Q200442|Q200442]] | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | Canis lupus rufus | 56 | | [[File:07-03-23RedWolfAlbanyGAChehaw.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[:d:Q244277|Q244277]] | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea | 55 | | [[File:Small-clawed otter from Western Ghats.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | [[:d:Q373558|Q373558]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus | 55 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | [[:d:Q200381|Q200381]] | [[Panthera tigris sondaica]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 55 | | [[File:Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | [[:d:Q141490808|Q141490808]] | [[Leopardus tilcayo]] | Leopardus tilcayo | 55 | | [[File:Leopardus tilcayo (5x3 cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Margay]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | [[:d:Q496689|Q496689]] | [[Aenocyon dirus]] | Aenocyon dirus | 55 | | [[File:Canis dirus Skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[:d:Q649306|Q649306]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon | 54 | | [[File:Herpestes ichneumon Египетский мангуст, или фараонова крыса, или ихневмо́н.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[:d:Q215343|Q215343]] | [[Mirounga leonina]] | Mirounga leonina | 54 | | [[File:0046 Tiere der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | [[:d:Q269871|Q269871]] | [[Neofelis]] | Neofelis | 54 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | [[:d:Q217291|Q217291]] | [[Vulpes cana]] | Vulpes cana | 54 | | [[File:Blandford's fox 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[:d:Q205935|Q205935]] | [[Dusicyon australis]] | Dusicyon australis | 54 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | [[:d:Q321376|Q321376]] | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | Cerdocyon thous | 54 | | [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | [[:d:Q274177|Q274177]] | [[Prionailurus planiceps]] | Prionailurus planiceps | 54 | | [[File:Flat-headed cat 1 Jim Sanderson 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | [[:d:Q215836|Q215836]] | [[Panthera tigris jacksoni]] | Panthera tigris jacksoni | 54 | | [[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]]<br/>[[Mainland Asian tiger]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | [[:d:Q446882|Q446882]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 53 | | [[File:Fischotter Lutra lutra1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[:d:Q513081|Q513081]] | [[civetta de palma african]] | Nandinia binotata | 53 | specie de mammifero carnivore | [[File:Nandinia binotata, crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nandinia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[:d:Q209324|Q209324]] | [[Pagophilus groenlandicus]] | Pagophilus groenlandicus | 53 | | [[File:Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), Greenland Sea IMG 5006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pagophilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | [[:d:Q220248|Q220248]] | [[Martes flavigula]] | Martes flavigula | 53 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]]<br/>[[Charronia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | [[:d:Q584064|Q584064]] | [[Martes pennanti]] | Martes pennanti | 53 | | [[File:Fisher (animal).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | [[:d:Q295994|Q295994]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii | 53 | | [[File:Rüppell's fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | [[:d:Q626023|Q626023]] | [[Mirounga angustirostris]] | Mirounga angustirostris | 52 | | [[File:Elephant seals fighting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mirounga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | [[:d:Q42592|Q42592]] | [[Prionailurus]] | Prionailurus | 52 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | [[:d:Q270748|Q270748]] | [[Puma]] | Puma | 52 | | [[File:Puma - 49044464307.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | [[:d:Q275163|Q275163]] | [[Neofelis diardi]] | Neofelis diardi | 52 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | [[:d:Q1383362|Q1383362]] | [[tigon]] | Panthera tigris × Panthera leo | 52 | | [[File:Tigon tiger x lion hybrid by artbyjrc df4918k.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | [[:d:Q221094|Q221094]] | [[leon berbere]] | Panthera leo leo | 52 | | [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[population]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[:d:Q734351|Q734351]] | [[Viverricula indica]] | Viverricula indica | 51 | | [[File:Small Indian Civet (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | [[:d:Q322145|Q322145]] | [[Martes americana]] | Martes americana | 51 | | [[File:Marten bounding through the snow (512488bd-68e6-4b67-8e14-95657c022029).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[:d:Q745751|Q745751]] | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis | 51 | | [[File:San Joaquin kit fox male.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[:d:Q216441|Q216441]] | [[Canis lupus arctos]] | Canis lupus arctos | 51 | | [[File:Arctic Wolf in Aulavik National Park 04 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[:d:Q214287|Q214287]] | [[Cystophora cristata]] | Cystophora cristata | 50 | | [[File:2016-klappmützemuseumkoenig.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cystophora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | [[:d:Q757265|Q757265]] | [[Viverra zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha | 50 | | [[File:Large Indian Civet, Viverra zibetha in Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[:d:Q626049|Q626049]] | [[Paguma larvata]] | Paguma larvata | 50 | | [[File:202309 Masked palm civet.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[:d:Q434197|Q434197]] | [[Mustela altaica]] | Mustela altaica | 50 | | [[File:Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | [[:d:Q148462|Q148462]] | [[Nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua | 50 | | [[File:N. nasua, Duisburg (DE) -- 2023 -- 0219.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | [[:d:Q832036|Q832036]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus | 50 | specie de mammal | [[File:Leão baio.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | [[:d:Q695199|Q695199]] | [[Monachus schauinslandi]] | Monachus schauinslandi | 49 | | [[File:Monachus schauinslandi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[:d:Q626027|Q626027]] | [[Crabeater seal]] | Lobodon carcinophaga | 49 | | [[File:Lobodon carcinophagus on sea ice (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lobodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | [[:d:Q732127|Q732127]] | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | Mustela eversmanii | 49 | | [[File:Mustela putorius (Turkestan polecat) fur skins.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | [[:d:Q257432|Q257432]] | [[Lycalopex vetulus]] | Lycalopex vetulus | 49 | | [[File:Hoaryfox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | [[:d:Q722180|Q722180]] | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | Urocyon littoralis | 49 | | [[File:Urocyon littoralis pair.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | [[:d:Q263706|Q263706]] | [[Vulpes velox]] | Vulpes velox | 49 | | [[File:Swift Fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | [[:d:Q331850|Q331850]] | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | Atelocynus microtis | 49 | | [[File:Atelocynus microtis en Amazonie péruvienne.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | [[:d:Q466597|Q466597]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus | 48 | | [[File:Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape fur seals).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | [[:d:Q379732|Q379732]] | [[Zalophus californianus]] | Zalophus californianus | 48 | | [[File:Kalifornischer Seelöwe (Zalophus californianus), Territorialverhalten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | [[:d:Q742727|Q742727]] | [[Pusa caspica]] | Pusa caspica | 48 | | [[File:Caspian seal 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[:d:Q368495|Q368495]] | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | Mephitis mephitis | 48 | | [[File:Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) DSC 0030.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]] | [[Mephitis (taxon)|Mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | [[:d:Q744382|Q744382]] | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | Arctonyx collaris | 48 | | [[File:Arctonyx collaris - Sterndale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[:d:Q402885|Q402885]] | [[Mustela nigripes]] | Mustela nigripes | 48 | | [[File:Mustela nigripes 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[carnivoro]] | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[:d:Q631167|Q631167]] | [[Lycalopex fulvipes]] | Lycalopex fulvipes | 48 | | [[File:Zorro de Darwin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | [[:d:Q1419858|Q1419858]] | [[Catopuma]] | Catopuma | 48 | | [[File:Asian Golden cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | [[:d:Q242358|Q242358]] | [[Panthera atrox]] | Panthera atrox | 48 | | [[File:Panthera Atrox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | [[:d:Q278912|Q278912]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus venaticus]] | Acinonyx jubatus venaticus | 48 | | [[File:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus 350833012.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | [[:d:Q23121|Q23121]] | [[Mungos mungo]] | Mungos mungo | 47 | | [[File:171 Banded mongoose standing at sunset in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | [[:d:Q313166|Q313166]] | [[Weddell seal]] | Leptonychotes weddellii | 47 | | [[File:Mikkelsen Harbour-2016-Trinity Island (D'Hainaut Island)–Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leptonychotes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | [[:d:Q247774|Q247774]] | [[Eira barbara]] | Eira barbara | 47 | | [[File:Tayra - Male, Brazil.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | [[:d:Q601913|Q601913]] | [[Lycalopex griseus]] | Lycalopex griseus | 47 | | [[File:South american grey fox (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | [[:d:Q842467|Q842467]] | [[Lycalopex sechurae]] | Lycalopex sechurae | 47 | | [[File:Zorro costero (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | [[:d:Q754992|Q754992]] | [[Nasua narica]] | Nasua narica | 47 | | [[File:194 White-nosed coati at the beach in Yucatán Photo by Giles Laurent (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | [[:d:Q261574|Q261574]] | [[Genetta genetta]] | Genetta genetta | 46 | | [[File:A female common genet in the dining room, Satao Camp (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | [[:d:Q751763|Q751763]] | [[Lutra sumatrana]] | Lutra sumatrana | 46 | | [[File:Lutra sumatrana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | [[:d:Q333649|Q333649]] | [[Otaria flavescens]] | Otaria flavescens | 46 | | [[File:Leon marino.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | [[:d:Q431981|Q431981]] | [[Eumetopias jubatus]] | Eumetopias jubatus | 46 | | [[File:Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) on rocks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eumetopias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | [[:d:Q847194|Q847194]] | [[Prionodon]] | Prionodon | 46 | | [[File:Prionodon pardicolor - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02486.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[:d:Q729553|Q729553]] | [[Panthera pardus fusca]] | Panthera pardus fusca | 46 | | [[File:Indian leopard in Jawai Bandh April 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[:d:Q624310|Q624310]] | [[Canis lupus arabs]] | Canis lupus arabs | 46 | | [[File:Arabian wolf in Jordan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[:d:Q571449|Q571449]] | [[Arctocephalus gazella]] | Arctocephalus gazella | 45 | | [[File:Antarcticfurseal kinggeorgeisland.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[:d:Q600530|Q600530]] | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | Herpestes javanicus | 45 | | [[File:Herpestes javanicus01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | [[:d:Q1762710|Q1762710]] | [[Viverra]] | Viverra | 45 | | [[File:Viverra zibetha ras.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | [[:d:Q7966|Q7966]] | [[Callorhinus ursinus]] | Callorhinus ursinus | 45 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | [[:d:Q327028|Q327028]] | [[Lontra canadensis]] | Lontra canadensis | 45 | | [[File:Quidi Vidi Lake (14802227372).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[:d:Q641742|Q641742]] | [[Eupleridae]] | Eupleridae | 44 | | [[File:Eupleridae.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestoidea]]<br/>[[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | [[:d:Q494968|Q494968]] | [[Phoca largha]] | Phoca largha | 44 | | [[File:Spotted seal mother and pup in the Bering Sea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | [[:d:Q1345042|Q1345042]] | [[Meles]] | Meles | 44 | | [[File:Meles (Genus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | [[:d:Q644224|Q644224]] | [[Lontra felina]] | Lontra felina | 44 | | [[File:Lfelina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[:d:Q729713|Q729713]] | [[Panthera pardus saxicolor]] | Panthera pardus saxicolor | 44 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | [[:d:Q855921|Q855921]] | [[Canis lupus pallipes]] | Canis lupus pallipes | 44 | | [[File:Genome Sequencing of a Gray Wolf from Peninsular India (2022) fig. 1A.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[:d:Q938494|Q938494]] | [[Herpestes urva]] | Herpestes urva | 43 | | [[File:Herpestes urva - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02477.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | [[:d:Q148628|Q148628]] | [[Nasua]] | Nasua | 43 | | [[File:CoatiNosara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[:d:Q600654|Q600654]] | [[Monachus tropicalis]] | Monachus tropicalis | 43 | | [[File:Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Monachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | [[:d:Q732544|Q732544]] | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | Cynictis penicillata | 43 | | [[File:082 Yellow mongoose in Khomas Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | [[:d:Q432513|Q432513]] | [[Phocarctos hookeri]] | Phocarctos hookeri | 43 | | [[File:Big male New Zealand Sea Lion walking on the beach.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | [[:d:Q46148|Q46148]] | [[Aonyx capensis]] | Aonyx capensis | 43 | | [[File:Cape Clawless Otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | [[:d:Q738191|Q738191]] | [[Urocyon]] | Urocyon | 43 | | [[File:Urocyon cinereoargenteus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]]<br/>[[Urocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | [[:d:Q525088|Q525088]] | [[Fossa fossana]] | Fossa fossana | 43 | | [[File:Spotted fanaloka (Fossa fossana).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Fossa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | [[:d:Q39153|Q39153]] | [[Panthera pardus pardus]] | Panthera pardus pardus | 43 | | [[File:Leopard africa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | [[:d:Q475046|Q475046]] | [[Panthera pardus kotiya]] | Panthera pardus kotiya | 43 | | [[File:Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) female 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | [[:d:Q839769|Q839769]] | [[Ursus arctos arctos]] | Ursus arctos arctos | 43 | | [[File:Майже воля.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[:d:Q1043473|Q1043473]] | [[Arctocephalinae]] | Arctocephalinae | 42 | | [[File:Adult male Northern Fur Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | [[:d:Q756008|Q756008]] | [[Galictis]] | Galictis | 42 | | [[File:Galictis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 193 | [[:d:Q676454|Q676454]] | [[Monachus]] | Monachus | 42 | | [[File:Cms-newyorkzoologicalsociety1910.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 194 | [[:d:Q837610|Q837610]] | [[Ommatophoca rossii]] | Ommatophoca rossii | 42 | | [[File:Ommatophoca rossii (Ross Seal), off Wilkes Land, Antarctica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ommatophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 195 | [[:d:Q1366503|Q1366503]] | [[Melogale]] | Melogale | 42 | | [[File:Formosan ferret-badger in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helictidinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 196 | [[:d:Q839828|Q839828]] | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | Lontra longicaudis | 42 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis 2.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 197 | [[:d:Q602823|Q602823]] | [[Martes gwatkinsii]] | Martes gwatkinsii | 42 | | [[File:Nilgiri marten by N A Nazeer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 198 | [[:d:Q2937805|Q2937805]] | [[Caracal]] | Caracal | 42 | | [[File:Caracal in South Africa - by Shaun MItchem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 199 | [[:d:Q405403|Q405403]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | Procyon cancrivorus | 42 | | [[File:Procyon cancrivorus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 200 | [[:d:Q311417|Q311417]] | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | Leopardus pajeros | 42 | | [[File:Catpampaspajeros.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 201 | [[:d:Q376135|Q376135]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis | 42 | | [[File:Iriomote cat 1 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 202 | [[:d:Q649127|Q649127]] | [[Arctocephalus australis]] | Arctocephalus australis | 41 | | [[File:Lobo-marinho-sul-americano-Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins-Jufranfe(001).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 203 | [[:d:Q1777275|Q1777275]] | [[Lontra]] | Lontra | 41 | | [[File:LutraCanadensis fullres.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 204 | [[:d:Q754895|Q754895]] | [[Histriophoca fasciata]] | Histriophoca fasciata | 41 | | [[File:Male Ribbon Sea Ozernoy Gulf Russia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Histriophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 205 | [[:d:Q312207|Q312207]] | [[Herpestes]] | Herpestes | 41 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 206 | [[:d:Q744392|Q744392]] | [[Neophoca cinerea]] | Neophoca cinerea | 41 | | [[File:Neophoca cinerea-1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 207 | [[:d:Q226735|Q226735]] | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | Ictonyx striatus | 41 | | [[File:Ictonyx striatus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02633.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 208 | [[:d:Q132687|Q132687]] | [[Lycalopex]] | Lycalopex | 41 | | [[File:Genus pseudalopex.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 209 | [[:d:Q944893|Q944893]] | [[Ursus arctos isabellinus]] | Ursus arctos isabellinus | 41 | | [[File:Medvěd plavý (Ursus arctos isabellinus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 210 | [[:d:Q20744349|Q20744349]] | [[Canis anthus]] | Canis anthus | 41 | | [[File:Grey jackal from Haizer Algeria 10 (cropped).jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 211 | [[:d:Q27888|Q27888]] | [[Mustelinae]] | Mustelinae | 40 | | [[File:DirkvdM tayra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 212 | [[:d:Q844643|Q844643]] | [[Arctocephalus tropicalis]] | Arctocephalus tropicalis | 40 | | [[File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 213 | [[:d:Q855597|Q855597]] | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | Atilax paludinosus | 40 | | [[File:Marsh mongoose or water mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (22548192738).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 214 | [[:d:Q842799|Q842799]] | [[Prionodon linsang]] | Prionodon linsang | 40 | | [[File:Prionodon linsang - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02704.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 215 | [[:d:Q1414665|Q1414665]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni | 40 | | [[File:Brown palm civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 216 | [[:d:Q389266|Q389266]] | [[Viverra civettina]] | Viverra civettina | 40 | | [[File:Malabar large-spotted civet (Viverra civettina) DSCN2359.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 217 | [[:d:Q541053|Q541053]] | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | Cynogale bennettii | 40 | | [[File:Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 218 | [[:d:Q577677|Q577677]] | [[Hydrictis maculicollis]] | Hydrictis maculicollis | 40 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hydrictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 219 | [[:d:Q1052830|Q1052830]] | [[Martes melampus]] | Martes melampus | 40 | | [[File:202310 Japanese marten.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 220 | [[:d:Q719949|Q719949]] | [[Panthera pardus nimr]] | Panthera pardus nimr | 40 | | [[File:Arabian Leopard Panthera pardus nimr in Sharjah Photo Prof Dr Norman Ali Khalaf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 221 | [[:d:Q695431|Q695431]] | [[Ursus arctos crowtheri]] | Ursus arctos crowtheri | 40 | | [[File:Atlasbear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 222 | [[:d:Q2670845|Q2670845]] | [[Musteloidea]] | Musteloidea | 39 | | [[File:Mustela frenata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 223 | [[:d:Q832379|Q832379]] | [[Arctocephalus forsteri]] | Arctocephalus forsteri | 39 | | [[File:Seal 0906.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 224 | [[:d:Q332414|Q332414]] | [[Melogale moschata]] | Melogale moschata | 39 | | [[File:Melogale moschata (Ferret badger) fur skin.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 225 | [[:d:Q840714|Q840714]] | [[Lontra provocax]] | Lontra provocax | 39 | | [[File:Lontra provocax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 226 | [[:d:Q754393|Q754393]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | Hemigalus derbyanus | 39 | | [[File:Banded Palm Civet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 227 | [[:d:Q842805|Q842805]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata | 39 | | [[File:Small-toothed Palm Civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmatica) (8076736823) (cut).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 228 | [[:d:Q839509|Q839509]] | [[Ursus arctos syriacus]] | Ursus arctos syriacus | 39 | | [[File:Ursus arctos syriacus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[Ursidae]] | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 229 | [[:d:Q531300|Q531300]] | [[Canis lupus baileyi]] | Canis lupus baileyi | 39 | | [[File:Mexican Wolf 2 yfb-edit 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 230 | [[:d:Q571618|Q571618]] | [[Arctocephalus galapagoensis]] | Arctocephalus galapagoensis | 38 | | [[File:Galapagos Fur Seal, Santiago Island.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 231 | [[:d:Q43230|Q43230]] | [[Genetta tigrina]] | Genetta tigrina | 38 | | [[File:Large-spotted Genet (Genetta tigrina) (17356502041) (crop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 232 | [[:d:Q673700|Q673700]] | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | Galerella sanguinea | 38 | | [[File:Galerella sanguinea Zoo Praha 2011-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 233 | [[:d:Q947395|Q947395]] | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | Herpestes brachyurus | 38 | | [[File:Herpestes brachyurus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 234 | [[:d:Q743563|Q743563]] | [[Helogale parvula]] | Helogale parvula | 38 | | [[File:Helogale parvula 4 (Piotr Kuczynski).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 235 | [[:d:Q1344102|Q1344102]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | Prionodon pardicolor | 38 | | [[File:Prionodon pardicolor - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02486.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 236 | [[:d:Q922292|Q922292]] | [[Viverra megaspila]] | Viverra megaspila | 38 | | [[File:Viverra megaspila ras.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 237 | [[:d:Q966901|Q966901]] | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | Viverra tangalunga | 38 | | [[File:Malay civet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 238 | [[:d:Q1576038|Q1576038]] | [[Meles anakuma]] | Meles anakuma | 38 | | [[File:202309 Japanese badger.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 239 | [[:d:Q852756|Q852756]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | Poecilogale albinucha | 38 | | [[File:Whitenapedweasellg2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 240 | [[:d:Q46144|Q46144]] | [[Mustela kathiah]] | Mustela kathiah | 38 | | [[File:Mustela kathiah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 241 | [[:d:Q838840|Q838840]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti | 38 | | [[File:Bassariscus sumichrasti geo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 242 | [[:d:Q133763|Q133763]] | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | Leopardus braccatus | 38 | | [[File:Novos mamíferos são as atrações do mês no Jardim Zoológico.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 243 | [[:d:Q841950|Q841950]] | [[Panthera pardus melas]] | Panthera pardus melas | 38 | | [[File:Panthera pardus close up.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 244 | [[:d:Q848780|Q848780]] | [[Arctocephalus philippii]] | Arctocephalus philippii | 37 | | [[File:Arctocephalus philippii 368442243 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 245 | [[:d:Q887918|Q887918]] | [[Paradoxurus]] | Paradoxurus | 37 | | [[File:Marapatti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 246 | [[:d:Q840036|Q840036]] | [[Zalophus japonicus]] | Zalophus japonicus | 37 | | [[File:Zalophus japonicus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 247 | [[:d:Q1417638|Q1417638]] | [[Hyaena]] | Hyaena | 37 | | [[File:Striped Hyena 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 248 | [[:d:Q283426|Q283426]] | [[Galictis vittata]] | Galictis vittata | 37 | | [[File:Greater grison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 249 | [[:d:Q932176|Q932176]] | [[Canis lupus albus]] | Canis lupus albus | 37 | | [[File:Волк 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 250 | [[:d:Q17700|Q17700]] | [[Lutreola]] | Lutreola | 36 | | [[File:Mink.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 251 | [[:d:Q221088|Q221088]] | [[Arctocephalus townsendi]] | Arctocephalus townsendi | 36 | | [[File:Arctocephalus townsendi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 252 | [[:d:Q613760|Q613760]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsi | 36 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 253 | [[:d:Q998769|Q998769]] | [[Zalophus wollebaeki]] | Zalophus wollebaeki | 36 | | [[File:Galapagos, sea-lion, female (by Casey Klebba).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Zalophus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 254 | [[:d:Q728454|Q728454]] | [[Meles leucurus]] | Meles leucurus | 36 | | [[File:Азиатский барсук (Meles leucurus).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 255 | [[:d:Q559050|Q559050]] | [[Diplogale hosei]] | Diplogale hosei | 36 | | [[File:HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Diplogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 256 | [[:d:Q612589|Q612589]] | [[Macrogalidia musschenbroekii]] | Macrogalidia musschenbroekii | 36 | | [[File:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Macrogalidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 257 | [[:d:Q1142024|Q1142024]] | [[Mustela strigidorsa]] | Mustela strigidorsa | 36 | | [[File:Mustela strigidorsa.gif|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 258 | [[:d:Q651814|Q651814]] | [[Procyon pygmaeus]] | Procyon pygmaeus | 36 | | [[File:Cozumel Raccoon2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 259 | [[:d:Q1425180|Q1425180]] | [[Bassaricyon]] | Bassaricyon | 36 | | [[File:Illustrations of the species of Bassaricyon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 260 | [[:d:Q918089|Q918089]] | [[Bassaricyon gabbii]] | Bassaricyon gabbii | 36 | | [[File:Bassaricyon gabbii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 261 | [[:d:Q208079|Q208079]] | [[Canis adustus]] | Canis adustus | 36 | | [[File:Side-striped Jackal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 262 | [[:d:Q898061|Q898061]] | [[Canis lupus lupus]] | Canis lupus lupus | 36 | | [[File:Loup 13 copie.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 263 | [[:d:Q776652|Q776652]] | [[Arctocephalus]] | Arctocephalus | 35 | | [[File:Arctocephalus forsteri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 264 | [[:d:Q43226|Q43226]] | [[Genetta abyssinica]] | Genetta abyssinica | 35 | | [[File:Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig (1835) Genetta abyssinica.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 265 | [[:d:Q735968|Q735968]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | Herpestes vitticollis | 35 | | [[File:2007-stripe-necked-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 266 | [[:d:Q1535110|Q1535110]] | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | Herpestes fuscus | 35 | | [[File:Indian Brown Mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 267 | [[:d:Q902901|Q902901]] | [[Ailuridae]] | Ailuridae | 35 | | [[File:Red Panda.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Musteloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 268 | [[:d:Q906945|Q906945]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | Ichneumia albicauda | 35 | | [[File:White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda), crop.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 269 | [[:d:Q238561|Q238561]] | [[Galictis cuja]] | Galictis cuja | 35 | | [[File:Galictis cuja 365111146.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 270 | [[:d:Q518580|Q518580]] | [[Galidia elegans]] | Galidia elegans | 35 | | [[File:Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 271 | [[:d:Q583627|Q583627]] | [[Neovison macrodon]] | Neovison macrodon | 35 | | [[File:Neovison macrodon.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Neovison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 272 | [[:d:Q181565|Q181565]] | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | Eupleres goudotii | 35 | | [[File:EupleresGoudotiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 273 | [[:d:Q301014|Q301014]] | [[Chrotogale owstoni]] | Chrotogale owstoni | 35 | | [[File:Chrotogale owstoni PWP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Chrotogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 274 | [[:d:Q240167|Q240167]] | [[Mustela lutreolina]] | Mustela lutreolina | 35 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 275 | [[:d:Q375750|Q375750]] | [[Canis lupus hodophilax]] | Canis lupus hodophilax | 35 | | [[File:Japanese Wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 276 | [[:d:Q688635|Q688635]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | Conepatus semistriatus | 34 | | [[File:Conepatus semistriatus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02689.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 277 | [[:d:Q747238|Q747238]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | Conepatus humboldtii | 34 | | [[File:Brehms Het Leven der Dieren Zoogdieren Orde 4 Surilho (Mephitis suffocans).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 278 | [[:d:Q570548|Q570548]] | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | Mydaus javanensis | 34 | | [[File:Mydaus javanensis lucifer 236799987.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 279 | [[:d:Q971191|Q971191]] | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | Spilogale gracilis | 34 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis amphiala.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 280 | [[:d:Q921373|Q921373]] | [[Ictonyx]] | Ictonyx | 34 | | [[File:Striped polecat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 281 | [[:d:Q844662|Q844662]] | [[Melogale personata]] | Melogale personata | 34 | | [[File:Melogale personata (illustration).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 282 | [[:d:Q853294|Q853294]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | Lyncodon patagonicus | 34 | | [[File:Lyncodon patagonicus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 283 | [[:d:Q909694|Q909694]] | [[Mustela nudipes]] | Mustela nudipes | 34 | | [[File:Mustela nudipes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 284 | [[:d:Q2900104|Q2900104]] | [[Nyctereutes]] | Nyctereutes | 34 | | [[File:Nyctereutes.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 285 | [[:d:Q188944|Q188944]] | [[Canis mesomelas]] | Canis mesomelas | 34 | | [[File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 286 | [[:d:Q525781|Q525781]] | [[Ursus americanus kermodei]] | Ursus americanus kermodei | 34 | | [[File:Spiritbear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[plantigrade]] | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 287 | [[:d:Q837741|Q837741]] | [[Canis lupus hattai]] | Canis lupus hattai | 34 | | [[File:Yezo wolf at Hokkaido University.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 288 | [[:d:Q490248|Q490248]] | [[Conepatus chinga]] | Conepatus chinga | 33 | | [[File:Chingue (Conepatus chinga) Inao Vásquez 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 289 | [[:d:Q1291566|Q1291566]] | [[Aonyx]] | Aonyx | 33 | | [[File:Zagreb Zoo small-clawed otter 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 290 | [[:d:Q1293310|Q1293310]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | Galerella pulverulenta | 33 | | [[File:Cape Gray Mongoose on Lion's Head (29813836777).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 291 | [[:d:Q1968383|Q1968383]] | [[Herpestes smithii]] | Herpestes smithii | 33 | | [[File:Ruddy-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 292 | [[:d:Q307105|Q307105]] | [[Spilogale putorius]] | Spilogale putorius | 33 | | [[File:Spilogale putorius (2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 293 | [[:d:Q922103|Q922103]] | [[Mydaus marchei]] | Mydaus marchei | 33 | | [[File:Mydaus marchei Palawan stink badger Huet 1887.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 294 | [[:d:Q1017414|Q1017414]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | Bdeogale crassicauda | 33 | | [[File:Bushy-tailed mongoose - Snapshot Safari Ruaha1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 295 | [[:d:Q1482221|Q1482221]] | [[Bdeogale nigripes]] | Bdeogale nigripes | 33 | | [[File:Bdeogale nigripes Pucheran,1855 Holotype MNHN-ZM-MO-1854-1282.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 296 | [[:d:Q11846972|Q11846972]] | [[Poiana]] | Poiana | 33 | genere de mammiferos | [[File:African linsang 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]]<br/>[[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 297 | [[:d:Q790653|Q790653]] | [[Salanoia concolor]] | Salanoia concolor | 33 | | [[File:Galidia olivacea Geoffroy.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Salanoia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 298 | [[:d:Q912020|Q912020]] | [[Melogale orientalis]] | Melogale orientalis | 33 | | [[File:Melogale orientalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 299 | [[:d:Q947671|Q947671]] | [[Crossarchus obscurus]] | Crossarchus obscurus | 33 | | [[File:Crossarchus obscurus Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 300 | [[:d:Q778615|Q778615]] | [[Machairodontinae]] | Machairodontinae | 33 | | [[File:Smilodon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 301 | [[:d:Q2474088|Q2474088]] | [[Caninae]] | Caninae | 33 | | [[File:Caninae (Canini, Vulpini, Urocyon).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 302 | [[:d:Q185677|Q185677]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | Mungotictis decemlineata | 33 | | [[File:Schmalstreifenmungo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 303 | [[:d:Q1537751|Q1537751]] | [[Dologale dybowskii]] | Dologale dybowskii | 33 | | [[File:Dologale Dybowskii - Chinko Project Area - 20120516.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Dologale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 304 | [[:d:Q628006|Q628006]] | [[Mustela itatsi]] | Mustela itatsi | 33 | | [[File:202310 Japanese weasel.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 305 | [[:d:Q535979|Q535979]] | [[Ailuropoda]] | Ailuropoda | 33 | | [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]]<br/>[[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 306 | [[:d:Q153061|Q153061]] | [[Panthera pardus delacouri]] | Panthera pardus delacouri | 33 | | [[File:Indochinese leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 307 | [[:d:Q932079|Q932079]] | [[Ursus arctos beringianus]] | Ursus arctos beringianus | 33 | | [[File:Brown-bear-in-spring.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 308 | [[:d:Q1997493|Q1997493]] | [[Ursus arctos pruinosus]] | Ursus arctos pruinosus | 33 | | [[File:Oji zoo, Kobe, Japan (6631356045).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 309 | [[:d:Q677746|Q677746]] | [[Canis lupus lycaon]] | Canis lupus lycaon | 33 | | [[File:Eastern wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 310 | [[:d:Q1188023|Q1188023]] | [[Canis lupus italicus]] | Canis lupus italicus | 33 | | [[File:C. l. italicus in MNP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 311 | [[:d:Q43214|Q43214]] | [[Genetta maculata]] | Genetta maculata | 32 | | [[File:Rusty-spotted Genet (Genetta maculata) (32484079077).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 312 | [[:d:Q43215|Q43215]] | [[Genetta johnstoni]] | Genetta johnstoni | 32 | | [[File:PZSL1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 313 | [[:d:Q43217|Q43217]] | [[Genetta angolensis]] | Genetta angolensis | 32 | | [[File:Genetta angolensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 314 | [[:d:Q43222|Q43222]] | [[Genetta piscivora]] | Genetta piscivora | 32 | | [[File:Genetta piscivora.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 315 | [[:d:Q267305|Q267305]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | Herpestes semitorquatus | 32 | | [[File:Herpestes semitorquatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 316 | [[:d:Q135437653|Q135437653]] | [[Pusa saimensis]] | Pusa saimensis | 32 | | [[File:Pusa hispida saimensis 304551354.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 317 | [[:d:Q1068616|Q1068616]] | [[Mephitis macroura]] | Mephitis macroura | 32 | | [[File:Hooded Skunk side (Gelsenkirchen).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis (taxon)|Mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 318 | [[:d:Q1154492|Q1154492]] | [[Spilogale]] | Spilogale | 32 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 319 | [[:d:Q307068|Q307068]] | [[Helogale hirtula]] | Helogale hirtula | 32 | | [[File:Helogale hirtula 230649079.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 320 | [[:d:Q690765|Q690765]] | [[Melogale everetti]] | Melogale everetti | 32 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 321 | [[:d:Q981308|Q981308]] | [[Crossarchus]] | Crossarchus | 32 | | [[File:Cusimanse.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 322 | [[:d:Q1164873|Q1164873]] | [[Panthera gombaszoegensis]] | Panthera gombaszoegensis | 32 | | [[File:Panthera toscana.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 323 | [[:d:Q7395585|Q7395585]] | [[Panthera spelaea]] | Panthera spelaea | 32 | | [[File:Panthera leo spelaea in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 324 | [[:d:Q688655|Q688655]] | [[Bassaricyon alleni]] | Bassaricyon alleni | 32 | | [[File:Bassaricyon alleni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 325 | [[:d:Q716620|Q716620]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa brachyura]] | Neofelis nebulosa brachyura | 32 | | [[File:LeopardusBrachyurusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 326 | [[:d:Q135911|Q135911]] | [[Zalophus]] | Zalophus | 31 | | [[File:Lion de mer Amnéville 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 327 | [[:d:Q1516758|Q1516758]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | Spilogale angustifrons | 31 | | [[File:Southern spotted skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 328 | [[:d:Q1507049|Q1507049]] | [[Mydaus]] | Mydaus | 31 | | [[File:Mydaus javanensis lucifer 236799987.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]]<br/>[[Mydainae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 329 | [[:d:Q1139935|Q1139935]] | [[Crocuta crocuta spelaea]] | Crocuta crocuta spelaea | 31 | | [[File:Crocuta crocuta spelea Cueva de los Moros.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 330 | [[:d:Q1464840|Q1464840]] | [[Mungos gambianus]] | Mungos gambianus | 31 | | [[File:The carnivores of West Africa BHL8726423, Mungos gambianus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 331 | [[:d:Q906970|Q906970]] | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | Galidictis fasciata | 31 | | [[File:Galidictis fasciata.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 332 | [[:d:Q189978|Q189978]] | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | Poiana richardsonii | 31 | | [[File:Em - Poiana richardsonii 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Poiana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 333 | [[:d:Q244233|Q244233]] | [[Helogale]] | Helogale | 31 | | [[File:Bristol.zoo.dwarf.mongoose.arp.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 334 | [[:d:Q254223|Q254223]] | [[Mustela subpalmata]] | Mustela subpalmata | 31 | | [[File:The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai) (1980) Fig. 124.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 335 | [[:d:Q30223|Q30223]] | [[Vulpini]] | Vulpini | 31 | | [[File:Vulpini.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 336 | [[:d:Q132606|Q132606]] | [[Homotherium]] | Homotherium | 31 | | [[File:Homotherium latidens cub mummy fig2 (cropped).webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 337 | [[:d:Q844216|Q844216]] | [[Ursus arctos nelsoni]] | Ursus arctos nelsoni | 31 | | [[File:Mexico grizzlies.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 338 | [[:d:Q266883|Q266883]] | [[Canis lupus chanco]] | Canis lupus chanco | 31 | | [[File:Canis lupus chanco1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 339 | [[:d:Q1068694|Q1068694]] | [[Canis lupus signatus]] | lobo de punta de nabo | 31 | | [[File:Iberian Wolf AdF 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 340 | [[:d:Q934487|Q934487]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | Conepatus leuconotus | 30 | | [[File:Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus 843835.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 341 | [[:d:Q43207|Q43207]] | [[Genetta thierryi]] | Genetta thierryi | 30 | | [[File:Genetta thierryi Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 342 | [[:d:Q43213|Q43213]] | [[Genetta pardina]] | Genetta pardina | 30 | | [[File:Genetta pardina.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 343 | [[:d:Q1583150|Q1583150]] | [[Bdeogale jacksoni]] | Bdeogale jacksoni | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]]<br/>[[Galeriscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 344 | [[:d:Q791240|Q791240]] | [[Bassariscus]] | Bassariscus | 30 | | [[File:Bassariscus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 345 | [[:d:Q1757286|Q1757286]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | Rhynchogale melleri | 30 | | [[File:Smit.m.rhinogale.melleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 346 | [[:d:Q30772|Q30772]] | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | Ictonyx libyca | 30 | | [[File:Ictonyx libyca multivittata.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 347 | [[:d:Q559044|Q559044]] | [[Paradoxurus zeylonensis]] | Paradoxurus zeylonensis | 30 | | [[File:Golden palm civet, a mammal endemic to Sri Lanka at Peak Wilderness Sanctuary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 348 | [[:d:Q541756|Q541756]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | Crossarchus ansorgei | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 349 | [[:d:Q1542671|Q1542671]] | [[Crossarchus alexandri]] | Crossarchus alexandri | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 350 | [[:d:Q1421926|Q1421926]] | [[Liberiictis kuhni]] | Liberiictis kuhni | 30 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Liberiictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 351 | [[:d:Q125814326|Q125814326]] | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | Lupulella mesomelas | 30 | | [[File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 352 | [[:d:Q125815593|Q125815593]] | [[Lupulella adusta]] | Lupulella adusta | 30 | | [[File:Side-striped Jackal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 353 | [[:d:Q776670|Q776670]] | [[Puma concolor coryi]] | Puma concolor coryi | 30 | | [[File:Everglades National Park Florida Panther.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 354 | [[:d:Q838517|Q838517]] | [[Panthera pardus japonensis]] | Panthera pardus japonensis | 30 | | [[File:Panthera pardus japonensis JdP.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 355 | [[:d:Q716455|Q716455]] | [[Ursus thibetanus formosanus]] | Ursus thibetanus formosanus | 30 | | [[File:Formosan Black Bear.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 356 | [[:d:Q3278878|Q3278878]] | [[Ursus arctos lasiotus]] | Ursus arctos lasiotus | 30 | | [[File:Ussuri Brown Bear Noboribetsu 2019.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 357 | [[:d:Q3116028|Q3116028]] | [[Canis lupus occidentalis]] | Canis lupus occidentalis | 30 | | [[File:Wolf in Yellowstone National Park NPS15047.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 358 | [[:d:Q43223|Q43223]] | [[Genetta cristata]] | Genetta cristata | 29 | | [[File:Genetta-cristata-rose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 359 | [[:d:Q764948|Q764948]] | [[Herpestes naso]] | Herpestes naso | 29 | | [[File:Long-nosed mongoose (without bg).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 360 | [[:d:Q243939|Q243939]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | Spilogale pygmaea | 29 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 361 | [[:d:Q1095105|Q1095105]] | [[Paradoxurinae]] | Paradoxurinae | 29 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 362 | [[:d:Q1145450|Q1145450]] | [[Conepatus]] | Conepatus | 29 | | [[File:Hog-nosed-skunk.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 363 | [[:d:Q131697|Q131697]] | [[Salanoia durrelli]] | Salanoia durrelli | 29 | | [[File:Alaotra carnivore credit Fidimalala Bruno Ralainasolo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Salanoia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 364 | [[:d:Q944417|Q944417]] | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | Paracynictis selousi | 29 | | [[File:Paracynictis selousi Smit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 365 | [[:d:Q1968390|Q1968390]] | [[Poiana leightoni]] | Poiana leightoni | 29 | | [[File:1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria) Poiana leightoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[recombination]] | | [[Poiana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 366 | [[:d:Q135914|Q135914]] | [[Mungos]] | Mungos | 29 | | [[File:Mongoosecotswoldwildlifepark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 367 | [[:d:Q149398|Q149398]] | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | Nasuella olivacea | 29 | | [[File:Nasua olivacea 112082177.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 368 | [[:d:Q2626037|Q2626037]] | [[Arctodus]] | Arctodus | 29 | | [[File:Arctodus simus Page.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 369 | [[:d:Q221247|Q221247]] | [[Panthera leo melanochaitus]] | Panthera leo melanochaitus | 29 | | [[File:Cape Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 370 | [[:d:Q2089056|Q2089056]] | [[Ursus maritimus × Ursus arctos]] | Ursus maritimus × Ursus arctos / Ursus arctos × maritimus | 29 | | [[File:Grolar.JPG|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 371 | [[:d:Q1533533|Q1533533]] | [[Ursus arctos gobiensis]] | Ursus arctos gobiensis | 29 | | [[File:Ursus arctos gobiensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 372 | [[:d:Q131889|Q131889]] | [[Nimravidae]] | Nimravidae | 28 | | [[File:Hoplophoneus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 373 | [[:d:Q2292156|Q2292156]] | [[Odobenidae]] | Odobenidae | 28 | | [[File:Noaa-walrus22.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]]<br/>[[Pinnipedia]]<br/>[[Otarioidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 374 | [[:d:Q43211|Q43211]] | [[Genetta servalina]] | Genetta servalina | 28 | | [[File:Archives du Muséum d'histoire naturelle (1836) (19703830134).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 375 | [[:d:Q2122042|Q2122042]] | [[Lutra nippon]] | Lutra nippon | 28 | | [[File:Lutra nippon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 376 | [[:d:Q912339|Q912339]] | [[Galidictis grandidieri]] | Galidictis grandidieri | 28 | | [[File:Mungo1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 377 | [[:d:Q134690|Q134690]] | [[Pardofelis]] | Pardofelis | 28 | | [[File:Lydekker - Marbled Cat.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 378 | [[:d:Q132036|Q132036]] | [[Proailurus]] | Proailurus | 28 | | [[File:Proailurus lemanensis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 379 | [[:d:Q16590235|Q16590235]] | [[Leopardus guttulus]] | Leopardus guttulus | 28 | | [[File:Leopardus guttulus-REBIO Municipal da Serra do Japi-Marcelo Figueiroa(001).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]]<br/>[[Oncifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 380 | [[:d:Q956107|Q956107]] | [[leopon]] | Panthera pardus × Panthera leo | 28 | | [[File:Leopon04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 381 | [[:d:Q280189|Q280189]] | [[leopardo de Zanzibar]] | Panthera pardus adersi | 28 | | [[File:Zanzibar Leopard 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 382 | [[:d:Q1061290|Q1061290]] | [[Canis lupus campestris]] | Canis lupus campestris | 28 | | [[File:Wolf on alert.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 383 | [[:d:Q41133|Q41133]] | [[Genetta victoriae]] | Genetta victoriae | 27 | | [[File:GenettaVictoriaeSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 384 | [[:d:Q43208|Q43208]] | [[Genetta bourloni]] | Genetta bourloni | 27 | | [[File:Genetta bourloni.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 385 | [[:d:Q43209|Q43209]] | [[Genetta poensis]] | Genetta poensis | 27 | | [[File:PZSL1907Plate54 (crop, genets of Nigeria).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 386 | [[:d:Q198350|Q198350]] | [[Viverrinae]] | Viverrinae | 27 | | [[File:AfricanCivet.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 387 | [[:d:Q1546563|Q1546563]] | [[Bdeogale]] | Bdeogale | 27 | | [[File:Bdeogale crassicauda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 388 | [[:d:Q1426206|Q1426206]] | [[Crossarchus platycephalus]] | Crossarchus platycephalus | 27 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 389 | [[:d:Q133364|Q133364]] | [[Dinofelis]] | Dinofelis | 27 | | [[File:Dinofelis barlowi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 390 | [[:d:Q754336|Q754336]] | [[Panthera pardus tulliana]] | Panthera pardus tulliana | 27 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 391 | [[:d:Q2468673|Q2468673]] | [[Canis himalayensis]] | Canis himalayensis | 27 | | [[File:Wolf.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 392 | [[:d:Q2299553|Q2299553]] | [[Galerella ochracea]] | Galerella ochracea | 26 | | [[File:HerpestesOchraceusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 393 | [[:d:Q118979|Q118979]] | [[Galerella]] | Galerella | 26 | | [[File:Slender Mongoose (Galerella sanguinea) (6026100674).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 394 | [[:d:Q337197|Q337197]] | [[Tremarctinae]] | Tremarctinae | 26 | | [[File:Spectacled Bear Tennoji 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 395 | [[:d:Q511072|Q511072]] | [[Panthera leo fossilis]] | Panthera fossilis | 26 | | [[File:Panthera fossilis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 396 | [[:d:Q1274400|Q1274400]] | [[Machairodus]] | Machairodus | 26 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 397 | [[:d:Q1541406|Q1541406]] | [[Panthera tigris trinilensis]] | Panthera tigris trinilensis | 26 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 398 | [[:d:Q670959|Q670959]] | [[Panthera pardus panthera]] | Panthera pardus panthera | 26 | | [[File:The last barbary leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 399 | [[:d:Q683207|Q683207]] | [[Arctodus simus]] | Arctodus simus | 26 | | [[File:ArctodusSimusSkeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 400 | [[:d:Q122835073|Q122835073]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus | 26 | | [[File:Tanuki in Higashiyama Zoo - 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 401 | [[:d:Q3235669|Q3235669]] | [[Arctoidea]] | Arctoidea | 25 | | [[File:Procyon lotor 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 402 | [[:d:Q258485|Q258485]] | [[Salanoia]] | Salanoia | 25 | | [[File:Galidia olivacea Geoffroy.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 403 | [[:d:Q690677|Q690677]] | [[Galidictis]] | Galidictis | 25 | | [[File:Mungo1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 404 | [[:d:Q1137422|Q1137422]] | [[Mustela africana]] | Mustela africana | 25 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 405 | [[:d:Q468586|Q468586]] | [[Miracinonyx]] | Miracinonyx | 25 | | [[File:Miracinonyx (american cheetah).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 406 | [[:d:Q2164570|Q2164570]] | [[Lynx lynx balcanicus]] | Lynx lynx balcanicus | 25 | | [[File:Balkan Lynx (Lynx lynx martinoi).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 407 | [[:d:Q2089426|Q2089426]] | [[Ursus arctos collaris]] | Ursus arctos collaris | 25 | | [[File:Ucollaris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 408 | [[:d:Q2360936|Q2360936]] | [[Ursus arctos marsicanus]] | Ursus arctos marsicanus | 25 | | [[File:Passeggiando semplicemente.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 409 | [[:d:Q11954112|Q11954112]] | [[Ursus thibetanus laniger]] | Ursus thibetanus laniger | 25 | | [[File:Himalayan bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 410 | [[:d:Q576039|Q576039]] | [[Canis lupus tundrarum]] | Canis lupus tundrarum | 25 | | [[File:Canis lupus tundrarum Lobo Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 411 | [[:d:Q46605397|Q46605397]] | [[Aonyx congicus]] | Aonyx congicus | 24 | | [[File:Mazu from Congo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx]]<br/>[[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 412 | [[:d:Q7901176|Q7901176]] | [[Ursinae]] | Ursinae | 24 | | [[File:Bär Züri.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 413 | [[:d:Q2164369|Q2164369]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus hecki]] | Acinonyx jubatus hecki | 24 | | [[File:Northeast African Cheetah (14846381095) 2013.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 414 | [[:d:Q2562912|Q2562912]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis | 24 | | [[File:Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 415 | [[:d:Q718688|Q718688]] | [[Canis lupus nubilus]] | Canis lupus nubilus | 24 | | [[File:Lobo wolf 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 416 | [[:d:Q10328397|Q10328397]] | [[Melinae]] | Melinae | 23 | | [[File:Badger 25-07-09 closer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 417 | [[:d:Q1088569|Q1088569]] | [[Galidiinae]] | Galidiinae | 23 | | [[File:Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 418 | [[:d:Q139110|Q139110]] | [[Amphicyon]] | Amphicyon | 23 | | [[File:Amphicyon ingens White Background.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 419 | [[:d:Q133084|Q133084]] | [[Barbourofelis]] | Barbourofelis | 23 | | [[File:Barbourofelis fricki.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 420 | [[:d:Q2272925|Q2272925]] | [[Acinonyx pardinensis]] | Acinonyx pardinensis | 23 | | [[File:Acinonyx pardinensis 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 421 | [[:d:Q133945|Q133945]] | [[Megantereon]] | Megantereon | 23 | | [[File:Megantereon cultridens model.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 422 | [[:d:Q2118614|Q2118614]] | [[Leon sudafrican]] | Panthera leo krugeri | 23 | | [[File:Male Lion and Cub Chitwa South Africa Luca Galuzzi 2004 edit1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 423 | [[:d:Q2262382|Q2262382]] | [[leon massai]] | Panthera leo massaica | 23 | | [[File:Lion in masai mara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 424 | [[:d:Q2620076|Q2620076]] | [[Felis silvestris caucasica]] | Felis silvestris caucasica | 23 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 425 | [[:d:Q2089432|Q2089432]] | [[Ursus americanus cinnamomum]] | Ursus americanus cinnamomum | 23 | | [[File:Cinnamon bear by J T Bowen after John James Audubon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 426 | [[:d:Q2565286|Q2565286]] | [[Ursus arctos californicus]] | Ursus arctos californicus | 23 | | [[File:Monarch the bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 427 | [[:d:Q728631|Q728631]] | [[Canis aureus lupaster]] | Canis aureus lupaster | 23 | | [[File:Canis anthus - Cécile Bloch 5.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 428 | [[:d:Q132657|Q132657]] | [[Barbourofelidae]] | Barbourofelidae | 22 | | [[File:Barbourofelis loveorum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 429 | [[:d:Q135094|Q135094]] | [[Pachycrocuta]] | Pachycrocuta | 22 | | [[File:Zhoukoudian Pachycrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 430 | [[:d:Q1018988|Q1018988]] | [[Hemigalinae]] | Hemigalinae | 22 | | [[File:Banded Palm Civet.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 431 | [[:d:Q1508910|Q1508910]] | [[Mustela felipei]] | Mustela felipei | 22 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 432 | [[:d:Q14617469|Q14617469]] | [[Bassaricyon medius]] | Bassaricyon medius | 22 | | [[File:Western Lowland Olingo (Bassaricyon medius orinomus) in life - ZooKeys-324-001-g023 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 433 | [[:d:Q221268|Q221268]] | [[Panthera leo sinhaleyus]] | Panthera leo sinhaleyus | 22 | | [[File:Panthera Leo Sinhayeus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 434 | [[:d:Q950590|Q950590]] | [[Leon senegalese]] | Panthera leo senegalensis | 22 | | [[File:West African male lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 435 | [[:d:Q3893464|Q3893464]] | [[Panthera leo azandica]] | Panthera leo azandica | 22 | | [[File:Lion in Murchison Falls National Park.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 436 | [[:d:Q11954115|Q11954115]] | [[Ursus thibetanus japonicus]] | Ursus thibetanus japonicus | 22 | | [[File:202308 Japanese black bear.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 437 | [[:d:Q1576480|Q1576480]] | [[Galerella flavescens]] | Galerella flavescens | 21 | | [[File:Galerella flavescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 438 | [[:d:Q1716674|Q1716674]] | [[Cryptoprocta spelea]] | Cryptoprocta spelea | 21 | | [[File:Fossa de les cavernes.png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 439 | [[:d:Q21223141|Q21223141]] | [[Lupulella]] | Lupulella | 21 | | [[File:Lupulella.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 440 | [[:d:Q3768986|Q3768986]] | [[Tremarctos]] | Tremarctos | 21 | | [[File:Urso de óculos.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 441 | [[:d:Q853117|Q853117]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | Lynx issiodorensis | 21 | | [[File:Lynx issiodorensis 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 442 | [[:d:Q192492|Q192492]] | [[Panthera leo spelaea]] | Panthera leo spelaea | 21 | | [[File:Hoehlenloewe CaveLion hharder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 443 | [[:d:Q4853062|Q4853062]] | [[Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus]] | Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus | 21 | | [[File:خرس سیاه - رودان.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 444 | [[:d:Q33140849|Q33140849]] | [[Guloninae]] | Guloninae | 20 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 445 | [[:d:Q745389|Q745389]] | [[Euplerinae]] | Euplerinae | 20 | | [[File:Fossa.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 446 | [[:d:Q2600180|Q2600180]] | [[Neovison]] | Neovison | 20 | | [[File:American mink geograph.co.uk 2083077.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 447 | [[:d:Q141424|Q141424]] | [[Cryptoprocta]] | Cryptoprocta | 20 | | [[File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 448 | [[:d:Q1352915|Q1352915]] | [[Eusmilus]] | Eusmilus | 20 | | [[File:Eusmilus adelosDB24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 449 | [[:d:Q11906411|Q11906411]] | [[Arctonyx]] | Arctonyx | 20 | | [[File:Arctonyx collaris - Sterndale.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 450 | [[:d:Q2729984|Q2729984]] | [[Borophaginae]] | Borophaginae | 20 | | [[File:Aelurodon stirtoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 451 | [[:d:Q123900653|Q123900653]] | [[Urva auropunctata]] | Urva auropunctata | 20 | | [[File:Astonished.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 452 | [[:d:Q2076664|Q2076664]] | [[Arctotherium]] | Arctotherium | 20 | | [[File:Arctotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 453 | [[:d:Q3893470|Q3893470]] | [[Panthera leo bleyenberghi]] | Panthera leo bleyenberghi | 20 | | [[File:Die pure Kraft - Löwe im Etosha-Nationalpark.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 454 | [[:d:Q42576|Q42576]] | [[Felis silvestris lybica]] | Felis silvestris lybica | 20 | | [[File:Felis silvestris lybica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[homotypic synonym]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 455 | [[:d:Q2985924|Q2985924]] | [[Ursus maritimus tyrannus]] | Ursus maritimus tyrannus | 20 | | [[File:Ursus maritimus tyrannus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso polar|Ursus maritimus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 456 | [[:d:Q20721832|Q20721832]] | [[Neomonachus]] | Neomonachus | 19 | | [[File:Monachus schauinslandi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 457 | [[:d:Q524436|Q524436]] | [[Dinictis]] | Dinictis | 19 | | [[File:Dinictis (37599002081).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 458 | [[:d:Q895480|Q895480]] | [[Puijila darwini]] | Puijila darwini | 19 | | [[File:Puijila BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puijila]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 459 | [[:d:Q2898113|Q2898113]] | [[Speothos]] | Speothos | 19 | | [[File:Bush dog.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 460 | [[:d:Q12061410|Q12061410]] | [[Lycaon]] | Lycaon | 19 | | [[File:African wild dog (24273710124).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 461 | [[:d:Q213044|Q213044]] | [[Catopuma badia]] | Pardofelis badia | 19 | | [[File:Bay cat 1 Jim Sanderson-cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pardofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 462 | [[:d:Q20907997|Q20907997]] | [[Nasua narica nelsoni]] | Nasua narica nelsoni | 19 | | [[File:Nasua narica nelsoni 355393620.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 463 | [[:d:Q615621|Q615621]] | [[Canis lupus hudsonicus]] | Canis lupus hudsonicus | 19 | | [[File:Canis lupus hudsonicus Olomouc 2022.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 464 | [[:d:Q1197437|Q1197437]] | [[Fissipedia]] | Fissipedia | 18 | | [[File:Fissipedia portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 465 | [[:d:Q55333185|Q55333185]] | [[Ictonychinae]] | Ictonychinae | 18 | | [[File:Greater grison.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 466 | [[:d:Q2896244|Q2896244]] | [[Dusicyon]] | Dusicyon | 18 | | [[File:FalklandIslandFox2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 467 | [[:d:Q141533|Q141533]] | [[Xenosmilus]] | Xenosmilus | 18 | | [[File:Xenosmilus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 468 | [[:d:Q1194753|Q1194753]] | [[Panthera palaeosinensis]] | Panthera palaeosinensis | 18 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 469 | [[:d:Q150641|Q150641]] | [[Bassaricyon beddardi]] | Bassaricyon beddardi | 18 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 470 | [[:d:Q524040|Q524040]] | [[Canis lupus beothucus]] | Canis lupus beothucus | 18 | | [[File:NewfoundlandWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 471 | [[:d:Q1471138|Q1471138]] | [[Canis lupus irremotus]] | Canis lupus irremotus | 18 | | [[File:Canis lupus standing in snow.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 472 | [[:d:Q2899249|Q2899249]] | [[Lutrogale]] | Lutrogale | 17 | | [[File:2006-kabini-otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 473 | [[:d:Q135088|Q135088]] | [[Hoplophoneus]] | Hoplophoneus | 17 | | [[File:Hoplophoneus primevus IMG 4443.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 474 | [[:d:Q2500116|Q2500116]] | [[Kolponomos]] | Kolponomos | 17 | | [[File:Kolponomos clallamensis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 475 | [[:d:Q10748756|Q10748756]] | [[Melogale cucphuongensis]] | Melogale cucphuongensis | 17 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 476 | [[:d:Q107473331|Q107473331]] | [[Meles canescens]] | Meles canescens | 17 | | [[File:Badger Crete.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 477 | [[:d:Q2342656|Q2342656]] | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | Hesperocyoninae | 17 | | [[File:Mesocyon skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 478 | [[:d:Q930386|Q930386]] | [[Martes americana atrata]] | Martes americana atrata | 17 | | [[File:Newfoundland Pine Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 479 | [[:d:Q123862361|Q123862361]] | [[Urva edwardsii]] | Urva edwardsii | 17 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 480 | [[:d:Q148240|Q148240]] | [[Puma pardoides]] | Puma pardoides | 17 | | [[File:Puma schaubi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 481 | [[:d:Q30693726|Q30693726]] | [[Prionailurus javanensis]] | Prionailurus javanensis | 17 | | [[File:Sunda Leopard Cat (Sabah, Borneo).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 482 | [[:d:Q150587|Q150587]] | [[Bassaricyon pauli]] | Bassaricyon pauli | 17 | | [[File:Bushy tailed olingo-2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 483 | [[:d:Q150602|Q150602]] | [[Bassaricyon lasius]] | Bassaricyon lasius | 17 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassaricyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 484 | [[:d:Q2118534|Q2118534]] | [[Cynotherium sardous]] | Cynotherium sardous | 17 | | [[File:Cynotherium sardous restoration.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 485 | [[:d:Q2672197|Q2672197]] | [[Ursus etruscus]] | Ursus etruscus | 17 | | [[File:Ursusetrusc.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 486 | [[:d:Q137418|Q137418]] | [[Borophagus]] | Borophagus | 17 | | [[File:Borophagus cropped.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 487 | [[:d:Q1028402|Q1028402]] | [[Canis lupus orion]] | Canis lupus orion | 17 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) Greenland draught wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 488 | [[:d:Q17509689|Q17509689]] | [[Eupleres]] | Eupleres | 16 | | [[File:EupleresGoudotiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 489 | [[:d:Q107548263|Q107548263]] | [[Neogale]] | Neogale | 16 | | [[File:I Am Weasel (15483000477).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 490 | [[:d:Q135599|Q135599]] | [[Ictitherium]] | Ictitherium | 16 | | [[File:Ictitherium viverrinum.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 491 | [[:d:Q137581|Q137581]] | [[Chasmaporthetes]] | Chasmaporthetes | 16 | | [[File:Chasmaportethes lunensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 492 | [[:d:Q134562|Q134562]] | [[Nimravus]] | Nimravus | 16 | | [[File:Nimravus - Roger Witter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 493 | [[:d:Q3308205|Q3308205]] | [[Ursavus]] | Ursavus | 16 | | [[File:Ursavus tedforti.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 494 | [[:d:Q1002390|Q1002390]] | [[Metailurus]] | Metailurus | 16 | | [[File:Metailurus (Metailurus sp) Asenovgrad2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 495 | [[:d:Q20907096|Q20907096]] | [[Northern lynx]] | Lynx lynx lynx | 16 | | [[File:Gaupe - Lynx (24821467410).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 496 | [[:d:Q57818409|Q57818409]] | [[Felis silvestris catus]] | Felis silvestris catus | 16 | | [[File:Cat November 2010-1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 497 | [[:d:Q2415423|Q2415423]] | [[Epicyon]] | Epicyon | 16 | | [[File:Epicyon haydeni skeleton (white background).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 498 | [[:d:Q2840949|Q2840949]] | [[Ursus thibetanus ussuricus]] | Ursus thibetanus ussuricus | 16 | | [[File:Ursus thibetanus ussuricus Kaliningrad Zoo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 499 | [[:d:Q11704938|Q11704938]] | [[Ursus arctos gyas]] | Ursus arctos gyas | 16 | | [[File:Brown bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 500 | [[:d:Q428078|Q428078]] | [[Canis lupus alces]] | Canis lupus alces | 16 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. alces ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 501 | [[:d:Q430115|Q430115]] | [[Canis lupus pambasileus]] | Canis lupus pambasileus | 16 | | [[File:Wolf on the move.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 502 | [[:d:Q719570|Q719570]] | [[Canis lupus columbianus]] | Canis lupus columbianus | 16 | | [[File:Black Canis lupus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 503 | [[:d:Q18604635|Q18604635]] | [[Acrophoca]] | Acrophoca | 15 | | [[File:Acrophoca longirostris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 504 | [[:d:Q134908|Q134908]] | [[Percrocutidae]] | Percrocutidae | 15 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta gigantea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 505 | [[:d:Q9776204|Q9776204]] | [[Herpestoidea]] | Herpestoidea | 15 | | [[File:Herpestoidea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]]<br/>[[Viverroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 506 | [[:d:Q9776562|Q9776562]] | [[Viverroidea]] | Viverroidea | 15 | | [[File:Viverroidea.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 507 | [[:d:Q747851|Q747851]] | [[Enaliarctos]] | Enaliarctos | 15 | | [[File:Enaliarctos mealsi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enaliarctidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 508 | [[:d:Q1000261|Q1000261]] | [[Cynodictis]] | Cynodictis | 15 | | [[File:Cynodictis Natural History Museum Vienna.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 509 | [[:d:Q99217654|Q99217654]] | [[Urva]] | Urva | 15 | | [[File:Urva urva 77938111.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 510 | [[:d:Q1303308|Q1303308]] | [[Hyaeninae]] | Hyaeninae | 15 | | [[File:Crocuta-hejda.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 511 | [[:d:Q3605074|Q3605074]] | [[Adcrocuta]] | Adcrocuta | 15 | | [[File:Adcrocuta eximia, Asenovgrad.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 512 | [[:d:Q10750855|Q10750855]] | [[Crocuta]] | Crocuta | 15 | | [[File:Crocuta crocuta Mara Triangle.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]]<br/>[[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 513 | [[:d:Q2566925|Q2566925]] | [[Chapalmalania]] | Chapalmalania | 15 | | [[File:Chapalmalania.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 514 | [[:d:Q132747|Q132747]] | [[Pseudaelurus]] | Pseudaelurus | 15 | | [[File:Pseudaelurus teeth.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 515 | [[:d:Q4119064|Q4119064]] | [[Ailurarctos]] | Ailurarctos | 15 | | [[File:Ailurarctos paleoart.webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 516 | [[:d:Q135227|Q135227]] | [[Metailurini]] | Metailurini | 15 | | [[File:Dinofelis15DB.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 517 | [[:d:Q2262856|Q2262856]] | [[Smilodontini]] | Smilodontini | 15 | | [[File:Smilodon californicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 518 | [[:d:Q2333795|Q2333795]] | [[Agriotherium]] | Agriotherium | 15 | | [[File:Agriotherium maraghanus mandible.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 519 | [[:d:Q1947861|Q1947861]] | [[Hesperocyon]] | Hesperocyon | 15 | | [[File:Hesperocyon skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 520 | [[:d:Q5442094|Q5442094]] | [[Felis lunensis]] | Felis lunensis | 15 | e un felino estinto della sottofamiglia dei felinae | [[File:Felis lunensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 521 | [[:d:Q292596|Q292596]] | [[Panthera zdanskyi]] | Panthera zdanskyi | 15 | | [[File:Panthera zdanskyi.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 522 | [[:d:Q310780|Q310780]] | [[Tremarctos floridanus]] | Tremarctos floridanus | 15 | | [[File:Florida Spectacled Bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 523 | [[:d:Q20721337|Q20721337]] | [[Gepardo african del sud]] | Acinonyx jubatus jubatus | 15 | | [[File:Cheetah Umfolozi SouthAfrica MWegmann.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 524 | [[:d:Q255441|Q255441]] | [[Ursus deningeri]] | Ursus deningeri | 15 | | [[File:Atapuerca carnivore skull 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 525 | [[:d:Q311939|Q311939]] | [[Ursus minimus]] | Ursus minimus | 15 | | [[File:Ursus minimus 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 526 | [[:d:Q26284377|Q26284377]] | [[Siberian lynx]] | Lynx lynx wrangeli | 15 | | [[File:Lynx de Sibérie à Saint Martin la Plaine (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 527 | [[:d:Q27627877|Q27627877]] | [[Caucasian lynx]] | Lynx lynx dinniki | 15 | | [[File:Darica Vashak 01157.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 528 | [[:d:Q27627917|Q27627917]] | [[Turkestan lynx]] | Lynx lynx isabellinus | 15 | | [[File:Parc des felins Felin 06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 529 | [[:d:Q793475|Q793475]] | [[Ursus arctos piscator]] | Ursus arctos piscator | 15 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 530 | [[:d:Q3696387|Q3696387]] | [[coywolf]] | Canis latrans var. | 15 | | [[File:Captivecoywolfhybrid.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[canid hybrid]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 531 | [[:d:Q1127210|Q1127210]] | [[Canis lupus labradorius]] | Canis lupus labradorius | 15 | | [[File:Face à face (28711329178).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 532 | [[:d:Q1164673|Q1164673]] | [[Canis lupus griseoalbus]] | Canis lupus griseoalbus | 15 | | [[File:Commissioners' report (1892) (14569119587).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 533 | [[:d:Q1636008|Q1636008]] | [[Potamotherium miocenicum]] | Potamotherium | 14 | | [[File:Potamotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 534 | [[:d:Q11905313|Q11905313]] | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | Amphicynodontidae | 14 | | [[File:Kolponomos NT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 535 | [[:d:Q5832825|Q5832825]] | [[Enhydra]] | Enhydra | 14 | | [[File:Sea otter cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 536 | [[:d:Q13564654|Q13564654]] | [[Mellivora]] | Mellivora | 14 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 537 | [[:d:Q2895094|Q2895094]] | [[Nasuella]] | Nasuella | 14 | | [[File:Ulisse Aldrovandi - Mountain Coati.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 538 | [[:d:Q16894566|Q16894566]] | [[Gulo]] | Gulo | 14 | genere de mammifero | [[File:Gulo gulo 03.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 539 | [[:d:Q138900|Q138900]] | [[Leptocyon]] | Leptocyon | 14 | | [[File:Leptocyon gregorii holotype AMNH 12879.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 540 | [[:d:Q932165|Q932165]] | [[pumapard]] | Puma concolor × Panthera pardus | 14 | | [[File:Pumapard-1904.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | [[Mammiferos]]<br/>[[Panthera hybrid]] | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 541 | [[:d:Q17560554|Q17560554]] | [[Ailuropodinae]] | Ailuropodinae | 14 | | [[File:Panda ChiangMaiZoo humarkus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 542 | [[:d:Q2720989|Q2720989]] | [[Cozumel fox]] | No/unknown value | 14 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 543 | [[:d:Q116894337|Q116894337]] | [[Neogale africana]] | Neogale africana | 14 | | [[File:Neogale africana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 544 | [[:d:Q2117758|Q2117758]] | [[Vulpes vulpes arabica]] | Vulpes vulpes arabica | 14 | | [[File:Arabian Red Fox 5 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 545 | [[:d:Q13410550|Q13410550]] | [[Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica]] | Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica | 14 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes Kurdistanica (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 546 | [[:d:Q2576461|Q2576461]] | [[Ailuropoda microta]] | Ailuropoda microta | 14 | | [[File:Ailuropoda microta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 547 | [[:d:Q1035243|Q1035243]] | [[Hemicyon]] | Hemicyon | 14 | | [[File:(MHNT) Hemicyon stehlini Hürzeler, 1944 - crâne.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 548 | [[:d:Q16615647|Q16615647]] | [[Panthera tigris soloensis]] | Panthera tigris soloensis | 14 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 549 | [[:d:Q20907143|Q20907143]] | [[Panthera leo melanochaita]] | Panthera leo melanochaita | 14 | | [[File:Panthera leo - Etosha 2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 550 | [[:d:Q2892917|Q2892917]] | [[Indarctos]] | Indarctos | 14 | | [[File:Indarctos atticus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotheriini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 551 | [[:d:Q948186|Q948186]] | [[Ursus americanus carlottae]] | Ursus americanus carlottae | 14 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 552 | [[:d:Q11704940|Q11704940]] | [[Ursus arctos sitkensis]] | Ursus arctos sitkensis | 14 | | [[File:Sitka brown bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 553 | [[:d:Q790069|Q790069]] | [[Canis lupus bernardi]] | Canis lupus bernardi | 14 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 554 | [[:d:Q1635565|Q1635565]] | [[Percrocuta]] | Percrocuta | 13 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta101 flipped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Percrocutidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 555 | [[:d:Q2056160|Q2056160]] | [[Sansanosmilus]] | Sansanosmilus | 13 | | [[File:Comparison Sansanosmilus palmidens - Necromanis franconica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 556 | [[:d:Q5278579|Q5278579]] | [[Dinocrocuta]] | Dinocrocuta | 13 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Percrocutidae]]<br/>[[Percrocutinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 557 | [[:d:Q1607239|Q1607239]] | [[Simocyon]] | Simocyon | 13 | | [[File:Simocyon primigenius.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 558 | [[:d:Q19817309|Q19817309]] | [[Ailurus]] | Ailurus | 13 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens Cerza.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 559 | [[:d:Q1791493|Q1791493]] | [[Eucyon]] | Eucyon | 13 | | [[File:Eucyon davisi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 560 | [[:d:Q19817113|Q19817113]] | [[Suricata]] | Suricata | 13 | | [[File:Meerkat feb 09.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 561 | [[:d:Q19717139|Q19717139]] | [[Arctonyx albogularis]] | Arctonyx albogularis | 13 | | [[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 62) (7093196697).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 562 | [[:d:Q25427460|Q25427460]] | [[Martes caurina]] | Martes caurina | 13 | | [[File:Pacific marten Martes caurina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 563 | [[:d:Q16974134|Q16974134]] | [[Amphimachairodus]] | Amphimachairodus | 13 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 564 | [[:d:Q848814|Q848814]] | [[Vulpes vulpes schrenckii]] | Vulpes vulpes schrenckii | 13 | | [[File:Ezo red fox, Japan; February 2021 (03).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 565 | [[:d:Q33229472|Q33229472]] | [[Canina]] | Canina | 13 | | [[File:Canina portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 566 | [[:d:Q2260339|Q2260339]] | [[Panthera youngi]] | Panthera youngi | 13 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 567 | [[:d:Q3768880|Q3768880]] | [[Panthera onca arizonensis]] | Panthera onca arizonensis | 13 | | [[File:El-jefe-jaguar-fws1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 568 | [[:d:Q2333391|Q2333391]] | [[Melursus ursinus inornatus]] | Melursus ursinus inornatus | 13 | | [[File:Sri Lankan sloth bear (Melursus ursinus inornatus) male 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus ursinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 569 | [[:d:Q3622157|Q3622157]] | [[coydog]] | Canis latrans × Canis lupus familiaris | 13 | | [[File:The Clever Coyote (1951) Coydogs.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[hybrid]] | [[dog hybrid]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 570 | [[:d:Q9092013|Q9092013]] | [[Ursus americanus emmonsii]] | Ursus americanus emmonsii | 13 | | [[File:Glacier Bear with cubs.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 571 | [[:d:Q621631|Q621631]] | [[Canis lupus ligoni]] | Canis lupus ligoni | 13 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. ligoni ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 572 | [[:d:Q736878|Q736878]] | [[Canis lupus manningi]] | Canis lupus manningi | 13 | | [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. manningi mod.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 573 | [[:d:Q912965|Q912965]] | [[Canis lupus youngi]] | Canis lupus youngi | 13 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. youngi ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 574 | [[:d:Q2887172|Q2887172]] | [[Desmatophocidae]] | Desmatophocidae | 12 | | [[File:Skeleton of Allodesmus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 575 | [[:d:Q5361186|Q5361186]] | [[Odobenus]] | Odobenus | 12 | | [[File:Walrus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 576 | [[:d:Q28157277|Q28157277]] | [[Herpestes flavescens]] | Herpestes flavescens | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 577 | [[:d:Q2558790|Q2558790]] | [[Pusa hispida ladogensis]] | Pusa hispida ladogensis | 12 | | [[File:Lake Ladoga Seal iNaturalist.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 578 | [[:d:Q856432|Q856432]] | [[Pogonodon]] | Pogonodon | 12 | | [[File:Pogonodon platycopis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 579 | [[:d:Q20672084|Q20672084]] | [[Dinaelurus crassus]] | Dinaelurus | 12 | | [[File:Dinaelurus crassus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 580 | [[:d:Q18510844|Q18510844]] | [[Proteles]] | Proteles | 12 | | [[File:Proteles cristatus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Protelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 581 | [[:d:Q142407|Q142407]] | [[Protocyon]] | Protocyon | 12 | | [[File:MPCN Villa Escolar. Perro prehistórico. Fotografía 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 582 | [[:d:Q979764|Q979764]] | [[Archaeocyon]] | Archaeocyon | 12 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 583 | [[:d:Q2946611|Q2946611]] | [[Cerdocyon]] | Cerdocyon | 12 | | [[File:Maikong in Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 584 | [[:d:Q19717143|Q19717143]] | [[Arctonyx hoevenii]] | Arctonyx hoevenii | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 585 | [[:d:Q107657638|Q107657638]] | [[Mustela haidarum]] | Mustela haidarum | 12 | | [[File:Haida Ermine (Mustela haidarum).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 586 | [[:d:Q2051668|Q2051668]] | [[Paramachairodus]] | Paramachaerodus | 12 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 587 | [[:d:Q27962593|Q27962593]] | [[Enhydriodon]] | Enhydriodon | 12 | | [[File:Enhydriodon Omoensis Femur Views.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydriodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 588 | [[:d:Q2060602|Q2060602]] | [[Aelurodon]] | Aelurodon | 12 | | [[File:Aelurodon taxoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 589 | [[:d:Q3122095|Q3122095]] | [[Speothos pacivorus]] | Speothos pacivorus | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Speothos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 590 | [[:d:Q6707157|Q6707157]] | [[Lycaon sekowei]] | Lycaon sekowei | 12 | | [[File:Postcranial skeleton of a wild dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 591 | [[:d:Q6967764|Q6967764]] | [[Nasuella meridensis]] | Nasuella meridensis | 12 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 592 | [[:d:Q3768566|Q3768566]] | [[Vulpes vulpes peculiosa]] | Vulpes vulpes peculiosa | 12 | | [[File:Korean fox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 593 | [[:d:Q12004829|Q12004829]] | [[South American canids]] | Cerdocyonina | 12 | | [[File:Cerdocyonina portraits.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 594 | [[:d:Q19692941|Q19692941]] | [[Xenocyon]] | Xenocyon | 12 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canini (taxon)|Canini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 595 | [[:d:Q15149619|Q15149619]] | [[Panthera blytheae]] | Panthera blytheae | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 596 | [[:d:Q646185|Q646185]] | [[Nimravides]] | Nimravides | 12 | | [[File:Nimravides catacopis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotheriini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 597 | [[:d:Q3241792|Q3241792]] | [[Panthera leo nubica]] | Panthera leo nubica | 12 | | [[File:Annual report - New York Zoological Society (1903) (18243500220).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 598 | [[:d:Q6059906|Q6059906]] | [[Panthera tigris acutidens]] | Panthera tigris acutidens | 12 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 599 | [[:d:Q20720735|Q20720735]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii]] | Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii | 12 | | [[File:Gepard soemmeringii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 600 | [[:d:Q1988192|Q1988192]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus]] | Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus | 12 | | [[File:Tsushima Cat 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 601 | [[:d:Q29467104|Q29467104]] | [[Scottish wildcat]] | Felis silvestris grampia | 12 | | [[File:Scottish wildcat & kitten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 602 | [[:d:Q521594|Q521594]] | [[Felis silvestris gordoni]] | Felis silvestris gordoni | 12 | | [[File:Felis silvestris gordoni.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 603 | [[:d:Q5032444|Q5032444]] | [[Canis lepophagus]] | Canis lepophagus | 12 | | [[File:Canis lepophagus Fossil.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 604 | [[:d:Q9092022|Q9092022]] | [[Ursus arctos stikeenensis]] | Ursus arctos stikeenensis | 12 | | [[File:GrizzlyMussel1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 605 | [[:d:Q718137|Q718137]] | [[Canis lupus monstrabilis]] | Canis lupus monstrabilis | 12 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. monstrabilis ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 606 | [[:d:Q719577|Q719577]] | [[Canis lupus mackenzii]] | Canis lupus mackenzii | 12 | | [[File:Lobo en el Zoo de Madrid 01 cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 607 | [[:d:Q846261|Q846261]] | [[Canis rufus floridanus]] | Canis rufus floridanus | 12 | | [[File:FloridaBlackWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 608 | [[:d:Q19605886|Q19605886]] | [[Monachinae]] | Monachinae | 11 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 609 | [[:d:Q17355875|Q17355875]] | [[Civettictis]] | Civettictis | 11 | | [[File:Civettictis civetta 11.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 610 | [[:d:Q1884323|Q1884323]] | [[Bdeogale omnivora]] | Bdeogale omnivora | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 611 | [[:d:Q4733042|Q4733042]] | [[Allodesmus]] | Allodesmus | 11 | | [[File:Allodesmus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 612 | [[:d:Q142046|Q142046]] | [[Protictitherium]] | Protictitherium | 11 | | [[File:Protictitherium crassum - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 613 | [[:d:Q4412222|Q4412222]] | [[Callorhinus]] | Callorhinus | 11 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Callorhinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 614 | [[:d:Q10747776|Q10747776]] | [[Chrysocyon]] | Chrysocyon | 11 | | [[File:Maned Wolf 11, Beardsley Zoo, 2009-11-06.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 615 | [[:d:Q612435|Q612435]] | [[Hemicyonidae]] | Hemicyonidae | 11 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 616 | [[:d:Q116894434|Q116894434]] | [[Neogale felipei]] | Neogale felipei | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 617 | [[:d:Q732045|Q732045]] | [[Cynodesmus]] | Cynodesmus | 11 | | [[File:A Lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota (1907) fig. 4.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 618 | [[:d:Q2193177|Q2193177]] | [[Tomarctus]] | Tomarctus | 11 | | [[File:Tomarctus temerarius.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 619 | [[:d:Q5815268|Q5815268]] | [[Dusicyon avus]] | Dusicyon avus | 11 | | [[File:Falkland Island wolf, Dusicyon australis OMNZVT2369 !1pub (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 620 | [[:d:Q431726|Q431726]] | [[Eastern American red fox]] | Vulpes vulpes fulva | 11 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes ssp fulvus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 621 | [[:d:Q790279|Q790279]] | [[Procyon lotor gloveralleni]] | Procyon lotor gloveralleni | 11 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 622 | [[:d:Q146558|Q146558]] | [[Adelphailurus]] | Adelphailurus | 11 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 623 | [[:d:Q3836495|Q3836495]] | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | Lokotunjailurus | 11 | | [[File:Lokotunjailurus emageritus M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 8).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 624 | [[:d:Q18609695|Q18609695]] | [[Cephalogale]] | Cephalogale | 11 | | [[File:Phoberogale shareri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 625 | [[:d:Q2635292|Q2635292]] | [[Panthera pardus jarvisi]] | Panthera pardus jarvisi | 11 | | [[File:PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert leopard cropped.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 626 | [[:d:Q16981890|Q16981890]] | [[European Ice Age leopard]] | Panthera pardus spelaea | 11 | | [[File:Museo di storia naturale (Florence) - Panthera pardus spelaea 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 627 | [[:d:Q12642957|Q12642957]] | [[Neofelis diardi diardi]] | Neofelis diardi diardi | 11 | | [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een geschoten nevelpanter Deli TMnr 10017949.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis diardi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 628 | [[:d:Q1759039|Q1759039]] | [[catto salvage cretese]] | Felis silvestris cretensis | 11 | | [[File:Felis silvestris cretensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 629 | [[:d:Q3445718|Q3445718]] | [[Plionarctos]] | Plionarctos | 11 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tremarctini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 630 | [[:d:Q858849|Q858849]] | [[Canis lupus fuscus]] | Canis lupus fuscus | 11 | | [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IV) C. l. fuscus mod.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 631 | [[:d:Q2044684|Q2044684]] | [[Canis aureus indicus]] | Canis aureus indicus | 11 | | [[File:Golden Jackal - Corbett National Park.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 632 | [[:d:Q5413529|Q5413529]] | [[European jackal]] | Canis aureus moreoticus | 11 | | [[File:Davutoğlan kuş cennetinde, Çakal gezintide (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 633 | [[:d:Q19715939|Q19715939]] | [[Neophoca]] | Neophoca | 10 | | [[File:Neophoca cinerea.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 634 | [[:d:Q1791637|Q1791637]] | [[Stenoplesictidae]] | Stenoplesictidae | 10 | | [[File:Stenoplesictis cayluxi mandibles.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 635 | [[:d:Q4687717|Q4687717]] | [[Aeluroidea]] | Aeluroidea | 10 | | [[File:Panthera tigris corbetti 090901.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 636 | [[:d:Q10281053|Q10281053]] | [[Feloidea]] | Feloidea | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 637 | [[:d:Q4779771|Q4779771]] | [[Ysengrinia]] | Ysengrinia | 10 | | [[File:Ysengrinia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 638 | [[:d:Q2621026|Q2621026]] | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | Prosansanosmilus | 10 | | [[File:Prosansanosmilus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 639 | [[:d:Q10736022|Q10736022]] | [[Atilax]] | Atilax | 10 | | [[File:Marsh mongoose or water mongoose, Atilax paludinosus, at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (22548192738).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 640 | [[:d:Q20721907|Q20721907]] | [[Otarioidea]] | Otarioidea | 10 | | [[File:Callorhinus ursinus and harem.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 641 | [[:d:Q28432755|Q28432755]] | [[Maofelis]] | Maofelis | 10 | | [[File:Maofelis cantonensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 642 | [[:d:Q3702459|Q3702459]] | [[Daphoenus]] | Daphoenus | 10 | | [[File:Daphoenus vetus head.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 643 | [[:d:Q2258308|Q2258308]] | [[Ekorus ekakeran]] | Ekorus ekakeran | 10 | | [[File:Ekorus ekakeran.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ekorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 644 | [[:d:Q30097|Q30097]] | [[Putorius]] | Putorius | 10 | | [[File:Polecat in denmark.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 645 | [[:d:Q41085321|Q41085321]] | [[Mustela richardsonii]] | Mustela richardsonii | 10 | | [[File:Ermine- Bacon Fiend (14083889879).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 646 | [[:d:Q40529359|Q40529359]] | [[Nasua olivacea]] | Nasua olivacea | 10 | | [[File:Nasua olivacea 112082177.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 647 | [[:d:Q22286047|Q22286047]] | [[Sumatran dhole]] | Cuon alpinus sumatrensis | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 648 | [[:d:Q7994332|Q7994332]] | [[white-footed fox]] | Vulpes vulpes pusilla | 10 | | [[File:White Footed Fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 649 | [[:d:Q20908043|Q20908043]] | [[Procyon lotor maynardi]] | Procyon lotor maynardi | 10 | | [[File:Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. l. insularis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 650 | [[:d:Q16350420|Q16350420]] | [[Ailuropoda baconi]] | Ailuropoda baconi | 10 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 651 | [[:d:Q2330531|Q2330531]] | [[Phlaocyon]] | Phlaocyon | 10 | | [[File:Phlaocyon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 652 | [[:d:Q827183|Q827183]] | [[Lynx rufus escuinapae]] | Lynx rufus escuinapae | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 653 | [[:d:Q2164563|Q2164563]] | [[Felis silvestris reyi]] | Felis silvestris reyi | 10 | | [[File:Felis silvestris reyi 05 MWNH 453.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 654 | [[:d:Q30593711|Q30593711]] | [[Carpathian lynx]] | Lynx lynx carpathicus | 10 | | [[File:Lynx lynx carpathicus Germany (standing).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 655 | [[:d:Q2164302|Q2164302]] | [[Andean wolf]] | Dasycyon hagenbecki | 10 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Dasycyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 656 | [[:d:Q3661310|Q3661310]] | [[Lupo de Edward]] | Canis edwardii | 10 | | [[File:Canis edwardii 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 657 | [[:d:Q5033519|Q5033519]] | [[Cantabrian brown bear]] | Ursus arctos pyrenaicus | 10 | | [[File:Ursus arctos 5.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 658 | [[:d:Q30682478|Q30682478]] | [[Canis etruscus]] | Canis etruscus | 10 | | [[File:Canisetr.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 659 | [[:d:Q276979|Q276979]] | [[Kretzoiarctos beatrix]] | Kretzoiarctos beatrix | 10 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kretzoiarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 660 | [[:d:Q24000491|Q24000491]] | [[Phocinae]] | Phocinae | 9 | | [[File:Seal, Isle of Skye (2792634170).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 661 | [[:d:Q6707383|Q6707383]] | [[Lycophocyon]] | Lycophocyon | 9 | | [[File:Lycophocyon skull lateral.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 662 | [[:d:Q6808432|Q6808432]] | [[Megalictis]] | Megalictis | 9 | | [[File:Megalictis skull.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 663 | [[:d:Q7086805|Q7086805]] | [[Oligobuninae]] | Oligobuninae | 9 | | [[File:Megalictis.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 664 | [[:d:Q18577902|Q18577902]] | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | Pinnipedimorpha | 9 | | [[File:Puijila darwini (fossil).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]]<br/>[[Pan-Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 665 | [[:d:Q61159913|Q61159913]] | [[Lophocyonidae]] | Lophocyonidae | 9 | | [[File:Lophocyon-paraskevaidisi-maxilla-LGPUT-THB-12-and-mandible-LGPUT-THB-1-HOLOTYPE-Chios.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 666 | [[:d:Q3285787|Q3285787]] | [[Galerella nigrata]] | Galerella nigrata | 9 | | [[File:Black mongoose waterberg.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 667 | [[:d:Q3699888|Q3699888]] | [[Cynelos]] | Cynelos | 9 | | [[File:Cynelos lemanensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 668 | [[:d:Q4709265|Q4709265]] | [[Albanosmilus]] | Albanosmilus | 9 | | [[File:Albanosmilus jourdani - crani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 669 | [[:d:Q5381662|Q5381662]] | [[Eofelis]] | Eofelis | 9 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 670 | [[:d:Q16535326|Q16535326]] | [[Pusa hispida botnica]] | Pusa hispida botnica | 9 | | [[File:Baltische ringelrob.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 671 | [[:d:Q13644959|Q13644959]] | [[Lobodontini]] | Lobodontini | 9 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 672 | [[:d:Q18419730|Q18419730]] | [[Parailurus]] | Parailurus | 9 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 673 | [[:d:Q2623898|Q2623898]] | [[caraval]] | Caracal caracal × Leptailurus serval | 9 | | [[File:Caraval (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 674 | [[:d:Q16916505|Q16916505]] | [[Hemicyoninae]] | Hemicyoninae | 9 | | [[File:Plithocyon armagnacensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]]<br/>[[Hemicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 675 | [[:d:Q12278450|Q12278450]] | [[Rhizosmilodon]] | Rhizosmilodon | 9 | | [[File:Rhizosmilodon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 676 | [[:d:Q15890081|Q15890081]] | [[Homotherini]] | Homotherini | 9 | | [[File:Homotheriumtex1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 677 | [[:d:Q20817937|Q20817937]] | [[Pontolis]] | Pontolis | 9 | | [[File:Pontolis magnus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Imagotariinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 678 | [[:d:Q24514438|Q24514438]] | [[Afrosmilus]] | Afrosmilus | 9 | | [[File:Afrosmilus africanus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 679 | [[:d:Q123039002|Q123039002]] | [[Leopardus fasciatus]] | Leopardus fasciatus | 9 | | [[File:Uruguayan Pantanal Cat imported from iNaturalist photo 117171659 on 2 August 2024.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 680 | [[:d:Q20980826|Q20980826]] | [[Felis catus]] | Felis catus | 9 | | [[File:Cat November 2010-1a.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]]<br/>[[invasive species]]<br/>[[species aggregate]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 681 | [[:d:Q20679564|Q20679564]] | [[Pristinailurus]] | Pristinailurus | 9 | | [[File:Skull of Pristinailurus bristoli.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 682 | [[:d:Q519097|Q519097]] | [[Vulpes vulpes ichnusae]] | Vulpes vulpes ichnusae | 9 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes ichnusae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 683 | [[:d:Q2164279|Q2164279]] | [[Procyon lotor insularis]] | Procyon lotor insularis | 9 | | [[File:Raccoons of North & Middle America (1950) P. l. insularis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 684 | [[:d:Q2118325|Q2118325]] | [[Panthera toscana]] | Panthera toscana | 9 | | [[File:Panthera toscana 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 685 | [[:d:Q20907534|Q20907534]] | [[Ussuri dhole]] | Cuon alpinus alpinus | 9 | | [[File:Cuon alpinus alpinus.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 686 | [[:d:Q7901157|Q7901157]] | [[Ursavini]] | Ursavini | 9 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 687 | [[:d:Q56289810|Q56289810]] | [[Panthera leo leo]] | Panthera leo leo | 9 | | [[File:Adult Asiatic Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 688 | [[:d:Q10943942|Q10943942]] | [[Neofelis diardi borneensis]] | Neofelis diardi borneensis | 9 | | [[File:Borneo clouded leopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis diardi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 689 | [[:d:Q13228332|Q13228332]] | [[Ursus rossicus]] | Ursus rossicus | 9 | | [[File:Ursus rossicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 690 | [[:d:Q3884275|Q3884275]] | [[Lupo de Armbruster]] | Canis armbrusteri | 9 | | [[File:Canis ambrusteri skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 691 | [[:d:Q20907605|Q20907605]] | [[Ursus americanus luteolus]] | Ursus americanus luteolus | 9 | | [[File:BlackBear2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 692 | [[:d:Q2936376|Q2936376]] | [[Lupo russe]] | Canis lupus communis | 9 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 693 | [[:d:Q4378383|Q4378383]] | [[Lupo del Caspio]] | Canis lupus cubanensis | 9 | | [[File:Tierpark Sababurg Wolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 694 | [[:d:Q7586107|Q7586107]] | [[Sri Lankan jackal]] | Canis aureus naria | 9 | | [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Golden Jackal Female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 695 | [[:d:Q21357325|Q21357325]] | [[Tibetan wolf]] | Canis lupus filchneri | 9 | | [[File:Tibetan Wolf By Stanzin (Stakpa) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 696 | [[:d:Q593613|Q593613]] | [[Thalassoleon]] | Thalassoleon | 8 | | [[File:Thalassoleon mexicanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 697 | [[:d:Q3785908|Q3785908]] | [[Histriophoca]] | Histriophoca | 8 | | [[File:Bandrobbe2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 698 | [[:d:Q1955091|Q1955091]] | [[Cyrnaonyx]] | Cyrnaonyx | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 699 | [[:d:Q2177148|Q2177148]] | [[Plesictis]] | Plesictis | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 700 | [[:d:Q3704481|Q3704481]] | [[Deccanolestes]] | Deccanolestes | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 701 | [[:d:Q3775516|Q3775516]] | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | Adapisoriculidae | 8 | | [[File:Bustylus marandati lower jaw fragment.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 702 | [[:d:Q27203130|Q27203130]] | [[Pekania]] | Pekania | 8 | | [[File:Fishers (14584727897).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]]<br/>[[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 703 | [[:d:Q33138060|Q33138060]] | [[Semantoridae]] | Semantoridae | 8 | | [[File:Puijila darwini (fossil).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Musteloidea]]<br/>[[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 704 | [[:d:Q3702458|Q3702458]] | [[Daphoenodon]] | Daphoenodon | 8 | | [[File:Large osborn daphaenus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 705 | [[:d:Q4748243|Q4748243]] | [[Amphicyoninae]] | Amphicyoninae | 8 | | [[File:Ysengrinia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 706 | [[:d:Q5581272|Q5581272]] | [[Gomphotaria]] | Gomphotaria | 8 | | [[File:Gomphotaria pugnax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 707 | [[:d:Q41083655|Q41083655]] | [[Genetta felina]] | Genetta felina | 8 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo) (cropped).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 708 | [[:d:Q1635102|Q1635102]] | [[Desmatophoca]] | Desmatophoca | 8 | | [[File:Desmatophoca oregonensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 709 | [[:d:Q4779756|Q4779756]] | [[Pseudocyon]] | Pseudocyon | 8 | | [[File:Pseudocyon sansaniensis.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 710 | [[:d:Q28065031|Q28065031]] | [[Guangxicyon]] | Guangxicyon | 8 | | [[File:Guangxicyon sinoamericanus lower jaw 01.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 711 | [[:d:Q5563265|Q5563265]] | [[Ginsburgsmilus]] | Ginsburgsmilus | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 712 | [[:d:Q11884539|Q11884539]] | [[Nimravinae]] | Nimravinae | 8 | | [[File:Dinictis felina, South Dakota, USA, Early Oligocene - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00117.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 713 | [[:d:Q87582940|Q87582940]] | [[Genettinae]] | Genettinae | 8 | | [[File:Large-spotted Genet (Genetta tigrina) (17356502041) (crop).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 714 | [[:d:Q12139554|Q12139554]] | [[Vormela]] | Vormela | 8 | | [[File:Marbled polecat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 715 | [[:d:Q16863893|Q16863893]] | [[Quercylurus]] | Quercylurus | 8 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 716 | [[:d:Q11905381|Q11905381]] | [[Amphictis]] | Amphictis | 8 | | [[File:Amphictis antiqua.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 717 | [[:d:Q1647846|Q1647846]] | [[Viverra leakeyi]] | Viverra leakeyi | 8 | | [[File:Viverra leakeyi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 718 | [[:d:Q3693628|Q3693628]] | [[Cormocyon]] | Cormocyon | 8 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 719 | [[:d:Q3976409|Q3976409]] | [[Styriofelis]] | Styriofelis | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 720 | [[:d:Q19817116|Q19817116]] | [[Cuon]] | Cuon | 8 | | [[File:Cuon.alpinus-cut.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 721 | [[:d:Q28432831|Q28432831]] | [[Yoshi]] | Yoshi | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 722 | [[:d:Q56328043|Q56328043]] | [[Stenogale]] | Stenogale | 8 | | [[File:Stenogale intermedia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 723 | [[:d:Q9029652|Q9029652]] | [[Martes zibellina brachyura]] | Martes zibellina brachyura | 8 | | [[File:Wiki-ezokuroten1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 724 | [[:d:Q6723386|Q6723386]] | [[Machairodontini]] | Machairodontini | 8 | | [[File:Homotheriumtex1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 725 | [[:d:Q28529641|Q28529641]] | [[Siamogale melilutra]] | Siamogale melilutra | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Siamogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 726 | [[:d:Q3295059|Q3295059]] | [[Vulpes riffautae]] | Vulpes riffautae | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 727 | [[:d:Q17343027|Q17343027]] | [[Vulpes qiuzhudingi]] | Vulpes qiuzhudingi | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 728 | [[:d:Q583006|Q583006]] | [[Otarocyon]] | Otarocyon | 8 | | [[File:Otarocyon cooki.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 729 | [[:d:Q2486786|Q2486786]] | [[Phlaocyonini]] | Phlaocyonini | 8 | | [[File:Phlaocyon.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 730 | [[:d:Q2712794|Q2712794]] | [[Cerdocyon avius]] | Cerdocyon avius | 8 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cerdocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 731 | [[:d:Q2569639|Q2569639]] | [[Oncifelis]] | Oncifelis | 8 | | [[File:Salzkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 732 | [[:d:Q96575311|Q96575311]] | [[Leopardus garleppi]] | Leopardus garleppi | 8 | | [[File:Leopardus garleppi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 733 | [[:d:Q120514490|Q120514490]] | [[Leopardus narinensis]] | Leopardus narinensis | 8 | | [[File:Leopardus narinensis and tigrina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 734 | [[:d:Q124399735|Q124399735]] | [[Leopardus pardinoides]] | Leopardus pardinoides | 8 | | [[File:Leopardus pardinoides 338585769.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]]<br/>[[Oncifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 735 | [[:d:Q6808419|Q6808419]] | [[Megalenhydris barbaricina]] | Megalenhydris barbaricina | 8 | | [[File:D2627 Megalenhydris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megalenhydris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 736 | [[:d:Q89502501|Q89502501]] | [[Ailurus styani]] | Ailurus styani | 8 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens styani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 737 | [[:d:Q1039294|Q1039294]] | [[Vulpes vulpes japonica]] | Vulpes vulpes japonica | 8 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes japonica1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 738 | [[:d:Q7855432|Q7855432]] | [[Turkmenian fox]] | Vulpes vulpes flavescens | 8 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes flavescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 739 | [[:d:Q9293762|Q9293762]] | [[jaglion]] | Panthera onca × Panthera leo | 8 | | [[File:Jaglion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 740 | [[:d:Q19840927|Q19840927]] | [[Tien Shan dhole]] | Cuon alpinus hesperius | 8 | | [[File:Siberian wild dog.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 741 | [[:d:Q20720148|Q20720148]] | [[Somali wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus somalicus | 8 | | [[File:Lycaon pictus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02650.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 742 | [[:d:Q20907545|Q20907545]] | [[West African wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus manguensis | 8 | | [[File:West African Wild Dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 743 | [[:d:Q7205035|Q7205035]] | [[Plithocyon]] | Plithocyon | 8 | | [[File:Plithocyon armagnacensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 744 | [[:d:Q18202820|Q18202820]] | [[Ballusia]] | Ballusia | 8 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 745 | [[:d:Q3241788|Q3241788]] | [[Panthera leo vereshchagini]] | Panthera leo vereshchagini | 8 | | [[File:Panthera leo spelaea in Vienna.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 746 | [[:d:Q3768957|Q3768957]] | [[Panthera onca palustris]] | Panthera onca palustris | 8 | | [[File:Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) female Piquiri River 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 747 | [[:d:Q3752453|Q3752453]] | [[Ursus arctos alascensis]] | Ursus arctos alascensis | 8 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 748 | [[:d:Q20644616|Q20644616]] | [[Canis mosbachensis]] | Canis mosbachensis | 8 | | [[File:Canis lupus mosbachensis Würzburg-Schalksberg 1 (mod).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 749 | [[:d:Q618005|Q618005]] | [[Canis lupus mogollonensis]] | Canis lupus mogollonensis | 8 | | [[File:The Wolves of North America (1944) C. l. mogollonensis ♂.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 750 | [[:d:Q2118426|Q2118426]] | [[Canis lupus gregoryi]] | Canis lupus gregoryi | 8 | | [[File:Red Wolf LO5S5245 original.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupus rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 751 | [[:d:Q5402505|Q5402505]] | [[Lupo del planas]] | Canis latrans latrans | 8 | | [[File:Canis latrans latrans Pennington County SD.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 752 | [[:d:Q59507318|Q59507318]] | [[Sicilian wolf]] | Canis lupus cristaldii | 8 | | [[File:Canis lupus cristaldii distribution.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 753 | [[:d:Q3516403|Q3516403]] | [[Taxidiinae]] | Taxidiinae | 7 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 754 | [[:d:Q3973471|Q3973471]] | [[Sthenictis]] | Sthenictis | 7 | | [[File:Sthenictis1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 755 | [[:d:Q5221764|Q5221764]] | [[Daphoeninae]] | Daphoeninae | 7 | | [[File:Large osborn daphaenus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 756 | [[:d:Q7095037|Q7095037]] | [[Ontocetus]] | Ontocetus | 7 | | [[File:Ontocetus emmonsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 757 | [[:d:Q7205024|Q7205024]] | [[Pliopedia]] | Pliopedia | 7 | | [[File:Pliopedia pacifica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 758 | [[:d:Q7698158|Q7698158]] | [[Temnocyon]] | Temnocyon | 7 | | [[File:Temnocyon ferox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 759 | [[:d:Q7910699|Q7910699]] | [[Valenictus]] | Valenictus | 7 | | [[File:Valenictus chulavistensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 760 | [[:d:Q27486944|Q27486944]] | [[Angelarctocyon]] | Angelarctocyon | 7 | | [[File:Angelarctocyon australis dentary.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 761 | [[:d:Q18325178|Q18325178]] | [[Chrotogale]] | Chrotogale | 7 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 762 | [[:d:Q19817059|Q19817059]] | [[Arctictis]] | Arctictis | 7 | | [[File:Binturong in Overloon.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 763 | [[:d:Q19817068|Q19817068]] | [[Arctogalidia]] | Arctogalidia | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 764 | [[:d:Q4693297|Q4693297]] | [[Agnotherium]] | Agnotherium | 7 | | [[File:Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz- (8)-Bärenhund-Agnotherium antiquum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 765 | [[:d:Q11950979|Q11950979]] | [[Taxidea]] | Taxidea | 7 | | [[File:AmericanBadger.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Taxidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 766 | [[:d:Q115867490|Q115867490]] | [[Spilogale yucatanensis]] | Spilogale yucatanensis | 7 | | [[File:Southern spotted skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 767 | [[:d:Q3785314|Q3785314]] | [[Herpestinae]] | Herpestinae | 7 | | [[File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 768 | [[:d:Q10772632|Q10772632]] | [[Ichneumia]] | Ichneumia | 7 | | [[File:White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 769 | [[:d:Q15039839|Q15039839]] | [[Lycyaena]] | Lycyaena | 7 | | [[File:Lycyaena gr choerotis macrostoma.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 770 | [[:d:Q4682833|Q4682833]] | [[Adilophontes]] | Adilophontes | 7 | | [[File:Adilophontes brachycolos.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 771 | [[:d:Q19298222|Q19298222]] | [[Paradoxurus musanga]] | Paradoxurus musanga | 7 | | [[File:Paradoxurus musanga (side).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 772 | [[:d:Q20679566|Q20679566]] | [[Ailurinae]] | Ailurinae | 7 | | [[File:Ailurus fulgens - Karlsruhe Zoo 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 773 | [[:d:Q107473188|Q107473188]] | [[Melogale subaurantiaca]] | Melogale subaurantiaca | 7 | | [[File:Formosan ferret-badger in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 774 | [[:d:Q3909942|Q3909942]] | [[Pratifelis]] | Pratifelis | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 775 | [[:d:Q7782990|Q7782990]] | [[Theriodictis]] | Theriodictis | 7 | | [[File:Museo Malvinas - Cráneo fósil de Theriodictis platensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 776 | [[:d:Q21002394|Q21002394]] | [[Suphalak]] | Feline catus | 7 | | [[File:Suphalak Female in Thailand named AumDaengManee.jpg|center|48px]] | [[cat breed]] | [[catto domestic]] | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 777 | [[:d:Q30894451|Q30894451]] | [[Miopanthera]] | Miopanthera | 7 | | [[File:(MHNT) Miopanthera lorteti (Gaillard, 1899) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 778 | [[:d:Q7423823|Q7423823]] | [[Sardolutra]] | Sardolutra | 7 | | [[File:D2740 Sardolutra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 779 | [[:d:Q104528100|Q104528100]] | [[Mustela aistoodonnivalis]] | Mustela aistoodonnivalis | 7 | | [[File:Mustela aistoodonnivalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 780 | [[:d:Q11996479|Q11996479]] | [[Acinonychini]] | Acinonychini | 7 | | [[File:8th Place - Mountain Lion (7487178290).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 781 | [[:d:Q19817049|Q19817049]] | [[Profelis]] | Profelis | 7 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 782 | [[:d:Q3441656|Q3441656]] | [[Parictis]] | Parictis | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 783 | [[:d:Q3395884|Q3395884]] | [[Urocyon progressus]] | Urocyon progressus | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 784 | [[:d:Q2164552|Q2164552]] | [[Arctictis binturong whitei]] | Arctictis binturong whitei | 7 | | [[File:Palawan bearcat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 785 | [[:d:Q21968197|Q21968197]] | [[Procyon minor]] | Procyon minor | 7 | | [[File:Procyon minor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 786 | [[:d:Q3855276|Q3855276]] | [[Mesocyon]] | Mesocyon | 7 | | [[File:Mesocyon (white background).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 787 | [[:d:Q4946288|Q4946288]] | [[Borophagini]] | Borophagini | 7 | | [[File:Aelurodon taxoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 788 | [[:d:Q5045846|Q5045846]] | [[Carpocyon]] | Carpocyon | 7 | | [[File:Carpocyon webbi.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 789 | [[:d:Q16956581|Q16956581]] | [[Rhizocyon]] | Rhizocyon | 7 | | | [[taxon monotypic]]<br/>[[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 790 | [[:d:Q16623301|Q16623301]] | [[Puma pumoides]] | Puma pumoides | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 791 | [[:d:Q112245916|Q112245916]] | [[Puma lacustris]] | Puma lacustris | 7 | | [[File:Puma lacustris holotype.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 792 | [[:d:Q4117770|Q4117770]] | [[Vulpes vulpes barbara]] | Vulpes vulpes barbara | 7 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes barbara - Mourad Harzallah - 291657321.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 793 | [[:d:Q7511533|Q7511533]] | [[Sierra Nevada red fox]] | Vulpes vulpes necator | 7 | | [[File:Sierra Nevada Red Fox, Lassen Volcanic National Park- Keith Slausen USFS 2002.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 794 | [[:d:Q9095072|Q9095072]] | [[Vulpes vulpes crucigera]] | Vulpes vulpes crucigera | 7 | | [[File:Red Fox drinking from a lake in Gennevilliers, France.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 795 | [[:d:Q10803425|Q10803425]] | [[Otocyon]] | Otocyon | 7 | | [[File:Otocyon megalotis (Namibia).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | [[Vulpe]] | [[Vulpini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 796 | [[:d:Q18926249|Q18926249]] | [[Cuon alpinus europaeus]] | Cuon alpinus europaeus | 7 | | [[File:Cuon alpinus Cova Negra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cuon alpinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 797 | [[:d:Q20686185|Q20686185]] | [[Chadian wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus sharicus | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 798 | [[:d:Q20907543|Q20907543]] | [[Cape wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus pictus | 7 | | [[File:African wild dog lycaon pictus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 799 | [[:d:Q20907544|Q20907544]] | [[East African wild dog]] | Lycaon pictus lupinus | 7 | | [[File:Laika ac African Wild Dog (9882202246) cropped.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon pictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 800 | [[:d:Q56605486|Q56605486]] | [[Panthera shawi]] | Panthera shawi | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 801 | [[:d:Q4033270|Q4033270]] | [[Acinonyx aicha]] | Acinonyx aicha | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 802 | [[:d:Q3699883|Q3699883]] | [[Cynarctoides]] | Cynarctoides | 7 | | [[File:Cynarctoides.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 803 | [[:d:Q7640416|Q7640416]] | [[Sunkahetanka geringensis]] | Sunkahetanka geringensis | 7 | | [[File:Sunkahetanka geringensis.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sunkahetanka]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 804 | [[:d:Q17024721|Q17024721]] | [[Dinocyon]] | Dinocyon | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 805 | [[:d:Q19817117|Q19817117]] | [[Helarctos]] | Helarctos | 7 | | [[File:Sitting sun bear.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 806 | [[:d:Q3893467|Q3893467]] | [[Panthera leo verneyi]] | Panthera leo verneyi | 7 | | [[File:Lion at krugerpark.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 807 | [[:d:Q55435725|Q55435725]] | [[Sunda Island tiger]] | Panthera tigris sondaica | 7 | | [[File:Sumatratiger-004.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 808 | [[:d:Q2710439|Q2710439]] | [[Panthera onca mesembrina]] | Panthera onca mesembrina | 7 | | [[File:Panthera onca mesembrina JF.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 809 | [[:d:Q2882076|Q2882076]] | [[Panthera onca goldmani]] | Panthera onca goldmani | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 810 | [[:d:Q3768960|Q3768960]] | [[Panthera onca hernandesii]] | Panthera onca hernandesii | 7 | | [[File:Panthera onca hernandesii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 811 | [[:d:Q5442079|Q5442079]] | [[Felis chaus affinis]] | Felis chaus affinis | 7 | | [[File:Felis chaus affinis (walk).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 812 | [[:d:Q9055126|Q9055126]] | [[Panthera onca veraecruscis]] | Panthera onca veraecruscis | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 813 | [[:d:Q1388482|Q1388482]] | [[Ursus inopinatus]] | Ursus inopinatus | 7 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 814 | [[:d:Q30693320|Q30693320]] | [[Ursus ingressus]] | Ursus ingressus | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 815 | [[:d:Q9092017|Q9092017]] | [[Ursus arctos dalli]] | Ursus arctos dalli | 7 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 816 | [[:d:Q61622321|Q61622321]] | [[Ursus arctos priscus]] | Ursus arctos priscus | 7 | | [[File:Fossil theriofauna from the Sudety Mts (SW Poland) (fig. 2).png|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 817 | [[:d:Q3655368|Q3655368]] | [[Canis aureus aureus]] | Canis aureus aureus | 7 | | [[File:Golden jackal in Otyrar District 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 818 | [[:d:Q5032447|Q5032447]] | [[Canis lupus dingo]] | Canis lupus dingo | 7 | | [[File:Dingo on the road.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 819 | [[:d:Q7663269|Q7663269]] | [[Syrian jackal]] | Canis aureus syriacus | 7 | | [[File:Canis aureus syriacus 114837596.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 820 | [[:d:Q20720561|Q20720561]] | [[Megafaunal wolf]] | Canis cf. lupus | 7 | | [[File:Canis lupus spelaeus holotype.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | [[prehistoric mammal]] | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 821 | [[:d:Q26972265|Q26972265]] | [[Canis lupus familiaris]] | Canis lupus familiaris | 7 | | [[File:Karakatschan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]]<br/>[[organismo modelo]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 822 | [[:d:Q48995852|Q48995852]] | [[Cave wolf]] | Canis lupus spelaeus | 7 | | [[File:Biochronology of Polish canids (late Pliocene to Holocene) - C. l. spelaeus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 823 | [[:d:Q3906722|Q3906722]] | [[Pliophoca]] | Pliophoca | 6 | | [[File:Phocidae - Pliophoca etrusca-001.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 824 | [[:d:Q1113347|Q1113347]] | [[Stenoplesictis]] | Stenoplesictis | 6 | | [[File:Stenoplesictis cayluxi mandibles.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 825 | [[:d:Q4699376|Q4699376]] | [[Aivukus]] | Aivukus | 6 | | [[File:Aivukus cedrosensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 826 | [[:d:Q7698159|Q7698159]] | [[Temnocyoninae]] | Temnocyoninae | 6 | | [[File:Temnocyon ferox.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 827 | [[:d:Q108462981|Q108462981]] | [[Gustafsonia]] | Gustafsonia | 6 | | [[File:Miacisreconstructedskull2.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 828 | [[:d:Q19817073|Q19817073]] | [[Macrogalidia]] | Macrogalidia | 6 | | [[File:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 829 | [[:d:Q19817078|Q19817078]] | [[Cynogale]] | Cynogale | 6 | | [[File:Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 830 | [[:d:Q19817081|Q19817081]] | [[Hemigalus]] | Hemigalus | 6 | | [[File:Hemigalus derbyanus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 831 | [[:d:Q4723954|Q4723954]] | [[Algarolutra]] | Algarolutra | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 832 | [[:d:Q19817086|Q19817086]] | [[Viverricula]] | Viverricula | 6 | | [[File:Viverricula indica schlegelii 1868.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 833 | [[:d:Q27997794|Q27997794]] | [[Herpestes ochraceus]] | Herpestes ochraceus | 6 | | [[File:HerpestesOchraceusWolf.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 834 | [[:d:Q28533150|Q28533150]] | [[Siamogale]] | Siamogale | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 835 | [[:d:Q65120443|Q65120443]] | [[Semigenetta]] | Semigenetta | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 836 | [[:d:Q3363458|Q3363458]] | [[Parahyaena]] | Parahyaena | 6 | | [[File:Parahyaena brunnea 3.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hyaeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 837 | [[:d:Q7254250|Q7254250]] | [[Pseudarctos]] | Pseudarctos | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 838 | [[:d:Q11683729|Q11683729]] | [[Ischyrocyon]] | Ischyrocyon | 6 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 839 | [[:d:Q25400575|Q25400575]] | [[Magericyon]] | Magericyon | 6 | | [[File:Magericyon anceps - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain 02.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 840 | [[:d:Q309741|Q309741]] | [[Kanuites]] | Kanuites | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 841 | [[:d:Q5277916|Q5277916]] | [[Dinailurictis]] | Dinailurictis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 842 | [[:d:Q137294965|Q137294965]] | [[Mustela mopbie]] | Mustela mopbie | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 843 | [[:d:Q1607831|Q1607831]] | [[Herpestes javanicus palustris]] | Herpestes javanicus palustris | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 844 | [[:d:Q31507|Q31507]] | [[Neotherium mirum]] | Neotherium mirum | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Neotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 845 | [[:d:Q2307664|Q2307664]] | [[Acrophoca longirostris]] | Acrophoca longirostris | 6 | | [[File:Acrophoca BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acrophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 846 | [[:d:Q7134070|Q7134070]] | [[Paradaphoenus]] | Paradaphoenus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 847 | [[:d:Q8073240|Q8073240]] | [[Zodiolestes]] | Zodiolestes | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 848 | [[:d:Q14943214|Q14943214]] | [[Ursoidea]] | Ursoidea | 6 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 849 | [[:d:Q17113931|Q17113931]] | [[Monotherium]] | Monotherium | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 850 | [[:d:Q7134476|Q7134476]] | [[Paradoxurus aureus]] | Paradoxurus aureus | 6 | | [[File:Smit.Paradoxurus aureus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 851 | [[:d:Q18923190|Q18923190]] | [[Paradoxurus philippinensis]] | Paradoxurus philippinensis | 6 | | [[File:Paradoxurus philippinensis 166221506.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 852 | [[:d:Q3906719|Q3906719]] | [[Pliocrocuta perrieri]] | Pliocrocuta perrieri | 6 | | [[File:Pliocrocuta perrieri - skull.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pliocrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 853 | [[:d:Q3886374|Q3886374]] | [[Osbornodon]] | Osbornodon | 6 | | [[File:Osbornodon iamonensis FLMNH.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 854 | [[:d:Q22285838|Q22285838]] | [[Eupleres major]] | Eupleres major | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 855 | [[:d:Q1793106|Q1793106]] | [[Phoca vitulina stejnegeri]] | Phoca vitulina stejnegeri | 6 | | [[File:Antur 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 856 | [[:d:Q124254177|Q124254177]] | [[Magerifelis]] | Magerifelis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 857 | [[:d:Q9047282|Q9047282]] | [[Mustela erminea nippon]] | Mustela erminea nippon | 6 | | [[File:Mustela erminea nippon on backpack.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 858 | [[:d:Q9001446|Q9001446]] | [[Gulo gulo luscus]] | Gulo gulo luscus | 6 | | [[File:Wolverine on rock.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 859 | [[:d:Q21368828|Q21368828]] | [[Promegantereon]] | Promegantereon | 6 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 860 | [[:d:Q55391043|Q55391043]] | [[Tchadailurus]] | Tchadailurus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 861 | [[:d:Q25095338|Q25095338]] | [[Plesiogulo]] | Plesiogulo | 6 | | [[File:Plesiogulo brachygnathus - snhm191.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ischyrictini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 862 | [[:d:Q5102561|Q5102561]] | [[Vulpes skinneri]] | Vulpes skinneri | 6 | | [[File:Vulpes skinneri mandible.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 863 | [[:d:Q11691227|Q11691227]] | [[Martes flavigula indochinensis]] | Martes flavigula indochinensis | 6 | | [[File:Martes flavigula, yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 864 | [[:d:Q3699884|Q3699884]] | [[Cynarctus]] | Cynarctus | 6 | | [[File:Cynarctus.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 865 | [[:d:Q3718788|Q3718788]] | [[Ectopocynus]] | Ectopocynus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 866 | [[:d:Q5016794|Q5016794]] | [[Caedocyon]] | Caedocyon | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 867 | [[:d:Q5815270|Q5815270]] | [[Dusicyon cultridens]] | Dusicyon cultridens | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 868 | [[:d:Q16952940|Q16952940]] | [[Oxetocyon]] | Oxetocyon | 6 | | [[File:Oxetocyon range.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 869 | [[:d:Q39080924|Q39080924]] | [[Leopardus emiliae]] | Leopardus emiliae | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 870 | [[:d:Q5230606|Q5230606]] | [[Felis attica]] | Felis attica | 6 | | [[File:Felis attica skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 871 | [[:d:Q15294488|Q15294488]] | [[Felis leo]] | Felis leo | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 872 | [[:d:Q773688|Q773688]] | [[Vulpes vulpes vulpes]] | Vulpes vulpes vulpes | 6 | | [[File:Portrait of a red fox in Rautas fjällurskog (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 873 | [[:d:Q9095066|Q9095066]] | [[Vulpes vulpes cascadensis]] | Vulpes vulpes cascadensis | 6 | | [[File:Cross fox in Lewis 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 874 | [[:d:Q9095106|Q9095106]] | [[Vulpes vulpes montana]] | Vulpes vulpes montana | 6 | | [[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) on a High-Altitude Road in India.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 875 | [[:d:Q3021005|Q3021005]] | [[Panthera crassidens]] | Panthera crassidens | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 876 | [[:d:Q21220510|Q21220510]] | [[Stenailurus]] | Stenailurus | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 877 | [[:d:Q20907578|Q20907578]] | [[Urocyon littoralis santacruzae]] | Urocyon littoralis santacruzae | 6 | | [[File:Urocyon littoralis santacruzae (Santa Cruz island fox) FWS 007.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 878 | [[:d:Q21366809|Q21366809]] | [[Ailuropoda wulingshanensis]] | Ailuropoda wulingshanensis | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 879 | [[:d:Q30693238|Q30693238]] | [[Lynx spelaea]] | Lynx spelaea | 6 | | [[File:Lynx spelaea Cueva de los Moros.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 880 | [[:d:Q4946287|Q4946287]] | [[Borophagina]] | Borophagina | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 881 | [[:d:Q7186298|Q7186298]] | [[Philotrox condoni]] | Philotrox condoni | 6 | | [[File:Philotrox condoni.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Philotrox]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 882 | [[:d:Q8262837|Q8262837]] | [[Caracal caracal schmitzi]] | Caracal caracal schmitzi | 6 | | [[File:Caracal Caracal-001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 883 | [[:d:Q55621783|Q55621783]] | [[Mainland Asian tiger]] | Panthera tigris tigris | 6 | | [[File:Panthera tigris7.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 884 | [[:d:Q3768893|Q3768893]] | [[Panthera onca paraguensis]] | Panthera onca paraguensis | 6 | | [[File:Panthera onca palustris (2).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 885 | [[:d:Q3768898|Q3768898]] | [[Panthera onca onca]] | Panthera onca onca | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 886 | [[:d:Q3768922|Q3768922]] | [[Panthera onca centralis]] | Panthera onca centralis | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 887 | [[:d:Q5035205|Q5035205]] | [[Leptailurus serval serval]] | Leptailurus serval serval | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 888 | [[:d:Q3655943|Q3655943]] | [[Sardinian lynx]] | Lynx lynx sardiniae | 6 | | | [[extinct taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 889 | [[:d:Q5471368|Q5471368]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi cacomitli]] | Puma yagouaroundi cacomitli | 6 | | [[File:Herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 890 | [[:d:Q3621833|Q3621833]] | [[Arctodus pristinus]] | Arctodus pristinus | 6 | | [[File:Arctodus pristinus mandible ANSP 98.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 891 | [[:d:Q7071001|Q7071001]] | [[Nyctereutes abdeslami]] | Nyctereutes abdeslami | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 892 | [[:d:Q21356805|Q21356805]] | [[Agriarctos]] | Agriarctos | 6 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 893 | [[:d:Q5893611|Q5893611]] | [[Helarctos malayanus malayanus]] | Helarctos malayanus malayanus | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 894 | [[:d:Q20717272|Q20717272]] | [[Canis familiaris]] | Canis familiaris | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 895 | [[:d:Q30682080|Q30682080]] | [[Canis arnensis]] | Canis arnensis | 6 | | [[File:Canis arnensis 4.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 896 | [[:d:Q6804141|Q6804141]] | [[Canis latrans mearnsi]] | Canis latrans mearnsi | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Canis latrans mearnsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 897 | [[:d:Q11911981|Q11911981]] | [[Canis latrans ochropus]] | Canis latrans ochropus | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Beverley Hills CA.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 898 | [[:d:Q18128816|Q18128816]] | [[Canis latrans thamnos]] | Canis latrans thamnos | 6 | | [[File:Coyote Union Station.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 899 | [[:d:Q20907491|Q20907491]] | [[Canis aureus cruesemanni]] | Canis aureus cruesemanni | 6 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 900 | [[:d:Q15115406|Q15115406]] | [[Hadrokirus]] | Hadrokirus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 901 | [[:d:Q16919139|Q16919139]] | [[Piscophoca]] | Piscophoca | 5 | | [[File:Piscophoca pacifica.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 902 | [[:d:Q19817140|Q19817140]] | [[Otaria]] | Otaria | 5 | | [[File:Mähnenrobben (auch Südamerikanischer Seelöwe - Otaria flavescens) (Peninsula de Valdes, Jan 1984).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 903 | [[:d:Q3305190|Q3305190]] | [[Mellivorinae]] | Mellivorinae | 5 | | [[File:Honey badger.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 904 | [[:d:Q3605635|Q3605635]] | [[Asiavorator]] | Asiavorator | 5 | | [[File:Asiavorator gracilis limbs.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 905 | [[:d:Q3762001|Q3762001]] | [[Eosictis]] | Eosictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 906 | [[:d:Q9708646|Q9708646]] | [[Nandiniidae]] | Nandiniidae | 5 | | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 907 | [[:d:Q4690064|Q4690064]] | [[Africanictis]] | Africanictis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 908 | [[:d:Q7161149|Q7161149]] | [[Pelagiarctos]] | Pelagiarctos | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 909 | [[:d:Q10388280|Q10388280]] | [[Ursida]] | Ursida | 5 | | [[File:Braunbär, Bärenrefugium von Kuterevo, Kroatien.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 910 | [[:d:Q29381283|Q29381283]] | [[Imagotaria]] | Imagotaria | 5 | | [[File:Imagotaria downsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 911 | [[:d:Q48557894|Q48557894]] | [[Archaeodobenus]] | Archaeodobenus | 5 | | [[File:Archaeodobenus restoration.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 912 | [[:d:Q67153819|Q67153819]] | [[Nanodobenus]] | Nanodobenus | 5 | | [[File:Nanodobenus arandai mandible.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 913 | [[:d:Q110266169|Q110266169]] | [[Dusignathus]] | Dusignathus | 5 | | [[File:Dusignathus santacruzensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 914 | [[:d:Q10760579|Q10760579]] | [[Galidia]] | Galidia | 5 | | [[File:Stavenn Galidia elegans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 915 | [[:d:Q19817074|Q19817074]] | [[Paguma]] | Paguma | 5 | | [[File:Palm civet on tree (detail).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 916 | [[:d:Q19817094|Q19817094]] | [[Mungotictis]] | Mungotictis | 5 | | [[File:Schmalstreifenmungo.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 917 | [[:d:Q19758218|Q19758218]] | [[Satherium]] | Satherium | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 918 | [[:d:Q30892873|Q30892873]] | [[Herpestes auropunctatus]] | Herpestes auropunctatus | 5 | | [[File:Huirimongoose2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 919 | [[:d:Q4781890|Q4781890]] | [[Pliocyon]] | Pliocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 920 | [[:d:Q4953387|Q4953387]] | [[Brachycyon]] | Brachycyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 921 | [[:d:Q30592526|Q30592526]] | [[Eomellivora]] | Eomellivora | 5 | | [[File:Eomellivora species.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 922 | [[:d:Q55341828|Q55341828]] | [[Pliotaxidea]] | Pliotaxidea | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taxidiinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 923 | [[:d:Q1328566|Q1328566]] | [[Promephitis]] | Promephitis | 5 | | [[File:Promephitis sp. skull - Batallones 3 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 924 | [[:d:Q3906723|Q3906723]] | [[Plioviverrops]] | Plioviverrops | 5 | | [[File:Plioviverrops faventinus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 925 | [[:d:Q16183098|Q16183098]] | [[Nanosmilus]] | Nanosmilus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 926 | [[:d:Q85989880|Q85989880]] | [[Oriensmilus]] | Oriensmilus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 927 | [[:d:Q114701730|Q114701730]] | [[Pangurban]] | Pangurban | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 928 | [[:d:Q137299275|Q137299275]] | [[Taotienimravus]] | Taotienimravus | 5 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 929 | [[:d:Q3893367|Q3893367]] | [[Pannonictis]] | Pannonictis | 5 | | [[File:Pannonictis nestii.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 930 | [[:d:Q1502692|Q1502692]] | [[Pusa hispida saimensis]] | Pusa hispida saimensis | 5 | | [[File:Pusa hispida saimensis 304551354.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 931 | [[:d:Q6048872|Q6048872]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus divergens]] | Odobenus rosmarus divergens | 5 | | [[File:Walrus2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 932 | [[:d:Q6048875|Q6048875]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus]] | Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus | 5 | | [[File:'Thor' the Walrus at Blyth Harbour, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 933 | [[:d:Q6745736|Q6745736]] | [[Mammacyon]] | Mammacyon | 5 | | [[File:Mammacyon obtusidens.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Temnocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 934 | [[:d:Q7062942|Q7062942]] | [[Nothocyon geismarianus]] | Nothocyon geismarianus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nothocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 935 | [[:d:Q7086806|Q7086806]] | [[Oligobunis]] | Oligobunis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 936 | [[:d:Q16964564|Q16964564]] | [[Brachyrhynchocyon]] | Brachyrhynchocyon | 5 | | [[File:Brachyrhynchocyon cropped 2.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 937 | [[:d:Q41152037|Q41152037]] | [[Callophoca]] | Callophoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 938 | [[:d:Q5907226|Q5907226]] | [[Hose's mongoose]] | Herpestes brachyurus hosei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 939 | [[:d:Q16987391|Q16987391]] | [[Paradoxurus stenocephalus]] | Paradoxurus stenocephalus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 940 | [[:d:Q18578655|Q18578655]] | [[Alopecocyon]] | Alopecocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 941 | [[:d:Q15631638|Q15631638]] | [[Eira]] | Eira | 5 | | [[File:Eira barbara.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 942 | [[:d:Q16948102|Q16948102]] | [[Leptophoca]] | Leptophoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 943 | [[:d:Q30693570|Q30693570]] | [[Platyphoca]] | Platyphoca | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 944 | [[:d:Q104530185|Q104530185]] | [[Jinomrefu]] | Jinomrefu | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 945 | [[:d:Q3725386|Q3725386]] | [[Enhydrocyon]] | Enhydrocyon | 5 | | [[File:A Lower Miocene fauna from South Dakota (1907) fig. 6.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 946 | [[:d:Q3756923|Q3756923]] | [[Chailicyon]] | Chailicyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 947 | [[:d:Q12047050|Q12047050]] | [[Proailurinae]] | Proailurinae | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 948 | [[:d:Q48773165|Q48773165]] | [[Hyperailurictis]] | Hyperailurictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 949 | [[:d:Q127599093|Q127599093]] | [[Lontra annectens]] | Lontra annectens | 5 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis 236215952.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 950 | [[:d:Q108422513|Q108422513]] | [[Mellivora benfieldi]] | Mellivora benfieldi | 5 | | [[File:Mellivora benfieldi mandible.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 951 | [[:d:Q3264046|Q3264046]] | [[Aonyx capensis capensis]] | Aonyx capensis capensis | 5 | | [[File:Aonyx capensis ssp. capensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 952 | [[:d:Q30594557|Q30594557]] | [[Sivapanthera]] | Sivapanthera | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 953 | [[:d:Q48965927|Q48965927]] | [[Leptofelis]] | Leptofelis | 5 | | [[File:Leptofelis vallesiensis skull - Batallones 1 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 954 | [[:d:Q511973|Q511973]] | [[Meles meles meles]] | Meles meles meles | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 955 | [[:d:Q950379|Q950379]] | [[Martes zibellina princeps]] | Martes zibellina princeps | 5 | | [[File:Zibellino del Barguzin (2) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 956 | [[:d:Q3767894|Q3767894]] | [[Mustela lutreola turovi]] | Mustela lutreola turovi | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 957 | [[:d:Q9047305|Q9047305]] | [[Mustela erminea stabilis]] | Mustela erminea stabilis | 5 | | [[File:A pair of curious stoats (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 958 | [[:d:Q9047257|Q9047257]] | [[Mustela erminea hibernica]] | Mustela erminea hibernica | 5 | | [[File:Mustela erminea hibernica - Shawn O'Donnell - 42129165.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 959 | [[:d:Q9047340|Q9047340]] | [[Mustela nivalis namiyei]] | Mustela nivalis namiyei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 960 | [[:d:Q9047344|Q9047344]] | [[Mustela nivalis nivalis]] | Mustela nivalis nivalis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 961 | [[:d:Q9047345|Q9047345]] | [[Mustela nivalis numidica]] | Mustela nivalis numidica | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 962 | [[:d:Q9047216|Q9047216]] | [[Mustela altaica raddei]] | Mustela altaica raddei | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 963 | [[:d:Q19818516|Q19818516]] | [[Hemimachairodus]] | Hemimachairodus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 964 | [[:d:Q122092338|Q122092338]] | [[Pachypanthera]] | Pachypanthera | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 965 | [[:d:Q9029584|Q9029584]] | [[Martes flavigula borealis]] | Martes flavigula borealis | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 966 | [[:d:Q9029588|Q9029588]] | [[Martes flavigula chrysospila]] | Martes flavigula chrysospila | 5 | | [[File:台灣黃喉貂Formosan yellow-throated marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 967 | [[:d:Q9029590|Q9029590]] | [[Martes flavigula flavigula]] | Martes flavigula flavigula | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 968 | [[:d:Q9029607|Q9029607]] | [[Martes flavigula saba]] | Martes flavigula saba | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 969 | [[:d:Q6823285|Q6823285]] | [[Metatomarctus]] | Metatomarctus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 970 | [[:d:Q11681078|Q11681078]] | [[Desmocyon]] | Desmocyon | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 971 | [[:d:Q111144936|Q111144936]] | [[Felis wenzensis]] | Felis wenzensis | 5 | | [[File:Felis wenzensis holotype 1961.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 972 | [[:d:Q4787629|Q4787629]] | [[Arctonasua]] | Arctonasua | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 973 | [[:d:Q65141542|Q65141542]] | [[Magerictis]] | Magerictis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 974 | [[:d:Q2836818|Q2836818]] | [[Vulpes vulpes deletrix]] | Vulpes vulpes deletrix | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes deletrix (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 975 | [[:d:Q9095048|Q9095048]] | [[Vulpes vulpes alascensis]] | Vulpes vulpes alascensis | 5 | | [[File:Red Fox in Denali (43175455902).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 976 | [[:d:Q9095051|Q9095051]] | [[Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi]] | Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi | 5 | | [[File:Лиса в Актау-Бузачинском природном заказнике. 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 977 | [[:d:Q9095061|Q9095061]] | [[Vulpes vulpes beringiana]] | Vulpes vulpes beringiana | 5 | | [[File:Лиса-огневка в Южно-Камчатском природном парке.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 978 | [[:d:Q9095075|Q9095075]] | [[Vulpes vulpes daurica]] | Vulpes vulpes daurica | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes daurica in Olkhonsky (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 979 | [[:d:Q9095078|Q9095078]] | [[Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania]] | Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania | 5 | | [[File:Дикая свободная хитрая.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 980 | [[:d:Q9095093|Q9095093]] | [[Vulpes vulpes indutus]] | Vulpes vulpes indutus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 981 | [[:d:Q9095103|Q9095103]] | [[Vulpes vulpes macroura]] | Vulpes vulpes macroura | 5 | | [[File:Red fox runs in the road (55104387242).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 982 | [[:d:Q9095123|Q9095123]] | [[Vulpes vulpes rubricosa]] | Vulpes vulpes rubricosa | 5 | | [[File:PEI-002 - Red Fox (2015).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 983 | [[:d:Q9095125|Q9095125]] | [[Vulpes vulpes silacea]] | Vulpes vulpes silacea | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes 4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 984 | [[:d:Q11705189|Q11705189]] | [[Vulpes vulpes anatolica]] | Vulpes vulpes anatolica | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes anatolica.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 985 | [[:d:Q11705191|Q11705191]] | [[Vulpes vulpes bangsi]] | Vulpes vulpes bangsi | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes bangsi in Quebec (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 986 | [[:d:Q11705192|Q11705192]] | [[Vulpes vulpes griffithi]] | Vulpes vulpes griffithi | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 987 | [[:d:Q11705194|Q11705194]] | [[Vulpes vulpes niloticus]] | Vulpes vulpes niloticus | 5 | | [[File:Red Fox in Egypt.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 988 | [[:d:Q11705195|Q11705195]] | [[Vulpes vulpes palaestina]] | Vulpes vulpes palaestina | 5 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes at Eshel HaNasi3, israel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 989 | [[:d:Q65119065|Q65119065]] | [[Panthera balamoides]] | Panthera balamoides | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 990 | [[:d:Q4930837|Q4930837]] | [[Blynx]] | Lynx rufus × Lynx canadensis | 5 | | [[File:Ernest Ingersoll - lynx rufus & lynx canadensis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[hybrid]] | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 991 | [[:d:Q56316534|Q56316534]] | [[Miracinonyx trumani]] | Miracinonyx trumani | 5 | | [[File:Miracinonyx (american cheetah).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miracinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 992 | [[:d:Q3762044|Q3762044]] | [[Prohesperocyon wilsoni]] | Prohesperocyon wilsoni | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prohesperocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 993 | [[:d:Q3922877|Q3922877]] | [[Promegantereon ogygia]] | Promegantereon ogygia | 5 | | [[File:M. Antón. (2013). Walking with sabertooths (fig. 7).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Promegantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 994 | [[:d:Q6871399|Q6871399]] | [[Miomachairodus]] | Miomachairodus | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 995 | [[:d:Q7186602|Q7186602]] | [[Phoberogale]] | Phoberogale | 5 | | [[File:Phoberogale shareri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phoberocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 996 | [[:d:Q7251553|Q7251553]] | [[Protepicyon raki]] | Protepicyon raki | 5 | | [[File:Protepicyon raki.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protepicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 997 | [[:d:Q17484766|Q17484766]] | [[Melursus]] | Melursus | 5 | | [[File:Sloth Bear Washington DC.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 998 | [[:d:Q56326812|Q56326812]] | [[Protarctos]] | Protarctos | 5 | | [[File:Protarctos abstrusus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 999 | [[:d:Q3207725|Q3207725]] | [[Panthera leo hollisteri]] | Panthera leo hollisteri | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1000 | [[:d:Q3658126|Q3658126]] | [[Caracal caracal michaelis]] | Caracal caracal michaelis | 5 | | [[File:Caracal caracal michaelis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1001 | [[:d:Q8262825|Q8262825]] | [[Caracal caracal caracal]] | Caracal caracal caracal | 5 | | [[File:Caracal caracal ssp. caracal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1002 | [[:d:Q4038688|Q4038688]] | [[Felis chaus kutas]] | Felis chaus kutas | 5 | | [[File:Jungle Cat Felis Chaus Sundarbans India 30.12.2014.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1003 | [[:d:Q5442078|Q5442078]] | [[Felis chaus chaus]] | Felis chaus chaus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1004 | [[:d:Q5442088|Q5442088]] | [[Felis chaus nilotica]] | Felis chaus nilotica | 5 | | [[File:Jungle cat at Giza Zoo by Hatem Moushir 81.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1005 | [[:d:Q9021709|Q9021709]] | [[Leptailurus serval constantinus]] | Leptailurus serval constantinus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1006 | [[:d:Q9021721|Q9021721]] | [[Leptailurus serval lipostictus]] | Leptailurus serval lipostictus | 5 | | [[File:Leptailurus serval lipostictus 451988107.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1007 | [[:d:Q9055122|Q9055122]] | [[Panthera onca peruviana]] | Panthera onca peruviana | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1008 | [[:d:Q16352096|Q16352096]] | [[Ursus savini]] | Ursus savini | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1009 | [[:d:Q8961145|Q8961145]] | [[Felis silvestris caudata]] | Felis silvestris caudata | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1010 | [[:d:Q2641484|Q2641484]] | [[Arctotherium angustidens]] | Arctotherium angustidens | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1011 | [[:d:Q7071002|Q7071002]] | [[Nyctereutes donnezani]] | Nyctereutes donnezani | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1012 | [[:d:Q18644716|Q18644716]] | [[Kretzoiarctos]] | Kretzoiarctos | 5 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix lower jaws.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1013 | [[:d:Q4246186|Q4246186]] | [[Canis apolloniensis]] | Canis apolloniensis | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1014 | [[:d:Q5032440|Q5032440]] | [[Canis ferox]] | Canis ferox | 5 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1015 | [[:d:Q9092015|Q9092015]] | [[Ursus americanus pugnax]] | Ursus americanus pugnax | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1016 | [[:d:Q39198|Q39198]] | [[Canis lupus palustris]] | Canis lupus palustris | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1017 | [[:d:Q1290602|Q1290602]] | [[Canis lupus deitanus]] | Canis lupus deitanus | 5 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1018 | [[:d:Q2365956|Q2365956]] | [[Canis lupus indica]] | Canis lupus indica | 5 | | [[File:Wolf Islamabad Pakistan.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1019 | [[:d:Q3655369|Q3655369]] | [[Canis aureus algirensis]] | Canis aureus algirensis | 5 | | [[File:Canis anthus algirensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1020 | [[:d:Q20720501|Q20720501]] | [[Canis latrans orcutti]] | Canis latrans orcutti | 5 | | [[File:Canis latrans orcutti.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1021 | [[:d:Q18520866|Q18520866]] | [[Eumetopias]] | Eumetopias | 4 | | [[File:Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) on rocks.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1022 | [[:d:Q19817146|Q19817146]] | [[Phocarctos]] | Phocarctos | 4 | | [[File:New Zealand Sea Lion.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1023 | [[:d:Q19817175|Q19817175]] | [[Erignathus]] | Erignathus | 4 | | [[File:Bearded Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1024 | [[:d:Q19817211|Q19817211]] | [[Leptonychotes]] | Leptonychotes | 4 | | [[File:Phoque de Weddell - Weddell Seal.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1025 | [[:d:Q19817237|Q19817237]] | [[Lobodon]] | Lobodon | 4 | | [[File:Krabbenfresser.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1026 | [[:d:Q19817251|Q19817251]] | [[Ommatophoca]] | Ommatophoca | 4 | | [[File:Rossrobbe.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1027 | [[:d:Q21344958|Q21344958]] | [[Afrophoca]] | Afrophoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1028 | [[:d:Q53014899|Q53014899]] | [[Noriphoca]] | Noriphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1029 | [[:d:Q108635322|Q108635322]] | [[Oriensarctos]] | Oriensarctos | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1030 | [[:d:Q3530085|Q3530085]] | [[Afrodon]] | Afrodon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1031 | [[:d:Q3534841|Q3534841]] | [[Bustylus]] | Bustylus | 4 | | [[File:Bustylus marandati lower jaw fragment.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1032 | [[:d:Q10262706|Q10262706]] | [[Cynoidea]] | Cynoidea | 4 | | [[File:Asian red dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1033 | [[:d:Q30693680|Q30693680]] | [[Pteronarctos]] | Pteronarctos | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1034 | [[:d:Q21230720|Q21230720]] | [[Pseudotaria]] | Pseudotaria | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1035 | [[:d:Q33120866|Q33120866]] | [[Protodobenus]] | Protodobenus | 4 | | [[File:Protodobenus japonicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1036 | [[:d:Q64605261|Q64605261]] | [[Prototaria]] | Prototaria | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1037 | [[:d:Q64623706|Q64623706]] | [[Proneotherium]] | Proneotherium | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1038 | [[:d:Q19817088|Q19817088]] | [[Fossa]] | Fossa | 4 | | [[File:Fossa fossana (JoRoRe 2004-08-17 18h15m26s).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Euplerinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1039 | [[:d:Q10809475|Q10809475]] | [[Pteronura]] | Pteronura | 4 | | [[File:Giantotter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1040 | [[:d:Q10960505|Q10960505]] | [[Herpestes lemanensis]] | Herpestes lemanensis | 4 | | [[File:Herpestes.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1041 | [[:d:Q11802093|Q11802093]] | [[Pachycrocuta brevirostris]] | Pachycrocuta brevirostris | 4 | | [[File:Pachycrocuta brevirostris Orce pic1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pachycrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1042 | [[:d:Q7254717|Q7254717]] | [[Pseudocyonopsis]] | Pseudocyonopsis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1043 | [[:d:Q1687644|Q1687644]] | [[Martinogale]] | Martinogale | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1044 | [[:d:Q3985453|Q3985453]] | [[Thalassictis]] | Thalassictis | 4 | | [[File:鼬鬣狗 Thalassictis sp..jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1045 | [[:d:Q10751356|Q10751356]] | [[Cynictis]] | Cynictis | 4 | | [[File:Vosmangoesten zoo Lille.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1046 | [[:d:Q15057297|Q15057297]] | [[Hyaenictis]] | Hyaenictis | 4 | | [[File:Hyaenictis graeca.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1047 | [[:d:Q17635404|Q17635404]] | [[Leptoplesictis]] | Leptoplesictis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1048 | [[:d:Q21446722|Q21446722]] | [[Protelinae]] | Protelinae | 4 | | [[File:Aardwolf ProtelesCristatus56.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1049 | [[:d:Q85990246|Q85990246]] | [[Syrtosmilus]] | Syrtosmilus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1050 | [[:d:Q85990324|Q85990324]] | [[Vampyrictis]] | Vampyrictis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1051 | [[:d:Q3267918|Q3267918]] | [[Lutra euxena]] | Lutra euxena | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1052 | [[:d:Q19817304|Q19817304]] | [[Lyncodon]] | Lyncodon | 4 | | [[File:Lyncodon patagonicus1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1053 | [[:d:Q2165789|Q2165789]] | [[Genetta servalina archeri]] | Genetta servalina archeri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1054 | [[:d:Q12146924|Q12146924]] | [[Procyoninae]] | Procyoninae | 4 | | [[File:Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1055 | [[:d:Q4953543|Q4953543]] | [[Brachypsalis]] | Brachypsalis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1056 | [[:d:Q5221762|Q5221762]] | [[Daphoenictis]] | Daphoenictis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1057 | [[:d:Q7249679|Q7249679]] | [[Promartes]] | Promartes | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oligobuninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1058 | [[:d:Q30693599|Q30693599]] | [[Homiphoca]] | Homiphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1059 | [[:d:Q63464071|Q63464071]] | [[Simocyoninae]] | Simocyoninae | 4 | | [[File:Simocyon batalleri head.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1060 | [[:d:Q25001246|Q25001246]] | [[Brachyprotoma obtusata]] | Brachyprotoma obtusata | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Brachyprotoma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1061 | [[:d:Q30693586|Q30693586]] | [[Praepusa]] | Praepusa | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1062 | [[:d:Q52987100|Q52987100]] | [[Frisiphoca]] | Frisiphoca | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1063 | [[:d:Q4184819|Q4184819]] | [[Atelocynus]] | Atelocynus | 4 | | [[File:Short-eared Dog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1064 | [[:d:Q7252154|Q7252154]] | [[Prototocyon]] | Prototocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1065 | [[:d:Q10786017|Q10786017]] | [[Liberiictis]] | Liberiictis | 4 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1066 | [[:d:Q59828609|Q59828609]] | [[Sivaelurus]] | Sivaelurus | 4 | | [[File:GSI-D 150.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1067 | [[:d:Q92891178|Q92891178]] | [[Enhydra macrodonta]] | Enhydra macrodonta | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1068 | [[:d:Q7426144|Q7426144]] | [[Satherium piscinarium]] | Satherium piscinarium | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Satherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1069 | [[:d:Q108422392|Q108422392]] | [[Proteles amplidentus]] | Proteles amplidentus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1070 | [[:d:Q108486660|Q108486660]] | [[Suricata major]] | Suricata major | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Suricata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1071 | [[:d:Q4499913|Q4499913]] | [[Polecat-ferret hybrid]] | Mustela putorius × Mustela putorius furo | 4 | | [[File:F1-Ferret-Hybrids.jpg|center|48px]] | [[hybrid]]<br/>[[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1072 | [[:d:Q20907619|Q20907619]] | [[Halichoerus grypus grypus]] | Halichoerus grypus grypus | 4 | | [[File:Two seals in the water.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1073 | [[:d:Q19819898|Q19819898]] | [[Otocolobus]] | Otocolobus | 4 | | [[File:Manoel.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1074 | [[:d:Q20907659|Q20907659]] | [[Lutra lutra seistanica]] | Lutra lutra seistanica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1075 | [[:d:Q21368827|Q21368827]] | [[Pristifelis]] | Pristifelis | 4 | | [[File:Pristifelis attica - mandible and left metacarpus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1076 | [[:d:Q96405791|Q96405791]] | [[Sivapardus]] | Sivapardus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1077 | [[:d:Q2879318|Q2879318]] | [[Martes zibellina zibellina]] | Martes zibellina zibellina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1078 | [[:d:Q2890761|Q2890761]] | [[Martes zibellina yeniseensis]] | Martes zibellina yeniseensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1079 | [[:d:Q5479287|Q5479287]] | [[Martes foina bunites]] | Martes foina bunites | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1080 | [[:d:Q5552433|Q5552433]] | [[Martes martes notialis]] | Martes martes notialis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1081 | [[:d:Q5555448|Q5555448]] | [[Martes foina syriaca]] | Martes foina syriaca | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1082 | [[:d:Q5798528|Q5798528]] | [[Martes zibellina ilimpiensis]] | Martes zibellina ilimpiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1083 | [[:d:Q5847312|Q5847312]] | [[Martes zibellina jakutensis]] | Martes zibellina jakutensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1084 | [[:d:Q9029611|Q9029611]] | [[Martes foina foina]] | Martes foina foina | 4 | | [[File:Martes foina 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1085 | [[:d:Q9029617|Q9029617]] | [[Martes foina kozlovi]] | Martes foina kozlovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1086 | [[:d:Q9029619|Q9029619]] | [[Martes foina mediterranea]] | Martes foina mediterranea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1087 | [[:d:Q9029623|Q9029623]] | [[Martes foina nehringi]] | Martes foina nehringi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1088 | [[:d:Q9029627|Q9029627]] | [[Martes foina toufoeus]] | Martes foina toufoeus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1089 | [[:d:Q9029630|Q9029630]] | [[Martes martes latinorum]] | Martes martes latinorum | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1090 | [[:d:Q9029633|Q9029633]] | [[Martes martes lorenzi]] | Martes martes lorenzi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1091 | [[:d:Q9029636|Q9029636]] | [[Martes martes martes]] | Martes martes martes | 4 | | [[File:Pine Marten BWC.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1092 | [[:d:Q9029642|Q9029642]] | [[Martes martes ruthena]] | Martes martes ruthena | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1093 | [[:d:Q9029645|Q9029645]] | [[Martes zibellina angarensis]] | Martes zibellina angarensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1094 | [[:d:Q9029647|Q9029647]] | [[Martes zibellina arsenjevi]] | Martes zibellina arsenjevi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1095 | [[:d:Q9029653|Q9029653]] | [[Martes zibellina kamtschadalica]] | Martes zibellina kamtschadalica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1096 | [[:d:Q9029655|Q9029655]] | [[Martes zibellina obscura]] | Martes zibellina obscura | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1097 | [[:d:Q9029659|Q9029659]] | [[Martes zibellina sahalinensis]] | Martes zibellina sahalinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1098 | [[:d:Q9029666|Q9029666]] | [[Martes zibellina tomensis]] | Martes zibellina tomensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1099 | [[:d:Q9031320|Q9031320]] | [[Meles meles arcalus]] | Meles meles arcalus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1100 | [[:d:Q9031324|Q9031324]] | [[Meles meles heptneri]] | Meles meles heptneri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1101 | [[:d:Q9031328|Q9031328]] | [[Meles meles milleri]] | Meles meles milleri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1102 | [[:d:Q9031329|Q9031329]] | [[Meles meles rhodius]] | Meles meles rhodius | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1103 | [[:d:Q9031330|Q9031330]] | [[Meles meles severzovi]] | Meles meles severzovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1104 | [[:d:Q9047272|Q9047272]] | [[Mustela erminea lymani]] | Mustela erminea lymani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1105 | [[:d:Q9047275|Q9047275]] | [[Mustela erminea mongolica]] | Mustela erminea mongolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1106 | [[:d:Q9047277|Q9047277]] | [[Mustela erminea muricus]] | Mustela erminea muricus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1107 | [[:d:Q9047286|Q9047286]] | [[Mustela erminea ognevi]] | Mustela erminea ognevi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1108 | [[:d:Q9047288|Q9047288]] | [[Mustela erminea olympica]] | Mustela erminea olympica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1109 | [[:d:Q9047290|Q9047290]] | [[Mustela erminea polaris]] | Mustela erminea polaris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1110 | [[:d:Q9047291|Q9047291]] | [[Mustela erminea richardsonii]] | Mustela erminea richardsonii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1111 | [[:d:Q9047295|Q9047295]] | [[Mustela erminea salva]] | Mustela erminea salva | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1112 | [[:d:Q9047298|Q9047298]] | [[Mustela erminea seclusa]] | Mustela erminea seclusa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1113 | [[:d:Q9047302|Q9047302]] | [[Mustela erminea semplei]] | Mustela erminea semplei | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1114 | [[:d:Q9047309|Q9047309]] | [[Mustela erminea teberdina]] | Mustela erminea teberdina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1115 | [[:d:Q9047311|Q9047311]] | [[Mustela lutreola biedermanni]] | Mustela lutreola biedermanni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1116 | [[:d:Q9047312|Q9047312]] | [[Mustela lutreola binominata]] | Mustela lutreola binominata | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1117 | [[:d:Q9047316|Q9047316]] | [[Mustela lutreola cylipena]] | Mustela lutreola cylipena | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1118 | [[:d:Q9047318|Q9047318]] | [[Mustela lutreola lutreola]] | Mustela lutreola lutreola | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1119 | [[:d:Q9047319|Q9047319]] | [[Mustela lutreola novikovi]] | Mustela lutreola novikovi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1120 | [[:d:Q9047322|Q9047322]] | [[Mustela lutreola transsylvanica]] | Mustela lutreola transsylvanica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela lutreola]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1121 | [[:d:Q11691232|Q11691232]] | [[Martes foina bosniaca]] | Martes foina bosniaca | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1122 | [[:d:Q11691237|Q11691237]] | [[Martes foina intermedia]] | Martes foina intermedia | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1123 | [[:d:Q11691241|Q11691241]] | [[Martes foina milleri]] | Martes foina milleri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1124 | [[:d:Q11691246|Q11691246]] | [[Martes foina rosanowi]] | Martes foina rosanowi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes foina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1125 | [[:d:Q11691251|Q11691251]] | [[Martes martes borealis]] | Martes martes borealis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1126 | [[:d:Q11691256|Q11691256]] | [[Martes martes minoricensis]] | Martes martes minoricensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1127 | [[:d:Q11691261|Q11691261]] | [[Martes martes uralensis]] | Martes martes uralensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1128 | [[:d:Q11691266|Q11691266]] | [[Martes zibellina averini]] | Martes zibellina averini | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1129 | [[:d:Q11691271|Q11691271]] | [[Martes zibellina sajanensis]] | Martes zibellina sajanensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1130 | [[:d:Q11691276|Q11691276]] | [[Martes zibellina schantaricus]] | Martes zibellina schantaricus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1131 | [[:d:Q11691282|Q11691282]] | [[Martes zibellina tungussensis]] | Martes zibellina tungussensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes zibellina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1132 | [[:d:Q11691947|Q11691947]] | [[Meles meles marianensis]] | Meles meles marianensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1133 | [[:d:Q11694606|Q11694606]] | [[Mustela erminea arctica]] | Mustela erminea arctica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1134 | [[:d:Q11694611|Q11694611]] | [[Mustela erminea bangsi]] | Mustela erminea bangsi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1135 | [[:d:Q11694614|Q11694614]] | [[Mustela erminea erminea]] | Mustela erminea erminea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1136 | [[:d:Q11694618|Q11694618]] | [[Mustela erminea ferghanae]] | Mustela erminea ferghanae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1137 | [[:d:Q11694623|Q11694623]] | [[Mustela erminea haidarum]] | Mustela erminea haidarum | 4 | | [[File:Haida Ermine (Mustela haidarum).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1138 | [[:d:Q11694628|Q11694628]] | [[Mustela erminea initis]] | Mustela erminea initis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1139 | [[:d:Q11694635|Q11694635]] | [[Mustela erminea martinoi]] | Mustela erminea martinoi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1140 | [[:d:Q11694638|Q11694638]] | [[Mustela erminea streatori]] | Mustela erminea streatori | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1141 | [[:d:Q11694639|Q11694639]] | [[Mustela erminea tobolica]] | Mustela erminea tobolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1142 | [[:d:Q12185009|Q12185009]] | [[Mustela putorius caledoniae]] | Mustela putorius caledoniae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1143 | [[:d:Q427373|Q427373]] | [[Mustela erminea minima]] | Mustela erminea minima | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1144 | [[:d:Q951014|Q951014]] | [[Mustela nivalis tonkinensis]] | Mustela nivalis tonkinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1145 | [[:d:Q5657825|Q5657825]] | [[Mustela erminea ricinae]] | Mustela erminea ricinae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1146 | [[:d:Q5796505|Q5796505]] | [[Mustela nivalis campestris]] | Mustela nivalis campestris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1147 | [[:d:Q5852088|Q5852088]] | [[Mustela erminea invicta]] | Mustela erminea invicta | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1148 | [[:d:Q9001438|Q9001438]] | [[Gulo gulo gulo]] | Gulo gulo gulo | 4 | | [[File:Wolverine (10597551303).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1149 | [[:d:Q9001440|Q9001440]] | [[Gulo gulo albus]] | Gulo gulo albus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1150 | [[:d:Q9001442|Q9001442]] | [[Gulo gulo katschemakensis]] | Gulo gulo katschemakensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1151 | [[:d:Q9001448|Q9001448]] | [[Gulo gulo vancouverensis]] | Gulo gulo vancouverensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1152 | [[:d:Q9047231|Q9047231]] | [[Mustela erminea aestiva]] | Mustela erminea aestiva | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1153 | [[:d:Q9047235|Q9047235]] | [[Mustela erminea alascensis]] | Mustela erminea alascensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1154 | [[:d:Q9047241|Q9047241]] | [[Mustela erminea anguinae]] | Mustela erminea anguinae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1155 | [[:d:Q9047246|Q9047246]] | [[Mustela erminea celenda]] | Mustela erminea celenda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1156 | [[:d:Q9047247|Q9047247]] | [[Mustela erminea cigognanii]] | Mustela erminea cigognanii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1157 | [[:d:Q9047252|Q9047252]] | [[Mustela erminea fallenda]] | Mustela erminea fallenda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1158 | [[:d:Q9047255|Q9047255]] | [[Mustela erminea gulosa]] | Mustela erminea gulosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1159 | [[:d:Q9047260|Q9047260]] | [[Mustela erminea kadiacensis]] | Mustela erminea kadiacensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1160 | [[:d:Q9047265|Q9047265]] | [[Mustela erminea kaneii]] | Mustela erminea kaneii | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1161 | [[:d:Q9047267|Q9047267]] | [[Mustela erminea karaginensis]] | Mustela erminea karaginensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1162 | [[:d:Q9047328|Q9047328]] | [[Mustela nivalis allegheniensis]] | Mustela nivalis allegheniensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1163 | [[:d:Q9047333|Q9047333]] | [[Mustela nivalis boccamela]] | Mustela nivalis boccamela | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1164 | [[:d:Q9047334|Q9047334]] | [[Mustela nivalis eskimo]] | Mustela nivalis eskimo | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1165 | [[:d:Q9047335|Q9047335]] | [[Mustela nivalis heptneri]] | Mustela nivalis heptneri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1166 | [[:d:Q9047349|Q9047349]] | [[Mustela nivalis pygmaea]] | Mustela nivalis pygmaea | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1167 | [[:d:Q9047352|Q9047352]] | [[Mustela nivalis pallida]] | Mustela nivalis pallida | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1168 | [[:d:Q9047357|Q9047357]] | [[Mustela nivalis russelliana]] | Mustela nivalis russelliana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1169 | [[:d:Q9047360|Q9047360]] | [[Mustela nivalis stoliczkana]] | Mustela nivalis stoliczkana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1170 | [[:d:Q9047361|Q9047361]] | [[Mustela nivalis vulgaris]] | Mustela nivalis vulgaris | 4 | | [[File:Brehms Het Leven der Dieren Zoogdieren Orde 4 Wezel (Putorius vulgaris).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1171 | [[:d:Q11682279|Q11682279]] | [[Gulo gulo luteus]] | Gulo gulo luteus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[glutton]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1172 | [[:d:Q14531833|Q14531833]] | [[Mustela nivalis rixosa]] | Mustela nivalis rixosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1173 | [[:d:Q7186603|Q7186603]] | [[Phoberocyon]] | Phoberocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1174 | [[:d:Q9047211|Q9047211]] | [[Mustela altaica altaica]] | Mustela altaica altaica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1175 | [[:d:Q9047219|Q9047219]] | [[Mustela altaica temon]] | Mustela altaica temon | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1176 | [[:d:Q11694601|Q11694601]] | [[Mustela altaica birulai]] | Mustela altaica birulai | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1177 | [[:d:Q20907645|Q20907645]] | [[Lontra longicaudis annectens]] | Lontra longicaudis annectens | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1178 | [[:d:Q5549250|Q5549250]] | [[Martes americana vulpina]] | Martes americana vulpina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1179 | [[:d:Q9029564|Q9029564]] | [[Martes americana americana]] | Martes americana americana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1180 | [[:d:Q9029566|Q9029566]] | [[Martes americana humboldtensis]] | Martes americana humboldtensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1181 | [[:d:Q9029569|Q9029569]] | [[Martes americana kenaiensis]] | Martes americana kenaiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1182 | [[:d:Q9029570|Q9029570]] | [[Martes americana nesophila]] | Martes americana nesophila | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1183 | [[:d:Q9029571|Q9029571]] | [[Martes americana origensis]] | Martes americana origensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1184 | [[:d:Q9029573|Q9029573]] | [[Martes americana sierrae]] | Martes americana sierrae | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1185 | [[:d:Q11691204|Q11691204]] | [[Martes americana abieticola]] | Martes americana abieticola | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1186 | [[:d:Q11691209|Q11691209]] | [[Martes americana actuosa]] | Martes americana actuosa | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1187 | [[:d:Q11691215|Q11691215]] | [[Martes americana vancourverensis]] | Martes americana vancourverensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1188 | [[:d:Q115800580|Q115800580]] | [[Leontoceryx]] | Leontoceryx | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1189 | [[:d:Q122058803|Q122058803]] | [[Atopotarus]] | Atopotarus | 4 | | [[File:Atopotarus courseni LACM 1376.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesminae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1190 | [[:d:Q9029591|Q9029591]] | [[Martes flavigula hainana]] | Martes flavigula hainana | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1191 | [[:d:Q9029592|Q9029592]] | [[Martes flavigula henrici]] | Martes flavigula henrici | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1192 | [[:d:Q9029599|Q9029599]] | [[Martes flavigula peninsularis]] | Martes flavigula peninsularis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1193 | [[:d:Q9029601|Q9029601]] | [[Martes flavigula robinsoni]] | Martes flavigula robinsoni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1194 | [[:d:Q20907775|Q20907775]] | [[Mellivora capensis cottoni]] | Mellivora capensis cottoni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1195 | [[:d:Q3612250|Q3612250]] | [[Psalidocyon]] | Psalidocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1196 | [[:d:Q3729451|Q3729451]] | [[Paracynarctus]] | Paracynarctus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1197 | [[:d:Q5409872|Q5409872]] | [[Euoplocyon]] | Euoplocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1198 | [[:d:Q7252035|Q7252035]] | [[Protomarctus]] | Protomarctus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1199 | [[:d:Q7701327|Q7701327]] | [[Tephrocyon]] | Tephrocyon | 4 | | [[File:Tephrocyon (white background).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1200 | [[:d:Q11694596|Q11694596]] | [[Mustela africana stolzmanni]] | Mustela africana stolzmanni | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela africana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1201 | [[:d:Q2303349|Q2303349]] | [[Cyonasua argentina]] | Cyonasua argentina | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cyonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1202 | [[:d:Q10808340|Q10808340]] | [[Potos]] | Potos | 4 | | [[File:Kinkajou2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Potosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1203 | [[:d:Q65141603|Q65141603]] | [[Protursus]] | Protursus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Simocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1204 | [[:d:Q1028475|Q1028475]] | [[Procyon lotor minor]] | Procyon lotor minor | 4 | | [[File:Procyon minor01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1205 | [[:d:Q5800406|Q5800406]] | [[Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis]] | Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1206 | [[:d:Q9095047|Q9095047]] | [[Vulpes vulpes abietorum]] | Vulpes vulpes abietorum | 4 | | [[File:Red fox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1207 | [[:d:Q9095054|Q9095054]] | [[Vulpes vulpes atlantica]] | Vulpes vulpes atlantica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1208 | [[:d:Q9095067|Q9095067]] | [[Vulpes vulpes caucasica]] | Vulpes vulpes caucasica | 4 | | [[File:Steppe Family by Mashin Rostislav.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1209 | [[:d:Q9095084|Q9095084]] | [[Vulpes vulpes harrimani]] | Vulpes vulpes harrimani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1210 | [[:d:Q9095088|Q9095088]] | [[Vulpes vulpes hoole]] | Vulpes vulpes hoole | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1211 | [[:d:Q9095098|Q9095098]] | [[Vulpes vulpes jakutensis]] | Vulpes vulpes jakutensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1212 | [[:d:Q9095099|Q9095099]] | [[Vulpes vulpes karagan]] | Vulpes vulpes karagan | 4 | | [[File:Лисица.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1213 | [[:d:Q9095115|Q9095115]] | [[Vulpes vulpes ochroxantha]] | Vulpes vulpes ochroxantha | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1214 | [[:d:Q9095118|Q9095118]] | [[Vulpes vulpes regalis]] | Vulpes vulpes regalis | 4 | | [[File:Vulpes vulpes regalis (2).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1215 | [[:d:Q9095135|Q9095135]] | [[Vulpes vulpes tobolica]] | Vulpes vulpes tobolica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1216 | [[:d:Q11705193|Q11705193]] | [[Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis]] | Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1217 | [[:d:Q11705196|Q11705196]] | [[Vulpes vulpes splendidissima]] | Vulpes vulpes splendidissima | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1218 | [[:d:Q11705198|Q11705198]] | [[Vulpes vulpes stepensis]] | Vulpes vulpes stepensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1219 | [[:d:Q11955017|Q11955017]] | [[Vulpes vulpes dorsalis]] | Vulpes vulpes dorsalis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1220 | [[:d:Q3362472|Q3362472]] | [[Panthera schreuderi]] | Panthera schreuderi | 4 | | [[File:Panthera schreuderi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1221 | [[:d:Q7228360|Q7228360]] | [[Pontosmilus]] | Pontosmilus | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1222 | [[:d:Q9087635|Q9087635]] | [[tigard]] | Panthera pardus × Panthera tigris | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1223 | [[:d:Q118612732|Q118612732]] | [[Panthera principialis]] | Panthera principialis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1224 | [[:d:Q5985095|Q5985095]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus magellanicus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus magellanicus | 4 | | [[File:Fox -Puerto Natales, Patagonia, Chile-8.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1225 | [[:d:Q5985097|Q5985097]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus reissii]] | Lycalopex culpaeus reissii | 4 | | [[File:Pes horský.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1226 | [[:d:Q56316454|Q56316454]] | [[Miracinonyx inexpectatus]] | Miracinonyx inexpectatus | 4 | | [[File:Miracinonyx inexpectatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miracinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1227 | [[:d:Q123260114|Q123260114]] | [[Acinonyx intermedius]] | Acinonyx intermedius | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1228 | [[:d:Q3879909|Q3879909]] | [[Nurocyon chonokhariensis]] | Nurocyon chonokhariensis | 4 | | [[File:Nurocyon.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nurocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1229 | [[:d:Q3922171|Q3922171]] | [[Pristifelis attica]] | Pristifelis attica | 4 | | [[File:Pristifelis attica - mandible and left metacarpus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pristifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1230 | [[:d:Q5199889|Q5199889]] | [[Cynarctina]] | Cynarctina | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1231 | [[:d:Q8262823|Q8262823]] | [[Caracal caracal algira]] | Caracal caracal algira | 4 | | [[File:Caracal caracal algira - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02737.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1232 | [[:d:Q8262827|Q8262827]] | [[Caracal caracal damarensis]] | Caracal caracal damarensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1233 | [[:d:Q8262829|Q8262829]] | [[Caracal caracal limpopoensis]] | Caracal caracal limpopoensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1234 | [[:d:Q8262831|Q8262831]] | [[Caracal caracal lucani]] | Caracal caracal lucani | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1235 | [[:d:Q8262833|Q8262833]] | [[Caracal caracal nubica]] | Caracal caracal nubica | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1236 | [[:d:Q8262836|Q8262836]] | [[Caracal caracal poecilotis]] | Caracal caracal poecilotis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1237 | [[:d:Q2202668|Q2202668]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi]] | Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi | 4 | | [[File:Kočka palawanská Zoo Praha 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1238 | [[:d:Q2632995|Q2632995]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis rabori]] | Prionailurus bengalensis rabori | 4 | | [[File:Visayan Leopard Cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1239 | [[:d:Q4173311|Q4173311]] | [[Panthera pardus sickenbergi]] | Panthera pardus sickenbergi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1240 | [[:d:Q5442081|Q5442081]] | [[Felis chaus fulvidina]] | Felis chaus fulvidina | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1241 | [[:d:Q5442087|Q5442087]] | [[Felis chaus prateri]] | Felis chaus prateri | 4 | | [[File:Melanistic Jungle Cat Asani Bhaduri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1242 | [[:d:Q6092774|Q6092774]] | [[Puma concolor anthonyi]] | Puma concolor anthonyi | 4 | | [[File:Puma en reserva Guaycolec, Formosa, Argentina 06g.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1243 | [[:d:Q9064709|Q9064709]] | [[Puma concolor puma]] | Puma concolor puma | 4 | | [[File:Puma concolor puma 1.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1244 | [[:d:Q6158080|Q6158080]] | [[Ursus dolinensis]] | Ursus dolinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1245 | [[:d:Q5442092|Q5442092]] | [[Felis margarita harrisoni]] | Felis margarita harrisoni | 4 | | [[File:Felis margarita harrisoni - Sandkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1246 | [[:d:Q5442095|Q5442095]] | [[Felis margarita thinobia]] | Felis margarita thinobia | 4 | | [[File:Persian sand CAT.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1247 | [[:d:Q5814436|Q5814436]] | [[Felis silvestris jordansi]] | Felis silvestris jordansi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1248 | [[:d:Q5901456|Q5901456]] | [[Homotherium latidens]] | Homotherium latidens | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium latidens cub mummy fig2 (cropped).webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1249 | [[:d:Q5901460|Q5901460]] | [[Homotherium serum]] | Homotherium serum | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium serum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1250 | [[:d:Q5901463|Q5901463]] | [[Homotherium venezuelensis]] | Homotherium venezuelensis | 4 | | [[File:Homotherium venezuelensis7.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1251 | [[:d:Q8961147|Q8961147]] | [[Felis silvestris foxi]] | Felis silvestris foxi | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1252 | [[:d:Q8961157|Q8961157]] | [[Felis silvestris ocreata]] | Felis silvestris ocreata | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1253 | [[:d:Q4021771|Q4021771]] | [[Xenocyon lycaonoides]] | Xenocyon lycaonoides | 4 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1254 | [[:d:Q3742297|Q3742297]] | [[Felis lybica sarda]] | Felis lybica sarda | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1255 | [[:d:Q111519517|Q111519517]] | [[Aenocyon]] | Aenocyon | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1256 | [[:d:Q5032439|Q5032439]] | [[Canis cedazoensis]] | Canis cedazoensis | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1257 | [[:d:Q5032445|Q5032445]] | [[Canis nehringi]] | Canis nehringi | 4 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1258 | [[:d:Q5477997|Q5477997]] | [[Ursus americanus californiensis]] | Ursus americanus californiensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1259 | [[:d:Q5674669|Q5674669]] | [[Ursus americanus vancouveri]] | Ursus americanus vancouveri | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1260 | [[:d:Q5893608|Q5893608]] | [[Helarctos malayanus euryspilus]] | Helarctos malayanus euryspilus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helarctos malayanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1261 | [[:d:Q9092007|Q9092007]] | [[Ursus americanus altifrontalis]] | Ursus americanus altifrontalis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1262 | [[:d:Q9092009|Q9092009]] | [[Ursus americanus americanus]] | Ursus americanus americanus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1263 | [[:d:Q9092014|Q9092014]] | [[Ursus americanus eremicus]] | Ursus americanus eremicus | 4 | | [[File:Ursus americanus eremicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1264 | [[:d:Q9092036|Q9092036]] | [[Ursus thibetanus thibetanus]] | Ursus thibetanus thibetanus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1265 | [[:d:Q11704936|Q11704936]] | [[Ursus americanus amblyceps]] | Ursus americanus amblyceps | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1266 | [[:d:Q20907548|Q20907548]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1267 | [[:d:Q20907612|Q20907612]] | [[Ursus thibetanus mupinensis]] | Ursus thibetanus mupinensis | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus thibetanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1268 | [[:d:Q21401250|Q21401250]] | [[Ursus arctos yesoensis]] | Ursus arctos yesoensis | 4 | | [[File:Ussuri Brown Bear Noboribetsu 2019.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1269 | [[:d:Q105272263|Q105272263]] | [[Canis lupaster]] | Canis lupaster | 4 | | [[File:Grey jackal from Haizer Algeria 4.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1270 | [[:d:Q122839865|Q122839865]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus | 4 | | [[File:Nyctereutes viverrinus viverrinus - Timur Kalininsky - 114239829.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1271 | [[:d:Q18148124|Q18148124]] | [[Canis latrans lestes]] | Canis latrans lestes | 4 | | [[File:Coyote Yellowstone (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1272 | [[:d:Q18158082|Q18158082]] | [[Canis latrans incolatus]] | Canis latrans incolatus | 4 | | [[File:Coyote in Alaska.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1273 | [[:d:Q126678468|Q126678468]] | [[Canis lupaster soudanicus]] | Canis lupaster soudanicus | 4 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupaster]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1274 | [[:d:Q3724927|Q3724927]] | [[Enaliarctidae]] | Enaliarctidae | 3 | | [[File:Enaliarctos mealsi.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipedia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1275 | [[:d:Q16975912|Q16975912]] | [[Hydrurga]] | Hydrurga | 3 | | [[File:Seeleopard.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1276 | [[:d:Q18001682|Q18001682]] | [[Halichoerus]] | Halichoerus | 3 | | [[File:Foka szara mateusz wlodarczyk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1277 | [[:d:Q19817156|Q19817156]] | [[Cystophora]] | Cystophora | 3 | | [[File:Klappmuetze MK.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1278 | [[:d:Q19817285|Q19817285]] | [[Pagophilus]] | Pagophilus | 3 | | [[File:Blanchon-idlm2006.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1279 | [[:d:Q30693564|Q30693564]] | [[Pontophoca]] | Pontophoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1280 | [[:d:Q105722413|Q105722413]] | [[Eotaria]] | Eotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1281 | [[:d:Q106209973|Q106209973]] | [[Oaxacagale]] | Oaxacagale | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1282 | [[:d:Q108146761|Q108146761]] | [[Corumictis]] | Corumictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1283 | [[:d:Q112959105|Q112959105]] | [[Vishnuonyx]] | Vishnuonyx | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1284 | [[:d:Q121397638|Q121397638]] | [[Pithanotaria]] | Pithanotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1285 | [[:d:Q123015506|Q123015506]] | [[Sivaonyx]] | Sivaonyx | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1286 | [[:d:Q131851334|Q131851334]] | [[Trochictis]] | Trochictis | 3 | | [[File:(MHNT) Trochictis artenensis (Ginsburg, 1968) Hémimandibule droite.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1287 | [[:d:Q20721864|Q20721864]] | [[Helictidinae]] | Helictidinae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1288 | [[:d:Q21358817|Q21358817]] | [[Ferinestrix]] | Ferinestrix | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1289 | [[:d:Q56328384|Q56328384]] | [[Amphicticeps]] | Amphicticeps | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1290 | [[:d:Q85989123|Q85989123]] | [[Alagtsavbaatar]] | Alagtsavbaatar | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1291 | [[:d:Q85989920|Q85989920]] | [[Palaeogalidae]] | Palaeogalidae | 3 | | [[File:Palaeogale skull lateral Matthew 1902.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1292 | [[:d:Q119015399|Q119015399]] | [[Subparictidae]] | Subparictidae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1293 | [[:d:Q132170502|Q132170502]] | [[Peignictis]] | Peignictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1294 | [[:d:Q4690268|Q4690268]] | [[Afrocyon]] | Afrocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1295 | [[:d:Q4748237|Q4748237]] | [[Amphicyanis]] | Amphicyanis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1296 | [[:d:Q4764524|Q4764524]] | [[Anictis]] | Anictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1297 | [[:d:Q5305892|Q5305892]] | [[Drassonax]] | Drassonax | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1298 | [[:d:Q6890585|Q6890585]] | [[Moghradictis]] | Moghradictis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1299 | [[:d:Q19817095|Q19817095]] | [[Nandinia]] | Nandinia | 3 | | [[File:Nandinia binotata, Manchester Museum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Nandiniidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1300 | [[:d:Q21446607|Q21446607]] | [[Canoidea]] | Canoidea | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1301 | [[:d:Q56328139|Q56328139]] | [[Necromites]] | Necromites | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1302 | [[:d:Q85989435|Q85989435]] | [[Haplogale]] | Haplogale | 3 | | [[File:Haplogale media.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1303 | [[:d:Q85989541|Q85989541]] | [[Izmirictis]] | Izmirictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1304 | [[:d:Q85990177|Q85990177]] | [[Shandgolictis]] | Shandgolictis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1305 | [[:d:Q85990185|Q85990185]] | [[Sivanasua]] | Sivanasua | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1306 | [[:d:Q111620850|Q111620850]] | [[Osodobenus]] | Osodobenus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1307 | [[:d:Q111802261|Q111802261]] | [[Titanotaria]] | Titanotaria | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1308 | [[:d:Q121409576|Q121409576]] | [[Palaeoprionodon]] | Palaeoprionodon | 3 | | [[File:Palaeoprionodon lamandini.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1309 | [[:d:Q123015318|Q123015318]] | [[Pinnarctidion]] | Pinnarctidion | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1310 | [[:d:Q2166001|Q2166001]] | [[Conepatus mesoleucus]] | Conepatus mesoleucus | 3 | | [[File:Hog-nosed-skunk.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1311 | [[:d:Q19817079|Q19817079]] | [[Diplogale]] | Diplogale | 3 | | [[File:HemigaleHoseiSmit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Hemigalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1312 | [[:d:Q18272206|Q18272206]] | [[Hydrictis]] | Hydrictis | 3 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1313 | [[:d:Q60978099|Q60978099]] | [[Paralutra]] | Paralutra | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1314 | [[:d:Q108030101|Q108030101]] | [[Genetta plesictoides]] | Genetta plesictoides | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1315 | [[:d:Q122070113|Q122070113]] | [[Vishnuictis]] | Vishnuictis | 3 | | [[File:Vishnuictis reconstruction.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1316 | [[:d:Q3181107|Q3181107]] | [[Haplocyonopsis]] | Haplocyonopsis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1317 | [[:d:Q5411680|Q5411680]] | [[Euroamphicyon]] | Euroamphicyon | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1318 | [[:d:Q5651728|Q5651728]] | [[Haplocyon]] | Haplocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1319 | [[:d:Q5651730|Q5651730]] | [[Haplocyonoides]] | Haplocyonoides | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1320 | [[:d:Q55370786|Q55370786]] | [[Goupilictis]] | Goupilictis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1321 | [[:d:Q98456157|Q98456157]] | [[Conepatus amazonicus]] | Conepatus amazonicus | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus amazonicus - ....Christopher Borges.... - 533154117.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1322 | [[:d:Q107882731|Q107882731]] | [[Spilogale leucoparia]] | Spilogale leucoparia | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1323 | [[:d:Q108800477|Q108800477]] | [[Spilogale interrupta]] | Spilogale interrupta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1324 | [[:d:Q123015110|Q123015110]] | [[Eodesmus]] | Eodesmus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Desmatophocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1325 | [[:d:Q10803995|Q10803995]] | [[Paracynictis]] | Paracynictis | 3 | | [[File:Paracynictis selousi Smit.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1326 | [[:d:Q21446410|Q21446410]] | [[Hoplophoninae]] | Hoplophoninae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1327 | [[:d:Q97372855|Q97372855]] | [[Mungotinae]] | Mungotinae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1328 | [[:d:Q5782651|Q5782651]] | [[Conepatus chinga chinga]] | Conepatus chinga chinga | 3 | | [[File:Chingue (Conepatus chinga) Inao Vásquez 001.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1329 | [[:d:Q5782653|Q5782653]] | [[Conepatus chinga rex]] | Conepatus chinga rex | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus chinga rex (8392210869).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1330 | [[:d:Q20907246|Q20907246]] | [[Genetta genetta felina]] | Genetta genetta felina | 3 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1331 | [[:d:Q20907613|Q20907613]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus | 3 | | [[File:Arctocephalus pusillus 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1332 | [[:d:Q20907614|Q20907614]] | [[Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus]] | Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus pusillus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1333 | [[:d:Q20907920|Q20907920]] | [[Conepatus chinga suffocans]] | Conepatus chinga suffocans | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1334 | [[:d:Q20907943|Q20907943]] | [[Mephitis mephitis hudsonica]] | Mephitis mephitis hudsonica | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1335 | [[:d:Q20907945|Q20907945]] | [[Mephitis mephitis mesomelas]] | Mephitis mephitis mesomelas | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1336 | [[:d:Q20907946|Q20907946]] | [[Mephitis mephitis nigra]] | Mephitis mephitis nigra | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1337 | [[:d:Q20907970|Q20907970]] | [[Spilogale putorius interrupta]] | Spilogale putorius interrupta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1338 | [[:d:Q10808040|Q10808040]] | [[Poecilogale]] | Poecilogale | 3 | | [[File:Whitenapedweasellg2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1339 | [[:d:Q16696649|Q16696649]] | [[Semantor macrurus]] | Semantor macrurus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Semantor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1340 | [[:d:Q18002457|Q18002457]] | [[Palaeomephitis steinheimensis]] | Palaeomephitis steinheimensis | 3 | | [[File:Palaeomephitis steinheimensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Palaeomephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1341 | [[:d:Q25436860|Q25436860]] | [[Archaeodobenus akamatsui]] | Archaeodobenus akamatsui | 3 | | [[File:Archaeodobenus.PNG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeodobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1342 | [[:d:Q33177251|Q33177251]] | [[Ictonychini]] | Ictonychini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1343 | [[:d:Q97370757|Q97370757]] | [[Pithanotaria starri]] | Pithanotaria starri | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pithanotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1344 | [[:d:Q108030483|Q108030483]] | [[Enhydrictis]] | Enhydrictis | 3 | | [[File:Enhydrictis galictoides.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1345 | [[:d:Q135257780|Q135257780]] | [[Lyncodontini]] | Lyncodontini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1346 | [[:d:Q12116479|Q12116479]] | [[Potosinae]] | Potosinae | 3 | | [[File:Olinguito ZooKeys 324, solo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1347 | [[:d:Q20907625|Q20907625]] | [[Pusa hispida hispida]] | Pusa hispida hispida | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1348 | [[:d:Q13563535|Q13563535]] | [[Namaqua slender mongoose]] | Galerella sanguinea swalius | 3 | | [[File:2009-slender-mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1349 | [[:d:Q20907922|Q20907922]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii castaneus]] | Conepatus humboldtii castaneus | 3 | | [[File:Conepatus humboldtii 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1350 | [[:d:Q28182554|Q28182554]] | [[Pleistocene New Zealand sea lion]] | Neophoca palatina | 3 | | [[File:Neophoca palatina (AM LM76-8).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Neophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1351 | [[:d:Q55221346|Q55221346]] | [[Auroraphoca]] | Auroraphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1352 | [[:d:Q108422375|Q108422375]] | [[Atilax mesotes]] | Atilax mesotes | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Atilax]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1353 | [[:d:Q111280772|Q111280772]] | [[Namibiocyon]] | Namibiocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1354 | [[:d:Q16987383|Q16987383]] | [[Paradoxurus montanus]] | Paradoxurus montanus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1355 | [[:d:Q20907925|Q20907925]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus]] | Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1356 | [[:d:Q135249380|Q135249380]] | [[Ictonyx harrisoni]] | Ictonyx harrisoni | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1357 | [[:d:Q765132|Q765132]] | [[Thaumastocyon]] | Thaumastocyon | 3 | | [[File:Thaumastocyon bourgeoisi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1358 | [[:d:Q2477712|Q2477712]] | [[Imagotaria downsi]] | Imagotaria downsi | 3 | | [[File:Imagotaria downsi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Imagotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1359 | [[:d:Q4138182|Q4138182]] | [[Hyaenictitherium]] | Hyaenictitherium | 3 | | [[File:Hyaenictitherium DB24.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictitheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1360 | [[:d:Q16929812|Q16929812]] | [[Hyaenotherium]] | Hyaenotherium | 3 | | [[File:似鬣狗鼬鬣狗 Hyaenotherium hyaeneides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictitheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1361 | [[:d:Q30693544|Q30693544]] | [[Nanophoca]] | Nanophoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1362 | [[:d:Q30693561|Q30693561]] | [[Phocanella]] | Phocanella | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1363 | [[:d:Q30693573|Q30693573]] | [[Gryphoca]] | Gryphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1364 | [[:d:Q135102360|Q135102360]] | [[Circamustela]] | Circamustela | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1365 | [[:d:Q20907962|Q20907962]] | [[Spilogale gracilis amphialus]] | Spilogale gracilis amphialus | 3 | | [[File:Spilogale gracilis amphiala.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1366 | [[:d:Q5575498|Q5575498]] | [[Gobicyon]] | Gobicyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1367 | [[:d:Q11840392|Q11840392]] | [[Dologale]] | Dologale | 3 | | | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mungosinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1368 | [[:d:Q21368149|Q21368149]] | [[Asilifelis]] | Asilifelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1369 | [[:d:Q21368361|Q21368361]] | [[Diamantofelis]] | Diamantofelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1370 | [[:d:Q21368812|Q21368812]] | [[Namafelis]] | Namafelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1371 | [[:d:Q110967286|Q110967286]] | [[Katifelis]] | Katifelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1372 | [[:d:Q117815835|Q117815835]] | [[Vinayakia]] | Vinayakia | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1373 | [[:d:Q107994795|Q107994795]] | [[Cretan otter]] | Lutrogale cretensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1374 | [[:d:Q108422524|Q108422524]] | [[Callorhinus gilmorei]] | Callorhinus gilmorei | 3 | | [[File:Callorhinus gilmorei.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Callorhinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1375 | [[:d:Q3497608|Q3497608]] | [[Chamitataxus avitus]] | Chamitataxus avitus | 3 | | [[File:Chamitataxus BW.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Chamitataxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1376 | [[:d:Q108422505|Q108422505]] | [[Mellivora sivalensis]] | Mellivora sivalensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1377 | [[:d:Q1571102|Q1571102]] | [[Grammogale]] | Grammogale | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1378 | [[:d:Q20907620|Q20907620]] | [[Halichoerus grypus macrorhynchus]] | Halichoerus grypus macrorhynchus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1379 | [[:d:Q20907621|Q20907621]] | [[Phoca vitulina vitulina]] | Phoca vitulina vitulina | 3 | | [[File:Common Seal Phoca vitulina.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1380 | [[:d:Q20907622|Q20907622]] | [[Phoca vitulina concolor]] | Phoca vitulina concolor | 3 | | [[File:Harbor seal in Holyoke, MA. Connecticut River. 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1381 | [[:d:Q20907624|Q20907624]] | [[Phoca vitulina richardii]] | Phoca vitulina richardii | 3 | | [[File:Phoca vitulina richardii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1382 | [[:d:Q27898177|Q27898177]] | [[Mustela]] | Mustela | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1383 | [[:d:Q104841186|Q104841186]] | [[Phoca vitulina mellonae]] | Phoca vitulina mellonae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1384 | [[:d:Q2857972|Q2857972]] | [[Aonyx capensis hindei]] | Aonyx capensis hindei | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1385 | [[:d:Q2857973|Q2857973]] | [[Aonyx capensis meneleki]] | Aonyx capensis meneleki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1386 | [[:d:Q11908163|Q11908163]] | [[Barbourofelis fricki]] | Barbourofelis fricki | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1387 | [[:d:Q16595094|Q16595094]] | [[Lycalopex ensenadensis]] | Lycalopex ensenadensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1388 | [[:d:Q20907635|Q20907635]] | [[Enhydra lutris nereis]] | Enhydra lutris nereis | 3 | | [[File:California Sea Otters - Enhydra lutris nereis, Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, California.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1389 | [[:d:Q20907655|Q20907655]] | [[Lutra lutra meridionalis]] | Lutra lutra meridionalis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1390 | [[:d:Q28432836|Q28432836]] | [[Felini]] | Felini | 3 | | [[File:Bengalkatze.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1391 | [[:d:Q121339769|Q121339769]] | [[Vishnufelis]] | Vishnufelis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1392 | [[:d:Q9047364|Q9047364]] | [[Mustela putorius anglia]] | Mustela putorius anglia | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1393 | [[:d:Q9047369|Q9047369]] | [[Mustela putorius mosquensis]] | Mustela putorius mosquensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1394 | [[:d:Q12185005|Q12185005]] | [[Mustela putorius rothschildi]] | Mustela putorius rothschildi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1395 | [[:d:Q20907870|Q20907870]] | [[Mustela putorius putorius]] | Mustela putorius putorius | 3 | | [[File:Ilder.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1396 | [[:d:Q4064599|Q4064599]] | [[Mustela eversmanii amurensis]] | Mustela eversmanii amurensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1397 | [[:d:Q118469371|Q118469371]] | [[Sivasmilus]] | Sivasmilus | 3 | | [[File:Sivasmilus holotype Pilgrim1915.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1398 | [[:d:Q920221|Q920221]] | [[Martes americana caurina]] | Martes americana caurina | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1399 | [[:d:Q9029559|Q9029559]] | [[Martes americana abietinoides]] | Martes americana abietinoides | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1400 | [[:d:Q30693567|Q30693567]] | [[Pachyphoca]] | Pachyphoca | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cystophorini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1401 | [[:d:Q121348857|Q121348857]] | [[Paludocyon]] | Paludocyon | 3 | | [[File:Paludocyon moyasolai skull - Morales et al 2026.webp|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1402 | [[:d:Q125749307|Q125749307]] | [[Neogale frenata]] | Neogale frenata | 3 | | [[File:Mustela frenata new.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1403 | [[:d:Q869465|Q869465]] | [[Nasua nelsoni]] | Nasua nelsoni | 3 | | [[File:Cozumel Island Coati .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1404 | [[:d:Q6840433|Q6840433]] | [[Microtomarctus]] | Microtomarctus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1405 | [[:d:Q7105820|Q7105820]] | [[Osbornodon iamonensis]] | Osbornodon iamonensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Osbornodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1406 | [[:d:Q7134499|Q7134499]] | [[Paraenhydrocyon]] | Paraenhydrocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hesperocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1407 | [[:d:Q11318742|Q11318742]] | [[Martes melampus tsuensis]] | Martes melampus tsuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1408 | [[:d:Q11338316|Q11338316]] | [[Martes melampus melampus]] | Martes melampus melampus | 3 | | [[File:Japanese Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1409 | [[:d:Q16590238|Q16590238]] | [[Leopardus vorohuensis]] | Leopardus vorohuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1410 | [[:d:Q118612748|Q118612748]] | [[Puma incurva]] | Puma incurva | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1411 | [[:d:Q3853467|Q3853467]] | [[Mececyon trinilensis]] | Mececyon trinilensis | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mececyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1412 | [[:d:Q3853916|Q3853916]] | [[Megacyon merriami]] | Megacyon merriami | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Megacyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1413 | [[:d:Q5378828|Q5378828]] | [[Enhydritherium terraenovae]] | Enhydritherium terraenovae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydritherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1414 | [[:d:Q60741848|Q60741848]] | [[Enhydriodon dikikae]] | Enhydriodon dikikae | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydriodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1415 | [[:d:Q65141617|Q65141617]] | [[Actiocyon]] | Actiocyon | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Simocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1416 | [[:d:Q20908036|Q20908036]] | [[Procyon lotor hernandezii]] | Procyon lotor hernandezii | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1417 | [[:d:Q20908051|Q20908051]] | [[Ailurus fulgens fulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens fulgens | 3 | | [[File:RedPanda SingalilaNationalPark DFrame.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1418 | [[:d:Q131304188|Q131304188]] | [[Prionailurus kurteni]] | Prionailurus kurteni | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prionailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1419 | [[:d:Q20907580|Q20907580]] | [[Vulpes corsac corsac]] | Vulpes corsac corsac | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac corsac 409278970.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes corsac]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1420 | [[:d:Q20907582|Q20907582]] | [[Vulpes corsac kalmykorum]] | Vulpes corsac kalmykorum | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes corsac 127174928.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes corsac]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1421 | [[:d:Q2322950|Q2322950]] | [[Vulpes macrotis mutica]] | Vulpes macrotis mutica | 3 | | [[File:Vulpes macrotis mutica with pups.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1422 | [[:d:Q5985089|Q5985089]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus andinus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus andinus | 3 | | [[File:Culpeo MC.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1423 | [[:d:Q5985091|Q5985091]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus]] | Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus | 3 | | [[File:Lycalopex culpaeus culpaeus, Pseudalopex culpaeus culpaeus zorro culpeo (Chile central) 04.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1424 | [[:d:Q5985093|Q5985093]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides]] | Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides | 3 | | [[File:Lycalopex culpaeus lycoides in Ushuaia, Argentina..jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1425 | [[:d:Q5985099|Q5985099]] | [[Lycalopex culpaeus smithersi]] | Lycalopex culpaeus smithersi | 3 | | [[File:Keulemans Culpeo.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex culpaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1426 | [[:d:Q7838042|Q7838042]] | [[Tremarctini]] | Tremarctini | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1427 | [[:d:Q20907574|Q20907574]] | [[Urocyon littoralis littoralis]] | Urocyon littoralis littoralis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1428 | [[:d:Q20907575|Q20907575]] | [[Urocyon littoralis catalinae]] | Urocyon littoralis catalinae | 3 | | [[File:CatalinaIslandFox.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1429 | [[:d:Q20907576|Q20907576]] | [[Urocyon littoralis clementae]] | Urocyon littoralis clementae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1430 | [[:d:Q20907577|Q20907577]] | [[Urocyon littoralis dickeyi]] | Urocyon littoralis dickeyi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1431 | [[:d:Q20907579|Q20907579]] | [[Urocyon littoralis santarosae]] | Urocyon littoralis santarosae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon littoralis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1432 | [[:d:Q23772769|Q23772769]] | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | Catopuma temminckii | 3 | | [[File:Asian Golden cat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1433 | [[:d:Q4287837|Q4287837]] | [[Alopex lagopus semenovi]] | Alopex lagopus semenovi | 3 | | [[File:ArcticFoxSummer.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Alopex lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1434 | [[:d:Q8066568|Q8066568]] | [[Zaragocyon daamsi]] | Zaragocyon daamsi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Zaragocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1435 | [[:d:Q21369112|Q21369112]] | [[Adelpharctos]] | Adelpharctos | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1436 | [[:d:Q23752930|Q23752930]] | [[Caracal aurata]] | Caracal aurata | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1437 | [[:d:Q106199641|Q106199641]] | [[Miomaci]] | Miomaci | 3 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1438 | [[:d:Q110448412|Q110448412]] | [[Aurorarctos]] | Aurorarctos | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1439 | [[:d:Q112147455|Q112147455]] | [[Taowu]] | Taowu | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1440 | [[:d:Q120024195|Q120024195]] | [[Huracan]] | Huracan | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1441 | [[:d:Q16615644|Q16615644]] | [[Panthera tigris oxygnatha]] | Panthera tigris oxygnatha | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1442 | [[:d:Q22285672|Q22285672]] | [[Ethiopian lion]] | Panthera leo roosevelti | 3 | | [[File:Lion zoo Addis Ababa 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | [[leon]] | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1443 | [[:d:Q582960|Q582960]] | [[Leptailurus serval phillipsi]] | Leptailurus serval phillipsi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1444 | [[:d:Q966549|Q966549]] | [[Leptailurus serval kivuensis]] | Leptailurus serval kivuensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1445 | [[:d:Q5392035|Q5392035]] | [[Leptailurus serval pococki]] | Leptailurus serval pococki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1446 | [[:d:Q5442082|Q5442082]] | [[Felis chaus furax]] | Felis chaus furax | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1447 | [[:d:Q5442083|Q5442083]] | [[Felis chaus kelaarti]] | Felis chaus kelaarti | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1448 | [[:d:Q5442084|Q5442084]] | [[Felis chaus maimanah]] | Felis chaus maimanah | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1449 | [[:d:Q5442085|Q5442085]] | [[Felis chaus oxiana]] | Felis chaus oxiana | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1450 | [[:d:Q5477080|Q5477080]] | [[Leptailurus serval lonnbergi]] | Leptailurus serval lonnbergi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1451 | [[:d:Q9021703|Q9021703]] | [[Leptailurus serval beirae]] | Leptailurus serval beirae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1452 | [[:d:Q9021710|Q9021710]] | [[Leptailurus serval faradjius]] | Leptailurus serval faradjius | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1453 | [[:d:Q9021712|Q9021712]] | [[Leptailurus serval ferrarii]] | Leptailurus serval ferrarii | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1454 | [[:d:Q9021713|Q9021713]] | [[Leptailurus serval hamiltoni]] | Leptailurus serval hamiltoni | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1455 | [[:d:Q9021716|Q9021716]] | [[Leptailurus serval hindei]] | Leptailurus serval hindei | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1456 | [[:d:Q9021724|Q9021724]] | [[Leptailurus serval pantastictus]] | Leptailurus serval pantastictus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1457 | [[:d:Q9021728|Q9021728]] | [[Leptailurus serval robertsi]] | Leptailurus serval robertsi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1458 | [[:d:Q9021732|Q9021732]] | [[Leptailurus serval togoensis]] | Leptailurus serval togoensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1459 | [[:d:Q11688829|Q11688829]] | [[Leptailurus serval brachyurus]] | Leptailurus serval brachyurus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1460 | [[:d:Q11688832|Q11688832]] | [[Leptailurus serval kempi]] | Leptailurus serval kempi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1461 | [[:d:Q11688834|Q11688834]] | [[Leptailurus serval mababiensis]] | Leptailurus serval mababiensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Serval|Leptailurus serval]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1462 | [[:d:Q20907115|Q20907115]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis | 3 | | [[File:Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis 2-Découpe.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1463 | [[:d:Q20907141|Q20907141]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides]] | Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides | 3 | | [[File:Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1464 | [[:d:Q4006547|Q4006547]] | [[Ursus ladinicus]] | Ursus ladinicus | 3 | | [[File:Ursus ladinicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1465 | [[:d:Q9367140|Q9367140]] | [[Ursus wenzensis]] | Ursus wenzensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1466 | [[:d:Q5985179|Q5985179]] | [[Lynx rufus gigas]] | Lynx rufus gigas | 3 | | [[File:Bobcat2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1467 | [[:d:Q8961149|Q8961149]] | [[Felis silvestris griselda]] | Felis silvestris griselda | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1468 | [[:d:Q8961150|Q8961150]] | [[Felis silvestris haussa]] | Felis silvestris haussa | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1469 | [[:d:Q8961152|Q8961152]] | [[Felis silvestris iraki]] | Felis silvestris iraki | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1470 | [[:d:Q8961153|Q8961153]] | [[Felis silvestris mellandi]] | Felis silvestris mellandi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1471 | [[:d:Q8961155|Q8961155]] | [[Felis silvestris nesterovi]] | Felis silvestris nesterovi | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1472 | [[:d:Q8961158|Q8961158]] | [[Felis silvestris tristrami]] | Felis silvestris tristrami | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1473 | [[:d:Q8961159|Q8961159]] | [[Felis silvestris rubida]] | Felis silvestris rubida | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1474 | [[:d:Q8961160|Q8961160]] | [[Felis silvestris ugandae]] | Felis silvestris ugandae | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1475 | [[:d:Q11681812|Q11681812]] | [[Felis silvestris chutuchta]] | Felis silvestris chutuchta | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1476 | [[:d:Q4043537|Q4043537]] | [[Machairodus aphanistus]] | Machairodus aphanistus | 3 | | [[File:Machairodus aphanistus female skull - Batallones fossil sites, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1477 | [[:d:Q15695549|Q15695549]] | [[Nyctereutes tingi]] | Nyctereutes tingi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1478 | [[:d:Q122936769|Q122936769]] | [[Stenailurus teilhardi]] | Stenailurus teilhardi | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Stenailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1479 | [[:d:Q120765693|Q120765693]] | [[Taowu liui]] | Taowu liui | 3 | | [[File:Taowu liui skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taowu]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1480 | [[:d:Q128263021|Q128263021]] | [[North African wildcat]] | Felis lybica lybica | 3 | | [[File:Felis silvestris lybica 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1481 | [[:d:Q6741612|Q6741612]] | [[Borophagus parvus]] | Borophagus parvus | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus cyonoides 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1482 | [[:d:Q16975227|Q16975227]] | [[Borophagus diversidens]] | Borophagus diversidens | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus diversidens.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1483 | [[:d:Q16975237|Q16975237]] | [[Borophagus hilli]] | Borophagus hilli | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1484 | [[:d:Q16975242|Q16975242]] | [[Borophagus littoralis]] | Borophagus littoralis | 3 | | [[File:Borophagus littoralis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1485 | [[:d:Q16975253|Q16975253]] | [[Borophagus pugnator]] | Borophagus pugnator | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1486 | [[:d:Q16975257|Q16975257]] | [[Borophagus secundus]] | Borophagus secundus | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1487 | [[:d:Q20907551|Q20907551]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1488 | [[:d:Q20907603|Q20907603]] | [[Melursus ursinus ursinus]] | Melursus ursinus ursinus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melursus ursinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1489 | [[:d:Q20907606|Q20907606]] | [[Ursus americanus machetes]] | Ursus americanus machetes | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1490 | [[:d:Q20907607|Q20907607]] | [[Ursus americanus perniger]] | Ursus americanus perniger | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus americanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1491 | [[:d:Q55693842|Q55693842]] | [[Canis lycaon]] | Canis lycaon | 3 | | [[File:Eastern wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park 01.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1492 | [[:d:Q20907552|Q20907552]] | [[Otocyon megalotis megalotis]] | Otocyon megalotis megalotis | 3 | | [[File:187 Bat-eared fox in Otjozondjupa Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1493 | [[:d:Q110266161|Q110266161]] | [[Canis borjgali]] | Canis borjgali | 3 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1494 | [[:d:Q122840720|Q122840720]] | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus albus]] | Nyctereutes viverrinus albus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes viverrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1495 | [[:d:Q20720126|Q20720126]] | [[Canis lupus variabilis]] | Canis mosbachensis variabilis | 3 | | [[File:Canis variabilis mandible.tif|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis mosbachensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1496 | [[:d:Q20907492|Q20907492]] | [[Canis aureus ecsedensis]] | Canis aureus ecsedensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1497 | [[:d:Q20907500|Q20907500]] | [[Canis latrans clepticus]] | Canis latrans clepticus | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1498 | [[:d:Q20907513|Q20907513]] | [[Canis latrans texensis]] | Canis latrans texensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1499 | [[:d:Q20907515|Q20907515]] | [[Canis latrans umpquensis]] | Canis latrans umpquensis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1500 | [[:d:Q20907516|Q20907516]] | [[Canis latrans vigilis]] | Canis latrans vigilis | 3 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1501 | [[:d:Q20907522|Q20907522]] | [[Canis mesomelas mesomelas]] | Canis mesomelas mesomelas | 3 | | [[File:L. m. mesomelas, Sunday's River Valley Local Municipality 1.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1502 | [[:d:Q20907523|Q20907523]] | [[Canis mesomelas schmidti]] | Canis mesomelas schmidti | 3 | | [[File:Lupulella mesomelas schmidti Kenya 2020 1.jpg (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1503 | [[:d:Q61474546|Q61474546]] | [[Leptarctus]] | Leptarctus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1504 | [[:d:Q108475852|Q108475852]] | [[Kawas]] | Kawas | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1505 | [[:d:Q110448466|Q110448466]] | [[Baranogale]] | Baranogale | 2 | | [[File:Baranogale helbingi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1506 | [[:d:Q112959022|Q112959022]] | [[Aragonictis]] | Aragonictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1507 | [[:d:Q121345006|Q121345006]] | [[Plionictis]] | Plionictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1508 | [[:d:Q123015011|Q123015011]] | [[Miophoca]] | Miophoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1509 | [[:d:Q123015038|Q123015038]] | [[Virginiaphoca]] | Virginiaphoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1510 | [[:d:Q123015074|Q123015074]] | [[Properiptychus]] | Properiptychus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1511 | [[:d:Q123015092|Q123015092]] | [[Messiphoca]] | Messiphoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1512 | [[:d:Q131160761|Q131160761]] | [[Hoplictis]] | Hoplictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1513 | [[:d:Q16993011|Q16993011]] | [[Teruelictis]] | Teruelictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1514 | [[:d:Q17465087|Q17465087]] | [[Prionodontidae]] | Prionodontidae | 2 | | [[File:Prionodon maculosus.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1515 | [[:d:Q21661407|Q21661407]] | [[Parataxidea]] | Parataxidea | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1516 | [[:d:Q28031449|Q28031449]] | [[Ekorus]] | Ekorus | 2 | | [[File:Ekorus and Viverra.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1517 | [[:d:Q33139904|Q33139904]] | [[Leptarctinae]] | Leptarctinae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1518 | [[:d:Q59780239|Q59780239]] | [[Plesiogale]] | Plesiogale | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1519 | [[:d:Q105658688|Q105658688]] | [[Zanclonychopus]] | Zanclonychopus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1520 | [[:d:Q5663088|Q5663088]] | [[Harpagophagus]] | Harpagophagus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1521 | [[:d:Q7254211|Q7254211]] | [[Pseudamphicyon]] | Pseudamphicyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1522 | [[:d:Q10334025|Q10334025]] | [[Mustelida]] | Mustelida | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1523 | [[:d:Q18001804|Q18001804]] | [[Neotherium]] | Neotherium | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1524 | [[:d:Q19758225|Q19758225]] | [[Trigonictis]] | Trigonictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1525 | [[:d:Q21344937|Q21344937]] | [[Arctomeles]] | Arctomeles | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1526 | [[:d:Q33147923|Q33147923]] | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | Thaumastocyoninae | 2 | | [[File:Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz- (8)-Bärenhund-Agnotherium antiquum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1527 | [[:d:Q48465840|Q48465840]] | [[Kamtschatarctos]] | Kamtschatarctos | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1528 | [[:d:Q48528770|Q48528770]] | [[Semantor]] | Semantor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Semantoridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1529 | [[:d:Q85989695|Q85989695]] | [[Lophocyon]] | Lophocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lophocyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1530 | [[:d:Q119320064|Q119320064]] | [[Subparictis]] | Subparictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1531 | [[:d:Q119332064|Q119332064]] | [[Eoarctos]] | Eoarctos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1532 | [[:d:Q122216409|Q122216409]] | [[Lonchocyon]] | Lonchocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1533 | [[:d:Q123015160|Q123015160]] | [[Pacificotaria]] | Pacificotaria | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1534 | [[:d:Q3757593|Q3757593]] | [[Galerella swalius]] | Galerella swalius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1535 | [[:d:Q21445893|Q21445893]] | [[Osbornictis]] | Osbornictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1536 | [[:d:Q125459871|Q125459871]] | [[Genetta fieldiana]] | Genetta fieldiana | 2 | | [[File:Genetta fieldinana.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1537 | [[:d:Q135973229|Q135973229]] | [[Megencephalon]] | Megencephalon | 2 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1538 | [[:d:Q16988557|Q16988557]] | [[Prosansanosmilus peregrinus]] | Prosansanosmilus peregrinus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1539 | [[:d:Q10811693|Q10811693]] | [[Rhynchogale]] | Rhynchogale | 2 | | [[File:Smit.m.rhinogale.melleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon monotypic]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1540 | [[:d:Q16983083|Q16983083]] | [[Herpestides]] | Herpestides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1541 | [[:d:Q21446239|Q21446239]] | [[Barbourofelinae]] | Barbourofelinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1542 | [[:d:Q28309613|Q28309613]] | [[Xenogale]] | Xenogale | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1543 | [[:d:Q85989669|Q85989669]] | [[Legetetia]] | Legetetia | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1544 | [[:d:Q85989765|Q85989765]] | [[Mioprionodon]] | Mioprionodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1545 | [[:d:Q106918005|Q106918005]] | [[Dunictis]] | Dunictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1546 | [[:d:Q116761711|Q116761711]] | [[Allohyaena]] | Allohyaena | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1547 | [[:d:Q125902653|Q125902653]] | [[Buisnictis]] | Buisnictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1548 | [[:d:Q126888234|Q126888234]] | [[Mephitinae]] | Mephitinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1549 | [[:d:Q136655510|Q136655510]] | [[Kichechia]] | Kichechia | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1550 | [[:d:Q136680096|Q136680096]] | [[Mungosinae]] | Mungosinae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1551 | [[:d:Q20907243|Q20907243]] | [[Genetta genetta genetta]] | Genetta genetta genetta | 2 | | [[File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1552 | [[:d:Q20907915|Q20907915]] | [[Conepatus chinga budini]] | Conepatus chinga budini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1553 | [[:d:Q20907916|Q20907916]] | [[Conepatus chinga gibsoni]] | Conepatus chinga gibsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1554 | [[:d:Q20907917|Q20907917]] | [[Conepatus chinga inca]] | Conepatus chinga inca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1555 | [[:d:Q20907918|Q20907918]] | [[Conepatus chinga mendosus]] | Conepatus chinga mendosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus chinga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1556 | [[:d:Q20907938|Q20907938]] | [[Mephitis mephitis mephitis]] | Mephitis mephitis mephitis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1557 | [[:d:Q20907939|Q20907939]] | [[Mephitis mephitis avia]] | Mephitis mephitis avia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1558 | [[:d:Q20907940|Q20907940]] | [[Mephitis mephitis elongata]] | Mephitis mephitis elongata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1559 | [[:d:Q20907941|Q20907941]] | [[Mephitis mephitis estor]] | Mephitis mephitis estor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1560 | [[:d:Q20907942|Q20907942]] | [[Mephitis mephitis holzneri]] | Mephitis mephitis holzneri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1561 | [[:d:Q20907944|Q20907944]] | [[Mephitis mephitis major]] | Mephitis mephitis major | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1562 | [[:d:Q20907947|Q20907947]] | [[Mephitis mephitis notata]] | Mephitis mephitis notata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1563 | [[:d:Q20907948|Q20907948]] | [[Mephitis mephitis occidentalis]] | Mephitis mephitis occidentalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1564 | [[:d:Q20907949|Q20907949]] | [[Mephitis mephitis spissigrada]] | Mephitis mephitis spissigrada | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1565 | [[:d:Q20907950|Q20907950]] | [[Mephitis mephitis varians]] | Mephitis mephitis varians | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis mephitis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1566 | [[:d:Q20907968|Q20907968]] | [[Spilogale putorius putorius]] | Spilogale putorius putorius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1567 | [[:d:Q20907969|Q20907969]] | [[Spilogale putorius ambarvalis]] | Spilogale putorius ambarvalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1568 | [[:d:Q41084394|Q41084394]] | [[Lutra simplicidens]] | Lutra simplicidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1569 | [[:d:Q107987062|Q107987062]] | [[Lutra castiglionis]] | Lutra castiglionis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1570 | [[:d:Q124036891|Q124036891]] | [[Lutra franconica]] | Lutra franconica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1571 | [[:d:Q138589737|Q138589737]] | [[Lutrogale]] | Lutrogale | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1572 | [[:d:Q138589741|Q138589741]] | [[Lutra]] | Lutra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1573 | [[:d:Q25436875|Q25436875]] | [[Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae]] | Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kamtschatarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1574 | [[:d:Q28936311|Q28936311]] | [[Eotaria citrica]] | Eotaria citrica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1575 | [[:d:Q108635403|Q108635403]] | [[Oriensarctos watasei]] | Oriensarctos watasei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oriensarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1576 | [[:d:Q111034276|Q111034276]] | [[Oriensmilus liupanensis]] | Oriensmilus liupanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oriensmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1577 | [[:d:Q17620514|Q17620514]] | [[Amphicyon ingens]] | Amphicyon ingens | 2 | | [[File:Amphicyon ingens White Background.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1578 | [[:d:Q20907615|Q20907615]] | [[Odobenus rosmarus laptevi]] | Odobenus rosmarus laptevi | 2 | | [[File:RR5109-0037R Лаптевский морж.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Morsa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1579 | [[:d:Q20907616|Q20907616]] | [[Erignathus barbatus barbatus]] | Erignathus barbatus barbatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1580 | [[:d:Q20907618|Q20907618]] | [[Erignathus barbatus nautica]] | Erignathus barbatus nautica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Erignathus barbatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1581 | [[:d:Q20907626|Q20907626]] | [[Pusa hispida ochotensis]] | Pusa hispida ochotensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca hispida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1582 | [[:d:Q20907971|Q20907971]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea pygmaea]] | Spilogale pygmaea pygmaea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1583 | [[:d:Q20907972|Q20907972]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea australis]] | Spilogale pygmaea australis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1584 | [[:d:Q20907973|Q20907973]] | [[Spilogale pygmaea intermedia]] | Spilogale pygmaea intermedia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale pygmaea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1585 | [[:d:Q63525119|Q63525119]] | [[Crocuta crocuta ultima]] | Crocuta crocuta ultima | 2 | | [[File:最后的鬣狗 大庆.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1586 | [[:d:Q138497596|Q138497596]] | [[Pocockictis]] | Pocockictis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1587 | [[:d:Q20907321|Q20907321]] | [[Cynictis penicillata bradfieldi]] | Cynictis penicillata bradfieldi | 2 | | [[File:082 Yellow mongoose in Khomas Region Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1588 | [[:d:Q20907921|Q20907921]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii humboldtii]] | Conepatus humboldtii humboldtii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1589 | [[:d:Q20907924|Q20907924]] | [[Conepatus humboldtii proteus]] | Conepatus humboldtii proteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus humboldtii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1590 | [[:d:Q20907928|Q20907928]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus]] | Conepatus semistriatus semistriatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1591 | [[:d:Q20907930|Q20907930]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus taxinus]] | Conepatus semistriatus taxinus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1592 | [[:d:Q20907931|Q20907931]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus trichurus]] | Conepatus semistriatus trichurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1593 | [[:d:Q20907932|Q20907932]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus yucatanicus]] | Conepatus semistriatus yucatanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1594 | [[:d:Q20907933|Q20907933]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus zorrino]] | Conepatus semistriatus zorrino | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1595 | [[:d:Q20907951|Q20907951]] | [[Mydaus javanensis javanensis]] | Mydaus javanensis javanensis | 2 | | [[File:Zoological researches in Java, and the neighbouring islands BHL47293032.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1596 | [[:d:Q20907952|Q20907952]] | [[Mydaus javanensis lucifer]] | Mydaus javanensis lucifer | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1597 | [[:d:Q20907953|Q20907953]] | [[Mydaus javanensis ollula]] | Mydaus javanensis ollula | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mydaus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1598 | [[:d:Q33176727|Q33176727]] | [[Monachini]] | Monachini | 2 | | [[File:Hawaiian monk seal at French Frigate Shoals 07.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1599 | [[:d:Q33177856|Q33177856]] | [[Miroungini]] | Miroungini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Monachinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1600 | [[:d:Q56328001|Q56328001]] | [[Melodon]] | Melodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1601 | [[:d:Q85989383|Q85989383]] | [[Euboictis]] | Euboictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1602 | [[:d:Q131905160|Q131905160]] | [[Saketoteron]] | Saketoteron | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1603 | [[:d:Q135095196|Q135095196]] | [[Pachycynodon]] | Pachycynodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1604 | [[:d:Q14136913|Q14136913]] | [[Pogonodon pseudocanaricus]] | Pogonodon pseudocanaricus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pogonodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1605 | [[:d:Q20907926|Q20907926]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus figginsi]] | Conepatus leuconotus figginsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1606 | [[:d:Q20907927|Q20907927]] | [[Conepatus leuconotus telmalestes]] | Conepatus leuconotus telmalestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus leuconotus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1607 | [[:d:Q3999197|Q3999197]] | [[Trocharion albanense]] | Trocharion albanense | 2 | | [[File:Trocharion.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Trocharion]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1608 | [[:d:Q30893535|Q30893535]] | [[Protodobenus japonicus]] | Protodobenus japonicus | 2 | | [[File:Protodobenus japonicus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protodobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1609 | [[:d:Q33176599|Q33176599]] | [[Phocini]] | Phocini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1610 | [[:d:Q33177423|Q33177423]] | [[Cystophorini]] | Cystophorini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1611 | [[:d:Q33177565|Q33177565]] | [[Erignathini]] | Erignathini | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1612 | [[:d:Q115382200|Q115382200]] | [[Ammitocyon]] | Ammitocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1613 | [[:d:Q123015101|Q123015101]] | [[Devinophoca]] | Devinophoca | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1614 | [[:d:Q6009542|Q6009542]] | [[Meles iberica]] | Meles iberica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1615 | [[:d:Q20907934|Q20907934]] | [[Mephitis macroura macroura]] | Mephitis macroura macroura | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1616 | [[:d:Q20907935|Q20907935]] | [[Mephitis macroura eximius]] | Mephitis macroura eximius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1617 | [[:d:Q20907936|Q20907936]] | [[Mephitis macroura milleri]] | Mephitis macroura milleri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1618 | [[:d:Q20907937|Q20907937]] | [[Mephitis macroura richardsoni]] | Mephitis macroura richardsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitis macroura]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1619 | [[:d:Q20907954|Q20907954]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons]] | Spilogale angustifrons angustifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1620 | [[:d:Q20907955|Q20907955]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons celeris]] | Spilogale angustifrons celeris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1621 | [[:d:Q20907956|Q20907956]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons elata]] | Spilogale angustifrons elata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1622 | [[:d:Q20907957|Q20907957]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons tropicalis]] | Spilogale angustifrons tropicalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1623 | [[:d:Q20907958|Q20907958]] | [[Spilogale angustifrons yucatanensis]] | Spilogale angustifrons yucatanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale angustifrons]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1624 | [[:d:Q20907960|Q20907960]] | [[Spilogale gracilis gracilis]] | Spilogale gracilis gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1625 | [[:d:Q20907963|Q20907963]] | [[Spilogale gracilis latifrons]] | Spilogale gracilis latifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1626 | [[:d:Q20907964|Q20907964]] | [[Spilogale gracilis leucoparia]] | Spilogale gracilis leucoparia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1627 | [[:d:Q20907965|Q20907965]] | [[Spilogale gracilis lucasana]] | Spilogale gracilis lucasana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1628 | [[:d:Q20907966|Q20907966]] | [[Spilogale gracilis martirensis]] | Spilogale gracilis martirensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1629 | [[:d:Q20907967|Q20907967]] | [[Spilogale gracilis phenax]] | Spilogale gracilis phenax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Spilogale gracilis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1630 | [[:d:Q135914448|Q135914448]] | [[Meles amurensis]] | Meles amurensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1631 | [[:d:Q223410|Q223410]] | [[Alopex]] | Alopex | 2 | | [[File:Eisfuchscele4.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1632 | [[:d:Q6992706|Q6992706]] | [[Neocynodesmus]] | Neocynodesmus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1633 | [[:d:Q16963604|Q16963604]] | [[Metalopex]] | Metalopex | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1634 | [[:d:Q21368804|Q21368804]] | [[Mececyon]] | Mececyon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1635 | [[:d:Q21368805|Q21368805]] | [[Megacyon]] | Megacyon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1636 | [[:d:Q21445604|Q21445604]] | [[Acinonychinae]] | Acinonychinae | 2 | | [[File:Cheetah.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1637 | [[:d:Q55374881|Q55374881]] | [[Protemnocyon]] | Protemnocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canides|Canidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1638 | [[:d:Q85989052|Q85989052]] | [[Aeluropsis]] | Aeluropsis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1639 | [[:d:Q6427869|Q6427869]] | [[Kolponomos clallamensis]] | Kolponomos clallamensis | 2 | | [[File:Kolponomos clallamensis mandible.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kolponomos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1640 | [[:d:Q108872331|Q108872331]] | [[Allodesmus uraiporensis]] | Allodesmus uraiporensis | 2 | | [[File:Allodesmus uraiporensis — skull of holotype AMP 25 (Royal Society Open Science).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1641 | [[:d:Q7271357|Q7271357]] | [[Quercylurus major]] | Quercylurus major | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Quercylurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1642 | [[:d:Q108422364|Q108422364]] | [[Civettictis braini]] | Civettictis braini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1643 | [[:d:Q124282736|Q124282736]] | [[Gulo sudorus]] | Gulo sudorus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1644 | [[:d:Q125026543|Q125026543]] | [[Gulo minor]] | Gulo minor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1645 | [[:d:Q4499772|Q4499772]] | [[Polecat-mink hybrid]] | Mustela putorius × Mustela lutreola | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1646 | [[:d:Q20907623|Q20907623]] | [[Phoca vitulina mellonae]] | Phoca vitulina mellonae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phoca vitulina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1647 | [[:d:Q24694602|Q24694602]] | [[Martes]] | Martes | 2 | | [[File:American Marten.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1648 | [[:d:Q27898163|Q27898163]] | [[Kolonokus]] | Kolonokus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1649 | [[:d:Q59420993|Q59420993]] | [[Halichoerus grypus atlantica]] | Halichoerus grypus atlantica | 2 | | [[File:Grey Seals, Rathlin Island.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Halichoerus grypus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1650 | [[:d:Q131451883|Q131451883]] | [[Martes crassidens]] | Martes crassidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1651 | [[:d:Q138664073|Q138664073]] | [[Charronia]] | Charronia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1652 | [[:d:Q20907479|Q20907479]] | [[Suricata suricatta suricatta]] | Suricata suricatta suricatta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1653 | [[:d:Q20907628|Q20907628]] | [[Aonyx capensis microdon]] | Aonyx capensis microdon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1654 | [[:d:Q20907629|Q20907629]] | [[Aonyx capensis philippsi]] | Aonyx capensis philippsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1655 | [[:d:Q20907633|Q20907633]] | [[Enhydra lutris lutris]] | Enhydra lutris lutris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1656 | [[:d:Q20907634|Q20907634]] | [[Enhydra lutris kenyoni]] | Enhydra lutris kenyoni | 2 | | [[File:Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) - Flickr - Gregory "Slobirdr" Smith.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Enhydra lutris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1657 | [[:d:Q20907648|Q20907648]] | [[Lutra lutra lutra]] | Lutra lutra lutra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1658 | [[:d:Q20907649|Q20907649]] | [[Lutra lutra angustifrons]] | Lutra lutra angustifrons | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1659 | [[:d:Q20907650|Q20907650]] | [[Lutra lutra aurobrunneus]] | Lutra lutra aurobrunneus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1660 | [[:d:Q20907651|Q20907651]] | [[Lutra lutra barang]] | Lutra lutra barang | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1661 | [[:d:Q20907652|Q20907652]] | [[Lutra lutra chinensis]] | Lutra lutra chinensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1662 | [[:d:Q20907653|Q20907653]] | [[Lutra lutra hainana]] | Lutra lutra hainana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1663 | [[:d:Q20907654|Q20907654]] | [[Lutra lutra kutab]] | Lutra lutra kutab | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1664 | [[:d:Q20907656|Q20907656]] | [[Lutra lutra monticolus]] | Lutra lutra monticolus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1665 | [[:d:Q20907657|Q20907657]] | [[Lutra lutra nair]] | Lutra lutra nair | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1666 | [[:d:Q20907662|Q20907662]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1667 | [[:d:Q20907663|Q20907663]] | [[Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis]] | Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pteronura brasiliensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1668 | [[:d:Q20907698|Q20907698]] | [[Ictonyx libyca libyca]] | Ictonyx libyca libyca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1669 | [[:d:Q20907700|Q20907700]] | [[Ictonyx libyca multivittata]] | Ictonyx libyca multivittata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1670 | [[:d:Q20907703|Q20907703]] | [[Ictonyx libyca oralis]] | Ictonyx libyca oralis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1671 | [[:d:Q20907705|Q20907705]] | [[Ictonyx libyca rothschildi]] | Ictonyx libyca rothschildi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1672 | [[:d:Q20907857|Q20907857]] | [[Mustela kathiah kathiah]] | Mustela kathiah kathiah | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela kathiah]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1673 | [[:d:Q20907858|Q20907858]] | [[Mustela kathiah caporiaccoi]] | Mustela kathiah caporiaccoi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela kathiah]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1674 | [[:d:Q20907910|Q20907910]] | [[Vormela peregusna peregusna]] | Vormela peregusna peregusna | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1675 | [[:d:Q20907911|Q20907911]] | [[Vormela peregusna koshewnikowi]] | Vormela peregusna koshewnikowi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1676 | [[:d:Q20907912|Q20907912]] | [[Vormela peregusna negans]] | Vormela peregusna negans | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1677 | [[:d:Q20907913|Q20907913]] | [[Vormela peregusna pallidior]] | Vormela peregusna pallidior | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1678 | [[:d:Q20907914|Q20907914]] | [[Vormela peregusna syriaca]] | Vormela peregusna syriaca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vormela peregusna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1679 | [[:d:Q27450850|Q27450850]] | [[Herpailurus]] | Herpailurus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[felinos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1680 | [[:d:Q11691942|Q11691942]] | [[Meles meles canescens]] | Meles meles canescens | 2 | | [[File:MelesCanescens.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1681 | [[:d:Q20907801|Q20907801]] | [[Mustela erminea augustidens]] | Mustela erminea augustidens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1682 | [[:d:Q20907871|Q20907871]] | [[Mustela putorius aureola]] | Mustela putorius aureola | 2 | | [[File:Mustelaputoriusaureola.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela putorius]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1683 | [[:d:Q20907885|Q20907885]] | [[Neovison vison vison]] | Neovison vison vison | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1684 | [[:d:Q20907886|Q20907886]] | [[Neovison vison aestuarina]] | Neovison vison aestuarina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1685 | [[:d:Q20907887|Q20907887]] | [[Neovison vison aniakensis]] | Neovison vison aniakensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1686 | [[:d:Q20907888|Q20907888]] | [[Neovison vison energumenos]] | Neovison vison energumenos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1687 | [[:d:Q20907889|Q20907889]] | [[Neovison vison evagor]] | Neovison vison evagor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1688 | [[:d:Q20907890|Q20907890]] | [[Neovison vison evergladensis]] | Neovison vison evergladensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1689 | [[:d:Q20907891|Q20907891]] | [[Neovison vison ingens]] | Neovison vison ingens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1690 | [[:d:Q20907892|Q20907892]] | [[Neovison vison lacustris]] | Neovison vison lacustris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1691 | [[:d:Q20907893|Q20907893]] | [[Neovison vison letifera]] | Neovison vison letifera | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1692 | [[:d:Q20907894|Q20907894]] | [[Neovison vison lowii]] | Neovison vison lowii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1693 | [[:d:Q20907895|Q20907895]] | [[Neovison vison lutensis]] | Neovison vison lutensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1694 | [[:d:Q20907896|Q20907896]] | [[Neovison vison melampeplus]] | Neovison vison melampeplus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1695 | [[:d:Q20907897|Q20907897]] | [[Neovison vison mink]] | Neovison vison mink | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1696 | [[:d:Q20907898|Q20907898]] | [[Neovison vison nesolestes]] | Neovison vison nesolestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1697 | [[:d:Q20907899|Q20907899]] | [[Neovison vison vulgivaga]] | Neovison vison vulgivaga | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neovison vison]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1698 | [[:d:Q11694640|Q11694640]] | [[Mustela nivalis aistoodonnivalis]] | Mustela nivalis aistoodonnivalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1699 | [[:d:Q20907861|Q20907861]] | [[Mustela nivalis caucasica]] | Mustela nivalis caucasica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1700 | [[:d:Q20907862|Q20907862]] | [[Mustela nivalis mosanensis]] | Mustela nivalis mosanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1701 | [[:d:Q20907865|Q20907865]] | [[Mustela nivalis rossica]] | Mustela nivalis rossica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nivalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1702 | [[:d:Q9047225|Q9047225]] | [[Mustela altaica tsaidamensis]] | Mustela altaica tsaidamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela altaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1703 | [[:d:Q20907184|Q20907184]] | [[Paguma larvata taivana]] | Paguma larvata taivana | 2 | | [[File:Formosan Masked Palm Civet in Shoushan Zoo.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1704 | [[:d:Q20907186|Q20907186]] | [[Paguma larvata tytlerii]] | Paguma larvata tytlerii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1705 | [[:d:Q20907758|Q20907758]] | [[Martes pennanti pennanti]] | Martes pennanti pennanti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1706 | [[:d:Q20907759|Q20907759]] | [[Martes pennanti columbiana]] | Martes pennanti columbiana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1707 | [[:d:Q20907760|Q20907760]] | [[Martes pennanti pacifica]] | Martes pennanti pacifica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes pennanti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1708 | [[:d:Q20907765|Q20907765]] | [[Meles leucurus leucurus]] | Meles leucurus leucurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1709 | [[:d:Q20907767|Q20907767]] | [[Meles leucurus arenarius]] | Meles leucurus arenarius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1710 | [[:d:Q20907768|Q20907768]] | [[Meles leucurus sibiricus]] | Meles leucurus sibiricus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1711 | [[:d:Q20907769|Q20907769]] | [[Meles leucurus tianschanensis]] | Meles leucurus tianschanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1712 | [[:d:Q20907783|Q20907783]] | [[Melogale moschata moschata]] | Melogale moschata moschata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1713 | [[:d:Q20907784|Q20907784]] | [[Melogale moschata ferreogrisea]] | Melogale moschata ferreogrisea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1714 | [[:d:Q20907785|Q20907785]] | [[Melogale moschata hainanensis]] | Melogale moschata hainanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1715 | [[:d:Q20907786|Q20907786]] | [[Melogale moschata millsi]] | Melogale moschata millsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1716 | [[:d:Q20907788|Q20907788]] | [[Melogale moschata sorella]] | Melogale moschata sorella | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1717 | [[:d:Q20907789|Q20907789]] | [[Melogale moschata subaurantiaca]] | Melogale moschata subaurantiaca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1718 | [[:d:Q20907790|Q20907790]] | [[Melogale moschata taxilla]] | Melogale moschata taxilla | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale moschata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1719 | [[:d:Q20907805|Q20907805]] | [[Mustela eversmanii eversmanii]] | Mustela eversmanii eversmanii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1720 | [[:d:Q20907806|Q20907806]] | [[Mustela eversmanii admirata]] | Mustela eversmanii admirata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1721 | [[:d:Q20907808|Q20907808]] | [[Mustela eversmanii hungarica]] | Mustela eversmanii hungarica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1722 | [[:d:Q20907812|Q20907812]] | [[Mustela frenata frenata]] | Mustela frenata frenata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1723 | [[:d:Q20907814|Q20907814]] | [[Mustela frenata affinis]] | Mustela frenata affinis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1724 | [[:d:Q20907815|Q20907815]] | [[Mustela frenata agilis]] | Mustela frenata agilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1725 | [[:d:Q20907816|Q20907816]] | [[Mustela frenata alleni]] | Mustela frenata alleni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1726 | [[:d:Q20907817|Q20907817]] | [[Mustela frenata altifrontalis]] | Mustela frenata altifrontalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1727 | [[:d:Q20907818|Q20907818]] | [[Mustela frenata arizonensis]] | Mustela frenata arizonensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1728 | [[:d:Q20907819|Q20907819]] | [[Mustela frenata arthuri]] | Mustela frenata arthuri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1729 | [[:d:Q20907820|Q20907820]] | [[Mustela frenata aureoventris]] | Mustela frenata aureoventris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1730 | [[:d:Q20907821|Q20907821]] | [[Mustela frenata boliviensis]] | Mustela frenata boliviensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1731 | [[:d:Q20907822|Q20907822]] | [[Mustela frenata costaricensis]] | Mustela frenata costaricensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1732 | [[:d:Q20907823|Q20907823]] | [[Mustela frenata effera]] | Mustela frenata effera | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1733 | [[:d:Q20907824|Q20907824]] | [[Mustela frenata goldmani]] | Mustela frenata goldmani | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1734 | [[:d:Q20907825|Q20907825]] | [[Mustela frenata gracilis]] | Mustela frenata gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1735 | [[:d:Q20907826|Q20907826]] | [[Mustela frenata helleri]] | Mustela frenata helleri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1736 | [[:d:Q20907827|Q20907827]] | [[Mustela frenata inyoensis]] | Mustela frenata inyoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1737 | [[:d:Q20907828|Q20907828]] | [[Mustela frenata latirostra]] | Mustela frenata latirostra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1738 | [[:d:Q20907829|Q20907829]] | [[Mustela frenata leucoparia]] | Mustela frenata leucoparia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1739 | [[:d:Q20907830|Q20907830]] | [[Mustela frenata longicauda]] | Mustela frenata longicauda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1740 | [[:d:Q20907831|Q20907831]] | [[Mustela frenata macrophonius]] | Mustela frenata macrophonius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1741 | [[:d:Q20907832|Q20907832]] | [[Mustela frenata munda]] | Mustela frenata munda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1742 | [[:d:Q20907833|Q20907833]] | [[Mustela frenata neomexicanus]] | Mustela frenata neomexicanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1743 | [[:d:Q20907834|Q20907834]] | [[Mustela frenata nevadensis]] | Mustela frenata nevadensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1744 | [[:d:Q20907836|Q20907836]] | [[Mustela frenata nigriauris]] | Mustela frenata nigriauris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1745 | [[:d:Q20907837|Q20907837]] | [[Mustela frenata notius]] | Mustela frenata notius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1746 | [[:d:Q20907838|Q20907838]] | [[Mustela frenata noveboracensis]] | Mustela frenata noveboracensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1747 | [[:d:Q20907839|Q20907839]] | [[Mustela frenata occisor]] | Mustela frenata occisor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1748 | [[:d:Q20907840|Q20907840]] | [[Mustela frenata olivacea]] | Mustela frenata olivacea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1749 | [[:d:Q20907841|Q20907841]] | [[Mustela frenata oregonensis]] | Mustela frenata oregonensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1750 | [[:d:Q20907842|Q20907842]] | [[Mustela frenata oribasus]] | Mustela frenata oribasus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1751 | [[:d:Q20907843|Q20907843]] | [[Mustela frenata panamensis]] | Mustela frenata panamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1752 | [[:d:Q20907844|Q20907844]] | [[Mustela frenata peninsulae]] | Mustela frenata peninsulae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1753 | [[:d:Q20907845|Q20907845]] | [[Mustela frenata perda]] | Mustela frenata perda | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1754 | [[:d:Q20907846|Q20907846]] | [[Mustela frenata perotae]] | Mustela frenata perotae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1755 | [[:d:Q20907847|Q20907847]] | [[Mustela frenata primulina]] | Mustela frenata primulina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1756 | [[:d:Q20907849|Q20907849]] | [[Mustela frenata pulchra]] | Mustela frenata pulchra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1757 | [[:d:Q20907850|Q20907850]] | [[Mustela frenata saturata]] | Mustela frenata saturata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1758 | [[:d:Q20907851|Q20907851]] | [[Mustela frenata spadix]] | Mustela frenata spadix | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1759 | [[:d:Q20907852|Q20907852]] | [[Mustela frenata texensis]] | Mustela frenata texensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1760 | [[:d:Q20907854|Q20907854]] | [[Mustela frenata tropicalis]] | Mustela frenata tropicalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1761 | [[:d:Q20907855|Q20907855]] | [[Mustela frenata washingtoni]] | Mustela frenata washingtoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1762 | [[:d:Q20907856|Q20907856]] | [[Mustela frenata xanthogenys]] | Mustela frenata xanthogenys | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1763 | [[:d:Q3786481|Q3786481]] | [[Homotheriini]] | Homotheriini | 2 | | [[File:Homotherium serum.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodontinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1764 | [[:d:Q20907263|Q20907263]] | [[Viverra zibetha ashtoni]] | Viverra zibetha ashtoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1765 | [[:d:Q20907264|Q20907264]] | [[Viverra zibetha hainana]] | Viverra zibetha hainana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1766 | [[:d:Q20907266|Q20907266]] | [[Viverra zibetha picta]] | Viverra zibetha picta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1767 | [[:d:Q20907267|Q20907267]] | [[Viverra zibetha pruinosus]] | Viverra zibetha pruinosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1768 | [[:d:Q20907644|Q20907644]] | [[Lontra longicaudis longicaudis]] | Lontra longicaudis longicaudis | 2 | | [[File:Lontra longicaudis longicaudis 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1769 | [[:d:Q20907647|Q20907647]] | [[Lontra longicaudis enudris]] | Lontra longicaudis enudris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra longicaudis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1770 | [[:d:Q20907660|Q20907660]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata perspicillata]] | Lutrogale perspicillata perspicillata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1771 | [[:d:Q20907661|Q20907661]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata sindica]] | Lutrogale perspicillata sindica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1772 | [[:d:Q20907664|Q20907664]] | [[Arctonyx collaris collaris]] | Arctonyx collaris collaris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1773 | [[:d:Q20907665|Q20907665]] | [[Arctonyx collaris albogularis]] | Arctonyx collaris albogularis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1774 | [[:d:Q20907666|Q20907666]] | [[Arctonyx collaris consul]] | Arctonyx collaris consul | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1775 | [[:d:Q20907667|Q20907667]] | [[Arctonyx collaris dictator]] | Arctonyx collaris dictator | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1776 | [[:d:Q20907669|Q20907669]] | [[Arctonyx collaris hoevenii]] | Arctonyx collaris hoevenii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1777 | [[:d:Q20907670|Q20907670]] | [[Arctonyx collaris leucolaemus]] | Arctonyx collaris leucolaemus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctonyx collaris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1778 | [[:d:Q20907793|Q20907793]] | [[Melogale personata personata]] | Melogale personata personata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1779 | [[:d:Q20907794|Q20907794]] | [[Melogale personata laotum]] | Melogale personata laotum | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1780 | [[:d:Q20907796|Q20907796]] | [[Melogale personata nipalensis]] | Melogale personata nipalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1781 | [[:d:Q20907797|Q20907797]] | [[Melogale personata pierrei]] | Melogale personata pierrei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1782 | [[:d:Q20907798|Q20907798]] | [[Melogale personata tonquinia]] | Melogale personata tonquinia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale personata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1783 | [[:d:Q20907809|Q20907809]] | [[Mustela eversmanii larvatus]] | Mustela eversmanii larvatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1784 | [[:d:Q20907810|Q20907810]] | [[Mustela eversmanii michnoi]] | Mustela eversmanii michnoi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1785 | [[:d:Q20907811|Q20907811]] | [[Mustela eversmanii talassicus]] | Mustela eversmanii talassicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1786 | [[:d:Q20907900|Q20907900]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha albinucha]] | Poecilogale albinucha albinucha | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1787 | [[:d:Q20907901|Q20907901]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha bechuanae]] | Poecilogale albinucha bechuanae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1788 | [[:d:Q20907902|Q20907902]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha doggetti]] | Poecilogale albinucha doggetti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1789 | [[:d:Q40521214|Q40521214]] | [[Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli]] | Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lutra de pelle lisie]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1790 | [[:d:Q20907630|Q20907630]] | [[Aonyx cinerea cinerea]] | Aonyx cinerea cinerea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1791 | [[:d:Q20907631|Q20907631]] | [[Aonyx cinerea concolor]] | Aonyx cinerea concolor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1792 | [[:d:Q20907632|Q20907632]] | [[Aonyx cinerea nirnai]] | Aonyx cinerea nirnai | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aonyx cinerea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1793 | [[:d:Q20907636|Q20907636]] | [[Lontra canadensis canadensis]] | Lontra canadensis canadensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1794 | [[:d:Q20907637|Q20907637]] | [[Lontra canadensis kodiacensis]] | Lontra canadensis kodiacensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1795 | [[:d:Q20907638|Q20907638]] | [[Lontra canadensis lataxina]] | Lontra canadensis lataxina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1796 | [[:d:Q20907639|Q20907639]] | [[Lontra canadensis mira]] | Lontra canadensis mira | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1797 | [[:d:Q20907640|Q20907640]] | [[Lontra canadensis pacifica]] | Lontra canadensis pacifica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1798 | [[:d:Q20907641|Q20907641]] | [[Lontra canadensis periclyzomae]] | Lontra canadensis periclyzomae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1799 | [[:d:Q20907643|Q20907643]] | [[Lontra canadensis sonora]] | Lontra canadensis sonora | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lontra canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1800 | [[:d:Q20907671|Q20907671]] | [[Eira barbara barbara]] | Eira barbara barbara | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1801 | [[:d:Q20907672|Q20907672]] | [[Eira barbara biologiae]] | Eira barbara biologiae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1802 | [[:d:Q20907673|Q20907673]] | [[Eira barbara inserta]] | Eira barbara inserta | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1803 | [[:d:Q20907674|Q20907674]] | [[Eira barbara madeirensis]] | Eira barbara madeirensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1804 | [[:d:Q20907675|Q20907675]] | [[Eira barbara peruana]] | Eira barbara peruana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1805 | [[:d:Q20907676|Q20907676]] | [[Eira barbara poliocephala]] | Eira barbara poliocephala | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1806 | [[:d:Q20907677|Q20907677]] | [[Eira barbara senex]] | Eira barbara senex | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1807 | [[:d:Q20907678|Q20907678]] | [[Eira barbara senilis]] | Eira barbara senilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1808 | [[:d:Q20907679|Q20907679]] | [[Eira barbara sinuensis]] | Eira barbara sinuensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eira barbara]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1809 | [[:d:Q20907681|Q20907681]] | [[Galictis cuja cuja]] | Galictis cuja cuja | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1810 | [[:d:Q20907683|Q20907683]] | [[Galictis cuja furax]] | Galictis cuja furax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1811 | [[:d:Q20907685|Q20907685]] | [[Galictis cuja huronax]] | Galictis cuja huronax | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1812 | [[:d:Q20907687|Q20907687]] | [[Galictis cuja luteola]] | Galictis cuja luteola | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis cuja]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1813 | [[:d:Q20907689|Q20907689]] | [[Galictis vittata vittata]] | Galictis vittata vittata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1814 | [[:d:Q20907691|Q20907691]] | [[Galictis vittata andina]] | Galictis vittata andina | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1815 | [[:d:Q20907692|Q20907692]] | [[Galictis vittata brasiliensis]] | Galictis vittata brasiliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1816 | [[:d:Q20907694|Q20907694]] | [[Galictis vittata canaster]] | Galictis vittata canaster | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galictis vittata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1817 | [[:d:Q20907706|Q20907706]] | [[Ictonyx striatus striatus]] | Ictonyx striatus striatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1818 | [[:d:Q20907708|Q20907708]] | [[Ictonyx striatus albescens]] | Ictonyx striatus albescens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1819 | [[:d:Q20907710|Q20907710]] | [[Ictonyx striatus arenarius]] | Ictonyx striatus arenarius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1820 | [[:d:Q20907711|Q20907711]] | [[Ictonyx striatus elgonis]] | Ictonyx striatus elgonis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1821 | [[:d:Q20907713|Q20907713]] | [[Ictonyx striatus erythreae]] | Ictonyx striatus erythreae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1822 | [[:d:Q20907715|Q20907715]] | [[Ictonyx striatus ghansiensis]] | Ictonyx striatus ghansiensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1823 | [[:d:Q20907719|Q20907719]] | [[Ictonyx striatus giganteus]] | Ictonyx striatus giganteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1824 | [[:d:Q20907721|Q20907721]] | [[Ictonyx striatus intermedius]] | Ictonyx striatus intermedius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1825 | [[:d:Q20907723|Q20907723]] | [[Ictonyx striatus kalaharicus]] | Ictonyx striatus kalaharicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1826 | [[:d:Q20907724|Q20907724]] | [[Ictonyx striatus lancasteri]] | Ictonyx striatus lancasteri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1827 | [[:d:Q20907726|Q20907726]] | [[Ictonyx striatus limpopoensis]] | Ictonyx striatus limpopoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1828 | [[:d:Q20907728|Q20907728]] | [[Ictonyx striatus maximus]] | Ictonyx striatus maximus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1829 | [[:d:Q20907730|Q20907730]] | [[Ictonyx striatus obscuratus]] | Ictonyx striatus obscuratus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1830 | [[:d:Q20907732|Q20907732]] | [[Ictonyx striatus orangiae]] | Ictonyx striatus orangiae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1831 | [[:d:Q20907734|Q20907734]] | [[Ictonyx striatus ovamboensis]] | Ictonyx striatus ovamboensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1832 | [[:d:Q20907736|Q20907736]] | [[Ictonyx striatus pretoriae]] | Ictonyx striatus pretoriae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1833 | [[:d:Q20907737|Q20907737]] | [[Ictonyx striatus senegalensis]] | Ictonyx striatus senegalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1834 | [[:d:Q20907739|Q20907739]] | [[Ictonyx striatus shoae]] | Ictonyx striatus shoae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1835 | [[:d:Q20907741|Q20907741]] | [[Ictonyx striatus shortridgei]] | Ictonyx striatus shortridgei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx striatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1836 | [[:d:Q20907873|Q20907873]] | [[Mustela sibirica sibirica]] | Mustela sibirica sibirica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1837 | [[:d:Q20907874|Q20907874]] | [[Mustela sibirica canigula]] | Mustela sibirica canigula | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1838 | [[:d:Q20907875|Q20907875]] | [[Mustela sibirica charbinensis]] | Mustela sibirica charbinensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1839 | [[:d:Q20907877|Q20907877]] | [[Mustela sibirica coreanus]] | Mustela sibirica coreana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1840 | [[:d:Q20907878|Q20907878]] | [[Mustela sibirica davidiana]] | Mustela sibirica davidiana | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica davidiana.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1841 | [[:d:Q20907879|Q20907879]] | [[Mustela sibirica fontanierii]] | Mustela sibirica fontanierii | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica fontanierii.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1842 | [[:d:Q20907880|Q20907880]] | [[Mustela sibirica hodgsoni]] | Mustela sibirica hodgsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1843 | [[:d:Q20907881|Q20907881]] | [[Mustela sibirica manchurica]] | Mustela sibirica manchurica | 2 | | [[File:Mustela sibirica 230828854.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1844 | [[:d:Q20907882|Q20907882]] | [[Mustela sibirica moupinensis]] | Mustela sibirica moupinensis | 2 | | [[File:Milne Edwards - Mustela sibirica moupinensis.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1845 | [[:d:Q20907883|Q20907883]] | [[Mustela sibirica quelpartis]] | Mustela sibirica quelpartis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1846 | [[:d:Q20907884|Q20907884]] | [[Mustela sibirica subhemachalana]] | Mustela sibirica subhemachalana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela sibirica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1847 | [[:d:Q20907905|Q20907905]] | [[Taxidea taxus taxus]] | Taxidea taxus taxus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1848 | [[:d:Q20907907|Q20907907]] | [[Taxidea taxus jacksoni]] | Taxidea taxus jacksoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1849 | [[:d:Q20907908|Q20907908]] | [[Taxidea taxus jeffersonii]] | Taxidea taxus jeffersonii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1850 | [[:d:Q20907909|Q20907909]] | [[Taxidea taxus marylandica]] | Taxidea taxus marylandica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1851 | [[:d:Q122095502|Q122095502]] | [[Palaeopanthera]] | Palaeopanthera | 2 | | [[File:Panthera blytheae NT.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1852 | [[:d:Q109264590|Q109264590]] | [[Ammitocyon kainos]] | Ammitocyon kainos | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ammitocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1853 | [[:d:Q122759313|Q122759313]] | [[Urva javanica]] | Urva javanica | 2 | | [[File:Small asian mongoose.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1854 | [[:d:Q123014947|Q123014947]] | [[Proterozetes]] | Proterozetes | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Zalophini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1855 | [[:d:Q135942454|Q135942454]] | [[Mionictis]] | Mionictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1856 | [[:d:Q137210673|Q137210673]] | [[Vishnuictis plectilodous]] | Vishnuictis plectilodous | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1857 | [[:d:Q9029580|Q9029580]] | [[Martes flavigula aterrima]] | Martes flavigula aterrima | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes flavigula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1858 | [[:d:Q20907770|Q20907770]] | [[Mellivora capensis capensis]] | Mellivora capensis capensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1859 | [[:d:Q20907771|Q20907771]] | [[Mellivora capensis abyssinica]] | Mellivora capensis abyssinica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1860 | [[:d:Q20907772|Q20907772]] | [[Mellivora capensis buechneri]] | Mellivora capensis buechneri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1861 | [[:d:Q20907774|Q20907774]] | [[Mellivora capensis concisa]] | Mellivora capensis concisa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1862 | [[:d:Q20907776|Q20907776]] | [[Mellivora capensis inaurita]] | Mellivora capensis inaurita | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1863 | [[:d:Q20907777|Q20907777]] | [[Mellivora capensis indica]] | Mellivora capensis indica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1864 | [[:d:Q20907778|Q20907778]] | [[Mellivora capensis leuconota]] | Mellivora capensis leuconota | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1865 | [[:d:Q20907779|Q20907779]] | [[Mellivora capensis maxwelli]] | Mellivora capensis maxwelli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1866 | [[:d:Q20907780|Q20907780]] | [[Mellivora capensis pumilio]] | Mellivora capensis pumilio | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1867 | [[:d:Q20907781|Q20907781]] | [[Mellivora capensis signata]] | Mellivora capensis signata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1868 | [[:d:Q20907782|Q20907782]] | [[Mellivora capensis wilsoni]] | Mellivora capensis wilsoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mellivora capensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1869 | [[:d:Q21349881|Q21349881]] | [[Vulpes hassani]] | Vulpes hassani | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1870 | [[:d:Q121910826|Q121910826]] | [[Vulpes alopecoides]] | Vulpes alopecoides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1871 | [[:d:Q126858050|Q126858050]] | [[Vulpes mathisoni]] | Vulpes mathisoni | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1872 | [[:d:Q1815757|Q1815757]] | [[Archaeocyon falkenbachi]] | Archaeocyon falkenbachi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1873 | [[:d:Q2194817|Q2194817]] | [[Archaeocyon leptodus]] | Archaeocyon leptodus | 2 | | [[File:Cormocyon leptodus.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1874 | [[:d:Q2862449|Q2862449]] | [[Archaeocyon pavidus]] | Archaeocyon pavidus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Archaeocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1875 | [[:d:Q3015313|Q3015313]] | [[Simocyon batalleri]] | Simocyon batalleri | 2 | | [[File:Simocyon batalleri.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Simocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1876 | [[:d:Q18578603|Q18578603]] | [[Cynotherium]] | Cynotherium | 2 | | [[File:Cynotherium.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1877 | [[:d:Q20907259|Q20907259]] | [[Viverra tangalunga tangalunga]] | Viverra tangalunga tangalunga | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1878 | [[:d:Q20907260|Q20907260]] | [[Viverra tangalunga lankavensis]] | Viverra tangalunga lankavensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra tangalunga]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1879 | [[:d:Q20907743|Q20907743]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus]] | Lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1880 | [[:d:Q20907745|Q20907745]] | [[Lyncodon patagonicus thomasi]] | Lyncodon patagonicus thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lyncodon patagonicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1881 | [[:d:Q20907756|Q20907756]] | [[Martes melampus coreensis]] | Martes melampus coreensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes melampus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1882 | [[:d:Q20907791|Q20907791]] | [[Melogale orientalis orientalis]] | Melogale orientalis orientalis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale orientalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1883 | [[:d:Q20907792|Q20907792]] | [[Melogale orientalis sundaicus]] | Melogale orientalis sundaicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melogale orientalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1884 | [[:d:Q20907799|Q20907799]] | [[Mustela africana africana]] | Mustela africana africana | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela africana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1885 | [[:d:Q20907868|Q20907868]] | [[Mustela nudipes nudipes]] | Mustela nudipes nudipes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nudipes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1886 | [[:d:Q20907869|Q20907869]] | [[Mustela nudipes leucocephalus]] | Mustela nudipes leucocephalus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela nudipes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1887 | [[:d:Q20907903|Q20907903]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha lebombo]] | Poecilogale albinucha lebombo | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1888 | [[:d:Q20907904|Q20907904]] | [[Poecilogale albinucha transvaalensis]] | Poecilogale albinucha transvaalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poecilogale albinucha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1889 | [[:d:Q110969473|Q110969473]] | [[Pratifelis martini]] | Pratifelis martini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pratifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1890 | [[:d:Q12203786|Q12203786]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii cyrenaica]] | Vulpes rueppellii cyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1891 | [[:d:Q20907526|Q20907526]] | [[Cerdocyon thous thous]] | Cerdocyon thous thous | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1892 | [[:d:Q20907527|Q20907527]] | [[Cerdocyon thous aquilus]] | Cerdocyon thous aquilus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1893 | [[:d:Q20907529|Q20907529]] | [[Cerdocyon thous azarae]] | Cerdocyon thous azarae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1894 | [[:d:Q20907530|Q20907530]] | [[Cerdocyon thous entrerianus]] | Cerdocyon thous entrerianus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1895 | [[:d:Q20907531|Q20907531]] | [[Cerdocyon thous germanus]] | Cerdocyon thous germanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1896 | [[:d:Q20907532|Q20907532]] | [[Cerdocyon thous soudanicus]] | Cerdocyon thous soudanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cerdocyon thous]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1897 | [[:d:Q20907592|Q20907592]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii rueppellii]] | Vulpes rueppellii rueppellii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1898 | [[:d:Q20907593|Q20907593]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii caesia]] | Vulpes rueppellii caesia | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1899 | [[:d:Q20907596|Q20907596]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii sabaea]] | Vulpes rueppellii sabaea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1900 | [[:d:Q20907598|Q20907598]] | [[Vulpes rueppellii zarudnyi]] | Vulpes rueppellii zarudnyi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes rueppellii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1901 | [[:d:Q138662753|Q138662753]] | [[Lynchailurus]] | Lynchailurus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1902 | [[:d:Q3625119|Q3625119]] | [[Asilifelis coteae]] | Asilifelis coteae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Asilifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1903 | [[:d:Q3706712|Q3706712]] | [[Diamantofelis ferox]] | Diamantofelis ferox | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Diamantofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1904 | [[:d:Q3870029|Q3870029]] | [[Namafelis minor]] | Namafelis minor | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Namafelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1905 | [[:d:Q56326409|Q56326409]] | [[Katifelis nightingalei]] | Katifelis nightingalei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Katifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1906 | [[:d:Q56327289|Q56327289]] | [[Dromopanthera leiodon]] | Dromopanthera leiodon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dromopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1907 | [[:d:Q107417536|Q107417536]] | [[Miopanthera lorteti]] | Miopanthera lorteti | 2 | | [[File:(MHNT) Miopanthera lorteti (Gaillard, 1899) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1908 | [[:d:Q111033557|Q111033557]] | [[Parailurus anglicus]] | Parailurus anglicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1909 | [[:d:Q20907583|Q20907583]] | [[Vulpes lagopus lagopus]] | Vulpes lagopus lagopus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1910 | [[:d:Q20907584|Q20907584]] | [[Vulpes lagopus beringensis]] | Vulpes lagopus beringensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1911 | [[:d:Q20907585|Q20907585]] | [[Vulpes lagopus fuliginosus]] | Vulpes lagopus fuliginosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1912 | [[:d:Q20907586|Q20907586]] | [[Vulpes lagopus pribilofensis]] | Vulpes lagopus pribilofensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes lagopus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1913 | [[:d:Q20908032|Q20908032]] | [[Procyon lotor elucus]] | Procyon lotor elucus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1914 | [[:d:Q20908052|Q20908052]] | [[Ailurus fulgens refulgens]] | Ailurus fulgens refulgens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailurus fulgens]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1915 | [[:d:Q5160551|Q5160551]] | [[Congolese spotted lion]] | Panthera leo♂ × Panthera pardus × Panthera onca♀ | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1916 | [[:d:Q10977278|Q10977278]] | [[lipard]] | Panthera leo × Panthera pardus | 2 | | | [[hybrid taxon]] | [[Panthera hybrid]] | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1917 | [[:d:Q20907554|Q20907554]] | [[Speothos venaticus venaticus]] | Speothos venaticus venaticus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1918 | [[:d:Q20907555|Q20907555]] | [[Speothos venaticus panamensis]] | Speothos venaticus panamensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1919 | [[:d:Q20907556|Q20907556]] | [[Speothos venaticus wingei]] | Speothos venaticus wingei | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Speothos venaticus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1920 | [[:d:Q20907557|Q20907557]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1921 | [[:d:Q20907558|Q20907558]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1922 | [[:d:Q20907559|Q20907559]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1923 | [[:d:Q20907560|Q20907560]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1924 | [[:d:Q20907561|Q20907561]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1925 | [[:d:Q20907562|Q20907562]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1926 | [[:d:Q20907563|Q20907563]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1927 | [[:d:Q20907564|Q20907564]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1928 | [[:d:Q20907565|Q20907565]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1929 | [[:d:Q20907566|Q20907566]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1930 | [[:d:Q20907567|Q20907567]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1931 | [[:d:Q20907570|Q20907570]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1932 | [[:d:Q20907572|Q20907572]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1933 | [[:d:Q20907573|Q20907573]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1934 | [[:d:Q22112446|Q22112446]] | [[Proailurus lemanensis]] | Proailurus lemanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1935 | [[:d:Q121036111|Q121036111]] | [[Panthera dhokpathanensis]] | Panthera dhokpathanensis | 2 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1936 | [[:d:Q122026707|Q122026707]] | [[Fortunictis]] | Fortunictis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1937 | [[:d:Q20907482|Q20907482]] | [[Atelocynus microtis microtis]] | Atelocynus microtis microtis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1938 | [[:d:Q20907483|Q20907483]] | [[Atelocynus microtis sclateri]] | Atelocynus microtis sclateri | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atelocynus microtis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1939 | [[:d:Q20907538|Q20907538]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus gymnocercus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus gymnocercus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1940 | [[:d:Q20907539|Q20907539]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus antiquus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus antiquus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1941 | [[:d:Q20907540|Q20907540]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus domeykoanus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus domeykoanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1942 | [[:d:Q20907541|Q20907541]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus gracilis]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus gracilis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1943 | [[:d:Q20907542|Q20907542]] | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus maullinicus]] | Lycalopex gymnocercus maullinicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycalopex gymnocercus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1944 | [[:d:Q20907587|Q20907587]] | [[Vulpes pallida pallida]] | Vulpes pallida pallida | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1945 | [[:d:Q20907588|Q20907588]] | [[Vulpes pallida cyrenaica]] | Vulpes pallida cyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1946 | [[:d:Q20907589|Q20907589]] | [[Vulpes pallida edwardsi]] | Vulpes pallida edwardsi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1947 | [[:d:Q20907590|Q20907590]] | [[Vulpes pallida harterti]] | Vulpes pallida harterti | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1948 | [[:d:Q20907591|Q20907591]] | [[Vulpes pallida oertzeni]] | Vulpes pallida oertzeni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes pallida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1949 | [[:d:Q20907986|Q20907986]] | [[Bassariscus astutus saxicola]] | Bassariscus astutus saxicola | 2 | | [[File:Bassariscus astutus saxicola 293508486.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1950 | [[:d:Q20907995|Q20907995]] | [[Nasua narica narica]] | Nasua narica narica | 2 | | [[File:Nasua narica - Anthony Batista - 465439895.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1951 | [[:d:Q20907996|Q20907996]] | [[Nasua narica molaris]] | Nasua narica molaris | 2 | | [[File:Nasua narica molaris.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1952 | [[:d:Q20907998|Q20907998]] | [[Nasua narica yucatanica]] | Nasua narica yucatanica | 2 | | [[File:194 White-nosed coati at the beach in Yucatán Photo by Giles Laurent (cropped).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua narica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1953 | [[:d:Q112892960|Q112892960]] | [[Ailuropoda fovealis]] | Ailuropoda fovealis | 2 | | [[File:Ailuropoda fovealis skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ailuropoda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1954 | [[:d:Q121010961|Q121010961]] | [[Lynx hei]] | Lynx hei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1955 | [[:d:Q121011228|Q121011228]] | [[Lynx thomasi]] | Lynx thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx (taxon)]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1956 | [[:d:Q126372014|Q126372014]] | [[Acinonyx pleistocaenicus]] | Acinonyx pleistocaenicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1957 | [[:d:Q18644718|Q18644718]] | [[Ailuropodini]] | Ailuropodini | 2 | | [[File:Kretzoiarctos beatrix lower jaws.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropodinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1958 | [[:d:Q19717304|Q19717304]] | [[Ursulus stehlini]] | Ursulus stehlini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursulus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1959 | [[:d:Q20716815|Q20716815]] | [[Agriotherium sivalensis]] | Agriotherium sivalensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1960 | [[:d:Q33177334|Q33177334]] | [[Agriotheriini]] | Agriotheriini | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriotheriinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1961 | [[:d:Q47249071|Q47249071]] | [[Edaphocyon]] | Edaphocyon | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1962 | [[:d:Q111745070|Q111745070]] | [[Longchuansmilus]] | Longchuansmilus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]]<br/>[[saber-toothed cat]] | | [[Machairodontini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1963 | [[:d:Q134355622|Q134355622]] | [[Caracal auratus]] | Caracal auratus | 2 | | [[File:FelisAurataKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1964 | [[:d:Q3893465|Q3893465]] | [[Panthera leo somaliensis]] | Panthera leo somaliensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1965 | [[:d:Q17581454|Q17581454]] | [[Panthera tigris lecoqi]] | Panthera tigris lecoqi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[tigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1966 | [[:d:Q20907067|Q20907067]] | [[Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis]] | Leopardus pardalis aequatorialis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1967 | [[:d:Q20907142|Q20907142]] | [[Panthera leo kamptzi]] | Panthera leo kamptzi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1968 | [[:d:Q21401249|Q21401249]] | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca]] | Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuropoda melanoleuca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1969 | [[:d:Q111781346|Q111781346]] | [[Panthera uncia pyrenaica]] | Panthera uncia pyrenaica | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Panthera uncia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1970 | [[:d:Q122092402|Q122092402]] | [[Pachypanthera piriyai]] | Pachypanthera piriyai | 2 | | [[File:Pachypanthera piriyai Skull Reconstruction.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pachypanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1971 | [[:d:Q122096627|Q122096627]] | [[Palaeopanthera blytheae]] | Palaeopanthera blytheae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Palaeopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1972 | [[:d:Q122711684|Q122711684]] | [[Vishnufelis laticeps]] | Vishnufelis laticeps | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnufelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1973 | [[:d:Q122961405|Q122961405]] | [[Sivapardus punjabiensis]] | Sivapardus punjabiensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sivapardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1974 | [[:d:Q124254179|Q124254179]] | [[Magerifelis peignei]] | Magerifelis peignei | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Magerifelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1975 | [[:d:Q132147256|Q132147256]] | [[Cape black-backed jackal]] | Lupulella mesomelas mesomelas | 2 | | [[File:135 Black-backed jackal hunting for food at Cape cross Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1976 | [[:d:Q132147283|Q132147283]] | [[Lupulella mesomelas schmidti]] | Lupulella mesomelas schmidti | 2 | | [[File:Chacal chabraque.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella mesomelas]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1977 | [[:d:Q133258041|Q133258041]] | [[Paranasua]] | Paranasua | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1978 | [[:d:Q133799716|Q133799716]] | [[Nasua olivacea meridensis]] | Nasua olivacea meridensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1979 | [[:d:Q6059901|Q6059901]] | [[Panthera pardus pernigra]] | Panthera pardus pernigra | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1980 | [[:d:Q6059904|Q6059904]] | [[Balochistan leopard]] | Panthera pardus sindica | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1981 | [[:d:Q9055129|Q9055129]] | [[Panthera pardus ciscaucasica]] | Panthera pardus ciscaucasica | 2 | | [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1982 | [[:d:Q20907118|Q20907118]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1983 | [[:d:Q20907121|Q20907121]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1984 | [[:d:Q20907139|Q20907139]] | [[Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa]] | Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Neofelis nebulosa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1985 | [[:d:Q21355721|Q21355721]] | [[Puma concolor greeni]] | Puma concolor greeni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1986 | [[:d:Q20907046|Q20907046]] | [[Felis nigripes nigripes]] | Felis nigripes nigripes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto a pedes nigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1987 | [[:d:Q20907047|Q20907047]] | [[Felis nigripes thomasi]] | Felis nigripes thomasi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto a pedes nigre]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1988 | [[:d:Q20907076|Q20907076]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus]] | Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1989 | [[:d:Q20907079|Q20907079]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides]] | Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides | 2 | | [[File:Leopardus pardinoides.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1990 | [[:d:Q20907090|Q20907090]] | [[Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus]] | Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1991 | [[:d:Q20907129|Q20907129]] | [[Profelis aurata aurata]] | Profelis aurata aurata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1992 | [[:d:Q20907130|Q20907130]] | [[Profelis aurata cottoni]] | Profelis aurata cottoni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1993 | [[:d:Q2715753|Q2715753]] | [[Dinofelis barlowi]] | Dinofelis barlowi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1994 | [[:d:Q5442089|Q5442089]] | [[Felis margarita airensis]] | Felis margarita airensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1995 | [[:d:Q5442090|Q5442090]] | [[Felis margarita margarita]] | Felis margarita margarita | 2 | | [[File:Felis margarita 12.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1996 | [[:d:Q5442091|Q5442091]] | [[Felis margarita meinertzhageni]] | Felis margarita meinertzhageni | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1997 | [[:d:Q5442093|Q5442093]] | [[Felis margarita scheffeli]] | Felis margarita scheffeli | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto del deserto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1998 | [[:d:Q8961162|Q8961162]] | [[Felis silvestris vellerosa]] | Felis silvestris vellerosa | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 1999 | [[:d:Q20716453|Q20716453]] | [[Adelphailurus kansensis]] | Adelphailurus kansensis | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adelphailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2000 | [[:d:Q20907093|Q20907093]] | [[Lynx canadensis canadensis]] | Lynx canadensis canadensis | 2 | | [[File:Lynx du Canada .jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2001 | [[:d:Q20907094|Q20907094]] | [[Lynx canadensis mollipilosus]] | Lynx canadensis mollipilosus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2002 | [[:d:Q20907095|Q20907095]] | [[Lynx canadensis subsolanus]] | Lynx canadensis subsolanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx canadensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2003 | [[:d:Q20907100|Q20907100]] | [[Lynx rufus rufus]] | Lynx rufus rufus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2004 | [[:d:Q20907104|Q20907104]] | [[Lynx rufus fasciatus]] | Lynx rufus fasciatus | 2 | | [[File:Lynx rufus fasciatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2005 | [[:d:Q20907112|Q20907112]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata marmorata]] | Pardofelis marmorata marmorata | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2006 | [[:d:Q20907113|Q20907113]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata charltonii]] | Pardofelis marmorata charltonii | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2007 | [[:d:Q2881618|Q2881618]] | [[Leopardus pajeros steinbachi]] | Leopardus pajeros steinbachi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2008 | [[:d:Q5703270|Q5703270]] | [[Arctotherium tarijense]] | Arctotherium tarijense | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2009 | [[:d:Q5703273|Q5703273]] | [[Arctotherium vetustum]] | Arctotherium vetustum | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2010 | [[:d:Q6169186|Q6169186]] | [[Xenocyon africanus]] | Xenocyon africanus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2011 | [[:d:Q6169188|Q6169188]] | [[Xenocyon antonii]] | Xenocyon antonii | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2012 | [[:d:Q6169190|Q6169190]] | [[Xenocyon falconeri]] | Xenocyon falconeri | 2 | | [[File:Xenocyon falconeri 2.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2013 | [[:d:Q6387853|Q6387853]] | [[Arctotherium bonariense]] | Arctotherium bonariense | 2 | | [[File:Arctotherium.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2014 | [[:d:Q7186480|Q7186480]] | [[Phlaocyon achoros]] | Phlaocyon achoros | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2015 | [[:d:Q7186481|Q7186481]] | [[Phlaocyon annectens]] | Phlaocyon annectens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2016 | [[:d:Q7186482|Q7186482]] | [[Phlaocyon latidens]] | Phlaocyon latidens | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2017 | [[:d:Q7186483|Q7186483]] | [[Phlaocyon mariae]] | Phlaocyon mariae | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2018 | [[:d:Q16667334|Q16667334]] | [[Nyctereutes lockwoodi]] | Nyctereutes lockwoodi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2019 | [[:d:Q18388298|Q18388298]] | [[Phlaocyon minor]] | Phlaocyon minor | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2020 | [[:d:Q18392570|Q18392570]] | [[Phlaocyon yatkolai]] | Phlaocyon yatkolai | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phlaocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2021 | [[:d:Q111032084|Q111032084]] | [[Miomachairodus pseudailuroides]] | Miomachairodus pseudailuroides | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2022 | [[:d:Q63525329|Q63525329]] | [[Miomaci pannonicum]] | Miomaci pannonicum | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomaci]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2023 | [[:d:Q116547814|Q116547814]] | [[cyonarctos dessei]] | Cyonarctos dessei | 2 | | [[File:Cyonarctos dessei.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[cyonarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2024 | [[:d:Q131742962|Q131742962]] | [[Filholictis]] | Filholictis | 2 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Cephalogalini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2025 | [[:d:Q5747530|Q5747530]] | [[Canis gezi]] | Canis gezi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2026 | [[:d:Q16975232|Q16975232]] | [[Borophagus dudleyi]] | Borophagus dudleyi | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2027 | [[:d:Q16975248|Q16975248]] | [[Borophagus orc]] | Borophagus orc | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophagus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2028 | [[:d:Q20907547|Q20907547]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides | 2 | | [[File:Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2029 | [[:d:Q20907550|Q20907550]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides orestes]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides orestes | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2030 | [[:d:Q97126596|Q97126596]] | [[Canis adoxus]] | Canis adoxus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2031 | [[:d:Q20907553|Q20907553]] | [[Otocyon megalotis canescens]] | Otocyon megalotis canescens | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocyon megalotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2032 | [[:d:Q21400754|Q21400754]] | [[Smilodon fatalis californicus]] | Smilodon fatalis californicus | 2 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodon fatalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2033 | [[:d:Q113407746|Q113407746]] | [[Agriarctos nikolovi]] | Agriarctos nikolovi | 2 | | [[File:Teeth of Agriarctos nikolovi.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Agriarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2034 | [[:d:Q139959555|Q139959555]] | [[Vitasta Wolf]] | Canis vitastensis | 2 | | [[File:Canis vitastensis fossil fragments.jpg|center|48px]] | [[extinct taxon]] | [[Canides|Canidae]] | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2035 | [[:d:Q7915859|Q7915859]] | [[Variegated jackal]] | Canis aureus soudanicus | 2 | | [[File:Paintedthousdog.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2036 | [[:d:Q20907484|Q20907484]] | [[Canis adustus adustus]] | Canis adustus adustus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2037 | [[:d:Q20907485|Q20907485]] | [[Canis adustus bweha]] | Canis adustus bweha | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2038 | [[:d:Q20907486|Q20907486]] | [[Canis adustus grayi]] | Canis adustus grayi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2039 | [[:d:Q20907487|Q20907487]] | [[Canis adustus kaffensis]] | Canis adustus kaffensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2040 | [[:d:Q20907488|Q20907488]] | [[Canis adustus lateralis]] | Canis adustus lateralis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2041 | [[:d:Q20907489|Q20907489]] | [[Canis adustus notatus]] | Canis adustus notatus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis adustus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2042 | [[:d:Q20907490|Q20907490]] | [[Canis aureus bea]] | Canis aureus bea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2043 | [[:d:Q20907496|Q20907496]] | [[Canis aureus riparius]] | Canis aureus riparius | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2044 | [[:d:Q20907499|Q20907499]] | [[Canis latrans cagottis]] | Canis latrans cagottis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2045 | [[:d:Q20907501|Q20907501]] | [[Canis latrans dickeyi]] | Canis latrans dickeyi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2046 | [[:d:Q20907502|Q20907502]] | [[Canis latrans frustror]] | Canis latrans frustror | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2047 | [[:d:Q20907504|Q20907504]] | [[Canis latrans goldmani]] | Canis latrans goldmani | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2048 | [[:d:Q20907505|Q20907505]] | [[Canis latrans hondurensis]] | Canis latrans hondurensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2049 | [[:d:Q20907506|Q20907506]] | [[Canis latrans impavidus]] | Canis latrans impavidus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2050 | [[:d:Q20907508|Q20907508]] | [[Canis latrans jamesi]] | Canis latrans jamesi | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2051 | [[:d:Q20907511|Q20907511]] | [[Canis latrans microdon]] | Canis latrans microdon | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2052 | [[:d:Q20907512|Q20907512]] | [[Canis latrans peninsulae]] | Canis latrans peninsulae | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[coyote]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2053 | [[:d:Q20907519|Q20907519]] | [[Canis lupus floridanus]] | Canis lupus floridanus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2054 | [[:d:Q20907524|Q20907524]] | [[Canis simensis simensis]] | Canis simensis simensis | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis simensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2055 | [[:d:Q30062848|Q30062848]] | [[Lupo aurate senegalese]] | Canis anthus anthus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2056 | [[:d:Q126678458|Q126678458]] | [[Canis anthus soudanicus]] | Canis anthus soudanicus | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis anthus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2057 | [[:d:Q135219483|Q135219483]] | [[Serengeti wolf]] | Canis lupaster bea | 2 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis lupaster]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2058 | [[:d:Q33142418|Q33142418]] | [[Devinophocinae]] | Devinophocinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2059 | [[:d:Q41153969|Q41153969]] | [[Gryphoca]] | Gryphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2060 | [[:d:Q41155783|Q41155783]] | [[Monachopsis]] | Monachopsis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2061 | [[:d:Q41157012|Q41157012]] | [[Phocanella]] | Phocanella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2062 | [[:d:Q41157488|Q41157488]] | [[Prophoca]] | Prophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2063 | [[:d:Q107272854|Q107272854]] | [[Amblonyx]] | Amblonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2064 | [[:d:Q116788226|Q116788226]] | [[Sonitictis]] | Sonitictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2065 | [[:d:Q116788227|Q116788227]] | [[Magnotherium]] | Magnotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2066 | [[:d:Q121338703|Q121338703]] | [[Planopusa]] | Planopusa | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2067 | [[:d:Q121410416|Q121410416]] | [[Craterogale]] | Craterogale | 1 | | [[File:Craterogale simus skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2068 | [[:d:Q121539482|Q121539482]] | [[Pristiphoca]] | Pristiphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2069 | [[:d:Q122084103|Q122084103]] | [[Erokomellivora]] | Erokomellivora | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2070 | [[:d:Q123014800|Q123014800]] | [[Australophoca]] | Australophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2071 | [[:d:Q123014818|Q123014818]] | [[Cryptophoca]] | Cryptophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2072 | [[:d:Q123014940|Q123014940]] | [[Hydrarctos]] | Hydrarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otariidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2073 | [[:d:Q123015025|Q123015025]] | [[Sarmatonectes]] | Sarmatonectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2074 | [[:d:Q123015048|Q123015048]] | [[Terranectes]] | Terranectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2075 | [[:d:Q123015063|Q123015063]] | [[Sarcodectes]] | Sarcodectes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2076 | [[:d:Q123015085|Q123015085]] | [[Palmidophoca]] | Palmidophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2077 | [[:d:Q125622520|Q125622520]] | [[Magophoca]] | Magophoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2078 | [[:d:Q126698037|Q126698037]] | [[Promellivora]] | Promellivora | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2079 | [[:d:Q126708170|Q126708170]] | [[Dinogale]] | Dinogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2080 | [[:d:Q132156979|Q132156979]] | [[Shansictis]] | Shansictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2081 | [[:d:Q135160819|Q135160819]] | [[Paratethyphoca]] | Paratethyphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2082 | [[:d:Q136655494|Q136655494]] | [[Floridictis]] | Floridictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2083 | [[:d:Q136655544|Q136655544]] | [[Legionarictis]] | Legionarictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2084 | [[:d:Q136655560|Q136655560]] | [[Lartetictis]] | Lartetictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2085 | [[:d:Q136655625|Q136655625]] | [[Promeles]] | Promeles | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2086 | [[:d:Q138497907|Q138497907]] | [[Canimartes]] | Canimartes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2087 | [[:d:Q138507147|Q138507147]] | [[Matanomictis]] | Matanomictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2088 | [[:d:Q139570330|Q139570330]] | [[Galanthisictis]] | Galanthisictis | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2089 | [[:d:Q141266967|Q141266967]] | [[Icaphoca]] | Icaphoca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2090 | [[:d:Q7250487|Q7250487]] | [[Proremiculus]] | Proremiculus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adapisoriculidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2091 | [[:d:Q21359045|Q21359045]] | [[Trichomanis]] | Trichomanis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2092 | [[:d:Q21368849|Q21368849]] | [[Trocharion]] | Trocharion | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2093 | [[:d:Q25606482|Q25606482]] | [[Grison]] | Grison | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2094 | [[:d:Q38456345|Q38456345]] | [[Marcetia]] | Marcetia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2095 | [[:d:Q41157347|Q41157347]] | [[Poecilictis]] | Poecilictis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2096 | [[:d:Q85989033|Q85989033]] | [[Adracon]] | Adracon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2097 | [[:d:Q85989290|Q85989290]] | [[Cryptailurus]] | Cryptailurus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2098 | [[:d:Q85989733|Q85989733]] | [[Mellivorodon]] | Mellivorodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2099 | [[:d:Q85990097|Q85990097]] | [[Pseudictis]] | Pseudictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2100 | [[:d:Q107658391|Q107658391]] | [[Ailuridae]] | Ailuridae | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[former entity]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2101 | [[:d:Q119810865|Q119810865]] | [[Pinnipediformes]] | Pinnipediformes | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[clado]] | | [[Pinnipedimorpha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2102 | [[:d:Q121795517|Q121795517]] | [[Ursavinae]] | Ursavinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caniformia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2103 | [[:d:Q132190887|Q132190887]] | [[Nimravoidea]] | Nimravoidea | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Feliformia|feliformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2104 | [[:d:Q141450433|Q141450433]] | [[Huntictis]] | Hunctis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[carnivoros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2105 | [[:d:Q11757624|Q11757624]] | [[Prionodontinae]] | Prionodontinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2106 | [[:d:Q16948001|Q16948001]] | [[Nothocyon]] | Nothocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Subparictidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2107 | [[:d:Q16983499|Q16983499]] | [[Ictiocyon]] | Ictiocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2108 | [[:d:Q21361392|Q21361392]] | [[Deccanolestes narmadensis]] | Deccanolestes narmadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Deccanolestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2109 | [[:d:Q25101708|Q25101708]] | [[Vishnucyon]] | Vishnucyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2110 | [[:d:Q107290797|Q107290797]] | [[Afrodon ivani]] | Afrodon ivani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Afrodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2111 | [[:d:Q113900911|Q113900911]] | [[Odobeninae]] | Odobeninae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2112 | [[:d:Q116223872|Q116223872]] | [[Myacyon]] | Myacyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2113 | [[:d:Q119809978|Q119809978]] | [[Pan-Pinnipedia]] | Pan-Pinnipedia | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[clado]] | | [[Arctoidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2114 | [[:d:Q122070604|Q122070604]] | [[Ketketictis]] | Ketketictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2115 | [[:d:Q130342018|Q130342018]] | [[Megaviverra]] | Megaviverra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2116 | [[:d:Q131825406|Q131825406]] | [[Nandinioidea]] | Nandinioidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Aeluroidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2117 | [[:d:Q133282075|Q133282075]] | [[Mioparadoxurus]] | Mioparadoxurus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2118 | [[:d:Q5703256|Q5703256]] | [[Arctophoca]] | Arctophoca | 1 | | [[File:Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2119 | [[:d:Q85989592|Q85989592]] | [[Stenoplesictis muhoronii]] | Stenoplesictis muhoronii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Stenoplesictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2120 | [[:d:Q124837460|Q124837460]] | [[Phoca procaspica]] | Phoca procaspica | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Phoca (genere)|Phoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2121 | [[:d:Q140311946|Q140311946]] | [[Paradoxurini]] | Paradoxurini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2122 | [[:d:Q3812870|Q3812870]] | [[Kanuites lewisae]] | Kanuites lewisae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Kanuites]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2123 | [[:d:Q20717547|Q20717547]] | [[Chasmaporthetes ossifragus]] | Chasmaporthetes ossifragus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Chasmaporthetes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2124 | [[:d:Q27994178|Q27994178]] | [[Herpestes sanguineus]] | Herpestes sanguineus | 1 | | [[File:Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig (Taf. 8 Fig.1,2) (6961545439).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2125 | [[:d:Q27998228|Q27998228]] | [[Herpestes pulverulentus]] | Herpestes pulverulentus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2126 | [[:d:Q41083658|Q41083658]] | [[Genetta letabae]] | Genetta letabae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2127 | [[:d:Q85989480|Q85989480]] | [[Hoplophoneus strigidens]] | Hoplophoneus strigidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hoplophoneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2128 | [[:d:Q112899114|Q112899114]] | [[Lutraeximia]] | Lutraeximia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2129 | [[:d:Q118852976|Q118852976]] | [[Genetta nyakitongwer]] | Genetta nyakitongwer | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2130 | [[:d:Q133271769|Q133271769]] | [[Tyrrhenolutra]] | Tyrrhenolutra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2131 | [[:d:Q133277781|Q133277781]] | [[Tisisthenes]] | Tisisthenes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2132 | [[:d:Q139645718|Q139645718]] | [[Viverrictis]] | Viverrictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverrinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2133 | [[:d:Q140402596|Q140402596]] | [[ermine]] | | 1 | | [[File:L’Hermine & Le Rosselet - Ermine & Stoat - Galica - Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, t. 7, Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1758.jpg|center|48px]] | [[organisms known by a particular common name]] | | [[Mustelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2134 | [[:d:Q7711432|Q7711432]] | [[Thaumastocyonini]] | Thaumastocyonini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2135 | [[:d:Q18002428|Q18002428]] | [[Martinogale alveodens]] | Martinogale alveodens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martinogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2136 | [[:d:Q76763353|Q76763353]] | [[Conepatus carloschebezi]] | Conepatus carloschebezi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2137 | [[:d:Q76763364|Q76763364]] | [[Conepatus feuillei]] | Conepatus feuillei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2138 | [[:d:Q85924242|Q85924242]] | [[Adcrocuta eximia]] | Adcrocuta eximia | 1 | | [[File:Adcrocuta eximia, Asenovgrad.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adcrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2139 | [[:d:Q108030083|Q108030083]] | [[Conepatus robustus]] | Conepatus robustus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Conepatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2140 | [[:d:Q108804968|Q108804968]] | [[Africanictis meini]] | Africanictis meini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2141 | [[:d:Q108805049|Q108805049]] | [[Africanictis schmidtkittleri]] | Africanictis schmidtkittleri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2142 | [[:d:Q108805170|Q108805170]] | [[Africanictis hyaenoides]] | Africanictis hyaenoides | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Africanictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2143 | [[:d:Q110390918|Q110390918]] | [[Pliophoca etrusca]] | Pliophoca etrusca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pliophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2144 | [[:d:Q111034865|Q111034865]] | [[Albanosmilus jourdani]] | Albanosmilus jourdani | 1 | | [[File:Albanosmilus jourdani - crani.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Albanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2145 | [[:d:Q111036376|Q111036376]] | [[Sansanosmilus palmidens]] | Sansanosmilus palmidens | 1 | | [[File:Sansanosmilus palmidens skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2146 | [[:d:Q119132618|Q119132618]] | [[Prosansanosmilus eggeri]] | Prosansanosmilus eggeri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Prosansanosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2147 | [[:d:Q138657888|Q138657888]] | [[Bdeogale]] | Bdeogale | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2148 | [[:d:Q138657890|Q138657890]] | [[Galeriscus]] | Galeriscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2149 | [[:d:Q139959735|Q139959735]] | [[Dehmictis]] | Dehmictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2150 | [[:d:Q139959817|Q139959817]] | [[Namibictis]] | Namibictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mellivorinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2151 | [[:d:Q18003134|Q18003134]] | [[Mephitini]] | Mephitini | 1 | | [[File:Striped Skunk.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2152 | [[:d:Q21368778|Q21368778]] | [[Ikelohyaena]] | Ikelohyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2153 | [[:d:Q85989065|Q85989065]] | [[Afrosmilinae]] | Afrosmilinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2154 | [[:d:Q85989326|Q85989326]] | [[Dinailurictinae]] | Dinailurictinae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2155 | [[:d:Q119809215|Q119809215]] | [[Phocoidea]] | Phocoidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pinnipedia]]<br/>[[Pinnipediformes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2156 | [[:d:Q122070164|Q122070164]] | [[Tugenictis]] | Tugenictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Viverridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2157 | [[:d:Q125857211|Q125857211]] | [[Osmotherium]] | Osmotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2158 | [[:d:Q134625973|Q134625973]] | [[Belbus]] | Belbus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2159 | [[:d:Q134697831|Q134697831]] | [[Werdelinus]] | Werdelinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2160 | [[:d:Q134892962|Q134892962]] | [[Metahyaena]] | Metahyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2161 | [[:d:Q135008938|Q135008938]] | [[Tongxinictis]] | Tongxinictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2162 | [[:d:Q135090907|Q135090907]] | [[Tungurictis]] | Tungurictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2163 | [[:d:Q138656105|Q138656105]] | [[Mydainae]] | Mydainae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mephitidae|Moffetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2164 | [[:d:Q20907244|Q20907244]] | [[Genetta genetta afra]] | Genetta genetta afra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2165 | [[:d:Q20907245|Q20907245]] | [[Genetta genetta dongolana]] | Genetta genetta dongolana | 1 | | [[File:Wild life of the world (Plate 13) (9135271764).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2166 | [[:d:Q20907247|Q20907247]] | [[Genetta genetta senegalensis]] | Genetta genetta senegalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta genetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2167 | [[:d:Q20907436|Q20907436]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus semitorquatus]] | Herpestes semitorquatus semitorquatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2168 | [[:d:Q20907437|Q20907437]] | [[Herpestes semitorquatus uniformis]] | Herpestes semitorquatus uniformis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes semitorquatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2169 | [[:d:Q24266216|Q24266216]] | [[Lutra maculicollis]] | Lutra maculicollis | 1 | | [[File:Spotted-necked otter 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2170 | [[:d:Q61885243|Q61885243]] | [[Lutra canadensis]] | Lutra canadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2171 | [[:d:Q109647346|Q109647346]] | [[Lutra piscinaria]] | Lutra piscinaria | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2172 | [[:d:Q122889511|Q122889511]] | [[Lutra capensis]] | Lutra capensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2173 | [[:d:Q123080462|Q123080462]] | [[Lutra trinacriae]] | Lutra trinacriae | 1 | | [[File:Lutra trinacriae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2174 | [[:d:Q124036776|Q124036776]] | [[Lutra palaeoleptonyx]] | Lutra palaeoleptonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2175 | [[:d:Q124036877|Q124036877]] | [[Lutra lybica]] | Lutra lybica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2176 | [[:d:Q124036883|Q124036883]] | [[Lutra licenti]] | Lutra licenti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2177 | [[:d:Q124036908|Q124036908]] | [[Lutra fatimazohrae]] | Lutra fatimazohrae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2178 | [[:d:Q124036923|Q124036923]] | [[Lutra bressana]] | Lutra bressana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2179 | [[:d:Q124036933|Q124036933]] | [[Lutra bravardi]] | Lutra bravardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2180 | [[:d:Q124036937|Q124036937]] | [[Lutra affinis]] | Lutra affinis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2181 | [[:d:Q124039976|Q124039976]] | [[Lutra hessica]] | Lutra hessica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2182 | [[:d:Q132457290|Q132457290]] | [[Lutra hearsti]] | Lutra hearsti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2183 | [[:d:Q138589738|Q138589738]] | [[Aonyx]] | Aonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2184 | [[:d:Q138589739|Q138589739]] | [[Amblonyx]] | Amblonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2185 | [[:d:Q4359298|Q4359298]] | [[Perunium ursogulo]] | Perunium ursogulo | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Perunium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2186 | [[:d:Q97371092|Q97371092]] | [[Craterogale simus]] | Craterogale simus | 1 | | [[File:Craterogale simus skull.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Craterogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2187 | [[:d:Q109264769|Q109264769]] | [[Vishnuonyx neptuni]] | Vishnuonyx neptuni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2188 | [[:d:Q112867515|Q112867515]] | [[Prototaria planicephala]] | Prototaria planicephala | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prototaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2189 | [[:d:Q112867572|Q112867572]] | [[Prototaria primigena]] | Prototaria primigena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Prototaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2190 | [[:d:Q112959024|Q112959024]] | [[Aragonictis araid]] | Aragonictis araid | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Aragonictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2191 | [[:d:Q114975699|Q114975699]] | [[Oaxacagale ruizi]] | Oaxacagale ruizi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oaxacagale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2192 | [[:d:Q116630687|Q116630687]] | [[Dusignathus seftoni]] | Dusignathus seftoni | 1 | | [[File:Dusignathus seftoni SDNHM 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2193 | [[:d:Q116631155|Q116631155]] | [[Dusignathus santacruzensis]] | Dusignathus santacruzensis | 1 | | [[File:Dusignathus santacruzensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dusignathus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2194 | [[:d:Q116761715|Q116761715]] | [[Allohyaena kadici]] | Allohyaena kadici | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allohyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2195 | [[:d:Q116788436|Q116788436]] | [[Sonitictis moralesi]] | Sonitictis moralesi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sonitictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2196 | [[:d:Q116788439|Q116788439]] | [[Magnotherium johnsii]] | Magnotherium johnsii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Magnotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2197 | [[:d:Q116944503|Q116944503]] | [[Titanotaria orangensis]] | Titanotaria orangensis | 1 | | [[File:Titanotaria skull.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Titanotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2198 | [[:d:Q121338708|Q121338708]] | [[Planopusa semenovi]] | Planopusa semenovi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Planopusa]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2199 | [[:d:Q133150883|Q133150883]] | [[Propoecilogale]] | Propoecilogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ictonychinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2200 | [[:d:Q135189133|Q135189133]] | [[Odobenini]] | Odobenini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Odobeninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2201 | [[:d:Q138732872|Q138732872]] | [[Vishnuonyx chinjiensis]] | Vishnuonyx chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Vishnuonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2202 | [[:d:Q141199764|Q141199764]] | [[Erokomellivora lothagamensis]] | Erokomellivora lothagamensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Erokomellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2203 | [[:d:Q696562|Q696562]] | [[Amphicyon major]] | Amphicyon major | 1 | | [[File:Amphicyon major jaw.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2204 | [[:d:Q11910009|Q11910009]] | [[Broiliana]] | Broiliana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2205 | [[:d:Q19716898|Q19716898]] | [[Stromeriella]] | Stromeriella | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2206 | [[:d:Q20907248|Q20907248]] | [[Genetta servalina servalina]] | Genetta servalina servalina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2207 | [[:d:Q20907249|Q20907249]] | [[Genetta servalina bettoni]] | Genetta servalina bettoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2208 | [[:d:Q20907250|Q20907250]] | [[Genetta servalina lowei]] | Genetta servalina lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2209 | [[:d:Q20907251|Q20907251]] | [[Genetta servalina schwarzi]] | Genetta servalina schwarzi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta servalina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2210 | [[:d:Q20907252|Q20907252]] | [[Genetta tigrina tigrina]] | Genetta tigrina tigrina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta tigrina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2211 | [[:d:Q20907253|Q20907253]] | [[Genetta tigrina methi]] | Genetta tigrina methi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Genetta tigrina]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2212 | [[:d:Q20907255|Q20907255]] | [[Poiana richardsonii richardsonii]] | Poiana richardsonii richardsonii | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[recombination]] | | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2213 | [[:d:Q20907257|Q20907257]] | [[Poiana richardsonii ochracea]] | Poiana richardsonii ochracea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Poiana richardsonii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2214 | [[:d:Q21357705|Q21357705]] | [[Mungos minutus]] | Mungos minutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2215 | [[:d:Q21418779|Q21418779]] | [[Bassariscinae]] | Bassariscinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2216 | [[:d:Q28549487|Q28549487]] | [[Bassaricyonoides]] | Bassaricyonoides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2217 | [[:d:Q55350625|Q55350625]] | [[Amphicyon giganteus]] | Amphicyon giganteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2218 | [[:d:Q55518697|Q55518697]] | [[Amphicyon galushai]] | Amphicyon galushai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2219 | [[:d:Q55593487|Q55593487]] | [[Amphicyon frendens]] | Amphicyon frendens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2220 | [[:d:Q55593524|Q55593524]] | [[Amphicyon palaeindicus]] | Amphicyon palaeindicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2221 | [[:d:Q55593573|Q55593573]] | [[Amphicyon lydekkeri]] | Amphicyon lydekkeri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2222 | [[:d:Q105722164|Q105722164]] | [[Parahyaenodon]] | Parahyaenodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2223 | [[:d:Q123471619|Q123471619]] | [[Angustictis]] | Angustictis | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2224 | [[:d:Q131406234|Q131406234]] | [[Mustela stromeri]] | Mustela stromeri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2225 | [[:d:Q133042723|Q133042723]] | [[Tetraprothomo]] | Tetraprothomo | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2226 | [[:d:Q136655585|Q136655585]] | [[Protoprocyon]] | Protoprocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2227 | [[:d:Q136655692|Q136655692]] | [[Parapotos]] | Parapotos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyonidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2228 | [[:d:Q141267957|Q141267957]] | [[Mustela leporinum]] | Mustela leporinum | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2229 | [[:d:Q141366979|Q141366979]] | [[Cryptoprocta bevatabe]] | Cryptoprocta bevatabe | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cryptoprocta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2230 | [[:d:Q5703259|Q5703259]] | [[Arctophoca australis australis]] | Arctophoca australis australis | 1 | | [[File:Arctophoca australis australis (3).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctocephalus australis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2231 | [[:d:Q20907292|Q20907292]] | [[Nandinia binotata binotata]] | Nandinia binotata binotata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2232 | [[:d:Q20907293|Q20907293]] | [[Nandinia binotata arborea]] | Nandinia binotata arborea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2233 | [[:d:Q20907295|Q20907295]] | [[Nandinia binotata gerrardi]] | Nandinia binotata gerrardi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2234 | [[:d:Q20907296|Q20907296]] | [[Nandinia binotata intensa]] | Nandinia binotata intensa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[civetta de palma african]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2235 | [[:d:Q20907317|Q20907317]] | [[Cynictis penicillata penicillata]] | Cynictis penicillata penicillata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2236 | [[:d:Q20907318|Q20907318]] | [[Cynictis penicillata bechuanae]] | Cynictis penicillata bechuanae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2237 | [[:d:Q20907319|Q20907319]] | [[Cynictis penicillata brachyura]] | Cynictis penicillata brachyura | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2238 | [[:d:Q20907324|Q20907324]] | [[Cynictis penicillata cinderella]] | Cynictis penicillata cinderella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2239 | [[:d:Q20907326|Q20907326]] | [[Cynictis penicillata coombsi]] | Cynictis penicillata coombsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2240 | [[:d:Q20907328|Q20907328]] | [[Cynictis penicillata intensa]] | Cynictis penicillata intensa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2241 | [[:d:Q20907329|Q20907329]] | [[Cynictis penicillata kalaharica]] | Cynictis penicillata kalaharica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2242 | [[:d:Q20907330|Q20907330]] | [[Cynictis penicillata karasensis]] | Cynictis penicillata karasensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2243 | [[:d:Q20907332|Q20907332]] | [[Cynictis penicillata lepturus]] | Cynictis penicillata lepturus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2244 | [[:d:Q20907333|Q20907333]] | [[Cynictis penicillata ogilbyii]] | Cynictis penicillata ogilbyii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2245 | [[:d:Q20907334|Q20907334]] | [[Cynictis penicillata pallidior]] | Cynictis penicillata pallidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynictis penicillata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2246 | [[:d:Q20907350|Q20907350]] | [[Galerella sanguinea sanguinea]] | Galerella sanguinea sanguinea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2247 | [[:d:Q20907352|Q20907352]] | [[Galerella sanguinea canus]] | Galerella sanguinea canus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2248 | [[:d:Q20907353|Q20907353]] | [[Galerella sanguinea cauui]] | Galerella sanguinea cauui | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2249 | [[:d:Q20907354|Q20907354]] | [[Galerella sanguinea dasilvai]] | Galerella sanguinea dasilvai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2250 | [[:d:Q20907355|Q20907355]] | [[Galerella sanguinea dentifer]] | Galerella sanguinea dentifer | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2251 | [[:d:Q20907356|Q20907356]] | [[Galerella sanguinea fulvidior]] | Galerella sanguinea fulvidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2252 | [[:d:Q20907357|Q20907357]] | [[Galerella sanguinea galbus]] | Galerella sanguinea galbus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2253 | [[:d:Q20907358|Q20907358]] | [[Galerella sanguinea gracilis]] | Galerella sanguinea gracilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2254 | [[:d:Q20907359|Q20907359]] | [[Galerella sanguinea grantii]] | Galerella sanguinea grantii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2255 | [[:d:Q20907361|Q20907361]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ibeae]] | Galerella sanguinea ibeae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2256 | [[:d:Q20907364|Q20907364]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ignitus]] | Galerella sanguinea ignitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2257 | [[:d:Q20907367|Q20907367]] | [[Galerella sanguinea lancasteri]] | Galerella sanguinea lancasteri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2258 | [[:d:Q20907369|Q20907369]] | [[Galerella sanguinea melanura]] | Galerella sanguinea melanura | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2259 | [[:d:Q20907372|Q20907372]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mossambica]] | Galerella sanguinea mossambica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2260 | [[:d:Q20907374|Q20907374]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mustela]] | Galerella sanguinea mustela | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2261 | [[:d:Q20907375|Q20907375]] | [[Galerella sanguinea mutgigella]] | Galerella sanguinea mutgigella | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2262 | [[:d:Q20907377|Q20907377]] | [[Galerella sanguinea orestes]] | Galerella sanguinea orestes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2263 | [[:d:Q20907378|Q20907378]] | [[Galerella sanguinea parvipes]] | Galerella sanguinea parvipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2264 | [[:d:Q20907380|Q20907380]] | [[Galerella sanguinea perfulvidus]] | Galerella sanguinea perfulvidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2265 | [[:d:Q20907382|Q20907382]] | [[Galerella sanguinea phoenicurus]] | Galerella sanguinea phoenicurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2266 | [[:d:Q20907383|Q20907383]] | [[Galerella sanguinea proteus]] | Galerella sanguinea proteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2267 | [[:d:Q20907384|Q20907384]] | [[Galerella sanguinea rendilis]] | Galerella sanguinea rendilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2268 | [[:d:Q20907385|Q20907385]] | [[Galerella sanguinea saharae]] | Galerella sanguinea saharae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2269 | [[:d:Q20907386|Q20907386]] | [[Galerella sanguinea swinnyi]] | Galerella sanguinea swinnyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2270 | [[:d:Q20907387|Q20907387]] | [[Galerella sanguinea ugandae]] | Galerella sanguinea ugandae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella sanguinea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2271 | [[:d:Q20907412|Q20907412]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon ichneumon]] | Herpestes ichneumon ichneumon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2272 | [[:d:Q20907413|Q20907413]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon angolensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon angolensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2273 | [[:d:Q20907414|Q20907414]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon cafra]] | Herpestes ichneumon cafra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2274 | [[:d:Q20907415|Q20907415]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon centralis]] | Herpestes ichneumon centralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2275 | [[:d:Q20907416|Q20907416]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon funestus]] | Herpestes ichneumon funestus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2276 | [[:d:Q20907417|Q20907417]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon mababiensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon mababiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2277 | [[:d:Q20907418|Q20907418]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon numidicus]] | Herpestes ichneumon numidicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2278 | [[:d:Q20907419|Q20907419]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon parvidens]] | Herpestes ichneumon parvidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2279 | [[:d:Q20907420|Q20907420]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon sabiensis]] | Herpestes ichneumon sabiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2280 | [[:d:Q20907421|Q20907421]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon sangronizi]] | Herpestes ichneumon sangronizi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2281 | [[:d:Q20907422|Q20907422]] | [[Herpestes ichneumon widdringtonii]] | Herpestes ichneumon widdringtonii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes ichneumon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2282 | [[:d:Q20907423|Q20907423]] | [[Herpestes javanicus javanicus]] | Herpestes javanicus javanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2283 | [[:d:Q20907424|Q20907424]] | [[Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus]] | Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2284 | [[:d:Q20907425|Q20907425]] | [[Herpestes javanicus exilis]] | Herpestes javanicus exilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2285 | [[:d:Q20907428|Q20907428]] | [[Herpestes javanicus orientalis]] | Herpestes javanicus orientalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2286 | [[:d:Q20907429|Q20907429]] | [[Herpestes javanicus pallipes]] | Herpestes javanicus pallipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2287 | [[:d:Q20907430|Q20907430]] | [[Herpestes javanicus peninsulae]] | Herpestes javanicus peninsulae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2288 | [[:d:Q20907431|Q20907431]] | [[Herpestes javanicus perakensis]] | Herpestes javanicus perakensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2289 | [[:d:Q20907432|Q20907432]] | [[Herpestes javanicus rafflesii]] | Herpestes javanicus rafflesii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2290 | [[:d:Q20907433|Q20907433]] | [[Herpestes javanicus rubrifrons]] | Herpestes javanicus rubrifrons | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2291 | [[:d:Q20907434|Q20907434]] | [[Herpestes javanicus siamensis]] | Herpestes javanicus siamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2292 | [[:d:Q20907435|Q20907435]] | [[Herpestes javanicus tjerapai]] | Herpestes javanicus tjerapai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes javanicus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2293 | [[:d:Q20907447|Q20907447]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis vitticollis]] | Herpestes vitticollis vitticollis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2294 | [[:d:Q20907448|Q20907448]] | [[Herpestes vitticollis inornatus]] | Herpestes vitticollis inornatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes vitticollis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2295 | [[:d:Q20907929|Q20907929]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus]] | Conepatus semistriatus amazonicus | 1 | | [[File:Conepatus amazonicus - ....Christopher Borges.... - 533154117.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2296 | [[:d:Q20916509|Q20916509]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi edwardsi]] | Herpestes edwardsi edwardsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2297 | [[:d:Q20916511|Q20916511]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi ferrugineus]] | Herpestes edwardsi ferrugineus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2298 | [[:d:Q20916514|Q20916514]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi lanka]] | Herpestes edwardsi lanka | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2299 | [[:d:Q20916516|Q20916516]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi montanus]] | Herpestes edwardsi montanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2300 | [[:d:Q20916518|Q20916518]] | [[Herpestes edwardsi nyula]] | Herpestes edwardsi nyula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes edwardsi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2301 | [[:d:Q108060418|Q108060418]] | [[Enaliarctos mealsi]] | Enaliarctos mealsi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enaliarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2302 | [[:d:Q135649961|Q135649961]] | [[Conepatus semistriatus elieceri]] | Conepatus semistriatus elieceri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus semistriatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2303 | [[:d:Q3553549|Q3553549]] | [[Valenictus chulavistensis]] | Valenictus chulavistensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Valenictus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2304 | [[:d:Q10354179|Q10354179]] | [[Procyonoidea]] | Procyonoidea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustelida]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2305 | [[:d:Q16613229|Q16613229]] | [[Teruelictis riparius]] | Teruelictis riparius | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Teruelictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2306 | [[:d:Q21230314|Q21230314]] | [[Mydeus]] | Mydeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Melinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2307 | [[:d:Q85990402|Q85990402]] | [[Viretictis]] | Viretictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Feloidea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2308 | [[:d:Q108680579|Q108680579]] | [[Eumetopias ojiyaensis]] | Eumetopias ojiyaensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eumetopias]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2309 | [[:d:Q108698491|Q108698491]] | [[Odobenus mandanoensis]] | Odobenus mandanoensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Odobenus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2310 | [[:d:Q111038014|Q111038014]] | [[Ginsburgsmilus napakensis]] | Ginsburgsmilus napakensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ginsburgsmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2311 | [[:d:Q116969147|Q116969147]] | [[Bonisicyon]] | Bonisicyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2312 | [[:d:Q117312355|Q117312355]] | [[Delotrochanter]] | Delotrochanter | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Temnocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2313 | [[:d:Q123080822|Q123080822]] | [[Dinocrocuta gigantea]] | Dinocrocuta gigantea | 1 | | [[File:Dinocrocuta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinocrocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2314 | [[:d:Q126811602|Q126811602]] | [[Hyaenictis graeca]] | Hyaenictis graeca | 1 | | [[File:Hyaenictis graeca.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hyaenictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2315 | [[:d:Q134168438|Q134168438]] | [[Crocuta dietrichi]] | Crocuta dietrichi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2316 | [[:d:Q134725561|Q134725561]] | [[Piscophoca pacifica]] | Piscophoca pacifica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Piscophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2317 | [[:d:Q134740719|Q134740719]] | [[Pseudarctini]] | Pseudarctini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2318 | [[:d:Q135237645|Q135237645]] | [[Askazansoria]] | Askazansoria | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2319 | [[:d:Q136746351|Q136746351]] | [[Allocyon]] | Allocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphicynodontidae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2320 | [[:d:Q139414568|Q139414568]] | [[Crocuta eturono]] | Crocuta eturono | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Crocuta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2321 | [[:d:Q3363349|Q3363349]] | [[Paradoxurus niger]] | Paradoxurus niger | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2322 | [[:d:Q20907297|Q20907297]] | [[Atilax paludinosus paludinosus]] | Atilax paludinosus paludinosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2323 | [[:d:Q20907299|Q20907299]] | [[Atilax paludinosus macrodon]] | Atilax paludinosus macrodon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2324 | [[:d:Q20907300|Q20907300]] | [[Atilax paludinosus mitis]] | Atilax paludinosus mitis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2325 | [[:d:Q20907301|Q20907301]] | [[Atilax paludinosus mordax]] | Atilax paludinosus mordax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2326 | [[:d:Q20907302|Q20907302]] | [[Atilax paludinosus nigerianus]] | Atilax paludinosus nigerianus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2327 | [[:d:Q20907304|Q20907304]] | [[Atilax paludinosus pluto]] | Atilax paludinosus pluto | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2328 | [[:d:Q20907305|Q20907305]] | [[Atilax paludinosus robustus]] | Atilax paludinosus robustus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2329 | [[:d:Q20907306|Q20907306]] | [[Atilax paludinosus rubellus]] | Atilax paludinosus rubellus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2330 | [[:d:Q20907307|Q20907307]] | [[Atilax paludinosus rubescens]] | Atilax paludinosus rubescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2331 | [[:d:Q20907308|Q20907308]] | [[Atilax paludinosus spadiceus]] | Atilax paludinosus spadiceus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2332 | [[:d:Q20907309|Q20907309]] | [[Atilax paludinosus transvaalensis]] | Atilax paludinosus transvaalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Atilax paludinosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2333 | [[:d:Q20907400|Q20907400]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus brachyurus]] | Herpestes brachyurus brachyurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2334 | [[:d:Q20907403|Q20907403]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus javanensis]] | Herpestes brachyurus javanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2335 | [[:d:Q20907441|Q20907441]] | [[Herpestes urva urva]] | Herpestes urva urva | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2336 | [[:d:Q20907442|Q20907442]] | [[Herpestes urva annamensis]] | Herpestes urva annamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2337 | [[:d:Q20907444|Q20907444]] | [[Herpestes urva formosanus]] | Herpestes urva formosanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2338 | [[:d:Q20907445|Q20907445]] | [[Herpestes urva sinensis]] | Herpestes urva sinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2339 | [[:d:Q20907449|Q20907449]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda albicauda]] | Ichneumia albicauda albicauda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2340 | [[:d:Q20907450|Q20907450]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda dialeucos]] | Ichneumia albicauda dialeucos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2341 | [[:d:Q20907451|Q20907451]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda grandis]] | Ichneumia albicauda grandis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2342 | [[:d:Q20907452|Q20907452]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda haagneri]] | Ichneumia albicauda haagneri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2343 | [[:d:Q20907453|Q20907453]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda ibeanus]] | Ichneumia albicauda ibeanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2344 | [[:d:Q20907454|Q20907454]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda loandae]] | Ichneumia albicauda loandae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2345 | [[:d:Q20907455|Q20907455]] | [[Ichneumia albicauda loempo]] | Ichneumia albicauda loempo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ichneumia albicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2346 | [[:d:Q20907473|Q20907473]] | [[Paracynictis selousi selousi]] | Paracynictis selousi selousi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2347 | [[:d:Q20907474|Q20907474]] | [[Paracynictis selousi bechuanae]] | Paracynictis selousi bechuanae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2348 | [[:d:Q20907475|Q20907475]] | [[Paracynictis selousi ngamiensis]] | Paracynictis selousi ngamiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2349 | [[:d:Q20907476|Q20907476]] | [[Paracynictis selousi sengaani]] | Paracynictis selousi sengaani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paracynictis selousi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2350 | [[:d:Q41086461|Q41086461]] | [[Paradoxurus macrodus]] | Paradoxurus macrodus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2351 | [[:d:Q65144472|Q65144472]] | [[Amphictinae]] | Amphictinae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ailuridae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2352 | [[:d:Q3792499|Q3792499]] | [[Ikelohyaena abronia]] | Ikelohyaena abronia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ikelohyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2353 | [[:d:Q21236814|Q21236814]] | [[Afrophoca libyca]] | Afrophoca libyca | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2354 | [[:d:Q27440964|Q27440964]] | [[Xenogale naso]] | Xenogale naso | 1 | | [[File:Long-nosed mongoose (without bg).png|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Xenogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2355 | [[:d:Q108670197|Q108670197]] | [[Pseudotaria muramotoi]] | Pseudotaria muramotoi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pseudotaria]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2356 | [[:d:Q123014993|Q123014993]] | [[Batavipusa]] | Batavipusa | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phocinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2357 | [[:d:Q126687247|Q126687247]] | [[Mustelavus]] | Mustelavus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mustelavinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2358 | [[:d:Q130356555|Q130356555]] | [[Peignecyon]] | Peignecyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Thaumastocyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2359 | [[:d:Q132883666|Q132883666]] | [[Gansuyaena]] | Gansuyaena | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protelinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2360 | [[:d:Q139959705|Q139959705]] | [[Iberictis]] | Iberictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guloninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2361 | [[:d:Q3143618|Q3143618]] | [[Hyaena perrieri]] | Hyaena perrieri | 1 | | [[File:Paleozoological exhibition, 2009, in the Gravensteen, Zierikzee 08.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Hyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2362 | [[:d:Q20907310|Q20907310]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda crassicauda]] | Bdeogale crassicauda crassicauda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2363 | [[:d:Q20907311|Q20907311]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda nigrescens]] | Bdeogale crassicauda nigrescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2364 | [[:d:Q20907312|Q20907312]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora]] | Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2365 | [[:d:Q20907313|Q20907313]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda puisa]] | Bdeogale crassicauda puisa | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2366 | [[:d:Q20907314|Q20907314]] | [[Bdeogale crassicauda tenuis]] | Bdeogale crassicauda tenuis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bdeogale crassicauda]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2367 | [[:d:Q20907344|Q20907344]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta pulverulenta]] | Galerella pulverulenta pulverulenta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2368 | [[:d:Q20907347|Q20907347]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta basuticus]] | Galerella pulverulenta basuticus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2369 | [[:d:Q20907349|Q20907349]] | [[Galerella pulverulenta ruddi]] | Galerella pulverulenta ruddi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella pulverulenta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2370 | [[:d:Q20907404|Q20907404]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus palawanus]] | Herpestes brachyurus palawanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2371 | [[:d:Q20907405|Q20907405]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus parvus]] | Herpestes brachyurus parvus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2372 | [[:d:Q20907406|Q20907406]] | [[Herpestes brachyurus sumatrius]] | Herpestes brachyurus sumatrius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[short-tailed mongoose]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2373 | [[:d:Q20907407|Q20907407]] | [[Herpestes fuscus fuscus]] | Herpestes fuscus fuscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2374 | [[:d:Q20907408|Q20907408]] | [[Herpestes fuscus flavidens]] | Herpestes fuscus flavidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2375 | [[:d:Q20907409|Q20907409]] | [[Herpestes fuscus maccarthiae]] | Herpestes fuscus maccarthiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2376 | [[:d:Q20907410|Q20907410]] | [[Herpestes fuscus rubidior]] | Herpestes fuscus rubidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2377 | [[:d:Q20907411|Q20907411]] | [[Herpestes fuscus siccatus]] | Herpestes fuscus siccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes fuscus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2378 | [[:d:Q20907477|Q20907477]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri melleri]] | Rhynchogale melleri melleri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2379 | [[:d:Q20907478|Q20907478]] | [[Rhynchogale melleri langi]] | Rhynchogale melleri langi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Rhynchogale melleri]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2380 | [[:d:Q21360327|Q21360327]] | [[Cynodictis elegans]] | Cynodictis elegans | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynodictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2381 | [[:d:Q125569584|Q125569584]] | [[Meles thorali]] | Meles thorali | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2382 | [[:d:Q132731439|Q132731439]] | [[Meles magnus]] | Meles magnus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Meles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2383 | [[:d:Q60978126|Q60978126]] | [[Tungurictis spocki]] | Tungurictis spocki | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tungurictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2384 | [[:d:Q113011945|Q113011945]] | [[Adeilosmilus]] | Adeilosmilus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[felides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2385 | [[:d:Q134725558|Q134725558]] | [[Miophoca vetusta]] | Miophoca vetusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Miophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2386 | [[:d:Q135702373|Q135702373]] | [[Messiphoca mauretanica]] | Messiphoca mauretanica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Messiphoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2387 | [[:d:Q137325126|Q137325126]] | [[Pliogale]] | Pliogale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2388 | [[:d:Q137325217|Q137325217]] | [[Miomustela madisonae]] | Miomustela madisonae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Miomustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2389 | [[:d:Q137592820|Q137592820]] | [[Taotienimravus songi]] | Taotienimravus songi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Taotienimravus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2390 | [[:d:Q140460422|Q140460422]] | [[Brachyopsigale]] | Brachyopsigale | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Mephitinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2391 | [[:d:Q141200725|Q141200725]] | [[Promellivora punjabiensis]] | Promellivora punjabiensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Promellivora]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2392 | [[:d:Q5782647|Q5782647]] | [[Conepatus castaneus castaneus]] | Conepatus castaneus castaneus | 1 | | [[File:Conepatus humboldtii 1847.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus castaneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2393 | [[:d:Q5782649|Q5782649]] | [[Conepatus castaneus proteus]] | Conepatus castaneus proteus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus castaneus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2394 | [[:d:Q6427870|Q6427870]] | [[Kolponomos newportensis]] | Kolponomos newportensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Kolponomos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2395 | [[:d:Q18479382|Q18479382]] | [[Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes]] | Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Conepatus mesoleucus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2396 | [[:d:Q20907335|Q20907335]] | [[Galerella ochracea ochracea]] | Galerella ochracea ochracea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2397 | [[:d:Q20907336|Q20907336]] | [[Galerella ochracea bocagei]] | Galerella ochracea bocagei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2398 | [[:d:Q20907338|Q20907338]] | [[Galerella ochracea fulvidior]] | Galerella ochracea fulvidior | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2399 | [[:d:Q20907342|Q20907342]] | [[Galerella ochracea perfulvidus]] | Galerella ochracea perfulvidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galerella ochracea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2400 | [[:d:Q20907438|Q20907438]] | [[Herpestes smithii smithii]] | Herpestes smithii smithii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2401 | [[:d:Q20907439|Q20907439]] | [[Herpestes smithii thysanurus]] | Herpestes smithii thysanurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2402 | [[:d:Q20907440|Q20907440]] | [[Herpestes smithii zeylanius]] | Herpestes smithii zeylanius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpestes smithii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2403 | [[:d:Q55621237|Q55621237]] | [[Lontra weiri]] | Lontra weiri | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lontra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2404 | [[:d:Q108872622|Q108872622]] | [[Allodesmus kernensis]] | Allodesmus kernensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2405 | [[:d:Q108872886|Q108872886]] | [[Allodesmus naorai]] | Allodesmus naorai | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2406 | [[:d:Q112796039|Q112796039]] | [[Allodesmus sinanoensis]] | Allodesmus sinanoensis | 1 | | [[File:Allodesmus sinanoensis 『Eumetopias sinanoensis』1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Allodesmus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2407 | [[:d:Q115597690|Q115597690]] | [[Adilophontes brachykolos]] | Adilophontes brachykolos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Adilophontes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2408 | [[:d:Q115607206|Q115607206]] | [[Daphoenictis tedfordi]] | Daphoenictis tedfordi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Daphoenictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2409 | [[:d:Q115607436|Q115607436]] | [[Euroamphicyon olisiponensis]] | Euroamphicyon olisiponensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Euroamphicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2410 | [[:d:Q115619198|Q115619198]] | [[Pseudarctos bavaricus]] | Pseudarctos bavaricus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pseudarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2411 | [[:d:Q124036227|Q124036227]] | [[Enhydra reevei]] | Enhydra reevei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2412 | [[:d:Q134499808|Q134499808]] | [[Viverra zeylonensis]] | Viverra zeylonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2413 | [[:d:Q136815570|Q136815570]] | [[Parahyaena howelli]] | Parahyaena howelli | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parahyaena]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2414 | [[:d:Q6652290|Q6652290]] | [[Cynogale lowei]] | Cynogale lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2415 | [[:d:Q7841789|Q7841789]] | [[Trigonitis macrodon]] | Trigonictis macrodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Trigonictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2416 | [[:d:Q20718776|Q20718776]] | [[Monotherium delognii]] | Monotherium delognii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2417 | [[:d:Q21237227|Q21237227]] | [[Arctomeles dimolodontus]] | Arctomeles dimolodontus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctomeles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2418 | [[:d:Q29578874|Q29578874]] | [[Megalenhydris]] | Megalenhydris | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2419 | [[:d:Q125026524|Q125026524]] | [[Gulo schlosseri]] | Gulo schlosseri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Gulo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2420 | [[:d:Q125226254|Q125226254]] | [[Proteles septentrionalis]] | Proteles septentrionalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2421 | [[:d:Q126811409|Q126811409]] | [[Proteles transvaalensis]] | Proteles transvaalensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Proteles]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2422 | [[:d:Q126817535|Q126817535]] | [[Civettictis howelli]] | Civettictis howelli | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Civettictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2423 | [[:d:Q131451924|Q131451924]] | [[Hydrictis gudho]] | Hydrictis gudho | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hydrictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2424 | [[:d:Q133865750|Q133865750]] | [[Limnonyx]] | Limnonyx | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutrini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2425 | [[:d:Q10915457|Q10915457]] | [[Mustela formosana]] | Mustela formosana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2426 | [[:d:Q10960092|Q10960092]] | [[Mustela amurensis]] | Mustela amurensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2427 | [[:d:Q27898194|Q27898194]] | [[Gale]] | Gale | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2428 | [[:d:Q55636015|Q55636015]] | [[Tonkin weasel]] | Mustela tonkinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2429 | [[:d:Q108939086|Q108939086]] | [[Martes ten]] | Martes ten | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2430 | [[:d:Q122171688|Q122171688]] | [[Mustela furo]] | Mustela furo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2431 | [[:d:Q131451931|Q131451931]] | [[Martes ginsburgi]] | Martes ginsburgi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2432 | [[:d:Q132643625|Q132643625]] | [[Martes vetus]] | Martes vetus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Martes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2433 | [[:d:Q4389469|Q4389469]] | [[Lutra lutra whiteleyi]] | Lutra lutra whiteleyi | 1 | | [[File:Japanese otter.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lutra lutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2434 | [[:d:Q5399006|Q5399006]] | [[Protocyon scagliorum]] | Protocyon scagliorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2435 | [[:d:Q6088658|Q6088658]] | [[Protocyon tarijensis]] | Protocyon tarijensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2436 | [[:d:Q6088661|Q6088661]] | [[Protocyon troglodytes]] | Protocyon troglodytes | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2437 | [[:d:Q20907480|Q20907480]] | [[Suricata suricatta iona]] | Suricata suricatta iona | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2438 | [[:d:Q20907481|Q20907481]] | [[Suricata suricatta marjoriae]] | Suricata suricatta marjoriae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Suricata suricatta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2439 | [[:d:Q21360683|Q21360683]] | [[Leptocyon douglassi]] | Leptocyon douglassi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2440 | [[:d:Q21360688|Q21360688]] | [[Leptocyon leidyi]] | Leptocyon leidyi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2441 | [[:d:Q21360693|Q21360693]] | [[Leptocyon matthewi]] | Leptocyon matthewi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2442 | [[:d:Q21360698|Q21360698]] | [[Leptocyon tejonensis]] | Leptocyon tejonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2443 | [[:d:Q27150056|Q27150056]] | [[Pseudaelurus turnauensis]] | Pseudaelurus turnauensis | 1 | | [[File:(MHNT) Pseudaelurus turnauensis (Hoernes, 1882) - Hémimandibule gauche.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pseudaelurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2444 | [[:d:Q111039026|Q111039026]] | [[Barbourofelis morrisi]] | Barbourofelis morrisi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2445 | [[:d:Q111039508|Q111039508]] | [[Barbourofelis piveteaui]] | Barbourofelis piveteaui | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2446 | [[:d:Q111040147|Q111040147]] | [[Barbourofelis whitfordi]] | Barbourofelis whitfordi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2447 | [[:d:Q118645088|Q118645088]] | [[Barbourofelis loveorum]] | Barbourofelis loveorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Barbourofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2448 | [[:d:Q126896083|Q126896083]] | [[Lycalopex cultridens]] | Lycalopex cultridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lycalopex]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2449 | [[:d:Q133861149|Q133861149]] | [[Poecilictis libyca oralis]] | Poecilictis libyca oralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ictonyx libyca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2450 | [[:d:Q11290156|Q11290156]] | [[Mustela erminea orientalis]] | Mustela erminea orientalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela erminea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2451 | [[:d:Q20907188|Q20907188]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2452 | [[:d:Q20907189|Q20907189]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus balicus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus balicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2453 | [[:d:Q20907190|Q20907190]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar | 1 | | [[File:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus bondar Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2454 | [[:d:Q20907191|Q20907191]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canescens]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2455 | [[:d:Q20907192|Q20907192]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus canus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2456 | [[:d:Q20907193|Q20907193]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus cochinensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus cochinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2457 | [[:d:Q20907194|Q20907194]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus dongfangensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus dongfangensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2458 | [[:d:Q20907195|Q20907195]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus enganus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2459 | [[:d:Q20907196|Q20907196]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus exitus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus exitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2460 | [[:d:Q20907197|Q20907197]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus javanica]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus javanica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2461 | [[:d:Q20907198|Q20907198]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus kangeanus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus kangeanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2462 | [[:d:Q20907199|Q20907199]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus laotum]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus laotum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2463 | [[:d:Q20907200|Q20907200]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2464 | [[:d:Q20907201|Q20907201]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus milleri]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus milleri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2465 | [[:d:Q20907202|Q20907202]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2466 | [[:d:Q20907203|Q20907203]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus musanga]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus musanga | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2467 | [[:d:Q20907204|Q20907204]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus nictitans]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus nictitans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2468 | [[:d:Q20907205|Q20907205]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallasii]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallasii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2469 | [[:d:Q20907206|Q20907206]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallens]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pallens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2470 | [[:d:Q20907207|Q20907207]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus parvus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus parvus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2471 | [[:d:Q20907208|Q20907208]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippinensis]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippinensis | 1 | | [[File:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus philippensis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2472 | [[:d:Q20907209|Q20907209]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pugnax]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pugnax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2473 | [[:d:Q20907211|Q20907211]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pulcher]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pulcher | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2474 | [[:d:Q20907213|Q20907213]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sacer]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sacer | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2475 | [[:d:Q20907214|Q20907214]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus scindiae]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus scindiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2476 | [[:d:Q20907215|Q20907215]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus senex]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus senex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2477 | [[:d:Q20907217|Q20907217]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus setosus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus setosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2478 | [[:d:Q20907218|Q20907218]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus simplex]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus simplex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2479 | [[:d:Q20907219|Q20907219]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sumbanus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus sumbanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2480 | [[:d:Q20907222|Q20907222]] | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vellerosus]] | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus vellerosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus hermaphroditus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2481 | [[:d:Q20907456|Q20907456]] | [[Mungos mungo mungo]] | Mungos mungo mungo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2482 | [[:d:Q20907457|Q20907457]] | [[Mungos mungo adailensis]] | Mungos mungo adailensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2483 | [[:d:Q20907458|Q20907458]] | [[Mungos mungo bororensis]] | Mungos mungo bororensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2484 | [[:d:Q20907459|Q20907459]] | [[Mungos mungo caurinus]] | Mungos mungo caurinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2485 | [[:d:Q20907460|Q20907460]] | [[Mungos mungo colonus]] | Mungos mungo colonus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2486 | [[:d:Q20907461|Q20907461]] | [[Mungos mungo grisonax]] | Mungos mungo grisonax | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2487 | [[:d:Q20907462|Q20907462]] | [[Mungos mungo mandjarum]] | Mungos mungo mandjarum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2488 | [[:d:Q20907463|Q20907463]] | [[Mungos mungo marcrurus]] | Mungos mungo macrurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2489 | [[:d:Q20907464|Q20907464]] | [[Mungos mungo ngamiensis]] | Mungos mungo ngamiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2490 | [[:d:Q20907465|Q20907465]] | [[Mungos mungo pallidipes]] | Mungos mungo pallidipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2491 | [[:d:Q20907466|Q20907466]] | [[Mungos mungo rossi]] | Mungos mungo rossi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2492 | [[:d:Q20907468|Q20907468]] | [[Mungos mungo senescens]] | Mungos mungo senescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2493 | [[:d:Q20907469|Q20907469]] | [[Mungos mungo somalicus]] | Mungos mungo somalicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2494 | [[:d:Q20907470|Q20907470]] | [[Mungos mungo talboti]] | Mungos mungo talboti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2495 | [[:d:Q20907471|Q20907471]] | [[Mungos mungo zebra]] | Mungos mungo zebra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2496 | [[:d:Q20907472|Q20907472]] | [[Mungos mungo zebroides]] | Mungos mungo zebroides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungos mungo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2497 | [[:d:Q20907167|Q20907167]] | [[Paguma larvata larvata]] | Paguma larvata larvata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2498 | [[:d:Q20907168|Q20907168]] | [[Paguma larvata chichingensis]] | Paguma larvata chichingensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2499 | [[:d:Q20907169|Q20907169]] | [[Paguma larvata grayi]] | Paguma larvata grayi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2500 | [[:d:Q20907170|Q20907170]] | [[Paguma larvata hainana]] | Paguma larvata hainana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2501 | [[:d:Q20907172|Q20907172]] | [[Paguma larvata intrudens]] | Paguma larvata intrudens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2502 | [[:d:Q20907173|Q20907173]] | [[Paguma larvata janetta]] | Paguma larvata janetta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2503 | [[:d:Q20907174|Q20907174]] | [[Paguma larvata jourdanii]] | Paguma larvata jourdanii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2504 | [[:d:Q20907175|Q20907175]] | [[Paguma larvata lanigera]] | Paguma larvata lanigera | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2505 | [[:d:Q20907177|Q20907177]] | [[Paguma larvata leucomystax]] | Paguma larvata leucomystax | 1 | | [[File:Paguma larvata leucomystax.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2506 | [[:d:Q20907178|Q20907178]] | [[Paguma larvata neglecta]] | Paguma larvata neglecta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2507 | [[:d:Q20907179|Q20907179]] | [[Paguma larvata nigriceps]] | Paguma larvata nigriceps | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2508 | [[:d:Q20907181|Q20907181]] | [[Paguma larvata ogilbyi]] | Paguma larvata ogilbyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2509 | [[:d:Q20907182|Q20907182]] | [[Paguma larvata robusta]] | Paguma larvata robusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2510 | [[:d:Q20907187|Q20907187]] | [[Paguma larvata wroughtoni]] | Paguma larvata wroughtoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paguma larvata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2511 | [[:d:Q20907225|Q20907225]] | [[Cynogale bennettii bennettii]] | Cynogale bennettii bennettii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2512 | [[:d:Q20907226|Q20907226]] | [[Cynogale bennettii lowei]] | Cynogale bennettii lowei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cynogale bennettii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2513 | [[:d:Q20907284|Q20907284]] | [[Galidia elegans elegans]] | Galidia elegans elegans | 1 | | [[File:Ring-tailed Mongoose (Galidia elegans) (30504192017).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2514 | [[:d:Q20907285|Q20907285]] | [[Galidia elegans dambrensis]] | Galidia elegans dambrensis | 1 | | [[File:Northern Ring-tailed Mongoose (Galidia elegans dambrensis) (44337443224).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2515 | [[:d:Q20907286|Q20907286]] | [[Galidia elegans occidentalis]] | Galidia elegans occidentalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidia elegans]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2516 | [[:d:Q20907315|Q20907315]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei]] | Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2517 | [[:d:Q20907316|Q20907316]] | [[Crossarchus ansorgei nigricolor]] | Crossarchus ansorgei nigricolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Crossarchus ansorgei]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2518 | [[:d:Q20907766|Q20907766]] | [[Meles leucurus amurensis]] | Meles leucurus amurensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Meles leucurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2519 | [[:d:Q20907835|Q20907835]] | [[Mustela frenata nicaraguae]] | Mustela frenata nicaraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2520 | [[:d:Q21358523|Q21358523]] | [[Mustela frenata nicaraquae]] | Mustela frenata nicaraquae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela frenata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2521 | [[:d:Q20907150|Q20907150]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata trivirgata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata trivirgata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2522 | [[:d:Q20907151|Q20907151]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata bancana]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata bancana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2523 | [[:d:Q20907152|Q20907152]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata fusca]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata fusca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2524 | [[:d:Q20907153|Q20907153]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata inornata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata inornata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2525 | [[:d:Q20907154|Q20907154]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata leucotis]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata leucotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2526 | [[:d:Q20907156|Q20907156]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata macra]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata macra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2527 | [[:d:Q20907157|Q20907157]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata major]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata major | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2528 | [[:d:Q20907158|Q20907158]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata millsi]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata millsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2529 | [[:d:Q20907160|Q20907160]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata minor]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2530 | [[:d:Q20907161|Q20907161]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata simplex]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata simplex | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2531 | [[:d:Q20907162|Q20907162]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2532 | [[:d:Q20907163|Q20907163]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata sumatrana]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata sumatrana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2533 | [[:d:Q20907164|Q20907164]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata tingia]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata tingia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2534 | [[:d:Q20907166|Q20907166]] | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata]] | Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctogalidia trivirgata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2535 | [[:d:Q20907227|Q20907227]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus]] | Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2536 | [[:d:Q20907228|Q20907228]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus boiei]] | Hemigalus derbyanus boiei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2537 | [[:d:Q20907229|Q20907229]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus minor]] | Hemigalus derbyanus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2538 | [[:d:Q20907230|Q20907230]] | [[Hemigalus derbyanus sipora]] | Hemigalus derbyanus sipora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemigalus derbyanus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2539 | [[:d:Q20907231|Q20907231]] | [[Prionodon linsang linsang]] | Prionodon linsang linsang | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2540 | [[:d:Q20907232|Q20907232]] | [[Prionodon linsang fredericae]] | Prionodon linsang fredericae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2541 | [[:d:Q20907233|Q20907233]] | [[Prionodon linsang gracilis]] | Prionodon linsang gracilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon linsang]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2542 | [[:d:Q20907261|Q20907261]] | [[Viverra zibetha zibetha]] | Viverra zibetha zibetha | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverra zibetha]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2543 | [[:d:Q20907268|Q20907268]] | [[Viverricula indica indica]] | Viverricula indica indica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2544 | [[:d:Q20907269|Q20907269]] | [[Viverricula indica atchinensis]] | Viverricula indica atchinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2545 | [[:d:Q20907271|Q20907271]] | [[Viverricula indica baliensis]] | Viverricula indica baliensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2546 | [[:d:Q20907272|Q20907272]] | [[Viverricula indica baptistae]] | Viverricula indica baptistae | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica baptistae Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2547 | [[:d:Q20907273|Q20907273]] | [[Viverricula indica deserti]] | Viverricula indica deserti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2548 | [[:d:Q20907274|Q20907274]] | [[Viverricula indica klossi]] | Viverricula indica klossi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2549 | [[:d:Q20907275|Q20907275]] | [[Viverricula indica mayori]] | Viverricula indica mayori | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2550 | [[:d:Q20907276|Q20907276]] | [[Viverricula indica muriavensis]] | Viverricula indica muriavensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2551 | [[:d:Q20907277|Q20907277]] | [[Viverricula indica pallida]] | Viverricula indica pallida | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica pallida Hardwicke.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2552 | [[:d:Q20907278|Q20907278]] | [[Viverricula indica schlegelii]] | Viverricula indica schlegelii | 1 | | [[File:Viverricula indica schlegelii 1868.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2553 | [[:d:Q20907279|Q20907279]] | [[Viverricula indica thai]] | Viverricula indica thai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2554 | [[:d:Q20907280|Q20907280]] | [[Viverricula indica wellsi]] | Viverricula indica wellsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Viverricula indica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2555 | [[:d:Q20907393|Q20907393]] | [[Helogale parvula parvula]] | Helogale parvula parvula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2556 | [[:d:Q20907394|Q20907394]] | [[Helogale parvula ivori]] | Helogale parvula ivori | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2557 | [[:d:Q20907395|Q20907395]] | [[Helogale parvula mimetra]] | Helogale parvula mimetra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2558 | [[:d:Q20907396|Q20907396]] | [[Helogale parvula nero]] | Helogale parvula nero | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2559 | [[:d:Q20907397|Q20907397]] | [[Helogale parvula ruficeps]] | Helogale parvula ruficeps | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2560 | [[:d:Q20907398|Q20907398]] | [[Helogale parvula undulatus]] | Helogale parvula undulatus | 1 | | [[File:Helogale parvula undulata - Zoo Frankfurt 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2561 | [[:d:Q20907399|Q20907399]] | [[Helogale parvula varia]] | Helogale parvula varia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale parvula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2562 | [[:d:Q124610884|Q124610884]] | [[Urocyon webbi]] | Urocyon webbi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2563 | [[:d:Q124610886|Q124610886]] | [[Urocyon citrinus]] | Urocyon citrinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2564 | [[:d:Q124610887|Q124610887]] | [[Urocyon seminolensis]] | Urocyon seminolensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2565 | [[:d:Q124610888|Q124610888]] | [[Urocyon minicephalus]] | Urocyon minicephalus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2566 | [[:d:Q124610889|Q124610889]] | [[Urocyon galushai]] | Urocyon galushai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2567 | [[:d:Q135225872|Q135225872]] | [[Mustela eversmanii beringiae]] | Mustela eversmanii beringiae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mustela eversmanii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2568 | [[:d:Q19817052|Q19817052]] | [[Uncia]] | Uncia | 1 | | [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2569 | [[:d:Q20907236|Q20907236]] | [[Civettictis civetta civetta]] | Civettictis civetta civetta | 1 | | [[File:Civettictis civetta 12.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2570 | [[:d:Q20907237|Q20907237]] | [[Civettictis civetta australis]] | Civettictis civetta australis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2571 | [[:d:Q20907238|Q20907238]] | [[Civettictis civetta congica]] | Civettictis civetta congica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2572 | [[:d:Q20907239|Q20907239]] | [[Civettictis civetta pauli]] | Civettictis civetta pauli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2573 | [[:d:Q20907240|Q20907240]] | [[Civettictis civetta schwarzi]] | Civettictis civetta schwarzi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2574 | [[:d:Q20907241|Q20907241]] | [[Civettictis civetta volkmanni]] | Civettictis civetta volkmanni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2575 | [[:d:Q20907388|Q20907388]] | [[Helogale hirtula hirtula]] | Helogale hirtula hirtula | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2576 | [[:d:Q20907389|Q20907389]] | [[Helogale hirtula ahlselli]] | Helogale hirtula ahlselli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2577 | [[:d:Q20907390|Q20907390]] | [[Helogale hirtula annulata]] | Helogale hirtula annulata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2578 | [[:d:Q20907391|Q20907391]] | [[Helogale hirtula lutescens]] | Helogale hirtula lutescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2579 | [[:d:Q20907392|Q20907392]] | [[Helogale hirtula powelli]] | Helogale hirtula powelli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Helogale hirtula]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2580 | [[:d:Q20907906|Q20907906]] | [[Taxidea taxus berlandieri]] | Taxidea taxus berlandieri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2581 | [[:d:Q21356760|Q21356760]] | [[Martes americana albeietinoides]] | Martes americana albeietinoides | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Martes americana]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2582 | [[:d:Q21359274|Q21359274]] | [[Taxidea taxus berlanderi]] | Taxidea taxus berlanderi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Taxidea taxus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2583 | [[:d:Q119166409|Q119166409]] | [[Civettictis civetta europaeus]] | Civettictis civetta europaeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Civettictis civetta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2584 | [[:d:Q122602504|Q122602504]] | [[Tigris]] | Tigris | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Pantherinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2585 | [[:d:Q41163124|Q41163124]] | [[Callophoca obscura]] | Callophoca obscura | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Callophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2586 | [[:d:Q41167209|Q41167209]] | [[Platyphoca vulgaris]] | Platyphoca vulgaris | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Platyphoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2587 | [[:d:Q55348097|Q55348097]] | [[Howellictis valentini]] | Howellictis valentini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Howellictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2588 | [[:d:Q60840033|Q60840033]] | [[Paralutra garganensis]] | Paralutra garganensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paralutra]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2589 | [[:d:Q97290828|Q97290828]] | [[Lutraeximia umbra]] | Lutraeximia umbra | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lutraeximia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2590 | [[:d:Q99217642|Q99217642]] | [[Urva semitorquata]] | Urva semitorquata | 1 | | [[File:Herpestes semitorquatus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2591 | [[:d:Q101765792|Q101765792]] | [[Eomonachus]] | Eomonachus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Monachini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2592 | [[:d:Q115607913|Q115607913]] | [[Guangxicyon sinoamericanus]] | Guangxicyon sinoamericanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Guangxicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2593 | [[:d:Q115607931|Q115607931]] | [[Goupilictis minor]] | Goupilictis minor | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Goupilictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2594 | [[:d:Q123913995|Q123913995]] | [[Urva urva]] | Urva urva | 1 | | [[File:Urva urva 77938111.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2595 | [[:d:Q126718606|Q126718606]] | [[Devinophoca emryi]] | Devinophoca emryi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2596 | [[:d:Q126718837|Q126718837]] | [[Devinophoca claytoni]] | Devinophoca claytoni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Devinophoca]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2597 | [[:d:Q131624490|Q131624490]] | [[Vishnuictis durandi]] | Vishnuictis durandi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2598 | [[:d:Q131787805|Q131787805]] | [[Vishnuictis salmontanus]] | Vishnuictis salmontanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2599 | [[:d:Q131808847|Q131808847]] | [[Vishnuictis hariensis]] | Vishnuictis hariensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2600 | [[:d:Q131824716|Q131824716]] | [[Vishnuictis chinjiensis]] | Vishnuictis chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2601 | [[:d:Q131824739|Q131824739]] | [[Vishnuictis africana]] | Vishnuictis africana | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2602 | [[:d:Q131905086|Q131905086]] | [[Saketoteron tatroinse]] | Saketoteron tatroinse | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Saketoteron]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2603 | [[:d:Q136746071|Q136746071]] | [[Martellictis]] | Martellictis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Galictini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2604 | [[:d:Q137210550|Q137210550]] | [[Vishnuictis hasnoti]] | Vishnuictis hasnoti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vishnuictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2605 | [[:d:Q138835710|Q138835710]] | [[Laphictis mustelinus]] | Laphictis mustelinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Laphictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2606 | [[:d:Q141197939|Q141197939]] | [[Namibictis senuti]] | Namibictis senuti | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Namibictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2607 | [[:d:Q141198148|Q141198148]] | [[Iberictis azanzae]] | Iberictis azanzae | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Iberictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2608 | [[:d:Q141198525|Q141198525]] | [[Brachyopsigale dubia]] | Brachyopsigale dubia | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Brachyopsigale]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2609 | [[:d:Q141200692|Q141200692]] | [[Dehmictis vorax]] | Dehmictis vorax | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Dehmictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2610 | [[:d:Q16689175|Q16689175]] | [[Vulpes praeglacialis]] | Vulpes praeglacialis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2611 | [[:d:Q20907145|Q20907145]] | [[Arctictis binturong binturong]] | Arctictis binturong binturong | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2612 | [[:d:Q20907146|Q20907146]] | [[Arctictis binturong albifrons]] | Arctictis binturong albifrons | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2613 | [[:d:Q20907147|Q20907147]] | [[Arctictis binturong kerkhoveni]] | Arctictis binturong kerkhoveni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2614 | [[:d:Q20907148|Q20907148]] | [[Arctictis binturong menglaensis]] | Arctictis binturong menglaensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2615 | [[:d:Q20907149|Q20907149]] | [[Arctictis binturong penicillatus]] | Arctictis binturong penicillatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctictis binturong]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2616 | [[:d:Q20907281|Q20907281]] | [[Eupleres goudotii goudotii]] | Eupleres goudotii goudotii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2617 | [[:d:Q20907283|Q20907283]] | [[Eupleres goudotii major]] | Eupleres goudotii major | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Eupleres goudotii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2618 | [[:d:Q20907290|Q20907290]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata decemlineata]] | Mungotictis decemlineata decemlineata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2619 | [[:d:Q20907291|Q20907291]] | [[Mungotictis decemlineata lineatus]] | Mungotictis decemlineata lineatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Mungotictis decemlineata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2620 | [[:d:Q121911931|Q121911931]] | [[Vulpes praecorsac]] | Vulpes praecorsac | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2621 | [[:d:Q126857734|Q126857734]] | [[Vulpes stenognathus]] | Vulpes stenognathus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2622 | [[:d:Q126857899|Q126857899]] | [[Vulpes kernensis]] | Vulpes kernensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2623 | [[:d:Q126858238|Q126858238]] | [[Vulpes rooki]] | Vulpes rooki | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2624 | [[:d:Q126858440|Q126858440]] | [[Vulpes angustidens]] | Vulpes angustidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2625 | [[:d:Q126858566|Q126858566]] | [[Vulpes chikushanensis]] | Vulpes chikushanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2626 | [[:d:Q126858675|Q126858675]] | [[Vulpes galaticus]] | Vulpes galaticus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2627 | [[:d:Q126858811|Q126858811]] | [[Vulpes beihaiensis]] | Vulpes beihaiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vulpes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2628 | [[:d:Q126870810|Q126870810]] | [[Nasua pronarica]] | Nasua pronarica | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2629 | [[:d:Q132337392|Q132337392]] | [[Nasua meridensis]] | Nasua meridensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2630 | [[:d:Q140562249|Q140562249]] | [[Procyon rexroadensis]] | Procyon rexroadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Procyon (taxon)|Procyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2631 | [[:d:Q5378831|Q5378831]] | [[Enhydrocyon basilatus]] | Enhydrocyon basilatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Enhydrocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2632 | [[:d:Q20907223|Q20907223]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni jerdoni]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni jerdoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2633 | [[:d:Q20907224|Q20907224]] | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus]] | Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Paradoxurus jerdoni]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2634 | [[:d:Q20907234|Q20907234]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor pardicolor]] | Prionodon pardicolor pardicolor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2635 | [[:d:Q20907235|Q20907235]] | [[Prionodon pardicolor presina]] | Prionodon pardicolor presina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionodon pardicolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2636 | [[:d:Q20907287|Q20907287]] | [[Galidictis fasciata fasciata]] | Galidictis fasciata fasciata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2637 | [[:d:Q20907288|Q20907288]] | [[Galidictis fasciata striatus]] | Galidictis fasciata striatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Galidictis fasciata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2638 | [[:d:Q21078784|Q21078784]] | [[Protepicyon]] | Protepicyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Borophaginae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2639 | [[:d:Q119139126|Q119139126]] | [[Styriofelis turnauensis]] | Styriofelis turnauensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Styriofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2640 | [[:d:Q124605078|Q124605078]] | [[Chapalmalania altaefrontis]] | Chapalmalania altaefrontis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chapalmalania]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2641 | [[:d:Q21355817|Q21355817]] | [[Puma jagouaroundi]] | Puma jagouaroundi | 1 | | [[File:Puma yaguarondi.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2642 | [[:d:Q49560916|Q49560916]] | [[Vulpes velox macrotis]] | Vulpes velox macrotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes velox]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2643 | [[:d:Q96575733|Q96575733]] | [[Leopardus munoai]] | Leopardus munoai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2644 | [[:d:Q135553622|Q135553622]] | [[Leopardus jacobitus]] | Leopardus jacobitus | 1 | | [[File:Andean cat 1 Jim Sanderson.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2645 | [[:d:Q138662749|Q138662749]] | [[Leopardus]] | Leopardus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2646 | [[:d:Q138662755|Q138662755]] | [[Margay]] | Margay | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2647 | [[:d:Q138662760|Q138662760]] | [[Oreailurus]] | Oreailurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2648 | [[:d:Q21357310|Q21357310]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2649 | [[:d:Q23772782|Q23772782]] | [[Felis temminckii]] | Felis temminckii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2650 | [[:d:Q111144853|Q111144853]] | [[Felis rexroadensis]] | Felis rexroadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2651 | [[:d:Q111146975|Q111146975]] | [[Felis obscura]] | Felis obscura | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cattos|catto]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2652 | [[:d:Q5703261|Q5703261]] | [[Arctophoca philippii philippii]] | Arctophoca philippii philippii | 1 | | [[File:Lobo fino.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Arctophoca philippii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2653 | [[:d:Q16360463|Q16360463]] | [[Cubacyon transversidens]] | Cubacyon transversidens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Cubacyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2654 | [[:d:Q61714762|Q61714762]] | [[Parahyaenodon argentinus]] | Parahyaenodon argentinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parahyaenodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2655 | [[:d:Q101768609|Q101768609]] | [[Eomonachus belegaerensis]] | Eomonachus belegaerensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Eomonachus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2656 | [[:d:Q107410997|Q107410997]] | [[Yoshi garevskii]] | Yoshi garevskii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2657 | [[:d:Q107411031|Q107411031]] | [[Yoshi minor]] | Yoshi minor | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2658 | [[:d:Q110461396|Q110461396]] | [[Paludocyon bohemicus]] | Paludocyon bohemicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paludocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2659 | [[:d:Q111033552|Q111033552]] | [[Parailurus baikalicus]] | Parailurus baikalicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2660 | [[:d:Q111033555|Q111033555]] | [[Parailurus hungaricus]] | Parailurus hungaricus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Parailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2661 | [[:d:Q111038372|Q111038372]] | [[Afrosmilus turkanae]] | Afrosmilus turkanae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2662 | [[:d:Q111038430|Q111038430]] | [[Afrosmilus hispanicus]] | Afrosmilus hispanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2663 | [[:d:Q111038672|Q111038672]] | [[Afrosmilus africanus]] | Afrosmilus africanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Afrosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2664 | [[:d:Q115619210|Q115619210]] | [[Protemnocyon inflatus]] | Protemnocyon inflatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Protemnocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2665 | [[:d:Q117008010|Q117008010]] | [[Lycaon chakowheon]] | Lycaon chakowheon | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lycaon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2666 | [[:d:Q119122831|Q119122831]] | [[Miopanthera pamiri]] | Miopanthera pamiri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Miopanthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2667 | [[:d:Q120433497|Q120433497]] | [[Yoshi faie]] | Yoshi faie | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2668 | [[:d:Q120433536|Q120433536]] | [[Yoshi yongdengensis]] | Yoshi yongdengensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Yoshi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2669 | [[:d:Q123169212|Q123169212]] | [[Sivaelurus chinjiensis]] | Sivaelurus chinjiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Sivaelurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2670 | [[:d:Q123205003|Q123205003]] | [[Vinayakia nocturna]] | Vinayakia nocturna | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2671 | [[:d:Q126418855|Q126418855]] | [[Cuon priscus]] | Cuon priscus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cuon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2672 | [[:d:Q132063888|Q132063888]] | [[Vinayakia sarcophaga]] | Vinayakia sarcophaga | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2673 | [[:d:Q132069947|Q132069947]] | [[Vinayakia intermedia]] | Vinayakia intermedia | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Vinayakia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2674 | [[:d:Q20908029|Q20908029]] | [[Procyon lotor lotor]] | Procyon lotor lotor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2675 | [[:d:Q20908031|Q20908031]] | [[Procyon lotor auspicatus]] | Procyon lotor auspicatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2676 | [[:d:Q20908033|Q20908033]] | [[Procyon lotor excelsus]] | Procyon lotor excelsus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2677 | [[:d:Q20908034|Q20908034]] | [[Procyon lotor fuscipes]] | Procyon lotor fuscipes | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2678 | [[:d:Q20908035|Q20908035]] | [[Procyon lotor grinnelli]] | Procyon lotor grinnelli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2679 | [[:d:Q20908037|Q20908037]] | [[Procyon lotor hirtus]] | Procyon lotor hirtus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2680 | [[:d:Q20908038|Q20908038]] | [[Procyon lotor incautus]] | Procyon lotor incautus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2681 | [[:d:Q20908040|Q20908040]] | [[Procyon lotor inesperatus]] | Procyon lotor inesperatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2682 | [[:d:Q20908041|Q20908041]] | [[Procyon lotor litoreus]] | Procyon lotor litoreus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2683 | [[:d:Q20908042|Q20908042]] | [[Procyon lotor marinus]] | Procyon lotor marinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2684 | [[:d:Q20908044|Q20908044]] | [[Procyon lotor megalodous]] | Procyon lotor megalodous | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2685 | [[:d:Q20908045|Q20908045]] | [[Procyon lotor pacificus]] | Procyon lotor pacificus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2686 | [[:d:Q123471632|Q123471632]] | [[Angustictis mayri]] | Angustictis mayri | 1 | | | [[monotypic fossil taxon]] | | [[Angustictis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2687 | [[:d:Q126738250|Q126738250]] | [[Urva urva sinensis]] | Urva urva sinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2688 | [[:d:Q126739319|Q126739319]] | [[Urva urva formosanus]] | Urva urva formosanus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2689 | [[:d:Q126739709|Q126739709]] | [[Urva urva annamensis]] | Urva urva annamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2690 | [[:d:Q126740382|Q126740382]] | [[Urva urva urva]] | Urva urva urva | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urva urva]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2691 | [[:d:Q20719562|Q20719562]] | [[Xenosmilus hodsonae]] | Xenosmilus hodsonae | 1 | | [[File:Xenosmilus hodsonae.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenosmilus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2692 | [[:d:Q20907568|Q20907568]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2693 | [[:d:Q20907571|Q20907571]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii | 1 | | [[File:Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2694 | [[:d:Q20908000|Q20908000]] | [[Nasua nasua nasua]] | Nasua nasua nasua | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2695 | [[:d:Q20908001|Q20908001]] | [[Nasua nasua aricana]] | Nasua nasua aricana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2696 | [[:d:Q20908002|Q20908002]] | [[Nasua nasua boliviensis]] | Nasua nasua boliviensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2697 | [[:d:Q20908003|Q20908003]] | [[Nasua nasua candace]] | Nasua nasua candace | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2698 | [[:d:Q20908004|Q20908004]] | [[Nasua nasua cinerascens]] | Nasua nasua cinerascens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2699 | [[:d:Q20908005|Q20908005]] | [[Nasua nasua dorsalis]] | Nasua nasua dorsalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2700 | [[:d:Q20908006|Q20908006]] | [[Nasua nasua manium]] | Nasua nasua manium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2701 | [[:d:Q20908007|Q20908007]] | [[Nasua nasua molaris]] | Nasua nasua molaris | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2702 | [[:d:Q20908008|Q20908008]] | [[Nasua nasua montana]] | Nasua nasua montana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2703 | [[:d:Q20908009|Q20908009]] | [[Nasua nasua quichua]] | Nasua nasua quichua | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2704 | [[:d:Q20908010|Q20908010]] | [[Nasua nasua solitaria]] | Nasua nasua solitaria | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2705 | [[:d:Q20908012|Q20908012]] | [[Nasua nasua spadicea]] | Nasua nasua spadicea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2706 | [[:d:Q20908013|Q20908013]] | [[Nasua nasua vittata]] | Nasua nasua vittata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasua nasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2707 | [[:d:Q20908014|Q20908014]] | [[Nasuella olivacea olivacea]] | Nasuella olivacea olivacea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2708 | [[:d:Q20908016|Q20908016]] | [[Nasuella olivacea quitensis]] | Nasuella olivacea quitensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nasuella olivacea]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2709 | [[:d:Q20908046|Q20908046]] | [[Procyon lotor pallidus]] | Procyon lotor pallidus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2710 | [[:d:Q20908047|Q20908047]] | [[Procyon lotor psora]] | Procyon lotor psora | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2711 | [[:d:Q20908048|Q20908048]] | [[Procyon lotor pumilus]] | Procyon lotor pumilus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2712 | [[:d:Q20908049|Q20908049]] | [[Procyon lotor simus]] | Procyon lotor simus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2713 | [[:d:Q20908050|Q20908050]] | [[Procyon lotor vancouverensis]] | Procyon lotor vancouverensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon lotor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2714 | [[:d:Q21357303|Q21357303]] | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomous]] | Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomous | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2715 | [[:d:Q138662846|Q138662846]] | [[Jaguarius]] | Jaguarius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2716 | [[:d:Q138662847|Q138662847]] | [[Leo]] | Leo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2717 | [[:d:Q138662848|Q138662848]] | [[Panthera]] | Panthera | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2718 | [[:d:Q138662851|Q138662851]] | [[Uncia]] | Uncia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2719 | [[:d:Q1863207|Q1863207]] | [[Otarocyon macdonaldi]] | Otarocyon macdonaldi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otarocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2720 | [[:d:Q3051678|Q3051678]] | [[Otarocyon cooki]] | Otarocyon cooki | 1 | | [[File:Otarocyon cooki.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Otarocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2721 | [[:d:Q3895278|Q3895278]] | [[Pararctotherium]] | Pararctotherium | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Tremarctinae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2722 | [[:d:Q20907974|Q20907974]] | [[Bassariscus astutus astutus]] | Bassariscus astutus astutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2723 | [[:d:Q20907975|Q20907975]] | [[Bassariscus astutus arizonensis]] | Bassariscus astutus arizonensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2724 | [[:d:Q20907976|Q20907976]] | [[Bassariscus astutus bolei]] | Bassariscus astutus bolei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2725 | [[:d:Q20907978|Q20907978]] | [[Bassariscus astutus consitus]] | Bassariscus astutus consitus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2726 | [[:d:Q20907979|Q20907979]] | [[Bassariscus astutus flavus]] | Bassariscus astutus flavus | 1 | | [[File:Bassariscus astutus flavus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2727 | [[:d:Q20907980|Q20907980]] | [[Bassariscus astutus insulicola]] | Bassariscus astutus insulicola | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2728 | [[:d:Q20907981|Q20907981]] | [[Bassariscus astutus macdougalli]] | Bassariscus astutus macdougalli | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2729 | [[:d:Q20907982|Q20907982]] | [[Bassariscus astutus nevadensis]] | Bassariscus astutus nevadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2730 | [[:d:Q20907983|Q20907983]] | [[Bassariscus astutus octavus]] | Bassariscus astutus octavus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2731 | [[:d:Q20907984|Q20907984]] | [[Bassariscus astutus palmarius]] | Bassariscus astutus palmarius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2732 | [[:d:Q20907985|Q20907985]] | [[Bassariscus astutus raptor]] | Bassariscus astutus raptor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2733 | [[:d:Q20907987|Q20907987]] | [[Bassariscus astutus willetti]] | Bassariscus astutus willetti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2734 | [[:d:Q20907988|Q20907988]] | [[Bassariscus astutus yumanensis]] | Bassariscus astutus yumanensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[bassarisco]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2735 | [[:d:Q20907990|Q20907990]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti sumichrasti | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2736 | [[:d:Q20907991|Q20907991]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti latrans]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti latrans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2737 | [[:d:Q20907992|Q20907992]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti notinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2738 | [[:d:Q20907993|Q20907993]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti oaxacensis]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2739 | [[:d:Q20907994|Q20907994]] | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis]] | Bassariscus sumichrasti variabilis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Bassariscus sumichrasti]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2740 | [[:d:Q20908025|Q20908025]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus cancrivorus]] | Procyon cancrivorus cancrivorus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2741 | [[:d:Q20908026|Q20908026]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus aequatorialis]] | Procyon cancrivorus aequatorialis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2742 | [[:d:Q20908027|Q20908027]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus nigripes]] | Procyon cancrivorus nigripes | 1 | | [[File:Mano pelada (Procyon cancrivorus nigripes).JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2743 | [[:d:Q20908028|Q20908028]] | [[Procyon cancrivorus panamensis]] | Procyon cancrivorus panamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Procyon cancrivorus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2744 | [[:d:Q97374060|Q97374060]] | [[Gepard abisyński]] | Gepard abisyński | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2745 | [[:d:Q124799012|Q124799012]] | [[Acinonyx venator]] | Acinonyx venator | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Acinonyx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2746 | [[:d:Q137674958|Q137674958]] | [[Vulpes macrotis macrotis]] | Vulpes macrotis macrotis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Vulpes macrotis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2747 | [[:d:Q2496604|Q2496604]] | [[Oxetocyon cuspidatus]] | Oxetocyon cuspidatus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Oxetocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2748 | [[:d:Q7134501|Q7134501]] | [[Paraenhydrocyon josephi]] | Paraenhydrocyon josephi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Paraenhydrocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2749 | [[:d:Q12823232|Q12823232]] | [[Uncia uncia]] | Uncia uncia | 1 | | | [[taxon]]<br/>[[taxon synonyme]] | | [[Uncia]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2750 | [[:d:Q15041370|Q15041370]] | [[Microtomarctus conferta]] | Microtomarctus conferta | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Microtomarctus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2751 | [[:d:Q18420311|Q18420311]] | [[Pristinailurus bristoli]] | Pristinailurus bristoli | 1 | | [[File:Skull of Pristinailurus bristoli 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Pristinailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2752 | [[:d:Q21070611|Q21070611]] | [[Agriotherium inexpectans]] | Agriotherium inexpectans | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Agriotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2753 | [[:d:Q24910173|Q24910173]] | [[Cynarctus wangi]] | Cynarctus wangi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2754 | [[:d:Q25585437|Q25585437]] | [[Dinobastis]] | Dinobastis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherini]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2755 | [[:d:Q27450846|Q27450846]] | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi]] | Herpailurus yagouaroundi | 1 | | [[File:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 26409745.jpeg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2756 | [[:d:Q33176416|Q33176416]] | [[Cephalogalini]] | Cephalogalini | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2757 | [[:d:Q110473411|Q110473411]] | [[Phoberocyon hispanicus]] | Phoberocyon hispanicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Phoberocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2758 | [[:d:Q110971730|Q110971730]] | [[Amphimachairodus alvarezi]] | Amphimachairodus alvarezi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2759 | [[:d:Q110973654|Q110973654]] | [[Amphimachairodus kurteni]] | Amphimachairodus kurteni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2760 | [[:d:Q110973970|Q110973970]] | [[Amphimachairodus coloradensis]] | Amphimachairodus coloradensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2761 | [[:d:Q110974030|Q110974030]] | [[Amphimachairodus kabir]] | Amphimachairodus kabir | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2762 | [[:d:Q110979133|Q110979133]] | [[Amphimachairodus giganteus]] | Amphimachairodus giganteus | 1 | | [[File:Machairodus giganteus 1.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Amphimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2763 | [[:d:Q111025870|Q111025870]] | [[Caracal depereti]] | Caracal depereti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Caracal]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2764 | [[:d:Q111033701|Q111033701]] | [[Rhizosmilodon fiteae]] | Rhizosmilodon fiteae | 1 | | [[File:Rhizosmilodon UF 124634 01.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Rhizosmilodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2765 | [[:d:Q116547818|Q116547818]] | [[cyonarctos]] | Cyonarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemicyoninae]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2766 | [[:d:Q119105084|Q119105084]] | [[Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii]] | Hemimachairodus zwierzyckii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Hemimachairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2767 | [[:d:Q141193849|Q141193849]] | [[Arctonasua fricki]] | Arctonasua fricki | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2768 | [[:d:Q141195855|Q141195855]] | [[Arctonasua minima]] | Arctonasua minima | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2769 | [[:d:Q141199427|Q141199427]] | [[Arctonasua gracilis]] | Arctonasua gracilis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2770 | [[:d:Q141200277|Q141200277]] | [[Arctonasua eurybates]] | Arctonasua eurybates | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2771 | [[:d:Q141200653|Q141200653]] | [[Arctonasua floridana]] | Arctonasua floridana | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Arctonasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2772 | [[:d:Q3893455|Q3893455]] | [[Panthera leo goojratensis]] | Panthera leo goojratensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2773 | [[:d:Q20907037|Q20907037]] | [[Acinonyx jubatus velox]] | Acinonyx jubatus velox | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[gepardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2774 | [[:d:Q20907066|Q20907066]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pardalis]] | Leopardus pardalis pardalis | 1 | | [[File:Leopardus pardalis pardalis.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2775 | [[:d:Q20907068|Q20907068]] | [[Leopardus pardalis albescens]] | Leopardus pardalis albescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2776 | [[:d:Q20907069|Q20907069]] | [[Leopardus pardalis melanurus]] | Leopardus pardalis melanurus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2777 | [[:d:Q20907070|Q20907070]] | [[Leopardus pardalis mitis]] | Leopardus pardalis mitis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2778 | [[:d:Q20907071|Q20907071]] | [[Leopardus pardalis nelsoni]] | Leopardus pardalis nelsoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2779 | [[:d:Q20907072|Q20907072]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis]] | Leopardus pardalis pseudopardalis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2780 | [[:d:Q20907073|Q20907073]] | [[Leopardus pardalis pusaeus]] | Leopardus pardalis pusaeus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2781 | [[:d:Q20907074|Q20907074]] | [[Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis]] | Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2782 | [[:d:Q20907075|Q20907075]] | [[Leopardus pardalis steinbachi]] | Leopardus pardalis steinbachi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pardalis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2783 | [[:d:Q20907144|Q20907144]] | [[Panthera leo nyanzae]] | Panthera leo nyanzae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2784 | [[:d:Q25685473|Q25685473]] | [[Panthera leo mesopotamica]] | Panthera leo mesopotamica | 1 | | [[File:Iranian - Cylinder Seal with a Lion Hunt - Walters 42797.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[leon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2785 | [[:d:Q79136002|Q79136002]] | [[Leptofelis vallesiensis]] | Leptofelis vallesiensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leptofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2786 | [[:d:Q107410903|Q107410903]] | [[Tchadailurus adei]] | Tchadailurus adei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Tchadailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2787 | [[:d:Q118242375|Q118242375]] | [[Protursus simpsoni]] | Protursus simpsoni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Protursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2788 | [[:d:Q132147252|Q132147252]] | [[Lupulella adusta kaffensis]] | Lupulella adusta kaffensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2789 | [[:d:Q132147254|Q132147254]] | [[Lupulella adusta adusta]] | Lupulella adusta adusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2790 | [[:d:Q132147257|Q132147257]] | [[Lupulella adusta lateralis]] | Lupulella adusta lateralis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2791 | [[:d:Q132147266|Q132147266]] | [[Lupulella adusta notata]] | Lupulella adusta notata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2792 | [[:d:Q132147269|Q132147269]] | [[Lupulella adusta grayi]] | Lupulella adusta grayi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2793 | [[:d:Q132147302|Q132147302]] | [[Lupulella adusta bweha]] | Lupulella adusta bweha | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lupulella adusta]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2794 | [[:d:Q140835452|Q140835452]] | [[Leontoceryx bessarabiae]] | Leontoceryx bessarabiae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Leontoceryx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2795 | [[:d:Q10317429|Q10317429]] | [[Panthera pardus ciscaucasia]] | Panthera pardus ciscaucasia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2796 | [[:d:Q12843808|Q12843808]] | [[Kashmir leopard]] | Panthera pardus millardi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2797 | [[:d:Q20021838|Q20021838]] | [[Panthera onca georgica]] | Panthera onca georgica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[jaguar]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2798 | [[:d:Q20907055|Q20907055]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi geoffroyi]] | Leopardus geoffroyi geoffroyi | 1 | | [[File:Geoffroy's Cat 1d.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2799 | [[:d:Q20907056|Q20907056]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi euxanthus]] | Leopardus geoffroyi euxanthus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2800 | [[:d:Q20907057|Q20907057]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi leucobaptus]] | Leopardus geoffroyi leucobaptus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2801 | [[:d:Q20907058|Q20907058]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi paraguae]] | Leopardus geoffroyi paraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2802 | [[:d:Q20907059|Q20907059]] | [[Leopardus geoffroyi salinarum]] | Leopardus geoffroyi salinarum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto de Geoffroy]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2803 | [[:d:Q20907116|Q20907116]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis alleni]] | Prionailurus bengalensis alleni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2804 | [[:d:Q20907119|Q20907119]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis]] | Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2805 | [[:d:Q20907120|Q20907120]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldii]] | Prionailurus bengalensis horsfieldii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2806 | [[:d:Q20907123|Q20907123]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus]] | Prionailurus bengalensis sumatranus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2807 | [[:d:Q20907124|Q20907124]] | [[Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani]] | Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus bengalensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2808 | [[:d:Q21355717|Q21355717]] | [[Puma concolor capricornensis]] | Puma concolor capricornensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2809 | [[:d:Q22977963|Q22977963]] | [[Panthera pardus adusta]] | Panthera pardus adusta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2810 | [[:d:Q40494132|Q40494132]] | [[Felis chaus valbalala]] | Felis chaus valbalala | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Chaus|Felis chaus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2811 | [[:d:Q102849874|Q102849874]] | [[Puma concolor shorgeri]] | Puma concolor shorgeri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma|Puma concolor]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2812 | [[:d:Q139764685|Q139764685]] | [[Panthera pardus antiqua]] | Panthera pardus antiqua | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2813 | [[:d:Q139765127|Q139765127]] | [[Panthera pardus begoueni]] | Panthera pardus begoueni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[leopardo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2814 | [[:d:Q9338658|Q9338658]] | [[Smilodon neogaeus]] | Smilodon neogaeus | 1 | | [[File:Smilodon skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Smilodon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2815 | [[:d:Q20907053|Q20907053]] | [[Leopardus colocolo colocolo]] | Leopardus colocolo colocolo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2816 | [[:d:Q20907054|Q20907054]] | [[Leopardus colocolo wolffsohni]] | Leopardus colocolo wolffsohni | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2817 | [[:d:Q20907060|Q20907060]] | [[Leopardus guigna guigna]] | Leopardus guigna guigna | 1 | | [[File:Guigna 2.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Guigna|Leopardus guigna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2818 | [[:d:Q20907061|Q20907061]] | [[Leopardus guigna tigrillo]] | Leopardus guigna tigrillo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Guigna|Leopardus guigna]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2819 | [[:d:Q20907077|Q20907077]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus guttulus]] | Leopardus tigrinus guttulus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2820 | [[:d:Q20907078|Q20907078]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus oncilla]] | Leopardus tigrinus oncilla | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2821 | [[:d:Q20907080|Q20907080]] | [[Leopardus wiedii wiedii]] | Leopardus wiedii wiedii | 1 | | [[File:Leopardus wiedii.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2822 | [[:d:Q20907081|Q20907081]] | [[Leopardus wiedii amazonicus]] | Leopardus wiedii amazonicus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2823 | [[:d:Q20907082|Q20907082]] | [[Leopardus wiedii boliviae]] | Leopardus wiedii boliviae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2824 | [[:d:Q20907083|Q20907083]] | [[Leopardus wiedii cooperi]] | Leopardus wiedii cooperi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2825 | [[:d:Q20907084|Q20907084]] | [[Leopardus wiedii glauculus]] | Leopardus wiedii glauculus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2826 | [[:d:Q20907085|Q20907085]] | [[Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae]] | Leopardus wiedii nicaraguae | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2827 | [[:d:Q20907086|Q20907086]] | [[Leopardus wiedii oaxacensis]] | Leopardus wiedii oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2828 | [[:d:Q20907087|Q20907087]] | [[Leopardus wiedii pirrensis]] | Leopardus wiedii pirrensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2829 | [[:d:Q20907088|Q20907088]] | [[Leopardus wiedii salvinius]] | Leopardus wiedii salvinius | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2830 | [[:d:Q20907089|Q20907089]] | [[Leopardus wiedii vigens]] | Leopardus wiedii vigens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus wiedii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2831 | [[:d:Q20907133|Q20907133]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi ameghinoi]] | Puma yagouaroundi ameghinoi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2832 | [[:d:Q20907134|Q20907134]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi eyra]] | Puma yagouaroundi eyra | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2833 | [[:d:Q20907135|Q20907135]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi fossata]] | Puma yagouaroundi fossata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2834 | [[:d:Q20907136|Q20907136]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi melantho]] | Puma yagouaroundi melantho | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2835 | [[:d:Q20907137|Q20907137]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi panamensis]] | Puma yagouaroundi panamensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2836 | [[:d:Q20907138|Q20907138]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi tolteca]] | Puma yagouaroundi tolteca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2837 | [[:d:Q20908017|Q20908017]] | [[Potos flavus flavus]] | Potos flavus flavus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2838 | [[:d:Q20908018|Q20908018]] | [[Potos flavus chapadensis]] | Potos flavus chapadensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2839 | [[:d:Q20908019|Q20908019]] | [[Potos flavus chiriquensis]] | Potos flavus chiriquensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2840 | [[:d:Q20908020|Q20908020]] | [[Potos flavus megalotus]] | Potos flavus megalotus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2841 | [[:d:Q20908021|Q20908021]] | [[Potos flavus meridensis]] | Potos flavus meridensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2842 | [[:d:Q20908023|Q20908023]] | [[Potos flavus modestus]] | Potos flavus modestus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2843 | [[:d:Q20908024|Q20908024]] | [[Potos flavus nocturnus]] | Potos flavus nocturnus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[kinkajou]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2844 | [[:d:Q40719646|Q40719646]] | [[Ursus lasiotus]] | Ursus lasiotus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2845 | [[:d:Q40719711|Q40719711]] | [[Ursus nasutus]] | Ursus nasutus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2846 | [[:d:Q123037942|Q123037942]] | [[Leopardus colocolo braccatus]] | Leopardus colocola braccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Colocolo|Leopardus colocolo]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2847 | [[:d:Q126723012|Q126723012]] | [[Ursus kokeni]] | Ursus kokeni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2848 | [[:d:Q130243529|Q130243529]] | [[Ursus kudarensis]] | Ursus kudarensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2849 | [[:d:Q130243540|Q130243540]] | [[Ursus kanivetz]] | Ursus kanivetz | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2850 | [[:d:Q133820498|Q133820498]] | [[Ursus praekudarensis]] | Ursus praekudarensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2851 | [[:d:Q138497627|Q138497627]] | [[Euarctos]] | Euarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2852 | [[:d:Q138497629|Q138497629]] | [[Selenarctos]] | Selenarctos | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2853 | [[:d:Q138497631|Q138497631]] | [[Ursus]] | Ursus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2854 | [[:d:Q141493703|Q141493703]] | [[Leopardus tigrinus antisuyo]] | Leopardus tigrinus antisuyo | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus tigrinus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2855 | [[:d:Q5278583|Q5278583]] | [[Dinofelis paleoonca]] | Dinofelis paleoonca | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Dinofelis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2856 | [[:d:Q18746553|Q18746553]] | [[Homotherium crusafonti]] | Homotherium crusafonti | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Homotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2857 | [[:d:Q20907051|Q20907051]] | [[Leopardus braccatus braccatus]] | Leopardus braccatus braccatus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2858 | [[:d:Q20907052|Q20907052]] | [[Leopardus braccatus munoai]] | Leopardus braccatus munoai | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus braccatus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2859 | [[:d:Q20907098|Q20907098]] | [[Lynx lynx kozlovi]] | Lynx lynx kozlovi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2860 | [[:d:Q20907099|Q20907099]] | [[Lynx lynx stroganovi]] | Lynx lynx stroganovi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx lynx]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2861 | [[:d:Q20907102|Q20907102]] | [[Lynx rufus baileyi]] | Lynx rufus baileyi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2862 | [[:d:Q20907103|Q20907103]] | [[Lynx rufus californicus]] | Lynx rufus californicus | 1 | | [[File:Bobcat in the Santa Monica foothills. (14534364089).jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2863 | [[:d:Q20907105|Q20907105]] | [[Lynx rufus floridanus]] | Lynx rufus floridanus | 1 | | [[File:Florida Bobcat.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2864 | [[:d:Q20907106|Q20907106]] | [[Lynx rufus oaxacensis]] | Lynx rufus oaxacensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2865 | [[:d:Q20907107|Q20907107]] | [[Lynx rufus pallescens]] | Lynx rufus pallescens | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2866 | [[:d:Q20907108|Q20907108]] | [[Lynx rufus peninsularis]] | Lynx rufus peninsularis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2867 | [[:d:Q20907109|Q20907109]] | [[Lynx rufus superiorensis]] | Lynx rufus superiorensis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2868 | [[:d:Q20907110|Q20907110]] | [[Lynx rufus texensis]] | Lynx rufus texensis | 1 | | [[File:Lynx rufus texensis - Mount Angel Abbey Museum - Mount Angel Abbey - Mount Angel, Oregon - DSC00081.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Lynx rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2869 | [[:d:Q20907132|Q20907132]] | [[Puma yagouaroundi yagouaroundi]] | Puma yagouaroundi yagouaroundi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Puma yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2870 | [[:d:Q21353187|Q21353187]] | [[Felis silvestris brockmani]] | Felis silvestris brockmani | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2871 | [[:d:Q21353941|Q21353941]] | [[Felis silvestris euxina]] | Felis silvestris euxina | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2872 | [[:d:Q21353946|Q21353946]] | [[Felis silvestris molisana]] | Felis silvestris molisana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2873 | [[:d:Q21353951|Q21353951]] | [[Felis silvestris morea]] | Felis silvestris morea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2874 | [[:d:Q21353957|Q21353957]] | [[Felis silvestris pyrrhus]] | Felis silvestris pyrrhus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2875 | [[:d:Q21353961|Q21353961]] | [[Felis silvestris shawiana]] | Felis silvestris shawiana | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2876 | [[:d:Q21353966|Q21353966]] | [[Felis silvestris tartesia]] | Felis silvestris tartesia | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2877 | [[:d:Q23047459|Q23047459]] | [[Felis silvestris sarda]] | Felis silvestris sarda | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto salvage]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2878 | [[:d:Q111017868|Q111017868]] | [[Otocolobus manul manul]] | Otocolobus manul manul | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2879 | [[:d:Q111017909|Q111017909]] | [[Otocolobus manul ferrugineus]] | Otocolobus manul ferrugineus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2880 | [[:d:Q111017929|Q111017929]] | [[Otocolobus manul nigripectus]] | Otocolobus manul nigripectus | 1 | | [[File:Felis nigripectus (Otocolobus manul nigripectus) by Raj Man Singh.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Otocolobus manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2881 | [[:d:Q111520503|Q111520503]] | [[Pardofelis marmorata longicaudata]] | Pardofelis marmorata longicaudata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[catto marmorate]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2882 | [[:d:Q122841708|Q122841708]] | [[Megantereon cultridens]] | Megantereon cultridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2883 | [[:d:Q131624461|Q131624461]] | [[Megantereon falconeri]] | Megantereon falconeri | 1 | | [[File:Left maxilla of Megantereon falconeri.png|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2884 | [[:d:Q131841517|Q131841517]] | [[Megantereon adroveri]] | Megantereon adroveri | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2885 | [[:d:Q131841541|Q131841541]] | [[Megantereon hesperus]] | Megantereon hesperus | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2886 | [[:d:Q131841563|Q131841563]] | [[Megantereon vakshensis]] | Megantereon vakshensis | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2887 | [[:d:Q131841571|Q131841571]] | [[Megantereon whitei]] | Megantereon whitei | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Megantereon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2888 | [[:d:Q5199891|Q5199891]] | [[Cynarctoides gawnae]] | Cynarctoides gawnae | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2889 | [[:d:Q5199892|Q5199892]] | [[Cynarctoides emryi]] | Cynarctoides emryi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2890 | [[:d:Q5199894|Q5199894]] | [[Cynarctoides harlowi]] | Cynarctoides harlowi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2891 | [[:d:Q5199895|Q5199895]] | [[Cynarctoides lemur]] | Cynarctoides lemur | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2892 | [[:d:Q5199896|Q5199896]] | [[Cynarctoides luskensis]] | Cynarctoides luskensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2893 | [[:d:Q5199897|Q5199897]] | [[Cynarctoides roii]] | Cynarctoides roii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2894 | [[:d:Q5278577|Q5278577]] | [[Dinocyon thenardi]] | Dinocyon thenardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Dinocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2895 | [[:d:Q5489312|Q5489312]] | [[Arctotherium wingei]] | Arctotherium wingei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2896 | [[:d:Q11765234|Q11765234]] | [[Machairodus africanus]] | Machairodus africanus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Machairodus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2897 | [[:d:Q16667336|Q16667336]] | [[Nyctereutes terblanchei]] | Nyctereutes terblanchei | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2898 | [[:d:Q19755931|Q19755931]] | [[Cynarctoides acridens]] | Cynarctoides acridens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Cynarctoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2899 | [[:d:Q20907062|Q20907062]] | [[Leopardus pajeros pajeros]] | Leopardus pajeros pajeros | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2900 | [[:d:Q20907063|Q20907063]] | [[Leopardus pajeros budini]] | Leopardus pajeros budini | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2901 | [[:d:Q20907064|Q20907064]] | [[Leopardus pajeros garleppi]] | Leopardus pajeros garleppi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2902 | [[:d:Q20907065|Q20907065]] | [[Leopardus pajeros thomasi]] | Leopardus pajeros thomasi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Leopardus pajeros]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2903 | [[:d:Q20907127|Q20907127]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2904 | [[:d:Q20907128|Q20907128]] | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi]] | Prionailurus rubiginosus phillipsi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus rubiginosus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2905 | [[:d:Q107412464|Q107412464]] | [[Lokotunjailurus emageritus]] | Lokotunjailurus emageritus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2906 | [[:d:Q107412507|Q107412507]] | [[Lokotunjailurus fanonei]] | Lokotunjailurus fanonei | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lokotunjailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2907 | [[:d:Q107421814|Q107421814]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis valdarnensis]] | Lynx issiodorensis valdarnensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2908 | [[:d:Q107421860|Q107421860]] | [[Lynx issiodorensis kurteni]] | Lynx issiodorensis kurteni | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Lynx issiodorensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2909 | [[:d:Q108583865|Q108583865]] | [[Arctotherium latidens]] | Arctotherium latidens | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Arctotherium]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2910 | [[:d:Q111041029|Q111041029]] | [[Nimravides hibbardi]] | Nimravides hibbardi | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2911 | [[:d:Q111041041|Q111041041]] | [[Nimravides galiani]] | Nimravides galiani | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2912 | [[:d:Q111041069|Q111041069]] | [[Nimravides pedionomus]] | Nimravides pedionomus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2913 | [[:d:Q111041238|Q111041238]] | [[Nimravides thinobates]] | Nimravides thinobates | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nimravides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2914 | [[:d:Q112863605|Q112863605]] | [[Hemicyon barbouri]] | Hemicyon barbouri | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Hemicyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2915 | [[:d:Q120277194|Q120277194]] | [[Plithocyon ursinus]] | Plithocyon ursinus | 1 | | [[File:Plithocyon ursinus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plithocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2916 | [[:d:Q122127214|Q122127214]] | [[Metailurus boodon]] | Metailurus boodon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Metailurus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2917 | [[:d:Q131981277|Q131981277]] | [[Helarctos namadicus]] | Helarctos namadicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Helarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2918 | [[:d:Q139470334|Q139470334]] | [[Nyctereutes urartuensis]] | Nyctereutes urartuensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2919 | [[:d:Q139818767|Q139818767]] | [[Nyctereutes vulpinus]] | Nyctereutes vulpinus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Nyctereutes]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2920 | [[:d:Q140381432|Q140381432]] | [[Xenocyon trinilensis]] | Xenocyon trinilensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2921 | [[:d:Q20907038|Q20907038]] | [[Catopuma temminckii temminckii]] | Catopuma temminckii temminckii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2922 | [[:d:Q20907040|Q20907040]] | [[Catopuma temminckii dominicanorum]] | Catopuma temminckii dominicanorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2923 | [[:d:Q20907041|Q20907041]] | [[Catopuma temminckii tristis]] | Catopuma temminckii tristis | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Catopuma temminckii]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2924 | [[:d:Q20907043|Q20907043]] | [[Felis manul manul]] | Felis manul manul | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2925 | [[:d:Q20907044|Q20907044]] | [[Felis manul ferruginea]] | Felis manul ferruginea | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2926 | [[:d:Q20907045|Q20907045]] | [[Felis manul nigripecta]] | Felis manul nigripecta | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Felis manul]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2927 | [[:d:Q21353356|Q21353356]] | [[Panthera sondaica sondaica]] | Panthera sondaica sondaica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Panthera sondaica]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2928 | [[:d:Q56313824|Q56313824]] | [[Protarctos abstrusus]] | Protarctos abstrusus | 1 | | [[File:Protarctos abstrusus.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Protarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2929 | [[:d:Q109312424|Q109312424]] | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi ameghinoi]] | Herpailurus yagouaroundi ameghinoi | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Herpailurus yagouaroundi]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2930 | [[:d:Q111027511|Q111027511]] | [[Caracal aurata celidogaster]] | Caracal aurata celidogaster | 1 | | [[File:Felis celidogaster - 1834 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ22100376.tif|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2931 | [[:d:Q111027611|Q111027611]] | [[Caracal aurata aurata]] | Caracal aurata aurata | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Caracal aurata]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2932 | [[:d:Q140906498|Q140906498]] | [[Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus]] | Prionailurus javanensis sumatranus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Prionailurus javanensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2933 | [[:d:Q141200436|Q141200436]] | [[Paranasua biradica]] | Paranasua biradica | 1 | | | [[extinct taxon]] | | [[Paranasua]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2934 | [[:d:Q5032443|Q5032443]] | [[Canis falconeri]] | Canis falconeri | 1 | | [[File:Canisfalc.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2935 | [[:d:Q6111761|Q6111761]] | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus]] | Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus | 1 | | [[File:202308 Japanese raccoon dog.svg|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Nyctereutes procyonoides]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2936 | [[:d:Q21354981|Q21354981]] | [[Canis ursinus]] | Canis ursinus | 1 | | [[File:Hemicyon sansaniensis.JPG|center|48px]] | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2937 | [[:d:Q21399595|Q21399595]] | [[Canis group]] | Canis group | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2938 | [[:d:Q40685874|Q40685874]] | [[Ursus arctos shanorum]] | Ursus arctos shanorum | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2939 | [[:d:Q124668428|Q124668428]] | [[Ursus arctos penghuensis]] | Ursus arctos penghuensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Ursus arctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2940 | [[:d:Q6080752|Q6080752]] | [[Plionarctos edensis]] | Plionarctos edensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plionarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2941 | [[:d:Q6080755|Q6080755]] | [[Plionarctos harroldorum]] | Plionarctos harroldorum | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Plionarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2942 | [[:d:Q107368660|Q107368660]] | [[Canis antonii]] | Canis antonii | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2943 | [[:d:Q109647079|Q109647079]] | [[Canis alpinus]] | Canis alpinus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2944 | [[:d:Q122069773|Q122069773]] | [[Indarctos arctoides]] | Indarctos arctoides | 1 | | [[File:Indarctos arctoides skull - Batallones 3 fossil site, Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Indarctos]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2945 | [[:d:Q126893244|Q126893244]] | [[Ursus spelaeus eremus]] | Ursus spelaeus eremus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso del cavernas|Ursus spelaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2946 | [[:d:Q126893260|Q126893260]] | [[Ursus spelaeus ladinicus]] | Ursus spelaeus ladinicus | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Urso del cavernas|Ursus spelaeus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2947 | [[:d:Q133853184|Q133853184]] | [[Canis dirus]] | Canis dirus | 1 | | [[File:Aenocyon dirus restoration & skeleton.jpg|center|48px]] | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2948 | [[:d:Q140590815|Q140590815]] | [[Xenocyon]] | Xenocyon | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Canis (taxon)|Canis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2949 | [[:d:Q5032446|Q5032446]] | [[Canis rufus rufus]] | Canis rufus rufus | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis rufus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2950 | [[:d:Q20907493|Q20907493]] | [[Canis aureus moreotica]] | Canis aureus moreotica | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis aureus]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2951 | [[:d:Q20907525|Q20907525]] | [[Canis simensis citernii]] | Canis simensis citernii | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[Canis simensis]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2952 | [[:d:Q22286695|Q22286695]] | [[Austro-hungarian wolf]] | Canis lupus minor | 1 | | | [[taxon]] | | [[lupo gris]] | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2953 | [[:d:Q140590792|Q140590792]] | [[Canis trinilensis]] | Canis trinilensis | 1 | | | [[taxon fossile]] | | [[Xenocyon]] | |} ---- &sum; 2953 items. {{Wikidata list end}} 582sqv59mqn285738clh1cvyevqdga6 0 43512 701087 643162 2026-09-28T00:17:32Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{revision}} [[File:Aram_Khachaturian,_Pic,_17.jpg|right|thumb|Aram Khachaturian]] '''Aram Ilich Khachaturian''' ([[lingua armenie|armenio]]: Արամ Եղիայի Խաչատրյան; [[6 de junio]] [[1903]] in [[Tblisi]]&nbsp;– [[1 de maio]] [[1978]] in [[Moscova]]) esseva un compositor significante de [[Armenia]] [[Union Sovietic|Sovietic]]. Ille studiava le violincello in le [[annos 1920]] e iva al Conservatorio de Moscova in 1929. Ille componeva plure symphonias e un ballet appellate ''Gayane''.[https://web.archive.org/web/20181212153510/http://www.khachaturian.am/eng/biography.htm] Su musica was mainly influenced by the folk music of Armenia. Su composition le plus popular, le "Dansa de Sabla" de ''Gayane'', ha essite usate extensivememte in cultura popular e ha essite musicate per un numero de musicos global. {{traduction|simple|Aram Khachaturian|5597307}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Khachaturian, Aram}} [[Categoria:Musicos, cantatores, e compositores armenie]] {{pecietta|biographia|musica}} oze56ydycbwuu2eon4c765911u8zmv4 0 43555 701090 686425 2026-09-28T01:44:47Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses4|le serie de phantasia|le persona del titulo|Harry Potter (personage)}} [[File:Harry_Potter_british_books.jpg|center|thumb]] '''''Harry Potter''''' es un serie de septe romances scripte per le autor britannic [[J. K. Rowling]], de quem octo pelliculas ha essite basate. Le historia narra le aventuras del [[Mago (phantasia)|mago]] adolescente [[Harry Potter (personage)|Harry Potter]] e de su melior amicos [[Ron Weasley]] e [[Hermione Granger]], tote de qui es alumnos del [[Hogwarts|Schola de Magia e Incanteria de Hogwarts]]. Le principal [[fabula]] concerne le defia de Harry que involve le incantator maleficente [[Domino Voldemort]], qui ha occidite le genitores de Harry in su mira de conquirer le [[universo de Harry Potter|mundo magic]] e supprimer omne persona sin magia (le [[Muggle]]s). Desde le publication del 30 junio 1997 del prime romance ''[[Harry Potter e le Petra Philosophal]]'', le libros ha ganiate immense popularitate, acclamation critic, e global successo commercial.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2996578.stm|title=Le loco de Potter in le canone litterari|publisher=BBC|last=Allsobrook |first=Dr. Marian|date=le 18 de junio 2003|accessdate=le 15 de octobre 2007}}</ref> Le serie ha etiam habite alicun portion de critica, includente re le crescente tono obscur, e le libros ulterior, como ''[[Harry Potter e le Reliquias del Morte]],'' serea minus convenibile pro preadolescentes. Desde junio 2008, le serie de libros ha vendite plus de 400 milliones de copias e ha essite traducte a 67 linguas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7649962.stm|title=Rowling 'makes £5 every second' |date=3 October 2008|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=17 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="boxofficemojo">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/|publisher=Box Office Mojo, LLC.|title=All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses|date=1998–2008|accessdate=29 July 2008}}</ref> Le ultime quatro libros ha consecutivemente ponite primatias pro ser le libros vendite le plus presto del historia. Illo es un serie de multe generes, includente phantasia, guerra, e complimento del etate adulte, etiam habente multe sensos e referentias cultural.<ref>Fry, Stephen [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html Vivente con Harry Potter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602092002/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html |date=2009-06-02 }} BBC Radio4, 10 December 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Up!|work=ew.com|last=Jenson|first=Jeff|year=2000|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,85524~5~0~,00.html|accessdate=20 September 2007|archivedate=30 July 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120730/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,85524~5~0~,00.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Last Chapter|author=Nancy Carpentier Brown|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor|year=2007|url=http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf|accessdate=28 April 2009|archivedate=13 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013134200/http://www.osv.com/Portals/0/images/pdf/TheLastChapter.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author=J. K. Rowling| title=J. K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival| url=http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80| accessdate=10 October 2006| archivedate=20 August 2006| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820213620/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80}}</ref> <!-- Secundo Rowling, le main theme es [[le morte]],<ref name="Geordie Greig">{{cite news|author=Geordie Greig|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/10/nrowl110.xml|title='There would be so much to tell her...'|publisher=[[Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate = 4 April 2007|date=11 January 2006 | location=London}}</ref> which has led to much criticism, as it is primarily considered to be a work of [[children's literature]]. There are also many other themes in the series, such as [[love]] and [[prejudice]].<ref name="Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. Interview with [[Steve Kloves]] and J.K. Rowling"/> English-language versions of the books are published by [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] in the United Kingdom, [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic Press]] in the United States, [[Allen & Unwin]] in Australia, and [[Raincoast Books]] in Canada. Through 2010, the first six books have been made into [[Harry Potter (film series)|films]] by [[Warner Bros.|Warner Brothers]], which is the [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing film series|highest grossing film series]] of all time so far. The seventh book is being made into two movies which are currently scheduled to be released nearly eight months apart: Part I in November 2010 and the [[series finale]] in July 2011. The series also originated much tie-in merchandise, making the Harry Potter brand worth £15&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers_and_shakers/article3663197.ece|title=Business big shot: Harry Potter author JK Rowling|accessdate=14 July 2009 | location=London | work=The Times | first=Susan | last=Thompson | date=2 April 2008}}</ref> --> ===Tomos=== # [[Harry Potter e le Petra Philosophal|Harry Potter e le petra philosophal]] # [[Harry Potter e le Camera del Secretos|Harry Potter e le camera del secretos]] # [[Harry Potter e le Prisionero de Azkaban|Harry Potter e le prisionero de Azkaban]] # [[Harry Potter e le Calice de Foco|Harry Potter e le calice de foco]] # [[Harry Potter e le Ordine del Phenice|Harry Potter e le ordine del phenice]] # [[Harry Potter e le Prince Semisanguine|Harry Potter e le prince semisanguine]] # [[Harry Potter e le Reliquias del Morte|Harry Potter e le reliquias del morte]] == Intriga == In iste libros, Harry Potter e su amicos salva [[Hogwarts]] e le mundo del magos repetitemente del maligne [[Domino Voldemort]], mesmo dum haber le experientias typic de adolescer del etate de 11 annos a 17 annos. == Personages == *[[Sirius Black]] *[[Millicent Bulstrode]] *[[Cho Chang]] *[[Albus Dumbledore]] *[[Filius Flitwick]] *[[Cornelius Fudge]] *[[Anthony Goldstein]] *[[Hermione Granger]] *[[Hugo Granger-Weasley]] *[[Rose Granger-Weasley]] *[[Godric Gryffindor]] *[[Rubeus Hagrid]] *[[Helga Hufflepuff]] *[[Neville Longbottom]] *[[Luna Lovegood]] *[[Remus Lupin]] *[[Minerva McGonagall]] *[[Draco Malfoy]] *[[Lucius Malfoy]] *[[Garrick Ollivander]] *[[Padma Patil]] *[[Parvati Patil]] *[[Peeves le Poltergeist]] *[[Harry Potter (personage)|Harry Potter]] *[[Rowena Ravenclaw]] *[[Kingsley Shacklebolt]] *[[Rufus Scrimgeour]] *[[Salazar Slytherin]] *[[Severus Snape]] *[[Pomona Sprout]] *[[Senior Voldemort]] *[[Arthur Weasley]] *[[Bill Weasley]] *[[Charlie Weasley]] *[[Fred e George Weasley]] *[[Ginny Weasley]] *[[Molly Weasley]] *[[Percy Weasley]] *[[Ron Weasley]] *[[Oliver Wood]] == Vide etiam == * [[Ministerio de Magia|Ministerio del Magia]] * [[Mortivores]] * [[Hogwarts]] * [[Weasley's Wizard Wheezes]] == Referentias == [[Categoria:Harry Potter]] gm0lvrny9ssbq7wtfy1kyfbqyl7qnkg 0 47844 701091 673304 2026-09-28T01:45:40Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Henry George''' ([[2 de septembre]] [[1839]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]]&nbsp;– [[29 de octobre]] [[1897]] in [[Nove York]], [[Nove York (stato)|Nove York]], SUA) esseva un economista politic e jornalista [[Statos Unite de America|statounitese]]. Su scriptos esseva popular immensemente in le Statos Unite del seculo 19, e inceptava plure movimentos politic del si-nominate Era Progressive in le Statos Unite. Ille inspirava le philosophia economic cognoscite como [[Georgismo]], que es le conviction que gente deberea posseder le valor que illos ipse produce, ma le valor economic que derivar ab terra (includente ressources natural) deberea pertiner equalmente a tote membros de societate. George argueva famosemente que un si-nominate "taxa singule" ([[anglese]]: single tax) de valor de terra crearea un plus productive e juste societate. Su obra le plus famose, ''Progresso e Povressa'' (1879, [[anglese]]: ''Progress and Poverty''), vendeva milliones de copias globalmente, e esseva le secunde libro plus legite de post le Biblia in le tarde 19e e prime 20e seculos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American History: Excerpt from Henry George Progress and Poverty 1879|url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1876-1900/excerpt-from-henry-george-progress-and-poverty-1879.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310205105/http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1876-1900/excerpt-from-henry-george-progress-and-poverty-1879.php|archivedate=2021-03-10|accessdate=2022-04-27}}</ref> Le discurso investiga le paradoxo de inequalitate crescente e povressa durante progresso economic e technologic, e le captura de renta como un taxa de valor de terra e altere reformas de anti-monopolio que un remedio de esse e altere problemas social. Altere obras de George defendeva libere commercio, le voto secrete, e public possession de monopolios natural. Ille esseva un jornalista per multe annos. Le popularitate de su scriptos e orationes conduceva le a presentar se a burgomaestro de [[Nove York]] in 1886 e 1897, recipiente respectivemente 31% e 4% del voto e finite ante [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in le prime cursa. Post su morte quatro dies ante le die de secunde election, 200 000 personas pareva a su funeres, que esseva circa 10% de population de Nove York.<ref>https://www.gameofrent.com/content/progress-and-poverty-review</ref> == Referentias == {{commonscat|Henry George}} <references /> {{traduction|en|Henry George|1084095942}} {{DEFAULTSORT:George, Henry}} [[Categoria:Gente statounitese]] [[Categoria:Economistas classic]] dzqz9hn07bb7fijis1g6p4flpouacrl 0 53405 701083 700785 2026-09-27T16:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 2 books for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20260927)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 701083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{eminente}} {{infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}} '''Extremadura''' (espaniol: ''Extremadura''; [[extremadurano]]: ''Estremaúra''; [[portugese]]: ''Estremadura''; Fala: ''Extremaúra'') es un [[communitate autonome de Espania|communitate autonome]] de [[Espania]]. Su capital es [[Mérida]], e [[Badajoz]] es su citate le plus populate. Situate in le parte centro-occidental del [[Peninsula Iberic]], Extremadura es formate per le provincias de [[provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] e [[provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]], le duo provincias plus grande de Espania per superficie. Illa ha frontieras con [[Portugal]] al west, con [[Castilia e León]] al nord, con [[Castilla-La Mancha]] al est e con [[Andalusia]] al sud. Le major parte de su territorio appartene al [[bacino hydrographic]] del [[Tajo]] e del [[Guadiana]].<ref name="Statuto">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-1638 |title=Ley Orgánica 1/2011, de 28 de januario, de reforma del Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura |publisher=[[Boletin Oficial del Stato]] |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Con 41 634 km² e 1 053 345 habitantes al 1 de januario 2025, Extremadura es un del communitates autonome le plus pauc densamente populate de Espania.<ref name="INE2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2026_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |title=Espania in cifras 2026 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Espania)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le region possede un importante patrimonio natural, con areas protegite como le [[Parco National de Monfragüe]], le [[Parco Natural del Tajo Internacional]] e le [[Parco Natural de Cornalvo]].<ref name="Monfrague">{{cite web |url=https://turismoextremadura.juntaex.es/es/explora/Monfraguee-National-Park/ |title=Parco National de Monfragüe |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref name="Tajo">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/es/w/parque-natural-tajo-internacional |title=Parco Natural del Tajo Internacional |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref name="Cornalvo">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/es/w/parque-natural-de-cornalvo |title=Parco Natural de Cornalvo |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Illa include etiam le [[Geoparco Mundial UNESCO Villuercas-Ibores-Jara]] e numerose altere areas de valor ecologic e geologic. Le [[Junta de Extremadura]] es le organo executive del communitate autonome e es dirigite per le [[Presidente de Extremadura]]. Le [[Assemblea de Extremadura]] es le organo legislative regional. [[Mérida]] es le capital e sede del Assemblea, del Presidencia e del Junta de Extremadura.<ref name="Statuto"/><ref name="Capitalitate">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-4328 |title=Ley 7/2015, de 31 de martio, per le qual es regulate le Statuto de Capitalitate de Mérida |publisher=[[Boletin Oficial del Stato]] |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le [[Dia de Extremadura]] es celebrate le [[8 de septembre]], data associate con le festivitate de [[Nostre Seniora de Guadalupe]]. Extremadura ha un important production de energia electric, particularmente de origine solar.<ref name="AnnuarioEnergia">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/5548153/Anuario_2025.pdf/ab27ff81-19b4-c9cc-b680-ddcfd99565cd |title=Annuario statistic 2025 |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le region possede etiam recursos de [[lithium]], e plure projectos industrial ligate al exploitation del mineral e al fabrication de materiales pro batteries ha essite promovite o tramutate in Extremadura.<ref name="LithiumNavas">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/doe-y-mina-litio |title=Projecto integral de aprovechamento de lithium in le mina Las Navas |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |date=30 de decembre 2022 |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref name="LithiumMerida">{{cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2025&doe=670o&xml=2025040039 |title=Decreto 19/2025: planta de fabrication de materiales pro cathodos de baterias de lithium ferrofosfato |publisher=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=7 de april 2025 |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Historia == === Prehistoria === Le presentia human in le actual territorio de Extremadura es documentate desde le [[Paleolithico]]. Durante iste periodo, gruppos de chassatores e recollectores frequentava le vallatas fluvial e altere ambientes in cerca de aqua, alimento e materia prime. Le restos archeologic del Paleolithico consiste in grande parte in utensiles lithic, sovente trovate in depositos superficial o in relation con terrazas fluvial. Inter le zonas con importante concentration de sitios prehistoric se trova le ambientes del [[Guadiana]], [[Zújar]], [[Tajo]], [[Alagón]] e [[Jerte]].<ref name="Cerrillo2011">{{cite journal|last=Cerrillo Cuenca|first=Enrique|title=Planteamientos y nuevos datos para la interpretación de los paisajes prehistóricos del sector extremeño del Tajo: el área de Alconétar|journal=Zephyrus|year=2011|url=https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/10366/130414/1/Planteamientos_y_nuevos_datos_para_la_in.pdf}}</ref> ==== Paleolithico inferior ==== Le testos de presentia human le plus ancian in le actual territorio de Extremadura corresponde al [[Paleolithico inferior]]. In numerose depositos, in lor majoritate superficial, ha essite trovate grande quantitates de utensiles lithic, principalmente fabricate in [[cuarzita]] e, in minor grado, in granito e altere materias. Le technicas de fabrication consisteva in percuter un nucleo de petra con un percutor, generalmente de petra, pro obtener filos e instrumentos de differente formas. Inter le utensiles characteristic se trova instrumentos pro cortar, punctas, hachas, picos e, particularmente, [[bifaciale|bifaces]], [[divisor (archeologia)|divisores]] e picos trihedric. Le restos plus ancian es associate al [[Acheuliano]] e ha essite estimate in alcun sitios a circa 700 000 annos. Le depositos se trova frequentemente in proximitate de materias prime adequate pro le fabrication de utensiles o juxta fluvios e grande affluentias. Le zonas con importante concentration de sitios acheulian se trova in le environs de [[Mérida]], al curso del [[Guadiana]], in le valle del [[Zújar]], in le area del [[embalse de Valdecañas]] e in le vallatas del [[Alagón]] e del [[Jerte]], inter altere partes del territorio extremeño.<ref name="Cerrillo2011"/> Le distribution del sitios indica que le gruppos human utilisava diverse ambientes secundo le disponibilitate de aqua, materia prime e altere recursos. Le caracter superficial de multe del depositos rende tamen difficile determinar le contexto chronologic precise de tote le utensiles. ==== Paleolithico medie ==== Le [[Paleolithico medie]] es representate principalmente per sitios del [[Musteriense]]. Le utensiles de iste periodo esseva producite mediante technicas que permitteva al artifex de predeterminar in parte le forma del fragmento a extraher del nucleo lithic. Isto permitteva fabricar instrumentos plus standardisate e specialisate que multe del utensiles del Paleolithico inferior. Inter le formas characteristic se trova [[raschiato|raschiatores]], denticulates e punctas. Le instrumentos tende a esser plus diverse e sovente plus leve que le grandes bifaces e picos characteristic del Acheuliano. Le sitios musteriense es cognoscite in plure del mesme ambientes ubi on trova depositos acheulian, particularmente in le proximitate del fluvios. Tamen, ha essite identificate etiam occupationes in zonas basse e medie del sierras de [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]], lo que monstra un exploitation plus ample del territorio. Le distribution del sitios suggere un adaptation al differentes ambientes del region e un mobilitate importante del gruppos human.<ref name="Cerrillo2011"/> ==== Paleolithico superior ==== [[File:Cueva de Maltravieso 02.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Le caverna de Maltravieso, ubi un stencil de mano ha essite datate a un etate minimal de circa 66 700 annos.]] Le [[Paleolithico superior]] es le periodo traditionalmente associate al expansion de [[Homo sapiens]] in Europa. Tamen, le arte parietal de Extremadura ha apportate datos que ha obligate a reexaminar iste chronologia, particular-mente in le caso del [[Caverna de Maltravieso|caverna de Maltravieso]]. Le caverna de Maltravieso, in [[Cáceres]], contine stencils de manos, motivos geometric e altere manifestationes de arte parietal. Un stencil de mano ha essite datate per le methodo de [[uranio-torio]] a un etate minimal de 66 700 annos. Iste data es anterior al presentia cognoscite de [[Homo sapiens]] in le peninsula Iberic e ha conducite le autores del studio a concluder que le arte pote esser attribuite al [[Neanderthal|Neandertales]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Dirk L.|last2=Standish|first2=Christopher D.|last3=García-Díez|first3=Marcos|last4=Pettitt|first4=Paul B.|last5=Milton|first5=James A.|last6=Zilhão|first6=João|last7=Alcolea-González|first7=José J.|last8=Cantalejo-Duarte|first8=Pedro|last9=Collado|first9=Hipólito|last10=de Balbín|first10=Rodrigo|last11=Lorblanchet|first11=Michel|last12=Ramos-Muñoz|first12=José|last13=Weniger|first13=Gerd-Christian|last14=Pike|first14=Alistair W. G.|title=U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art|journal=Science|volume=359|issue=6378|pages=912–915|year=2018|doi=10.1126/science.aap7778|url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7778}}</ref> Le arte de Maltravieso comprende plus de trenta representations de manos in negativo, in plure casos sin le digito auricular, insimul con figuras geometric e altere motivos. Le sito es assi un del centros importante pro le studio del prime arte parietal in Europa. Altere restos prehistoric del territorio include material lithic, osses e instrumentos fabricate con corna de animales. Inter le sitios archeologic mentionate se trova [[Cabezo de Galisteo]]. Le distribution de iste restos contribue al cognoscentia del exploitation del territorio per le communitates prehistoric. ==== Neolithico ==== Ben que le datos super le [[Epipaleolithico]] in le actual Extremadura es limitate, le [[Neolithico]] apportava transformationes importante al modo de vita del communitates human. Le cambios principal includeva le introduction progressive del [[agricultura]] e del [[allevamento]], que se addeva al chassa e al recollection ja practicante. Un altere innovation importante esseva le utilisation del [[ceramica]], que permitteva immagazinar e preparar productos e conservar excedentes.<ref name="Cerrillo2002">{{cite journal|last=Cerrillo Cuenca|first=Enrique|last2=Prada Gallardo|first2=Alicia|last3=González Cordero|first3=Antonio|last4=Heras Mora|first4=Francisco Javier|title=La secuencia cultural de las primeras sociedades productoras en Extremadura: una datación absoluta del yacimiento de Los Barruecos (Malpartida de Cáceres, Cáceres)|journal=Trabajos de Prehistoria|volume=59|issue=2|pages=101–111|year=2002|doi=10.3989/tp.2002.v59.i2.200|url=https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2002.v59.i2.200}}</ref> [[File:Dolmen de Lácara (6901631891).jpg|thumb|left|Le [[dolmen del prato de Lácara]], 15 km al nord-est de Mérida, es un importante [[tumba de corredor|sepulcro de corredor]] de Extremadura.]] Le studios archeologic indica que le prime societates productrice esseva ja present in Extremadura durante le Neolithico antique. Le sito de [[Los Barruecos]], in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]], ha apportate datos importante super le occupation del region e le introduction del nove economia productrice.<ref name="Cerrillo2002"/> Inter le jacimentos representative del Neolithico in Extremadura se trova le [[caverna de la Charneca]] in [[Oliva de Mérida]], le [[collina de la Horca]] in [[Plasenzuela]], le [[caverna de Boquique]] in [[Plasencia]], le [[caverna de El Conejar]] in [[Cáceres]] e [[Los Barruecos]] in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]]. Los Barruecos es particularmente importante pro le evidentias de agricultura e pro le chronologia del prime societates productrice del region.<ref name="Cerrillo2002"/> Le ceramica decorate es ben representate in iste sitios. Un del varietates le plus cognoscite es le ceramica de [[Boquique]], denominate secundo le caverna de Boquique in Plasencia, ubi iste typo de decoration esseva documentate. A partir del Neolithico medie, le [[megalitismo]] se diffundeva in grande parte del region. Le assentamentos cognoscite es plus rare que le monumentos funerari, ma le concentration de [[dolmen]]es in certe partes de Extremadura es un del principales manifestationes archeologic del periodo. Conjunctos de sepulcros megalithic se trova particular-mente in [[Valencia de Alcántara]], [[Cedillo]], [[Santiago de Alcántara]] e [[Barcarrota]], alora que altere monumentos isolate ha grande interesse, como le [[dolmen del prato de Lácara]]. Le phenomeno megalithic se prolongava usque al initio del [[Etate del Bronzo]]. Le sepulturas pote includer microlithos de silex, ceramica e [[idolo-placa|idolos-placa]].<ref name="Cerrillo2011"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Dolmen de Lácara|publisher=Consorcio de la Ciudad Monumental de Mérida|url=https://www.consorciomerida.org/conjunto/monumentos/dolmenlacara|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le Neolithico final es melio documentate in le margines del [[Guadiana]], con jacimentos como [[Araya]] e [[El Lobo]], al quales se pote adder [[Los Caños de Zafra]]. Iste assentamentos se disveloppava desde circa 3500 a.Chr. e contribueva al transition verso le Chalcolithico. Lor situation es sovente associate a terras fertile, collinas suave e proximitate a cursos de aqua. Le economia de iste communitates habeva un forte character agricole e pecuari. Le ceramica esseva generalmente simple e pauc decorate, con formas characteristic como le «cassola carenate», cognoscite etiam in altere partes del sud-west del peninsula Iberic. Le similaritates inter iste sitios indica que Extremadura participava a un dynamica cultural regional plus ample, associate al incremento del population e al consolidation del agricultura e del allevamento.<ref name="Cerrillo2011"/> ==== Chalcolitico ==== Durante le [[Chalcolitico]], o Etate del Cupro, le communitates human del actual Extremadura continuava le developpamento del agricultura e del allevamento e initiava un exploitation plus sistematic del metalles. Le [[metallurgia]] del [[cupro]] es documentate desde le III millennio a.Chr., insimul con nove formas de organisation del habitation e del societate. Un del sitios le plus representative es [[Los Castillejos (Fuente de Cantos)|Los Castillejos]], presso [[Fuente de Cantos]], ubi ha essite identificate un assentamento chalcolithic e phases posterior. Le archeologia del sito monstra transformationes in le organisation del habitat e in le exploitation del recursos, associate al crescente complexitate del communitates.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fernández Corrales|first=Juan Manuel|last2=Rodríguez Díaz|first2=Alfonso|last3=Sauceda Pizarro|first3=María Isabel|title=Los poblados calcolítico y prerromano de Los Castillejos (Fuente de Cantos, Badajoz)|journal=Extremadura Arqueológica|volume=1|year=1988|pages=69–88}}</ref> === Extremadura preroman === [[File:Museo Arqueológico Nacional - Conjunto 586 - Tesoro de Aliseda (Conjunto).jpg|thumb|[[Thesauro de Aliseda]], del seculo VI a.Chr., conservate al [[Museo Archeologic National (Espania)|Museo Archeologic National]].]] Durante le [[Etate del Bronzo]] e le [[Etate del Ferro]], le actual Extremadura esseva un zona de contacto inter diverse traditiones cultural del peninsula Iberic. Le populationes del region practicava agricultura, allevamento e metallurgia e manteneva relationes commercial e cultural con altere regiones del peninsula. Le fontes antique e le archeologia permitte identificar inter le populationes preroman le [[Vettones]], le [[Lusitanos]] e le [[Celtici]]. Le limites del territorios attribuite a iste gruppos es difficile a definir con precision e non corresponde al limites del actual Extremadura. Le [[Vettones]] habitava un ample territorio del centro-occidente peninsular, includente le nord del actual [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] e zonas del actual [[Salamanca]], [[Ávila]] e [[Toledo]]. Lor cultura archeologic es associate, inter altere elementos, al grande esculturas de bovinos e porcos cognoscite como [[verraco|verracos]]. Le [[Lusitanos]] occupava un territorio extendite al occidental del peninsula Iberic, inter le Tajo e le centro de Portugal. Illes esseva implicate in varie conflictos con Roma durante le II seculo a.Chr. Le leader lusitan le plus celebre esseva [[Viriato]], qui dirigeva durante plure annos le resistentia contra le expansion roman. In le sud-west se trovava le [[Celtici]], associate per le autores antique a un cultura de character celtic. Lor territorio se extendava verso le actual [[Andalusia]] e le sud de Portugal e manteneva relationes con le regiones del valle del [[Guadalquivir]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Berrocal-Rangel|first=Luis|title=Los pueblos célticos del Suroeste de la Península Ibérica|journal=Complutum|year=1992}}</ref> === Extremadura roman === [[File:Teatro de Mérida, España, 2017 18.jpg|thumb|left|Le [[Theatro roman de Mérida]], erigite in le seculo I a.Chr. e renovate in le seculo IV p.Chr.]] Le conquista roman del actual Extremadura esseva un processo progressive que se disveloppava principalmente inter le II e le I seculos a.Chr. Le territorio esseva incorporate al [[Hispania Ulterior]] e, durante le reorganisations administrative de [[Augusto]], grande parte del actual Extremadura esseva integrate in le nove provincia de [[Lusitania]]. [[Emerita Augusta]] esseva fundate in 25 a.Chr. per ordine de Augusto pro le veteranos del legiones [[Legio V Alaudae|V Alaudae]] e [[Legio X Gemina|X Gemina]]. Le citate deveniva le capital de Lusitania e un del principal centros politic, administrative, economic e cultural del occidental del Imperio roman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conjunto Arqueológico de Mérida|publisher=Ministerio de Cultura|url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/patrimonio/mc/patrimoniomundial/bienes-declarados/por-ano-de-inscripcion/1993/merida.html|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le romanisation transformava profundemente le territorio. Se construeva un rete de vias, pontes e altere infrastructuras, e se disveloppava numerose centros urban. Inter illos se distingueva [[Emerita Augusta]], [[Norba Caesarina]], [[Cáparra]], [[Augustobriga]] e [[Iulipa]]. [[File:El puente de Alcántara, Cáceres.jpg|thumb|[[Ponte de Alcántara|Ponte roman de Alcántara]] super le Tajo, del seculo II p.Chr.]] Le [[Vía de la Plata|Via del Argente]] constitueva un del principal axes viari del occidental peninsular. Illa ligava le area de Emerita Augusta al nord del peninsula e permetteva le communication con altere citates. Altere vias conduceva verso [[Corduba]], [[Olisipo]] e [[Conimbriga]]. Le [[Ponte de Alcántara]], super le Tajo, esseva un del obras le plus monumentales del rete viari roman. Emerita Augusta attingeva un grande prosperitate. Le citate possedeva un theatro, un amphitheatro, un circo, pontes, aqueductos, templos e altere edificios public. Le [[circo roman de Mérida]] poteva accollier un numero importante de spectatores e demonstra le rolo del spectaculos in le vita urban roman.<ref>{{cite book|last=Álvarez Martínez|first=José María|title=El conjunto arqueológico de Mérida|publisher=Ministerio de Cultura|year=1982}}</ref> Le [[latino]] deveniva le lingua del administration e del vita public, e le institutiones roman, le derecto e le modellos urban se diffundeva progressivemente. Le romanisation non esseva tamen un processo instantanee e traditiones local continuava a existir insimul con le nove formas roman.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alarcão|first=Jorge de|title=Roman Portugal|publisher=Aris & Phillips|year=1988}}</ref> In le seculo III, le crise politic e economic del Imperio affectava etiam le citates del occidental. Le fortification del centros urban se intensificava e certe partes del territorio videva un reduction del activitate urban. Mérida, Cáceres e Coria conservava tamen importantia durante le periodo tarde-roman. Le seculo IV esseva un periodo de importante transformationes religiose. Le christianismo se diffundeva e Mérida deveniva un del centros ecclesiastic le plus importante del peninsula Iberic. In le seculo V, le disintegration del autoritate imperial in le occidental Imperio roman facilitava le installation de nove potentias politic. Le territorio esseva traversate e occupate per le [[Alanos]], le [[Suevos]] e, ulteriormente, le [[Visigothos]]. Alcun citates roman declinava o esseva transformate, durante que altere centros continuava a esser habitate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alarcão|first=Jorge de|title=Roman Portugal|publisher=Aris & Phillips|year=1988}}</ref> === Medievo === [[File:Santa Lucía de El Trampal.jpg|thumb|[[Ecclesia de Santa Lucía del Trampal]] in [[Alcuéscar]], edificio de epocha visigothic o tardo-antique.]] Con le conquista musulman del peninsula Iberic in le initio del seculo VIII, le territorio extremeñese esseva incorporate a [[al-Andalus]]. [[Mérida]] esseva occupate in 713 e deveniva un importante centro administrative del occidental peninsular. Le territorio esseva organisate in divisiones administrative que cambiava durante le evolution politic de al-Andalus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Época islámica-Medieval|publisher=Museo Nacional de Arte Romano|url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/mnromano/ca/investigacion/rbae/islam.html|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Durante le periodo del [[Califato de Córdoba]], Mérida conservava un importante rolo, ben que le centro de gravitate politic del area se desplazava progressivemente verso [[Badajoz]]. Post le cadita del califato in 1031, se formava le [[Taifa de Badajoz]], un del plus importante regnos taifa del peninsula. [[File:Badajoz, Torre Espantaperros 01-1.jpg|thumb|[[Torre de Espantaperros]], in le [[alcazaba de Badajoz]], del periodo almohade.]] Le periodo musulman lassava numerose vestigios in Extremadura. Inter le plus importante se trova le [[Alcazaba de Mérida]], le [[alcazaba de Badajoz]], le fortification de [[Alange]], le fortificationes de [[Trujillo (Cáceres)|Trujillo]], le [[Palacio de las Veletas|cisterna de Cáceres]] e le murallas de [[Galisteo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Época islámica-Medieval|publisher=Museo Nacional de Arte Romano|url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/mnromano/ca/investigacion/rbae/islam.html|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Durante le [[Reconquista]], le regnos christian de [[Leon]], [[Castilia]] e [[Portugal]] se expandava verso le sud. Le territorio del actual Extremadura deveniva un importante zona de frontiera inter iste potentias. ;Extremadura leonese Le [[Regno de Leon]] reconquistava progressive-mente grande parte del occidental e centro del actual Extremadura. Le 17 de januario de 1213, [[Alfonso IX de León|Alfonso IX]] conquistava [[Alcántara]]. Le citate deveniva ulteriormente un del centros del [[Ordine de Alcántara]], un ordine militar que possedeva vaste territorios in le region.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Agut|first=Nieves|title=800 años de reconquista de Alcántara|journal=El Periódico de Extremadura|date=27 de enero de 2013|url=http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/extremadura/800-anos-reconquista-alcantara_708679.html|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> In 1229 Alfonso IX conquistava [[Cáceres]], post varie tentativas anterior. Le 19 de martio de 1230 le forces leonese prendeva [[Badajoz]] e [[Mérida]]. In 1233, un armea ducite per [[Fernán Ruiz]] conquistava [[Trujillo]] del [[Almohades|Almohades]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ruíz Moreno|first=Manuel Jesús|title=XLIII Coloquios Históricos de Extremadura|date=28 de septembre de 2014|isbn=978-84-608-1848-9|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/congreso/115|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le territorio leonese esseva organisate mediante ''[[fuero]]s'', concejos e possessiones del ordines militar. Le termino «Extremadura» esseva empleate in le regno de Leon pro referer a territorios meridional del regno, ben que su signification e limites cambiava secundo le epocha.<ref name="MartinezDiaz">{{cite journal|last=Martínez Díaz|first=Gonzalo|title=Génesis histórica de las Provincias españolas|journal=Anuario de historia del derecho español|year=1981|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=134426|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Post le union del regnos de Leon e Castilia in 1230, le territorio esseva incorporate al [[Corona de Castilia]]. Badajoz manteneva un importante rolo territorial e juridic e esseva etiam denominate «regno de Badajoz» in certe documentos e titulos del monarchia.<ref name="MartinezDiaz"/> ;Extremadura castilian [[File:Plasencia muralla parte sur.JPG|thumb|[[Muro de Plasencia]], del seculo XII.]] Le [[Regno de Castilia]] se expandava etiam verso le actual Extremadura. In 1186 le rege [[Alfonso VIII de Castilla|Alfonso VIII]] fundava [[Plasencia]], con le objective de fortificar le frontiera meridional del regno e controlar le communicationes verso le [[Valle del Jerte]] e le [[Sistema Central]]. Le termino «Extremadura» esseva empleate etiam in Castilia pro designar territorios multo plus grande que le actual communitate autonome. Durante le Medievo, le Extremadura castilian poteva referer a territorios extendite in le interior del peninsula, includente comunidades de villa e tierra, vicariatos e territorios ecclesiastic. Le uso medieval del termino non debe esser confundite con le actual limites administrative de Extremadura.<ref name="MartinezDiaz"/> ==== Provincia de Estremadura ==== {{Vide etiam|Provincia de Estremadura|Extremadurano}} Durante le ultime seculos del Medievo e le initio del Etate Moderne, le territorio del actual Extremadura se consolidava progressivemente como un espace regional intra le Corona de Castilia. Le organisation institutional remaneva tamen complexe, con territorio dividite inter provincias, ordines militar, jurisdictones ecclesiastic e señorios. Le seculos XIV e XV esseva marcate per le consolidation del monarchia, le organisation del jurisdictones e le importantia del ordines militar e del grande dominos territorial. Le territorio esseva etiam un zona de contacto inter [[christianismo]], [[judaismo]] e [[islam]]. Post le conquest de [[Granada]] in 1492, le monarchia catholic introducerea nove politicas religiose. Le judeos esseva expulse del regnos christian e le musulmanes esseva progressivemente subjectate a conversiones forciate. Le musulmanes convertite, cognoscite como [[Moriscos|moriscos]], remaneva in Espania usque al expulsion general inter 1609 e 1614.<ref>{{cite book|last=Suárez|first=Luis|title=La expulsión de los moriscos, un problema europeo|date=2012|publisher=Ariel|location=Madrid|isbn=9788434400252|page=11}}</ref> Un facto importante del religiositate regional esseva le developpamento del culto al [[Virgine de Guadalupe (Espania)|Virgine de Guadalupe]]. Le sanctuario de Guadalupe deveniva un importante centro de peregrination e un del principales centros religiose del Castilia del tarde medioevo.<ref>{{cite web|last=Asensio|first=Manuel S.|title=Leyenda de la Virgen de Guadalupe|work=Revista de Guadalupe|year=1907|url=https://alcazaba.unex.es/~emarnun/docs/caceres/lasvilluer/guadalu3.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712074458/http://alcazaba.unex.es/~emarnun/docs/caceres/lasvilluer/guadalu3.htm|archive-date=12 de julio de 2012|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> === Epocha Moderne === ==== Seculo XVI ==== [[File:Concatedral de Caceres.JPG|thumb|[[Concatedral de Santa María de Cáceres|Concatedral de Santa Maria]], in le centro historic de [[Cáceres]], un del conjunctos historic le plus importante del region.]] {{Vide etiam|Recinto abaluartado de Badajoz}} Le seculo XVI esseva un del periodos le plus importante del historia de Extremadura. Le expansion del monarchia hispanic in America aperiva nove vias de migration e mobilitate social. Numerose personas originari del region partiva verso le nove colonias e participava al conquista, colonisation e administration del territorios american.<ref>{{cite book|last=Altman|first=Ida|title=Emigrants and Society: Extremadura and the Spanish Colonies in America|url=https://archive.org/details/emigrantssociety00altm|publisher=University of California Press|year=1989}}</ref> Inter le personas originari de Extremadura le plus celebre se trova [[Hernán Cortés]], qui participava al conquista del [[Imperio azteca]]; [[Francisco Pizarro]], un del principales leaders del conquista del [[Imperio inca]]; [[Pedro de Valdivia]], conquistator de [[Chile]]; [[Ñuflo de Chaves]], explorator e conquistator in le actual [[Paraguay]] e [[Bolivia]]; [[Alonso de Mendoza]], fundator de [[La Paz]] in Bolivia; e [[Diego García de Paredes]], associate al fundation de [[Trujillo (Venezuela)|Trujillo]] in Venezuela. Illes esseva accompaniate per numerose colonos, administratores, soldatos e emigrantes de origine extremeña.<ref>{{cite book|last=Altman|first=Ida|title=Emigrants and Society: Extremadura and the Spanish Colonies in America|url=https://archive.org/details/emigrantssociety00altm|publisher=University of California Press|year=1989}}</ref> [[File:Plaza Mayor de Trujillo - 01.jpg|thumb|left|Plaza Major de [[Trujillo (Cáceres)|Trujillo]], con le statua de [[Francisco Pizarro]].]] Le [[Censo de Pecheros]] de [[Carlos I de España|Carlos I]], elaborate in le decennio de 1520, includeva le territorio extremeño inter le principal areas fiscal del Corona de Castilia. Le cifra de 48 789 [[Pechero|vicinos pecheros]] e le percentual de 6,75 % del population del Corona debe esser presentate como datos del censo e non como un estimation moderne del population total.<ref>{{cite web|author=Instituto Nacional de Estadística|title=Censo de Pecheros de Carlos I|year=2008|url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/censo_pecheros/tomo2.pdf}}</ref> Le [[Libro de los millones|Censo del Millones]] de 1591 recognosceva le [[Provincia de Trujillo]] como un del provincias del Corona. Le majoritate del localitates del actual Extremadura pertineva a iste provincia, durante que altere territorios esseva incorporate a le provincias de Salamanca e León o a jurisdictones del [[Ordine de Santiago]]. Le provincia de Trujillo non habeva un voto proprie in le [[Cortes de Castilla]] e su representation esseva associate al de Salamanca.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez Marroyo|first=Fernando|title=Estructura político-institucional de Extremadura (1808-1874)|journal=Revista de estudios extremeños|volume=69|number=1|pages=141–206|year=2013|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4228961}}</ref> In 1580, post le extinction del linea masculine del Casa de Aviz, [[Felipe II de España|Felipe II]] esseva recognoscite como rege de Portugal. Le union dynastic reuniva le coronas de Castilia e Portugal sub le mesme monarcha, durante que Portugal conservava su leges, institutiones e imperio proprie. Le position de Extremadura al frontiera con Portugal acquireva nove importantia. Citates como [[Badajoz]] deveniva importante centros militar e logistic. Le situation cambiava radicalmente in 1640, quando Portugal se rebellava contra le monarchia hispanic e comenciava le [[Guerra de Restauration Portugese]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez Marroyo|first=Fernando|title=Estructura político-institucional de Extremadura (1808-1874)|journal=Revista de estudios extremeños|volume=69|number=1|pages=141–206|year=2013|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4228961}}</ref> ==== Seculos XVII e XVIII ==== [[File:Puerta Palmas.JPG|thumb|[[Puerta de Palmas]], Badajoz.]] [[File:Mapa de la provincia de Estremadura (1766).jpg|thumb|Mappa del «provincia de Estremadura» in 1766.]] Le [[Guerra de Restauration Portugese]] (1640–1668) transformava profundemente le vita del region. Extremadura deveniva un importante frontiera militar e suffreva destructiones, depopulation, requisitiones de recursos e interruptiones del agricultura e del commercio. Le proximitate de Portugal significava que numerose citates e villas esseva directemente implicate in le guerra. Le frontiera esseva fortificate e le stationamento de truppas deveniva un carga importante pro le population local. Post le pace de 1668, le frontiera remaneva militarmente strategic e le consequencias economic e demographic del guerra se prolongava durante annos.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez Marroyo|first=Fernando|title=Estructura político-institucional de Extremadura (1808-1874)|journal=Revista de estudios extremeños|volume=69|number=1|pages=141–206|year=2013|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4228961}}</ref> In 1653, Extremadura obteneva un derecto de voto in le [[Cortes de Castilla]]. Le acquisition esseva associate al initiative de [[Plasencia]] e costa 80 000 [[ducato]]s. Isto permitteva al provincia de disponer de representation distincte de Salamanca.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clemente Campos|first=María Belén|title=La adquisición del privilegio del voto por la "provincia" de Extremadura|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=119318|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Pauc decennios post le fin del guerra con Portugal, Extremadura esseva implicate in le [[Guerra de succession espaniol]] (1701–1714). Le frontiera portugese esseva de novo un importante teatro de operationes. [[Badajoz]] e altere localitates suffreva assedios e destructiones, e le [[ponte de Ajuda]] super le Guadiana esseva destruite in 1709. Durante le seculo XVIII, le monarchia borbonic initiava reformas administrative e militar que afficeva etiam Extremadura. Le character de frontiera remaneva importante, ma le administration deveniva progressivemente plus centralisate. === Etate Contemporanee === ==== Seculo XIX ==== [[File:Battle of Albuhera, by William Barnes Wollen.jpg|thumb|Soldatos britannic in le [[Battalia de La Albuera (1811)|Battalia de La Albuera]], le 16 de maio de 1811. Pictura a oleo de [[William Barnes Wollen]] (1912).]] Durante le [[Guerra de Independentia Espaniol]] (1808–1814), Extremadura registrava un nove periodo de guerra, destruction e penuria. Su position geographic inter Portugal, le centro del peninsula e le frontiera occidental faceva del region un importante zona strategic pro le truppas francese e le forces espaniol, britannic e portugese.<ref>{{cite book|title=Correspondencia del Duque de Wellington 1799–1815|publisher=Universitate de Oxford|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=DX8BAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Le guerra aggravava le crise economic e demographic ja existente. Le occupation, le requisitiones, le destruction del recoltas e le epidemias affectava le population rural. In 1809, le truppas francese occideva [[Juan Álvarez de Castro]], episcopo de [[Coria]], in [[Hoyos (Cáceres)|Hoyos]], un del episodios note del repression francese in le region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historia del levantamiento, Guerra y Revolución de España|last=Queipo de Llano|first=José María|year=1835|page=64|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=yeoaAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> In 1810 le administration francese divideva le territorio in le prefecturas de [[Cáceres]] e [[Mérida]]. Durante le processo liberal de organisation territorial, le duo provincias de [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] e [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]] esseva establite in 1822. Le reforma administrative de 1833, promovite per [[Javier de Burgos]], confirmava le duo provincias, que deveniva le base territorial del Extremadura moderne.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sánchez Marroyo|first=Fernando|title=Estructura político-institucional de Extremadura (1808-1874)|journal=Revista de estudios extremeños|volume=69|number=1|pages=141–206|year=2013|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4228961}}</ref> ==== Seculo XX ==== Le initio del seculo XX esseva marcate per le forte character rural del economia extremeña, le concentration del proprietate agrari e le question del accesso al terra. Iste problemas contribuiva al developpamento del [[regionalismo extremaduran]] e de movimentos social e politic que reclamava reformas agrari e un melior distribution del proprietate. Le medico e pensator [[Antonio Elviro]] es un del figuras associate al prime regionalismo extremeñese. In le campo literari, autores como [[Luis Chamizo]] e [[José María Gabriel y Galán]] usava formas linguistic e temas associate al vita rural del region.<ref>{{cite book|last=García Pérez|first=Juan|title=Entre la frustración y la esperanza: una historia del regionalismo extremeño|publisher=Biblioteca Nueva|year=1999}}</ref> Le 25 de martio de 1936, in le quadro del conflicto agrari del [[Secunde Republica Espaniol]], decenas de milles de campesinos participava in occupationes de terras in numerose localitates de Extremadura. Secundo le fontes dedicate al evento, circa 60 000 campesinos esseva organisate in plus de 280 pueblos e occupava terras pro demandar le application del reforma agrari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Espinosa|first=Francisco|title=El día que se levantó Extremadura. Veinticinco de marzo de 1936|date=2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Extremadura: Veinticinco de Marzo de 1936. El día se levantó Extremadura|publisher=Dialnet|year=2020|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=854018|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> [[File:Campesinos de Extremadura.jpg|thumb|Paisanos extremaduran durante le periodo del Secunde Republica Espaniol.]] In julio 1936 comenciava le [[Guerra Civil Espaniol]]. Le forces insurgente que arrivava del sud traversava rapidemente Extremadura durante lor avance verso Madrid. In augusto occurreva le [[masacre de Badajoz]], un del episodios le plus grave del repression durante le guerra. Le numero exacte del victimas es objecto de debate historiographic e le estimativas varia secundo le fontes; le repression esseva tamen ample e affectava le population civil e le prisioneros. Le cifra non debe esser presentate como un dato proveniente del censo de population de 1930, que naturalmente non documenta le victimas del massacre. Le secunde medietate del seculo XX esseva marcate per un grande [[exodo rural]]. Durante le periodo del developpamento economic espaniol del annos 1950–1970, centos de milles de habitantes abandonava Extremadura pro cercar travalio e melior conditiones de vita in altere regiones espaniol, specialmente in [[Communitate de Madrid|Madrid]], [[Pais Basc]] e [[Catalonia]], e in paises europee como [[Francia]] e [[Germania]]. Le migration contribuiva al depopulation de numerose zonas rural e al vieillissement del population regional.<ref>{{cite book|last=García Pérez|first=Juan|title=Entre la frustración y la esperanza: una historia del regionalismo extremeño|publisher=Biblioteca Nueva|year=1999}}</ref> Le question del disveloppamento regional remaneva central durante le ultime decennios del dictatura. Un del principales conflictos regional esseva le opposition al projecto del [[Central Nuclear de Valdecaballeros]]. Le projecto esseva finalemente paralysate e le paralisation definitive esseva establite per le Lege 40/1994 del 30 de decembre. Con le [[Transition espaniol verso le democratia]], Extremadura initiava un nove phase politic e institutional. Le [[Estatuto de Autonomia de Extremadura]] esseva approbate per le [[Cortes Generales]] mediante le Lege Organica 1/1983 del 25 de februario. Le lege esseva publicate in le ''Boletín Oficial del Estado'' le 26 de februario e entrava in vigor le 27 de februario. Le Statuto constituiva Extremadura como communitate autonome e establiva que su territorio comprende le municipios del provincias de Badajoz e Cáceres. Illo fixava [[Mérida]] como capital e sede del [[Junta de Extremadura]] e del [[Assemblea de Extremadura]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lei Organica 1/1983, del 25 de februario, de Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura|publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado|url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1983/02/25/1/con|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 8 de maio de 1983 occurreva le prime electiones al [[Assemblea de Extremadura]]. Le [[PSOE]] obteneva le majoritate absolute e [[Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra]] deveniva le prime presidente del Junta de Extremadura. Le 8 de septembre de 1985 esseva celebrate le prime [[Die de Extremadura]] institutional in [[Guadalupe (Cáceres)|Guadalupe]]. In 1986, le [[Cáceres|Citate vetule de Cáceres]] esseva inscribite in le Lista del [[Patrimonio del Humanitate]] del [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Town of Cáceres|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/384|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026}}</ref> ==== Seculo XXI ==== Le initio del seculo XXI esseva marcate per le consolidation del institutiones autonome, le developpamento del infrastructuras e le transformation del economia regional. Le [[Junta de Extremadura]] assumeva nove competentias in areas como education, sanitate, agricultura, infrastructuras e cultura. Le 25 de maio de 2003 occurreva electiones al [[Assemblea de Extremadura]], con un nove victoria del [[PSOE]]. Le 31 de julio de 2004, le presidente del Governamento [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] presentava in Mérida un plano de dynamisation economic e employment dedicate al region. In 2005 comenciava le emissiones del television e del radio public autonome, [[Canal Extremadura TV]] e [[Canal Extremadura Radio]]. Le 19 de septembre de 2006, post 23 annos como presidente del Junta, [[Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra]] annunciava que ille non se presentarea como candidato al successive electiones regional. Le cambio de leadership marcava un nove phase del politica extremeña. Durante le seculo XXI, le region continuava a confrontar le problemas historic de depopulation rural e envejecimento demographic, ma etiam experientiava transformationes in le agricultura, le energia, le turismo e le servicios. Le disveloppamento del energia renovabile deveniva un del nove sectores importante del economia regional. In le campo cultural e linguistic, cresceva le interesse pro le varietates linguistic traditional del region. Le [[Estremeñu]], le [[Fala]] e le varietates extremeño-portugese e extremeño-oriental esseva subjecto a crescente attention cultural e academic. Le 18 de augusto de 2018 esseva celebrate pro le prime vice le [[Die del Linguas de Extremadura]], dedicate al patrimonio linguistic del communitate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/extremadura/sociedad/estremenu-reivindica-europeo-prestigioso-minoritarios_1_2087172.html|title=Expertos international appoya le ‘Estremeñu’ como un lingua|access-date=13 de septembre de 2026|last=Conde|first=Jesús|date=10 de junio de 2018|website=ElDiario.es|language=es}}</ref> Le historia recente de Extremadura es assi marcate per le transition de un societate majoritariemente rural verso un economia plus diversificate, le consolidation del autonomia regional e le effortios persistente pro affrontar le depopulation e le disparitates economic intra le region. == Geographia == Le [[superficie (mathematica)|superficie]] de Extremadura es de circa 41 634 km², lo que la situa inter le plus grande [[communidades autonome de Espania|communitates autonome]] de Espania per superficie. Le duo provincias que la compone —[[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] e [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]]— es le plus grande del pais per superficie. Extremadura limita al nord con le provincias de [[Provincia de Salamanca|Salamanca]] e [[Provincia de Ávila|Ávila]] ([[Castilla y León]]), al est con [[Provincia de Toledo|Toledo]] e [[Provincia de Ciudad Real|Ciudad Real]] ([[Castilla-La Mancha]]), al sud con [[Provincia de Huelva|Huelva]], [[Provincia de Sevilla|Sevilla]] e [[Provincia de Córdoba (Espania)|Córdoba]] ([[Andalusia]]), e al west con [[Portugal]]. === Relievo === [[File:La-vera.JPG|thumb|[[Sierra de Gredos]] in su versante extremaduran]] Extremadura se situa principalemente in le grande [[bacino hydrographic]] del [[Fluvio Tajo|Tajo]] al nord e in illo del [[Fluvio Guadiana|Guadiana]] al centro e al sud. Le major parte del territorio appartene a iste duo bacinos, ben que alcun areas marginale del nord e del sud versa verso le [[Fluvio Duero|Duero]] e le [[Fluvio Guadalquivir|Guadalquivir]]. Le major parte del territorio corresponde al zoclo paleozoic del [[Maciço iberic]], sur le qual se developpa vaste penillanuras, serras e depressiones sedimentari. Le [[granito]] e le [[pizarra (roca)|pizarra]] es roccas multo diffuse, e in numerose sectores le rios ha excavate valles profundemente incastrate. Le principal conjuntos montaniose es le [[Sistema Central]] al nord, le [[Montes de Toledo]] in le centro e [[Sierra Morena]] al sud. Inter illos se extende vaste superficies de penillanura. In le serras interior le relievo presenta frequentemente formas de typo [[Relievo apalachense|apalachense]], particularmente ben conservate in [[Las Villuercas]]. Le elevationes maxime se trova in le [[Sistema Central]], al limite inter Extremadura e Castilla y León. Le puncto le plus alte de Extremadura es le [[Calvitero]], con circa 2400 m. [[La Covacha]], con 2395 m, es un del culmines le plus alte del communitate. Inter le altere elevationes importante se trova La Nijarra (2214 m), Peludillo (2250 m), Alto del Horco (2162 m) e Mesas Altas (2070 m). In le [[Montes de Toledo]], le [[pic Villuercas]] attinge circa 1600 m e constitue le maxime elevation del massivo de [[Las Villuercas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Plan Territorial del Valle del Jerte |url=https://sitex.juntaex.es/SITEX/files/JERTE_AI/PT_Jerte_AInicial_sellado_ISA_I.pdf |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> Le relievo actual es le resultato de un historia geologic longe e complexe. Le materiales del zoclo paleozoic esseva affectate principalemente per le [[Orogenia varisca|orogenia varisca]], postea erosate e dismanteallate durante le [[Permiano]] e le [[Mesozoico]]. Durante le [[Orogenia alpina]] le blocos del zoclo esseva reactivitate e elevate o affundite, contribuente al formation del actual serras e depressiones.<ref name="vera2004-01">{{cite book |author=Vera, J. A.; Ancoechea E.; Barnolas, A.; Bea, F.; Calvo, J. P.; Civis, J.; Vicente, G. de; Fernández-Giannotti, J.; García Cortés, A.; Pérez Estaún, A.; Pujalte, V.; Rodríguez Fernández, L. R.; Sopeña, A.; Tejero, R. |year=2004 |chapter=Introduction |editor=Vera Torres, J. A. |title=Geología de España |publisher=Sociedad Geológica de España e Instituto Geológico y Minero de España |pages=1–17 |isbn=84-7840-546-1}}</ref> In le sector nord-occidental del region se succede le [[sierra de Gata]], [[Las Hurdes]], le conjunto de [[Traslasierra]] e le [[valle del Jerte]], [[La Vera]] e le depressiones associate al Tajo. Le valles del [[Fluvio Tiétar|Tiétar]], [[Fluvio Alagón|Alagón]], [[Fluvio Jerte|Jerte]] e [[Fluvio Árrago|Árrago]] contribue a structurar iste paisage. Le vega de [[Moraleja]] se trova al pede del [[sierra de Gata]] e es irrigate per le Árrago. Plus al sud se extende le vega de [[Coria]] e [[Galisteo]], associate al Alagón. Plus al nord-est se trova le depression occupate per le [[embalse de Gabriel y Galán]], durante que le [[valle del Tiétar]] e [[Campo Arañuelo]] forma le grande depression al sud del [[Sierra de Gredos|Gredos]]. In le centro del region predomina le [[penillanura]], un superficie extensive e levemente undulate formate sur le zoclo paleozoic. Le cursos fluvial ha incastrate lor valles in iste superficie. In le penillanura central on distingue, inter altere sectores, le [[Llanos del Salor]] e le [[Tierras de Cáceres e Trujillo]]. Le erosion del granito ha producite formas characteristic como [[berrocal|berrocales]], bolos, tors e [[roca caballera|roccas caballeras]]. [[File:Magacela fields (20999978199).jpg|izquierda|thumb|Campos de cultivo in [[Magacela]]]] Le [[Montes de Toledo]] forma in le centro-oriente del region un serie de serras de direction general occidental-oriental. In Extremadura lor principales conjuntos es [[Las Villuercas]], le [[sierra de Montánchez]] e le [[Sierra de San Pedro (Extremadura)|sierra de San Pedro]]. Le Villuercas presenta un serie de serras parallel con orientation general nord-west–sud-est e un relievo fortemente incastrate. Le [[sierra de Altamira]] constitue in parte le limite con le provincia de Toledo. Montánchez se trova inter le Villuercas e San Pedro, durante que le sierra de San Pedro es le plus occidental del tres. [[File:Sierra de las Villuercas 1.jpg|thumb|[[Sierra de las Villuercas]]]] Le [[Vegas del Guadiana]] forma un altere grande sector de bassas terras sedimentari. In le vicinity de [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] on distingue traditionalmente le [[Vegas Altas]] al est e le [[Vegas Bajas]] al west, usque a [[Badajoz]]. Le solos alluvial del valle es particularmente importante pro le agricultura irrigate. Al west de Badajoz le Guadiana se dirige verso Portugal e le paisage passa gradualmente al penillanura. Al sud de Extremadura le penillanura se extende verso le [[Tierra de Barros]], le [[La Serena (Badajoz)|La Serena]] e [[Sierra Morena]]. Le Tierra de Barros es un depression basse con solos argillose, particularmente importante pro le agricultura circa [[Almendralejo]]. La Serena, inter le [[Fluvio Zújar|Zújar]] e le [[Fluvio Guadamez|Guadamez]], es un vaste paisage de penillanura e [[glacis]]. Plus al sud, Sierra Morena forma le transition verso le [[valle del Guadalquivir]]. ==== Systemas montaniose ==== Al nord del communitate se eleva le [[Sistema Central]], con le [[sierra de Gredos]], le [[sierra de Béjar (sierra)|sierra de Béjar]] e le [[sierra de Gata]]. Le Calvitero es le puncto le plus alte de Extremadura, con circa 2400 m. Le [[La Covacha|Covacha]] attinge 2395 m e es un del culmines le plus alte del communitate. In le centro-oriente se trova le conjuntos del [[Montes de Toledo]], specialmente [[Las Villuercas]], le [[sierra de Montánchez]] e le [[Sierra de San Pedro (Extremadura)|sierra de San Pedro]]. Al sud, [[Sierra Morena]] forma le principal cadena montaniose e le limite physic con Andalusia. === Hydrographia === [[File:RíoIbor.jpg|thumb|[[Fluvio Ibor|Fluvio Ibor]] durante su passage per [[Bohonal de Ibor]]]] [[File:Garganta Mayor.jpg|thumb|Garganta Mayor de [[Garganta la Olla]], in le [[sierra de Tormantos]]]] Le reticulo hydrographic de Extremadura es dominate per le bacinos del [[Fluvio Tajo|Tajo]] e del [[Fluvio Guadiana|Guadiana]]. Alcun parve sectores del territorio appartene al [[Fluvio Duero|Duero]] al nord e al [[Fluvio Guadalquivir|Guadalquivir]] al sud. Le major parte del aquas del communitate termina dunque in le [[Oceano Atlantic|Atlantico]]. Le rios extremaduran presenta un regime mediterranee, con debit generalmente plus alte durante le hiberno e le primavera e un forte [[estiaje]] durante le estate. Le precipitationes es irregular e varia fortemente secundo le altitude e le exposition. Numerose reservoirs regula le fluxo del Tajo, del Guadiana e de lor tributarios. Illos servi pro irrigation, production hydroelectric e abastecimento de aqua. Extremadura non possede grande [[lago]]s natural. In vice, le [[dehesa]] es punctuate per numerose charcas e parve massas de aqua, multe de illos artificial, que ha un importantia ecologic como habitat pro aves, amphibios e altere fauna. ==== Cuenca del Tajo ==== Le [[Fluvio Tajo|Tajo]] es le principal fluvio del provincia de [[Cáceres]]. Il nasce in le [[Montes Universales]], in le provincia de Teruel, e desemboca in le [[Oceano Atlantic|Atlantico]] per un grande estuario apud [[Lisbona]]. Intra in Extremadura al est del provincia de Cáceres e traversa le region de est a west. In grande parte de su percurso extremaduran, le fluvio es fortemente incastrate in le penillanura. Inter le principal tributarios del Tajo in Extremadura se trova le [[Fluvio Tiétar|Tiétar]], le [[Fluvio Alagón|Alagón]], le [[Fluvio Almonte|Almonte]], le [[Fluvio Ibor|Ibor]] e le [[Fluvio Salor|Salor]]. Le [[Fluvio Tiétar|Tiétar]] nasce in le [[Sistema Central]] e traversa le sector de [[La Vera]] e [[Campo Arañuelo]] ante de desembocar in le Tajo in le area de [[Monfragüe]]. Le [[Fluvio Alagón|Alagón]] nasce in le provincia de Salamanca e entra in Extremadura per [[Las Hurdes]]. Il traversa le area de [[Coria]] e recipe tributarios como le [[Fluvio Jerte|Jerte]] e le [[Fluvio Árrago|Árrago]] ante de desembocar in le Tajo apud le [[reservoir de Alcántara]]. Inter le tributarios del Tajo se distingue etiam le [[Fluvio Almonte|Almonte]], le [[Fluvio Ibor|Ibor]], le [[Fluvio Gualija|Gualija]] e le [[Fluvio Salor|Salor]]. Le Almonte drena un grande parte del [[Tierras de Cáceres|Tierras de Cáceres]] e del area de Trujillo e recipe tributarios como le [[Fluvio Tamuja|Tamuja]] e le [[Fluvio Tozo|Tozo]]. Le Tajo e su tributarios es fortemente regulate per reservoirs. Le plus importante del region es le [[reservoir de Alcántara]], un del major reservoirs del systema del Tajo. ==== Cuenca del Guadiana ==== [[File:Mérida. Guadiana river. Badajoz. Extremadura. Spain (4923913891).jpg|thumb|Le [[Fluvio Guadiana|fluvio Guadiana]] in [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]]]] Le [[Fluvio Guadiana|Guadiana]] es le principal fluvio del provincia de [[Badajoz]] e le secunde grande axe hydrographic de Extremadura. Le fluvio se forma in le area del [[Campo de Montiel]] e traversa le meseta central ante de entrar in Extremadura. Il traversa le [[Vegas Altas]], le area de [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] e le [[Vegas Bajas]], passando per [[Badajoz]]. Post Badajoz, le fluvio forma per un portion un limite inter Espania e Portugal ante de desembocar in le [[Oceano Atlantic|Atlantico]] inter [[Ayamonte]] e [[Vila Real de Santo António]]. Inter le principal tributarios del Guadiana in Extremadura se trova le [[Fluvio Gévora|Gévora]], le [[Fluvio Aljucén|Aljucén]], le [[Fluvio Ruecas|Ruecas]], le [[Fluvio Gargáligas|Gargáligas]] e le [[Fluvio Guadalupejo|Guadalupejo]] al nord; e le [[Fluvio Zújar|Zújar]], le [[Fluvio Matachel|Matachel]], le [[Fluvio Guadajira|Guadajira]], le [[Fluvio Olivenza|Olivenza]] e le [[Fluvio Alcarrache|Alcarrache]] al sud. Le [[Fluvio Zújar|Zújar]] es le principal tributario del Guadiana in Extremadura per extension de su bacino. Il nasce in le provincia de Badajoz e recipe aquas del area de [[Los Pedroches]] e del [[valle de Alcudia]]. Le [[reservoir de La Serena]], sur le Zújar, es un del plus grande reservoirs de Espania per superficie. Le systema del Guadiana es intensemente utilisate pro le irrigation. Inter le principal infrastructure de irrigation se trova le [[Canal de Orellana]], le [[Canal de Montijo]], le [[Canal del Zújar]] e le [[Canal de Lobón]], associate al grande systema de irrigation developpate durante le seculo XX. [[File:35 - E2-07-Zujar - aguas abajo (5431236914).jpg|thumb|sinistra|[[Fluvio Zújar|Fluvio Zújar]]]] ==== Cuenca del Guadalquivir ==== Un parve sector del sud de Extremadura appartene al [[Fluvio Guadalquivir|Guadalquivir]]. Le aquas del versante meridional de [[Sierra Morena]] es tributari del Guadalquivir, specialmente per le bacinos del [[Fluvio Viar|Viar]] e del [[Fluvio Bembézar|Bembézar]]. Iste area es multo minor que le bacinos del Tajo e del Guadiana. === Clima === [[File:Embalse de la Serena (20994551358).jpg|thumb|Paisage del [[reservoir de La Serena]] in fin de augusto]] Le clima de Extremadura es principalemente [[Clima mediterranee|mediterranee]], con un forte character continental in le areas interior. Le proximitate del [[Oceano Atlantic|Atlantico]] modera le temperaturas e explica le importante contribution del frontes oceanic al precipitationes. Le [[anticyclon del Azores]] ha un rolo importante in le estate e contribui al secura e al ariditate estival. Le [[Sistema Central]] exerce un importante effecto orographic super le precipitationes del nord del communitate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas climático ibérico |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/Atlas-climatologico |publisher=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]}}</ref> Le insolation es elevate e le estate es generalmente calide e sic. Le temperaturas e precipitationes presenta forte variationes spatial: le areas basse del valle del Guadiana es inter le plus calide e sic, durante que le serras del [[Sistema Central]] es multo plus fresc e humide. Le precipitationes es generalmente plus basse in le valle del Guadiana e in le sud-est del region, e plus alte in le montanias del nord. In multe areas basse le media annual es inferior a 600 mm, durante que in le serras del [[Sistema Central]] illo pote superar 1000 mm e localmente 1500 mm. Le Valle del Jerte, [[Valle del Ambroz]], [[La Vera]], [[Las Hurdes]] e [[Sierra de Gata]] es inter le sectores plus humide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlas climático ibérico |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/Atlas-climatologico |publisher=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]}}</ref> [[File:Cielo -2 (30231912706).jpg|thumb|sinistra|Nubes in [[Fuentes de León]]]] Le distribution saisonal del precipitationes es typic del clima mediterranee: le maxima occurre generalmente in le autumno e le primavera, durante que le estate es le periodo le plus sic. In le areas plus basse, le ariditate estival pote durar tres o quatro menses; in le alte montanias, le periodo sic es plus breve. [[File:Quercus pyrenaica - La Vera - 20181116e.jpg|thumb|Foreste autumnal in [[Losar de la Vera]]]] Le temperatura medie annual varia fortemente secundo le altitude. Le areas basse del Guadiana presenta valores medie annual circa 17–18 °C, durante que le areas montaniose del nord es nettemente plus fresc. In estate le maxime diurne supera frequentemente 35 °C e, durante episodios de calor, pote exceder 40 °C. Le hibernos es geralmente suave in le basse terras, ma le gelate e le basse temperaturas es frequente in le serras. Le altitude es dunque un del factores le plus importante in le differentiation climatic del region. In le [[Sistema Central]] le temperaturas es nettemente plus basse e le nivello de precipitation plus alte que in le penillanuras central e meridional. Le [[bilancio hydric]] es generally negative durante le estate. Le forte evaporation, le alte temperaturas e le basse precipitationes estival produce un deficit hydric saisonal, specialmente in le basse terras. Le disponibilitate de aqua es compensate in grande parte per le reservoirs e le aquiferos, ben que le annos sic ha un effecto importante super le ressources hydric. === Vegetation === [[File:Montehermoso - Árbol.jpg|thumb|[[Dehesa]] de [[Montehermoso]]]] Le varietate de relievo, altitude, solos e clima produce un grande diversitate de vegetation in Extremadura. Le major parte del territorio pertine al dominio del [[foreste mediterranee]], ma le vegetation cambia secundo le altitude e le humiditate. Le intervention human ha modificate profundemente le paisage, specialmente per le agricultura, le pasturage e le exploitation del foreste. Un del paisages le plus characteristic es le [[dehesa]], un systema agro-sylvo-pastoral in le qual arbores disperse, praterias e usos agricole coexiste. Le [[encina]] es le specie arboree plus characteristic, accompaniate frequentemente per le [[subere]] e, in areas plus humide, per varie species de [[Quercus|quercia]]. Le dehesa combina le production agricole e pecuari con le conservation de un parte importante del biodiversitate regional. Le encinares e alcornocales domina le basse terras plus sic. Le [[subere]] es particularmente importante in le occidental del communitate e in le areas con pluviometria plus alte. Le estrato arbustive comprende species como le [[lentisco]], le [[aladierno]], le [[rosmarino]], le [[thymo]] e varie [[Cistus|cistos]]. In le valles e in le areas plus humide se developpa [[foreste de galeria]] associate al rios, con [[populo]]s, [[salice]]s, [[olmo]]s e altere species riparic. In le serras del nord, le vegetation cambia conforme al altitude e comprende vaste areas de [[Quercus pyrenaica|quercia]] e altere species caducifolie. In le pisos montaniose le vegetation es plus fresc e humide. Le [[Quercus pyrenaica|quercia]] ha un distribution importante in le serras, e in alcun areas alte se trova [[fago]] e altere species montaniose. Le vegetation del alte montanias del [[Sistema Central]] comprende praterias e arbustetos subalpine. Iste areas esseva traditionalmente utilisate pro le pasturage estival. === Spatios natural protegite === [[File:Mirador del Salto del Gitano y Rio Tajo.jpg|thumb|[[Parque national de Monfragüe]]]] [[File:Reserva Natural de los Barruecos (Malpartida de Cáceres).jpg|thumb|[[Monumento natural]] de [[Los Barruecos]], in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]]]] Extremadura possede un rete extensive de [[area protegite|areas natural protegite]], que include le [[Parque national de Monfragüe]], duo [[Parque Natural|parcos natural]], un [[Reserva Natural|reserva natural]], cinque [[Monumento Natural|monumentos natural]], paisages protegite, [[Zona de interés regional|zonas de interesse regional]], e altere categorias regional de protection. Le territorio es etiam largemente includite in le rete [[Natura 2000]], con numerosas [[Zona de especial protección para las aves|ZEPAs]] e [[Zona especial de conservación|ZECs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Áreas protegidas de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/temas/medio-ambiente/biodiversidad/areas-protegidas-de-extremadura |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |accessdate=2026-09-13 |archivedate=2024-08-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805164813/https://www.juntaex.es/temas/medio-ambiente/biodiversidad/areas-protegidas-de-extremadura}}</ref> Le [[Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Extremadura|rete regional de areas protegite]] include, inter altere figuras, parcos natural, reservas natural, monumentos natural, paisages protegite, corredores ecologicamente importante, parcos periurban, locos de interesse scientific e arbores singular. Le cartographia official del Junta de Extremadura integra iste figuras con le [[Natura 2000]] e altere figuras de conservation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cartografía de las Áreas Protegidas de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/cartografia-areas-protegidas-extremadura |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> ; Geoparco Villuercas-Ibores-Jara Le [[Geoparco Villuercas-Ibores-Jara]] es un territorio de grande interesse geologic in le centro-oriente de Extremadura. Illo esseva includite in le rete mundial del geoparcos in 2011. Su relievo presenta formas de typo apalachense e conserva un importante patrimonio geologic, paleontologic, minier e cultural. Le geoparco es membro del rete [[UNESCO Global Geoparks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Global Geoparks |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/iggp/geoparks |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> ; Parque national de Monfragüe Le [[Parque national de Monfragüe]] es situate in le centro de [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]], circa le confluencia del [[Fluvio Tajo|Tajo]] e del [[Fluvio Tiétar|Tiétar]]. Le territorio es dominate per serras basse, valles fluvial e [[dehesa]] mediterranee. Monfragüe esseva declarate [[Parque natural|parco natural]] in 1979 e devenite [[parque national]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parque Nacional de Monfragüe |url=https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/red-parques-nacionales/parques-nacionales/monfrague.html |publisher=Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico}}</ref> Le area possede etiam altere figuras de protection, inter illas le [[Reserva de biosphera|Reserva de Biosphera de Monfragüe]], recognoscite per le [[UNESCO]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monfragüe Biosphere Reserve |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/monfrague |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> ; Parcos natural Extremadura possede duo [[Parque Natural|parcos natural]]: le [[Parque natural de Cornalvo]] e le [[Parque natural del Tajo Internacional]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parques Naturales de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/temas/medio-ambiente/biodiversidad/areas-protegidas-de-extremadura/parques-naturales |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> * [[Parque natural de Cornalvo]] es situate circa [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] e comprende paisages de [[dehesa]], encinares e alcornocales, insimul con le systemas fluvial del [[Fluvio Aljucén|Aljucén]] e [[Fluvio Albarregas|Albarregas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parque Natural de Cornalvo |url=https://www.juntaex.es/es/w/parque-natural-de-cornalvo |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> * [[Parque natural del Tajo Internacional]] es situate al frontiera con [[Portugal]], in le sector occidental de [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]]. Le parco es structurate circa le Tajo e su tributarios e forma un ensemble transfrontalier con le [[Parque Natural do Tejo Internacional]] in Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parque Natural Tajo Internacional |url=https://www.juntaex.es/es/w/parque-natural-tajo-internacional |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> ; Reserva natural [[File:Valle del Jerte, Garganta de los Infiernos 02.jpg|thumb|[[Reserva natural Garganta de los Infiernos]], in le [[Valle del Jerte]]]] * [[Reserva Natural Garganta de los Infiernos]] es situate in le cabecera del [[Valle del Jerte]], inter le [[sierra de Tormantos]] e le [[Sierra de Gredos]]. Illa esseva declarate Reserva Natural in 1994 e protege un paisage montaniose con forte variation altitudinal e un dense reticulo de gargantas e cursos de aqua.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reserva Natural Garganta de los Infiernos |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/reserva-natural-garganta-de-los-infiernos |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> ; Monumentos natural Le rete regional comprende actualmente cinque [[Monumento Natural|monumentos natural]]: * [[Los Barruecos]], in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]], un paisage de granito, charcas e vegetation mediterranee; * [[Mina La Jayona]], un ancian complexo minier con importante valores geologic e ecologic; * [[Cueva de Castañar]], un caverna con importante formations mineral; * [[Cuevas de Fuentes de León]], un complexe de cavitates calcaree; * [[El Berrocal de la Data]], in [[Valencia de Alcántara]], un paisage granitic de grande interesse geomorphologic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monumentos Naturales de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/temas/medio-ambiente/biodiversidad/areas-protegidas-de-extremadura/monumentos-naturales |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> ; Paisages protegite Le [[Monte Valcorchero]] apud [[Plasencia]] es un del [[Paisaje protegido|paisages protegite]] de Extremadura. Le protection conserva un paisage de grande valor natural e cultural, associate al [[dehesa]] e al exploitation traditional del territorio.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paisajes Protegidos de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/paisajes-protegidos-de-extremadura |publisher=Junta de Extremadura}}</ref> == Governo e politica == Extremadura es un [[communitate autonome de Espania|communitate autonome]] de Espania con un systema de [[monarchia parlamentari|governo parlamentar]]. Su institutiones autonome principal es le [[Assemblea de Extremadura]], le [[Junta de Extremadura]] e le [[President del Junta de Extremadura|Presidente del Junta]]. Le [[Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura]] constitue le norma institutional fundamental del communitate. === Antecedentes === Le [[Fuero de Baylío]] es un institution de [[derecto consuetudinari]] conservate in alcun localidades de Extremadura. Le [[Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura]] attribue al communitate autonome le conservation, defensa e protection del Fuero de Baylío e de altere institutiones del derecto consuetudinari extremaduran.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ley Orgánica 1/2011, de 28 de enero, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-1638 |publisher=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]]}}</ref> Le formation historic del territorio extremaduran es anterior al actual communitate autonome. Durante le [[Etate Media]], le nomine [[Las Extremaduras|Extremaduras]] se applicava a un vaste zona de frontiera inter le regnos cristian del nord e le territorios musulman del sud. Le [[provincia de Extremadura]] esseva establite como provincia in le [[reformation territorial de 1833]] e correspondeva in grande parte al territorio del actual communitate, ben que le organisation territorial ha cambiate ulteriormente. In le [[Etate Moderne]] e [[Etate Contemporanee|Contemporanee]] se developpava institutiones juridic e administrative proprie del territorio. Le [[Real Audientia de Extremadura]], establite in [[Cáceres]] in 1790, constitueva un importante institution judicial pro le territorio extremaduran. === Poter legislative === [[File:Pleno de la Asamblea de Extremadura.jpg|thumb|Le [[Assemblea de Extremadura]]]] Le [[Assemblea de Extremadura]] es le organo legislative del communitate autonome. Illo es componite de 65 deputatos eligite per suffragio universal, libere, directe e secret. Le duo provincias constitue le circumscriptiones electoral del electiones autonomic. Le repartition territorial del 65 sedes es de 36 deputatos pro le [[provincia de Badajoz]] e 29 pro le [[provincia de Cáceres]]. Le [[Electiones al Assemblea de Extremadura de 2025|electiones autonomic de 2025]] producite le sequente composition del Assemblea: {| class="wikitable" |+ Composición de la Asamblea de Extremadura tras las elecciones de 2025 ! Partido ! Sedes ! Votos ! % |- | [[Partido Popular de Extremadura|Partido Popular]] (PP) | 29 | 228 300 | 43,2 % |- | [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|Partido Socialista Obrero Español]] (PSOE) | 18 | 136 017 | 25,7 % |- | [[Vox (partido político)|Vox]] | 11 | 89 360 | 16,9 % |- | [[Unidas por Extremadura]] | 7 | 54 189 | 10,3 % |- ! Total ! 65 ! 507 866 ! 96,1 % |} Le majoritate absolute del Assemblea es fixate a 33 sedes. Le PP es le prime gruppo parlamentar con 29 deputatos, sequite per le PSOE con 18, Vox con 11 e Unidas por Extremadura con 7.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resultados Elecciones Extremadura 2025 |url=https://resultados-elecciones.rtve.es/autonomicas/2025/extremadura/ |publisher=[[Radiotelevisión Española]]}}</ref> === Poter executive === Le [[Junta de Extremadura]] es le organo executive e administrative del communitate autonome. Illo es presidite per le [[President del Junta de Extremadura]], qui dirige le action del governo regional. [[María Guardiola Martín]] es presidente del Junta de Extremadura. Illa esseva prime eligite in 2023 e deveniva le prime femina a presider le governo autonome. Post le electiones de 2025, le investitura esseva initialmente refusate in martio 2026, quando Guardiola obteneva solmente le supporto del PP. In april 2026, un accordo inter le PP e [[Vox (partito politico)|Vox]] permitteva su nove investitura con majoritate absolute del Assemblea. Illa esseva formalmente nominate presidente per [[Felipe VI|le Rege]] le 22 de april 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real Decreto 361/2026, de 22 de abril, por el que se nombra Presidenta de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura a doña María Guardiola Martín |url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2026/04/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2026-8873.pdf |publisher=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]]}}</ref> Le prime presidente del Junta de Extremadura esseva [[Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra]], qui occupava le carga inter 1983 e 2007. Il esseva succedite per [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] (2007–2011), [[José Antonio Monago]] (2011–2015), e de novo Guillermo Fernández Vara (2015–2023). In 2023, [[María Guardiola]] succedeva Fernández Vara e deveniva le prime femina presidente del communitate.<ref>{{cite web |title=María Guardiola es investida presidenta de la Junta de Extremadura |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/maria-guardiola-investida-presidenta-de-la-junta-de-extremadura |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |date=14 de julio 2023}}</ref> Le secunde governo de María Guardiola es supportate per un accordo inter le PP e Vox, qui dispone insimul de 40 del 65 sedes del Assemblea. Le PSOE e Unidas por Extremadura constitue le opposition parlamentar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guardiola, investida presidenta de Extremadura por mayoría absoluta tras el acuerdo con Vox |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260422/directo-segunda-jornada-debate-investidura-guardiola-extremadura-votacion/17035311.shtml |publisher=[[Radiotelevisión Española]] |date=22 de april 2026}}</ref> Le [[Delegation del Governo in Extremadura]] representa le [[Governo de Espania]] in le communitate autonome. Su sede se trova in [[Badajoz]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ Presidentes del Junta de Extremadura ! Presidente ! Partito ! Periodo |- | [[Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra]] | [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]] | 1983–2007 |- | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] | [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]] | 2007–2011 |- | [[José Antonio Monago]] | [[Partido Popular (España)|PP]] | 2011–2015 |- | [[Guillermo Fernández Vara]] | [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]] | 2015–2023 |- | [[María Guardiola]] | [[Partido Popular (España)|PP]] | 2023–presente |} === Organisation territorial === ==== Provincias ==== Extremadura es dividite in duo provincias: le [[provincia de Cáceres]], al nord, e le [[provincia de Badajoz]], al sud. Illas es etiam circumscriptiones electoral pro le electiones al [[Congresso del Deputatos]] e al [[Senato de Espania]], e possede lor respective [[deputation provincial|deputationes provincial]]. Secundo le datos del [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] al 1 de januario 2025, le provincia de Badajoz habeva 665 155 habitantes e un superficie de 21 769 km², durante que Cáceres habeva 388 190 habitantes e un superficie de 19 864 km².<ref>{{cite web |title=España en cifras 2026 |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2026_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Provincias de Extremadura ! Provincia ! Superficie ! Population<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo anual de población 2021-2025 |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?capsel=11398&padre=11555 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] }}</ref> ! Municipios |- | [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] | 19 864 km² | 388 190 hab. | 223 |- | [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]] | 21 769 km² | 665 155 hab. | 165 |} Le provincia de Badajoz es le plus vaste provincia de Espania per superficie, durante que Cáceres es le secunde plus vaste. In insimul, le duo provincias constitue un del plus grande superficies provincial del pais. ==== Municipios ==== [[File:Extremadura municipalities.png|thumb|Carta municipal de Extremadura]] Extremadura es organise territorialmente in 388 [[municipio]]s: 223 in le provincia de Cáceres e 165 in le provincia de Badajoz. Le numeros de municipios e le cifras de population son mantenite per le [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]] in su registros official.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo anual de población 2021-2025 |url=https://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/index.htm?capsel=11398&padre=11555 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística]]}}</ref> Le grande extension territorial del communitate e le relative basse densitate de population resulta in un grande dimension medie del terminos municipal. Inter le plus grande per superficie se trova [[Cáceres]], [[Badajoz]], [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]], [[Jerez de los Caballeros]] e [[Alburquerque]]. [[Badajoz]] es le municipio le plus populate del communitate e le sol que supera 100 000 habitantes. [[Cáceres]] es le secunde centro urban per population e un del principal polos administrative e universitari de Extremadura. ==== Districtos judicial ==== [[File:Partidos Judiciales de Extremadura.svg|thumb|Districtos judicial de Extremadura]] Le organisation judicial del communitate es determinate secundo le [[Poter Judicial de Espania|legislation judicial espaniol]] e le [[Statuto de Autonomia de Extremadura]]. Le [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia de Extremadura]] ha su sede in [[Cáceres]] e constitue le organo in le qual culmina le organisation judicial del communitate autonome.<ref>{{cite web |title=Estatuto de Autonomía de Extremadura |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-1638 |publisher=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]]}}</ref> Extremadura es dividite in 21 [[Districtos judicial de Extremadura|districtos judicial]], qui organiza le competentia territorial del [[tribunal|organo judicial]] de prime grado. ==== Mancomunitates integral ==== Le legislation extremaduran permitte le creation de [[mancomunitate]]s de municipios pro le gestion in commun de servicios e pro le cooperation supramunicipal. Le [[Lege 17/2010, de mancomunitates e entidades local minor de Extremadura|Lege 17/2010]] establi le requisitos pro que un mancomunitate pote esser qualificate como ''integral'' e regula su organisation e functionamento.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ley 17/2010, de 22 de diciembre, de mancomunidades y entidades locales menores de Extremadura |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2011-555 |publisher=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]]}}</ref> Extremadura ha un rete de [[mancomunitate integral|mancomunitates integral]] que facilita le prestation commun de servicios municipal e le cooperation inter municipalitates. Le mancomunitates integral pote intervenir in campos como le gestion del residuos, le aqua, le protection ambiental, le servicios social, le cultura, le sport, le developpamento local, le urbanismo e le infrastructure. ; Provincia de Badajoz <div style="column-count:3; column-gap:3em;"> # Centro # [[Cijara]] # [[Mancomunitate del Guadiana|Guadiana]] # [[La Serena (Badajoz)|La Serena]] # [[Vegas Altas|La Serena-Vegas Altas]] # [[Mancomunitate Integral Lácara-Los Baldíos|Lácara-Los Baldíos]] # [[Comarca de Llerena|Llerena]] # [[Llanos de Olivenza|Olivenza]] # [[La Siberia|Siberia]] # [[Sierra Suroeste]] # [[Tentudía]] # Tierra de Barros # [[Tierra de Barros|Tierra de Barros-Fluvio Matachel]] # [[Vegas Bajas]] # [[Zafra-Fluvio Bodión]] </div> ; Provincia de Cáceres <div style="column-count:3; column-gap:3em;"> # [[Mancomunitate Integral Sierra de Montánchez|Sierra de Montánchez]] # [[Mancomunitate Integral Valle del Alagón|Valle del Alagón]] # [[Mancomunitate Comarca de Trujillo|Trujillo]] # [[Mancomunitate Tajo-Salor|Tajo-Salor]] # [[Valle del Jerte]] # [[Mancomunitate de la Rivera de Fresnedosa|Rivera de Fresnedosa]] # [[Mancomunitate Integral Sierra de San Pedro|Sierra de San Pedro]] # [[Mancomunitate Integral de Trasierra-Tierras de Granadilla|Trasierra-Tierra de Granadilla]] # [[Las Hurdes]] # [[Sierra de Gata (comarca)|Sierra de Gata]] # [[Granadilla (Cáceres)|Granadilla]] # [[Valle del Ambroz|Valle de Ambroz]] # [[Valle del Jerte]] # [[La Vera]] # [[Valle del Alagón]] # [[Riberos del Tajo]] # [[Campo Arañuelo]] # [[Las Villuercas]] </div> Al margen del organisation per mancomunitates, existe in Extremadura numerose [[comarca]]s historic, geographic e cultural que non constitue necessarimente divisiones administrative official. Inter le plus cognoscite se trova [[Valle del Ambroz]], [[Campo Arañuelo]], [[Valle del Jerte]], [[Las Hurdes]], [[Las Villuercas]], [[Los Ibores]], [[La Jara cacereña]], [[Sierra de Gata (comarca)|Sierra de Gata]] e [[Trasierra - Tierras de Granadilla]]. Le distinction inter mancomunitates integral e comarcas es importante: le prime es entitates local de cooperation inter municipalitates, durante que le secunde corresponde frequentemente a regiones historic o geographic sin un status administrative uniforme. In le [[provincia de Badajoz]], le [[Deputation Provincial de Badajoz]] usa etiam divisiones comarcal pro fines de organisation e cooperation territorial, ma illas non equivale al organisation administrative provincial o al mancomunitates integral. == Demographia == === Population e densitate === [[File:Extremadura densidad 2018.png|thumb|Densitate del population in Extremadura]] Le population residente de Extremadura esseva de 1 053 345 habitantes al 1 de januario 2025, secundo le [[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]. Illo representava circa 2,14 % del population de Espania. Le densitate medie era de 25,3 habitantes per km², multo inferior al media espaniol.<ref>{{cite web |title=España en cifras 2026 |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2026_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]}}</ref> Le population se distribue in modo irregular inter le duo provincias. [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]] contava 665 155 habitantes e habeva un densitate de circa 30,6 hab./km², durante que [[Provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]] contava 388 190 habitantes e habeva un densitate de circa 19,5 hab./km².<ref>{{cite web |title=España en cifras 2026 |url=https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras/EEC_2026_PUBLICACION_COMPLETA.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]}}</ref> Le population es fortemente concentrate in un numero limitate de centros urban. [[Badajoz]] es le sol municipio del communitate que supera 100 000 habitantes. [[Cáceres]] e [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] supera 50 000, durante que [[Plasencia]], [[Don Benito]], [[Almendralejo]] e [[Villanueva de la Serena]] es altere centros urban importante. Nonobstante, le major parte del territorio conserva un character rural. Le basse densitate del population, le grande extension del terminos municipal e le dispersion del insediamento contribui al contrasto inter le principales centros urban e vaste areas de population basse. Le [[despobulation]] es specialmente importante in alcun areas del interior e del est del communitate. Le principal concentrationes del population se trova circa le corridor del [[Fluvio Guadiana|Guadiana]] e in le axe que liga [[Plasencia]], [[Cáceres]], [[Mérida]], [[Almendralejo]] e [[Zafra]]. Un altere concentration importante existe in le area [[Badajoz]]–[[Mérida]]–[[Don Benito]]–[[Villanueva de la Serena]]. Le areas montaniose e le sectores plus distante del principal centros urban presenta generalmente densitates nettemente inferior. === Evolution del population === [[File:Extremadura crecimiento 1998-2008.png|thumb|sinistra|Crescimento del population per municipio inter 1998 e 2008]] [[File:Extremadura crecimiento 2008-2018.png|thumb|Crescimento del population per municipio inter 2008 e 2018]] Le population de Extremadura ha presentate grande variationes durante le ultime cinque seculos. Le datos historic es in parte estimative e debe esser interpretate con caution, proque le definition del population e le methodos de recenseamento cambiava multo inter le periodos. Un alarde realisate in 1502 per ordine de [[Isabel I de Castilia]] ha essite utilisate pro estimar le population del territorio extremaduran a circa 350 000 habitantes. Le [[censimento del 1591]] del [[Corona de Castilia|Corona de Castilia]] dava un cifra plus alte, de circa 540 000 habitantes, ben que le comparation con le cifras moderne es difficile per le differentias administrative e methodologic.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ángel |title=Le cavalleria e le population de Extremadura secundo le alardes de 1502 |journal=Norba. Revista de historia |volume=17 |year=2004 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1158941}}</ref> Durante le [[seculo XVIII]] le population esseva multo inferior al cifra estimate del seculo XVI, como resultato de guerras, epidemias, crises agricole e altere factores. Le censimentos del [[Etate Moderne]] es generalmente minus uniforme que le censimentos posterior. Durante le [[seculo XIX]] e le prime medietate del [[seculo XX]], le population cresceva de maniera importante. Secundo le [[Censimento de Espania de 1960|censimento de 1960]], Extremadura attingeva 1 379 072 habitantes, uno del maximos historic del population regional.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de población de 1960 |url=https://www.ine.es/inebaseweb/71807.do |publisher=[[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]}}</ref> A partir del decennio de 1960 comenciava un forte processo de [[exodo rural]] e [[emigration]]. Numerose habitantes de Extremadura emigrava verso altere regiones de Espania, specialmente [[Communitate de Madrid|Madrid]], [[Catalonia]] e le [[Pais Basc]], e verso paises europee como [[Francia]], [[Germania]], [[Suisia]], [[Paises Basse]] e [[Belgica]]. Le migrationes affectava particularmente le juvene in etate active e contribueva al [[invecchiamento del population]] del areas rural. Le perdita de population esseva particolarmente forte in le decennios 1960 e 1970. Al mesme tempore, alcun capitales e centros regional acquisiva population, specialmente [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]] e [[Mérida]]. Iste processo accentuava le contrasto inter le principales centros urban e le areas rural. Durante le ultime decennios del seculo XX e le prime del seculo XXI, le population regional deveniva plus stabile, ma Extremadura continuava a haber un crescimento demographic inferior al media espaniol. Le invecchiamento e le basse natalitate deveniva factores importante del evolution demographic. In le 2020s le evolution ha de novo essite negative. Inter le 1 de januario 2024 e le 1 de januario 2025, le population de Extremadura diminuiva de 1 336 personas, o 0,13 %. Le population de nationalitate espaniol diminuiva de 4 664 personas, durante que le population de nationalitate estranjer cresceva de 3 328 personas, o 7,15 %, usque a 46 556 habitantes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de Población 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/34486012/Censo_2025_ND.pdf/624d5260-a2ba-ad35-6f93-92145928883e |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Le evolution demographic recente es assi caracterisate per un combination de [[invecchiamento del population]], basse natalitate, saldo natural negative e un contribution crescente del immigration. === Distribution === [[File:Tipos de Municipios de Extremadura.png|thumb|Typos de insediamento urban e rural in Extremadura]] Le systema de population de Extremadura es policentric in comparation con altere regiones espaniol, ma non possede grande metropolitan areas. [[Badajoz]] es le principal centro urban del communitate per population e per le extension de su area de influentia. [[Cáceres]] ha un importante function administrative, universitari e cultural. [[Mérida]], capital del communitate autonome, ha un rolo institutional e administrative central. Inter le altere centros urban regional se distingue [[Plasencia]], [[Don Benito]], [[Almendralejo]], [[Villanueva de la Serena]], [[Navalmoral de la Mata]], [[Zafra]], [[Montijo]], [[Villafranca de los Barros]], [[Coria]], [[Olivenza]], [[Miajadas]] e [[Jerez de los Caballeros]]. Le position geographic del communitate face que alcun areas del nord, del est e del sud ha etiam relationes functional con centros exterior a Extremadura. Inter illos se trova [[Salamanca]], [[Béjar]], [[Talavera de la Reina]], [[Ciudad Real]], [[Córdoba]] e [[Sevilla]]. Iste relationes varia secundo le services, le employment, le commercio e le communicationes. Le insediamento rural es generalmente concentrate in villages, con relativamente pauc population disperse. Iste forma de [[poblamiento concentrate]] es particularmente characteristic del penillanuras e del dehesas. Historicamente, le structure agrari, le grande extension del proprietates in alcun areas e le formas traditional de exploitation del terra contribueva al concentration del population in villages de dimension considerabile. Le architecture traditional varia secundo le parte del communitate. Le villages del sud presenta frequentemente facciatas blanchite e placias central, durante que in le nord e in le areas montaniose es presente un plus grande varietate de materiales e formas architectural. Le agricultura extensive, le [[dehesa]] e le allevamento ha exercite un importante influentia super le distribution del population rural. Le modernisation del agricultura e le mecanisation, insimul con le emigration del seculo XX, reduceva le necessitate de labor agricole e accelereva le perdita de population in multe parve municipios. === Systema urban === [[File:Extremadura poblacion 2018.png|thumb|Population per municipio]] Le municipios de Extremadura con plus de 7000 habitantes al 1 de januario 2025 es 19. Le cifras proveni del population official del [[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cifras oficiales de población de los municipios españoles |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177011&idp=1254734710990 |publisher=[[Instituto National de Statistica (Espania)|INE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Position ! Municipalitate ! Population |- | 1 | [[Badajoz]] | 150 209 |- | 2 | [[Cáceres]] | 96 651 |- | 3 | [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] | 60 225 |- | 4 | [[Plasencia]] | 40 132 |- | 5 | [[Don Benito]] | 37 986 |- | 6 | [[Almendralejo]] | 34 587 |- | 7 | [[Villanueva de la Serena]] | 25 773 |- | 8 | [[Navalmoral de la Mata]] | 17 352 |- | 9 | [[Zafra]] | 16 735 |- | 10 | [[Montijo (Badajoz)|Montijo]] | 15 198 |- | 11 | [[Villafranca de los Barros]] | 12 284 |- | 12 | [[Coria]] | 12 001 |- | 13 | [[Olivenza]] | 11 789 |- | 14 | [[Miajadas]] | 9 396 |- | 15 | [[Jerez de los Caballeros]] | 9 095 |- | 16 | [[Trujillo (Espania)|Trujillo]] | 8 611 |- | 17 | [[Los Santos de Maimona]] | 8 088 |- | 18 | [[Azuaga]] | 7 587 |- | 19 | [[Talayuela]] | 7 439 |} Le lista mostra le forte concentration del population in un numero limitate de centros. Badajoz, Cáceres e Mérida forma le principal trio urban del communitate. Le altere centros de plus de 20 000 habitantes —Plasencia, Don Benito, Almendralejo e Villanueva de la Serena— ha un rolo important in lor respective areas territorial. Le concentration del population non significa un concentration territorial uniforme. Vaste areas de Extremadura conserva densitates basse e un predominio del insediamento rural. Le contrasto inter centros urban e areas de bassa densitate es un del principales characteristicas del geographia demographic del communitate. In Extremadura, duodece municipios ha le titulo historic de [[citate|citate]]: in le provincia de Badajoz, [[Almendralejo]], [[Badajoz]], [[Don Benito]], [[Jerez de los Caballeros]], [[Llerena]], [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]], [[Olivenza]] e [[Villanueva de la Serena]]; in le provincia de Cáceres, [[Cáceres]], [[Coria]], [[Plasencia]] e [[Trujillo (Espania)|Trujillo]]. Le titulo de citate es un distinction historic e non implica necessarimente un minimum moderne de population. Le titulos de citate de Badajoz, Coria, Mérida, Plasencia e Trujillo remontan al [[Etate Media]]. Durante le [[Etate Moderne]] esseva accordate, inter altere, le titulos de Jerez de los Caballeros (1525) e Llerena (1641). Durante le [[seculo XIX]] esseva accordate le titulos de Almendralejo (1851), Don Benito (1856), Villanueva de la Serena (1856), Olivenza (1858) e Cáceres (1882). === Immigration === Le population de nationalitate estranjer in Extremadura ha crescite durante le ultime annos, ben que illo representa ancora un portion relativemente parve del population regional. Al 1 de januario 2025, Extremadura contava 46 556 habitantes de nationalitate estranjer, circa 4,4 % del population total. Inter le 1 de januario 2024 e le 1 de januario 2025, iste population cresceva de 3 328 personas, o 7,15 %.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de Población 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/34486012/Censo_2025_ND.pdf/624d5260-a2ba-ad35-6f93-92145928883e |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Le principal nationalitates estranjer in Extremadura in 2025 esseva le marocchina, con 8 377 residentes, le romaniana, con 7 696, le colombiana, con 4 624, e le portugese, con 3 430. Insimul, iste quatro nationalitates representava plus del 50 % del population de nationalitate estranjer del region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anuario Estadístico 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/5548153/Anuario_2025.pdf/ab27ff81-19b4-c9cc-b680-ddcfd99565cd |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Le immigration es in parte concentrate in le principal centros urban e in areas con demanda de labor in le agricultura, le industria agroalimentari, le construction e le servicios. Le composition del population estranjer varia secundo le municipio e le area geographic, con un importante presentia de population romaniana e marocchina e un crescente numero de residentes originari de paises latinoamerican.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de Población 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/34486012/Censo_2025_ND.pdf/624d5260-a2ba-ad35-6f93-92145928883e |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Durante 2024, le augmentos le plus importante in Extremadura concerneva le residentes de nationalitate colombian (+802), marocchin (+528), venezuelan (+467) e peruvian (+466). Le population colombian cresceva de 17,34 %, mentre le population venezuelan e peruvian cresceva etiam de maniera importante.<ref>{{cite web |title=Censo de Población 2025 |url=https://www.juntaex.es/documents/77055/34486012/Censo_2025_ND.pdf/624d5260-a2ba-ad35-6f93-92145928883e |publisher=Instituto de Estadística de Extremadura}}</ref> Le immigration ha un rolo crescente in le evolution recent del population extremaduran, compensante in parte le declino del population de nationalitate espaniol e contribuente al mantenimento o al crescimento del population in alcun municipios. Nonobstante, le effecto demographic es irregular e non basta a compensar le basse natalitate e le invecchiamento del population in tote le territorio. == Economia == [[File:Pabellón en la Feria de Zafra, Badajoz (2019).jpg|thumb|[[Feria International Ganadere de Zafra|Feria International Ganadere de Zafra]]]] Le economia de Extremadura es dominante in le sector del servicios, que representa le major parte del producto interior brut regional. Le construction e le parve e medie interprisas ha etiam un rolo importante. Durante le ultime decennios, le region ha cognoscite un processo de [[tertiarisation]] economic, associate al crescimento del commercio, del turismo e del servicios, in particular in le areas rural. Le proximitate con Portugal favorisa etiam le relationes commercial inter le region e le vicin territorio portugese.{{sfn|Sánchez Martín|Rengifo Gallego|2019|p=22}} Le [[turismo in Extremadura|turismo]] constitue un del sectores in expansion, con un crescente interesse pro le patrimonio historic e cultural, le areas natural e le paisages rural del region. Le turismo ha acquirite un peso crescente in le economia regional, specialmente in le comarcas rural, ubi contribue al diversification del activitates traditionalmente agricole.{{sfn|Sánchez Martín|Rengifo Gallego|2019|p=22}} [[File:Cerdos ibericos.jpg|thumb|sinistra|[[Porco iberic|Porcos iberic]] in Extremadura]] Le agricultura e le [[bestiame]] remane importante pro le economia extremadurense. Le [[dehesa]], un paisage agro-silvo-pastoral characteristic del region, permitte le exploitation extensive de bovinos, ovinos e [[porco iberic|porcos iberic]], insimul con le production de [[corco]], cereales, oliva e productos hortofructicole. Le agroindustria constitue consequente un del principal ramos del industria regional. In le ultime decennios, Extremadura ha etiam presentate periodos de crescimento economic superior al media espaniol. In 2017, le [[producto interior brut]] regional cresceva de 3,7 %, un del plus alte taxas inter le comunidades autonome de [[Espania]].{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |language=es }} Le structura industrial de Extremadura es caracterisate per le predominio del parve e medie interprisas. Inter le principal activitates industrial se trova le [[agroindustria]], le energia, le transformation del [[liège]], le petra ornamental, le metalurgia e machination, e le industria textile. Le agroindustria es particularmente importante debite al peso del agricultura e del bestiame in le economia regional. [[File:Extremadura Product Exports (2020).svg|thumb|Exportationes de Extremadura in 2020]] Le sector energetic ha etiam un peso importante. Le construction de [[reservoir|reservoirs]] e de centrales hydroelectric ha permittite le exploitation del ressources aquatic del region e un production de electricitate que in varie periodos ha superate le consumo interne. A iste production se ha addite in le ultime annos un forte expansion del [[energia solar]], favorate per le conditiones climatic e le disponibilitate de grandes superficies de terreno. Malgrado le progresso economic e le diversification del activitates, Extremadura ha historicamente presentate niveles de renta e de [[producto interior brut per capita]] inferior al media de Espania. Le economia regional ha dunque continuate a enfrentar problemas structural como le debilitate del tessuto industrial, le despoblamento de numerose areas rural e le dependentia relative del sector public e del servicios.{{sfn|Parejo Moruno|Rangel Preciado|2014|pp=14-15}} == Infrastructure e servicios == === Education === Le education superior in Extremadura es principalemente representate per le [[Universitate de Extremadura]] (UEx), le universitate public del communitate autonome. Illa ha campus in [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]], [[Mérida]] e [[Plasencia]], e su offerta include studios de grado, master e doctorato in numerose campos.<ref name="UEx">{{cite web |url=https://www.unex.es/conoce-la-uex/presentacion-de-la-uex/conoce-extremadura/ |title=Conoce Extremadura e le campus del Universitate de Extremadura |publisher=Universitate de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026 |accessdate=2026-09-13 |archivedate=2024-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029134432/https://www.unex.es/conoce-la-uex/presentacion-de-la-uex/conoce-extremadura/}}</ref> Durante le annos 2020, plure projectos pro crear nove universitates in Extremadura esseva proponite. Le situation ha evoluite postea: le administration autonome ha initiate proceduras official pro le recognition e le implantation de nove institutiones e studios universitari.<ref name="JuntaUniversitate">{{cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/temas/educacion/universidad |title=Universitate |publisher=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> In 2026, le Junta de Extremadura ha publicate le [[Decreto 139/2026]], relative al implantation de nove enseignamentos official de grado e master in le Universitate de Extremadura, e ha etiam initiate le procedura pro le recognition del [[Universitate Aperte de Extremadura]].<ref name="DOE1392026">{{cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2026&doe=1280o&xml=2026040168 |title=Decreto 139/2026, de 30 de junio |publisher=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=6 de julio 2026 |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref><ref name="JuntaUniversitate"/> === Energia === [[File:Centraldealmaraz.JPG|thumb|[[Central nuclear de Almaraz]]]] Extremadura es un importante productor de energia electric e produce considerablemente plus electricitate que su demanda regional. Secundo [[Red Eléctrica]], in 2025 le demanda de energia electric in le communitate esseva de 4 983 GWh, durante que le production electric esseva multo superior. Le generation regional esseva ancora dominate per le energia nuclear, que representava 47 % del total, sequite per le solar photovoltaic con 35 %, le hydroelectric con 12,3 % e le solar thermoelectric con 4,2 %.<ref name="REE2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.ree.es/sites/default/files/07_SALA_PRENSA/Documentos/2026/np-extremadura.pdf |title=Le demanda de energia electric in Extremadura cresce 3,4 % in 2025 |publisher=Red Eléctrica |date=11 de martio 2026 |access-date=13 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le expansion del energia solar ha essite particularmente importante. In 2025 Extremadura addeva 689 MW de nove capacitate solar photovoltaic, e le 85,6 % del capacitate installate de generation del region pertineva a technologias renovabile.<ref name="REE2025"/> Extremadura es assi un del principales centros del production solar photovoltaic in Espania. Le [[Central nuclear de Almaraz]], in le provincia de [[Cáceres]], remane un del principales installationes energetic del region. Le systema electric regional include etiam numerose centrales hydroelectric, installations solar thermoelectric e photovoltaic, e un quantitá crescente de production renovabile.<ref name="REE2025"/> Le evolution del sector energetic ha renforçate le position de Extremadura in le transition verso un systema electric a basse emissiones. Le expansion del energia solar e le developpamento de nove installations renovabile constitue un del principales cambios in le infrastructure energetic del communitate durante le ultime annos.<ref name="REE2025"/> === Rete routier === Le [[Carreteras de Extremadura|rete de carreteras de Extremadura]] es administrate per differente niveles de administration. Le [[Ministerio de Transportes y Movilidad Sostenible|Stato]] gere le principal vias del [[rete de carreteras del Stato]], durante que le [[Junta de Extremadura]] gere le rete autonoma. Le [[Deputación Provincial de Badajoz|Deputations provincial de Badajoz e Cáceres]] e le [[municipio|municipalitate]] gere altere vias de lor competentia. Le rete routier connecte Extremadura con le centro del Peninsula Iberic, le regiones vicin e Portugal. Le principal axes de longa distantia es le [[Autovia del Sud-West|A-5]], que connecte le region con [[Madrid]] e Portugal, le [[Autovia Ruta de la Plata|A-66]], que traversa le region del nord al sud, e le [[Autovia Extremaduran|A-58]]. Le [[N-432]] constitue un altere importante connexion inter Badajoz e le sud del Peninsula. ==== Autovias ==== Le principal autovias que traversa Extremadura es le [[Autovia del Sud-West|A-5]], le [[Autovia Ruta de la Plata|A-66]] e le [[Autovia Extremaduran|A-58]]. Le A-5 connecte le region con Madrid e Portugal, durante que le A-66 forma le principal axe nord-sud per Plasencia, Cáceres, Mérida e Almendralejo. In 2026, le [[Autovia Extremaduran|A-58]] habeva un nove tramo in construction inter le [[A-66]] apud Cáceres e le Rio Ayuela. Le tramo, de 13,5 km, es un parte del connexion inter Cáceres e Badajoz.<ref name="A58">{{cite web |url=https://visorcarreteras.transportes.gob.es/PrincipalesObras |title=Principales obras en ejecución |publisher=Ministerio de Transportes y Movilidad Sostenible |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le [[Autovia Badajoz-Granada|A-81]] es un projecto de nove autovia inter Badajoz e le sud-est del Peninsula. In 2026 esseva approbate definitivamente le studio informative del tramo [[Badajoz]]–[[Zafra]], con connexion al [[A-66]]. Le tramo ha un longitude approximative de 71 km. Le approbation concerne le tramo inter Badajoz e Zafra e non significa que le autovia integre sia ancora construite.<ref name="A81">{{cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-B-2026-14456 |title=Anuncio de la aprobación definitiva del Estudio Informativo de la Autovía Badajoz-Córdoba-Granada. Tramo Badajoz-Zafra |publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=2026-05-07 |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le [[EX-A1]] es le principal autovia del rete autonome. Illa connecte [[Navalmoral de la Mata]] e [[Plasencia]] con [[Moraleja]] e le frontiera con Portugal. In 2025 esseva sottoposite a information public le projecto del subtramo Moraleja Oeste-Cilleros, parte del continuation del EX-A1 verso Portugal.<ref name="EXA1">{{cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2025&doe=620o&xml=2025080502 |title=Anuncio de 17 de marzo de 2025 por el que se somete a información oficial y pública el proyecto denominado Autovía EX-A1, de Navalmoral de la Mata a Portugal |publisher=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2025-03-31 |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> In addition al rete del Stato e al rete regional, le [[municipio|municipalitate]] gere le vias de lor competentia in le interior de lor terminos municipal. === Transporto public === ==== Autobuses ==== Le [[transporto public]] per [[autobus]] es un importante forma de connexion inter le citates e le localitates de Extremadura. Inter le interprisas que opera servicios interurban se trova [[ALSA]], [[LEDA]] e [[CEVESA]].<ref name="LEDA">{{cite web |url=https://www.leda.es/ |title=Sito web de LEDA |publisher=LEDA |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref><ref name="CEVESA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cevesa.es/ |title=Sito web de CEVESA |publisher=CEVESA |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le principal citates, inter illos [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]], [[Mérida (Espania)|Mérida]] e [[Plasencia]], dispone etiam de [[autobus urban|servicios urban de autobus]]. ==== Ferrovias ==== Le rete [[ferrovia]] de Extremadura es integrate in le rete ferroviari espaniol e connecte le region con [[Madrid]], le resto de Espania e [[Portugal]]. Le principal axes include le connexion Madrid–Extremadura, le linea [[Ciudad Real-Badajoz]], le connexion [[Mérida]]–[[Sevilla]] e le linea verso Portugal. Le 19 de julio 2026 entrava in servicio le nove tramo de [[Alta velocitate in Espania|alte prestactiones]] inter [[Plasencia]] e [[Badajoz]], parte del corridor Madrid–Extremadura. Renfe annunciava que le nove tramo permitterea reducer le tempore de viage inter Madrid e Badajoz usque a 51 minutas in iste prime phase e augmentava le offerta ferroviari del region de 145 a 170 circulations per septimana.<ref name="Renfe2026">{{cite web |url=https://www.renfe.com/es/es/grupo-renfe/comunicacion/renfe-al-dia/sala-de-prensa/Renfe-mejora-promocion-Extremadura |title=Renfe mejora la promoción de los Alvia a Extremadura |publisher=Renfe |date=2026-06-24 |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le modernisation del rete conventional continua tamben. In septembre 2026, le renovation de 63,7 km del linea [[Ciudad Real-Badajoz]] inter Brazatortas-Veredas e Guadalmez-Los Pedroches permitteva reducer le tempore de viage del servicios de [[Renfe Media Distancia|Medie Distantia]] de circa 19 minutas in medio.<ref name="AdifCRB">{{cite web |url=https://www.adif.es/w/obras-renovacion-adif-permiten-reducir-media-19-minutos-tiempos-viaje-linea-ciudad-real-badajoz |title=Las obras de renovación ejecutadas por Adif permiten reducir en una media de 19 minutos los tiempos de viaje en la línea Ciudad Real-Badajoz |publisher=Adif |date=2026-09-07 |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le principal lineas ferroviari que traversa le region comprende: * [[Linea Aljucén-Cáceres|Aljucén-Cáceres]] * [[Linea Ciudad Real-Badajoz|Ciudad Real-Badajoz]] * [[Linea Córdoba-Almorchón|Córdoba-Almorchón]] * [[Linea Madrid-Valencia de Alcántara|Madrid-Valencia de Alcántara]] * [[Linea Mérida-Los Rosales|Mérida-Los Rosales]] * [[Linea Plasencia-Astorga|Plasencia-Astorga]] * [[Linea Zafra-Huelva|Zafra-Huelva]] * [[Linea Zafra-Jerez de los Caballeros|Zafra-Jerez de los Caballeros]] Le connexion ferroviari con Portugal se face per le corredor Badajoz–Elvas–[[Lisbona]]. === Aeroporto === Il existe un sol [[aeroporto]] commercial in Extremadura, le [[Aeroporto de Badajoz]], situate apud [[Badajoz]]. In septembre 2026, le aeroporto dispone de quatro destinationes regular: [[Barcelona]], [[Madrid]], [[Gran Canaria]] e [[Tenerife]]. Le servicios es operate per [[Air Nostrum]] e [[Binter Canarias]].<ref name="AenaBJZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.aena.es/es/badajoz/aerolineas-y-destinos/destinos-del-aeropuerto.html |title=Destinos del Aeropuerto de Badajoz |publisher=Aena |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> Le programmation del volos pote variar secundo le saison e le decisiones del companias aerie.<ref name="AenaAirlines">{{cite web |url=https://www.aena.es/es/badajoz/aerolineas-y-destinos/aerolineas.html |title=Aerolíneas del Aeropuerto de Badajoz |publisher=Aena |language=es |access-date=13-09-2026 }}</ref> == Cultura == Le cultura de Extremadura es le resultato de un longe historia de contactos inter diverse populationes e civilisationes del Peninsula Iberic. Le patrimonio cultural del region comprende sitios archeologic, citates historic, architecture religiose e militar, traditiones popular, musica, gastronomia e linguas. Le position de Extremadura inter le interior del Peninsula e le frontiera con Portugal ha contribuite al formation de un patrimonio cultural diverse. === Patrimonio === [[File:Badajoz - Museo Extremeño e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporáneo 2.jpg|thumb|[[Museo Extremenio e Iberoamerican de Arte Contemporanee]].]] [[File:Diosa_Ceres_siglo_I_d.C.jpg|thumb|Statua sedente del deessa [[Ceres (mythologia)|Ceres]] (seculo I p.Chr.), [[Museo National de Arte Roman de Mérida]].]] ==== Patrimonio del Humanitate ==== [[File:Royal_Monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_Guadalupe.jpg|thumb|[[Regal Monasterio de Sancta Maria de Guadalupe|Monasterio de Guadalupe]] ]] [[File:WLM14ES - Real Monasterio de San Jeronimo, Yuste, Caceres - MARIA ROSA FERRE.jpg|thumb|[[Monasterio de Yuste]] ]] Extremadura possede tres sitios cultural inscripte in le [[Lista del Patrimonio del Humanitate|Lista del Patrimonio Mundial]] del [[UNESCO]]: * le [[Citate vetere de Cáceres]], inscripte in 1986; * le [[Conjunto arqueologic de Mérida]], inscripte in 1993; * le [[Real Monasterio de Santa María de Guadalupe]], inscripte in 1993. Le Citate vetere de Cáceres conserva un ensemble urban fortificate in le qual se combina elementos roman, islamic, gotic e renascentista. Le Conjunto arqueologic de Mérida conserva un importante parte del antique [[Augusta Emerita]], fundate in 25 a.C. e capital de [[Lusitania]] roman. Le monasterio de Guadalupe representa un complexo architectural de grande valor historic e artistic, con elementos Mudéjar, gotic, renascentista e baroc.<ref name="UNESCO_Caceres">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/384 |title=Old Town of Cáceres |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO_Merida">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/664 |title=Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="UNESCO_Guadalupe">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/665 |title=Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Inter le altere elementos del patrimonio historic del region se distingue le [[Monasterio de Yuste]], ubi le imperator [[Carlos V]] passava le ultime annos de su vita, le [[Ponte de Alcántara]], le [[Via de la Plata]], le fortificationes de [[Badajoz]], [[Cáceres]], [[Plasencia]], [[Trujillo]] e [[Jerez de los Caballeros]], e le numerose castellos, palatios, ecclesias e conventos distribuite per le territorio. ==== Vias pecuarie e transhumantia ==== Le [[vias pecuarie]] es un importante elemento del patrimonio cultural e paisagistic de Extremadura. Illas esseva utilisate traditionalmente pro le movemento saisonal del bestiame inter le pasturas de estive e le pasturas de hiberno. Le [[transhumantia]] ha influentiate le organisation del territorio, le economia rural, le paisage e le traditiones del region. Le rete de vias pecuarie de Extremadura ha un longitude de circa 7 200 km e occupa approximativemente 30 000 hectares in le duo provincias. Le vias constitue etiam corredores natural e pote esser usate pro usos compatible con le transito ganader, como le excursionismo e altere activitates recreational.<ref name="ViasPecuarie">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2022&doe=2190o&xml=2022040199 |title=Resolución de incoación del expediente de declaración de la Trashumancia en Extremadura como Bien de Interés Cultural |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2022-11-16 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le rete se divide traditionalmente secundo le largessa del via in categorias como [[cañada]], [[cordel]], [[vereda]] e [[colada]]. Le [[cañada]] ha un largessa legal de 75 metros, le cordel de 37,5 metros e le vereda de 20 metros. === Cinematographia === Le diversitate de paisages e de centros historic ha facite de Extremadura un importante loco de rodage cinematographic e televisive. Le [[Extremadura Film Commission]] promove le region como loco de production e facilita le organisation de rodages. Inter le productiones associate con Extremadura se trova ''[[Las Hurdes, tierra sin pan]]'' (1933) de [[Luis Buñuel]], ''[[Los santos inocentes]]'' (1984), ''[[1492: La conquista del paraíso]]'' (1992), e plure productiones contemporanee. Le serie ''[[Juego de tronos]]'' esseva filmate in locos como [[Cáceres]], [[Trujillo]] e [[Los Barruecos]] in [[Malpartida de Cáceres]]. Le serie ''[[La casa del dragón]]'' e altere productiones international ha etiam utilisate locos del region.<ref name="FilmCommission">{{Cite web |url=https://fundacionextremenadelacultura.org/shooting-locations-marketplace/ |title=Extremadura Film Commission participa en el III Shooting Locations Marketplace |website=Fundación Extremeña de la Cultura |date=2023-10-27 |access-date=13 September 2026 |accessdate=2026-09-13 |archivedate=2024-05-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518000111/https://fundacionextremenadelacultura.org/shooting-locations-marketplace/}}</ref><ref name="JuegoTronos">{{Cite web |url=https://spainfilmcommission.com/blog/se-instalan-en-extremadura-paneles-de-informacion-para-los-turistas-en-los-lugares-de-rodaje-de-la-serie-juego-de-tronos/ |title=Se instalan en Extremadura paneles de información para los turistas en los lugares de rodaje de la serie Juego de Tronos |website=Spain Film Commission |date=2018-01-17 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> In le annos recente, le activitate audiovisual ha continuate con filmes e series como ''Cerdita'', ''Día de caza'', ''Los relatos'', ''El cuco de cristal'' e ''La casa del Dragón'', inter alteres.<ref name="Rodajes2025">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cameraandlightmag.com/noticias/extremadura-se-posiciona-como-un-destino-de-rodajes-en-auge/ |title=Extremadura se posiciona como un destino de rodajes en auge |website=Camera&Light |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> === Museos === [[File:Vista exterior del Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Helga de Alvear.jpg|thumb|[[Museo de Arte Contemporanee Helga de Alvear]], in [[Cáceres]].]] Extremadura possede un rete de museos dedicate al archeologia, historia, arte, etnographia e altere aspectos del patrimonio regional. In [[Mérida]] se trova le [[Museo Nacional de Arte Romano]] (MNAR), un museo statal dedicate principalemente al patrimonio de [[Augusta Emerita]]. Su collectiones comprende sculpturas, mosaicos, inscriptiones, monetas, objectos del vita quotidian e altere restos del periodo roman. Le museo es etiam associate al conservation e studio del patrimonio roman del region.<ref name="MuseosCERES">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/ceres/museos-en-ceres/extremadura.html |title=Extremadura |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le [[Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Helga de Alvear]], in Cáceres, es un institution public gestionate per un fundation public del communitate autonome e dedicate al arte contemporanee. Su collection comprende obras de varie artistas international e espaniol.<ref name="MuseosCERES"/> In [[Badajoz]] se trova le [[Museo Extremaduran e Iberoamerican de Arte Contemporanee]] (MEIAC), dedicate al arte contemporanee de Extremadura, del resto de Espania e del mundo iberoamerican.<ref name="MEIAC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cultura.gob.es/cultura/areas/museos/mc/censo-guia/archivo-del-museo-extremeno-e-iberoamericano-de-arte-contemporaneo.html |title=Archivo del Museo Extremeño e Iberoamericano de Arte Contemporáneo |website=Ministerio de Cultura de España |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le patrimonio museal del region include etiam museos archeologic, provincial, etnographic e local, que contribue al conservation e al diffusion del patrimonio material e immaterial. === Folklore e traditiones === Le folklore extremaduran comprende festas, dances, cantiones, costumes, ceremonias e altere practicas traditional. Le traditiones varia inter le differente comarcas e es influentiate per le historia rural, le religion, le transhumantia e le contactos con le regiones vicin e con Portugal. Inter le traditiones le plus cognoscite se trova le [[Jarramplas]] de [[Piornal]], le [[Peropalo]] de [[Villanueva de la Vera]], le [[Encamisá]] de [[Torrejoncillo]] e le [[Carnaval Hurdano]] de [[Las Hurdes]]. Le calendario cultural comprende etiam numerose festas religiose, historic e gastronomic recognoscite como festas de interesse turistic per le administration autonome.<ref name="FestasExtremadura2026">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/pdfs/doe/2026/810o/26060990.pdf |title=Resolución de 21 de abril de 2026, de la Consejería de Cultura, Turismo y Deportes, sobre ayudas a fiestas de interés turístico de Extremadura |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2026-04-29 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le patrimonio immaterial continua a esser subjectate a mesuras de protection. In 2026, le [[caza de perdiz con reclamo]] in Extremadura esseva declarate [[Bien de Interés Cultural]] con character de patrimonio cultural immaterial.<ref name="Perdiz2026">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2026&doe=1380o&xml=2026040178 |title=Decreto 147/2026, de 14 de julio, por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural a favor de la "Caza de perdiz con reclamo en Extremadura" |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2026-07-20 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> In le mesme anno, le administration autonome incoava le expediente pro declarar le [[Los Auroros de Zarza Capilla|Auroros de Zarza Capilla]] como Bien de Interés Cultural con character de patrimonio cultural immaterial.<ref name="Auroros2026">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2026&doe=1270o&xml=2026061726 |title=Resolución de 23 de junio de 2026, del Consejero, por la que se incoa expediente de declaración como Bien de Interés Cultural de Los Auroros de Zarza Capilla |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2026-07-03 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> ==== Festas ==== [[File:Panoramica Womad 2009.jpg|thumb|Le Placia Major de Cáceres durante le celebration del [[WOMAD]] 2009]] Extremadura possede un grande numero de festas recognoscite como de interesse turistic a nivello regional, national o international. Illas comprende carnavales, festas religiose, celebrationes historic e manifestationes ligate al traditiones local. Le [[Carnaval de Badajoz]] es un del carnavales le plus importante de Espania e possede le recognition de Festa de Interesse Turistic International. Le Carnaval Hurdano es un altere importante manifestation carnavalesque e possede le recognition regional.<ref name="FestasExtremadura2026"/> Le [[Septimana Sancte]] es celebrate con particular solemnitate in diverse citates. Inter le celebrationes con recognition international se trova le Septimana Sancte de [[Mérida]], [[Cáceres]] e [[Badajoz]].<ref name="SemanaSanta2026">{{Cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/semana-santa-extremadura-interes-turistico-internacional-2026 |title=La Semana Santa de Mérida, Cáceres y Badajoz recibe la declaración de Fiesta de Interés Turístico Internacional |website=Junta de Extremadura |date=2026-02-18 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> [[File:Desfile-comparsas-badajoz.jpg|thumb|[[Carnaval de Badajoz]], [[Appendice:Festas de Interesse Turistic International (Espania)|Festa de Interesse Turistic International]] ]] Inter le festas regionalmente recognoscite se trova: * le [[Jarramplas]] de Piornal; * le [[Peropalo]] de Villanueva de la Vera; * le [[Encamisá]] de Torrejoncillo; * le [[Carnaval Hurdano]]; * le [[Almossassa]] de Badajoz; * le [[Festival Templario]] de Jerez de los Caballeros; * le [[Emérita Lvdica]] de Mérida; * le [[Boda Regia]] de Valencia de Alcántara; * le [[De la Luna al Fuego]] de Zafra; * le [[La Velá, Tradición y Gastronomía]] de Don Benito; * le [[Matanza Tradicional Extremeña]] de Llerena; * le [[Feria del Toro]] de Olivenza.<ref name="FestasExtremadura2026"/> Le calendario de festas de interesse turistic es regularmente actualisate per le Junta de Extremadura. ==== Dances e musica popular ==== Le musica popular extremaduran comprende un grande varietate de cantiones e dances traditional. Inter le formas plus cognoscite se trova le [[jota]], le [[fandango]], le [[rondeña]], le [[perantón]] e altere sones regional. Le tradition musical varia inter le comarcas e es associate a festas, peregrinationes, labores agricole e celebrationes familiar. Inter le instrumentos traditional se trova le [[gaita extremaduran]], le tambur, le guitarra, le [[laúd]], le [[rabel]], le pandero e altere instrumentos de percussion. Le musica flamenco ha etiam un importantia in le region. Le [[jaleo extremaduran]] e le [[tango extremaduran]] es formas regional del flamenco. Le collection e studio del musica traditional extremaduran esseva promovite inter alteres per musicologos como [[Bonifacio Gil]] e [[Manuel García Matos]], qui recolligeva e documentava un grande numero de cantiones popular. === Gastronomia === Le gastronomia de Extremadura es ligate al agricultura, al pecuaria e al paisage del [[dehesa]]. Le cuisine traditional usa frequentemente carne de porco, agnello, caseo, legumines, cereales, olivas, fructos, miel e spetias. Le [[porco iberic]] e le productos derivate de illo, in particular le [[prosciutto iberic]], le palettas e le embutitos, constitue un del productos plus cognoscite del gastronomia regional. Le allevamento traditional in le dehesa es ligate al production del carne e del prosciutto iberic. Inter le platos traditional se trova le [[migas]], le [[caldereta de agnello]], le [[chanfaina]], le [[cachuela]], le [[frito extremaduran]], le [[potage de vigilia]] e altere platos a base de carne, legumines e productos del campania. Le [[torta del Casar]] es un caseo traditional del provincia de Cáceres e possede denomination de origine protegite. Le [[Pimentón de la Vera]], producite in le comarca de La Vera, es un paprika fumate con denomination de origine protegite.<ref name="TortaCasar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/torta-del-casar |title=Torta del Casar |website=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="PimentonVera">{{Cite web |url=https://www.juntaex.es/w/pimenton-de-la-vera |title=Pimentón de la Vera |website=Junta de Extremadura |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Inter le altere productos del region protegite per denominationes de origine o indicationes geographic se trova [[Ribera del Guadiana]], [[Dehesa de Extremadura]], [[Queso de la Serena]], [[Queso de Ibores]], [[Aceite de Monterrubio]], [[Gata-Hurdes]], [[Cereza del Jerte]], [[Miel Villuercas-Ibores]], [[Ternera de Extremadura]], [[Cordero de Extremadura]], [[Queso de Acehúche]], [[Cabrito de Extremadura]], [[Vaca de Extremadura]] e [[Aceite Villuercas-Ibores-Jara]].<ref name="DOPIGP2026">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/otrosFormatos/html.php?anio=2026&doe=1280o&xml=2026061747 |title=Convocatoria 2026 de ayudas destinadas a promover la participación en los regímenes de calidad de los productos agrícolas y alimenticios en Extremadura |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2026-07-06 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le [[corco]] ha etiam un rol importante in le paisage rural del region, specialmente in le dehesas, ubi le exploitation del corco es associate al conservation del ecosystema mediterranee e al economia traditional. <gallery mode="packed" style="margin:0;"> B34 morcon iberico cular.jpg|[[Morcón]] [[cerdo ibérico|ibérico]] Patatera dulce.jpg|[[Patatera]] dulce Pimenton-ahumado-candeleda.jpg|[[Pimentón de la Vera]] Wikicheese - Tortita - 20160520 - 014.jpg|[[Torta del Casar]] </gallery> === Linguas === [[File:Idiomas de Extremadura.PNG|thumb|Linguas de Extremadura.]] Le [[espaniol]] es le sol lingua official de Extremadura. Ultra le espaniol, le region conserva varie formas de linguage romanice traditional. [[A Fala]] es parlate in le [[Valle de Jálama]], specialmente in [[San Martín de Trevejo]], [[Eljas]] e [[Valverde del Fresno]]. Le administration autonome ha recognoscite A Fala como elemento del patrimonio cultural e ha initiate le procedura pro su protection como [[Bien de Interés Cultural]].<ref name="AFala">{{Cite web |url=https://doe.juntaex.es/ultimosdoe/mostrardoe.php?fecha=20001028&t=o |title=Orden de 14 de junio de 2000, por la que resuelve incoar el expediente para declaración de A Fala como bien de interés cultural |website=Diario Oficial de Extremadura |date=2000-10-28 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le [[portugese]] ha un presentia historic in varie localitates del frontiera con Portugal. Le caso de [[Olivenza]] es particularemente importante per le historia linguistic e cultural del citate e de su area. Le [[extremadurano]] designa un insimul de varietates romanice occidental traditionalmente associate con le dominio astur-leonese. Illas es concentrate principalmente in le occidental e septentrional del region e in areas adjacente. Le transmission del varietates traditional ha diminuite durante le ultime decennios. === Religion === [[File:Cristo Serradilla.JPG|thumb|[[Sancte Christo del Victoria de Serradilla]], un del imagines de Christo con plus devotos de Espania]] Le [[catholicismo]] ha habite un rol historic importante in le cultura e le patrimonio de Extremadura. Le territorio es organisate ecclesiasticamente inter le [[Archidioecese de Mérida-Badajoz]], le [[Diocese de Coria-Cáceres]] e le [[Diocese de Plasencia]]. Le patrimonio religiose del region include un grande numero de ecclesias, monasterios, conventos e santuarios. Inter le locos plus importante se trova le [[Real Monasterio de Santa María de Guadalupe]], le [[Monasterio de Yuste]] e le [[Monasterio de Tentudía]]. Le [[Virgine de Guadalupe]] ha un importantia historic e religiose particular, e le monasterio de Guadalupe esseva inscripte in le Lista del Patrimonio Mundial in 1993.<ref name="UNESCO_Guadalupe"/> Hodie, le population de Extremadura es religiosemente plus diverse que in le passato. Ultra le catholicismo, il existe communitates de altere confessiones christian, musulman, judaic e altere traditiones religiose, assi como un crescente numero de personas sin affiliation religiose. === Medios de communication === Le medios de communication in Extremadura comprende pressa scribite, radio, television e medios digital. Le medios regionales tracta principalmente le actualitate politic, social, economic e cultural del communitate. ==== Pressa scribite ==== Inter le diarios regional se trova [[Hoy]], con principal presentia historic in le provincia de Badajoz, e [[El Periódico Extremadura]], con forte presentia historic in le provincia de Cáceres. Ultra le pressa regional, le population ha accesso a diarios national e a un crescente numero de medios digital local e regional. ==== Radio e television ==== Le principal servicio public regional es [[Canal Extremadura]], que opera television e radio. Le station radio [[Canal Extremadura Radio]] diffunde information regional e local, cultura, sport, musica e altere programmationes. In septembre 2026, le station inaugurava un nove saison con plus information local e nove formatos pro radio e plataformas digital.<ref name="CanalExtremadura2026">{{Cite web |url=https://www.canalextremadura.es/sala-de-prensa/canal-extremadura-radio-estrena-temporada-con-mas-informacion-local-mas-calle-y |title=Canal Extremadura Radio estrena temporada con más información local, más calle y nuevos formatos |website=Canal Extremadura |date=2026-09-07 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Le television regional, [[Canal Extremadura TV]], diffunde notitias, programas cultural, sport, divertimento e information sobre le actualitate del communitate. Le gruppo public regional es completate per servicios digital e le plataforma [[EXPlay]]. Le servicios territorial de [[RTVE]], [[Televisión Española]] e [[Radio Nacional de España]] contribue etiam al cobertura del actualitate regional. {{Ref}} {{Communitates Autonome de Espania}} [[Categoria:Extremadura]] drqnur7jnh231wtb0vvuccdofvzkfnr 0 55314 701093 695504 2026-09-28T02:13:11Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Josu Lavin''' (23 de marto 1960)<ref>Interlingua e su promotion durante 50 annos</ref> es un maestro de schola primari<ref>[http://mondoneolatino.blogspot.com/2016/07/per-que-cerco-uno-romance-neolatino.html Per qué cerco uno romance neolatino]</ref>, investigator del naffarrera e supportator basc de [[Interlingua]]. == Biographia == Ille nasceva le 23 de marto 1960 in Beranga ([[Cantabria]], [[Espania]]). Con tres annos e medie, su familia vadeva a Basauri ([[Pais Basc]]). Pos facer li servicie militari obligatori 18 menses in Madrid e Cartagena inter januaro 82 e junio 83, il vadeva con 23 annos, a Laqueitio usque 1987 e, postea, con 27 a Algorta, ubi il fixava su residentia. Con 15 annos, un companion del schola le donava le libro ''Vasconia'', de [[Federico Krutwig]], que le impulsava a studiar basc. Con 17 annos comenciava studiar magisterio, e su promotion esseva le prime in basc. Con 20 annos il jam laborava in un schola public in Galdácano, con le prime clases in basc in le schola public, in le curso 80/81. Post 6 annos laborante in Getxo (4 in Algorta e 2 in Romo), il comenciava laborar in Portugalete, ubi il restava usque su retiro con 60 annos. == Labor pro le basco e le naffarrera == Ille esseva membro cofundator del association ''[[Jakintza Baitha]]'' e companion de [[Federico Krutwig]] in le section de "litteratura classic" de Euskaltzaindia<ref name="Bibliographia">[https://es.scribd.com/document/462863530/BIBLIOGRAFIA-ANOTADA-DE-Federico-Krutwig-pdf Bibliografía anotada de Federico Krutwig]</ref>, ubi il laborat cinque annos inter 1984 e 1989. Essente le secretario del section de "litteratura classic", le actas esseva scribite in labortan classic. Precursor de digitalisation de textos basc<ref>[https://www.janusdigital.es/anexo/descargar.htm?id=5 Humanidades digitales: desafíos, logros y perspectivas de futuro]</ref>, il comenciava digitalisante los durante su labor in Euskaltzaindia. Ab 2013, il ha essite publicante in Zezeu.eus li laboras disveloppate del section Paideia<ref>[https://zuzeu.eus/author/jlavin/ JLAvin in Zezeu.eus]</ref>. Post finir su colaboration con Euskaltzaindia, il durava laborar con le classicos basc. == Labor pro Interlingua == Autor del projecte de lingua auxiliari [[Romanica]]<ref>[https://ial.fandom.com/wiki/Romanica Romanica in IAL Wikia]</ref>. Il ha essite representante del [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua|UMI]] pro Espania<ref>Interlingua: Instrumento moderne de communication international</ref>, informator del UMI pro le Pais Basc e presidente del [[Academia pro Interlingua]].<ref>[https://ia.wiktionary.org/wiki/Usator:Josu_Lavin Usator:Josu Lavin en le Wiktionario in Interlingua]</ref>. Il ha publicate le ''Dictionario Encyclopedic de Interlingua'' de Toma Macovei in le internet e create le ''Grande Thesauro de Interlingua - GTI''.<ref>[https://rodmguerra.github.io/macovei/ Dictionario Encyclopedic de Interlingua]</ref> == Conferentias == * 1998: ''Federiko Krutwig: garaiz harako pertsonaia''<ref name="inguma">[https://www.inguma.eus/egilea/ikusi/josu-lavin-campo Inguma: Euskal Komunitate Zientifikoa]</ref> * 1988: ''Leizarragaren estiloa: estilo goititu batentzako basia''<ref name="inguma"/> * 1986: ''Euskararen egokera eta laburdura klasikoa''<ref name="inguma"/> * 2013: ''Lingua nabarrorum = Naffarrera''<ref>[https://bizkaie.biz/1462841119685 Lingua nabarrorum = Naffarrera. Hizlaria: Josu Lavin]</ref> == Bibliografía == === Autor === * d'Etcheverry, Ivan<ref>Pseudonymo usate</ref> (2013) ''El euskera unificado del XVI al XIX'', in ''La conquista de Navarra y la Reforma europea'', in ''Ensayo y Testimonio'' nº 141<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531085417/https://www.pamiela.com/index.php/colecciones/castellano/ensayo/ensayo-y-testimonio/la-conquista-de-navarra-y-la-reforma-europea-detail |archivedate=2023-05-31 |title=La conquista de Navarra y la Reforma europea |url=https://www.pamiela.com/index.php/colecciones/castellano/ensayo/ensayo-y-testimonio/la-conquista-de-navarra-y-la-reforma-europea-detail |accessdate=2023-05-31}}</ref><ref>[https://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/cultura/2012/06/03/euskera-protagoniza-final-congreso-conquista-3232534.html El euskera protagoniza el final del Congreso sobre la Conquista Navarra]</ref> * Ferrero, Georgio, Josu Lavin e Alberto Massia (2021) ''[https://www.canva.com/design/DAEiAXZPvSM/0zODZ4I_VCSCPRnsXV6HHw/view?utm_content=DAEiAXZPvSM&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=viewer#1 Nove proposition complete: Aspectos grammatical: Interlingua]'', Academia pro Interlingua * Ferrero, Georgio, Josu Lavin e Alberto Massia (2021) ''Nove proposition complete: Aspectos verbal: Interlingua'', Academia pro Interlingua === Editor === * Lavin, Josu (ed.) (2020) ''Iesvs Christ Gvre Iavnaren Testamentv Berria'', traducite per Johannes Leiçarraga.<ref>[https://www.amazon.de/-/en/Josu-Lavin/dp/B088LD5H2M/ref=sr_1_1?crid=10PBPMKZG0J2W&keywords=Lei%C3%A7arraga&qid=1685096610&sprefix=lei%C3%A7arrag%2Caps%2C101&sr=8-1 Iesvs Christ Gvre Iavnaren Testamentv Berria]</ref> == Referentias == <references/> == Ligamentes extern == * [https://www.youtube.com/@ivandetcheberry/videos Canal personal de Youtube] * [https://www.youtube.com/@Naffarrera Canal de youtube sur le naffarrera] * [https://ia.wiktionary.org/wiki/Usator:Josu_Lavin Pagina de usator in le Wiktionario] === Romanica === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190622052613/https://sites.google.com/site/parlainterlinguaromanica/Home Situ de Romanica] === Interlingua === * [https://sites.google.com/site/jos Grande Thesauro de Interlingua - GTI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025141546/https://sites.google.com/site/jos/ |date=2022-10-25 }} * [https://interlingua.fandom.com/wiki/ACADEMIA_PRO_INTERLINGUA Wikia del Academia pro Interlingua] * [http://navarreses.blogspot.com/ Blog del Societate Navarrese pro Interlingua - SNI] === Naffarrera === * [https://www.calameo.com/books/0013701248873f8e3ed7a Arotçarenaren grammatica] * [https://blogak.eus/euskara Blog: Euskara Erkide Batua] * [https://zuzeu.eus/author/jlavin/ Conto in zuzeu.eus] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UgHgbQC75s&ab_channel=Iputztar Conferentia: Algortaco hitzaldia 2013 aprila] * [https://blogak.eus/euscara Eucara classicoa] * [https://sites.google.com/site/linguanavarrorum/home?authuser=0 Naffar Translator: Batuera-Naffarrera itzulçaile automaticoa] * [https://naffarrera.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Naffarrera Wiki in naffarrera] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9YrCziqxes&ab_channel=Naffarrera Euskaldunon lehenbiziko euskara batua: naffarrera] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiCn_akG6fE&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=Naffarrera Josu Lavin-en hitzaldia Agurainen] === Basc === * [https://www.nafarroakoikastolak.net/olentzero/informazioa/olentzaro.htm Ni Olentzaro Nauzue] * [https://es.scribd.com/document/613388172/Euskal-Aditza-Josu-Lavin Euskal aditzaren giltza] * [https://www.bizkaia.eus/home2/Archivos/DPTO4/Temas/Pdf/frai_bartolome_sarrera.pdf?hash=3fa96e8c3a50b5db369584ef3de7fb49&idioma=CA Varie articulos] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lavin, Josu}} [[Categoria:Gente espaniol]] [[Categoria:Parlatores de interlingua]] 08jxpro2uvdu00yvl4hjzashq471lmi 0 55647 701092 662172 2026-09-28T02:10:19Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/languoid}} '''Jitasama''' es un lingua auxiliar international que maximalisa le facilitate de pronunciation, grammatica simple e un vocabulario basate sur le 16 linguas maxime parlate e influential in le mundo<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028040108/https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/Introduction_(EN) |archivedate=2023-10-28 |title=Introduction |url=https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/Introduction_(EN) |accessdate=2023-09-11}}</ref>. Su influentias structural principal veni ab [[Interlingua]], [[Toki Pona]] e le [[Creolo (disambiguation)|creolos]] del Caraibes. Illo ha le sequente characteristicas: * 18 litteras: abdefgijklmnoprstu. * Nulle capitalisation de parolas. * Phonetic: Illo es scribite como illo sona. * Nulle diphtongos. * Su grammatica es regular e simple, simile al creolos del mundo. * Nulle genere. * Nulle articulos. * Nulle conjugation de verbos. * Un serie multo limitate de affixos pro derivation de parolas. == Referentias == <references /> == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.facebook.com/jitaona Pagina web official] * [https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/Jitasama_Wiki Wiki] [[Categoria:Linguas artificial]] c55va2hkhr8zrm8mn9tvq5f8redtuaw 0 56067 701096 666151 2026-09-28T03:05:26Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}}{{Taxobox | name = ''Orthohantavirus'' | image = Sin Nombre hanta virus TEM PHIL 1136 lores.jpg | image_alt = Transmission electron micrograph of "Sin Nombre orthohantavirus" | image_caption = Transmission electron micrographia del ''[[Orthohantavirus sinnombreense|virus Sin Nombre]]''. | domain = [[Riboviria]] | regnum = [[Orthornavirae]] | phylum = [[Negarnaviricota]] | subphylum = [[Polyploviricotina]] | classis = [[Ellioviricetes]] | ordo = [[Bunyavirales]] | familia = [[Hantaviridae]] | subfamilia = [[Mammantavirinae]] | taxon = ''Orthohantavirus'' | authority = [[ICTV]], 2016 | taxon_rank = [[Genere (rango taxonomic)|Genere]] | synonyms =* ''Hantavirus'' <small>ICTV, 1987</small> }} '''''Orthohantavirus''''' es un [[genere]] de [[virus]] del [[familia]] [[Hantaviridae]]. Le ''Orthohantavirus'' son responsabile de duo typos de syndrome in [[Homo sapiens|human]]: * le {{Ill|en|hemorragic febre con renal syndrome|Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome}} (HFRS) in le [[Eurafrasia|Ancian Mundo]]; * le {{Ill|en|Hantavirus pulmonari syndrome|Hantavirus pulmonaryi syndrome}} (HPS) in le [[Nove Mundo]].<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231085424/https://sante.gouv.fr/soins-et-maladies/maladies/maladies-infectieuses/article/fievre-hemorragique-a-syndrome-renal |archivedate=2023-12-31 |title=Archive copy |url=https://sante.gouv.fr/soins-et-maladies/maladies/maladies-infectieuses/article/fievre-hemorragique-a-syndrome-renal |accessdate=2023-12-31}}</ref> ==Classification== Contine le [[specie]]s sequente: * ''[[Orthohantavirus andesense']]' (ex ''Andes orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus asamaense'' (ex ''Asama orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus asikkalaense'' (ex ''Asikkala orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus bayoui'' (ex ''Bayou orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus boweense'' (ex ''Bowe orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus brugesense'' (ex ''Bruges orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus caobangense'' (ex ''Cao Bang orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus chocloense'' (ex ''Choclo orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus dabieshanense'' (ex ''Dabieshan orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus delgaditoense'' (ex ''Cano Delgadito orthohantavirus'') * ''[[Orthohantavirus dobravaense]]'' (ex ''Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus fugongense'' (ex ''Fugong orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus fusongense'' (ex ''Fusong orthohantavirus'') * ''[[Orthohantavirus hantanense]]'' (ex ''Hantaan orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus jejuense'' (ex ''Jeju orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus kenkemeense'' (ex ''Kenkeme orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus khabarovskense'' (ex ''Khabarovsk orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus luxiense'' (ex ''Luxi orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus maporalense'' (ex ''Maporal orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus montanoense'' (ex ''Montano orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus moroense'' (ex ''El Moro Canyon orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus necocliense'' (ex ''Necocli orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus negraense'' (ex ''Laguna Negra orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus nigrorivense'' (ex ''Black Creek Canal orthohantavirus'') hospite: ''Sigmodon hispidus'' * ''Orthohantavirus oxbowense'' (ex ''Oxbow orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus ?'' (= ''Ozark orthohantavirus'') hospite: ''Sigmodon hispidus''<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mull, N., Erdin, M., Smura, T., Sironen, T., & Forbes, K. M. |date=2023-12 |title=Novel Ozark Orthohantavirus in Hispid Cotton Rats (''Sigmodon hispidus''), Arkansas, USA. |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=2576-2578 |doi=10.3201/eid2912.230549}}</ref> * ''Orthohantavirus prospectense'' (ex ''Prospect Hill orthohantavirus'') * ''[[Orthohantavirus puumalaense]]'' (ex ''Puumala orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus robinaense'' (ex ''Robina orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus rockportense'' (ex ''Rockport orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus sangassouense'' (ex ''Sangassou orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus seewisense'' (ex ''Seewis orthohantavirus'') * ''[[Orthohantavirus seoulense]]'' (ex ''Seoul orthohantavirus'') * ''[[Orthohantavirus sinnombreense]]'' (ex ''Sin Nombre orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus tatenalense'' (ex ''Tatenale orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus thailandense'' (ex ''Thailand orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus tigrayense'' (ex ''Tigray orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus tulaense'' (ex ''Tula orthohantavirus'') * ''Orthohantavirus yakeshiense'' (ex ''Yakeshi orthohantavirus'') N.B. * ''Ozark orthohantavirus'', discribite in 2023, non es ancora officialmente attribuite a un specie. * ''Catacamas orthohantavirus'' es un cippo del specie ''Orthohantavirus bayoui''. == Reference == {{reflist}} [[Categoria:Hantaviridae]] gsczg2if7kv2io48sh1s60bf60qm8nx 0 61013 701089 696997 2026-09-28T01:01:50Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} In januario 2026 surgeva un '''conflicto diplomatic inter le [[Statos Unite]] e le [[Sancte Sede]]''',<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20260409/11509694/washington-presiona-vaticano-agita-fantasma-cisma.html|titulo=Washington pressiona le Vaticano e agita le phantasma de un schisma|accessodata=2026-04-14|cognomine=Olivo|nom=Francesco|data=2026-04-09|sito_web=La Vanguardia}}</ref> le institution que governa le [[Citate del Vaticano]] e tamben le [[Ecclesia catholic]]. Le tensiones se discatenava per le condemnationes del [[Papa Leon XIV]], initialmente con un tono indirecte, al actiones militar e al [[politica externe del Statos Unite]] sub le mandato del [[Presidente del Statos Unite|presidente]] [[Donald Trump]], e se intensificava significativemente con le initio del [[Guerra del Statos Unite e Israel contra Iran|guerra con Iran in 2026]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cjr9qvxxel2o|titulo=Le 3 thematicas clave in le centro del disputa inter Trump e le papa Leon XIV|accessodata=2026-04-14|data=2026-04-13|sito_web=BBC News Mundo}}</ref> == Antecedentes == Le catholicos statounitese supportava majoritariemente Trump durante le [[electiones presidential del Statos Unite de 2024]].<ref name=":2">{{Cita noticia|cognomine=Timotija|nom=Filip|data=2026-04-09|titulo=Pentagon denies threatening Vatican during January meeting with Holy See’s diplomat|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5824857-pentagon-denies-threats-vatican/|url_archivo=http://web.archive.org/web/20260410052241/https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5824857-pentagon-denies-threats-vatican/|data_archivo=2026-04-10|accessodata=2026-04-13|opera=The Hill|lingua=en-US}}</ref> Leon XIV es le prime papa statounitese, eligite in maio 2025 post le [[conclave de 2025|conclave de dicte anno]];<ref>{{Cita web|cognomine=Faiola|nom=Anthony|titulo=Leo XIV, elevated by Francis, becomes first American pope|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/08/pope-leo-robert-prevost-conclave-catholic/|sito_web=The Washington Post|data=8 de maio 2025|accessodata=14 de april 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.reduno.com.bo/internacional/leon-xiv-el-segundo-papa-americano-que-paso-gran-parte-de-su-vida-en-peru-202558132635|titulo=Leon XIV, le secunde Papa american qui passava un grande parte de su vita in Peru|accessodata=2026-04-14|cognomine=Suárez Vargas|nom=Martín|sito_web=Red Uno}}</ref> Trump reageva positivemente al election e declarava que haber un papa statounitese era un grande honor.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://rpp.pe/peru/actualidad/de-chicago-a-chiclayo-la-embajada-de-eeuu-en-peru-celebra-la-eleccion-del-papa-leon-xiv-noticia-1633381|titulo=“De Chicago a Chiclayo”: le Ambassada del Statos Unite in Peru celebra le election del papa Leon XIV|accessodata=2026-04-14|cognomine=Astonitas|nom=Ernesto|data=2025-05-08|sito_web=rpp.pe}}</ref> Ante le ruptura, Leon non era cognoscite pro haber un tono de confrontation politic, a differentia de su predecessor, le papa [[Papa Francisco|Francisco]]; tamen, a fines de 2025, ille habeva comenciate a criticar le tractamento del [[Secunde presidentia de Donald Trump|administration Trump]] verso le [[Immigration irregular in le Statos Unite|immigrantes sin documentos]] e le commentarios hostile de Trump verso le paises europee.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cwyk6vwnqr9o|titulo=Le papa Leon XIV face le criticas le plus dur contra Trump depost que ille comenciava su pontificato|accessodata=2026-04-14|data=2025-11-06|sito_web=BBC News Mundo}}</ref> == Eventos == Tras le [[Attacco statounitese a Venezuela de 2026|intervention militar del Statos Unite in Venezuela]] le 3 de januario, le papa Leon XIV e functionarios del Vaticano exprimeva lor preoccupation pro le actiones del administration Trump.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/es/papa/news/2026-01/papa-leon-xiv-angelus-llamamientos-4-ene-26-venezuela.html|titulo=Le Papa super Venezuela: superar le violentia e garantir le soberanitate|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|sitioweb=Vatican News}}</ref> Le papa criticava indirectemente le intervention pro le prime vice le 9 de januario, quando ille diceva que un «diplomatia que promove le dialogo e cerca le consenso inter tote le partes es reimplaciate per [[Lege del plus forte|un diplomatia basate super le fortia]]» durante le recitation del [[Angelus]] de ille dominica.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.aciprensa.com/noticias/120879/papa-leon-xiv-condena-el-entusiasmo-belico-y-el-debil-multilateralismo-en-discurso-a-diplomaticos|titulo=Leon XIV condemna le “enthusiasmo bellic” e le debile multilateralismo in discurso a diplomatas|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|sitioweb=ACI Prensa}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=952f195be80e487ba926cb18d9b110a9&mediatype=video|titulo=Pope Leo XIV critiques U.S., Russian and other military incursions in sovereign countries|fechaacceso=2026-04-13|fecha=9 de januario de 2026|sitioweb=Associated Press|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409212916/https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=952f195be80e487ba926cb18d9b110a9&mediatype=video|archivedate=2026-04-09|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2026-06-04}}</ref> Le 22 de januario, functionarios del [[Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite|Departimento de Defensa del Statos Unite]] recipeva le cardinal [[Christophe Pierre]], qui in ille momento era le ambassator del Sancte Sede in le Statos Unite; le medio de communication ''[[The Washington Post]]'' describeva le reunion como «atypic», signalante que le functionarios del Ecclesia rarmente se reuni con le Departimento de Defensa.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.romereports.com/2026/04/09/leon-xiv-recibe-al-nuevo-nuncio-de-eeuu-en-mitad-de-los-rumores-de-amenazas-del-pentagono/|titulo=Leon XIV recipe le nove nuncio de SUA in medio del rumores de menacias del Pentagono|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-09|sitioweb=Rome Reports}}</ref> Un reporto de april de 2026 del editorial ''[[The Free Press]]'' informava que le [[subsecretario de Guerra pro Politica del Statos Unite]], [[Elbridge Colby]], habeva convocate Pierre a un «conferentia» a portas claudite e «sin precedentes» in [[Le Pentagono]].<ref name=":0">{{Cita web|url=https://www.thefp.com/p/why-the-vatican-and-the-white-house|titulo=Why the Vatican and the White House Are on the Outs|fechaacceso=|autor=Ferraresi|nombre=Mattia|fecha=6 de april de 2026|sitioweb=The Free Press|idioma=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://legrandcontinent.eu/es/2026/04/10/al-evocar-el-cautiverio-del-papa-en-avinon-esta-anunciando-la-administracion-trump-una-escalada-de-tension-con-respecto-a-la-iglesia-catolica/|titulo=Al evocar le captivitate del papa in Avignon, es que le administration Trump annuncia un escalation con respecto al Ecclesia catholic?|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|apellido=florent|fecha=2026-04-10|sitioweb=Le Grand Continent}}</ref> Secundo le reporto, Colby, conjunctemente con varie collegas, approfitava del reunion pro criticar le declarationes previe del papa del 9 de januario e diceva a Pierre que le Statos Unite «ha le poter militar pro facer lo que illo vole, e que le Ecclesia facerea ben in poner se de su latere». Un altere functionario supositivemente invocava le [[papato de Avignon]], un periodo durante le [[seculo 14|seculo XIV]] in le qual le [[Regno de Francia|monarchia francese]] utilisava su poter militar pro controlar le papato, comenciante con le arrestation del papa [[Bonifacio VIII]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.lajornadamaya.mx/opinion/261458/la-administracion-trump-y-su-aparente-amenaza-al-vaticano|titulo=La administración Trump y su aparente amenaza al Vaticano|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|apellido=Lliteras|nombre=Eduardo|sitioweb=www.lajornadamaya.mx|idioma=en}}</ref> Le reporto etiam signalava que le papa Leon XIV poterea non visitar le Statos Unite durante le secunde mandato de Donald Trump.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.independentespanol.com/politica/ee-uu/papa-laon-visita-eeuu-presidente-trump-b2954653.html|titulo=Reporte: Papa León no viajaría a EE. UU. mientras Trump siga en la Casa Blanca|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-09|sitioweb=Independent Español}}</ref> Durante le mense de april, tanto le Departimento de Defensa como varie organismos del Vaticano emitteva communicates affirmante que le reportos que allegava un reunion de confrontation era false.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://maldita.es/desinfo/20260413/el-pentagono-amenaza-al-papa/|titulo=Qué sabemos sobre si funcionarios del Pentágono “amenazaron al Vaticano”...|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=Maldita.es}}</ref> Le vice-presidente del Statos Unite, [[J. D. Vance]], catholic, diceva que ille non era secur de lo que veritabilmente occurreva durante le reunion e exprimeva su desiderio de parlar con Pierre a iste respecto.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://bitacora.com.uy/jd-vance-confrontado-con-un-cronica-segun-el-cual-el-pentagono-supuestamente-amenazo-al-vaticano-con-fuerza-marcial/|titulo=JD Vance confrontado con un crónica según el cual el Pentágono supuestamente amenazó al Vaticano con fuerza marcial}}</ref> Un functionario del Vaticano lo habeva qualificate previemente como un reunion «inusual», «ubi le distantia inter le Vaticano e le Statos Unite es evidente e clar»; un altere functionario del Ecclesia diceva que le conversation non habeva involvite menacias contra le Vaticano ni un mention del papato de Avignon, e que illo simplemente consisteva in le facto que le Vaticano exprimeva su proprie punctos de vista al parte statounitese.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.tvazteca.com/aztecanoticias/fue-real-amenaza-estados-unidos-enviado-vaticano-declaraciones-papa-leon-xiv/|titulo=¿Estados Unidos amenazó al enviado del Vaticano por declaraciones del Papa León XIV? Esto dice el Pentágono|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|apellido=Castillo|nombre=Viridiana|fecha=2026-04-10|sitioweb=Azteca Noticias}}</ref> === Guerra de Iran de 2026 === [[File:Donald Trump condemns Pope Leo XIV.png|right|thumb|Publication de Trump in Truth Social del 12 de april de 2026 condemnante [[Leon XIV]]]] Le papa ha condemnate le guerra del Statos Unite e [[Israel]] contra Iran depost que illo comenciava le 28 de februario de 2026,<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/internacional/trump-arremete-papa-leon-xiv-ser-debil-terrible-sus-criticas-conflictos-iran-venezuela-deberia-ponerse-pilas_2026041369dc8045b7e0a27eb9959501.html|titulo=Trump arremete contra el papa León XIV por ser “débil” tras sus críticas por los conflictos en Irán y Venezuela: “Debería dejar de complacer a la izquierda radical”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=LaSexta}}</ref> intensificante le breca inter le governamento statounitese e le Sancte Sede.<ref name=":4">{{Cita noticia|apellidos=Akinwotu|nombre=Emmanuel|fecha=2026-04-13|titulo=Pope Leo brushes off Trump criticism amid growing Vatican–U.S. tensions over Iran war|url=https://www.npr.org/2026/04/13/nx-s1-5780996/pope-leo-begins-tour-across-africa-row-with-trump-iran-war|fechaacceso=2026-04-13|obra=NPR|idioma=en}}</ref> Le secretario de Guerra del Statos Unite, [[Pete Hegseth]], ha presentate repetitemente le effortio bellic como divinamente ordinate, a lo que le papa se haberea opponite repetitemente.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/es/2026/3/30/titulares/pope_leo_rebukes_defense_secretary_pete_hegseth_during_palm_sunday_mass|titulo=El papa León XIV reprende al secretario de Defensa de EE.UU., Pete Hegseth, durante la misa del Domingo de Ramos|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|sitioweb=Democracy Now!}}</ref> Le [[Dominica de Ramos]], 29 de martio, le papa affirmava que [[Deo in le christianismo|Deo]] «non audi le preces de illes qui face le guerra», citante le versiculo [[Isaias 1|Isaias 1:15]]: «Ben que vos multiplica le preces, io non audira; vostre manos es plen de sanguine».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260329/misa-domingo-ramos-2026-papa-leon-xiv-vaticano-directo-video/17000259.shtml|titulo=El papa hace una llamamiento a la paz en su primer Domingo de Ramos: “¡Depongan las armas!”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-03-29|sitioweb=RTVE.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20260329/papa-leon-guerra-iran-israel-estados-unidos-misa-domingo-ramos-oriente-proximo-128553463|titulo=El Papa, en la Misa del Domingo de Ramos: “No se puede utilizar a Dios para justificar la guerra”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-03-29|sitioweb=El Periódico}}</ref> Postea, le [[Pascha|Dominica de Pascha]], durante le benediction ''[[Urbi et orbi]]'' del 5 de april, ille declarava: «Que illes qui ha armas lo depone! Que illes qui ha le poter de dechaenar guerras elige le pace! Non un pace imponite per le fortia, sed mediante le dialogo! Non con le desiderio de dominar le alteres, sed de incontrar nos con illes!».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/es/papa/news/2026-04/papa-leon-xiv-mensaje-pascua-urbi-et-orbi-2026-vigilia-oracion.html|titulo=Urbi et Orbi, el Papa: Que callen las armas y cambien los corazones|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-05|sitioweb=Vatican News}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2026/04/05/el-llamado-del-papa-leon-xiv-en-pascuas-que-quienes-tienen-el-poder-de-desatar-guerras-elijan-la-paz/|titulo=El llamado del papa León XIV en Pascuas: “Que quienes tienen el poder de desatar guerras elijan la paz”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-05|sitioweb=Infobae}}</ref> Le 7 de april, Trump lanceava un menacia contra Iran, affirmante que «tote le civilisation [irani] morira iste nocte e nunquam retornara», a minus que Iran reaperiva le stricto de Ormuz. Esseva le papa qui condemnava le menacia como «inacceptabile».<ref>{{Cita noticia|titulo=El papa León XIV lanzó una dura reprimenda a Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2026/04/08/espanol/mundo/papa-leon-iv-iran-trump.html|periodico=The New York Times|fecha=2026-04-08|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|issn=0362-4331|nombre=Ephrat|apellidos=Livni}}</ref> Le 11 de april, durante un vigilia pro le pace in le Citate del Vaticano convocat per le proprie papa, le pontifice declarava que un «illusion de omnipotentia» stimulava le instabilitate global e peteva que se priorisara le diplomatia super le escalation militar.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.dw.com/es/papa-le%C3%B3n-xiv-arremete-contra-l%C3%ADderes-mundiales-basta-ya-de-la-guerra/a-76750581|titulo=Papa León XIV a líderes mundiales: “¡Basta ya de la guerra!”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|sitioweb=dw.com}}</ref> [[File:AI-Generated Image depicting Donald Trump as Jesus Christ.jpg|thumb|[[Arte de inteligentia artificial|Imagine generate per IA]] de Trump como Jesus publicate in [[Truth Social]], que esseva eliminate pauc post.]] Le die sequente, 12 de april, Trump condemnava Leon, accusante le de poner se del latere de Iran e de esser a favor del uso de bombas nucleari per le stato irani, exigente que ille cessara de criticar le politica statounitese e affirmante que ille deberea occupar se de insultos religiose e non de affaires politic.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/internacional/2026/04/13/trump-carga-contra-papa-leon-xiv-debil-materia-delincuencia-pesimo-politica-exterior/00031776065787380933551.htm|titulo=Trump carga contra el papa León XIV por ser «débil en materia de delincuencia y pésimo en política exterior»|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=La Voz de Galicia}}</ref> Ille etiam suggereva que Leon habeva essite eligite illegitime e que le Ecclesia Catholic solmente lo habeva installate como un contra-peso statounitese.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.romereports.com/2026/04/13/trump-tacha-al-papa-de-debil-y-se-atribuye-su-eleccion-en-el-conclave-si-yo-no-estuviera-no-estaria-en-el-vaticano/|titulo=Trump tacha al papa de “débil” y se atribuye su elección en el cónclave: “Si yo no estuviera, no estaría en el Vaticano”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=Rome Reports}}</ref> In responsa, le sacerdote Antonio Spadaro, subsecretario del [[Dicasterio pro le Cultura e le Education|Dicasterio de Cultura e Education]] del Vaticano, diceva que le declarationes de Trump reflecteva su «impotentia» ante le «voce moral» del Vaticano contra le guerra. Al mesme tempore, tres cardinales statounitese appareva conjunctemente in television pro manifestar se contra le guerra, affirmante que illo non era justificat per le doctrina catholic.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.religiondigital.org/spadaro/spadaro-ataque-trump-papa-politico-usa-guerra-leon-xiv_132_1449744.html|titulo=Spadaro sobre el ataque de Trump al Papa: "Cuando el poder político se ensaña contra una voz moral, es porque no logra contenerla"|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|apellido=sj|nombre=Antonio Spadaro|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=Religión Digital}}</ref> In plus, Trump etiam publicava un [[Arte de inteligentia artificial|imagine generate per IA]] de se ipse como [[Jesus de Nazareth|Jesus]],<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.abc.es/internacional/trump-presenta-jesuscristo-imagen-creada-ia-sanar-20260413110511-nt.html|titulo=Trump se presenta como Jesucristo en una imagen creada con IA después de criticar al Papa por la guerra de Irán|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|apellido=Sbai|nombre=Dounia|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=Diario ABC}}</ref> lo que generava un forte reaction negative de multe organisationes catholic statounitese e mesmo de alicun gruppos evangelic.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.independentespanol.com/noticias/eeuu/muchos-catolicos-de-eeuu-estan-consternados-por-ataque-de-trump-contra-primer-papa-estadounidense-b2957003.html|titulo=Muchos católicos de EEUU están consternados por ataque de Trump contra primer papa estadounidense|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-14|sitioweb=Independent Español}}</ref> Le 13 de april, quando ille se dirigeva in visita a Algeria, le papa affirmava que ille non habeva «necun temor del administration Trump» e que ille non voleva entrar in un debato con ille, sed plus tarde ille addeva: «Io non crede que le message del [[Evangelio]] debe esser malinterpretate como lo face alicun personas».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.ondacero.es/noticias/mundo/leon-xiv-dice-tener-miedo-trump-sanchez-respalda-algunos-siembran-guerras-papa-paz_2026041369dd1333b7e0a27eb9964ba0.html|titulo=León XIV dice no tener miedo a Trump y Sánchez le respalda: "Algunos siembran guerras, el papa la paz"|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=OndaCero}}</ref> Intertanto, Vance declarava que Leon deberea mantener se al margine del affaires statounitese, sed etiam diceva que ille non se preoccupava del disputa e que era natural que ambe partes «discrepava in questiones substantive de tempore in tempore».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://voz.us/es/politica/260414/34882/jd-vance-rompe-silencio-sobre-criticas-donald-trump-papa-leon-veces-discrepar-temas-politica-publica.html|titulo=JD Vance rompe el silencio sobre las críticas de Donald Trump al papa León: “A veces vamos a discrepar en temas de política pública”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|apellido=Rondón|nombre=Emmanuel Alejandro|fecha=2026-04-14|sitioweb=VOZ News}}</ref> Le 14 de april, Trump condemnava le prima ministra italian [[Giorgia Meloni]] post que illa habeva defendite le papa e qualificate le commentarios de Trump como «inacceptabile», dicente: «Io pensava que illa era coragiose; io me equivocava».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.vozpopuli.com/internacional/fin-de-la-luna-de-miel-de-trump-y-meloni-la-ruptura-de-un-romance-con-el-papa-como-linea-roja.html|titulo=Fin de la 'luna de miel' de Trump y Meloni: la ruptura de un romance con el Papa como línea roja|fechaacceso=2026-04-15|apellido=Carrasco|nombre=Lupe|fecha=2026-04-15|sitioweb=Vozpopuli}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/2026/04/14/donald-trump-arremetio-contra-giorgia-meloni-por-defender-al-papa-leon-xiv/|titulo=Donald Trump arremetió contra Giorgia Meloni por defender al papa León XIV|fechaacceso=2026-04-15|fecha=2026-04-14|sitioweb=Página{{!}}12}}</ref> D'altere parte, Trump continuava insister super su criticas al pontifice, affirmante: «Es que vos pote dicer le que Iran ha occidite {{esd|42 000}} innocentes?», referente se al protestas que occurreva in januario.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/internacional/trump-insiste-sus-criticas-papa-leon-xiv-pueden-decir-que-iran-matado-42000-inocentes_2026041569df2a45097ebe16ad7929b8.html|titulo=Trump insiste en sus críticas al papa León XIV: “¿Le pueden decir que Irán ha matado a 42.000 inocentes?”|fechaacceso=2026-04-15|fecha=2026-04-15|sitioweb=LaSexta}}</ref> Le 16 de april, le administration Trump resecava le financiation de [[Caritates Catholic]] del [[Archidiocese de Miami]], in particular claudente un programma que adjutava le filios de immigrantes sin documentos como parte de un reduction plus ample del financiation federal pro tal programmas. Intertanto, le episcopos statounitese emitteva un communicate affirmante que Leon parlava como representante de Jesus e que su commentarios es in linea con le inseniamento catholic que le guerra solmente se justifica «in legitime defensa, un vice que ha fallite tote le effortios de pace».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://elpais.com/us/migracion/2026-04-16/trump-cancela-un-contrato-millonario-con-una-organizacion-benefica-catolica-en-miami-que-atiende-a-menores-migrantes.html|titulo=Trump cancela un contrato millonario con una organización benéfica católica en Miami que atiende a menores migrantes|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|apellido=Fernández|nombre=Abel|fecha=2026-04-16|sitioweb=El País US}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://forbes.com.mx/trump-retira-fondos-para-una-organizacion-benefica-catolica-que-ayuda-a-ninos-migrantes-en-medio-de-enfrentamientos-con-el-papa-leon-xiv/|titulo=Trump retira fondos para una organización benéfica católica que ayuda a niños migrantes en medio de enfrentamientos con el Papa León XIV|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|apellido=Murray|nombre=Conor|fecha=2026-04-16|sitioweb=Forbes México}}</ref> In plus, un persona non identificate faceva un false menacia de bomba al domo del fratre de Leon, John Prevost, in [[New Lenox (Illinois)|New Lenox]], [[Illinois]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://as.com/us/actualidad/amenaza-de-bomba-sacude-chicago-investigan-casa-del-hermano-del-papa-leon-xvi-f202604-n/|titulo=Amenaza de bomba sacude Chicago: investigan casa del hermano del papa León XVI|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|apellido=Arellano|nombre=Bryan|fecha=2026-04-16|sitioweb=Diario AS}}</ref> Trump affirmava a varie jornalistas que era necessari que Leon comprendeva que Iran era un «menacia pro le mundo», sed etiam signalava: «io vole que ille dice lo que ille vole, sed io pote esser in desacuerdo».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.france24.com/es/ee-uu-y-canad%C3%A1/20260417-la-arremetida-de-trump-contra-el-papa-qu%C3%A9-hay-detr%C3%A1s-y-qu%C3%A9-le-puede-costar|titulo=La arremetida de Trump contra el papa: ¿qué hay detrás y qué le puede costar?|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|fecha=2026-04-17|sitioweb=France 24}}</ref> Ille etiam diceva que «io ha nihil contra le papa. Su fratre es [[MAGA]] usque al fin».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-trump-insiste-no-tiene-nada-contra-papa-puedo-estar-desacuerdo-tengo-derecho-20260416211017.html|titulo=Trump insiste en que “not tiene nada en contra del Papa”: “Puedo estar en desacuerdo, tengo derecho”|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|fecha=2026-04-16|sitioweb=Europa Press}}</ref> Le pontifice, in un homilia durante un [[Viage apostolic de Leon XIV a Algeria, Camerun, Angola e Guinea Equatorial|visita]] a [[Camerun]], affirmava que le mundo era «assolate per un manata de tyrannos» e per illes qui manipulava «le proprie nomine de [[Deo]]» pro lor proprie beneficio, «trahente lo sacrate al obscuritate e al immunditia».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cql7pz71ky5o|titulo=El Papa carga contra a los “tiranos que asolan el mundo” y gastan miles de millones en guerras tras su disputa con Trump|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|fecha=2026-04-16|sitioweb=BBC News Mundo}}</ref> Posteriormente, Leon signalava que su discurso habeva essite scripte duo septimanas antea, «multo ante que le presidente commentara super me e super le message de pace que io promove».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.dw.com/es/papa-le%C3%B3n-xiv-desde-camer%C3%BAn-el-mundo-est%C3%A1-siendo-destruido-por-unos-pocos-tiranos/a-76809210|titulo=Papa: “El mundo está siendo destruido por pocos tiranos”|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|sitioweb=dw.com}}</ref> Le 18 de april, tanto le papa como [[J. D. Vance|JD Vance]] argumentava que le medios de communication habeva malinterpretate le ruptura. Leon declarava al medios que «Il ha habite un narrativa que non ha essite accurate in tote su aspectos… Grande parte de lo que se ha scripte depost ha essite plus tosto un commentario super commentarios, tentante interpretar lo que se ha dicte».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/gente/papa-leon-xiv-niega-intencion-de-debatir-con-donald-trump-tras-polemica-por-sus-declaraciones-se-ha-difundido-cierta-narrativa-no-del-todo-exacta-3549057|titulo=Papa León XIV niega intención de debatir con Donald Trump tras polémica por sus declaraciones: “Se ha difundido cierta narrativa, no del todo exacta”|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|apellido=Guerrero|nombre=Jos|fecha=2026-04-19|sitioweb=El Tiempo}}</ref> Leon addeva que ille non era del toto interessate in debater con Trump.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://sipse.com/mundo/no-me-interesa-leon-xiv-aclara-no-quiere-pelear-trump-507753.html|titulo=‘No me interesa’: León XIV aclara que no quiere pelear con Trump|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|fecha=2026-04-18|sitioweb=sipse.com}}</ref> Vance respondeva pauc post, scribente in [[Twitter|X]]: «Io aggradece al Papa Leon que ille ha dicte isto. Ben que le narrativa del medios constantemente fomenta le conflicto —e si, il ha habite e habera disaccordos real— le realitate es habitualmente multo plus complexe… Ille essera in nostre preces, e io spera que nos essera in le sue».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://infovaticana.com/2026/04/19/vance-agradece-a-leon-xiv-y-subraya-la-complejidad-del-debate-sobre-la-guerra/|titulo=Vance agradece a León XIV y subraya la complejidad del debate sobre la guerra|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|fecha=2026-04-19|sitioweb=INFOVATICANA}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.ansa.it/americalatina/noticia/mundo/2026/04/19/vance-agradece-al-papa-hay-desacuerdos-pero-la-realidad-es-compleja_61642da3-8bce-4994-a1dc-f6cb25a4cc8d.html|titulo=Vance agradece al Papa: “Hay desacuerdos, pero la reality es compleja”|fechaacceso=2026-04-25|fecha=2026-04-19|sitioweb=Agenzia ANSA|idioma=it}}</ref> == Analyse == Marco Politi, observator e autor de longe trajectoria in le Vaticano, affirmava que: «On debe remontar se al [[Etate Media]], quando reges e imperatores clamava contra le papa in Roma e lo qualificava de false. Non existe necun altere exemplo recente simile».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://caracol.com.co/2026/04/13/ataque-del-presidente-trump-al-papa-leon-xiv-es-un-error-politico-muy-grave-marco-politi/|titulo=“Ataque del presidente Trump al papa León XIV es un error político muy grave”: Marco Politi|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|apellido=Castro|nombre=María José|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=Caracol Radio}}</ref> Alicun observatores ha affirmate que le [[Blancos statounitese|blancos statounitese]] conservatrice [[Ecclesia catholic in le Statos Unite|catholic]], un gruppo clave de votantes del [[Partito Republicano (Statos Unite)|Partito Republicano]], poterea sentir se alienate per le confrontation de Trump con le papa.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.religiondigital.org/leon-xiv/faggioli-ataque-trump-leon-xiv-eeuu-catolicismo_1_1449849.html|titulo=Faggioli, sobre el ataque de Trump a León XIV “El catolicismo de EEUU es el catalizador de la crisis”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=Religión Digital}}</ref> Elise Ann Allen, autora de un biographia del papa, declarava: «[Trump] se rende conto que Leon emerge como un figura global plus forte, e ille tenta recordar al catholicos moderate pro qual motivo illes votava pro ille. Sed eruptiones como iste poterea esser contraproductive, proque illos poterea alienar ancora plus le catholicos moderate indecisive super ille. Si ille tenta recuperar le votantes catholic, isto solmente adjutara le causa del proprie papa, non le sue».<ref name=":3">{{Cita noticia|fecha=2026-04-13|titulo=Lambasting Pope Leo, Trump risks alienating conservative Catholics|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/04/13/pope-leo-president-trump-feud/|fechaacceso=2026-04-13|obra=The Washington Post|idioma=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> == Reactiones == === Intra le Statos Unite === * {{Flagicon|United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.svg}} [[Conferentia del Episcopos Catholic del Statos Unite|USCCB]]: Le presidente del conferentia, le archiepiscopo Paul Coakley de [[Oklahoma City]], diceva esser «discoragiate» per le commentarios de [[Donald Trump]] verso [[Leon XIV]], e affirmava: «Le papa Leon non es un rival de Trump; ni ille es un politico. Ille es le Vicario de Christo qui parla ab le veritate del [[Evangelio]] e pro le cura del animas». Le episcopo [[Robert Emmet Barron|Robert Barron]], un eminente [[prelato]] e theologo catholic qui formava parte del Commission de Libertate Religiose de Trump, diceva que le declarationes de Trump era desrespectuose, sed etiam peteva que ambe partes optara pro un dialogo structurate in loco del confrontation public.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/backlash-grows-religious-and-political-leaders-criticize-trumps-comments-pope-leo-xiv|titulo=Trump doubles down on attack on Pope Leo XIV as backlash grows|fechaacceso=2026-04-20|apellido=Fraga|nombre=Brian|sitioweb=National Catholic Reporter|idioma=en}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|US Democratic Party Logo.svg}} [[Partito Democrata (Statos Unite)|Partito Democrata]]: Le partito emitteva un communicate in le qual illo affirmava que Trump era «cercante querelas con le Ecclesia Catholic e le papa in loco de facer qualcosa pro meliorar lor vitas, reducer le costo de vita o retornar nostre truppas a casa. Le Statos Unite merita qualcosa de melior».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-leo-issues-warning-democracy-after-trump-criticism-2026-04-14/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|titulo=Pope Leo issues warning on democracy after Trump criticism}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Republican Disc.svg}} [[Partito Republicano (Statos Unite)|Partito Republicano]]: [[Mike Johnson (politico)|Mike Johnson]], presidente del [[Camera de Representantes del Statos Unite]], diceva esser «un poco perplexo» per le commentarios de Leon XIV e defendeva Trump, argumentante que le papa era benvenite a condivider su opinion super politica, sed que ille debeva exspectar «alicun responsa politic».<ref name=":1" /> Le representante statounitese pro le districto congressional 22 de Texas, [[Troy Nehls]], diceva que Leon deberea «mantener se al margine del politica» e que «nos non elige le papa pro esser presidente».<ref name=":1" /> * Partito del Solidaritate American: Jack Ternan, capite del committe national del partito democrata-christian, accusava Trump de [[blasphemia]] e lo qualificava de «esser un viro de illegalitate» qui «blasphema contra le Senior e attacca le papa pro predicar le evangelio e appellar al pace», vocante su membros a «star conjunctemente con le Principe del Pace contra illes qui crea guerras injuste».<ref>{{Cita noticia|titulo=American Solidarity Party Accuses Trump of Blasphemy in Clash With Pope|url=https://independentpoliticalreport.com/2026/04/american-solidarity-party-calls-trump-blasphemer-over-dispute-with-pope/|fecha=13 de april de 2026|fechaacceso=16 de april de 2026|periodico=Independent Political Report|títulotrad=El Partido Solidaridad Americana acusa a Trump de blasfemia en su conflicto con el Papa|apellidos=Evans|nombre=Jordan Willow|idioma=en}}</ref> === International === * {{Flag|Iran}} [[Iran]]: Le presidente del pais, [[Masud Pezeshkián|Masoud Pezeshkian]] condemnava le attaccos de Trump contra le papa e etiam affirmava que le imagine de se ipse generate per IA per Trump como Jesus esseva "un profanation del propheta del pace e del fraternitate".<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.larazon.es/internacional/iran-cuadra-circulo-defiende-papa-ensalza-profeta-paz-jesus-atacar-trump_2026041369dcff2f9e87c91dbff31b17.html|título=Irán cuadra el círculo: defiende al Papa y ensalza al “profeta de la paz Jesús” para atacar a Trump|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=La Razón}}</ref> * {{Flag|Italia}} [[Italia]]: Le prima ministra [[Giorgia Meloni]] diceva que le attaccos de Trump contra Leon XIV esseva "inacceptabile" e affirmava que "esseva correcte e normal que [le papa] demanda le pace e condemna tote le formas de guerra". Altos cargos politic italian, pro qui le catholicos constitue un electorato clave, etiam faceva declarationes in appoio al papa.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.abc.es/internacional/meloni-cierra-filas-leon-xiv-palabras-trump-20260413194024-nt.html|título=Meloni cierra filas con León XIV: “Las palabras de Trump sobre el Papa son inaceptables”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|apellido=Albalá|nombre=África|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=Diario ABC}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2026/04/13/meloni-califico-de-inaceptables-las-palabras-de-trump-contra-el-papa-leon-xiv/|título=Meloni calificó de “inaceptables” las palabras de Trump contra el papa León XIV|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=Infobae}}</ref> * {{Flag|Espania}} [[Espania]]: Le presidente del Governamento, [[Pedro Sánchez]], declarava: "Dum alcunes semina le mundo con guerras, Leon XIV semina le pace, con valentia e corage".<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.es/virales/pedro-sanchez-utiliza-refran-defender-papa-leon-xiv-ataques-trump-f202604.html|título=Pedro Sánchez tira del refranero español para mostrar su apoyo al papa León XIV tras los ataques de Trump|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-13|sitioweb=ElHuffPost|idioma=}}</ref> * {{Flag|Francia}} [[Francia]]: Le presidente [[Emmanuel Macron]] se positionava a latere de Leon XIV in un reunion con ille, mentionante que "ils comparte un mesme conviction face al divisiones del mundo", que "le action pro le pace es un deber e un exigentia" e que "Francia se abrira tote le dies al dialogo, le justitia e le fraternitate inter le populos".<ref>{{Cita noticia|título=Emmanuel Macron et Léon XIV estiment que l’action pour la paix est « un devoir et une exigence »|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2026/04/10/emmanuel-macron-et-leon-xiv-estiment-que-l-action-pour-la-paix-est-un-devoir-et-une-exigence_6679073_3210.html|fecha=10 de april de 2026|fechaacceso=16 de april de 2026|periódico=[[Le Monde]]|ubicación=Francia|autor=Le Monde e AFP|títulotrad=Emmanuel Macron e Leon XIV considera que le action pro le pace es "un deber e un exigentia".|idioma=francés}}</ref> * {{Flag|Brasil}} [[Brasil]]: Le presidente del pais, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], declarava que "Nemo debe haber timor", referente se a lo que Trump diceva al papa.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/lula-se-solidariza-con-el-papa-le%c3%b3n-xiv-tras-cr%c3%adticas-de-trump%3a-%22nadie-debe-tener-miedo%22/91255772|título=Lula se solidariza con el Papa León XIV tras críticas de Trump: “Nadie debe tener miedo”|fechaacceso=2026-04-14|fecha=2026-04-14|sitioweb=Swissinfo}}</ref> * {{Flag|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]: Le presidenta [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] faceva un appello al pace in le mundo e appoyava le papa, declarante que "non solmente representa un religion, sed un Stato".<ref>{{Cita noticia|apellidos=López Castro|nombre=Fernanda|título=Sheinbaum respalda al papa León XIV tras declaraciones de Trump: “No solo representa a una religión, sino a un Estado”|url=https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2026/04/13/sheinbaum-respalda-al-papa-leon-xiv-tras-declaraciones-de-trump-no-solo-representa-a-una-religion-sino-a-un-estado/|fecha=13 de april de 2026|fechaacceso=16 de april de 2026|periódico=[[infobae]]|ubicación=México}}</ref> {{Referentias}} [[Categoria:Anticatholicismo in Statos Unite]] [[Categoria:Leon XIV]] [[Categoria:Controversias de Donald Trump]] [[Categoria:Ecclesia catholic e politica]] [[Categoria:Donald Trump]] [[Categoria:Relationes Statos Unite-Sancte Sede]] [[Categoria:Citate del Vaticano]] [[Categoria:Ecclesia catholic in 2026]] [[Categoria:Statos Unite in 2026]] [[Categoria:Controversias del secunde administration Trump]] igf07dofi8ckypvb0tavkleon9sasyz 2 61141 701084 701075 2026-09-27T16:48:06Z Interlingvisto 60932 701084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Babel|ia-2}} Mi objectivo es ameliorar le Wikipedia in interlingua. Como interlingua es un lingua international facile a comprender, io me propone contribuer a ameliorar le qualitate e le fiabilitate del information presentate hic, nam assi personas ab le tote mundo potera gaudir de un information complete. Pro illo, io crea articulos eminente, augmenta le information in le peciettas, e crea articulos clar, breve e concise re differente themas. == Articulos facite e meliorate == * [[Figura de collina]] * [[Interdisciplinaritate]] * [[San Marino]] * [[Solutionismo]] * [[Organisation de recerca per contracto]] * [[Michel Foucault]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Del bon salvage al bon revolutionario]] * [[Confederation de Nationalitates Indigene de Ecuador]] * [[Universitate de Madrid]] * [[Philosophia continental]] * [[Philosophia occidental]] * [[Philosophia oriental]] * [[Niendorfer Gehege]] * [[Ugo Foscolo]] * [[Castello de Ahrensburg]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Cscr-featured.svg|19px]] * [[Friedrich Schiller]] * [[Logistica]] * [[Jaime Roldós Aguilera]] * [[Terence McKenna]] * [[Edith Södergran]] * [[Abdellatif Hammouchi]] * [[Direction General pro le Securitate National]] * [[Phindu Zaie Banda]] * [[Hebban olla vogala]] * [[Litteratura del Renascentia]] * [[Juan José Flores]] * [[Frontiera inter Espania e Marocco]] * [[Revolution francese]] * [[Provincia de Badajoz]] * [[Julián Méndez]] * [[Extremadura]] * [[Agentia National de Securitate]] * [[Feudalismo]] * [[Martin Van Buren]] * [[John Tyler]] * [[Delcygate]] * [[Zachary Taylor]] * [[Millard Fillmore]] * [[Franklin Pierce]] * [[James A. Garfield]] * [[Chester A. Arthur]] * [[William Howard Taft]] * [[Herbert Hoover]] * [[Ceuta]] * [[Stricto de Gibraltar]] * [[Melilla]] * [[Mustela frenata]] * [[Pression arterial]] * [[Invictus (film de 2009)]] * [[Tadorna ferruginea]] * [[Alcedo atthis]] * [[Lutra de pelle lisie]] * [[Mata Atlantica]] * [[Nimes]] * [[Telangana]] * [[Ukraina]] * [[Departimentos de Francia]] * [[Ducato de Calabria]] * [[Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean]] * [[Keiko Fujimori]] * [[A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm]] * [[Dönmeh]] * [[Theoria de conspiration del chemtrails]] * [[Rolo de Marocco in le crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] * [[Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] * [[Centro de Intelligentia contra le Terrorismo e le Crimine Organisate]] * [[Nationalismo espaniol]] * [[Exhumation de Francisco Franco]] * [[Societat Civil Catalana]] * [[Transition espaniol]] * [[Tribunal de Justitia]] * [[Politica de Espania]] ** [[Administration General del Stato]] ** [[Delegation del Governamento (Espania)]] ** [[Congresso del Deputatos]] ** [[Senato de Espania]] ** [[Cortes General]] ** [[Presupostos General del Stato]] ** [[Boletin Official del Stato]] ** [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] ** [[Derecto de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Constitutional de Espania]] ** [[Poter judicial de Espania]] ** [[Tribunal Superior de Justitia (Espania)]] ** [[Consilio General del Poter Judicial]] ** [[Presidente del Tribunal Supreme (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal de Contos (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia National (Espania)]] ** [[Audientia Provincial (Espania)]] ** [[Tribunal Central de Instantia]] ** [[Tribunal Militar Central (Espania)]] ** [[Jurisdiction Militar de Espania]] ** [[Secretaria General de Function Public]] ** [[Administration local (Espania)]] ** [[Organisation del Administration Public de Espania]] ** [[Registro Civil (Espania)]] ** [[Presidente del Governamento de Espania]] * [[Historia contemporanee de Espania]] * Ministerios ** Ministerio del Affaires Interne *** [[Secretaria de Stato de Securitate (Espania)]] ** [[Ministerio de Defensa (Espania)|Ministerio de Defensa]] *** [[Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Defensa]] *** [[Fortias e corpos de securitate (Espania)]] *** [[Fortias Armate de Espania]] *** [[Consilio de Defensa National]] *** [[Subsecretaria de Defensa (Espania)]] *** [[Consilio de Securitate National (Espania)]] *** [[Centro de Intelligentia del Fortias Armate]] *** [[Lege de Securitate National]] *** [[Centro National de Intelligentia (Espania)]] *** [[Capite del Stato Major del Armea de Terra]] *** [[Capite del Stato Major del Marina]] *** [[Capite de Stato Major del Armea del Aire e del Spatio]] * [[Construction del Stato del Autonomias]] * [[Economia de Espania]] * [[Societate espaniol]] * [[Cultura de Espania]] * [[Palatio del Senato]] * [[Palatio del Cortes]] * [[Aqueducto de Segovia]] * [[HazteOir.org]] * [[Expansionismo american sub Donald Trump]] * [[Agitprop]] * [[Occidentalisation]] * [[Organismos Public del Investigation]] [[af:Gebruiker:Interlingvisto]] [[io:Uzanto:Interlingvisto]] 6xnp875zdg81spa3sghf2jz06x70s0a 0 61144 701079 699192 2026-09-27T16:43:30Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20260927)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 701079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solutionismo''' (derivate del anglese «Solution» pro solution o conceptos de solution<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dict.leo.org/englisch-deutsch/Solution |titulo=Solution – LEO: Übersetzung im Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch |consultate=2021-04-12}}</ref> e extendite con le [[suffixo]] -ismo) designa le [[ideologia]] del melioration del [[mundo]] per medio de [[Big Data]]. Secundo isto, tote le problemas del mundo pote esser solvite si on transmitte un quantitate sufficiente de datos a un [[algorithmo]] que calcula a partir de illos le melior solution. == Precursores e defensores == [[Silicon Valley]], como centro industrial de TI e de alta technologia del mundo, characterisate per le [[ideologia californian]], es considerate le fortia motrice detra le solutionismo. Hic, Google, como le plus grande collector e utilisator de datos, assume un rolo de liderato. Sub le titulo «Google vole reprogrammar le stato» appareva in le [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] un articulo de Adrian Lobe. In illo se dice: «Le disoccupation, secundo Google, non es un problema social, sino un malus de operation que pote esser eliminate con un pauc de manipulationes technic. Le statos es pro Google constructiones obsolete que deberea esser programmate con le [[software]] correcte...»<ref name=":0">{{cite web |autor=Adrian Lobe |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/google-gruendet-in-den-usa-government-innovaton-lab-13852715.html |titulo=Google will den Staat neu programmieren |obra=faz.de |editor=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |data=2015-10-14 |consultate=2021-04-12}}</ref> In alicun citates intelligente, le corporation de [[internet]] [[Google]] es ja implicate in le presa de decisiones politic: le algorithmos de Google decide qual informationes servi al representantes del [[governamento]] como base pro lor [[decision]]es. Per exemplo, ubi on ha besonio de plus politistas, e ubi illes debe patrouillar?<ref name=":0" /> Peter Hermann vide le solutionismo como un contra-polo antagonistic al [[Karl Popper#Mesuras sociopolitic gradual (piecemeal social engineering) versus holismo|ingenieria social gradual]] de [[Karl Popper]].<ref>Peter Hermann: ''The Comedy of Big Data or: Corporate Social Responsibility Today, While Cooperations Wither Away?''. In: Matjaž Mulej, Grazyna O’Sullivan, Tjaša Štrukelj (eds.): ''Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance''. Springer 2001, Volume 2, p. 82. {{Google Books|id=Uc0AEAAAQBAJ|pagina=82|texto=in linea}}</ref> == Exclusion del fallimento == Le definition del solutionismo exclude automaticamente le fallimento de iste ideologia. Si un solution del [[algorithmo#informatica e mathematica|algorithmo]] non pare le melior via, alora il non habeva bastante datos pro un melior solution, o le esser human non es capace de recognoscer le ver utilitate. == Critica == Iste [[ideologia]] ha tamben multe criticos. A istes pertine le investigator de medios e publicista [[Evgeny Morozov]]. In su libro «To Save Everything, Click Here<ref>{{cite book |author=Evgeny Morozov |title =To save everything, click here : the folly of technological solutionism |url=https://archive.org/details/tosaveeverything0000moro |edition=First edition |place =New York |date=2013 |ISBN=978-1-61039-138-2}}</ref>» ille describe analyticamente pro que le credentia de que plus datos duce a plus transparentia e efficientia es periculose. «Le solutionismo – le tendentia de voler solver problemas sin vermente questionar lo que los face de facto problematic – es, secundo Evgeny Morozov, un ration importante pro le qual le scandalo de surveillance non es debatite con sufficiente spirito critic», explica ille in un interview con le [[Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung]].<ref>{{cite web |autor=Merlin Münch |url=https://www.bpb.de/dialog/netzdebatte/171007/interview-evgeny-morozov-uns-steht-eine-datenapokalypse-bevor |titulo=Interview Evgeny Morozov: „Uns steht eine Datenapokalypse bevor“ |obra=bpb.de |editor=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung |data=2013-10-23 |consultate=2021-04-12}}</ref> Eduard Kaeser scribe a iste proposito in le [[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]: «Solutionismo significa le permutacion de problema e solution: in le passato on habeva un problema e lo solveva con un invention technic; ora on ha un invention technic e lo promove como le solution pro problemas del quales on non sape ancora de qual typo e complexitate illos es.»<ref>{{cite web |autor=Eduard Kaeser |url=https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/buecher/ein-netzstuermer-1.18162169 |titulo=Ein Netzstürmer |data=2013-10-09 |consultate=2021-04-12}}</ref> Michael Dobbins scribe:<ref name=":1">{{cite book |author=Michael Dobbins |editor=Wiley |title=Urban Design and People |url=https://archive.org/details/urbandesignpeopl0000dobb |edition=1 |editorial=Wiley |date=2009 |ISBN=978-0-470-13816-8 |pages=400}}</ref> «Solutionismo: il se tracta plus del definition de problemas que del solution – e le responsa es date ante que le question sia completemente formulate.»<ref name=":1" /> Adrian Lobe explica in le [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] que Google, con programmas como le ''Government Innovation Lab'', forni le sistema operative pro le politica. Isto poterea alterar le base de legitimation del democratia. Si Google recodifica le politica, isto poterea ducer al erosion de derectos fundamental como le [[privatitate|derecto al privatitate]].<ref name=":0" /> == Referencias == <references /> [[Categoria:Mundo digital]] [[Categoria:Mineria de datos]] [[Categoria:Ideologia]] 900rsmxp58rbzdh1jarujvyico6ch48 0 61196 701080 700614 2026-09-27T16:46:38Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 1 book for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20260927)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 701080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{eminente}} {{Infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Edith Irene Södergran''', nascite le [[4 de april]] [[1892]] in [[Sanct Petersburg]], morite le [[24 de junio]] [[1923]] in [[Raivola]],<ref>Ström, pagina 188</ref> esseva un [[Finlandeses de lingua svedese|poeta de lingua svedese de Finlandia]]. Edith Södergran debutava al etate de 24 annos con le [[Collection poetic|collection poetic]] ''[[Dikter (collection poetic de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' (1916). In total, illa publicava quatro collectiones poetic e un collection de [[Aphorismo|aphorismos]]. [[Postume|Postumemente]] esseva publicate le collection poetic ''[[Landet som icke är]]'' (1925). Illa esseva un del prime representantes del [[Modernismo|modernismo]] in le litteratura de lingua svedese,<ref>Ström, paginas 83–89</ref> influentiate per le [[Symbolismo|symbolismo]] francese, le [[Expressionismo|expressionismo]] german e le [[Futurismo|futurismo]] russe. Insimul con [[Hagar Olsson]], Södergran voleva introducer le mundo al «nove specie». «Sed le contento que illa poneva in su discurso sur» iste nove specie cambiava rapidemente: «In 1918 illo esseva fundate sur [[Zarathustra]], create per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], le anno sequente le stella guida esseva [[Rudolf Steiner]], postea illo se spostava verso [[Christo]] e intra un silentio lyric, que esseva rumpite solmente le anno ante su morte.»<ref name="Lönnroth et. al., s. 155">Lönnroth et al., pagina 155.</ref> Le biographia de Södergran ha essite partialmente controversate, proque le [[Material de fontes|material de fontes]] es escasse e le prime [[Biographia|biographos]], como le influente [[Gunnar Tideström]], traheva de illo conclusiones de grande extension, que postea habeva un grande diffusion.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 8–9</ref> Le investigation sur Södergran es ergo dividite in duo correntes principal: le corrente biographic-psychologic basa su interpretation del poemas de Södergran super detalios de su vita (su [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]] de longe duration, per exemplo), durante que le corrente plus [[Contextualismo|contextual]] compara le poesia de Södergran con celle de su contemporaneos, usa un lectura [[Historia del ideas|historiographic del ideas]] de su poemas e examina varie constructiones theoric (como su connexion con [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]).<ref name="Rahikainen13">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 10–13</ref> Le investigation ha in grande mesura abandonate le modello de interpretation biographic-psychologic in favor de studia contextual, historiographic del ideas e analytico del textos.<ref>{{Webbref|titel=På fria villkor|url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/pa-fria-villkor|verk=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|datum=2018-11-01|hämtdatum=2021-03-05|språk=sv}}</ref> Su influentia sur le [[Imagineria|imagineria]], le rhythmo e le stilo associative e libere del lyrica svedese moderne e del lyrica de rock es evidente e pote esser observate, inter alteres, in le obras de [[Gunnar Ekelöf]], [[Elmer Diktonius]], [[Eva Ström]], [[Eva-Stina Byggmästar]], [[Catharina Gripenberg|Catarina Gripenberg]], [[Mare Kandre]], [[Gunnar Harding]], [[Eva Runefelt]] e [[Eva Dahlgren]]. == Biographia == === Infantia e juventute === [[File:Edith Södergran, 5 years old.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Södergran al etate de 5 annos.]] Södergran esseva nascite in un familia del classe medie superior in [[Sanct Petersburg]]. Su genitores esseva Matts<!-- Hans forename esseva realmente "Matts". Non modificar. --> Södergran<ref name="Rahikainen22">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 22–23</ref> e Helena, nascite Holmroos. Le patre esseva un mechanico originari de [[Österbotten (regione historic)|Österbotten]], durante que le matre esseva un habitante de secunde generation de Sanct Petersburg, con radices in [[Nagu]].<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Södergran esseva le sol infante commun del genitores. Le patre esseva viduo post que su prime sposa moriva de [[Tuberculose|tuberculose]]<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last=Rahikainen|first=Agneta|title=Edith Södergran Stjärnfangerskan|date=2023|access-date=2026|year=2023|page=14}}</ref> e lor duo infantes moriva juvene; le matre habeva etiam, plure annos ante, parturite un filio extra-marital, qui moriva solmente post alcun dies.<ref name="Ström16"/><ref name=":2" /> Le matre proveniva de un familia plus benestante,<ref name=":2" /> ubi le position del feminas intra le familia pare haber essite forte.<ref name="Ström16"/> Es etiam clar que existeva un forte ligamine de confidentia inter Södergran e su matre.<ref>Ström, pagina 17</ref> Le matre esseva le prime lectora e critica del poeta. {{cita|Le relation exclusive inter matre e filia esseva de maxime importantia pro Södergran, particularmente per su bon confidentia in se mesme, fortificate per su matre, un imagine de se que personas externe poterea perciper como impertinente e pretentiose.|[[Agneta Rahikainen]], ''Poeten och hennes apostlar''<ref name="Rahikainen22" />}} In principio, quasi nihil es cognoscite super le relation con le patre.<ref>Ström, paginas 17–18</ref> Possibilemente le matre multo presente e le patre absente esseva le causa proque Södergran habeva le possibilitate de occupar le scena e esser al centro del attention de su matre.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> Como infante, Södergran legeva multo, super toto contos, e illa amava multo le animales.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|year=2014|access-date=2021-05-05|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|first=Agneta|last=Rahikainen|pages=184–185}}</ref> Quando Södergran habeva solmente alcun menses, le familia se moveva al village de [[Raivola]] in le [[Istmo carelian]], ubi su avô maternal Gabriel Holmroos comprava un villa pro illes.<ref name="Ström16">Ström, pagina 16</ref> Illes fugiva le capital russe pro evitar un epidemia de cholera. Le villa habeva 12 cameras e esseva un del plus de 600 villas de ligno ornate simile, pro le qual le istmo esseva famose. Ante le [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], plus de 100 000 visitatores estival veniva de Sanct Petersburg al Istmo carelian.<ref>Burman, Carina: [http://www.svd.se/doden-gjorde-helgon-av-edith-sodergran ''Döden gjorde helgon av Edith Södergran'']. ''Svenska Dagbladet'', 20 maio 2014. Consultate le 8 septembre 2015.</ref> Raivola habeva bon communicationes con Sanct Petersburg (le viage per train durava duo horas) e [[Viborg, Russia|Viborg]].<ref name="Rahikainen122">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 122</ref> Poco postea, le patre obteneva un posto como director de un [[Serreria|serreria]]. Post tres annos, le empresa cadeva in [[Bancarrotta|bancarrotta]] e le familia non poteva pagar lor debitas. Tamen, Gabriel Holmroos moriva alcun menses plus tarde e le hereditate esseva dividite inter Helena Södergran e su matre.<ref name="Ström16" /> Con le moneta del hereditate, Helena Södergran pagava le debitas del familia, lo que les permitteva de recuperar lor stabilitate economic.<ref name="Ström16" /> [[File:Edith Södergran's mother Helena - 14150407260.jpg|thumb|upright|Helena Södergran, matre de Edith Södergran.]] Il existe non multe imagines del patre de Edith Södergran, sed multo plus del matre. Helena Södergran habeva studiate in un del prestigiose scholas german pro pueras de Sanct Petersburg, le S:t Annenschule.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 40</ref> Edith Södergran habeva un relation multo special con su matre. Helena adorava su filia e le relation con illa esseva importante. Quando Edith Södergran entrava al schola in 1902, illa e su matre veniva a passar le periodos escolar in Sanct Petersburg, ubi illas habitava in un casa de ligno presso le station ferroviari finlandese. Le patre remaneva in Raivola, ben que ille esseva disoccupate durante periodos prolongate.<ref name="ström22">Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 42</ref> Le villa in Raivola habeva dece-duo cameras. In addition, existeva un casa plus parve, que esseva affittate a un viro estonian. Il habeva etiam un sauna e edificios auxiliar. Al latere del casa del Södergran se trovava le ecclesia orthodoxe russe del village.<ref>Ström, pagina 134</ref> Ekelöf considerava plus tarde que il esseva impossibile comprender le poesia de Södergran sin haber visitate Raivola.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', paginas 287–288</ref> (Isto es ver solmente con modificationes: le [[Henry Parland|fratres Parland]] cresceva presso Viborg e [[Tito Colliander|Colliander]] in Sanct Petersburg).<ref name="ström22" /> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The "big house" at Raivola.jpg|Le casa grande. File:Edith Södergran´s house in Raivola.jpg|Le casa viste ab un altere angulo. File:The "small house" in Ravola. Ortodox church in the background.jpg|Le casa parve. File:Washbasins. Raivola.jpg|Edificio auxiliar con bassinos pro lavar. File:Södergran's sauna.jpg|Le sauna. </gallery> Le familia Södergran habeva un puera adoptive de Raivola, Singa Maria Lötjönen<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Webbref|titel=1961 Dikter : 1907-1909. 1, Inledning och kommentar ..., s. 48|url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2256760?page=48|verk=digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi|hämtdatum=2025-09-07|språk=sv|sid=45-48}}</ref>, qui habitava durante un breve periodo con le familia in Sanct Petersburg, sed illa non se sentiva ben e fugiva a casa per le vias ferroviari, ubi illa esseva occidite per un train.<ref name=":0" /> Non se sape como Södergran reagiva al morte de su soror adoptive, sed Singa esseva plus tarde le destinataria de un poema.<ref>Ström, pagina 23</ref> Le solitudine es qualcosa que Eva Ström, basate super «recente investigation psychologic», considera como possibile fonte de su forte confidentia in se mesme e de su fide in su proprie capacitate.<ref name="ström22" /> Durante su annos de schola, Södergran frequentava plure compagnes, inter illas Thusnelda Thomson e Paula Orlowskij; iste ultime etiam passava alcun estates con le familia Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen23">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 23</ref> === Scholaritate === Edith Södergran, secundo lo que se sape, non frequentava un schola pro infantes parve, sed esseva educate a casa e plus tarde in germano per un institutrice private. Isto esseva pro permitter la a entrar in un del plus prestigiose scholas german de puellas. Södergran entrava in le prime classe in 1902–1903 al Höhere Mädchenschule,<ref name="Rahikainen22">{{cite book|last=Rahikainen|first=Agneta|title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|year=2014|publisher=Helsingfors universitet|location=Helsingfors|isbn=978-952-10-9791-1|pages=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961">{{cite book|last=Enckell|first=Olof|title=Vaxdukshäftet: En studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning|year=1961|publisher=Söderström|location=Helsingfors}}</ref> in le traditional Petrischule (rus. Петришуле, germ. Die deutsche Hauptschule zu S Petri) in Sankt Petersburg, ubi illa studiava usque a 1909. Le schola esseva un del plus prestigiose del citate, con un grande biblioteca escolar e professores competente.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le curso esseva de septe annos e terminava con le examination final del schola. Le schola accordava multe importantia al arte e cultura; le maestro de ballet del ballet imperial inseniava le dansa, e durante le instruction artistic le studentes poteva visitar le [[Hermitage]] e le Museo Russe. De su tempore in le schola remane un parve taccuino in le qual Södergran colleccionava citationes ex libros que illa legeva, lo que monstra que illa cognosceva le classics de su epocha del litteratura mundial.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-46">{{cite book|last=Witt-Brattström|first=Ebba|title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|url=https://archive.org/details/edithsjagedithsd0000witt|year=1997|publisher=Norstedts|location=Stockholm|isbn=91-1-971402-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/edithsjagedithsd0000witt/page/20 20]–46}}</ref><ref name="Strom28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=28}}</ref><ref name="Enckell1961" /> In le schola il habeva studentes de multe nationalitates, inter altere infantes german, russe, finnic, baltogerman e scandinav.<!-- Referentia necessari pro iste assertion --> Le direction principal del instruction esseva le [[linguas moderne]]. Södergran apprendeva germano, francese, anglese e russe, ma illa non recipeva instruction in su proprie lingua maternal, le svedese, e su cognoscentia del [[grammatica svedese|grammatica]] e orthographia svedese remaneva un poco vacillante. Le [[germano]] esseva, del resto, le lingua le plus frequentemente parlate tanto in le schola como inter Södergran e su amicos.<ref name="Ström32">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=32}}</ref>[[File Södergran - 14150405960.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, a 12 annos.<ref name="Ström31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref>]]Södergran esseva un studente intelligente con un rapide capacitate de comprehension. Illa non debeva non plus dedicar multo tempore al [[deber escolar|deberes]]. Un de su condiscipulos la describiva como le plus dotate studente del classe. Su major interesse esseva le lectiones de francese. Isto esseva in parte debite al professor Henri Cottier. A ille Södergran dedicava alcun de su poemas juvenil. Illos es conservate in un quaderno nigre que in le investigationes super Södergran ha essite appellate le Vaxdukshäftet. Illos esseva publicate pro le prime vice per Olof Enckell sub le titulo ''Vaxdukshäftet'' (1961).<ref name="Ström32" /><ref name="Enckell1961" /> Iste annos de schola coincideva con agitationes politic e forte tensiones social que pote ben haber influentiate le conception del mundo de Södergran.<ref name="Ström30">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=30}}</ref> Le schola esseva situate in le centro del citate, proxime al [[Palatio de Hiverne]]. Le agitationes que conduceva al Revolution russe comenciava con demonstrationes e tumultos ja in 1905, lo que habeva etiam un consequentia pro Södergran. Le schola esseva per exemplo claudite durante duo dies in le occasione del [[Domingo sanguinose (1905)|Domingo sanguinose]] in januario 1905, quando plus de mille citatanos pacific, includente feminas e infantes, esseva falciate per le [[tsar]] [[Nicola II de Russia|garda de Nicola II]].<ref name="Ström29">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=29}}</ref> Le insurrectiones lassava etiam lor marcas in le poesia de Södergran, como in le poema «Wenn sich die Sonne neigt», ubi illa scribe super cadaveres tumefacte que flotta in le verdes undas del fluvio Neva.<ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref name="Rahikainen69">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=69}}</ref> In 1911 Södergran planificava prender como candidate private le examination final del schola al [[Laurellska skolan]] in Helsinki, ma illa non compliva su plano. Probabilemente isto esseva ligate al facto que illa al mesme tempore viagiava a [[Suisse]] pro reciper curas in un sanatorio.<ref name="Rahikainen22" /> === Morte del patre === Södergran continuava su studios, ma in 1904 su patre se malava de [[tuberculose pulmonar]] (TBC).<ref name="Strom24">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=24–25}}</ref> In su diario medical se mentiona que ille etiam suffreva de alcoholismo. In maio 1906 ille esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]] in [[Nyland]].<ref name="Strom24" /> In octobre 1907 Matts Södergran moriva. Il es incerto qual esseva le relation inter Edith Södergran e su patre, proque illa non lo mentiona multo in le cartas o notas conservate.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=26}}</ref> === Le photographa Södergran === Södergran possedeva un camera [[Kodak Brownie]] e esseva un photographa amateur active. Le major parte de su photographias esseva facite inter 1910 e 1917. Post 1917 le situation economic del familia Södergran esseva tanto mal que illa non habeva le medios de comprar film e facer lo revelar.<ref name="Strom141">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=141}}</ref><ref name="RahikainenKamera">{{Cita libro|autor=Agneta Rahikainen|capitulo=Edith Södergran och kameran|titulo=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier|anno=1993|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|pagine=10–15}}</ref> Le motivos esseva prendite de su ambiente proxime, lo que significava tanto photographias turistic de Davos como imagines del proprietate de Södergran in le [[Istmo de Karelia]]. In total, 280 positive original e 135 [[pellicula negative|negativos]] es conservate in le archivo de Edith Södergran. Plure de su photographias ha essite publicate in le libro ''Som en eld över askan'' (1993).<ref name="Strom141" /> ''En annan Edith'' de [[Nina Ulmaja]] (2023) contine 180 photographias alternate con informationes biographic e es construite como un intercambio de cartas inter le autrice e Edith Södergran.<ref name="Ulmaja2023">{{Cita libro|autor=Nina Ulmaja|titulo=En annan Edith|anno=2023|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=978-91-1-311687-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=Nina Ulmaja förminskar Edith Södergran till en modig rebelltjej|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur/nina-ulmaja-forminskar-edith-sodergran-till-en-modig-rebelltjej/|obra=Dagens Nyheter|fecha=2023-04-26|fechaacceso=2023-05-23|idioma=sv}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:The lake Onkamo.jpg|Le lac Onkamo. File:Two cats on the stairs. Raivola.jpg|Duo cattos. File:Winter in Raivola.jpg|Inverno in Raivola. File:Wood logs on Onkamo.jpg|Flottation sur le lac Onkamo. </gallery> ==='Vaxdukshäftet' e le prime scriptura=== Le poemas del que ha devenite cognoscite como ''Vaxdukshäftet''{{efn|Le nomine esseva coniate per Olof Enckell con le publication del quaderno.<ref name="Rahikainen23">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=23}}</ref>}} esseva componite inter januario 1907 e le estate de 1909.<ref name="Strom40">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=40}}</ref> Le quaderno integre contine 238 poemas, lo que representa circa le medietate de su production conservate.<ref name="Rahikainen23" /> Le major parte del poemas es in le germano del schola, alcun poemas es in francese e un in russe. Assatis bruscamente illa passa a scriber exclusivemente in svedese; isto occurre in 1908.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=58–72}}</ref> Inter le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' que representa le annos de schola de Södergran, il ha, ultra le poemas amorose dedicate a Cottier e, in minor mesura, a le puella coetanee «K.» o «Käfrin»,<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=39}}</ref> etiam poemas con [[politica|motivos politic]] super Sankt Petersburg e le regime del tsar, ma etiam super le contraste inter le citate e le campania.<ref name="Strom31">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=31}}</ref> Le poemas de ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es predominantemente in [[forma fixe]], specialmente inspirate per [[Heinrich Heine]], qui esseva assidumente legite in le schola.<ref name="Strom34">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=34}}</ref> Alcun del poemas ha motivos de conto de fadas simile a illos que appare in su poesia posterior, ma illa scribe etiam poemas super esser poeta, un thema al qual illa retornava plus tarde in su production.<ref>{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref> Como juvene, Södergran esseva critic del religion christian e exprimeva ja in su juventute un angustia existential. In le quaderno il ha, inter altere cosas, un poema ironic super su proprie autopsia.<ref name="Rahikainen58-72" /><ref name="WittBrattstrom20-53">{{Bokref|efternomo=Witt-Brattström|prenomo=Ebba|titulo=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse|anno=1997|editor=Norstedts|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-1-971402-5|pagine=20–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|titulo=«Jag är lag i mig själv»|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/jag-ar-lag-i-mig-sjalv/|obra=Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria|autor=Ebba Witt-Brattström|fechaacceso=2021-05-18|idioma=sv}}</ref> Le quaderno esseva plus tarde date a Elmer Diktonius, qui in 1957 lo transmitteva al [[Societate litterari svedese in Finlandia]].<ref name="Strom33">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=33}}</ref> On sape que il existeva plure quadernos de poemas, inter illos un que dispariva quando le [[Blancos|parte blanc]] del [[Guerra civil finnic|guerra civil finnic]] usava le villa de Södergran in Raivola como sala de comedor.<ref name="Strom33" /> In 1908 Södergran decideva passar completemente al svedese; le poemas in germano cessava subitemente le 3 octobre 1908. Le prime poemas in svedese del ''Vaxdukshäftet'' es a vices linguisticamente maladresse, ma il es evidente que illa cercava nove formas de expression que assomiglia a le poemas de su collection de debut, ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]''. Le investigadores non sape proque Edith Södergran cambiava subitemente de lingua, ma il es evidente que le cambio de lingua esseva ligate al cambio de stilo e tematica. Le svedese, le lingua del casa, esseva probabilemente plus proxime a su io interior, que illa voleva ora exprimer in forma poetic. In 1909 illa publicava un poema, «Hoppet», in un folio pro membros del organisation juvenile del [[Partito Popular Svedese de Finlandia]], ''Vårbrytning''.<ref name="Rahikainen61-71">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=61–62, 70–71}}</ref> === Maladia e convalescentia === [[File:Edith Södergran - 14150403530.jpg|thumb|upright|Södergran, self-retrato.]] In le fin de 1908, Edith Södergran se maladeva de [[tuberculose pulmonar]]. A ille tempore le perspectivas de un recuperation complete de tuberculose pulmonar non esseva particularmente bon. Solmente con le diffusion de [[streptomicina]] post le Secunde Guerra Mundial deveniva possibile curar le morbo. 70–80 % del personas acutemente malade moriva intra un periodo de dece annos.<ref name="Strom47">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=47}}</ref> Inter le methodos de cura esseva inter altere aere fresc, exercitio e alimento nutritive.<ref name="Rahikainen25">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagine=25–26}}</ref> A pena un mense post le diagnose, le 25 de januario 1909, illa esseva admittite al [[Nummela sanatorium]]. Södergran restava a Nummela, con breve interrupciones, durante in total un anno e quatro menses (480 dies), usque al 4 de maio 1911, multo plus longe que le normal cinque menses que le personas de medios modeste poteva permitter se.<ref name="Rahikainen26">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=26}}</ref> [[File:Edith Södergran in her sickbed, Arosa.jpg|thumb|Södergran in su lecto de malade in [[Arosa]].]] Secundo investigationes plus recente, le integre estancia hospitalari de Södergran esseva relativamente positive. Poco post su arrivata a Nummela, Södergran faceva le cognoscentia del altere pacientes. Le facto que le sanatorio esseva tan parve favoriva contactos frequente con le altere pacientes, in particular con Siiri Böök, con qui illa comenciava un correspondentia. Le litteras es allegre e positive.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Södergran monstra in le litteras interesse pro su condiscipulos qui passava le examination final in 1909. Le situation economic de Södergran permitteva le melior cura que Nummela poteva offerer, e secundo le jornal medical illa se sentiva le plus del tempore ben.<ref name="Rahikainen25" /> Isto permitteva a illa retornar occasionalmente a Raivola, ubi, inter altere, illa studiava un curso de finnic pro poter passar le examination final del schola. Durante le longe dies, Södergran se refugiava in su imagination in altere paises e scribeva poemas super locos exotique.<ref name="Strom51">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=51}}</ref> Durante le annos sequente, su stato alternava inter periodos melior e pejor, lo que es typic pro le tuberculose.<ref name="Rahikainen44">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=44}}</ref> [[File:Doctor Ludwig von Muralt (14336272064).jpg|thumb|upright|Doctor Ludwig von Muralt.]] [[File:The sanitarium Davos-Dorf (14357228353).jpg|thumb|Le sanatorio Davos-Dorf, photographate per Södergran.]] Proque le situation economic de Södergran esseva bon a ille tempore, illa decideva cercar ancora melior curas in un sanatorio in [[Suisse]], que esseva le centro del tratamento del tuberculose in Europa. Initialmente illa soggiornava in un sanatorio in Arosa, ma esseva discontenta con le cura ibi.<ref name="Rahikainen83">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagine=83–85}}</ref> In januario 1912 illa se transferiva al sanatorio Davos-Dorf, ubi illa esseva curate per le alora famose Dr [[Ludwig von Muralt]]. Illa le admirava multo e le photographava.<ref name="Rahikainen28">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}</ref> Dr von Muralt proponeva un assi appellate [[pneumothorax]] sinistre. Isto significava que durante un operation on perforava le pulmone e le impleva repetitemente de [[azoto]]. Le pulmone perforate deveniva inservibile, ma illo poteva «reposar». Iste esseva un intervention commun a ille tempore.<ref name="Rahikainen28b">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=53}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=28}}; {{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran|anno=2014|editor=Förlaget|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-951-52-3342-4|pagina=92}}</ref> [[File:Arnold Boecklin-fiedelnder Tod.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Arnold Böcklin]], autoritratto con [[Morte]] qui joca le violino.]] Le tractamento e le convalescentia requireva que illa sequeva un regime stricte con dieta ric in grassia, reposo e promenadas fortificante. In Davos illa habeva etiam le occasion de explorar le vita cultural del citate. Ibi il habeva theatros, expositiones de arte, un orchestra symphonic, restaurants e multe possibilitates de education pro le juvene Södergran, simil al offerta cultural de Sankt Petersburg.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Södergran comenciava apprender le [[italiano]], ma recipeva etiam instruction private in anglese pro poter leger [[Charles Dickens]] e [[Algernon Swinburne]] in le linguas original. In addition, Södergran se interessava multo al arte visual e explorava le museos de arte in le citates vicin. Su artista favorite esseva [[Arnold Böcklin]].<ref name="Strom57">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagina=57}}</ref> Le contacto con le litteratura e le altere formation cultural deveniva importante pro le sequente vita litterari de Södergran e un elemento al qual illa retornava in su obra.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Probabilemente le estancia in Suisse esseva etiam su prime contacto con le [[futurismo]], in le forma del revista expressionista ''[[Der Sturm]]''.<ref name="Rahikainen27">{{Bokref|efternomo=Rahikainen|prenomo=Agneta|titulo=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden|anno=2014|editor=Helsingfors universitet|loco=Helsingfors|ISBN=978-952-10-9791-1|pagina=27}}</ref> Illa continuava su correspondentia con su amicos, inter illes su amica Jenny Barcker in Helsinki e le governante Kirsti Kaikkonen. Del periodo del sanatorio se conserva un taccuino, ''English Compositions'', in le qual illa scribeva breve textos biographic e summarios de articulos que illa legeva in anglese. In le quaderno il se trova un [[essay]] super, inter altere, le [[suffragio feminin]] e le movimento del [[suffragettes]]. Illa se interessava al situation politic in Finlandia e al suffragio feminin, introducite in Finlandia in 1906.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Tamen, illa non votava pro le prime vice usque al electiones parlamentar del primavera 1919. Post maio 1912, on non poteva plus deteger bacterios tubercular in ulle del pulmones de Södergran. Matre e filia Södergran approfittava del occasion pro viagiar in Europa e visitava, inter altere, [[Lucerna]] e grande citates como [[Berlin]], [[Munich]] e [[Zurich]]. Illas viagiava etiam a Italia in le primavera de 1913. In maio 1913 illas retornava a Raivola. In le autumno illas retornava a Davos. Dr von Muralt la mandava a casa in martio 1914 proque illa non habeva plus problemas respiratori. Postea illa debeva solmente visitar Nummela regularmente pro replenisar le azoto in le pulmone sinistre. Ma le tentativas esseva sin successo e etiam multo dolorose, e finalmente Södergran refusava ulle altere tractamento.<ref name="Rahikainen28" /> Le eruption del Prime Guerra Mundial significava que Södergran non poteva plus retornar a Davos.<ref name="Strom59">{{Bokref|efternomo=Ström|prenomo=Eva|titulo=Edith Södergran|anno=1994|editor=Natur och Kultur|loco=Stockholm|ISBN=91-27-03527-1|pagine=59–60}}</ref> === Debuto litterari === Södergran voleva testar si su poesia esseva apta al publication.<ref name="Rahikainen29">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 29</ref> Durante un visita a Helsinki in 1915, illa monstrava su poemas, probabilemente le quaderno de poemas que dispariva,<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> al autor e critic [[Arvid Mörne]], qui esseva multo incoragiante. Le critic litterari Gunnar Castrén esseva plus dubitante, forsan etiam proque ille considerava Södergran troppo pretentiose.<ref name="Rahikainen29" /> Le facto que illa visitava personas litterari de lingua svedese es significative pro le decision de Södergran de scriber in svedese. In maio 1916, Södergran contactava le autor [[Runar Schildt]] pro explorar le possibilitates de publicar su obras per [[Schildts|Schildts förlag]]. Su cosino, le editor [[Holger Schildt]], acceptava su poesia pro publication e publicava le libro de poemas in le Natal de 1916, tamen sin poter offerer a illa ulle [[honorar]].<ref name="Rahikainen29" /><ref name="Strom59">Ström, paginas 59–64</ref> Le collection de poemas introduceva le nove femina in le poesia svedese e se basava super le scriptos de [[Ellen Key]] e le essay ''Vom neuen Weibe und seiner Liebe'' de [[Elisabeth Dauthendey]].<ref name="Rahikainen30">Rahikainen: ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pagina 30. Vide etiam Witt-Brattström 1997, paginas 205–246 e Birgitta Holm, ”Edith Södergran och den nya kvinnan”, ''Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap'' 1990, paginas 57–64.</ref> Un del ideas central de Dauthendey esseva que le femina debe concentrar se super su amicas. Le poemas del debut de Södergran include etiam poemas amorose e poemas que tracta de varie manieras le desiro erotic e le [[sexualitate]] del femina.<ref name="Strom67">Ström, pagina 67</ref> In ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se trova plure del poemas le plus cognoscite de Södergran, per exemplo le narrative "Dagen svalnar…", super le concentration del homine super le corporeal in loco del qualitates spiritual del femina. Le ultime stropha del poema dice: {{citation2| Du sökte en blomma<br> och fann en frukt.<br> Du sökte en källa<br> och fann ett hav.<br> Du sökte en kvinna<br> och fann en själ –<br> du är besviken. |col2= Tu cercava un flor<br> e trovava un fructo.<br> Tu cercava un fonte<br> e trovava un mar.<br> Tu cercava un femina<br> e trovava un anima –<br> tu es disappunctate. |Edith Södergran|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Un altere poema ben cognoscite es ''Vierge Moderne'' ("Le virgine moderne"), que poterea esser inspirate per le figura [[androgyn]]a de [[Tintomara]] de [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist]]. Le poema contine forte symbolos erotic e ha sovente essite interpretate per medio de un linguage de symbolos psychoanalytic.<ref name="Rahikainen121">Rahikainen: ''Kampen om Edith'', pagina 121.</ref> Le poema es inter le plus frequentemente citate e comencia con le stropha: ”Io non es un femina. Io es un neutro./ Io es un infante, un page e un decision audace.” A su epocha, iste poema esseva un del plus radicales.<ref name="Strom72">Ström, paginas 72–73</ref> In le forma, ''[[Dikter (diktsamling av Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'' se distingue considerabilemente de ''Vaxdukshäftet''. Le poemas del debut es plus libere in lor forma e manca rimas, lo que rompeva con le poesia svedese traditional representate, per exemplo, per [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] e [[Zacharias Topelius]]. In contrasto, le descriptiones del natura e le pessimisme de [[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]] esseva elementos que ja habeva apparite anteriormente in le poesia nordic. Le collection de poemas se radica in un tradition romantic, ma introduce simultaneemente un forma e un thematic completemente nove in le poesia.<ref name="Strom86">Ström, pagina 86</ref> Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate forte influentias del poetas feminine del etate argentee russe e etiam del poeta german [[Else Lasker-Schüler|Elsa Lasker-Schüler]].<ref name="WittBrattstrom93">Witt-Brattström, paginas 93–133.</ref> Illa monstra etiam como reminiscientias del periodo del sanatorio in Davos reapparer in le collection del debut.<ref name="WittBrattstrom139">Witt-Brattström, paginas 139–164.</ref> Le libro del debut recipeva grande attention in le sectiones cultural del quotidianos.<ref name="Strom88">Ström, paginas 88–89</ref> Le collection esseva recensite, inter alteres, in [[Dagens press]], [[Hufvudstadsbladet]], [[Finsk tidskrift]] e [[Nya Argus]].<ref name="Strom88" /> In total, illa recipeva nove recensiones, quatro plus que Hagar Olsson recipeva pro su debut in le mesme anno. Ben que le presse provincial exprimeva un certe surprisa super le nove stilo, le libro recipeva generalmente recensiones favorabile in le principal quotidianos e revistas. Hodie le debut de Södergran es considerate le initio del modernismo lyric in le Nord.<ref name="Strom88" /> Södergran mesme esseva tamen disappunctate per le numerose errores de correction del libro e esseva etiam insatisfacite con le selection del poemas. Le editor habeva supprimite poemas que illa voleva includer.<ref name="Rahikainen30" /> === Krigsåren === In 1917 esseva un anno turbulente pro Edith Södergran. In februario, un revolution eruptava in Russia como consequentia del [[Prime Guerra Mundial]], que apportava un crise economic, fame e chaos. Le imperator [[Nikolaj II de Russia|Nikolaj II]] esseva destituite e un governamento interimari prendeva le poter. In septembre 1917, Södergran viagiava a Helsinki<ref name="Ström90">Ström, pp. 90</ref>, ubi illa incontrava plure criticos e personas del mundo litterari: Runar Schildt, [[Ruth Hedvall]], [[Olaf Homén]], [[Jarl Hemmer]], [[Hjalmar Procopé (poeta)|Hjalmar Procopé]], [[Gunnar Finne]], le cantante de opera [[Alexis af Enehjelm]], [[Ture Janson]], [[Eino Leino]], [[Juhani Aho]], [[L. Onerva]] e [[Hans Ruin]]. Le reuniones esseva un maniera tanto de promover se mesme como de obtener legitimita como autor.<ref name="Rahikainen31">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 31</ref> Illa voleva devenir parte del establimento litterari. Le incontro con Ruin es un del poc que ha essite documentate per notas immediate in su diario, durante que le majoritate del altere rencontres esseva notate annos plus tarde. Tamen, le notas de Ruin esseva revise ante de esser transmittite a Gunnar Tideström, e es super iste version modificate que un grande parte del recerca se ha basate. Secundo Rahikainen, le visita a Helsinki terminava con le deception de Södergran, proque le autores que illa incontrava pareva esser tanto conventional e burgese. Solmente le bohemic Eino Leino correspondeva a su expectationes.<ref name="Rahikainen32">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 32–33</ref> [[File:First Red Guards in Petrograd, fall 1917 cropped.jpg|thumb|Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] in Petrograd in 1917.]] Le [[Revolution de Octobre]] significava que le regime imperial esseva definitivemente terminate, quando le [[bolchevicos]], conducite per [[Lenin]], prendeva le poter. Postea le fortunas private esseva confiscate e le bursa collabeva.<ref name="Rahikainen33">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 33</ref> Le ressources economic de Södergran e de su matre deveniva assi subitemente sin valor,<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 152.</ref> proque illos esseva investite in [[valores mobil]] russe e ukrainian.<ref name="Ström94">Ström, p. 94</ref> Postea Södergran viveva del vendita de partes de lor proprietate, de ingresos temporari e del adjuta economic del editor e de altere autores.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Finlandia [[Independente de Finlandia|se declarava independente]] le 6 de decembre 1917. Isto conduceva tosto al [[Guerra civil finlandese]]. A partir de januario 1918, le [[Istmo de Karelia]] deveniva un zona de guerra, quando le [[Guardia Rubie (Finlandia)|Guardias Rubie]] occupava le region.<ref name="Rahikainen33" /> Plus tarde, post que le parte blanc habeva prendite le controlo, Södergran e su matre affittava le grande villa al stato major del parte blanc. Le sympathias burgese del familia e su antipathia verso le parte rubie, cuje actiones habeva causate le perdita de lor pecunia, ha inducite plure biographos de Södergran (per exemplo Tideström e Ström<ref>Ström, p. 95</ref>) a concluder que Edith Södergran e su matre se habeva alignate con le parte blanc. Secundo Rahikainen, tamen, nihil in le litteras de Södergran indica que illa haberea prendite un position. Le facto que le familia accommodava le parte blanc in lor villa esseva plus le resultato de un necessitate que un expression de lor position politic. In addition, illes habeva un servitrice, Aino, qui esseva un membro del Guardia Rubie.<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|pp. 130–131}}</ref> Gradualmente le parte blanc prendeva le controlo de territorios sempre plus grande in Finlandia, e a medie de maio 1918 le guerra terminava. Le guerra causava un crise economic e fame in Finlandia, aggravate per le mala recolta de 1917.<ref name="Ström94" /> Le frontiera con Russia al latere oriental del Istmo de Karelia esseva claudite, lo que affectava le population de Raivola. Illes viveva in grande parte del visitatores russe estive, e dependeva del connexion ferroviari con Petersburg. Södergran perdeva le contacto con su amicos in le citate, e multe de illes esseva germanos baltic qui fugiva o esseva internate.<ref name="Rahikainen34">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 34</ref> ===''Septemberlyran''=== Le tempore durante le guerra, Edith Södergran dedicava se in parte al scriptura de poemas. In junio 1918, poc post le fin del guerra, illa recipeva un demanda de Runar Schildt pro ulteriore material que poterea esser publicate le mesme Natal. Pro le prime vice, illa recipeva etiam un honorario (500 [[Marco finlandese|marcos]]) pro su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen35">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 34–35</ref> ''[[Septemberlyran]]'' contineva in le original (le edition de 1918) 31 poemas,<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104">Ström, pp. 103–104</ref> de que 9 es datate de septembre 1918.<ref name="Rahikainen34" /> Un version posterior (de 1949) contine in addition 14 poemas: 7 que [[Gunnar Tideström]] habeva prendite de ''Landet som icke är'', que non habeva essite publicate, e 7 que le editor habeva anteriormente eliminate. Le version de Tideström es illo sur que se basa le majoritate del editiones posterior, ma illo non es dunque basate sur le collection original. In addition, le ordine del poemas differe inter le duo versiones. In 1990, le version original esseva publicate per le [[Societate de litteratura svedese in Finlandia]], que ha publicate le scriptos complete de Edith Södergran con commentarios.<ref name="Ström, pp. 103–104"/> In comparation con ''[[Dikter (collection de poemas de Edith Södergran)|Dikter]]'', que pote esser considerate plus oniric e symbolic, ''Septemberlyran'' es expressionistic e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|nietzschean]]. Su poesia habeva entrate in un nove phase, e, inspirate per le ideal artistic de Nietzsche, illa aperi le libro con un introduction forti in le qual illa explica su nove orientation. Introductiones esseva alora relativamente inusual. In le introduction del libro, illa describe su nove poetica, in le qual illa approba le fortia dionysiac del creation, spontanee e instinctive. Illa conclude con le celebre sententia: «Il non me conveni facer me minor que io es.»<ref>{{Bokref|titulo=''Kampen om Edith : biografi och myt om Edith Södergran''|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881225201|data=2014|data de accesso=2021-05-17|isbn=978-951-52-3342-4|oclc=881225201|prenom=Agneta|nom=Rahikainen|p. 137}}</ref> ===Inspiration per Nietzsche=== [[File:Nietzsche187c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]], qui inspirava Södergran.]] Un generation plus vetule de artistas e intellectuales ante Södergran habeva discoperite le scriptos de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], e su ideas comenciava a diffunder se sempre plus durante le annos 1870 e finalmente habeva un influentia crescente super le artistas etiam in le nord de Europa.<ref>Ström, p. 98</ref> Södergran legeva Nietzsche, non solmente ''[[Sålunda talade Zarathustra|Ainsi parlava Zarathustra]]'', ma etiam ''[[Bortier del ben e del mal|Ultra le ben e le mal]]'' e probabilemente etiam ''[[Ecce Homo (libro de Friedrich Nietzsche)|Ecce Homo]]''.<ref>Ström, pp. 98–99</ref> In ille illa trovava le fortia de resister a un vita quotidian disagradabile e humilianti.<ref>Ström, p. 97</ref> [[Clas Zilliacus]] considera que tanto nietzscheanos como christianos, mysticos e [[Antroposophia|anthroposophos]] ha potite trovar conviction in su poesia.<ref name="s151">Lönnroth et al., p. 151.</ref> Le elementos nietzschean appare principalmente in su tres collectiones de 1918–1920. Le questiones de como «conservar corage e dignitate ante le suffrentia, miseria e maladia mortal» deveniva central.<ref>Lönnroth et al., p. 153.</ref> [[Carl-Göran Ekerwald]], qui scribeva un biographia de Nietzsche, considera que Nietzsche non cercava un paradiso ultra le morte, ma videva le recuperation e le equilibrio como un paradiso.<ref>Le position de Ekerwald es describite in Ström, p. 99</ref> In addition, Nietzsche criticava le [[ration]], qualcosa que Södergran, con su maniera [[intuition|intuitive]] de scriber, appreciava.<ref>Ström, p. 100</ref> Le ideas de Nietzsche super le dimension [[heroismo|heroic]] de affirmar le dolor inspirava le scriptura de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea como Södergran ancorava su ideologia e su linguage in le rhetoric e ideologia de Nietzsche. Plure altere autoras faceva le mesme. Illas trovava supporto pro lor conception del nove femina in su maniera de describer le artista. Investigatores posterior ha sostenite que le articulo del lector, in combination con le nota introductori, es un del prime manifestos litterari publicate per un femina. Le annos 1910 esseva le epocha auree del manifestos artistic, e Södergran esseva probabilemente inspirate per le manifesto futurista.<ref>Ström, p. 101</ref> ===Le debatte litterari circa ''Septemberlyran''=== Ja ante que le libro habeva essite recensite, Södergran scribeva mesme un contribution al rubrica del lectores in le jornal de Helsingfors ''[[Dagens Press]]'' le vespere de Anno Nove 1918, pro explicar un parte de su intentiones con le poemas. Iste texto es un del prime tractatos de [[poetica]] scribite per un femina in le nord de Europa (post [[Fredrika Runeberg]] e su ''Min pennas saga'', scribite al fin del annos 1860 e al initio del annos 1870, ma publicate solmente in 1946).<ref>Ulla Evers, «Det är makten, som darrar i min sko, det är makten, som rör sig i min klännings veck. Edith Södergran utmanar den manliga litterära hegemonin» (1998), p. 125. Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> {{Citation|Iste libro non es intendite pro le publico, quasi mesmo pro le circulos intellectual superior, ma solmente pro le poc individuos qui sta le plus proxime al limite del futuro.<br/> […] Le nove appare clarmente in «Es io un mentitor», «Le train del futuro» e le ultime fragmento. Ex iste poemas flue un foco plus alte, un passion plus potente que non solmente ex le obras artistic de mi passato. Io non pote adjutar ille qui non senti que es le selvage sanguine del futuro que pulsa in iste poemas.<br /> Le foco interior es le cosa le plus importante que le esser human possede. Le Terra pertine a illes qui porta intra se le musica le plus alte. Io me adressa al individuos rar e les exhorta a elevar lor musica interior, lo que significa construer super le futuro.<br /> Io mesme sacrifica cata atomo de mi fortia a mi alte objectivo, io vive le vita de un sancto, io me immerge in le plus alte cosas producite per le spirito human, io evita omne influentias de natura inferior. Io considera le vetule societate como le cellula-matre, que debe esser supportate usque le individuos erige le nove mundo. Io exhorta le individuos a laborar solmente pro le immortalitate (un expression false), a facer de se mesme le plus alte possibile – a poner se al servicio del futuro.<br /> Mi libro non habera fallite su objectivo si un sol individuo percepe le enormitate de iste arte. Io es felice de haber facite iste poemas; il existe nulle mesura con le qual on pote mesurar le amplitud del servicio que le editor ha facite pro me, publicante los. Nove tempores se apropinqua. Lo que [[Jarl Hemmer|Hemmer]] evoca in su poema «Le Columna» se prepara in le realitate. Io spero que io non remane sol con le grande cosa que io ha a portar.|Edith Södergran, «Individuell konst», 1918<ref>Citato in Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref>}} In vice de clarificar le libro, le contribution (insimul con le introduction) provocava le prime debatte circa le poesia incomprehensibile del modernismo in le lingua svedese<ref>Ström, p. 121</ref> – un debatte que esseva simile al debattes circa, inter altere, [[Birger Sjöberg]], [[Peter Weiss]] e [[Erik Lindegren]]. Le debatte circa ''Septemberlyran'' habeva loco principalmente in le alora conservator jornal national ''[[Hufvudstadsbladet]]''. Plure del commentarios concerneva le facto que un poeta femina relativemente incognite se describiva sin hesitation como talentose e con pretensiones proprie.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', pp. 36–37</ref> [[Hagar Olsson]] (1893–1978), qui scribeva pro ''[[Dagens Press]]'' e esseva un critic influente, appellava le poesia de Södergran «banal», ma monstrava tamen appreciar su elementos nietzschean e modernista. Le recension de Olsson faceva que Södergran scribeva un littera alora passionat e irate a illa. Isto deveniva le initio de un amicitia e alliance que durava tote le vita. Le proprie obra de Olsson como autor, tamen, ha durante longe tempore essite eclipsate per su amicitia con Södergran.<ref>Ström, pp. 131–132</ref> ===Le amicitia con Hagar Olsson=== [[File:Hagar Olsson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hagar Olsson]], con qui Södergran correspondeva durante multe annos post le publication de ''[[Septemberlyran]]'', e qui insimul con [[Elmer Diktonius]] publicava postumemente le obra de Södergran ''Landet som icke är''.]] Södergran e Hagar Olsson comenciava a corresponder in januario 1919. {{Citation|Que etate ha vos? Sanitate? Nervos? Io desira que vos essere san e habe le fortia. Date un breve biographia! Seniora o seniorina? Qual grado de instruction? Io: residentia: Raivola, Petrischülerin, tuberculose a 16 annos, Nummela, Davos, pneumothorax artificial, attende le invention del medicamento contra le tuberculose|Ex le secunde littera de Edith Södergran a Hagar Olsson<ref name="Rahikainen40">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 40</ref>}} Il habeva multe similitudes inter Södergran e Olsson: illas esseva quasi coetanee, ambes habeva crescite in le [[Istmo de Karelia]], habeva un fundo social e un nivello de instruction similar. Hagar Olsson, filia de un pastor, habeva studiate in un del melior scholas pro puellas de Finlandia, in Viborg. Ambes esseva curiosas citatanas del mundo e parlava plure linguas. Illas questionava le structuras traditional de poter patriarcal e se interessava al ideas circa le nove femina; insuper, illas esseva fascinante per [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] e le nove litteratura, que plus tarde venirea a esser appellate modernismo. Tamen, in contraste con Olsson, Södergran habeva viagiate plus per Europa e cognosceva melio le poesia russe contemporanee. Olsson, per contra, habeva un sfera de interesses plus ample e laborava pro un salario.<ref name="Rahikainen41">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 41</ref> Al initio, lor relation girava circum le nietzscheanismo e le futurismo, per exemplo circa le maniera de diffunder le cognoscentia de iste estheticas in Finlandia. Le futurista alora le plus famose, [[Igor Severjanin]] (Igor Vasiljevich Lotarev), un autor que Södergran admirava, esseva un del personas que illa voleva invitar pro fundar un colonia artistic.<ref name="Rahikainen42">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 42</ref> Ja in februario del mesme anno, le amicas se incontrava pro le prime vice, quando Olsson visitava Raivola durante alcun dies. In total, illas se incontrarea cinque vices.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–140</ref> Durante le quatro annos sequente, usque al morte de Södergran, illa inviava plus de 90 litteras a Olsson (inter le 250 que ha essite conservate).<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Iste litteras es le principal fonte de information super le vita de Södergran durante plus de tres annos. Isto es problematic, proque Södergran describe rarmente su vita private e, quando illa lo face, illa procura presentar se como un artista creative.<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Al initio del correspondentia, le tono del litteras de Södergran es exuberantemente positive, ma quando Olsson deveni le poeta, illa deveni sempre plus irritate e mesmo [[gelosia|gelose]].<ref name="Rahikainen42" /> Olsson representava un cambiamento pro Södergran, qui, como [[unic filia|filia unic]], habeva essite adorate per su matre e habeva frequentemente obtenite lo que illa voleva.<ref name="Ström137">Ström, p. 137</ref> In le litteras a Hagar Olsson, Södergran appare a vices como un amica satis difficile e exigente.<ref>Ström, pp. 138–139</ref> In 1955, Olsson publicava partes del correspondentia inter illa e Södergran, con commentarios de Olsson.<ref name="Ström137" /> Tamen, le litteras de Olsson a Södergran non ha essite conservate, lo que significa que su parte in le relation esseva reconstruite posteriormente, 30 annos plus tarde.<ref name="Rahikainen43">Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', p. 43</ref> Esseva etiam Olsson qui redigeva le collection de poemas ''[[Rosenaltaret]]'' e poneva Södergran in contacto con Elmer Diktonius in martio 1922, lo que, in alcun mesura, deveniva un alleviamento pro Hagar Olsson como interlocutrice intellectual de Södergran. Ebba Witt-Brattström ha sublineate como le duo se inspirava reciprocamente in un forma de «modernismo sororal».<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref> Verso le fin del vita de Södergran, le amicas se allontanava e lor contacto concerneva principalmente le labores de traduction de Södergran, ma un del ultime litteras de Södergran esseva adressate a Olsson.<ref name="Ström140" /> === Poesia posterior e aforismos === Le annos 1918–1919 constitue le periodos plus productive de Södergran. Solmente cinque menses post ''Septemberlyran'' appare su proxime collection de poemas, ''Rosenaltaret'' (1919).<ref>Ström, pag. 141–142</ref> Como le vice precedente, illa recipe 500 marcas como honorario del editoria Schildts. Le collection es, como su predecessor, orientate verso le [[bellett|bellezza]] e le sentimento de esser seligite.<ref>Ström, pag. 148</ref> Un serie de poemas dedicate anonymemente a Olsson, «le soror», se trova in ''[[Rosenaltaret]]''.<ref>Tideström, ''Edith Södergran'', 1991 pag. 166–188; Olsson, ''Ediths brev'' 1973 (1955) pag. 11–43</ref> Le serie esseva plus ludic que le altere poemas e esseva insimul un del favoritas personal de Södergran.<ref>Ström, pag. 151</ref> Un altere poema es dedicate al doctor Ludwig von Muralt.<ref>Ström, pag. 152</ref> Le collection es plen de motifs de contos de fe, como reginas, feos e elfos, e equalmente de motifs del litteratura de horrore, como phantomas, demones e vampiros. In plus, il ha forte allusiones nietzschean, con un sacerdotessa de templo como un del voces narrante e [[Zarathustra]] mentionate. Le deos [[Diana]], [[Afrodite]] e [[Vishnu]] appare tamben. Ebba Witt-Brattström sublinea le motivo recurrente de Blancaneve, particularmente forte in ''Rosenaltaret'', ma ja presente in ''Vaxdukshäftet''.<ref name="Rahikainen46">Rahikainen, pag. 46</ref> Le reception de ''Rosenaltaret'' esseva plus frigide, ma le critic e autor [[Arvid Mörne]], in ''Dagens Press'', considerava que ''Rosenaltaret'' revelava «un imagination poetic extraordinari».<ref>''Dagens Press'', citate in Ström, pag. 153</ref> In 1919 Södergran submitteva tamben duo altere libros al editoria Schildts, que esseva intendite esser publicate insimul sub le titulo ''Planeterna stiga''.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Un de illos esseva un collection de aforismos, que esseva publicate como obra separate e recipeva le titulo ''Brokiga iakttagelser''. Le tenue volumine contineva 74 aforismos e esseva publicate in le autumno de ille anno. ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' non ha recipite tanto attention como le altere textos de Södergran. Inter le aforismos se trova plure que gira circa [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] e [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], lo que pote esser ligate al necessitate de Södergran de un leader forte capace de cambiar le situation sur le Istmo Carelian.<ref>Ström, pag. 155</ref> [[Tua Forsström]] critica in su [[essay]] ''Den heta villan'' le elitismo de Södergran e indica specialmente ''Brokiga iakttagelser'', que, secundo Forsström, face del collection de aforismos le puncto le plus basse del obra de Södergran.<ref name="Ström155">Citate in Ström, pag. 155–156</ref> Le recerca posterior ha tamen attribuite plus meritos al collection, e in 2010 [[Ellerströms förlag|Ellerströms]] publicava un volumine collective con tote le aforismos, tanto ''Brokiga iakttagelser'' como le serie de aforismos ''Tankar om naturen'' de 1922, e, como supplemento, alcun notas del tempore passate in le sanatorios. Le secunde libro, le collection de poemas ''Framtidens skugga'', esseva differite per le editoria pro non perturbar le venditas del collection de aforismos.<ref>Ström, pag. 154</ref> Le separation del libros dava al collection de aforismos un peso que Södergran nunquam habeva intendite dar a illo.<ref>Ström, pag. 157</ref> Le tempore permitteva tamben a Södergran de entrar in un nove fase, e illa mesmo considerava le poema «Animalisk hymn», submittite tarde, como obsolete e insipide.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> Con le collection de poemas ''[[Framtidens skugga]]'' – le prime proposition pro le titulo esseva «Köttets mysterier» – culmina le visiones exhortative de Södergran, e le ardor quasi [[cosmic]] del poemas parla de un mundo renovate post le guerras e catastropha que ora devastava le terra<ref>Ström, pag. 160–161</ref> – Raivola, como jam mentionate, esseva un zona de guerra in 1918, e etiam plus tarde Södergran poteva audir le detonations del cannones desde le fenestra del cocina. Illa poteva sequer le [[Kronstadtupproret|insurrection in le base naval russe de Kronstadt]], situate a alcun decenas de kilometros verso le sud in le [[Golfo de Finlandia]]. Alcun poemas gira circa un figura feminine que jongla con planetas e stellas, dum alteres se distanzia del superhomine nietzschean que proclama e avança, pro retornar verso un natura plus tranquille, como in le prime collection de poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen46" /> In le poema «Makt», illa scribe: «Io seque nulle lege. Io es le lege in me mesme./ Io es le homine qui prende.» Le poeta assume le rol de [[sibilla]], duce militar o simplemente del intermediaria eligite per [[Eros]]: {{citation2|[…] Jag känner dig, Eros: <br /> du är icke man och kvinna, <br /> du är den kraft <br /> som sitter nerhukad i templet <br /> för att resa sig, vildare än ett skrän, <br /> häftigare än en slungad sten <br /> slunga ut förkunnelsens träffande ord över världen, <br /> ur det allsmäktiga templets dörr |col2= […] Io te cognosce, Eros: <br /> tu non es viro ni femina, <br /> tu es le fortia <br /> que sede curvate in le templo <br /> pro levar se, plus selvage que un crito, <br /> plus vehemente que un petra lanceate <br /> e lancear super le mundo le parolas incisive del proclamation, <br /> ex le porta del omnipotente templo. |''[[Framtidens skugga]]''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Malgrado le tono visionari, Edith Södergran esseva [[ateismo|ateista]] durante iste periodo de exaltation. Le transformation que illa describe, secundo su conception, deberea esser create per un nove humanitate ducite per «le spirito le plus forte» (le superhomines de Nietzsche, vide per exemplo le poemas ''Botgörarna'' e ''Först vill jag bestiga Chimborazzo''). Quando illa gradualmente dava loco in su poemas a un confidentia plus positive in le natura e le divinitate, isto significava un certe alleviation del expectationes ecstatic que le manteneva elevate super le vita quotidian – un attender e accumulation de energia que non poteva esser mantenite indefinitemente – ma etiam un comenciamento de congedo del visiones nietzschean del futuro. Le secunde parte de ''Framtidens skugga'' contine plure poemas super le morte.<ref>Ström, pag. 163</ref> Durante le autumno de 1919, [[Irene Leopold]] comparava in un recension in ''Hufvudstadsbladet'' le lyrica in prosa de Södergran e Olsson, describente illas, insimul con [[Ragnar Ekelund]], como le sol «expressionistas pur-sang» de Finlandia.<ref>Rahikainen, pag. 47</ref> === Antroposofi e christianismo === Durante 1920, Södergran contraheva le [[grippe espaniol]] e remaneva in lecto con febre.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 46–48</ref> Illa usava le tempore inter alia pro leger. Post haber legite e multo appreciate le libro de Hagar Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'', Södergran comenciava a approximar se al conceptiones christian, quo deveniva plus e plus visibile in su textos posterior. Isto produceva, inter alia, un tentativa, que Olsson considerava impossibile, de conciliar [[Deo]] e Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 156–157</ref> Post esser initialmente sceptic — ab su juventute illa habeva timite le supernatural — illa legeva plus textos [[antroposophia|antroposophic]] de [[Rudolf Steiner]], con crescente enthusiasm. Södergran voleva recrutar plus anthroposophos e communica su nove interesse a Olsson e al autores [[Vilhelm Ekelund]], [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] e Elmer Diktonius. Illa supponeva que illes condivideva su enthusiasm, ma esseva disappointate quando Olsson non divideva su fascination.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 47–48</ref> Post haber recipite duo summas de moneta inesperate — un del editoria [[Schildts]] e un collectate per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] — Södergran poteva adherer al Societate Anthroposophic, proque certe partes del textos de Steiner esseva accessibile solmente al membros.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 48</ref> Un fonte importante de inspiration esseva le obra de Steiner ''Kärnpunkterna i den sociala frågan'', que Södergran associava con le doctrinas de Nietzsche.<ref>Ström, p. 170–171</ref> Inter le biographos existe speculationes super le orientation politic de Södergran. Tanto Tideström como Ström considera que Södergran esseva un "innocente politic", un opinion que illes fundava inter alia super le notas commemorative de Helena Södergran e super un questionario pro le encyclopedia ''[[Vem och vad]]'', al qual le poeta respondeva. Ebba Witt-Brattström, in contrasto, sustine que Södergran esseva multo consciente politic e habeva interesses politic radical, que illa exprimeva per su poesia, specialmente in su poemas de juventute.<ref>Ström, p. 172–174</ref> Post un periodo de grande difficultates — su amate catto Totti esseva occidite per un colpo de arma, le pandemia de [[grippe espaniol]] habeva affectate su vita, e matre e filia Södergran se trovava in difficultates economic — le problemas de conciliar le doctrinas de Nietzsche e Steiner faceva que Södergran considerava abandonar le poesia. Illa sentiva que le antroposophia impediva la crear. Su extase del ''Septemberlyran'' habeva disparite e con illo etiam le desiro de scriber.<ref>Ström, p. 174–176</ref> Illa continuava tamen a explorar le doctrinas de Steiner, se implicava marginalmente in le operationes de adjuta del [[Croce Rubie]] e considerava laborar como traductrice.<ref>Ström, p. 177</ref> Specialmente illa se interessava al refugiatos qui transversava le glacie veniente de [[Kronstadt]], durante le revolta del marinarios russe contra le direction bolchevique. Le marinarios esseva internate in campos de concentration sur le [[Istmo Kareli|Istmo de Karelia]].<ref name=":0" /> In le autumno de 1920, Södergran incontrava Svea Öberg, un soror del congregation que etiam viveva in [[Raivola]]. Öberg inspirava Södergran a leger le [[Nove Testamento]] e le [[Psalterio]], quo intensificava su desiderio de un religion plus orientate verso le sentimento que le philosophia natural de Steiner.<ref name=":0" /> Le vespere de anno nove de 1921, Södergran revelava que illa esseva occupate a traducer al germano le romanzo aliquanto pompose de Olsson, ''Kvinnan och nåden''.<ref>Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> === Relation con Elmer Diktonius === In martio 1922 Södergran incontra pro le prime vice [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), qui, al invitation de Hagar Olsson, habeva viagiate a Raivola. Le juvene Diktonius habeva un fundo musical, ma habeva recentemente debuttate como autor e critico litterari, e Olsson videva in ille un possibile nove amico pro Södergran. Södergran e Diktonius se accordava ben. Postea Diktonius reportava a Olsson: {{Citation|Si, tu sape: illa irradia vermente. Södergran. E io ha vidite nulle persona rider como illa. Tanto superhomine e tanto pauc homine. Nulle corpore, ma un testa magnific. Illa diceva: Hagar me odia certo. Io la assecurava que no, on non pote odiar un tal persona.|[[Elmer Diktonius]]<ref>Elmer Diktonius, ''Brev'' (1995), p. 52, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref>}} Illa se describe assi a Diktonius: «Mi destino exterior ha tres lineas marcate: solitate, maladia, nulle realisation de desiros terrestre.»<ref>Södergran, Edith, ''Brev. Edith Södergrans samlade skrifter 2'', Helsingfors: SSLS 1996, citate in Rahikainen, p. 51</ref> Durante iste periodo, Södergran habeva plure conflictos con Olsson e, durante certe periodos, cessava scriber a illa e se adressava in vice a Diktonius, inter altere cosas pro demandar poemas a traducer al germano.<ref name="Rahikainen, sid 52">Rahikainen, p. 52</ref> Durante 1922 Södergran laborava a traducer autores de poesia finland-svedese — inter illes Diktonius, Hagar Olsson, [[Ragnar Rudolf Eklund]], [[Erik Grotenfelt]], [[Jarl Hemmer]] e se mesme — al germano, pro lor diffusion ulterior in le mundo.<ref name="Ström140">Ström, p. 140</ref><ref name="Ström178">Ström, p. 178–180</ref> Le projecto esseva ambiciose, e Hagar Olsson avertiva Södergran que traductiones de poetas bastante incognite essereb probabilemente refusate in Germania, qualcosa que, secundo illa, poterea gravemente affliger Södergran.<ref name="Ström178" /> In le autumno de 1922, Södergran terminava su labor de traduction e lo inviava, per medio de alcun amicos, al editoria german [[Rowohlt]]. Le crise del economia german post le Prime Guerra Mundial faceva que le libro de Södergran esseva refusate. Illa decideva alora de pagar le impression con su proprie pecunia, ma post plure discussiones con le editoria german, illa cambiava de idea e ardeva le manuscripto, con le exception de su traduction del romanzo de Olsson ''Kvinnan och nåden'' (1919).<ref name=":0" /> ===''Ultra'' e un crescente celebritate=== Durante 1922, Olsson e alcun altere personas fundava le revista litterari modernista ''[[Ultra (tidskrift)|Ultra]]''. Olsson tentava persuader Södergran a contribuer, ma illa esseva inicialmente hesitante, proque illa timeva que le revista esseva troppo politic.<ref>[http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- Edith Södergran, un spada in le lucta pro le futuro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223045615/http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden- |date=2015-12-23 }} {{Wayback|url=http://tidningenkulturen.se/index.php/litteratur/litteratur-portraett/15225-edith-soedergran-ett-svaerd-i-kampen-foer-framtiden-|date=20151223045615}}, [[Elisabeth Brännström]], [[Tidningen Kulturen]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Post haber vidite le prime numero ante su publication, tamen, illa inviava plure contributiones, tanto poemas como essays,<ref name="Rahikainen53">Rahikainen, p. 52–54</ref> e un articulo super su idol, le ego-futurista [[Igor Severjanin]].<ref>Ström, p. 181–182</ref> Olsson riusciva finalmente a persuader le redaction que ''Ultra'' deberea publicar un numero thematic dedicate a Edith Södergran. In ille numero esseva publicate plure poemas de Södergran, insimul con un articulo de Diktonius con le titulo «Edith Södergran. Kritisk hyllning».<ref>[http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- Kritisk hyllning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223044556/http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=2015-12-23 }} {{Wayback|url=http://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnabn19221031-01.2.8&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN----- |date=20151223044556 }}, Elmer Diktonius, Tidskriften Ultra, Project Blue Mountain, [[Princeton University]], consultate le 22 decembre 2015</ref> Tamen, Södergran habeva jam passate a un nove fase de su poesia e non voleva recognoscer se in le description admirative que Diktonius faceva de illa e de su poemas.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Ben que ''Ultra'' nunquam deveniva un projecto de longe duration, illo contribueva a facer que sempre plus lectores discoperiva Södergran, e Diktonius faceva su parte pro diffunder su poemas. Inter altere cosas, ille dedicava un articulo integre a Södergran in un grande serie de articulos in ''[[Arbetarbladet (Finland)|Arbetarbladet]]'', ubi ille tractava le mal maniera in que illa habeva essite tractate per le criticos e le facto que su poemas non esseva plus disponibile pro compra.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Plus tarde ille scribeva super illa etiam in le jornal ''[[Frihet (tidning)|Frihet]]'' e in plure jornales e revistas finlandese.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> Le crescente celebritate de Södergran se manifesta etiam in su participation in un anthologia de poemas in januario 1923, quando le investigador litterari [[Erik Kihlman]] publicava ''Ur Finlands svenska lyrik''. Le obra contine ni minus que 14 poemas de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen53" /> In le mesme periodo, illa abandonava finalmente le periodo nietzschean, inter alia como consequentia del correspondentia con Elmer Diktonius.<ref>Ström, p. 182–183</ref> Illa comprendeva que su poesia poterea haber incitate a un politica destructive e nocive. Isto esseva qualcosa pro le qual illa non voleva assumer responsabilitate.<ref>Ström, p. 185</ref> Durante le secunde medietate de 1922, illa comenciava ergo a scriber de novo. Illa scribeva tanto poemas como aphorismos, in le quales se trova un melancholia natural e un resignation ante le morte.<ref>Ström, p. 185–187</ref> === Le ultime tempore === In le autumno e inverno de 1922, e durante le primavera de 1923, Södergran habeva sempre plus de difficultate a respirar e su stato general se deteriorava.<ref>Ström, p. 187</ref> Simultaneemente, su relation con Olsson meliorava, e Olsson voleva que Helena Södergran inviava su filia a un sanatorio. Ma le filia habeva ja decidite in 1914 de refusar ulteriores curationes hospitalari.<ref name="Rahikainen55">Rahikainen, p. 55–56</ref> Durante le primavera de 1923, illa recipeva un donation anonym (de Jarl Hemmer, transmittite per Hagar Olsson).<ref name="Ström188">Ström, p. 188</ref> In su ultime litteras a Olsson, Diktonius e alteres, Södergran describeva como illa suffereva de sever [[dispnea]]. Tamen, illa remaneva de bon humor.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> {{Citation|Non oblida me ora, forte tempesta. Io recipeva un carta de Hagar, le campos de narcissus de Les Avants. Isto es un tempore multo dur pro me ora. Debile. Io non supporta le stimulation del lumine, ni le sonos.|Ex un del ultime litteras de Edith Södergran, a Elmer Diktonius<ref name="Rahikainen55" />}} Durante le ultime tempore de su vita, illa destrueva tote le litteras que illa habeva recipite, insimul con plure poemas.<ref>Ström, p. 193</ref> Illa non voleva conservar nihil pro «le vermes de cadavere qui scribe biographias».<ref>Rahikainen, ''Kampen om Edith'', p. 207</ref> Edith Södergran moriva quietemente e pacificamente le die de [[San Johanne]] 1923, in su domo in [[Raivola]].<ref name="Ström188" /> Post su morte, su matre trovava lo que probabilemente esseva su ultime poemas, ''Ankomst till Hades'' e le devote ''Landet som icke är'', que plus tarde deveniva un del poemas plus amate de Södergran.<ref name="Ström188" /> Ambes ha essite interpretate como religiose, ma illes non presenta signos inequivocamente christian-religiose.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Le morte de Södergran esseva un choc pro le major parte de su proximes. Hagar Olsson se sentiva culpabile pro non haber visitate Raivola recentemente, un circumstantia que possibilemente esseva le ration pro le qual illa non scribeva un necrologio ante un medie anno post le morte de su amica.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Elmer Diktonius, in vice, scribeva un [[necrologio]] in ''Arbetarbladet'': {{Citation|Le juvene generation de poetas del Nord ha perdite su grande parve matre. Le mundo ha perdite un del plus grande feminas creative de tote le tempore. Finlandia ha perdite qualcosa que illo rarmente possedeva: un genio, un mente genial.|Elmer Diktonius, ''Arbetarbladet'', 6 junio 1923, citate in Rahikainen, cap. 4<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" />}} Diktonius accentuava tamben quanto malade Södergran habeva essite. Le contraste inter le maladia e su genio es le imagine que ille voleva crear, e como un del personas qui scribeva le plus super Södergran, ille contribuiva a propagar iste imagine.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ma Diktonius reagiva tamben al facto que [[Arthur Eklund]] habeva describite le loco natal de Södergran, Raivola, como provincial. Iste imagine de Raivola se diffundeva plus tarde e entrava tamben in le studios super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Ture Janson]] scribeva un texto de tono humorous in ''[[Allas Journal]]'' super plure personas recentemente decedite, e deveniva assi un del prime personas a qualificar Södergran como modernista.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Le anteriormente aliquanto critic Jarl Hemmer comparava illa con [[Santa Birgitta]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] e [[Carl Jonas Love Almqvist|Almqvist]], proque tote illes divideva elementos [[Profetia|profetic]].<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Multes del textos commemorative redigite poc post le morte de Södergran abandonava le question de si su poemas esseva bon o mal e comenciava in vice a discuter su loco in le [[canone cultural|canone cultural]] del litteratura de Finlandia in lingua svedese, proque deveniva clar que su poesia habeva venite pro remaner.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Le sepulcro de Södergran e le ultime poemas === [[File:Могила Эдит Седергран.jpg|thumb|Le lapide commemorative de Edith Södergran.]] Södergran esseva interrate in le cemeterio del village, con un simple cruce de ligno como monumento sepulcral.<ref name="Ström190">Ström, p. 190–191</ref> Un poco plus de trenta personas del village esseva presente.<ref name="Rahikainen55" /> Su ultime poemas esseva colligite e redigite per Elmer Diktonius e recipeva un prefacio de Hagar Olsson. Le editoria Schildts pagava 2000 marchas pro le collection de poemas, le plus grande honorario unquam pagate pro un del libros de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> Le collection esseva publicate in 1925 sub le titulo ''[[Landet som icke är]]''. Post le morte de su filia, Helena Södergran videva admiratores e jornalistas visitar Raivola. Dece annos post le morte de Södergran, le simple cruce de ligno esseva reimplaciate per un lapide commemorative create per le sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen. Le lapide esseva destruite durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, quando le ecclesia e le cemeterio de Raivola esseva devastate. In 1960, le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] erigeva un nove lapide commemorative con un poema de Södergran como inscription:<ref name="Ström190" /> {{citation2|Se här är evighetens strand,<br /> här brusar strömmen förbi,<br /> och döden spelar i buskarna<br /> sin samma entoniga melodi.|col2=Vide hic le litore del eternitate,<br /> hic le corrente murmura passante,<br /> e le morte joca inter le arbustos<br /> su sempre monotone melodia.|''Ankomst till Hades''|llengua1={{sv}}|llengua2={{ia}}}} Le matre remaneva in le village usque 1939.<ref name="Ström190" /> Quando le village esseva evacuate durante le [[Guerra de inverno]], Helena Södergran se transfereva a Jorois e moriva poc postea. Pauco post, Raivola esseva destruite, e tanto le ecclesia como le domo de Södergran esseva comburite. Desde alora, le monumento sepulcral de Edith Södergran ha disparite.<ref name="Ström190" /> Per le [[Pace de Moscova|Pace de Moscova]] de 1940, le village deveniva territorio sovietic e hodie ancora pertine a Russia. In russo, Raivola se appella Rosjtjino ({{lang-ru|Рощино}}). Usque al dissolution del [[Union Sovietic]], le possibilitate de visitar le village esseva multo limitate.<ref name="Ström190" /> Nihil resta hodie del domo de Edith Södergran. In 1995, le ecclesia orthodoxe esseva reconstruite in le mesme loco que le ecclesia precedente. In 1992, cento annos post le nascentia de Södergran, un statua de su catto favorite Totti esseva erigite in le jardin de Södergran.<ref name="Ström190" /> <gallery> File:Edith Södergran's grave with a wooden cross and a bench.jpg|Le sepulcro de Södergran, con un simple cruce de ligno. File:Edith Södergran's grave, the memorial stone replaced the wooden cross, 1937.jpg|Le lapide commemorative erigite per le [[Finlands svenska författareförening]] in 1933 e disparite durante le [[Guerra de inverno]]. File:Parland Tallqvist.jpg|[[Oscar Parland]] (a sinistra) e [[J.O. Tallqvist]] parlava quando le [[monumento commemorative]] a Edith Södergran esseva inaugurate in 1960 in [[Raivola]]. </gallery> == Obra litterari == [[File:Landet som icke är.jpeg|right|thumb|Le copertura de ''Landet som icke är'', publicate postumemente in 1925.]] Le production de Södergran non es particularmente extensive — cinque collectiones de poemas, un libro de aphorismos, duo collectiones de poemas non publicate e un correspondentia de litteras (240 litteras es conservate). Secundo le investigator de Södergran [[Agneta Rahikainen]], tote su obra pote esser continite «in un sol volumine de 375 paginas».<ref name="Rahikainen6">[[Agneta Rahikainen]], [https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/44023/rahikainen_avhandling.pdf ''Poeten och hennes apostlar – En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden''] (pdf), dissertation academic, Facultate de Humanitates, [[Universitate de Helsinki]], 2014, p. 6–7</ref> Su periodo active como poeta se extende super circa 15 annos.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Illa scribeva su poemas in germano, francese, russo e svedese, e su obra ha essite traducite in circa trenta linguas, inter illos russo, anglese, espaniol<ref>Le traduction espaniol es mentionate inter altere in [[Ana Paula Tavares]]: ''Salomes huvud'' (2014), Panta Rei</ref>, khmer e chinese. In contrasto, existe un quantitate considerabile de investigationes, libros, [[monographia]]s e altere textos super Södergran e su obra.<ref name="Åttio">Backman, Carita e Siv Storå: ''Åttio år – Edith Södergran – verk och reception'' (1996), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</ref> Solmente inter 1980 e 2014 esseva producite al minus dece dissertationes doctoral super Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainen6" /> Le poemas de Södergran esseva frequentemente classificate como [[expressionismo]], ma plus tarde le expression lyric se expandiva e illa deveniva considerate un modernista.<ref name="Bokskogen" /> {{Citation|Illa creava un nove linguage, un metalinguage. Le parolas rememora le svedese, ma le similitude es deceptive. Plus secur es considerar los como [[eolic]] e consultar un dictionario, e iste dictionario es le poesia de Södergran.|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="Lönnroth et al., s. 155"/>}} Le litteratura finland-svedese del initio del 20e seculo consisteva in grande parte de representationes del [[paisaneria]], con foco super le archipelago e le campania.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le poesia de Södergran, con su orientation plus europee e su forma libere, esseva pionieristic. Illa deveniva un modello stilistic importante del lyric modernista in svedese e habeva plure sequitores in Finlandia; inter illes se distingue [[Elmer Diktonius]] (1896–1961), [[Gunnar Björling]] (1887–1960) e [[Rabbe Enckell]] (1903–74). In Svedia, illa deveniva un guida importante pro numerose poetas, ab [[Gunnar Ekelöf]] e [[Karin Boye]] in avante, e Ekelöf scribeva in un littera a [[W. H. Auden]] le sequente super Södergran: {{Citation|Illa es un poeta lyric multo grande, a mi judicio del mesme classe que [[Anna Achmatova|Akhmatova]] o ancora plus grande, un juvene svedese in le dispersion, un del nostre byzantinas, coragiose e amorose como vostre [[Emily Brontë]]. Es triste que un tal ave rar debe esser sepultate pro le mundo in un tumba super le qual le guerra ha passate plure vices. Illa pertine al mundo, mesmo si su lingua pote parer un ancian dialecto [[eolic]].|Citate de Lönnroth et al., ''Den svenska litteraturen'' vol. 3, p. 151.<ref name="s151"/>}} Le investigator [[Holger Lillqvist]] tamen considera que le modernistas Hagar Olsson, Rabbe Enckell, Gunnar Ekelöf e Elmer Diktonius influentiava le imagine de Södergran con le intention de construer le modernismo como movimento e le mito del genio solitari e incomprehendite.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Pro isto, su destino ha essite comparate, inter altere, con le de altere autores solitari con biographias devenite mythic, como [[Emily Brontë]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Emily Dickinson]] e [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist" /> Le facto que Södergran habitava in le remote zona frontalier de Karelia, sin grande influentia intellectual proveniente del culturas del grande citates, deveniva un imagine commun, etiam sustenite per le amicos de Södergran, Olsson e Diktonius. Possibilemente Södergran non habeva narrate multo a illes super su vita in Svizzera o super su annos al schola in Petersburg, o forsan le ultime annos, quando illa viveva in conditiones paupere, influentiava tote le imagine de su fundo personal.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> === Divisiones e interpretationes === Le opera litterari de Södergran es variabile, ma illo ha quandoque essite dividite in alcun phases: le poemas de juventute, que es romantic; le prime collection de poemas, plus symbolic e decadent; le tres collectiones sequente, que es expressionistic; e le poemas plus tarde, religiose e de tono plus moderate, con motivos natural.<ref name="Rahikainen6">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 6</ref> Un del prime personas qui divideva le scriptura de Södergran in periodos esseva [[Agnes Langenskjöld]], in su libro ''Litterära studier'' (1923). Illa considerava que le debut habeva "un desiderio de vita dirigite verso le exterior", que illo esseva sequite per "un meditation mystic dirigite verso le interior", deinde per "un inebriation intellectual sin mesura", e que illo terminava con un "melancholia incurabile, de coloration [[Panteismo|panteistic]]".<ref name="Rahikainenkap4">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Olof Enckell qualifica le poemas del annos de schola e juventute de "bagatellar" e de typic "poesia de convento", dum Tideström appella le poemas juvene "poesia de puella scholastic".<ref name="Rahikainen25">Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 25</ref> [[Ernst Brunner]] ha dividite su production in le partes "alienation", "elevation" e "sublimation".<ref>Brunner, Ernst: "Till fots genom solsystemen. En studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism", 1985</ref> Le grande variationes inter sentimentos e expressiones que differ inter se, per exemplo le gaudio de viver e le desiderio de morte, ha create numerose possibilitates de interpretation. Sub le direction de Gunnar Tideström e Olof Enckell, su obra ha essite legite in un maniera biographic e psychologic: con le appoio de Hagar Olsson, illes ha fortemente promovite le imagine de Södergran como un infante natural autodidacte, solitari e isolate, semper gravemente malade.<ref name="Rahikainen13" /> Plus recentemente, le recerca sur Södergran ha devenite sempre plus centrate sur le analyse del textos, e su biographia ha equalmente essite revisate. Investigatores como [[Holger Lillqvist]] considera que forsan il non es plus possibile leger Södergran sin esser influentiate per le imagine generalmente diffundite de illa como un persona mortalmente malade.<ref name="RahikainenLillqvist">Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, mentionate in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 16</ref> Lillqvist considera etiam que Södergran pertine plus tosto al tradition litterari romantic-symbolistic, o al tradition postromantic, que al [[Modernistisk litteratur|modernismo]].<ref>Lillqvist, Holger: Avgrund och paradis, 2001, discutite in Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 4</ref> Quando Södergran cambiava su lingua principal in 1908, ab germano a svedese, illa passava ab un poesia de forma fixe a un poesia plus libere; le [[rim]]es esseva substituite per pensamentos plus associative, e le forma per le vita emotional.<ref>Rahikainen: Poeten och hennes apostlar, pagina 24</ref> === Le recognition de Södergran === Le reputation de Södergran como poeta durante su vita es discutite. Le prime investigadores e lor sequaces considerava que Södergran non habeva essite multo discutite per le criticos. In parte, isto esseva debite al facto que illes non comprendeva su obras, e il deberea passar longe tempore post su morte ante que le appreciation de su grande talento se stabilisarea. Quattuordecim annos post le morte de Södergran, per exemplo, le autor [[Jarl Hemmer]] considerava que su poesia esseva sin dubita importante, ma ille non credeva que illa poterea esser appreciate per le grande publico: «Nulle parco public del multitudine essera illa jammais; a isto se opone le abundantia de umbras terribile e de lumine ardente, de plantas rampante que captiva e de flores con un odor morbide e estranie.» Ille adde tamen immediatemente: «Ma le dece prime visitatores ha jam devenite cento – nihil impedi que un die illes deveni mille.»<ref name="Bokskogen">''Bokskogen'', paginas 165–170, [[Trygve Söderling]], Söderstöms, 2006, {{ISBN|951-52-2281-8}}</ref> Le recerca plus recente, como celle de Rahikainen (2014), sustene que Södergran debutava in un epocha durante le qual le poesia finlandese de lingua svedese habeva comenciate a florir. Inter altere cosas, le forma plus libere de su poesia e su position como poeta femina qui *non* dava a su collectiones titulos como «Tentativas de poesia» faceva que ja su prime collection de poemas recipeva recensiones in un grande numero de periodicos in Finlandia. In general, le feuilletons e recensiones publicate sub [[pseudonym]]os esseva plus criticos verso le poesia de Södergran, durante que le recensiones per autores o criticos litterari esseva positive.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3">Rahikainen, Poeten och hennes apostlar, capitulo 3. Le reception contemporanee – Le arte de esser mal comprendite</ref> Ja le secunde collection de poemas de Södergran (''Septemberlyran'', 1918) e le declaration de principios que illa habeva publicate provocava un vehemente intercambio de opiniones in le medios, con le participation de plure personas del plus alte circulos litterari, inter illes [[Runar Schildt]], qui diceva con orgolio que Schildts förlag «assumeva» le «responsabilitate» pro «toto lo que Edith Södergran face o omitte de facer».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Quasi tote le poemas de Södergran que esseva publicate appareva presso Schildts förlag, ben que le editor non faceva alcun profito con lor venditas; le casa editorial la susteneva etiam economicamente, ultra le honorario habitual.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le simple facto que illa esseva mentionate in paginas humoristic pote esser considerate un signo que illa esseva sufficientemente cognoscite per un publico plus large.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In ultra, illa recipeva in duo occasiones un auxilio economic del association de autores.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Tanto Elmer Diktonius como Hagar Olsson ha describite quanto Södergran esseva deridite durante su vita, proque illo «pertineva [...] al rol del persona qui rompe con le tradition esser mal comprendite e deridite, specialmente per criticos representante le burguesia».<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Diktonius scribeva, inter altere cosas, in [[Arbetarbladet]] («Södergran som uppfostrare», 1926), sur le influentia del ideal nietzschean del [[Übermensch|superhomine]] sur Södergran e sur le maniera in le qual illa esseva attaccate, inter altere rationes proque le publico non comprendeva su poesia e proque illa esseva femina. Le assertiones de Diktonius e plus tarde de Tideström sur le reception critic de Södergran esseva in parte transmittite sin sufficientemente esser questionate per le historiographos posterior.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Le persona qui scribeva le plus super Södergran e su poesia durante su vita esseva le critic burgese [[Karl Bruhn]], qui publicava sex articulos e recensiones continente judicios tanto positive como negative. Diktonius reinterpretava tamen iste textos como si illes esseva exclusivemente negative.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> Comparate con le majoritate del altere poetas e autores del mesme epocha, le collectiones de poemas de Södergran recipeva multo attention, con un debut que obteneva dece mentionamentos e contributiones.<ref name="Rahikainenkap3" /> In su necrologio de Södergran, Olsson comparava Södergran con un poeta homine, probabilemente Jarl Hemmer, con le intention de monstrar que Södergran esseva un ''underdog'', ma que illa durarea longe. Illa scribeva inter altere: «Edith Södergran viveva in su poema; illa esseva nascite, respirava, amava e moriva in illo», un phrase que plus tarde esseva interpretate como un indication que le poesia de Södergran deberea esser interpretate biographicamente. Iste imagine de su autorato remaneva dominante usque al ultime vinti annos, quando multe nove recercas esseva publicate.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Olsson describite etiam Södergran como mal interpretate e admitteva que su proprie description del poemas de Södergran como «tingeltangelfasoner» esseva incorrecte.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> [[Roger Holmström]] considera que Olsson habeva sentite tanto culpabile pro haber viagiate via poco ante le morte de Södergran que illa cercava de reparar su culpa mantenente viva le poesia de Södergran,<ref>Holmström, Roger: Hagar Olsson och den öppna horisonten, pagina 77, citate in Rahikainen, capitulo 4.</ref> ma Rahikainen considera que poterea haber existite etiam un rivalitate inter le duo autoras, interrompite per le morte de Södergran, post le qual Olsson poteva communicar a alteres su proprie version modificate de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Post un pausa inter 1919 e 1925, durante le qual illa non scribeva plus que alcun parolas dispersate sur Södergran, Olsson comenciava a scriber un serie de essays sur illa. Iste essays influentiava fortemente le imagine postume de Södergran, proque Olsson esseva interpretate como un testimonio veridic qui insimul habeva cognoscite personalmente Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Ponente Södergran in le prime linea de un nove movimento litterari, Diktonius e Olsson reussi etiam a collocar se mesme in positiones central inter le interpretes de Södergran. Per exemplo, illes comenciava a comparar le obras poetic posterior con celle de Södergran.<ref name="Rahikainenkap4" /> Diktonius e Olsson non esseva tamen sol in lor effortio de diffunder le cognoscentia de Södergran: {{Citation|Ben que le circulo circum [[Ultra (revista)|Ultra]] usava Södergran pro lor proprie scopos, esseva per medio de illes que le cognoscentia de Södergran e de su importantia pro le historia litterari comenciava a diffunder se.|[[Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]<ref>*{{BLF|4814|namn=Södergran, Edith}}</ref>}} Plus tarde, le poemas de Södergran ha essite publicate in un grande numero de anthologias. Il existe etiam plure piezas de teatro basate super le vita de Edith Södergran. Su poemas ha equalmente essite presentate sur le scena.<ref>[http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 Landet som icke är – poemas de Edith Södergran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409215815/http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757 |date=2016-04-09 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.gwo.se/konserter-biljetter/konsertarkiv/landet-som-icke-%C3%A4r_-19821757|date=20160409215815}}, [[Gothenburg Wind Orchestra]], consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> === Le poemas de Södergran === Le poemas forsan le plus citate de Södergran es «Dagen svalnar…» e «Landet som icke är».<ref>[[http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322103813/http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=2016-03-22 }} Edith Södergran] {{Wayback|url=http://minnesvart.com/edith-sodergran/ |date=20160322103813 }}, Minnesvärt.se, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.allehanda.se/kultur/bocker/sjalfull-poesi-av-edith-sodergran Själfull poesi av Edith Södergran], Allehanda, Lars Landström, consultate le 29 martio 2016</ref> In ambe poemas es transmittite atmospheras como le desiro ardente, le expectation, le oscillation inter proximitate e distantia – e un forte [[autoestima]]. Le «io» que appare in su poemas es in general caracterisate per orgolio e monstra frequentemente etiam tractos distinctivemente feminin, ben que le poeta assume insimul le rolos del propheta, del chassator, del principe e del guerrero. Su lingua, imagines e stilo porta un forte impronta feminin, e isto la ha facite un importante modello pro multe poetas lyric posterior feminin. Su autoestima in relation con le homines es forte – «Le homine es un speculo false que le filia del sol, irate, jecta contra le pariete del rupe» (del poema «Violetta skymningar»). Tanto como poeta que como persona, illa monstrava frequentemente un attitude ludic verso le maniera in que le homines se comporta.<ref name=Bokskogen/> In altere momentos illa poteva monstrar un serietate intransigente o un desiro de poter. Iste amplitudine ha essite confirmate per personas qui la cognosceva, per exemplo Hagar Olsson; illo es etiam clarmente visibile in su litteras a Olsson e Diktonius.<ref>Olsson 1955, ''Ediths brev'', passim, vide specialmente paginas 37 e sequente e 87 e sequente in le edition de 1973</ref> In le production de Södergran, le poeta es un principe, un attitude que poteva apparer provocatori quando illo es traducite directemente in le forma in que le «io» assume le roles de rege e propheta, ma que esseva le expression de un conception del artista como un figura creative, inspirate e «orphic»; un conception que esseva relativemente diffundite circa le cambio de seculo ([[Stefan George]], [[Gustav Mahler]], [[Konstantin Balmont]]). Le autoestima intensificate, insimul con le influentias de Nietzsche, es le plus evidente in le collectiones ''Septemberlyran'', ''Rosenaltaret'' e ''Framtidens skugga''.<ref>Brunner, ''Till fots genom solsystemen'', 1985, pagina 176</ref> Le «io» poetic de Södergran non es identic con le persona private Södergran. Il se tracta de un rol que illa visita e explora, al qual illa recurre a vices como refugio, ma que es tamen clarmente distincte de illa mesme. Södergran poetava super un nove mundo que deberea emerger del chaos e del guerras de su epocha, ben que il non es clar quanto proximemente su expectationes esseva ligate a lealties politic directe, per exemplo al idea de un disfacimento del regime [[bolsjevic]] in Russia. Tideström sustene que Södergran esseva in le fundo sympathisante con le [[De vita|Finlandia «blanc»]] e con le interventiones in Russia de 1918–20, e que isto se exprime in su poemas.<ref>Tideström 1991, pagina 141</ref> Hagar Olsson e Elmer Diktonius, qui mesme habeva forti sympathias [[socialista]], contestava iste interpretation. === Le recerca sur Södergran === Nonobstante le grande fluxo de recercas, biographias e textos de vulgarisation scientific que ha essite publicate super Södergran, le fontes original es multo pauc. Il existe principalmente tres rationes pro isto: * Södergran evitava discuter su vita private in scriptura * un parte del material esseva destruite, o per Södergran mesme o per su matre * multe del personas qui habeva cognoscite Södergran esseva disperse per le revolution russe Isto ha conducite al facto que le pauc documentos existente ha essite interpretate e reinterpretate.<ref>Rahikainen, ''Poeten och hennes apostlar'', paginas 7–8</ref> Le labor es rendite ancora plus difficile per le facto que Södergran esseva un persona complexe qui, plure vices durante su vita, cambiava su punctos de vista e su stilo. == Notas == <references group="lower-alpha"/> {{Ref}} === Fontes imprimite === * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Till fots genom solsystemen: en studie i Edith Södergrans expressionism |year=1985 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-046428-7 |id=LIBRIS 7146984 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Hettan av en gud: en studie i skapandetemat hos Edith Södergran = The heat of a god: a study of the theme of creation in the works of Edith Södergran |series=Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet, 0348-4653 ; 24 |year=1992 |publisher=Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ. |location=Göteborg |isbn=91-86270-29-X |id=LIBRIS 7756427 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Lönnroth |editor-first=Lars |editor2-last=Delblanc |editor2-first=Sven |editor3-last=Göransson |editor3-first=Sverker |editor4-last=Zilliacus |editor4-first=Clas |title=Den svenska litteraturen. 3, Från modernism till massmedial marknad: 1920-1995 |year=1999 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=91-0-056775-2 |id=LIBRIS 8233784 |chapter=Avantgardet i öster – finlandssvensk modernism |pages=151–156 }} * {{cite book |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 0039-6842 ; 751 |year=2011 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |id=LIBRIS 12055082 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Kampen om Edith: Biografi och myt om Edith Södergran |publisher=Schilds & Söderströms |year=2014 |isbn=978-951-52-3342-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Poeten och hennes apostlar: En biomytografisk analys av Edith Södergranbilden |edition=Diss. |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Helsingfors universitet |year=2014 |isbn=978-952-10-9790-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Ström |first=Eva |title=Edith Södergran |series=Litterära profiler, 99-1548962-5 |year=1994 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-03527-1 |id=LIBRIS 7229092 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |author2=Olsson, Hagar |title=Ediths brev: brev från Edith Södergran till Hagar Olsson |year=1973 |publisher=Schildts |location=Jakobstad |isbn=951-50-0040-8 |id=LIBRIS 7844407 }} * {{cite book |last=Tideström |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran |year=1949 |publisher=Schildt |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 2746214 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Ediths jag: Edith Södergran och modernismens födelse |url=https://archive.org/details/edithsjagedithsd0000witt |year=1997 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-1-971402-5 |id=LIBRIS 7157327 }} == Lectura ulterior == * {{cite book |last=Ahlander |first=Dag Sebastian |title=Fönster mot kosmos: En bok om Edith Södergran |year=2006 |publisher=Natur och kultur |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-27-10591-1 |id=LIBRIS 10162814 }} * {{cite book |last=Brunner |first=Ernst |title=Edith: Roman |url=https://archive.org/details/edithroman0000brun |year=1992 |publisher=Bonnier |location=Stockholm |isbn=91-0-055486-3 |id=LIBRIS 7148914 }} * {{cite book |last=Ekelöf |first=Gunnar |title=Edith Södergran: Studier |year=1968 |publisher=[Svenska akademien] |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 646480 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 33 |year=1958 |pages=82–99 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2110117?page=84 |id=LIBRIS 3441890 |chapter=Edith Södergran och den estetiska idealismen |series=SSLS 365 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Esteticism och nietzscheanism i Edith Södergrans lyrik |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/EnckellO/titlar/Esteticism/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 321. Studier i finlandssvensk modernism, 1. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1949 |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 450672 }} * {{cite book |last=Enckell |first=Olof |title=Vaxdukshäftet: en studie i Edith Södergrans ungdomsdiktning |year=1961 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |location=Stockholm |id=LIBRIS 365145 }} * {{cite book |last=Evers |first=Ulla |title=Studier i Edith Södergrans lyrik |year=1982 |publisher=Univ., Litteraturvet. inst. |location=Göteborg |id=LIBRIS 9218713 }} * {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Boel |title=Jag kan sjunga hur jag vill: tankevärld och konstsyn i Edith Södergrans diktning |year=2000 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1857-8 |id=LIBRIS 8384936 }} * {{cite book |last=Holmström |first=Roger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=139–144 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Från Södergran till Carpelan – några exempel på ‘experimentets tradition’ i finlandssvensk modernism }} * {{cite book |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 67 |year=1992 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653422?page=1 |id=LIBRIS 3441961 |series=SSLS 575 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-9018-88-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Jänicke |first=Gisbert |title=Edith Södergran diktare på två språk |year=1984 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2253815?page=1 |series=SSLS 518 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors }} * {{cite book |last=Lilja |first=Eva |title=Metrik och modernism. Rapport från Tredje nordiska metrikkonferensen på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 10–12 oktober 1991 |year=1993 |pages=11–21 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653473?page=1 |series=SSLS 584 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=9515830044 |id=LIBRIS 7903062 |chapter=Södergrans ikoner |editor1-last=Huldén |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-last=Solstrand-Pipping |editor2-first=Helena }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=163–172 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Att välja sin verklighet. Harry Martinson och Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Finlands svenska litteraturhistoria. Andra delen: 1900-talet. Uppslagsdel |editor-last=Zilliacus |editor-first=Clas |year=2000 |pages=100–101 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland – Atlantis |location=Helsingfors–Stockholm |isbn=91-748-6893-4 |id=LIBRIS 2772714 |chapter=Södergranreceptionen }} * {{cite book |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |title=Avgrund och paradis: Studier i den estetiska idealismens litterära tradition med särskild hänsyn till Edith Södergran |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/LillqvistH/titlar/AvgrundOchParadis/sida/I/faksimil?om-boken |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 627. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=2001 |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-061-3 |id=LIBRIS 8385896 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2002 |title=Bilden av Södergran |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Lillqvist |first=Holger |year=2005 |title=Edith Södergran och 30-talet |journal=Källan |issue=2005:2 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20052 }} * {{cite book |last=Lindström |first=Maj-Britt |title=Festskrift till Olof Enckell 12.3.1970 |year=1970 |editor1-last=Barck |editor1-first=P. O. |editor2-last=Wrede |editor2-first=Johan |editor3-last=Svedberg |editor3-first=Ingmar |pages=203–213 |chapter=“Sången om oceanen” – revolution och sublimation |id=LIBRIS 356133 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |series=SSLS 437 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653408?page=1 }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Fem par finlandssvenska författare konfronteras |year=1995 |pages=35–46 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653464?page=1 |series=SSLS 592 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-58-3016-8 |id=LIBRIS 7903069 |chapter=Den dubbla blicken hos Edith Södergran |editor-last=Holmström |editor-first=Roger }} * {{cite book |last=Pettersson |first=Torsten |title=Gåtans namn: Tankens och känslans mönster hos nio finlandssvenska modernister |pages=27–60 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |chapter=Lekarnas lek (Edith Södergran) |isbn=9174865439 |id=LIBRIS 8374735 |series=SSLS 629 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653374?page=1 |year=2001 }} * {{cite book |author=Poesifestivalen i Nässjö |author2=Silkeberg, Marie |title=Om kärleken i nittiotalsdikten: Edith Södergran möter Karin Boye. Italiensk poesi |year=1999 |publisher=Konst- och kulturavd., Landstinget i Jönköpings län |location=Jönköping |isbn=91-972522-7-1 |id=LIBRIS 7797427 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 68 |year=1993 |pages=219–232 |series=SSLS 581 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 3441962 |isbn=9519018999 |chapter=“Skada att Ni är en karl, med Hagar är det så fritt.” Edith Södergrans brev till Elmer Diktonius }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2002 |title=Trädgården i centrum. Fredrika Runebergs och Edith Södergrans litterära hem |journal=Källan |issue=2002:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20021 }} * {{cite journal |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |year=2014 |title=Edith Södergran bakom bilden |journal=Källan |issue=2014:1 |url=https://www.sls.fi/sv/utgivning/kallan-20141 }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 91 |year=2016 |pages=217–245 |series=SSLS 807 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 19943183 |isbn=978-951-58-3346-4 |chapter=Ett mått på berömmelse: Edith Södergran i översättning }} * {{cite book |last=Rahikainen |first=Agneta |title=Edith Södergran: Stjärnfångerskan |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Schildts & Söderströms |year=2023 |isbn=978-951-52-6044-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Saarenheimo |first=Kerttu |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 65 |year=1990 |pages=143–164 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653533?page=1 |series=SSLS 560 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Edith Södergran och fackelbärarna |isbn=951-9018-58-1 |id=LIBRIS 3441959 }} * {{cite book |last=Schoolfield |first=George C. |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=145–150 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=9515830184 |chapter=Blasting and Bombardiering: Tentative Suggestions on Edith Södergran’s ‘Visan från molnet’ }} * {{cite book |last=Sigrell |first=Bo |title=Att dikta sig fri från verkligheten: Tove Ditlevsen, Edith Södergran, Gunvor Hofmo |year=2009 |publisher=Gidlund |location=Möklinta |isbn=978-91-7844-777-0 |id=LIBRIS 11331504 }} * {{cite book |last=Södergran |first=Edith |title=Som en eld över askan: Edith Södergrans fotografier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 582. ISSN 0039-6842 |year=1993 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällsk. i Finland |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-583-000-1 |id=LIBRIS 7903060 }} * {{cite journal |title=Tema Edith Södergran |journal=Horisont |volume=39 |year=1992 |issue=1 |issn=0439-5530 |publisher=Horisont |location=Vasa |id=LIBRIS 1313696 }} * {{cite book |last=Therman |first=Erik |title=Edith Södergran |year=1936 |location=[Stockholm] |id=LIBRIS 3121901 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Toftegaard Pedersen |editor-first=Arne |title=På fria villkor: Edith Södergran-studier |series=Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 751 |year=2011 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |publisher2=Bokförlaget Atlantis |location2=Stockholm |isbn=978-951-583-222-1 |url=https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/PedersenToftegaardA/titlar/PaFriaVillkor/sida/3/faksimil?om-boken }} * {{cite book |title=Two women writers from Finland: Edith Södergran (1892–1923) and Hagar Olsson (1893–1978): Papers from the Symposium at Yale University, October 21–23, 1993 |year=1995 |publisher=Lockharton Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-874665-05-2 |id=LIBRIS 6879060 }} * {{cite book |last=Villalobos |first=Héctor Areyuna |title=Edith Södergrans sista alster: Ett bidrag till studiet av några av de sista dikter som skaldinnan skrev mellan 1920 och 1923 |year=1981 |publisher=Stockholms universitet. Litteraturvetenskapliga inst. |id=LIBRIS 12655793 }} * {{cite book |title=En väg leder vidare och stjärnorna är intensiva också här: 20 år med Edith Södergran-sällskapet |year=2005 |publisher=Edith Södergran-sällskapet |location=Helsingfors |isbn=952-9185-53-7 |id=LIBRIS 10138674 }} * {{cite book |last=Willner |first=Sven |title=Vandring i labyrint och andra essäer |year=1994 |publisher=Söderström |location=Helsingfors |isbn=951-52-1498-X |id=LIBRIS 7846036 }} * {{cite book |last=Witt-Brattström |first=Ebba |title=Festskrift till Johan Wrede 18.10.1995 |year=1995 |pages=131–138 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653353?page=1 |series=SSLS 594 |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |location=Helsingfors |id=LIBRIS 7903071 |isbn=951-58-3018-4 |chapter=“Har icke denna skönhet legat död bland oss i tusen år?” Den poetiska kroppen hos Edith Södergran }} * {{cite book |last=Wrede |first=Johan |title=Historiska och litteraturhistoriska studier 70 |year=1995 |pages=149–169 |url=https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/teos/binding/2653382?page=1 |series=SSLS 590 |location=Helsingfors |publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland |chapter=Över dessa dyrbara blad ... Arvid Mörne om Edith Södergran |isbn=951-58-3013-3 |id=LIBRIS 3441934 }} == Ligamines externe == * [https://www.finna.fi/Content/edith-sodergran?mc_cid=13b62cb6c3&mc_eid=71b2855e1f ''Finna.fi: Edith Södergran'']. Le collection ha essite compilate per le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/slsarkiva/sets/72157644581542379/# Photographies de Edith Södergran, liberemente disponibile sur Flickr (del archivo del Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland)] * Material de archivo presso le Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+566 SLSA 566 Archivo de Edith Södergran (1875–1993)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+578+b SLS 578 b Concernente le origine e le familia paterne del autora Edith Södergran – Le familia Södergrann (1945)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+774 SLSA 774 Material super Södergran del patrimonio de Hagar Olsson (1872–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+777 SLSA 777 Documentos concernente le revista ''Quosego'' (1907–1929)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+785 SLSA 785 Litteras de Gunnar Tideström (1946–1949)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+873 SLSA 873 Questionario super Södergran compilate per Thomas Warburton (1983)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+946 SLSA 946 Poemas de Edith Södergran e Elmer Diktonius] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+977 SLSA 977 Recerca super le imagine de Södergran] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+978 SLSA 978 Archivo del Societate Edith Södergran (1983–2014)] **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 SLSA 995 Litteras a Jenny e Uno Barcker (1908–1921)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251030202805/https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+995 |date=2025-10-30 }} **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 SLSA 1109 Concordantia de Edith Södergran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251026164755/https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1109 |date=2025-10-26 }} **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 SLSA 1170 Material concernente le publication del litteras de Edith Södergran (1989–1996)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251029114655/https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1170 |date=2025-10-29 }} **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 SLSA 1223 Cartas postal de Edith e Helena Södergran a Kirsti Moilanen (1912–1926)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125013910/https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1223 |date=2025-01-25 }} **[https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 SLSA 1377 Litteras de Edith Södergran (1903–1923)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251027094558/https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1377 |date=2025-10-27 }} [[Categoria:Poetas]] [[Categoria:Scriptores]] [[Categoria:Expressionistas]] [[Categoria:Feminas]] p82k6mth3nwlwi14gec2ncencnteyhh 0 61347 701097 700922 2026-09-28T03:31:02Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 701097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026''' esseva un grave crise frontieric e humanitari initiate al fin de julio de 2026, quando decenas de milles de personas entrava irregularmente in le [[Ceuta|citate autonome espaniol]] ab [[Marocco]]. Le episodio attingeva su maxime intensitate inter le 30 e le 31 de julio, quando, secundo le [[Governamento de Espania|Governamento espaniol]], circa 72 000 personas entrava in Ceuta durante le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260904072942/https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |archivedate=2026-09-04 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-09-18}}</ref> Le arrivadas occurreva principalmente a transverso del molo de El Tarajal e per medio de transversamentos a nando.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le magnitude del arrivadas superava le capacitate ordinari del systemas local de reception, assistentia, identification e controlo frontieric. Le crise provocava operationes de salvamento, un importante mobilisation del fortias de securitate e del Armea e un numero elevate de mortes. Secundo le ONG Caminando Fronteras, 141 personas moriva durante le crise, 78 in Ceuta e 63 in territorio marocchin; le ONG indicava que le mortes includeva principalmente casos de ahogamento e de aplastamento. Iste cifra esseva ulteriormente citate etiam per altere organisationes de derectos human.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le majoria del personas qui habeva entrate retornava posteriormente a Marocco, ma milles remaneva durante septimanas in Ceuta. Le situation posterior deveniva assi un problema major pro le administrationes espaniol e local, particularmente in materia de allogiamento, identification, reception e tramitation del situation administrative del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Antecedentes == Ceuta constitue un del principal punctos de contacto terrestre inter le [[Union Europee]] e [[Africa]] e, pro su situation geographic, ha experimentate periodicamente tentativas de entrata irregular. Un precedente importante esseva le crise de maio de 2021, quando circa 8 000 personas entrava in le citate durante un periodo de tension diplomatic inter [[Espania]] e Marocco. In le annos posterior continuava le tentativas de accesso per mar e per le frontiera terrestre. In le septimanas anterior al evenimentos del fin de julio de 2026 se produceva un augmento del arrivadas a nando. Secundo le [[Tribunal Supreme de Espania|Tribunal Supreme]] espaniol, un sententia del 29 de junio de 2026 confirmava que le regime special de rechazo al frontiera previde per le legislation espaniol non esseva applicabile a migrantes interceptate in alto mar qui tentava entrar a nando in Ceuta o Melilla; secundo le tribunal, in iste casos debeva applicar le procedura ordinari de devolución previde per le lege de extranjeria.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/2026-07-08/supremo-devolucion-caliente-migrantes-mar/ |título=El Supremo confirma que no se puede aplicar la devolución en caliente a migrantes que llegan por mar |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=8 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260909080517/https://efe.com/espana/2026-07-08/supremo-devolucion-caliente-migrantes-mar/ |archivedate=2026-09-09 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-09-18}}</ref> Iste sententia esseva posteriormente presentate in retes social como un possibile factor del mobilisation. Tamen, le causas exacte del entrata massive e le grado de influentia del information difundite super le resolution judicial remaneva objecto de investigation. Un investigation de RTVE concludeva in septembre que non existeva ancora un explication definitive super qui habeva organise le mobilisation o qual factores habeva provocate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Entrata massive e emergentia humanitari == Le incremento del arrivadas in le dies anterior jam habeva exercite pression super le recursos de reception de Ceuta. Le situation attingeva un puncto critic le 30 de julio, quando un entrata massive desde Marocco conduceva a le arrivata de decenas de milles de personas in un periodo multo breve. Le Governamento espaniol stabiliva le cifra del entrata massive a circa 72 000 personas.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260904072942/https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |archivedate=2026-09-04 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-09-18}}</ref> Le transversamentos a nando e le tentativas de passar le frontiera terrestre provocava mortes e situationes de grande periculo. Le fortias de Salvamento Marítimo, Guardia Civil, Policía Nacional e Armea esseva mobilisate pro controlar le frontiera, assister le personas qui arrivava e intervenir in le operationes de salvamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260730/ceuta-hoy-directo-inmigrantes-marruecos-ultima-hora-cronica/17174502.shtml |título=La llegada a nado de miles de inmigrantes a Ceuta abre una nueva crisis que lleva al Gobierno a desplegar al Ejército |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=31 de julio de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le numero de victimas esseva difficile a determinar durante le prime dies. Le ONG Caminando Fronteras publicava le 5 de augusto un estimation de 141 mortes, includente 63 cadaveres recuperate in Marocco e 78 in Ceuta. Le organisation precisava que illo non habeva accesso a le autopsias e que le causas includiva principalmente ahogamentos e aplastamentos.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |título=La ONG Caminando Fronteras cifra en 141 los muertos en la crisis de Ceuta, 63 de ellos en Marruecos |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=5 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260811125407/https://efe.com/espana/ceuta-migrantes-victimas-muertos/ |archivedate=2026-08-11 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-09-18}}</ref> == Responsa de Espania e Marocco == Le responsa espaniol combinava le reinfortio del frontiera, le operationes de retorno, le identification del personas arrivate e le ampliation progressive del dispositivos de reception. Le Governamento indicava que le majoria del personas entrate retornava a Marocco in le prime 24 a 48 horas, ma un numero importante remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |título=El Gobierno aclara que la cifra de personas llegadas a Ceuta se mantiene en 72.000 |sitioweb=Agencia EFE |fecha=10 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260904072942/https://efe.com/espana/cifra-gobierno-personas-ceuta/ |archivedate=2026-09-04 |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-09-18}}</ref> Le 25 de augusto, le Governamento declarava per decreto le situation de interesse pro le Securitate National in Ceuta. Le decreto justificava le decision per le pression super le capacitate de controlo frontieric, identification, assistentia humanitari e reception, e per le effectos super le servicios public. Le mesura esseva establite initialmente usque al 31 de decembre 2026.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le decreto designava le ministro de Politica Territorial e Memoria Democratic como Autoritate Functional incarregate de impulsar e coordinar le actiones relationate con le crise. Le instrumento non transferiva le totalitate del competencias a un nove commandamento, ma establi un mechanismo de coordination inter le administrationes participante.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Espania demandava etiam assistentia a le Union Europee. Le Ministerio del Interior solicitava a Frontex, Europol e le Agentia del Union Europee pro le Asylo (EUAA) supporto pro le triaje, le collection de informationes e le tramitation del expedientes del personas qui remaneva in Ceuta.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le action de Marocco deveniva un del aspectos le plus controvertite del crise. Le investigationes posterior examinava le grado de implication del autoritates marocchine e le possibilitate que le fluxo habeva essite facilitate o tolereate. Tamen, al initio de septembre, le investigationes non habeva stabilite un explication definitive super le responsabilitate del differentes actores.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Consequentias social e politic == Le permanentia prolongate de milles de migrantes generava un forte pression super le servicios public de Ceuta, specialmente super le reception, le protection del minores, le sanitate, le securitate e le identification administrative. Le Governamento espaniol descriveva officialmente le situation como un pression inedite super le capacitate ordinari del administrationes e le funcionamento de servicios public.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva etiam repercussiones social. Durante augusto e septembre se produceva protestas, conflictos e episodios de tension in le spatio public, al mesme tempore que residentes, organizaciones social e voluntarios organiseva initiatives de assistentia humanitari. Le situation de personas qui dormiva in plagias e altere spatios public deveniva un del problemas le plus visibile del phase posterior del crise.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crise habeva in plus repercussiones al nivello del Union Europee. Le [[Commission Europee]] offereva assistentia de su agencias e Espania solicitava formalmente supporto de Frontex, Europol e EUAA pro tractar le situation del personas remanente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/serviciosdeprensa/notasprensa/interior/Paginas/2026/280826-apoyo-frontex-triaje-ceuta.aspx |título=España pide a la UE el apoyo de Frontex al dispositivo de triaje de las personas migrantes que permanecen en Ceuta |sitioweb=La Moncloa |fecha=28 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Disinformation == Le retes social jocava un rolo importante ante, durante e post le entrata massive. Verificatores documentava numerose bulos, imagines false, videos extraite de altere contextos e narratives conspirative relationate con le origine e le objectivos del migrationes. Maldita.es, per exemplo, catalogava decenas de contenidos false o ingannose relative al crise e indicava que circa 80 000 personas habeva transversate le frontiera secundo le informationes preliminari que illo habeva recipite del Ministerio del Interior; le cifra official posteriormente retenite per le Governamento esseva 72 000.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://maldita.es/desinfo/20260918/bulos-desinformaciones-y-contexto-sobre-la-crisis-migratoria-en-ceuta-en-julio-de-2026/ |título=61 bulos, desinformaciones y contexto sobre la entrada de personas migrantes a Ceuta en julio de 2026 |sitioweb=Maldita.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Un del aspectos plus controvertite esseva le possibile rol de actores estranier in le mobilisation. Investigationes jornalistic e del servicios de verification documentava le circulation de messages e narratives attribuente le crise a Marrocco, [[Russia]], [[Israel]] o altere actores. Tamen, le investigation de RTVE indicava que al 3 de septembre non existeva un explication concludente que attribuisse le entrata massive a un stato estranier.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le crisis habeva etiam un effecto mensurabile super le discurso de odio in retes social. Secundo datos del Observatorio Español del Racismo y la Xenofobia (OBERAXE), le numero de messages de discurso de odio monitorate augmentava fortemente in augusto in comparation con julio, e un parte importante esseva directemente relationate con le situation de Ceuta. == Situation posterior == Durante augusto e septembre continuava le processo de transferimento de personas qui remaneva in spatios public verso installationes temporal de reception. Le decreto de interesse pro le Securitate National indicava que le crisis habeva entrate in un nove phase, caracterisate per le permanentia de un grande numero de personas in Ceuta e per le necessitate de resolver lor identification, tramitation e retorno conforme al legislation vigente.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2026/08/25/681/con |título=Real Decreto 681/2026, de 25 de agosto, por el que se declara la situación de interés para la seguridad nacional en la ciudad de Ceuta |sitioweb=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=26 de agosto de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le 18 de septembre, le autoritates organisava un nove operative pro transferer circa 1 700 personas qui remaneva in le plagias de Benítez e El Trampolín verso un installation temporal in le porto de Ceuta. Le installation habeva un capacitate conjointe de circa 1 700 personas e se trovava insufficiente pro le totalitate del personas qui remaneva in le plagias.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/empieza-traslado-migrantes-asentados-playa-benitez-campamento-puerto-ceuta_1_13519520.html |título=Concluye el traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta |sitioweb=elDiario.es |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le operation esseva accompaniate per un importante dispositivo policial e per momentos de tension, pois que le numero de personas presente superava le capacitate del nove installation. Le autoritates indicava al fin del operation que le 1 700 placias habeva essite occupate, dum que plure milles de personas remaneva sin accesso immediate a iste allogiamento.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.europapress.es/videos/video-traslado-1700-migrantes-puerto-ceuta-concluye-altercados-torres-20260918133057.html |título=El traslado de 1.700 migrantes al puerto de Ceuta concluye "sin altercados", según Torres |sitioweb=Europa Press |fecha=18 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Al 18 de septembre, le Governamento espaniol e le autoritates local continuava assi a tractar le consequentias del entrata massive del fin de julio. Le crise habeva lassate effectos prolongate super le gestion migratori, le controlo frontieric, le protection del minores, le servicios public e le relationes inter Espania, Marocco e le Union Europee. Le investigationes super le circumstantias que rendeva possibile le mobilisation massive e le responsabilitates eventual del differentes actores continuava in curso.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Investigationes e questiones ancora aperte == Le entrata massive esseva objecto de investigationes judicial, policial e de intelligentia. Al 16 de septembre, le Audiencia Nacional habeva initiate diligencias pro determinar le organisation del transversamentos massive, le possibles mecanismos de appoio, le mortes registrate e le responsa del autoritates. Le investigation includeva le requesta de informationes a organisationes e plataformas digital como Meta, WhatsApp e Telegram, assi como le analyse de datos super le activitate in retes social e le possible financiation del mobilisation.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/09/16/la-jueza-que-investiga-la-llegada-de-migrantes-a-ceuta-cita-como-testigos-a-vivas-y-al-exjefe-de-gabinete-del-delegado-del-gobierno/ |título=La jueza que investiga la llegada de migrantes a Ceuta cita como testigos a Vivas y al exjefe de Gabinete del delegado del Gobierno |sitioweb=Cadena SER |fecha=16 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> Le question del grado de implication de Marocco remaneva parimente non resolvite. Le investigationes journalistico indicava que existeva indicios e allegations concernente le rol del autoritates marocchine, ma que non habeva alora un conclusion definitive public que permitter affirmar que le Governamento de Marocco habeva deliberate organisate le entrata massive.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20260903/ceuta-entrada-masiva-desinformacion-marruecos-injerencia-extranjera/17211380.shtml |título=¿Qué provocó la entrada masiva en Ceuta? Qué se sabe de la desinformación, el papel de Marruecos y la injerencia extranjera |sitioweb=RTVE |fecha=3 de septiembre de 2026 |fechaacceso=18 de septiembre de 2026}}</ref> == Referencias == <references/> [[Categoria:Crise migratori de Ceuta de 2026]] 8bdoswzvuedp44w25v8gmdjvwebugs6 0 61360 701077 700500 2026-09-27T16:41:32Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 6 books for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20260927)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 701077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La batalla de Tetuán (1894).jpg|thumb|''Le [[Battalia de Tetuan]]'' (1894), de [[Dionisio Fierros]]. Le battalia, que habeva loco in 1860, durante le [[guerra de Africa]], esseva ganiate per le tropas espaniol dirigite per le general [[Leopoldo O'Donnell|O'Donnell]].]] [[File:La Rendición de Bailén (Casado del Alisal).jpg|thumb|''[[Battalia de Bailén|Le rendition de Bailén]]'', de [[José Casado del Alisal]]. Clarmente inspirate in le quadro de [[Velázquez]] ''[[Le rendition de Breda]]'', illustra le battalia de 1808 in que le [[general Castaños]] vinceva le exercito francese del [[general Dupont]].]] [[File:Obelisco Dos de mayo (Madrid) 03.jpg|thumb|Obelisco commemorativo del [[sublevation del 2 de mayo]] in Madrid. In le actualitate, illo mantene un flamma perpetue in ''honor a illes qui dava lor vita pro Espania'' e es objecto de homages periodic. Le connotation symbolic del data, que ha essite considerate conventionalmente como un miliare del initio del Etate Contemporanee in Espania, continua a haber un grande fortia: le [[Communitate de Madrid]], conjunctemente con le municipalitates de Madrid, Aranjuez e Móstoles (le plus vinculate al factos del anno 1808), ha create le Fundation «Dos de Mayo, Nación y Libertad» pro organisar le celebrationes del bicentenario.<ref>M. Oliver, ABC, 22 de novembre de 2007. Le fundation esseva create per Decreto 120/2007, del 2 de augusto de 2007, e prepara un extense programma de expositiones e publicationes. Vide [https://web.archive.org/web/20080203203638/http://www.fundaciondosdemayo.es/index.cfm su pagina web]. Su director es le historiator [[Fernando García de Cortázar]], e le patronato que lo rege es presidite per [[Esperanza Aguirre]], presidente del Communitate de Madrid.</ref>]] Le '''nationalismo espaniol''' es un movimento politic, social e ideologic ligate al construction e al definition de un identitate national espaniol, specialmente desde le 19e seculo. Illo se basa super le conception de [[Espania]] como un nation e, secundo le diverse correntes que lo compone, pote defender le unitate territorial mediante formulas centralista, decentralisate o autonomic. Su evolution ha essite intimemente ligate al formation del Stato liberal, al conflictos territorial e al differente conceptiones del soberanitate.<ref>{{cite book |last=Álvarez Junco |first=José |title=Mater dolorosa: La idea de España en el siglo XIX |publisher=Taurus |location=Madrid |year=2001 |isbn=9788430604418}}</ref> A differentia de alcun nationalismos europee de character irredentista, le nationalismo espaniol non se ha caracterisate principalmente per le reclamation de territorios habitate per populationes considerate espaniol, ben que Gibraltar ha constitute un reivindication territorial persistente. Historicamente, illo ha etiam essite associate con projectos colonial e imperial. Su significato politic ha variate considerabilemente: al latere de versiones liberal e civic ha existite correntes traditionalista, [[catholic]], autoritari e [[Fascismo|fascista]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/fascisminspain1900payn |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780299165604}}</ref> == Origines e formation del nation espaniol == [[File:Cortes de cadiz.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|''Proclamation del Constitution de Cádiz'', per [[Salvador Viniegra]]. Pro le data in que illo habeva loco —le 19 de martio 1812— illo esseva baptisate popularmente como ''la Pepa''. Le grito ''[[Viva la Pepa]]'' deveniva un motto liberal.]] Le construction de un identitate espaniol es anterior al nationalismo moderne e se disveloppava parallelmente al consolidation del monarchia hispanic e del Stato. Durante le [[Etate Moderne|Modernitate]], le identitate collective esseva ligate specialmente al [[monarchia]], al religion e a elementos cultural e historic. Con le tempore, le [[lingua espaniol]] e altere institutiones contribuiva a definir un cultura commun. Le concepto moderne de nation e de soberanitate national, tamen, se consolidava principalmente durante le crise del Ancian Regimine e le transition al [[liberalismo]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Álvarez Junco |first=José |title=Spanish Identity in the Age of Nations |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780719075797}}</ref> Le nationalismo espaniol propriemente contemporanee surgeva associate al liberalismo e al Guerra de Independentia contra [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]]. Le resistentia al occupation francese favoriva un identification inter patriotismo, nation e libertate, specialmente inter le elites liberal active in le Cortes de Cádiz. Le Constitution de 1812 defineva le nation in terminos de soberanitate national e incorporava un nove conception del relation inter le citatanos e le Stato.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cayuela Fernández |first=José Gregorio |last2=Gallego Palomares |first2=José Ángel |title=La Guerra de la Independencia. Historia bélica, pueblo y nación en España (1808–1814) |publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca |year=2008 |isbn=9788478003341}}</ref> Durante le 19e seculo coexisteva differente interpretationes del nation. Le liberalismo ligava le nation principalmente al soberanitate del citatanos e al constitution, dum le traditionalismo e le carlismo lo relationava plus intimemente con le religion catholic, le historia e le institutiones historic. Le construction de un identitate national esseva assi un processo disputate, in le qual le differente correntes politic attribueva significatos distincte al historia e al symbolos de Espania.<ref>{{cite book |last=Álvarez Junco |first=José |title=Mater dolorosa: La idea de España en el siglo XIX |publisher=Taurus |location=Madrid |year=2001 |isbn=9788430604418}}</ref> == Del 19e seculo al crise de 1898 == [[File:UltimosFilipinas.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Assiege de Baler|Le ultimes de Philippinas]]'', super le quales esseva facite [[Le ultimes de Philippinas (film)|un film]] dirigite per [[Antonio Román (director de cinema)|Antonio Román]] (1945). Su melancholic habanera (o bolero, secundo le fontes) ''Yo te diré'', de [[Enrique Llovet]] e [[Jorge Halpern]], esseva un del cantiones le plus emblematic del postguerra.]] Durante le 19e seculo, le idea de Espania se exprimeva per medio de symbolos, relatos historic, litteratura, pictura, ceremonias public e institutiones cultural. Le inseniamento del historia contribueva a diffuser interpretationes commun del passato national. Liberales e conservatores discrepava super le significato politic de ille passato: le primes tendeva a destacar elementos como le libertate e le resistance al absolutismo, dum le secundes accordava plus importantia al tradition catholic, al monarchia e al hereditage imperial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Álvarez Junco |first=José |title=Mater dolorosa: La idea de España en el siglo XIX |publisher=Taurus |location=Madrid |year=2001 |isbn=9788430604418}}</ref> Le perdita del ultime grande possessiones colonial in 1898 produceva un profunde crise intellectual e politic. Le regenerationismo insistava super le necessitate de reformar e modernisar [[Espania]], dum autores associate con le Generation del 98 reflecteva super le decadentia national e le identitate espaniol. Le crise etiam favoriva nove projectos de nationalismo e de recuperation del influentia international de Espania, includente diverse formas de panhispanismo e de reivindication del hereditage cultural hispanic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Álvarez Junco |first=José |title=Mater dolorosa: La idea de España en el siglo XIX |publisher=Taurus |location=Madrid |year=2001 |isbn=9788430604418}}</ref> == Nationalismo espaniol in le 20e seculo == Durante le prime decades del 20e seculo, le nationalismo espaniol esseva ligate a correntes regenerationista, autoritari e militarista, e al transformationes politic que conduceva al dictatura de Miguel Primo de Rivera e, plus tarde, al Secunde Republica. Simultaneemente, le question territorial deveniva plus importante con le consolidation del nationalismos catalan, vasco e galleco. Durante le Secunde Republica coexisteva conceptiones centralista, autonomista e federalista del Stato inter le varie correntes politic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moradiellos |first=Enrique |title=El reñidero de Europa: Las dimensiones internacionales de la Guerra Civil Española |publisher=Peninsula |year=2001}}</ref> Le Guerra Civil intensificava iste divisiones. Le fortias sublevate utilisava le nation espaniol como un elemento central de lor legitimation politic e reuniva traditiones monarchic, traditionalista, catholic, militar e falangista. Durante le regime de Francisco Franco, le defensa del unitate de Espania deveniva un del fundamentos del systema politic, in combination con le autoritarismo e le catholicismo politic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/francoregime19360000payn |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1987 |isbn=9780299110703}}</ref> Le franquismo incorpora in differente momentos elementos proveniente del [[fascismo]] espaniol, del traditionalismo e del national-catholicismo. Le Falange esseva integrate in le organization politic del regime, ma le dictatura evolveva durante su existentia e non remaneva identic a su initial formulation. Le relation inter nationalismo, [[catholicismo]], autoritarismo e le institutions del regime ha essite un objecto importante del historiographia super le franquismo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/fascisminspain1900payn |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780299165604}}</ref> == Franquismo, lingua e symbolos national == Durante le dictatura de [[Francisco Franco]], le Stato promoveva un forte centralisation politic e cultural. Le [[Lingua espaniol|castiliano]] esseva le lingua official del Stato, dum le uso public e institutional de altere linguas espaniol esseva fortemente limitate durante importante partes del regime. Le schola, le medios de communication, le ceremonias public e altere institutiones esseva utilisate pro diffuser le interpretation official del historia e del identitate national.<ref>{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/francoregime19360000payn |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1987 |isbn=9780299110703}}</ref> Le identification inter le idea official de Espania e le regime franquista habeva consequentias super le evolution posterior del nationalismo espaniol. Le opposition al dictatura includeva movimientos que revendicava le democratia, le autonomia territorial e le recognition de identitates cultural differentiate. Le transition al democratia permitteva assi un nove articulation del identitate espaniol, distincte del conception official del franquismo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moreno |first=Luis |title=The Federalization of Spain |publisher=Routledge |year=2001}}</ref> == Transition e Espania constitutional == Le Transition modificava profundemente le relation inter identitate national, Stato e territorio. Le Constitution de 1978 establi le unitate del nation espaniol ma, simultaneemente, recognosce e garanti le derecto al autonomia del «nationalitates e regiones» que lo integra. Illo etiam recognosce le pluralitate linguistic e cultural del pais. Le disveloppamento del Stato autonomic transformava le organisation territorial de Espania e permitteva un importante decentralisation politic e administrative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Española: texto de la Constitución |url=https://constitucion.congreso.es/constitucion-1978/texto-de-la-constitucion |website=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref> Le quadro constitutional combina assi tres elementos: le unitate del Stato, le autonomia territorial e le solidaritate inter le diverse partes del pais. Le articulo 2 del Constitution formula explicitemente iste combination, dum le articulo 3 establi le status del castilian e del altere linguas espaniol in le Comunidades Autonome.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitución Española, artículo 2 |url=https://constitucion.congreso.es/articulo?numero=2 |website=Congreso de los Diputados |access-date=2026-09-19}}</ref> In le Espania democratic, le identification con le pais ha etiam essite exprimate mediante conceptiones civic e constitutional del nation. Le notion de patriotismo constitutional pone le accent super le adhesion al principios democratic e al institutiones constitutional, in contrasto con conceptiones que funda le identitate national principalmente super le historia, le cultura o le origine commun.<ref>{{cite book |last=Muro |first=Diego |last2=Quiroga |first2=Alejandro |title=Spanish Nationalism: Ethnic or Civic? |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2005}}</ref> == Identitate national e debatos contemporanee == In le decades posterior al Transition, le relation inter nationalismo espaniol e nationalismos peripheric ha remanite un del principal debatos super le organisation territorial del Stato. Le discussiones super le statutos de autonomia, le distribution de competentias e le grado de recognition politic del identitates territorial ha continuate a influentiar le debato public. Le evolution del nationalismos catalan e [[Nationalismo basc|basco]] ha essite particularmente importante in iste processo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moreno |first=Luis |title=The Federalization of Spain |publisher=Routledge |year=2001}}</ref> Le disveloppamento del autonomias non ha eliminate le identitates multiple. Studiationes super le identitate espaniol post le democratization ha examinate le coexistente de identificationes espaniol e regional, specialmente in [[Catalonia]] e le [[Pais Basc]]. Le relation inter iste identitates ha variate secundo le region, le periodo e le contexto politic, e non se reduce al opposition inter un identitate espaniol e un identitate territorial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quiroga |first=A. |title=The Reinvention of Spain: Nation and Identity since Democracy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007}}</ref> Le nationalismo espaniol contemporanee comprende assi positiones diverse super le nation, le soberanitate e le organisation territorial del Stato. Alcunes defende un conception plus centralisate, alteres accepta o promove le decentralisation intra le quadro constitutional, e alteres associa le identitate espaniol con conceptiones plus traditional, conservator o radical. Le debato contemporanee es in consequentia parte de un question plus ample: como conciliar le unitate politic de Espania con le pluralitate de identitates, linguas e traditiones presente in le Stato.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quiroga |first=Alejandro |title=The Reinvention of Spain: Nation and Identity since Democracy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007}}</ref> == Referentias == {{reflist}} == Bibliographia == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Álvarez Junco |first=José |title=Mater dolorosa: La idea de España en el siglo XIX |publisher=Taurus |location=Madrid |year=2001 |isbn=9788430604418}} * {{cite book |last=Álvarez Junco |first=José |title=Spanish Identity in the Age of Nations |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780719075797}} * {{cite book |last=Cayuela Fernández |first=José Gregorio |last2=Gallego Palomares |first2=José Ángel |title=La Guerra de la Independencia. Historia bélica, pueblo y nación en España (1808–1814) |publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca |year=2008 |isbn=9788478003341}} * {{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/fascisminspain1900payn |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780299165604}} * {{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/francoregime19360000payn |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1987 |isbn=9780299110703}} * {{cite book |last=Quiroga |first=Alejandro |title=The Reinvention of Spain: Nation and Identity since Democracy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007}} * {{cite book |last=Moreno |first=Luis |title=The Federalization of Spain |publisher=Routledge |year=2001}} * {{cite book |last=Muro |first=Diego |last2=Quiroga |first2=Alejandro |title=Spanish Nationalism: Ethnic or Civic? |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2005}} {{refend}} [[Categoria:Nationalismo in Espania]] c5kcrsccd745vnqhnw0k3nhgo336ioz 0 61430 701086 700856 2026-09-27T16:52:53Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 4 books for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20260927)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 701086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Societate espaniol''' es le insimul del structuras social, relationes interpersonal, institutiones, valores, practicas cultural e formas de vita que characterisa le population de [[Espania]]. Illo es un societate complexe e heterogenee, marcate per importante transformationes demographic, economic, cultural e institutional desde le ultime parte del seculo XX. Le societate espaniol contemporanee es caracterisate inter altere aspectos per le urbanisation, le envejecimento demografic, le basse fecunditate, le immigration international, le diversification del structuras familiar, le expansion del education, le transformation del mercato laboral, le secularisation e le diffusion del technologia digital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}</ref> Le studio del societate espaniol comprende disciplinas como le sociologia, le demographia, le economia, le historia social, le scientia politic e le antropologia. Le obra collective ''España 2025. Estructura y cambio social'', promovite per le [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas]], reúne le labores de circa 145 especialistas e examina le principal transformationes social, economic, politic e cultural del societate espaniol.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/es/w/espana-2025-estructura-y-cambio-social-vol-1-estructura-social |title=España 2025. Estructura y Cambio Social — Vol. 1: Estructura Social |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |date=10 junio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Evolution historic del societate espaniol == === Le societate traditional e le Ancian Regime === Durante le Ancian Regime, le population del territorio que constitue hodie Espania esseva majoritariemente rural. Le agricultura representa­va le principal fonte de occupation e de subsistentia, e le societate esseva organisate secundo hierarchias juridic, economic e social. Le monarchia, le aristocratia e le Ecclesia habeva un peso important in le organisation del vita social. Le differentias inter proprietarios de terra, campesinos, artesanos, mercatores e altere gruppos definiva in grande parte le stratification social. Le familie extendite, le communitate local e le relationes de vicinitate habeva un rolo important in le organisation quotidian. Le possibilitates de mobilitate social esseva general­mente limitate, ben que le commercio, le administration e le servicio militar permitteva a certe individuos de cambiar de position. Le [[Revolte del Communeros]], le crises del seculo XVII e le transformationes politic e economic del seculos XVIII e XIX affectava progressivemente iste structura social.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |url=https://archive.org/details/earlymoderneurop0000kame |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}}</ref> === Industrialisation e urbanisation === Le industrialisation de Espania esseva un processo irregular e territorialmente differenti. Durante le seculo XIX, le industria se developpava particularmente in Catalonia, le Pais Basque e altere areas, durante que grande parte del interior remaneva dependente del agricultura. Le industrialisation produceva le formation de un classe obrera industrial e le croissance del burguesia urban. Le migrationes desde le campo verso le citates transformava le structura del population. Durante le fin del seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid e altere centros urban deveniva polos de attraction pro le population rural. Le croissance urban accompaniava le apparition de nove formas de organisation obrera, sindicatos, associations mutualiste e movimentos politic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/elfracasodelarev0000nada |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}}</ref> === Transformationes social durante le seculo XX === Le seculo XX esseva marcate per guerras, dictatura, industrialisation accelerate, migrationes interne e transformationes cultural. Le [[Guerra civil espaniol]] de 1936–1939 produceva profundes rupturas social e politic. Le subsequente dictatura franquista institueva un regime autoritari que durava usque al morte de Francisco Franco in 1975. Durante le decennios 1950 e 1960, le industrialisation e le urbanisation se accelera­va. Miliones de personas migrava desde regiones rural e agricola verso Madrid, Catalonia, le Pais Basque, Valencia e altere centros industrial. Simultaneemente, un importante migration exterior se dirigeva verso paises europee como Francia, Germania occidental, Svizzera e Belgica.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}}</ref> Le expansion economic del ultime periodo franquista transformava le composition del population active e accelerava le formation de un societate urban e industrial. === Le societate espaniol desde le Transition === Le [[Transition espaniol]] desde le regime franquista verso un systema democratic produceva cambios institutional que habeva etiam importantes effectos social. Le [[Constitution espaniol de 1978]] establiva un systema democratic e recognosceva derechos fundamental, le autonomia territorial e le pluralitate linguistic e cultural del pais.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Durante le decennios 1980 e 1990, le societate cognosceva un expansion del education, un transformation del mercato laboral, le incorporation crescente del feminas al employment, le expansion del stato de benesser e un rapide secularisation. Le integration in le [[Comunitate Economic Europee]] in 1986 e le posterior participation in le [[Union Europee]] intensificava le mobilitate del personas, le integration economic e le transformation del relationes international. === Globalisation e transformationes del seculo XXI === Durante le prime decennios del seculo XXI, le societate espaniol ha essite affectate per le globalisation economic, le crise financiari de 2008, le immigration, le transformation digital, le pandemia de COVID-19 e le transformationes del mercato del labor. Le immigration deveniva un componente important del croissance demographic, durante que le fecunditate remaneva basse e le population invejeciva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}</ref> == Structura demographic == === Population === Al 1 de januario 2025, Espania habeva 49 128 297 habitantes. Del total, 42 216 326 habeva nationalitate espaniol e 6 911 971 habeva nationalitate estranier, equivalente a 14,1 % del population. Le personas nascite foras del pais attingeva 9 464 210, o circa 19,3 % del population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le crescimento demographic recente ha essite fortemente influentiate per le saldo migratori, que ha compensate le saldo natural negative resultante del numero de defunctiones superior al numero de nascentias. === Distribution territorial e urbanisation === Le population es inequalmente distribuite. Le principal concentrationes se trova in le areas metropolitan e litoral, durante que partes del interior presenta densitates plus basse e, in certe casos, envejecimento e despoblation. Madrid es le principal centro metropolitan e politic-administrative. Barcelona es un altere grande polo metropolitan e economic. Valencia, Sevilla, Bilbao, Malaga, Zaragoza e altere citates constitue importante centros urban. Le urbanisation ha modificate le relation inter spatio rural e urban. Multe communitates rural depende hodie economicamente de centros urban plus grande, ben que illos conserva importante activitates agricole, forestal, touristic e cultural. === Envejecimento e sperantia de vita === Le envejecimento demographic es un del principal characteristicas del societate espaniol contemporanee. Al 1 de januario 2025, le personas de plus de 64 annos representa­va 20,7 % del population residente.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le sperantia de vita al nascentia attingeva 84,01 annos in 2024. Illa esseva de 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le envejecimento ha consequentias pro le systema de pensiones, le servicios sanitari, le cura a personas dependente e le relationes intergeneration. === Natalitate e fecunditate === In 2024 nasceva in Espania 318 005 infantes, 0,8 % minus que in 2023. Le numero medie de infantes per femina esseva 1,10.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le basse fecunditate es associate a transformationes in le formation del familia, le postponement del maternitate, le situation del empleo, le accesso al habitation e le costages economic del crianza. Le studio del relation inter fecunditate, employment e familia es un del themas central del demographia espaniol contemporanee.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}</ref> === Mortalitate === In 2024 moriva 436 118 personas in Espania. Le mortalitate es fortemente concentrate in le gruppos de etate plus ancian, in concordantia con le structura envejecite del population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le differentia inter nascentias e defunctiones produce un saldo natural negative. Le crescimento total del population ha essite possibile principalmente per le saldo migratori positive. === Migrationes === Le migrationes international constitue un factor central del evolution recente del population. In 2024, le saldo migratori de Espania con le exterior esseva positive per 626 268 personas. In le mesme anno, 1 288 562 personas entrava in Espania desde altere paises e 662 294 emigrava verso le exterior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le principal nationalitates inter le immigrantes exterior in 2024 includeva colombianos, marroquinos e venezuelanos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EMCR2024.htm |title=Estadística de Migraciones y Cambios de Residencia. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=11 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Despoblation e desequilibrios territorial === Multe areas rural del interior ha cognoscite durante decennios un declino del population, associate al migration interne verso citates, al basse fecunditate e al envejecimento. Le desequilibrios territorial concerne non solmente le numero de habitantes, ma etiam le accesso al servicios, le employment, le transporto, le habitation e le infrastructure digital. Le problema del despoblation ha devenite un thema central del politicas territorial e del investigation super le mundo rural.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}</ref> == Familia e relationes social == === Evolution del structuras familiar === Le familia espaniol ha transformate se profundemente desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX. Le modello familiar traditional coexiste hodie con familias monoparental, familias reconstituite, parejas sin matrimonio, hogares unipersonal e altere formas de conviventia. Le diminution del matrimonio religiose, le legalization del divortio, le incorporation del feminas al empleo e le recognition juridic de nove formas de pareja ha cambiate le structura del familia. === Matrimonio, parejas e divortio === Le matrimonio remane un forma importante de formation del familia, ma su peso relative ha diminuite in relation con altere formas de conviventia. In 2024 se celebrava 175 364 matrimonios in Espania, 1,7 % plus que in 2023. Le matrimonios civil representava le majoritate del total, con 146 605 matrimonios civil in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/mnp_prensa.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le divortio es un fenomen normalisate in le societate contemporanee e contribui al diversification del trajectorias familial. === Hogares e conviventia === Le reduction del dimension medie del hogares es un del cambios associate al envejecimento, al basse fecunditate e al augmento del hogares unipersonal. Le conviventia pote comprender personas sol, parejas, familias con infantes, familias monoparental e familias reconstituite. Le composition del hogar ha consequentias super le habitation, le consumo e le organisation del cura. === Natalitate e crianza === Le decision de haber infantes es influentiate per factores economic, professional, residential e cultural. Le retardamento del maternitate es un characteristica del demographia espaniol contemporanee. Le nascentias de matres nascite foras de Espania representava­ 33,3 % del total del nascentias in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Retes familiar e relationes interpersonal === Le relationes familiar continua a haber un rolo important in le supporto economic, emotional e pratic del individuos. Isto es particular­mente visibile durante le periodos de unemployment, difficultates residential, formation del familia e cura del personas dependente. Le transformation del relationes familial ha essite accompaniate per un plus grande autonomia individual, ma le familia continua a esser un del principal retes de solidaritate social.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}</ref> === Cuidados e dependentia === Le envejecimento del population ha augmentate le demanda de cura pro personas ancian e dependente. Le cura es compartite inter familia, servicios public e servicios private. Le distribution del labores de cura ha etiam un dimension de genero, perque le feminas continua a realizar un portion importante del labor domestic e del cura non remunerate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}</ref> == Genere e cambios social == === Situation social del feminas === Le position social del feminas ha cambiate considerabilemente desde le seculo XX. Le expansion del education e le participation crescente in le employment ha augmentate lor autonomia economic e social. Tamen, persist­e differentias inter homines e feminas in employment, salarios, tempore dedicate al cura e representation in certe occupations. === Incorporation del feminas al mercato laboral === Le participation del feminas al mercato laboral ha crescite fortemente desde le fin del regime franquista. Le feminisation del employment ha modificate le relation inter familia e labor. Le participation del feminas es tamen differente secundo etate, education, numero de infantes, sector economic e territorio. === Brechas de genere === Le brechas de genere pote esser observate in salarios, employment, tempore de labor, responsabilitates de cura e trajectorias professional. Secundo le Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial, le salario medie annual esseva 28 049,94 euros in 2023; le salario medie del feminas esseva 25 591,31 euros e illo del homines 30 372,49 euros.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EAES2023.htm |title=Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial. Año 2023 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=28 maio 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Conciliation e corresponsabilitate === Le conciliation inter employment e vita familiar es un thema important del societate contemporanee. Le responsabilitate pro le cura de infantes e dependentes pote influentiar le participation laboral, le tempore de labor e le trajectoria professional. Le question del corresponsabilitate implica le distribution del labores domestic e de cura inter le membros del familia. === Equalitate e transformationes del roles de genere === Le transformation del roles de genere ha accompaniate cambios juridic e cultural. Le accesso del feminas al education, employment e vita public ha augmentate, durante que le division traditional del roles familiar ha devenite minus rigide. Le transformationes es tamen inegual secundo generation, classe social e situation familiar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}</ref> == Juventute e generationes == === Juventute e transition verso le vita adulte === Le transition verso le vita adulte ha devenite plus longe que in generationes anterior. Le prolongation del education, le tardive incorporation al empleo stabile e le costage del habitation pote retardar le emancipation. Le trajectorias juvene es heterogenee e dependente de education, origine familiar, territorio e situation del mercato laboral. === Education e empleo juvenil === Le juventute presenta un nivello educative superior al de generationes ancian, ma le passage del education al employment pote esser complexe. Le mercato laboral espaniol ha historicamente presentate un taxa de unemployment juvenil plus alte que le taxa general, ben que le situation varia secundo periodo e qualification.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}</ref> === Emancipation e habitation === Le accesso al habitation es un del principales factores que conditiona le emancipation juvene. Le precio del alquiler, le precio del proprietate, le empleo e le ingresos del juvenes affecta le etate a qual illes lassa le hogar parental. Le emancipation residencial es etiam differente inter regiones e areas urban e rural. === Differentias generationale === Le generationes differe in nivello de education, trajectorias laboral, uso de technologia, formas de familia e valores. Le juvenes ha essite socialisate in un ambiente plus digitalisate que le generationes ancian, durante que le generationes ancian ha un plus longe experientia del systemas economic e institutionale anterior. === Personas ancian e envejecimento social === Le augmento del sperantia de vita ha expandite le tempore que le personas passa in le etates ancian. Isto ha transformate le notion de retirement e ha augmentate le importantia del activitate social, cura e participation del personas ancian. Le envejecimento es simultaneemente un processo individual e un transformation del structura del societate. == Education == === Systema educative === Le systema educative espaniol comprende education infantil, education primari, education secundari obligatori, baccalaureato, formation professional, education universitari e altere formas de education. Le competentes educative es repartite inter le Stato e le communitates autonome secundo le Constitution e le legislation educative. Le Constitution recognosce le derecto al education in su articulo 27.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Escolarisation e nivello educative === Le expansion del escolarisation ha essite un del principal transformationes del societate espaniol. Le generationes juvene ha attingite nivellos de education formal multo plus alte que le generationes nascite in le prime medietate del seculo XX. Le education influentia le possibilitates de employment, le ingresos, le mobilitate social e le participation civic. === Education universitari === Le education universitari ha un important participation in le population juvene. Le universidades public e private es distribuite per le territorio e include un grande numero de disciplinas. Le expansion del education superior ha contribuite al formation de un population professional plus qualificate, ma le retornos economic del education pote variar secundo campo de studio e situation del mercato laboral. === Formation professional === Le formation professional constitute un via de qualification pro le incorporation al mercato laboral. Illo comprende grados de differente nivello e include formation dual in collaboration con empresas. Le demandanda de qualificationes technic ha augmentate in relation con le transformation digital e del structura economic. === Inequalitates educational === Le resultatos educational e le accesso al nivellos superior de education es influentiate per factores como origine socio-economic, education parental, territorio e recursos familiar. Le inequalitates educational pote esser transmittite inter generationes, ma le systema educative pote etiam functionar como un mechanism de mobilitate social.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}}</ref> == Labor e structura economic == === Mercato laboral === Le mercato laboral espaniol ha experimentate un transformation del agricultura e industria verso un economia con un importante peso del sector servicios. Le empleo es distribuite in modo differente secundo territorio, etate, sexo, qualification e nationalitate. === Empleo e desempleo === Durante le quarto trimestre de 2025, le EPA estimava 2 477 100 personas in paro e un taxa de paro de 9,93 %. Le numero de personas occupate esseva plus de 22 milliones.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/EPA4T25.htm |title=Encuesta de Población Activa. Cuarto trimestre 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=27 januario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le desempleo ha essite un del problemas structural del mercato laboral espaniol, con variationes importante secundo le periodo economic. === Structura occupationale === Le sector servicios representa le principal portion del employment, includente commercio, administration, education, sanitate, turismo, transporto, finantias e altere activitates. Le industria e construction conserva un rolo important in certe regiones, durante que le agricultura ha un peso plus basse in le empleo total que in le passato. === Conditiones laboral === Le conditiones laboral varie secundo sector, occupation e qualification. Le jornada, le salario, le stabilitate del contracto, le possibilitate de telelabor e le protection social es elementos central del conditiones de empleo. Le transformation del mercato laboral ha includite un reduction del peso de certe formas de temporalitate, augmento del empleo in servicios e expansion del telelabor in certe occupations. === Sindicatos e relationes laboral === Le sindicatos representa le interesses collective del trabajadores e participa in negotiationes collective con organisationes patronal e in le dialogo social con le Stato. Le relationes laboral in Espania es regulate per le legislation laboral, le conventions collective e le accordos inter actores social. === Labor autonome e economia informal === Le labor autonome representa un portion del population active. Illo include professionales independente, proprietarios de parve negotios e altere formas de activitate economic. Como in altere economias europee, existe etiam activitates que pote non esser plenmente declarate al administrationes fiscal e social. Le mesura del economia informal es difficil per definition, e su dimension varia secundo le methodo de estimation. == Renta, inequalitate e stratification social == === Distribution del renta === Le distribution del renta in Espania es heterogenee inter familias e individuos. Le renta depende de employment, qualification, numero de personas in le hogar, patrimonio e transferentias social. Le inegalitate de renta es etiam territorial, con differentias inter communitates autonome e inter areas urban e rural. === Paupertate e exclusion social === Secundo le Encuesta de Conditiones de Vita, 25,7 % del population residente in Espania se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social in 2025 secundo le indicatore AROPE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le paupertate es associate a employment instabile, unemployment, basse qualification, situation familiar, origine e altere factores. Illo non es distribuite uniformemente inter le territorio. === Inequalitate economic === Le inegalitate economic comprende differentias de renta, patrimonio e accesso al recursos. Le proprietate de habitation representa un importante componente del patrimonio familiar in Espania. Le crises economic pote affectar differentemente le gruppos social, con plus grande vulnerabilitate pro personas con basse ingresos o empleo precari. === Classes e stratos social === Le stratification social espaniol pote esser analysate mediante classe occupationale, education, renta, patrimonio e origine familial. Le croissance del education superior ha augmentate le numero de personas in occupationes qualificate, durante que le expansion del sector servicios ha create occupationes con nivellos de qualification multo differente. === Mobilitate social === Le mobilitate social refere al cambiamento del position social inter generationes o durante le vita del individuo. Le education, le employment e le transformationes economic pote favorisar mobilitate ascendente. Le origine socio-economic continua tamen a influentiar le opportunitates educative e professional.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}</ref> === Inequalitates territorial === Le inegalitates territorial concern le renta, employment, services, population e accesso al infrastructure. Le regiones metropolit e le regiones litoral pote presentar conditiones differente de multe areas del interior rural. Le desequilibrios demographic e economic es interdependente: le perdita de population pote reducer le demanda local e le services, durante que le concentration del empleo pote accelerar le migration verso areas urban. == Habitation == === Accesso al habitation === Le accesso al habitation es un del principales problemas social associate al emancipation e al formation de familias. Le possibilitate de accesso depende del precio del habitation, ingresos, employment, credito, oferta de alquiler e territorio. === Proprietate e alquiler === Le proprietate de habitation ha habite historicamente un peso important in Espania. Le alquiler es plus frequente in grande cities e inter certe gruppos juvene e immigrante. Le mercato del habitation varia fortemente secundo territorio, con costos plus elevate in multe grandes areas metropolitan e destinos touristic. === Emancipation residential === Le emancipation residential es ligate al empleo, al ingresos e al costage del habitation. Le juvenes pote prolongar lor residentia in le hogar parental quando le accesso al mercato del habitation es difficil. Le emancipation tardive es un del elementos que contribue a explicar le postponement del formation de familias e del nascentia del prime infante. === Habitation e inequalitate === Le habitation pote functionar como fonte de securitate economic, ma le inegal accesso al proprietate e al alquiler pote augmentar le differentias patrimonial. Le costo del habitation pote haber un effecto particular super hogares con basse renta, pro le qual le proportion del ingresos destinate al habitation pote esser alte. === Personas sin hogar === Le sin-abitance constitue un del formas plus severe de exclusion residential. Illo es associate a factors economic, laboral, familial, sanitari e residential. Le estimation del numero de personas sin domicilio stabile depende del definition e del methodo de recenseamento. == Migrationes e diversitate == === Immigration === Le immigration international ha devenite un componente structural del societate espaniol desde le ultime decennios del seculo XX. Le population residente de nationalitate estranier attingeva 6,91 milliones al 1 de januario 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le immigration participa al mercato laboral, al evolution demographic e al diversification cultural del societate. === Emigration espaniol === Espania ha essite durante le historia recente un pais de emigration. Durante le seculo XIX e le prime parte del seculo XX, emigrantes se dirigeva inter altere destinos verso America. Durante le industrialisation del Europa occidental post le Secunde Guerra Mundial, altere fluxos se dirigeva verso Francia, Germania, Svizzera e Belgica. In le seculo XXI, le mobilitate international del espanioles include studentes, professionales e personas que cambia de residentia pro rationes economic o personal. === Population estranier e nationalitate === Le population de nationalitate estranier es diverse per origine geographic, etate, education e situation laboral. Le nationalitate e le pais de nascentia non es equivalente: un persona de nationalitate espaniol pote esser nascite foras de Espania e un persona de nationalitate estranier pote esser nascite in Espania. === Integration social === Le integration social del immigrantes concerne le accesso al education, employment, habitation, sanitate, participation social e relationes interpersonal. Le processo de integration es influentiate per le tempore de residentia, le cognoscentia linguistic, le situation laboral, le status juridic e le retes social. === Diversitate cultural e linguistic === Le societate espaniol es linguisticamente e culturalmente diverse. Le castellano es le lingua official del Stato, durante que le Constitution establiva que le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo lor statutos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Catalano, galiciano, basco e altere varietates linguistic ha differente statuto juridic e areas de uso. === Discrimination e racismo === Le discrimination super base de origine, nationalitate, apparentia ethnic o altere characteristicas constitue un thema del studio del relationes inter gruppos. Le formas de discrimination pote apparer in employment, habitation, education, servicios e relationes quotidian. Le mesura del discrimination objective e del discrimination percipite require methodologias differente. == Stato de benesser e servicios public == === Systema sanitari === Le systema sanitari espaniol combina un importante sector public con provisores private. Le servicios public de sanitate es gestionate principalmente per le communitates autonome. Le accesso al sanitate public es un del pilares del stato de benesser e contribui al alte sperantia de vita del population. === Systema educative === Le education public es un altere componente central del stato de benesser. Le systema es reglementate per le legislation statal e gestionate in grande parte per le communitates autonome. Le expansion del education ha contribuite a augmentar le nivello general de qualification del population. === Pensiones === Le systema de pensiones constitue un del principal instrumentos de protection social pro le personas ancian. Le envejecimento del population e le relation inter population occupate e pensionate es factores central in le debatto super le evolution futur del systema. === Servicios social === Le servicios social include assistentia a personas vulnerabile, familias, personas ancian, personas sin habitation e altere gruppos. Le competentes es repartite inter diverse nivellos de administration, con un importante participation del communitates autonome e municipalitates. === Dependentia e cuidados === Le systema de cura a personas dependente ha ganiate importantia con le envejecimento demographic. Le cura pote esser formal, per servicios professional, o informal, per membros del familia. Le carga del cura informal es in multe casos inegalmente distribuite secundo genero.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}}</ref> === Protection contra le paupertate e le exclusion === Le stato de benesser comprende transferentias e servicios destinate a reducer le effectos del paupertate, del desempleo e de altere situationes de vulnerabilitate. Le efficacia del protection social varia secundo le situation familial, le employment, le etate e le nivello de ingresos. == Sanitate e conditiones de vita == === Sanitate del population === Le population espaniol presenta in general un alte sperantia de vita, ma le stato de sanitate varia secundo etate, sexo, conditiones economic e territorio. Le enfermedades chronic deveni plus importante con le envejecimento del population. === Sperantia de vita e mortalitate === In 2024 le sperantia de vita al nascentia esseva 84,01 annos. Le cifra esseva 81,38 annos pro le homines e 86,53 pro le feminas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le mortalitate infantil esseva 3,04 defunctiones per 1 000 nascite vive in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/MNP2024.htm |title=Movimiento Natural de la Población / Indicadores Demográficos Básicos. Año 2024 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=19 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Sanitate mental === Le sanitate mental ha devenite plus visibile in le debatto public e in le investigation social e sanitari. Le problemas de sanitate mental pote esser associate a factores individual e social, includente isolation, conditiones laboral, precaritate economic, problemas familiar e altere circumstantias. === Disabilitate e dependentia === Le disabilitate concerne un parte importante del population e pote affectar le participation in education, employment, habitation e vita social. Le politicas de inclusion combina protection social, accessibilitate, education, employment protegite e adaptation del ambiente. === Habitos e stilos de vita === Le conditiones de vita es influentiate per alimentation, activitate physic, consumo de tabaco e alcohol, labor, habitation e altere comportamentos. Le stilos de vita varia secundo etate, education, renta e territorio. == Cultura, valores e formas de vita == === Linguas de Espania === Le [[espaniol]] es le lingua official del Stato. Le altere linguas espaniol es official in le communitates autonome correspondente secundo le statutos de autonomia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Inter le linguas con recognition official regional figura le catalano, le galiciano e le basco. Existe etiam varietates linguistic e dialectal con differente nivellos de protection e transmission. === Religion e secularisation === Le catholicismo ha habite un rolo historic important in le societate espaniol. Desde le secunde medietate del seculo XX, le societate ha experimentate un processo de secularisation. Le pluralitate religiose ha etiam augmentate in consequentia del immigration international. Le population include catholicos practicante e non practicante, personas de altere religiones e personas sin affiliation religiose. === Valores social === Le valores social del population espaniol ha transformate se durante le ultime decennios. Le secularisation, le individualisation, le expansion del education e le transformation del familia ha modificate certe attitudes super matrimonio, genero, religione e vita private. Le valores es tamen heterogenee secundo generation, education, classe social e territorio.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}}</ref> === Cultura e consumo cultural === Le consumo cultural comprende lectura, musica, cinema, artes, television, spectaculos e altere activitates. Le accesso al cultura ha essite transformate per le digitalisation, que ha diminuite le dependentia de supportos physic in multe campos e ha cambiate le formas de production e distribution cultural. === Medios de communication === Le medios de communication traditional include television, radio, prensa e magazines. Le Internet ha introducite nove formas de distribution del information e ha modificate le relation inter productores e public. Le redes social ha augmentate le velocitate de circulation del information e le possibility de interaction directe inter usatores e productores de contento. === Internet e redes social === Le uso de Internet es practic universal inter le generationes plus juvene e ha devenite multo commun inter le population adulte. In 2025, 96,3 % del population de 16 a 74 annos habeva usate Internet durante le tres ultime menses, e 92,5 % lo usava quotidianemente. Le 59,6 % habeva facite compras per Internet durante le mesme periodo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Ocio, deporte e turismo === Le ocio comprende activitates cultural, sport, social e recreation. Le sport ha un important rolo in le cultura popular, con football, basketball, tennis e altere disciplinas. Le turismo es etiam un activitate economic e social importante, tanto per le numero de visitantes international como per le mobilitate interne del population. == Identitates social e territorial == === Identitate espaniol === Le identitate espaniol es un identitate national que coexiste con altere identitates territorial, linguistic, familial e cultural. Le senso de identitate pote variar secundo region, generation, orientation cultural, historia familiar e altere factores. === Identitates autonome === Le organisation territorial in communitates autonome ha contribuite a institutionalizar identitates regional e national-territorial. In certe regiones existe forte identitates regional distincte, que pote coexist­er con un identitate espaniol o esser prioritari pro certe personas. === Identitates local === Le identitate local refere al identification con municipalitates, citates, comarcas o altere communitates territorial. Le identitate local es influentiate per historia, cultura, relationes social, sport, dialecto e traditiones. === Pluralitate linguistic e cultural === Le pluralitate linguistic e cultural es un characteristica structural del societate espaniol. Le Constitution establiva un systema de protection del diverse linguas espaniol.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229 |title=Constitución Española |website=Boletín Oficial del Estado |date=29 decembre 1978 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> Le linguas e culturas regional ha differente grados de transmission inter generationes e de uso in education, administration e medios de communication. === Identitates e cohesion social === Le coexist­entia de identitates multiple pote esser un factor de pluralismo cultural. Simultaneemente, le differente identitates territorial e national ha essite un del themas del debatto public espaniol. Le cohesion social depende non solmente del identitate, ma etiam del inegalitate economic, le participation institutional, le relationes inter gruppos e le accesso equal al servicios. == Participation social e vita public == === Associationismo === Le associationismo comprende organisationes civic, cultural, sport, professional, charitable e altere formas de organisation collective. Le associationes constitue un importante medio de participation social e de creation de retes local. === Movimentos social === Le societate espaniol ha cognoscite differente movimentos social durante le ultime decennios, includente movimentos feministe, ambientalista, juvene, laboral e pro le habitation. Le formas de mobilisation ha cambiate con le expansion del Internet e del redes social. === Voluntariato === Le voluntariato comprende activitates non remunerate realisate per motives social, civic, cultural o humanitari. Le organisationes non governamental e le associations depende in multe casos del participation de personas voluntari. === Participation politic === Le participation politic include voto, affiliation a partidos o associations, participation in campagne, protestas, petitiones e altere formas de action civic. Le formas traditional de participation coexiste con formas digital, como campagne in redes social e petitiones online. === Confidentia in le institutiones === Le confidentia in le institutiones es un dimension importante del relation inter citatanos e systema politic. Le nivello de confidentia pote variar inter institutiones e durante le tempore. Le CIS studia regularmente attitudes verso le institutiones, le partidos, le administrationes e altere actores social.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> == Cambios e tendentias social contemporanee == === Transformationes demographic === Le principal transformationes demographic es le envejecimento, le basse fecunditate, le augmento del sperantia de vita e le importantia crescente del migrationes. Le population espaniol continua a crescer malgrado le saldo natural negative, principal­mente per le saldo migratori positive.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/CensoVariables2025.htm |title=Censo Anual de Población. Primeros resultados 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=2 decembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Digitalisation === Le digitalisation ha transformate le labor, le education, le communication, le consumo e le relationes social. In 2025, le majoritate del population de 16 a 74 annos usava Internet, e 37,9 % declarava haber usate instrumentos de intelligentia artificial generative durante le tres ultime menses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/TICH2025.htm |title=Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los Hogares. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=20 novembre 2025 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Cambios in le formas de familia === Le familias es plus diverse que in le societate traditional. Le familias monoparental, le parejas non marital, le hogares unipersonal e le familias reconstituite es hodie componentes ordinari del structura social. Le transformationes familial es associate al postponement del matrimonio, al baisse fecunditate e al crescente participation del feminas al education e al employment. === Transformationes del labor === Le mercato laboral ha essite transformate per le tertiarisation, le digitalisation, le globalization e le nove formas de organisation del labor. Le telelabor, le platformas digital e le automation ha create nove formas de relation inter laboratores e empresas, ben que lor diffusion varia fortemente secundo occupation e sector. === Inequalitate e cohesion social === Le inegalitate de renta, le accesso al habitation, le conditiones laboral e le desequilibrios territorial es inter le factores que affecta le cohesion social. In 2025, 25,7 % del population se trovava in risco de paupertate o exclusion social secundo le indicatore AROPE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/ECV2025.htm |title=Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida. Año 2025 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |date=5 februario 2026 |access-date=25 septembre 2026}}</ref> === Retos demographic e social === Inter le principal retos del societate espaniol figura le adaptation al envejecimento, le evolution del systema de pensiones, le sustenibilitate del servicios public, le accesso al habitation, le integration del population immigrante, le reduction del inegalitates e le adaptation al transformation digital. Le combination de basse fecunditate, longevit­ate elevate e immigration importante constitue un del principales elementos que influentia le evolution futur del population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Obra completa |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769517}}</ref> {{Ref}} == Bibliographia == * {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura social |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769531}} * {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Dinámicas sociales |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025 |isbn=9788474769555}} * {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Estructura económica y desigualdades |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}} * {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Poder, política y sociedad |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}} * {{Cite book |last=Tezanos |first=José Félix |last2=Tobío |first2=Constanza |title=España 2025. Estructura y cambio social. Ciencia y cultura |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |location=Madrid |year=2025}} * {{Cite book |last=Shubert |first=Adrian |title=A Social History of Modern Spain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=9780415020479}} * {{Cite book |last=Nadal |first=Jordi |title=El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/elfracasodelarev0000nada |publisher=Ariel |location=Barcelona |year=1975}} * {{Cite book |last=Kamen |first=Henry |title=Early Modern European Society |url=https://archive.org/details/earlymoderneurop0000kame |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=9780415231608}} == Ligamines externe == * {{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |website=INE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}} * {{Cite web |url=https://www.cis.es/ |title=Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas |website=CIS |access-date=25 septembre 2026}} * {{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ |title=Eurostat |website=Commission Europee |access-date=25 septembre 2026}} * {{Cite web |url=https://www.boe.es/ |title=Boletín Oficial del Estado |website=BOE |access-date=25 septembre 2026}} {{Espania}} [[Categoria:Sociologia de Espania]] [[Categoria:Societate de Espania]] [[Categoria:Espania]] hpclvqbganqgdre6meviqmuhzc5ndz6 0 61439 701085 700914 2026-09-27T16:50:59Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Add 5 books for [[Wikipedia:Verificabilitate]] (20260927)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 701085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''occidentalisation''' es le processo per le qual societates, culturas o estados non occidental adopta, incorpora o es influentiate per elementos associate con le [[Occidente]], specialmente in le campos del cultura, technologia, economia, politica, derecto, education, costumes e stilo de vita. Le termino es etiam usate como '''occidentalisation cultural''', '''europeisation''' o, in certe contextos, '''americanisation'''.<ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/westernization |title=Westernization |publisher=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |access-date=25 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le concepto non designa un processo uniforme. Secundo le contexto historic, occidentalisation pote resultar de commercio, migration, education, diffusion cultural, modernisation, colonisation, [[imperialismo]], [[globalisation]] o decisiones deliberate del elites e governamentos. Le societates influentiate pote adoptar solmente certe elementos del cultura occidental e combinar los con lor proprie traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}</ref> == Definition de Occidente == Le notion de Occidente non ha limites fixe. Historicamente, illo esseva associate principalemente con Europa occidental e le traditiones proveniente del civilisationes grec, roman e christian. Durante le epocha moderne, le concept se expandite al societates europee trans le mundo e al culturas american, australian e altere societates formate per migration e expansion europee. In le 20e seculo, le signification politic del Occidente esseva etiam influentiate per le [[Guerra Frede]], quando le paises del bloco occidental esseva generalmente associate con le democratia liberal, le economia de mercato e le alliance con le Statos Unite. Le definition cultural e le definition geopolitic non sempre coincide.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnett |first=Alastair |title=The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics and History |url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofwestcultur0000bonn |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004}}</ref> == Origines historic == Le occidentalisation se accelerava desde le expansion maritime europee del 15e e 16e seculos. Le commercio, le colonisation e le establishment de imperios europee establishava contacts durabile inter Europa e societates de America, Africa e Asia. Le diffusion de christianismo, linguas europee, instituciones juridic e administrative e formas de education esseva frequentemente associate con iste expansion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald F. |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery |url=https://archive.org/details/asiainmakingofeu0001lach_x5y0 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1965}}</ref> Durante le 18e e 19e seculos, le industrialisation e le expansion del potentias europee augmentava le influentia occidental. Technologias industrial, systemas educative, modelos administrative e conceptos politic esseva introducite in multe societates extra Europa, frequentemente in relation con le commercio, le diplomatia e le dominio colonial. == Occidentalisation e colonialismo == Durante le periodo colonial, occidentalisation esseva sovente ligate al relationes de poter inter le potentias europee e le populationes colonisate. Le administration colonial introduceva nove systemas de derecto, education, taxation, infrastructura e commercio, al mesme tempore que linguas e institutions local poteva esser marginalisate o transformate. Le processus non esseva tamen uniformemente passiv. Populationes local selezionava, adaptava o reinterpretava elementos europee secundo lor proprie interesses. Le occidentalisation poteva dunque producir formas cultural mixtes, in le qual elementos local e occidental esseva combinate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Frederick |title=Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KT-361-608 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005}}</ref> == Japon e le restauration Meiji == Un exemplo importante de occidentalisation deliberate esseva le [[Japon]] durante le [[epocha Meiji]]. Post le restauration de 1868, le governamento adoptava numerosas instituciones e technologias occidental pro reforçar le stato e evitar le subordination al potentias imperialiste. Le Japon introduciva un nove systema educative, un armea moderne, industria mechanisate, ferrovias, un constitution e elementos del derecto e administration europee. Simultaneemente, le societate conservava e reformulava numerose institutiones e traditions japonese. Le caso monstra que occidentalisation pote esser un processo de adoption selective plus tosto que un simple imitation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jansen |first=Marius B. |title=The Making of Modern Japan |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2000}}</ref> == Imperio Ottoman e reformas == In le [[Imperio Ottoman]], le occidentalisation deveniva particularmente importante durante le 18e e 19e seculos. Le governamentos promoveva reformas militar, administrative, juridic e educational inspirate per modelos europee. Le periodo del [[Tanzimat]] constitue un del principal exemplos de iste transformationes. Le adoption de instituciones occidental esseva accompagnate per debates inter reformistas e defensores del institutiones traditional. Le historiographia super le Ottoman occidentalisation ha etiam sublineate que le transformationes social e economic interne contribueva al processo, in vice de esser simplemente un resultato del imitation de Europa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Göçek |first=Fatma Müge |title=Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099256.001.0001}}</ref> == America Latin e Europeisation == In [[America Latin]], le occidentalisation ha un historia particular, proque le region esseva incorporata al mundo colonial europeo desde le 16e seculo. Le linguas espaniol e portugese, le christianismo, le institutiones juridic e le formas urban e architectural europee deveniva elementos importante del societates latino-american. Post le independentia, le elites de multe paises cercava modernisar lor estados secundo modelos europee, e plus tarde american. Iste processo includeva reformas educational, ferroviarias, industrial e administrative, ma esseva sempre combinate con traditions, culturas indigene e africane e nove identitates national. == Modernisation e occidentalisation == Occidentalisation e '''modernisation''' es concepts relationate ma non identic. Modernisation generalmente se refere a transformationes social, economic, scientific e institutional associate con le industrialisation e le societate moderne. Occidentalisation, in contrasto, indica especificamente le adoption o influentia de elementos considerate occidental. Un societate pote modernisar se sin adoptar integremente modelos occidental, e sociedades occidental pote adoptar technicas e ideas originate extra le Occidente. Le relation inter le duo concepts ha dunque essite objecto de debate academic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidann |first=Jon Thares |title=The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860–1960 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019}}</ref> == Cultura e vita quotidian == Le occidentalisation pote afectar numerosos aspectos del vita quotidian. In le vestimento, illo pote manifestar se per le adoption de moda europee o american; in le alimentation, per le diffusion de restaurants, productos e habitudes alimentari occidental; e in le communication, per le expansion de linguas, musica, cinema e medios de communication occidental. Le processo pote etiam influentiar le architectura, le organisation del citates, le education superior, le systemas juridic e le conceptiones del familia, del travalio e del relationes inter le individuos e le stato. Le adoption de iste elementos es sovente partial e pote esser reinterpretate secundo le cultura local. == Linguas e education == Le linguas occidental, specialmente le [[lingua anglese]], ha acquirite un grande diffusion international per le commercio, le scientia, le education superior, le diplomatia e le cultura popular. In multe paises, le anglese es studiate como lingua estrange e es usate in universitate, scientia o communication international. Le education moderne ha etiam essite un instrumento important del occidentalisation. Durante le periodo colonial, systemas educative europee esseva introducite in multe territorios; post le independentia, numerosos estados conservava o adaptava iste institutiones pro le formation de un nove elite administrative e professional. == Politica e derecto == Le occidentalisation politic ha includite le diffusion de conceptos como constitutionalisme, parlamentarismo, separation del poteres, stato de derecto, citatania e derectos individual. Tamen, iste conceptos non es exclusive al Occidente e lor interpretation varia considerabilemente inter societates. Durante le 19e e 20e seculos, multe estados extra Europa adoptava constitutiones e instituciones inspirate per modelos europee o american. In altere casos, le adoption esseva partial o combinava instituciones moderne con estructuras politic traditional. == Resistenta e adaptation == Le occidentalisation ha provocate non solmente adoption, ma etiam resistenta e adaptation. Movimentos religiose, nationaliste e cultural poteva rejectar certe elementos occidental o reclamar un retorno a traditions local. Altere movimientos cercava combinar technologia e institutiones moderne con valores cultural indigene. In Asia, Africa e le mundo islamic, le question del relation con le Occidente ha dunque generate debates super identitate, independentia, modernisation e autonomia cultural. Le anti-occidentalismo es un del formas de reaction a iste processo, ma non es le sol forma: adoption selective e syncretismo cultural es etiam frequent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aydin |first=Cemil |title=The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofantiwe0000aydi |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2007}}</ref> == Globalisation contemporanee == Desde le fin del 20e seculo, le occidentalisation ha essite influentiate per le [[globalisation]]. Empresas multinational, television, cinema, internet, medios social e commercio international ha accelerate le circulation de productos e ideas originate in Europa e America del Nord. Al mesme tempore, le circulation cultural es bidirectional. Culturas non occidental ha exercite un crescente influentia super le Occidente in le campos del alimentation, musica, cinema, religion, moda, technologia e cultura popular. Pro iste ration, le globalisation non pote esser reducite a un simple diffusion unilateral del cultura occidental. == Critica del concepto == Le concepto de occidentalisation ha essite criticate pro su tendentia a presentar le Occidente como un bloc cultural homogenee e le altere societates como passive destinatarios de influentia. Le historia demonstrate que le culturas occidental mesme ha essite formate per contactos con [[Africa]], [[Asia]] e le mundo islamic, inter altere regiones.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Delanty |first=Gerard |title=Europe and Asia beyond East and West |publisher=Routledge |year=2006}}</ref> Per iste ration, le occidentalisation es generalmente studiate como un processo de contactos, adoptiones, resistentias e transformationes reciprocal, in vice de un simple substituition de un cultura per un altere. == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Occidentalisation]] [[Categoria:Globalisation]] [[Categoria:Cultura occidental]] [[Categoria:Acculturation]] [[Categoria:Historia cultural]] 27xvbl5wgqzy26dfh9fv5on3s2k9g0x 0 61490 701082 2026-09-27T16:47:39Z Interlingvisto 60932 Pagina create con “{{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Organismos Public del Investigation''' (OPI) de [[Espania]] son entidades public del [[Administration General del Stato]] create pro le execution directe de activitates de investigation scientific e technic, prestation de servicios technologic e altere activitates complementari necessari al progresso scientific e technologic del societate. Le quadro juridic principal es establite per le Lege 14/2011 del Scientia, Technologia e Inn...” 701082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox/articulo/generic}} Le '''Organismos Public del Investigation''' (OPI) de [[Espania]] son entidades public del [[Administration General del Stato]] create pro le execution directe de activitates de investigation scientific e technic, prestation de servicios technologic e altere activitates complementari necessari al progresso scientific e technologic del societate. Le quadro juridic principal es establite per le [[Lege 14/2011 del Scientia, Technologia e Innovation]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-9617 |titulo=Ley 14/2011, de 1 de junio, de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1 de junio 2011 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le OPI es agentes de execution del [[Systema Espaniol de Scientia, Technologia e Innovation]] e participa in le production, diffusion e transferentia del cognoscentia scientific. Le coordination general del OPI del Administration General del Stato es responsabilitate del [[Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates]]. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Organismos-y-Centros/OPI.html |titulo=Organismos Públicos de Investigación |editor=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Origine e evolution == Le concepto moderne del Organismos Public del Investigation se disveloppava con le [[Lege 13/1986 de Fomento e Coordination General del Investigation Scientific e Technic]], que establiva un quadro general pro le organisation e coordination del investigation public in Espania. Le Lege 14/2011 reformava iste systema e integrava le OPI como agentes de execution del systema national de scientia e innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-9617 |titulo=Ley 14/2011, de 1 de junio, de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1 de junio 2011 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Un modification importante occurreva in 2021, quando le [[Consejo Superior de Investigationes Scientific]] (CSIC) incorporava le [[Instituto National de Investigation e Technologia Agraria e Alimentari]] (INIA), le [[Instituto Espaniol de Oceanographia]] (IEO) e le [[Instituto Geologic e Minero de Espania]] (IGME). Lor personalitate juridic como organismos independente esseva extinguite, ma lor activitate esseva mantenite como Centros National del CSIC. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2021-5031 |titulo=Real Decreto 202/2021, de 30 de marzo, por el que se reorganizan determinados organismos públicos de investigación de la Administración General del Estado |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=30 de martio 2021 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == OPI del Administration General del Stato == Le version actual del articulo 47 del Lege 14/2011 reconosce como Organismos Public del Investigation del Administration General del Stato le Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigationes Scientificas (CSIC), le Instituto National de Technica Aerospace (INTA), le Instituto de Sanitate Carlos III (ISCIII), le Centro de Investigationes Energetic, Medioambiental e Technologic (CIEMAT) e le Instituto de Astrophysica de Canarias (IAC). <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/09/05/17 |titulo=Ley 17/2022, de 5 de septiembre, por la que se modifica la Ley 14/2011 |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=5 de septembre 2022 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le CSIC es le principal organismo public de investigation del Stato e desenvolve investigation in campos que include le scientias natural, physic, chimic, biologic, social e human, insimul con investigation interdisciplinari. Le INTA, dependente del [[Ministerio de Defensa]], es specialisate in investigation e disveloppamento technologic in le campos aerospace, aeronautic, defense e altere technologias associate. Le ISCIII concentra su activitate sur le investigation biomedical e sanitate public e participa tamben in le financiamento e coordination del investigation scientific e technic in le dominio del sanitate. Le CIEMAT se concentra principalmente sur energia, medio ambiente e technologias associate, includente investigation in energia renovabile, fusion, fission, technicas nuclear, medio ambiente e altere areas technologic. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.ciencia.gob.es/Organismos-y-Centros/OPI.html |titulo=Organismos Públicos de Investigación |editor=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le IAC es un consortio public dedicate principalmente al investigation astrophysic e al operation de observatorios astronomic situate in le Insulas Canari. Le lege reconosce le IAC como OPI sin alterar su natura consortial. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/09/05/17 |titulo=Ley 17/2022, de 5 de septiembre |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=5 de septembre 2022 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Consejo Superior de Investigationes Scientificas == Le CSIC es le major organisation public de investigation scientific del Espania. Como agencia estatal, ille integra institutos, centros national e altere unitates de investigation distribuite per le territorio national e participa in collaborationes international. Le integration del INIA, IEO e IGME in 2021 augmentava le diversitate sectorial del CSIC e permitteva mantener le specialisation de iste centros in investigation agrari e alimentari, oceanographia e scientias del Terra. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2021-5031 |titulo=Real Decreto 202/2021, de 30 de marzo |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=30 de martio 2021 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == INIA, IEO e IGME como Centros National == Le anterior OPI INIA, IEO e IGME non constitue actualmente organismos public independente. Le Real Decreto 202/2021 les extingueva como entidades juridic separate e les transformava in Centros National del CSIC, conservante lor denominationes e functiones scientific e technic principal. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2021-5031 |titulo=Real Decreto 202/2021, de 30 de marzo |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=30 de martio 2021 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le INIA es le centro de referentia in investigation agrari e alimentari e presta supporto technic al Administration. Le IEO es specialisate in le investigation del mar, su recursos e le protection del medio marin. Le IGME es dedicate al scientias e technologias del Terra, recursos mineral, geologia, subsuelo e aquas continental. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/03/30/202/con |titulo=Real Decreto 202/2021, de 30 de marzo |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=30 de martio 2021 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Functiones == Le OPI realiza investigation scientific e technic, disveloppamento experimental e prestation de servicios technologic. Lor activitates pote servir al generation de cognoscentia, al resolution de problemas scientific e technic, al innovation e al supporto technic del Administration Public. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-9617 |titulo=Ley 14/2011, de 1 de junio, de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1 de junio 2011 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le OPI participa tamben in le formation de investigadores, collaborationes con universitates e empresas, transferentia de technologia e participation in programas national e international de investigation. == Organisation e dependientia administrative == Le OPI forma parte del Administration General del Stato, ma lor dependientia administrative varia secundo le organismo. Le CSIC, CIEMAT e IAC es associate al Ministerio de Scientia, Innovation e Universitates, dum le ISCIII es associate a iste Ministerio e mantene relationes functional con le Ministerio de Sanitate. Le INTA es associate al Ministerio de Defensa. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/publicidad-activa/por-materias/organizacion-empleo/estructura/estructura-mcnu |titulo=Organigrama del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades |editor=Portal de la Transparencia |fecha=21 de maio 2026 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le coordination del OPI es facite in le quadro del [[Systema Espaniol de Scientia, Technologia e Innovation]], in coordination con le Ministerio de Scientia e con le altere agentes public e private del systema. == Relation con le politica scientific national == Le OPI constitue un del principal instrumentos del Stato pro le execution del politica scientific e technologic. Lor activitates es integrate in le Estrategia Espaniol de Scientia, Technologia e Innovation e in le Planes Estatal de Investigation Scientific e Technic e de Innovation. Le systema national comprende, ultra le OPI, universitates, centros technologic, empresas, parcos scientific e technologic e altere entidades public e private que participa in le investigation e innovation. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-9617 |titulo=Ley 14/2011, de 1 de junio, de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=1 de junio 2011 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> == Investigation, innovation e cooperation == Le OPI participa in projectos national e international e coopera con universitates, empresas e altere centros de investigation. Iste cooperation favorisa le transferentia de cognoscentia e technologia e le utilisation de infrastructure scientific commun. Le grandes infrastructure scientific e technologic associate al OPI permitte tamben le participation de Espania in programas europee e international de investigation. == Situation contemporanee == Le organisation actual del OPI es le resultato de reformes successive del systema national de scientia. Le integration del INIA, IEO e IGME in le CSIC representa un transformation institutional importante, dum le Lege 17/2022 stabiliva le lista actual del OPI del Administration General del Stato. <ref>{{Cita web |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/09/05/17 |titulo=Ley 17/2022, de 5 de septiembre |editor=Boletín Oficial del Estado |fecha=5 de septembre 2022 |accesso=27 de septembre 2026}}</ref> Le OPI remane un componente central del investigation public in Espania, con activitates que se extende del scientias basic al innovation technologic, le sanitate, le energia, le ambiente, le aerospace e le astrophysica. == Referentias == <references /> [[Categoria:Organismos public de Espania]] [[Categoria:Scientia e technologia de Espania]] 3ucfm4gukaiobv9v03t2viyjnq5iv3g